If HE SPARKS ) LIBRARY. ^ [MISCELLANY.] W Collected by P JARED Sparks, LL. D., j^ President of Harvard College. ^1 Sl Purchased by the Cornell University y 1872. arW3851 '^°""" ""'"•"'•y '■""»'y iiiifllliiillfilililiiiw" o..n.an? ^^^4 031 363 "o9o" The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031363090 DICTIONARY GEOGRAPHY, DESCRIPTIVE, PHYSICAL, STATISTICAL, AND HISTORICAL, FORMINO A COMPLETE GENERAL GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD. ALEX. KEITH JOHNSTON, F.R.S.E., F.R.G.S., F.G.S., GEOQRAPHEB AT EDINBDROH IN ORDINARY TO HER HAJRSTY, AUTHOR OP " THE PHYSICAI, ATLAS OF NATURAI, PHENOMENA," "the national ATXAS of commercial AND POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY," AND " THE ATLAS TO ALISOn's HISTORY OP EUROPE." LONDON: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER ROW. MDCCCLII. MURRAT AND OlEB, PRINTERS, EDINBDRGH. PREFACE. This work is intended to supply what was generally felt to be a desideratum — a GrEOGRAPHiCAx DiCTiONAKY, embracing within a convenient space, and of easy reference, a much greater number of names than is usually found in similar books, even when extending to several volumes ; arranged according to a uni- form and methodical plan, and combining, with the utmost attainable accuracy, the most authentic information up to the present time. The Author was induced to engage in this arduous undertaking from a persuasion that his previous studies would afford him facilities for its execution, such as few have enjoyed, and from his being possessed of an extensive and valuable collection of books, maps, and notes, relating to every portion of the globe, collected during a period of more than fifteen years unremittingly devoted to geographical pursuits. He has endeavoured to render these materials available for the production of a Standard Book of Greneral Geographical Reference, by compressing every article into the smallest space consistent with distinctness, by the adoption of a simple method of abbreviation, and by classing under one entry many places of the same name. A comparison of the following table of abbreviations and explanatory notes, with the persual of one or two of the articles, will, it is hoped, render the plan of the Work plain and intelligible. Books of this kind are often chargeable with great inaccuracy in their statements of the positions and bearings of places. This may, in part, be accounted for by the difficulty of ascertaining the proper value of foreign measurements ; but it is owing chiefly to such works being mere copies of pre- viously existing and erroneous compilations. Even in the best foreign special dictionaries, little attention is paid to this essential particular. The only remedy for this serious defect was found to be a constant reference to the best maps. Accordingly, in this Work, for the first time it is believed, the plan has been systematically followed of determining by measurement, the position, extent and bearing of every place described, comparing it, at the same time, with the most accredited printed statement. No previously existing dictionary has been followed either in method or matter ; every article has been written expressly for this work from original materials, and it will be found to contain many valuable notices from recent geographical and statistical works, regarding Italy, Spain, Denmark, Eussia, the Netherlands, East and West India Islands, Brazil, and other countries, which are not otherwise accessible to the English reader ; as well as many changes of nomenclature introduced by the late revolution in France and other Continental states, furnished by valued foreign con-espondents. A list of the most important new geographical and statistical works was prepared for ■Vl PREFACE. the purpose of being appended to the -volume, in order at once to show the value of the statements adduced, and to indicate the best authorities for further information ; but the work has so far exceeded its intended limits, that this has been reluctantly abandoned. It formed part of the plan of the work to enter every place under its proper name, and to spell it according to the best writers in the country to which it refers; thus French, Italian, Spanish, and German names are uniformly so written and accentuated, but the proper name is immediately followed by its cor- rupt English name, as Aachen {Aix-la-Ghapelle), Wien ( VienTia), and places are generally described under the name by which they are best known in this country. For eastern names the system of spelling adopted by the Royal Geographical Society has been strictly followed. The more important places only in ancient geography, such as towns of which ruins remain, have been inserted in alpha- betical order, but the ancient names of modern places are uniformly given where they are ascertained. The old provinces of France, Spain, and the Netherlands, the circles of the German Empire, and the countries forming the French Empire under Napoleon, which, though now superseded by other divisions, are still often referred to, are described in the order of the alphabet. In so far as the limited space would permit, accurate notices have been given of the geology and physical geography, the meteorological and mineraJogical conditions of countries and districts. Great care has been taken to ascertain the true elevation of mountains above the level of the sea, and wherever foreign authorities have been relied on, their measurements have been uniformly rendered into English equivalents. In a book comprising such a great multiplicity of facts, derived from works written in many different languages, in each of which a different standard of measurement is used ; and in which the statements are often vague and some- times contradictory, it is impossible altogether to avoid eiTors and omissions. For these allowance will be most readily made by those who are best able to detect and remedy them. But from the plan on which this work has been conducted, and the scrupulous care bestowed on every portion of its progress, it is hoped that these will be found to be unimportant. Edinburgh, May 1852. TABLE OF ABBEEVIATIONS AND SIGNS. Abp. Archbishop. Episcop. Episcopal. Abpc. Archbishopric. Europ. European. Abt. About. Expts. Exports. Ac. Acres. Acr. Across. Fahr. Fahrenheit. Affl. and Afflts. Affluent, or affluents. Fl. Florins. Aggreg. Aggregate. Fortfd. or fortif. Fortified. AmeT. America. Ft. Feet. Anc. Ancient, or anciently. Ann. Annum, or annually. G. Gulf. Antiqs. Antiquities. Germ. Germany. Archip. Archipelago. Gov. Government(Bnssia, Greece) Ait. and arrond. Arrondissement (French dis- trict). Asiatic. Gt. Great. Asiat. H. Haut, Haute (upper). Anst. and Austr. Austria, and Austrian. H. Hessen, as H.-Darmstadt, Harb. Harbour. B. Bay. Ho. House. B.,r.b., andl. b. Right and left banks. H. of C. House of Commons. B. Basses (lower). Ht. Height. Bav. Bavaria. Hund. Hundred. Belg. Belgium, or Belgian. Betw. Bet?feen. Immed. Immediately. Bor. Borough. Impts. Indep. Imports. Bp. Bishop. Independent. Bpe. Bishopric. Inf. Inferior (lower). Br. Branch. Inhahs. Inhabitants. Brit. Britain, or British. Insuff. Insufficient. Intend. Intendency. Calv. Calvinistio. Intermed. Intermediate. Cant. Canton. Irel. Ireland. Cap. Capital. Isl., isls. Island, islands. Cathed. Cathedral. Isth. Isthmus. Cath. Catholic. Ital. Italy, Italian. Celeb. Celebrated. Centr. Central. Kgdm. Kingdom. Cent. Century. Ch. or chf. Chief. L. Lake Chplry. Chapefry. Landr. Landroostei, a division ol Circ. Circle. Hanover, &o. Circumf. Circumference. Lsen Adistrict of Sweden, Lapland Co. County. Lat. Latitude, Col. Colony, or colonial. Leg. Legation. Left bank (of a river). CoU. College. L. b. Com. Comarca (Portuguese). Litt. Little. Conun. Commune, or Communal. Lon. Longitude. Oonfed. Confederacy, or Confedera- Lr. Lower. tion. Luth. Lutheran. Consid. Considerable. Corp. Corporation. M. Miles. Cr. Crossed. Magnif. Magnificent. Manufs. Manufactures. Descr. Described. Mannfy. Manufactories. Deleg. Delegation. Marit. Maritime. Dep. Department. Mediterr. Mediterranean. Dioc. Diocese. Middx. Middlesex. Diat., dists. District, districts. Milit. Military. Discovd. Discovered. Min. Mineral. Div. Division. Mkt. or Milts. Market, or Markets. Dom. Dominion. Mntn. Mountain. Mntns. or Mtns. Mountains. . E. East. Mntnous. Mountainous. Elev. Elevation. Mod. Modern. Engl. England. Munic. Municipal. Emp. Empire. Empld. Employed. N. North. Eneld. Enclosed. Nat. Hist. Natural history. TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. Naviff. or Navgble Navigable. S. South. Neighbg. Neighbouring. Sanj. Sanjak (Turldsh district) Nethl'ds. Netlieriaiids. Sard. Sardinia. Nr. Near. ScotL Scotland. Num. Numerous. Sess. Session. Sevl. Several. O. Ocean. Soc. Society. Oecupd. Occupied. St, San, Santa,' Santo, Sao Saint. Occupg. Occupying. Opp. Opposite. Sta. Station. Str. Strait. P. or Pop. Population. Sum. Summer. Pa. Parish. Suppl'd. Supplied. Pari. Parliamentary. Surr'd. or Surrnd. Surrounded. Pash. Pashalic (Turldsh province). Switzld. Switzerland. Pont, or Pontif. Pontifical. Portng. Portugal, or Portuguese. T. Town. Presid. Presidency (India). T. di Lav. Terra di lavoro. Princip. Prindipal. T. di Otr. Terra d' Otranto. Principty. Principahty. Temp. Temperature. Prod. Products. Territ. Territory, or territorial. Prom. Promontory Tnshp. Township. Pron. Pronounced. Tribut. or tribnts. Tributary or tributaries. Propr. Prov. Proprietor Province. Upp. Upper. Pruss. Prussia, or Prussian. U.S. United States. Pts. Parts. Vill. Village. Pub. Public. Vic. Vicarage or vicar. Vol. Volcano. B., rt. b. Bight bank. Kailw. Eailway. W. West. Keg. elects. Begistered electors. Win. Winter. Beg. (circ, or dist.) Kegierungsbezirke (Prussia). Signs. Beprs. Bepresentatives. Degree. Eesid. or residce. Eesidence. / Minute. Eev. Bevenne. fi' Second. ' Biv. Elver. Bom. Boman. (?). This mark is affixed to populations, i Buas. Eussia, or Eussian. which cannot be correctly ascertained. Distances ake unifobmlv stated direct. All Measurements are reduced to English feet and English miles. Temperatdbe is given according to Fahrenheit's thermometer. The name in italics after the leading word, generally expresses the ancient name, or a variety of the national. In compound names the leading word is given under the specific letter with the prefix following, as, Andrews (St) ; but, in a few instances, the prefix forms the leading word, as in San, Santo, Sao, &c. ; and in the United States of North Ajnerica, East, West, &c. The PoPHLATioNS, Areas, Distances, Elevations above the Sea, Temperature, and Capitals of Countries, will be found at the beginning of each article. All the Parishes of Great Britain are entered, however small. Populations are given from the latest national census, government returns, and other authorities. Thus, for — |- Great Britain and Ireland the census of 1841 America (United States), - 1840 France, 1846 Italy, from, 1837 to 1849 Prussia, - - - 1846 Austria and other German states, from, 1840 to 1849 Belgium, from, - 1837 to 1845 Netherlands, from, 1840 to 1849 Sweden, - 1840 Norway, 1845 Denmark, - - . 1847 Spain, no. census, pop. estimated from gov. returns of 1846 adopted throughout, except when otherwise stated, when the year is named. Do. GEJiERAL GAZETTEER. AA Aa, a riv. of Europ. Russia, g6v. Livonia, flowing W. into tlie gulf of Kiga. — II. a riv. of France, dep. Nord, flowing into the North Seanear Grave- lines. — III. a riv. of Switzerl. cant. Aai-gau, forms the lakes of Baldegg and Hallwyll, and joins the Aar below Aarau. — IV. a riv. of Switzerl. cant. Cnterwald, traverses the lakes of Lungern and Samen, and falls into thel. of 4 Cantons nr. Alp- nach. — V. a riv. of Holland, in Brabant, passes Helmond, and joins the Dommel at Bois-le-Due. A.ACH, a small town of Baden, circ. Lalce, 15 m. N.E. SchafPhausen, on riv. of same name, which falls into L. Constance. Pop. 800. Aachen, [Aix-la-Chapelle.] Aaqabd, a vill. of Denmark, N. Jutland, 25 m. W.S.W. Aalborg, celeb, for the battle of S. Jiir- gens Berg, a.». IMl. Aakibkebt, a town of Denmark, is. Bom- holm, near the S. coast, with a church built of black marble, quarriediin its vicinity. Pop. 600 Aalbobg, AlburgurrLf a city & seaport of DeU' mark, prov. Jiitland, cap. dioc. on the S. shore of the liinufiord, near its mouth in the Kattegat. Lat. 57° r 46' N. ; Ion. 9° 55' 38' E. Pop. 7,500. It has a school of navigation, with manufe. of soap, leather, & tobacco, & a largeherring fishery. From 400 to 500 vessels annually enter its har- bour. Aalborg is in direct comm. by steam and packet-boats with Copenhagen ; 74 vessels incl. 2 steamers belong to its port. Aalen, a fortfd. town of Wiirtemberg, cure. Jaxt, on rt. b. of the Kocher, 40 m. E. Stuttgart. Pop. 2,800. It has iron-works, woollen & cotton ketones, and a brewery. Aalsmeee, a Till. N. Holland, 8 m. S.W. Am- sterdam. Pop. 1,700. Aalst, a vill. Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 3 m. S. Eyndhoven. Pop. 565. For Aalst, Bel- gium, see Alost. Aalten, a vill. Netherl. nrov. Guelderland, on rt. b. of the Aa, 29 m. E. Arnhem. Pop. 3,524. Aamodt, a town of Norway, dist. Hedemark, onrt. b. of the Glommen, 86 m. N.N.E. Christi- aiiia. Pop. 2,729, who manuf. hats, &c. Aae, a riv. of Switzerland, rises in the glaciers of the Grimsel and Schreckhom, cant. Bern, forms the remark, fall of Haudeck, traverses the lakes of Brienz and Thun, passes Thun, Bern, Soleure and Aarau,& falls into the 1. b. of the Rhine opp. Waldshut. Principal affluents on 1. the Kan- der, the Saane & Thiele ; on rt. the Emmen, Wig- ger, Surcn, Aa, Reuss, and Limmat. It is navigable from the Rhine to Thun Aar is the name of several small German rivers in the territs. of Nassau & Waldeck. Aabau, a town of Switzerl., cap. cant. Aargau, ou rt. b. of the Aar, 41 m. N.E. Bern. Pop. ABA 4,200. It has a cantonal academy & library, manufs. of silks, cotton cloth, mathemat.. instru- ments, leather, & vitriol, & a cannon foundry. Aaeberg, a town of Switzerl., cant, Bern, on rt. b. of the Aar, 9^ m. N.W. Bern. Pop. 850, with a bridge on the Aar, def. by fortifications, constructed since 1830. Aarbubg, a town of Switzerl., cant. Aargau, on rt. b. of the Aar, 6 m. S.W. Aarau. Pop. 1,650, with an extensive, but decayed, citadel pic- turesquely situated above the town. AABnENBUBCt, a town of the Netherl., prov. Zeeland, 4 m. S.E. Sluis. Pop. 1,474. Aabgac or Aegovia, a cant, of Switzerl. cap. Aarau, bounded by the cants. Zurich, Zug, Lu- cern, Bern, Soleure, Basel, & the Rhine. Area, 502 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 182,765, about 3-5tha, being R. Caths. & 2-5ths Protests. Surface un- dulating, & traversed by the Aar, Reuss, & Linir mat. Soil well cultivated,, yielding a siu^lus of corn over consumption. Vineyards extensive. Princip. manufs. cottons, silks, & linens woven by hand ; these, with straw hats, cattle, cheese, & com, form the chf. exports. Princip. imports, wheat, wine, salt, iron, leather, colonial produce, and materials for manufs. Chf. towns, Aarau, Zoffingen, Laufenburg, & Baden. AABHuns, a sea-port town of Denmark, N, Jutland, cap. dioc. same name, on the Kattegat at the mth. of the Molle-Aue, 37 m. S.E. Wiborg. Lat. 56° 9' 27' N. ; Ion. 10° 12' 46' E. Pop. 8,000. It has a cathedral, a lyceum, museum & library with manufs. of cottons, woollens, gloves, leather, & tobacco, & a regular ^team-communication with Kallundborg and Copenhagen. 49 vessels belong to its port. Aaelandeeveen, a town of the Netherl., prov. S. Holland, 17 m. S.S.E. Haarlem. Fop. 2,688. - Aaboe, a small isl. Denmark, Schleswig, in the littleBelt,10ni.E. Hadersleben. Opposite the isl. on the E. coast'of Schleswig, is Aaroesund, a post ahd ferry station with steam communication be- _ tween Schleswig and Fiihneu. Aaeon, an isl. of France. [Malo St.] Aaeonsbueg, a tnshp., U. S., N Amer., Penn- sylv., 89 m. N.W. Harrisburg, Pop. 450. Aakvtangew, a vUl. of Switzerl., cant. Bern, on the Aar, 24 m. N.N.E. Bem. Pop. 2,100. Large cattle fairs are held here. Aas, a comm. & vill. France, Lr. Pyrenees, S.E. Oleron. Frequented for its baths & min. waters. Aasy, a riv. of Syria. [Oeontes]. Aattl, a town of Syria, pash. Damascus, with extensive ruinS. Pop. chiefly Druses. Abaoh, a town of iBavaria, on 1. b. of the Da- nube, 5 m. S. Regensburg. Pop. 570. It has mineral spring^, and is the anc. Abvdiacum. ABA 2 Abaco or LuOAYA, the largest of the Bahama isla., N. point in lat. 26° SC N., 76° 57' W., 80 m. in length by about 20 in breadth. Pop. scanty. A natural perforation of the rock at its S.E. point, forms a landmark well known to seamen as the Hole in the Wall. Lat. of lighthouse, 25° 51' 30' N. ; Ion. 77° 10' 45' W., elev. 160 feet. Abadeh, a town of Persia, prov. Pars, 110 m. N. Shiraz, to which city it sends fruit. Pop. 5,000. (?) Abades, a town of Spain, prov. and 8 m. W. Segovia. Pop. 805. Situated in a beautiful plain, weU built, and healthy. Abai, a town & harb. on the N.W. coast of Borneo, about lat. 6° 21' N.— II. a riv. of Abys- sinia, tributary of the Nile which rises abt. iat. 11° N., Ion. 37° E., at an elevation of 8700 ft., passes through the S. part of L. Dembea, & joins the Nile in lat. 15° 32' N. Abakansk, a fortfd. town of Siberia, gov. Yeniseisk, on the Abakan, near its junction with the Yenisei. Lat. 54° N. ; Ion. 91° 30' E. Pop. 1000. This is regarded as the mildest and mo^t salubrious spot in Siberia. Near it are some curious antiquities. Abalak, a town of Siberia, S.E. Tobolsk, on the Irtish, a celebrated place of pilgrimage. Abanoat, a town of Peru, cap. prov., dep., & 65 m. "W.S.W. Cuzco, on riv. of same name. Has important sugar refineries. Abanilla, a fortified town of Spain, prov. and 18 m. N.E. Murcia. Pop. 3,794. Abano, a town of Lombardy, deleg. and 5 m. S.W. Padua. Pop. 2,600. It has celeb, mud baths. Abaht, a town of Hungary, co., & 50 m. S.E. Pesth. Pop. 7,784, comprising many Jews. Ababan, a city of Asiat. Russia, Georgia, 30 m. N.N.W. Erivan. The seat of a mission of Dominicans since the 16th century. Abasa or Abasia, Caucasus. [Abkasia]. Abb, a town of Arabia, Yemen, in a mountain- ous tract, 80 m. E. Mocha. Pop. 5,000 (?). Abbadia, a town of Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 2 m. W. Pinerolo. Pop. 1,350. Abbadia, a town & port of Brazil, jjrov. Sergipe del Key, on the Areguitiba, near the Atlantic, St, 25 m. S.W. Sergipe. Abba-Jabet, a mnt. of Abys., elev. 14,91^ ft. Abba-Santa, Acqua-Stmta, a town in the isl. Sardinia, prov. Busachi. Pop. 1,030. Abbasabad, a fortified town of Asiat. Russia, prov. Georgia, on the Aras (Araxes), 8. m. S. Nakchivan. — II. an insignificant town of Persia, in the prov. Rhorassan. Abbenbeoek, a viU. with a port on the Bor- nisse, S. Holland, 6 m. S.E. Brielle. Pop. 632. Abbeelev, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, 6 m. S.S.W. Bewdley. Area 2,390 ao. Pop. 569. Abbeeton, two pas. of Engl., I. co. Essex, 4 m. Colchester. Area 1,030 ac. Pop. 248 II. . CO. Worcest., on a branch of the Avon, 6 m. N.E. Pershore. Area, 1,050 ao. Pop. 81. Abbeville, Abatis Villa, a fortfd. town of France, dep. Somme, cap. arrond., on the Somme, 12 m. from Eng. Channel, 25 m. N.W. Amiens, on the Railw. du Nord, & the Can. de la Somme. Pop. (1846) 17,035. It is well built, but dirty, with houses mostly of brick, some fine public edifices, especially the cathedral, a large cloth factory founded under Colbert in 1669, & manufs. of vel- vets, serges, cottons, linens, sacking, hosiery, jewellery, soap, glass-wares, &c. Vessels of 150 tons come up the Somme to Abbeville. In 1255, Louis IX. of France concluded with Hen. III. of Engl, a treaty, by which he ceded to England, Limousin, Le Quercy, and Perigord. ABD Abbeville, a dist. U. S., N. America, in W. part of S. Carolina, between the Savannah and Saluda rivers. Pop. 29,351. Surface agreeably diversified, well watered and fertile. The chf. town of same name is situated on Little river in centre of dist., 97 m. W. of Columbia. Abbetfeale, a pa. and vill. of Ireld., Munster, CO. Limerick, on the Feale, 12 m. S.W. Rathkeale. Area 18,160 ac. Pop. 5,492, do. of vill. 699. Abbetlbix, a town and pa. of Ireld., Queen's CO., 9 m. S.S.W. Maryborough. Area 13,547 ac. Pop. of pa. 6,719 ; of town 1,021. Abbey St. Bathah's. [Bathan's Abbey]. "^ Abbiategbasso, a town of Northern Italy, deleg. Pavia, cap. cant., on the canal di Bereguardo, 14 m. W.S.W Milan. Pop. 4000. It has 2 large and well-conducted hospitals, a silk-factory, good markets, and an active transit trade. Abbitibbe, the name of a distr., riv., & trad- ing-station in Brit. N. America, near Hudson Bay. Lat. of sta. 49° N. ; Ion. 78° 10' W. Abbondanza or Abohdahoe, a town of Savoy, 12 m. S.S.E. Thonon. Pop. 1,500. Abbots-Akne, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 2 m. S.W. Andover. Area 3,100 ac. Pop. 619. Abbots-Biokihston, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 8 m. S.W. Torrington. Area 1,510 ac. Pop. 75. — Abbots-Bromley. [Bromley.] Abbotsbukt, a town and pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 8 m. W.S.W. Dorchester. Area 4,050 ao. Pop. 1,005. The town near the sea, is ill- built; its inhabs. are mostly fishermen. Some vestiges remain of a large abbey founded here in the tune of Canute ; & a swannery originally be- longing to the abbey is still preserved. Mkt. Thursday ; sheep fair, July 10. ABEOTSFOKn, the celebrated seat of Sir W. Scott, in Scotl., CO. Roxburgh, on the S. bank of the Tweed, near Melrose Abbey, 28 m. S.E. Edin- burgh. It was built and adorned by its illus- trious owner. Abbotshall, a pa. of Scotl., co. Fife, IJ m. S.W. Kirkoaldjr. Acres 3,166. Pop. 4,811, mostly employed in spuming flax. Abbotsham, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, near Barnstaple Bay, 2 m. W. Bideford. Area 2,090 ao. Pop. 414. Abbotsidb, two tnshps., Engl, in Aysgaeth pa. Abbots-Keeswell, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, IJm. S. Newton- Abbots. Area 1,670 ac. Pop. 433. Abbots-Langley, a pa. of Engl., co, Herts, liberty of St Albans, IJ m. E.S.E. King's Lang- ley. Area 5,100 ac. Pop. 2,115. Here are ex- tensive paper mills. This is the birth place ol Nicholas Breakspear, afterwards Adrien IV., the only Englishman who ever became pope. Abbots-Leigh, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 2 m. W. Bristol. Area 2,150 ac. Pop. 366. Leigh house is an elegant mansion. Abbotsley or Abbots -Leigh, a pa. of Engl.. CO. Huntingdon, 3J m. S.E. St Neots. Area 2,110 ac. Pop. 443. Abbots-Moeton, a pa. of Engl., co., & 11 m. E. Worcester. Area 1,420 ac. Pop. 234. Abbotstoke, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 3 m. N.W. Alresford. [Itchin-stoke]. Abb's Head, St., a promontory, coast of Ber- wickshire, Scotl., 4 ra. N.W. Eyemouth. Abdatzk, a town of Asiatic Russia, gov, To- bolsk, on the Ishim. Pop. 2,000. Abdie, a pa. of Scotl., co. Fife, 6 m. W. by N. Cupar. Area 7,624 ac. Pop. 723. The battle of Blackearnside, between the Scots under Wallace, & the English, was fought in this parish. Abbon, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 8 J m. N.N.E. Ludlow. Area 710 ac. Pop. 165. ABD ! Abdhlpoor, a town of British India, Nissams dom., 45 m. N.E. Bejapoor. Abenbebq, a small town of Bavaria, prov. Midd. Franconia, 16 m. S.S.W. NUrnberg. Pop. 1,000, with manuf. of needles and lace. Abenheim, a viU. of Hessen Darmstadt, prov. Rhenish Hessen, 4 m. N.W. 'Worms. AsENSBEsa, Abusina, a mkt. town of Bavai'ia, circ. Upper Palatine, on the Abens, 18 m. S.W. Kegensburg. Pop. 1,200. It has manufs. of woollens, a castle, & mineral batlis. Here Na- poleon defeated the Austrians, 20th April 1809. Abeb, a pa. of Wales, co. Carnarvon, near the sea, 4i m. E. Bangor. Pop. 656. It has a ferry to Anglesea. Abebaebon or Abeeatkon, a seaport town of Wales, CO. & on the bay of Cardigan, at the mouth of the Aeron, 13 m. S.W. Aberystwith. Pop. 534. Exports, oats, butter, & lead ore ; im- ports, limestone & coal. Fair Nov. 13th. Near It are the ruins of Castle Cadwgan. Aberavos or Abekafon, a pari. & mnnic. bor., & pa. of Wales, co. Glamorgan, on the Afon, near its mouth in Swansea bay, 6 m. S.S.E. Neath. Pop. of pa. 1,290 ;4)f bor. 3,666. It imports ore &om Cornwall, & exports copper, tin, & coal. It returns, along with Swansea, Neath, Llonghor, and Keniig, one mem. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1846) 127. Abeebeothwick, a pa. of Sootl. [Arbkoath.] Abeecorn, a pa. of Scotland, co. Linlithgow, on the shore of the Firth of Forth, 5 m. E.N.E. Linlithgow. Pop. 2,146. The seat of the E. of Hopetoun, sole proprietor of the pa. stands in a commanding situation near the coast. Abebcbombie or Si Monabce, a pa. of Scotl., CO. Fife, on the firth of Forth, 13 m. S.E. Cupar. Area 800 ac. Pop. 1,167, mostly engaged in fish- ing or in raising coal. Abeebaxgie, a pa. of Scotl., co. Perth, on the Earn, 3J m. S.W. Perth. Area 2,800 ac. Pop. 360. Aberdare, a pa. of Wales, co. Glamorgan, 4 m. W.S.W. Merthyr-Tydfil. Pop. 6,471. It has ex- tensive iron-works, & 5 annual fairs. ABEBnAEON, a pa. of Wales, co. Carnarvon, at the mouth of the Daron, 13 m. W.S.W. from Pwllheli. Pop. 1,360. Abekdeen, a pari. & munio. bor. & sea-port, cap. CO. of same name, on the Gt. N. of Scotl. Rail., between the Don & Dee, at their entrance into the North Sea, 90 m. N.N.E. Edinburgh. Lat. of observatory, 57° 8' 9' N. ; Ion. 2° 5' 7' W. Pop. of pari. bor. (1841) 63,262. The pari. bor. consists of the following towns, about 1 m. apart, viz. — I. Old Aberdeen, on the Don, here cross- ed by two stone bridges. Its old pa., now subdi- vided into 5 pas., had an area of 16 sq. m., with a pop. of 28,020 ; but the pop. of this city, as distinct from the pa., is only about 2,000. Chf. buildgs., the cathedral erected about 1367, King's Coll. founded in 1606, a neat town ho., the trades hospl., &c. The haven at the mouth of the Don admits only small vessels, & Old Aber- deen having little trade, depends mostly for sup- port on its university. Corp. rev. (1832) iSl. 6s. — n. New Aberdeen, on rising ground upon the N. bank of the Dee, near its mth., 1 m. S. Old Aberdeen, pop. 36,688, including Parlia- ment, bound. 64,778. It is a handsome city, with spacious streets & houses built of ^anite. Here are a town ho., court ho., & prison, a cross erected in 1686, a spacious new market, two bridges across the Dee, & one over a ravine within the city, several churches, schools, & hos- pitals, the county-rooms, & Marischal College — all elegant edifices, besides numerous other pub- ABE lie buildgs. The construction of a granite pier 1600 ft. in length, & a breakwater, has made the harbour one of the best in this part of Scotl. At its entrance is Girdleness lightho., with two lights. New Aberdeen has flourishing manufs. of cotton, linen, & woollen goods, carpets, machinery, rope, leather, paper, soap, & sail cloth, with ex- tensive iron-foundries, breweries, & distilleries ; & a considerable foreign and coasting trade, the latter, especially with London, to which it sends sal- mon, provisions, & granite It has regular steam communication with London, Leith, & Orkney. Exports estim. at from IJ mill, to 2 mill, pounds sterling yearly. Customs rev. (1846) 81,433?. Reg. shipping (1846) 336 ; aggreg. burden, 63,117 tons. Aberdeen sends one mem. to the H. of C. Reg. elects.(1846)3,364. Corporation rev. (1843) 16,712Z. Inhab. houses 6137; valued rental 101,613?. King's College, Old Aberdeen, was chartered by papal bull in 1494, has spacious buildgs., a library of 30,000 vols., a museum, 9 professors, and 128 bursaries of from 51. to 501. each. It is governed by a chancellor & senate. Average no. of stu- dents 365. Marischal College in New Town, was founded by George Keith, 5th E. Marischal, in 1693, & also governed by a chancellor & senate, has elegant new buildings, numerous professors & lecturers, & 106 bursaries of from 61. to 261. Average number of students 250. Abeedeenshibe, a marit. co, of Scotl., having N. & E. the North Sea, & on other sides the cos. Forfar, Perth, Kincardine, Banif, Elgin, & In- verness. Area 1,260,800 aci-es. Inhab. houses in 1841,32,063. Pop. in do. 192,387. In the S.W. are some of the highest muts. in Scotland, incldg. Ben Macdhui 4,306 ft. Nearly 2-3ds of surface waste ; arable land mostly in E. Chf. rivs. Dee & Don. Large quantities of granite are shipped for Lon- don ; & more cattle are bred in this than in any other Scotch Co. Extensive salmon fisheries on the coast, & in the Dee. Princip. manufs, wool- len, cotton, & linen goods. Valued rent 236,665?. Scots. Annual value of real property in 1843 605,802?. Chf. towns, Aberdeen, Peterhead, & Fraserburgh. This co. returns one mem, to the H. of C. Reg. electors (1846) 3,694. Abebdoue, two pas. of Scotl., I. co. Aberdeen on the N. Sea, 36 m. N. Aberdeen. Pop. 1,645, Here are mill-stone quarries, several remarkable caves, & the ruins of Dundargue Castle. — II. co. Fife, on the firth of Forth, 6 m. S W. Kirkcaldy. Area 6,000 ao. Pop. 1,916. It has a tidal harbour, whence are exported freestone, lime & coals ; an ancient castle, and some remarkable antiquities. The vill. commands a fine view of Edinburgh, and is, in summer, resorted to for bathing. ABEKEDV7 or Abeeedwt, a pa. of Wales, co. Radnor, SJ m. S.E. Builth. Pop. 346. Abereboh, a pa. of Wales, co. Carnarvon, IJ m, E,N.E. PwUheli. Pop. 1,613, Abeeeeldie, a vill. of Scotl., co. Perth, pa. of Dull, on the Tay, which here presents some fine cascades, 23 m. N.W. Perth. Pop. 820. Abeeffbaw, a sea-port & pa. of Wales, co. Anglesea, 5 m. W,N,W. Newborough. Pop. 1,836, mostly employed in fishing. It has 6 annual cattle fairs, Abebfobd, a mkt. town & pa, of Engl., co. York, W, riding, 5 m. S.W. Tadcaster, and 3 m. N. of the Leeds and Selby railway. Area of pa. 3,820 ac. Pop. 1,071. Market Wednesday. It has 5 annual fairs. Abebfotle, a vill., pa., & defile of the Gram- pians in Scotl., CO, Perth, 8 m, S,W. Callander, Pop. 643, The pa, sltirted by Lochs Katrine, & Achray, is noted for picturesque beauty, and as the scene of much of Sir Walter Scott's Rob Roy. Abekgavennt, Gobanium, a mkt. town, and pa. of Wales, co. Monmouth, on the Usk, joined here by the Gavenny, and crossed by a bridge of 15 arches, 13 m. W. Monmouth, Area of pa. 4,290 ao. Pop. 4,953. It was anciently corpo- rate, & has a fi'ee school, some interesting re- mains of antiquity, manufs. of flannel, and an increasing trade, chiefly in wool. The Herefd. and Tredegar railw. passes near the town. Polling place for co. Mkts, Tu. and Sat. Fah's, May 14, Sept 25, and Nov. 19. Abeb(}£ley, a town and pa. of Wales, co. Den- bigh, 6m. W.N. W. of St Asaph. Pop. 2,661. It is resorted to for sea-bathing, & has 4 annual cattle fairs. Abergwillt, a pa. of Wales, co. Carmarthen, H m. E. Carmarthen. Pop. 2,366. The vill. has a free school, & fairs Oct 2 and 27. Aberhafesp, a pa. of WaJes, co. Montgomery, 3 m. W. by N. Newton. Pop. 535. Abeblady, a vill. & pa. of Scotl., on the firth of Forth, CO. & 6 m. N.W. Haddington. Pop. 1,050. At spring tides, vessels of 70 tons reach its sm. bay, which forms the port of Haddington. Abeelemno, a pa. of Scotl, co. Forfar, 5^ m. N.E. Forfar. Pop. 1,023. Abebloub, a pa. of Scotl., co. Banff, on the Spey, 3^ m. W.N.W. Dufftown. Pop. 1,362. Abebnaht, a pa. of Wales, co. & 4^ m. W. by N. Carmarthen. Pop. 890. Abebnetht, a town & pa. of Scotl., cos. Perth & Fife, at the estuary of the Tay, 6J m. S.E. Perth. Pop. 1,920. It is supposed to occupy the site of the anc. metropolis of the Picts; a curious round tower of remote date stands in the church- yard. — II. a pa. in cos. Elgin and Inverness, united to Kincardine pa. United pop. 1,832. Chf. propr. E. of Seafield. The mntn. Cairngorm is in this parish. Abebhtte, a pa. of Scotl., co. Perth, 10 m. E.N.E. Perth. Area 2,600 ac. Pop. 280. Abebpokth, a pa. of Wales, co. & 6 m. N.E. Cardigan, on Cardigan-bay. Pop. 496. The small craft owned here are empld. in trading to Liverpool, Milford, &o. Abeetaeff and Boleskin, united pas. of Scotl., CO. Inverness, extending along S. side of Lochness. Pop. 1,829. Abebtsoir, a pa. of Wales, co. & 3 m. W.N.W. Brecon. Pop. 117. Abeevstwith, a pari. & municip. bor., mkt. town, and sea-port of Wales, co. and 33 m. N.E. Cardigan, pa. Llanbadarn-Fawr, on the Ystwith at its mouth in Cardigan-bay. Lat. of light-ho. 63° 26' N. ; Ion. 4° 5' W. Pop. of munic. bor. 4,910 ; of pari. bor. 4j975. It has steep but well- paved streets, a theatre, and remains of an anc. castle; is now a fashionable watering-place. Harbour improved of late. Keg. shipping, 8,025 tons. Imports timber (from America), coal, and lime ; exports lead, oak, bark, flannel, corn, and butter to Liverpool, &c. Corp. rev. (1842-3) 345?. ; customs rev. 1,637Z. It unites with Car- digan, &o., in sending one mem. to H. of C. Keg. elects. (1846) 331. Polling-place for co. Fairs 4 times a-year. — Aberystruth is a chapelry, co. Monmouth, 9 m.S.W. Abergavenny. Pop. 11,272. It is prosperous, owing to numerous collieries, iron-mines, and forges. Abha, avill. Abyssinia, Tigr^, 23 m. N.E. Axum. Abheb or Ebhee, a walled town of Persia, prov. Irak-ajemi, 110 m. N.E. Hamadan. It is said to comprise 1,000 well-built houses. Near it is the ruined fort of Dara or Darius. ABO Abilin, a vill. of Syria, pash. and 10 m. S.E. Acre. It is supposed to occupy the site of the anc. Zebulun. Abimes (Les), a town of the French colony Guadeloupe, on the S.W. coast of Grande Terre. Pop. 4,597, of whom 3,463 are slaves. ABiueDOir, a pari, and munic. bor., and mkt. town of Engl., co. Berks, on the Ock, where it joins the Isis, 4 m. N. of the Gt. W. railw., and 61 m. W.N.W. London. Area of bor. 340 ac. Pop. 6,585. It is well buUt, and has a grammar school, founded 1563, many antique edifices & charitable foundations. Princip. trades, malting, sacking & carpet making. Assize town, alter- nately with Reading. Corp. rev. (1843) 83U. It sends one mem. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1846) 339. Pollmg-place for co. Mkts. Mond. & Frid. for corn. Fairs 7 times a-year for cattle. Abingdos, a town, U. S., N. America, cap. Wash., CO. Virginia on Holstoun. Pop. 1,000. Abingeb, a pa. of Engl., co. Surrey, 4^ m. S.W. Dorking. Area 9,780 ac. Pop. 920. Abinghall, a pa. of Engl., co. Gloucester, 4 m. N.N.W. Newnham. Area 860 ac. Pop. 239. Abington, a tnshp. of the iJ. S., N. America, Massach, co. Plymouth, 19 m. S.S.E. Boston. Pop. 3,214, who manufacture cutlery, hardware, & leather II. a tnshp., co. Montgomery, 109 m. E. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,704. Abington, the name of several pas. of Engl. — I. CO. and 1^ m. E.N.E. Northampton. Area 1,190 ac Pop. 143.— IL (Great) co. & 7 m. S.E. Cambridge. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 358.-111. {Little), CO. Cambr., adjacent to last. Area 1,120 ac. Pop. 277. — IV. (A Pigotts), co. Cambr. 4 m. W.N.W. Koyston. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 232.— Also, a vill. in Scotl., co. Lanark, near which some gold mines were wrought in the reign of James VI. Ab-istada (Lake), in Afghanistan, 65 m. S. by W. Ghuznee, in lat. 32° 35' N., and Ion. 68° E. It is about 18 m. in length, 8 in breadth, 44 in circ, & supposed to be 7,076 ft. above the sea. It is shallow & salt; it receives the Ghuznee riv. and several smaller streams. Abkasia or Abasia, an Asiatic territ. subordi- nate to Russia, between lat. 42° 40' & 43° 30' N., and Ion. 40° 30' & 42° E., havmg S.E. Mingrelia, S. & W. the Black Sea, & N. the Caucasus. Area estim. at nearly 3,000 sq. m. Pop. about 62,300, principally breeders of cattle and horses. Slave- dealing, brigandage, & piracy, are greatiy sup- pressed, since it came under the Russian dom. Chf. town, Sukumkaleh. Ab-Kettlebt, a pa. of Engl., co. Leiccst., 3 m. N.W. by W. Melton Mowbray. Area 2,920 ac. Pop. 380. Abla, a town of Spain, Granada, prov. Al- meria, 33 m. N.W. AJmeria. Pop. 2,117. Abo, a city and sea-port of Russia m Europ., until 1819 cap. of Finland, now cap. prov., on the Aurajoki, near its entrance into the gulf of Both- nia. Lat. 60° 26' 58' N. ; Ion. 22° 19' E. Pop. 14,000, mostly of Swedish descent. It is an archbp's see ; & has schools for superior & pri- mary education. It was formerly the seat of a university, removed to Helsingfors, after a de- structive fire at Abo in 1827. The Aura inter- sects the city, & its mouth, 3 m. distant, forms a good port, protected by a fortress. Abo has docks for ship -building, saw-nulls, a few manufactures, & some trade with Sweden and S. Europe. Abo (AEcnip. of), an extensive group of low rocky islands in the Baltic sea, spread along ABO the S. and W. coasts of Fiuland, opp. the city of Abo, reudering the navig. difficult and dan- gerous. Aboh, Ibo or Eboe, a town of Africa, cap. of state, on rt. b. of the Niger (Quorra), 80 m. from the ocean, and 60 m. S.E. Benin. Lat. 5° 40' N. : Ion. 6° 25' E. Abomet, a town of Africa, cap. Dahomey. Lat. 7° 30' N. ; Ion. 1° 40' E. Pop. 30,000. (?) Aboo, a town. Western India, prov. Ajmeer, fiO m. W. by S. Odeypoor. Esthn. elev. 5,000 ft. Aeodkir, Ccmopus, a vill. of Egypt, with a citadel, on a promont. at the W. extremity of bay of same name, 15 m. N.E Alexandria. Lat. of tower 31° 19' 44' N. ; Ion. 29° 4' 28' E. Aboukik-Bat, N. coast of Egypt, between the promont. of Aboukir on the W., & the Rosetta mouth of the Nile on the E., celeb, for Nelson's victory over the Fi-ench fleet 1st Aug. 1798. There is generally from 6 to 8 faths. water in the bay, but it encloses a dangerous bank, a reef of rocks called the Cnlloden's Reef, and the small Lsl. of Aboukir, or Nelson island. ABOTII.LONIA or Abdllionxe, Apolloma ad Rhyndacum, a Till. Asia Slinor, pash. Anatolia, on a small isl. in the Lake of Aboullonia, to the N. shore of which it is united by a wooden bridge, 20 m. W. by S. Bi-usa. It has about 300 houses, a Greek church, and several remains of antiquity. — The lake, 18 m. in length, by 12 in breadth, studded with numerous small islands, is traversed by the Rhyndaens, and supplies Brusa with fish. Aboyne, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, on the Dee, 27 m. "W.S."W. Aberdeen. Area, with Glentanner, about 29,000 acres. Pop. 1,138. Abbastes, a fortfd. town of Portugal, Estre- madnra, with a citadel on rt. b. of the Tagus, 80 m. N.E. Lisbon. Pop. 5,000. Its inhabs. send a great deal of grain, oil, & fruit down the Tagus to the Lisbon mkt. — II. A town of Brazil, prov., & 20 m. N.E. Bahia, near the Atlantic. Abbeschwilleb, a village of France, dep. Menrthe, 6 m. S.S.E. Sarrebourg. Pop. 2,082. Abbies, a vUl. of France, dep. H. Alpes, 24 m. S.E. Briangon. Pop. of comm. 1,618. Abkiola, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, 10 m. S. Potenza. Pop. 3000. Aebolhos, a group of low rocky isls. off the coast of Brazil. Lat. 17° 68' S. ; Ion. 38° 42' W. ABEnND-BASTA,atown of Transylvania, comm. Unter-Weissenbnrg, 27 miles N.W. Karlsburg. Pop. 4,100. Celebrated for its gold mines. Abbuzzo, a country, & former division of the kingdom of Naples, forming the present provinces of Abruzzo Citra, & Abr. Ultra I. & II., betw. lat. 41° 40' & 42° 65' N., on the Adriatic. Area about 6,000 sq. m. ; & pop. (1837) 788,028. Sur- face mostly mntns. & rugged, or covered with for- ests. M. Como, 10,154 ft. high, the loftiest of the Apennines, is in Abruzzo fjltra. Along the coast are some well-watered lands, producing com, wine, oil, silk, liquorice, & fruits ; but cattle rearing employs most of the rural pop. It has no good ports, nor any manufs. of consequence. Cht towns, Chieti, Aquila, Teramo, Sidmona, Lanciano, & Civita Ducale. Abthrope, a pa. of Engl., co. Northamp., 3 m. ■W.S.W. Towcester. Area 1,960 ae. Pop. 449. Abu-Aeisch, a town of Arabia, cap. of the petty state of same name, 24 miles from the Red Sea. Lat. 16° 40' N.; Ion. 42° 20' E. Pop, 5,000 (?) ABTiET,a pa. of England. [Avebuev]. Abcsabel, a town of Middle Egypt, 14 m. N. Cairo. It has a milit. hospital, a school of medi- cine, & a preparatory school with nums. pupils. AC A Abu-sheub, [Bushibe], Abutige, Abutis, a town of Upper Egypt, on the W. bank of the Nile, 13 m. S.E. Siout. The best Levant opium is raised in its vicini^, Abt, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, united in 1732 to Belleau. Area, 1560 ao. Pop. 312. Abvdos, an ancient city of Asia Minor, on the S. side of the Hellespont ; its site is now occupied by the modern fort Nagara. Here Xerxes and his army crossed over to Europe on a bridge of boats. The story of Hero and Leander has also given an enduring celebrity to Abydos. Abyssinia, Abessinia or Habesh, a country of E. Africa, extending betw. lat. 7° 40' & 16° 40 N. ; & Ion. 34° 20' & 43° 20' E., bounded E. by Adel, N.E. by the Red Sea, N.W. by Nubia, & S. & S.E. by the country of the Gallas. It forms an elevated table-land, and contains many fer- tile valleys watered by numerous river courses, the chief of which are the Abai (Bahr-el-Azrek or Blue Nile), the Tacazze, & the Hawash. Many of its rivers are lost in the sands, or only reach the sea during the rainy season. Lake Dembea or Tzana, abt. 50 m. in length, is the largest in the country. The highest mtn. range is in the S.W. table-land, where the peak of Abba Yaret attains a height of 15,000 ft., & the Mt. Buahat 14,364 ft. ; the upper part of these mtns. is covered with snow, and their sides are clothed with trees and fine grass. The temp, of Abyss, is much lower than that of Nubia or Egypt, owing to the eleva- tion of the soil, the numerous rivers, and the abundant summer rains. The mineral products of the country are iron-ore, rock-salt, and a small quantity of gold. The cultivated grains are wheat, barley, oats, maize, rice, & millet ; — ^fruits, cotton, & coffee ai-e also produced. All the wild animals indigenous to Africa, as lions, elephants, buffaloes, leopards, &c., are found in Abyss. ; & domestic animals, horses, mules, asses, cattle, sheep, & goats, are reared in great abundance. In industry & commerce the Abyssinians have made some progress, they manuf. tanned skins for tents, shields of hide, agricultural implements, coarse cotton, & woollen-cloths, & pottery ware. The imports include raw cotton, pepper, blue & red cotton-cloth, glass, & tobacco. Abyssinia, comprised in the anc. Ethiopia, appears to have been the cradle of African civilization, but the early history of the people is merely traditional : they were converted to Christianity in the time of Constantino, and their first rulers seem to have possessed great influence : in the 6th cent, they conquered part of Yemen in Arabia. The present inhabs. have preserved nothing of their former power ; the Turks on the one side, & the feroci- ous Gallas on the other, have almost entirely separated them from other nations. For more than a century the princes of the anc. dynasty have been deprived of their authority, and the empire has been divided into several petty states, the ohf. of which are Shoa, Tigr^ and Amhara. Ankobar, cap. of the kingdom of Shoa, is the only place deserving the name of a town, in Abyssinia. [Massouah.] AcAniA, the original name of Nova Scotia. AcAPONETA, a town, Mexic. confed., dep. & 176 m. N. W. Guadalaxara, AcAPULOo,asea-porttown, Mexic. confed., cap. intend., on the Pacific, 186 m. S.S.W. Mexico. Lat. 10° 60' N.; Ion. 99° 48' W. Pop. 4,000. Celeb, during the Span, dominion in Mexico for the an- nual departure of the galleon, a large vessel, richly laden with goods & specie for Manila. The harbour is nearly land locked, & is one of the best & most extensive in the world. Town ill ACA built & very unhealthy. It formerly engrossed the irhole trade between the Spanish dominions in America and those in the East. AcABi, a town of Peru, dep. Arequipa, built on a plain. Pop. 6,000. Lat. 16° 15' S., Ion. 74° 46' W., 20 m. from the Pacific. AcARHANiA, a dep. of kgdm. of Greece, chiefly between lat. 88° 20' & 39° N. ; Ion. 20° 45' & 21° 30' E., having N. the gulf of Arta & a part of Albania, E. the deps. of Eurytania & Trichonia, S. JEtolia, & W. the Ionian Sea. Pop. (1840) 25,083. Surface uneven, richly wooded, with several small lalces. Chf. riv. the Agpro-Pota- mo. Chief towns, Vonitza and Ambralda. AcASABASTLAN, a town of Central America, State, and 78 m. N.E. Gruatemala. Acasteb-Malbis, a pa. & tnship. of Engl., co. York, E. Hiding & Ainsty, 3 m. S. York, & IJ m. W. of the N. Midland railway. Ac. 1,780. P. 322. Acatlan, a vill. of the Mexican Confederation, dep. and 80 m. S. La Pnebla, on the N'asca. AccADiA, a town of Naples, prov. Capitanata, cap. cant., 6 m. S. Boviuo. Pop. 3,616. AocETTDBA, a towu of Naples, prov. Basili- cata, 19 m. S.E. Potenza. Pop. 3,140. AcooMAC, CO. U.S., N. Amer., on eastern shore of Chesapeak Bay, Virginia. Area 480 sq. m. Pop. 17,066, of whom 4,630 are slaves. Soil light. Several isls. in Bay. Town & cap. of same name. 193 m. E. by N. of Richmond. AoooNBUET or AooBNBURT, a pa. of Engl., CO., & 4 m. S. Hereford. Area 1,470 ac. Pop. 158. Here are the remains of a nunnery, & some Boman antiquities. Accra or Acba, a country of Africa on the Guinea coast, abt. lat. 5° 36^^ N., Ion. 0° 12' W., belonging to England, Holland, and Denmark. British Accra consists of Fort St. James, in lat. 6° 32' N. ; Ion. 0° 12' W., with a small territ., & is among the healthiest of the stations on this coast. Pop. 3,000 (?) mostly blacks. The garrison consists of about 30 men. 1 m. E. of James Ft. is the Dutch Ft. of Crevecceur, which was destroyed by the Engl, in 1782, & partially restored in 1839, with a garrison of a corporal & a few soldiers. 2 m. E. of Crevecceur is the Danish Fort of Christiansborg, residence of the Governor General. AccEiNOTON (New), a tnshp. of Engl., oo. Lancaster, pa. Whalley, 6 m. E. Blackburn. Area 2,480 ac. Pop. 6,908. It has several cotton factories. The Leeds & Liverpool canal passes 1 m. N. the town. Old Accrington is an adjacent chapelry, also with cotton manufs. Pop. 1,811. AoEBENZA, AclwronHa, a city of Naples, prov. Basilicata, on the Brandano, 16 m. N.N.E. Po- tenza. Pop. 2,000. It is an archbishopric, and has a castle, hospital, and grammar school. AcEENo, a town of Naples, prov. Princip.- Citra, 14 m. E.N.E. Salerno. Pop. 2,600. It has paper & iron factories, & is built on the ruins of the anc. Piceniia. AcERRA, AcerriE, a town of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, on the Agno, 7 m. N.E. Naples. Pop. 6,300. It has a fine cathedral. ACESINES. [ChENAB.] AoHAGtfAS, a town of S. Amer., Venezuela, prov. Apure, 60 m. S.W. San Fernando. Pop. 2,000. AcHAiA, a dep. of the kgdm. of Greece, Morea, extending abt. 66 m. from E. to W., with an average width of from 12 to 20 m. along the S. side of the Corinthian gulf. The interior is mountainous, & the coast low, with few good ports. Chf. town, Patras. AoBELOUS, a riv. of Greece. [Aspbopotamo]. ACHBW (Dutch AxCHtN, properly Atjih), a 6 AGO town of Sumatra, near its N.W. extremity, cap. of an indep. kgdm. of same name, on a riv. near the sea. Lat. 5° 34' N. ; Ion. 95° 34' E. It is built on piles of wood, & is said to comprise 8,000 houses. It has a limited trade with Smgapore, Pulo-Penang, and Malacca. The entrance by the 3 mths. of the riv. is dangerous, and the port in- secure. The kgdm. of Atchin extends from the riv. Smkel, Ion. 98° E., to the W. extrem. of the isl., and was formerly a powerful state, now nearly extinct. Achen Head is the name of the N.W. point of Sumatra. AcHEEN, a town Baden, circ. Middle-Rhine on the Acher, 30 m. S.S.W. Carlsmhe. Pop. 1,713. AcBEBON, a riv. of anc. Greece — [Maveopo- TAMOS.] AoHiLi, or Eagle-Islahd, an iai. off the W. coast of Ireld., co Mayo. Circumf. about 30 m. Area 35,283 ac. Pop. of pa. 6,392, mostly occup. in fishing. At its N.E. end is a Protest. Mis- sionary establishment. Its W. point forms Achill head, 2,222 feet in elev., lat. 63° 59' N. ; Ion. 10° 12' W. — Achil Beg is an isl. immediately S. the foregoing. AcHONBT, a pa. of Ireld., co. Sligo, 15 m. S.S.W. Sligo. Area 60,896 ac. Pop. 17,986. AcEBAi (Loch), a small picturesque lake of Scotl., CO. Perth, 15 m. N.W. Stirling. AoHSAi or Aksai, a town of Circassia, near the Terek, 160 m. S.E. Georgievsk, & formerly noted for its trade in slaves. Achtveka, a town of Europ. Russia, gov., & 60 m. N.W. Kharkov, on small riv. of same name. Fop. 14,205. It has woollen manufs., a con- siderable trade, & an image of the virgin, whiBh is visited by numerous pilgrims. Aci or Aci Reale, a town & sea-port of Sicily, prov. Catania, cap. cant., well built on a height at the mouth of the Aci, 7 m. N.E. Catania. Pop. 19,800. It is built mostly of lava, has many fine edifices, a castle, a small harbour, manufs. of linens, siUcs, cutlery, & filigree work, & an active trade. It is celebrated for its mineral waters, & for the cave of Polyphemus & grotto of Galatea in its vicinity. AoKLAM, two pas. of Engl., co. York, — I. {East), E. & N. ridings, 7 m. S.W. New Malton. Area 2,970 ac. Pop 846.— II. {West), N. ridmg, 5 m. N.E. Yarm. Area 1,160 ac. Pop. 97. AcKLiN Island, a small isl. in the Bahama group, 120 m. N.E. Cuba. AcKwoBTH, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. riding, 2im. S.S.W. Pontefraot. Area 2,270 ac. Pop. 1,828, incldg. 314 in the large school estab. here by the Friends in 1777. Ackworth has several endowed schools and charities. AoLE, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 10 m. E. Norwich. Area 4,360 ac. Pop. 864. AooBAMBA, a small town, S. Peru, dep. Aya- cucho, 42 m. S.W. Huamanga, and formerly cap. of a prov., but now insignificant. AcoMB or Akeham, a pa. of Engl., co. & 2 m. W. York, in the Ainsty. Area 2,320 ac. Pop. 880. Near it is Siver's Hill, where, according to tradition, the body of the Emperor Severus was burned. Aoonoagda, a volcanic mntn. and river of S. Amer., Chile ; the mntn. is one of the loftiest of the Andes, & the highest volcano in the world, being 23,200 ft. above the level of the sea. The riv. rises on its S. side, and flows S.W., watering many cultivated valleys, & joins the Pacific 12 m. N. Valparaiso. Qiullota & Aconcagua are on its banks. AooNCAGUA, a prov. of Cliile, S. Amer. con- taining several wide and fertile vails., aiid the ACO ADD towns of San Felipe, & Santa Kosa de Aconcagua, each containing a pop. of d,000, and QuiUota, about 20 m. {rom the sea, mth a pop. of 8,000. AcooNO-CooNO, a town and oist. Africa, on the Tf b. of the Old Calabar or Cross riv., lat. 6" 29' N. ; Ion. 8° 27' E. Pop. 4,000 (?) A90BBS, isls., Atlantic Ocean. [Azokes]. Acqs, a town of France. [Dax]. AcQDAKANONCK, a tnshp. of TJ. S., N. Amcr., N. Jersey, co. & on the Passaic, 13 m. N.W. New York. Pop. 2,483, engaged in cotton weaving. AoqDit Aqna, a viU. of Italy, Pontif. States, deleg. Urbino, on a hill, 8 m. S. TJrbino. Pop. 1,000. Acqua-Negra, a vill. of Northern Italy, deleg. and 16 m. W. Mantua. Pop. 1,100. AoQUAPENi>ENiE, Aculo, 3, town of Italy, Pontif. Stat., deleg., Viterbo, 12 m. N.W. Orvieto. Pop. 2,400. It is dull & dirty, but stands pictnTesquely on the slope of a wooded hill, down which de- scends a fine cascade, — whence its name. It is a bishop's see. Fabricius ab Aquapendente, the celebrated anatomist, was bom here in 1537. AcQUA-sPAKTA, 3. town of Italy, Pont. States, deleg., and 10 m. S.W. Spoleto. AcQUATiTA, a town of Naples, prov. Bari, cap. cant., 16 m. S.S. W. Bari. Pop 5,400.-11. a town, proT. Molise, 22 m. N.N.E. Campobasso. AoQtn, Amue, a walled town of the Sard. States, Piedmont, oit. AUessandria, cap. prov., on 1. b. of the Bormida, 18 m. S.S.W. AUessandria. Pop. 7,800. Celebrated for its great antiquity, and for the remains of a Roman aqueduct. It is much frequented for its sulphur-baths. AcBE (Pashaiic of). [SybiaI AcBE, Akka, or St Jeah d Aoke, Acco or Ptolemais, a fortif. city & sea-port of Syria, cap. pash. on a prom, at the foot of Mt. Carmel. Lat. 32° 55' N. ; Ion. 36° 6' E. Pop. 10,000 (?). Acre is celeb, for the memorable sieges which it has sustained. It was taken by the Crusaders in 1191, and by the Saracens in 1291. Bonaparte attempted to storm this place in 1799, but re- treated after a siege of 61 da^s. It was taken by Ibrahim Pasha in 1832, and again by the comb. Engl. & Austr. squadrons in 1840. The bay of Acre is much frequented by French, Italian, & Austrian vessels. AcEi, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Citra, cap. cant., 15 m. N.E. Cosenza. Pop. 7,861. AcBisE, a pa. Engl., co. Kent, lathe Shepway,5 m.N.N.W.FolkBtone. Area 1,170 ac. Pop. 207. AcBOTiBioH, a small town of the Grec. arcMp., on the S.W. of the island Thera or Santorini. Acs, a town of Hungary, co. & 6 m. S.W. Ko- mom. Pop. 3,237, employed in rearing sheep. AcTjBON Islands, a group of 3 low wooded islands in the Pacific Ocean, discovered 1837 ; centre isl. lat. 21° 23' S. ; Ion. 136° 32' W. AcTiuM, town & gulf of. [Abta, & Azio]. Acton, numerous pas., EngL, I. co. Chester, 2 m. W.N.W. Nantwich. Area 19,800 ac. Fop. 4,1.34, It has numerous charities. Dorfold Hall, a fine building of the 17th cent., is in this pa. — II. CO. Middlesex, 8J m. W. St Pauls, & 1 m. S. the Great Western Railway. Area 2,260 ac. Fop. 2,665—111. CO. Suffolk, 3 m. N.N.E. Sudbury. It isthenameoftownshipsinthe cos. Chester, Glou- cester, Northumberland, Salop, Stafford, & York, Acton, town, TJ. S , N. America. — I. in Maine, CO. York. Pop. 1,401. — ^11. Massach., co. Middle- sex. Pop. 1,121. Acton Beacchamp, a pa. Engl., co. Worcester, 3 m. S.E. Bromyard. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 217. AcTON-BuBNEtL, a pa. of Engl., co. Shrop- shire, 7im. S.S.E. Shrewsbury. Area 2,650 ac. Pop. 394. Here are the remains of an anc. castle where Edw. I., in 1283, held a parliament, in which a memorable statute was passed relating to the recovery of debts, the imprisonment of debtors, &c. AoTON-Ronsn, a pa. of Engl., co. Shropshire, 2 m. S.S.E. Wenlock. Area 3,040 ac. Pop. 180. AcTON-ScoTT, a pa. of Engl., co. Shropshire, 3 m. S. Church-Stretton. Area 930 ac. Pop. 204. Actopan, a town of Mexico, cap. dist., in a valley of same name, 80 m. N.N.E. Mexico. Pop. 2,800. Com. in tallow, sheep, & goat skins. AocL, a town and sea-port of Hayti, N. coast, 10 m. W. Cape Francais, Lat. 19° 47' N. ; Ion. 72° 27' W. Acwobth, a tnshp. of the TJ. S., N. America, New Hamp., 70 m. N.W. Concord. Pop. 1,460, mostly woollen weavers. AsAHUEscA, a town of Spain, Aragon, prov. and 15 m. E.S.E. Huesca. Adair, co. TJ. S., N. Amer., State of Kentucky, inters, by Green riv. & its branches. Area 440 sq. m. Pop. 8,466, of whom 6,769 are slaves. — Also CO. in N. part of Missouri. Area 567 sq. m. Adams, five cos. in U.S., N. Amer., I. in S. part of Pennsylv. Area 528 sq. m. Pop. 23,044.-11. S.W. Mississippi. Area 440 sq. m. Pop. 19,434, of whom 14,241 are slaves. — ^III. in S. of Ohio, on Ohio riv. Area 560 sq. m. Pop. 13,183 — TV. in E. of Indiana. Area 336 sq. m. Pop. 2,264.— V. in W. of Illinois. Area 768 sq. m. Pop. 14,476. Also two tnshps., I. Massach., co. Berks, on the Hoosack, 18 m. N.E. Pittsfield. Pop. 3,703. Chf. trade, cotton-spinning, & dyeing. In the town there is a curious natural bridge over Hud- son Brook, & branch of the Hoosack II. New York, CO. Jefferson, on Sandy creek, 162 m. N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,966. Many smaller tnshps. and villages of the TJ. S. have the same name. Adam's Bhidge, a chain of shoals extenduig across the gulf of Manaar, between Ceylon and the peninsi^a of Hindostan. [Manaab]. Adam's Peak, a lofty mountain of Ceylon, in the centre of the island. Lat. 6° 52' N. ; Ion. 80° 32' E. Height 7,420 ft. Adamstown, a vill. & pa. of Ireld., co. & 17j m. W. N. W. Wexford. Area of pa. 8,134 ac. Pop. 2,037. Here the barn of ScuUabogue was burned during the rebel, of 1798, with a number of prisoners inside. Adana or Itbhil, a pash. of Asiat. Turkey, chiefly betw. lat, 36° & 37°.30' N., & Ion. 32° & 36° 10' E., having N. Karamania, & the range of M. Taurus, E. the pas. Marash, W. Anatolia, & S. the B. of Scanderoon, & the Mediterranean. Chf. rivs. the Sihoon, & Jyhoon (anc. Pyramus). Chf. towns, Adana, and Tarsoos (anc. Tarsus). Adana, Bathnm, a city of Asia Minor, cap. pash. on r. b. of the Sihoon, 30 m. from the sea. Lat. 37° W N., Ion. 35° 12' E. Pop, about 10,000. It is well built, & has a castle, several remains of antiquity, a bridge over the Sihoon, said to have been built \>y Justinian, with a trade in wool, cot- ton, com, wme, & fruit. Adabe, a decayed town & pa. of Ireld., co. Li- merick, on the Maig, 10m. S.W. Limerick. Area of pa. 12,093 ac. Pop of do. 4^902 ; of town, 1,096. It has a long stone bridge, an old castle, & some monastic remains. Adbaston, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, 4 m. W. by S. EcoleshaJl. Area 6,330 ac. Pop. 610. Adda, Addua, a riv., Northem Italy, which rises near Bormio in the Valtellina, flows gene- rally S., traversing lakes Como & Lecco, & after a course of 80 m, joins the Po, 7 m, W. Cremona. Adda, a Danish prov. & negro vill. of Africa, near the coast, on W. bank of the river Volta. ADD Addebbvbt, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, 2J m. N. by E. Deddington. Area 6,'380ac. Pop. 2,525. It has two tnshps. termed E. & W. Adderbury. Addeblet, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop on the Birm. andLiv. canal, 4 m. N.N.W. Mkt.-Drayton. Area 2,260 ac. Pop. 404. Addingham, two pas. of Engl., I. oo. Cumber!., 6J m. N.E. Penrith. Area 9,620 ao. Pop. 735. —II. a pa., CO. Tork, W. riding, 6 m. E. by S. Skipton. Area 4,310 ac. Pop. 1,812. Addinqton, the name of several pas. of Engl., I. CO. Bucks, 2 m. W.N.W. Winslow. Area 1,820 ao. Pop. 84.— II. CO. Kent, 6 m. N.W. Maid- stone. Area 920 ac. Pop. 208. — III. co. Surrey, 3 m. E.S.E. Croydon, and 2 m. E. of Croydon Railway. Area 3,210 ac. Pop. 680.— IV. (Great) CO. Northamp., 3J m. S.W. Thrapston. Area 1,230 ac. Pop. 266.— V. (Little) co. Northamp. Area 1,170 ac. Pop. 299. Anmsos, co. U. S., N. Amer., on W. side of Vermont State, along Champlain lake. Area 700 sq. m. Pop. 23,583. Surface level towards lake, hilly on E. Contains town of same name on lake Champlain. Pop. 1,232 Also name of town, co. Steuben, New York. — Town, Washington, co. Maine — Town, Somerset, co. Pennsylvania, &c. Addle, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. riding, 5 m. N. by W. Leeds. Area 6,350 ac. Pop. 1,219. The church is a fine specimen of Norman archi- tecture. Addlethoepe, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, near the coast, 7 m. S.E. Alford. Area 1,170 ac. Pop. 238. Adeghem, a vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, cant, and 3 m. W.N.'W. Eecloo. Pop. 3,634. Adel, or SoMAUM, a country of Africa, ex- tending along its N.E. coast from Abyssinia to Cape Guardat'ui, betw. lat. 8° and 12° N., & Ion. 43° and 51° E. Pop. Mohammedan, & subordi- nate to an imam. It is marshy and unhealthy, but exports wax, myrrh, ivory, gold dust, and cattle. Chf. ports, Zeila, and Berbera. Adelaide, a munic. city, the cap. of South Australia, on the Torrens riv., near its mouth in Gulf St Vincent. Lat. 34° 57' S. ; Ion. 138° 38' E. Pop. of municip. (1849) 8,000. It stands on rising ground, backed by woods, & divided by the Torrens into S. & N. Adelaide ; was founded in 1836, & in 1843 already covered 1,000 ac. It has regular streets, good shops and hotels, numerous places of worship, a govermn. house, jail, public offices, barracks, a club house , theatre, with schools & factories. A chamb. of commerce, in- surance CO., and different banks have been estab- lished. All the trade of the colony centres here. The harbour is safe, accommodating ships of 600 tons ; and commodious wharfs & stores have been built on its shore. In 1844 copper ore of great richness was discovered in several localities, at from 6 to 60 m. dist. from Adelaide, and several mines are now in active operation. In 1846, 1,157 tons copp. ore were exported, value 19,000/. In 1847, from the Burra-Burra mine, nearly 10,000 tons were obtained. Lead is also found in the vicinity. Adelaide Islahd, the W.most of a chain of isls. off the S.W. coast of Patagonia. Lat 62° S. ; Ion. 76° W. Adelfohs, a vill. of Sweden, Isen Jonkoping, on the Amman, 20 m. S.E. Ekesjo, with a gold mine nearly abandoned. AdSlie, a tract of barren land in the Antarctic Ocean. Lat. 66° 30' S. ; Ion. 136° to 142° E., discovered by D'Urville in 1840. Adelsbeb's, a town of Iliyria, Carniola, cap. circ.,22m. N.E.Triest. Pop. 1,500. Celeb, for its 8 ADM stalactite caves. At a little distance is a magnif. grotto, composed of 3cavsrns,oneabove the other. Ademitz, a town of Spain, prov., and 62 m. N.W. Valencia. Pop. 3,038. Aden (Cape), a rocky peninsula on the S. coast of Arabia. Summit of cape, lat. 12° 45' N. ; Ion. 45° 7' E., about 130 m. E. the strait of Bab- el-Mandeb, midway between Suez and Bombay. It rises to 1,776 ft. in ht., stretches into the ocean about 5 m., varying in breadth from 2 to 3^ m., is connected with the mainland by a sandjr isthmus f m. broad, & has a harbour on either side, both of which are good, especially that on the N.W. Aden, a town & sea-port of Arabia, which since 1839 has belonged to the British, on the E. side of Cape Aden, lat. 12° 46' 15' N.; Ion. 45° 10' 20' E. The pop., which in 1839 was said to be under 1,000, amounted, in 1842, to 19,938. Itsfor- tifications, which had fallen into decay, are now being greatly extended & unproved ; & with the natural advantages of its situation, it will most probably become the Gibraltar of this part of the east. Numerous mosques & other buUds. attest its former magnificence. Opposite the shore is therocky island Seerah, at lowwater joined to the mainland. Aden is well supplied with water, and before the rise of Mocha, was the chief trading port of Arabia. It was fortified by the Turks during the reign of Solyman the Magnificent; but before its occupation by the British, it had shrunk into comparative insignificance. It is now'a station of the steam -boat passage to India, and has a magnetic observatory. Adenau, a town of Rhenish Prussia, cap. circ. gov., and 29 m. W. Coblenz. Pop. 1,330. Adebko, atown of Sicily, at the S.E. foot of M. Etna near the Simeto, prov. and 17 m. N.W. Catania. Pop. 14,000. It has remains of old walls and the ruins of the anc. Adranum. Adeesbach, a vill. of Bohemia, circ. Kiinig- griitz, 9 m. W.N.W. Braunau, celeb, for a collec- tion of detached rocks covering a surface of seve- ral sq. m., and rising to a great height. Adige, Athesis, a river of Northern Italy, formed by nums. streamlets from the Helvetian Alps, which unite at Glurns, where it takes the name of the Etsch. Near Bolsano it is called the Adige, and receiving the Eisach, it becomes navig. It enters Lomb. 13 m. S. Roveredo, & flowing S. & E., enters the G. of Venice at Porto-Fossone, 13 m. N.E. Adria, after a course of 220 m. Afflts. on 1. the Passer, Eisach, Avisio, & Alpone, & rt. the Nos. The cities of Glurns, Trent, Roveredo, and Verona, are on its banks. It is navig. from Trent to the sea; but its velocity renders the navig. difiScult. — The Adigetto is a canal which commences near Badia, passes Rovigo, and by means of the canals of Scortico & Bianco con- nects the Adige with the Po. Adinkeeke, a vill. of Belgium, prov. W. Flan- ders, 18 m. S.W. Ostend. The canal between Dunldrk & Furnes passes near it. Pop. 969. Adisham, apa. of Engl., co. Kent,5J m. E.S.E. Canterbury. Area 1,810 ac. Pop. 372. Adjtghue, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, prov. Allahabad, with a hiU fortress taken by the British in 1809. Adlingfleet, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding,near the junctn. of the Ouse & Treut/sm. S.E. Howden. Area 4,680 ac. Pop. 448. Adlington, two tnshps. of Engl.,1. CO. Chester pa. Prestbury, 6 m. N.W. Macclesfield. Pop' 1,159, partially occupied with silk-weaving —II a tnshp., CO. Lancas.,pa. Standish, 4 m. N Wiffan & 1 m. E. the Wigan & Prcst. railw. Pop 1 130 Admikaltv (Isi.akd), an is), of Russian' Am'e- ADM ! rica, lat. 58° N., Ion. 134° W. It is about 90 m. m length N. to S. by 25 in breadth. (Islands) a cluster of isls. in the Pacific, N.E. of Papua, the largest nearly 60 m. in length, and in lat. 2° S. ; Ion. 147° 19' 52' E. (Inlet) T. del Fuego, lat. 64° S. ; Ion. 70° W. Admiston or Athelhampstone, a pa. of Engl., CO. Dorset, 6 m. E.N.E. Dorchester. Area 290 ac. Pop. 74. It is said to have been a chf. residence of the kings of Wessex. Admont, atown of Austria, Upp. Styria, on the Knns, 66 m. N.W. Gratz, with a pop. of SOO, and an extensive Abbey. Adoni, a town of British India, presid. Madras, distr. & 42 m. N.E. Bellary, taken & ruined by Tippoo Saib in 1787. Ajjont, a town of Hungary, Stuhlweissenbnrg, on rt b. of the Danube, 28 m. S. Pesth. Pop. 3,000. Adorf, the sonthermost town of Saxony, circ. Voigtland, on rt. b. of the Elster, 29 m. S.S.W. Zwickau. Pop. 2,800. It has manufe. of cotton & woollen cloths, and musical instruments. Adobp, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov., and i m. N.N.W.Grouingen. Pop. 1,008. Adotjb, AfuruSf a riv. of France, rises in the Tourmalet (Pyrenees) near Bareges, passes Bag- n&^s-de-Bigorre, Tarbes, S. Sever an4 Dax, where it becomes navigable; & after a course of 95 m. falls into the Bay of Biscay N. Bayonne. Afllts., IVIidonze, Gabas, Luy, and Gave-de-Pau. Adowa, a town of Abyssinia, cap. state Tigr^, at the foot of a hill, 145 m. N.E. Gondar. Lat. 14° 13' N. ; Ion. 39° 6' E. Pop. 8,000.( ?) It is re- gularly laid out; houses conical, & interspersed with trees. It has manu&. of cotton & woollen cloths, and is the chief entrepot of trade between the interior of Tigr^ and the coast. Adpab, a town and pari. bor. of Wales, co. Cardigan, pa. LandyMog, on the Tcifi, a bridge across which joins it to Newcastle -Emlyn, SJ m. E.S.E. Cardigan. Pop. 1619. It has 11 annual catde-feirs, with a retail trade for the supply of an extensive distr. Petty Sessions. Adpar -Emlyn unites with Cardigan, Aberystwith, &c., in send- ing one mem. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1846) 83. Adba, Aidera, a town and sea-port of Spain, Andalncia, prov., & 60 m. S.E. Granada, on the Mediterr. Pop. 7,400. Chiefly employed in the extensive lead mines in its vicinity, the greater part of the ore from which is exptd. to Marseille. Adbamyti, a town & sea-port of Asia Minor, 4m. from the headofthegulfof Adramyti,&83m. N. Smyrna. Pop. 5,000. (?) It is ill built & dirty. Exports large quantities of olives & wool to Con- stantinople, & gall nuts to other ports of Europe. Adbaba, a vill. of Lombardy, prov. and 14 m. E. Bergamo, with an ancient castle, celebrated in the wars of the Guelphs & Guibelines. Pop. 200. Adria, Hadria, a town of Lombardy, gov. Venice, between the Po and Adige, deleg. and 13 m. E. Rovigo. Pop. 10,000. It has remains of fine edifices, and was anciently a sea-port of such consequence, as to give its name to the Adriatic, from jvhich it is now 14 m. distant. Its port is quite obliterated. Adkiampatam, a marit. town of Brit. India, presid. Madras, dist. 34 m. S.E. Tanjore. Adeias, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. America, Michig., 60 m. S.W. Detroit. Pop. 2,496. It has some good buildings, and a railw. to Toledo. Adeiakopie, Andrinople, Edeeneh (Hadri- anopolis), a city of Europ. Turkey, prov. Rumelia, built partly on a hill, and partly on the banks of the Tundja nr. its confl. with the Maritza, 137 m. N.W. Constantinople. Lat. 41° 41' 26" N. ; Ion. 26° 35' 41" E. Pop. 100,000. It is consid. as the 2d. cap. of the Emp. Formerly the suburbs were surrround. by a strong wall commanded by 12 towers and a citadel; but these are now in ruins. It has an arsenal, a cannon foundry and numerous caravanseries and bazaai-s. On the r. b. of the Tundja, which is crossed by a fine stone bridge, is situated the EsM-Serai, the old palace of the sultans, now much decayed. Adrianople gossesses important manufs. of silks, woollens & nens, has celeb, dye works and tanneries, & an active commerce in manufr. goods, and the pro- ducts of a fertile district. The chf. outlet for this commerce is the port of Enos, which was taken by the Russians 20th August 1829. Ad- rianople was the cap. of the Ottoman Enrp. from 1366 to 1453. Badrianopolis was founded by the Emp. Hadrian on the site of the anc. Orestia. Adriatic Sea (Etal. Mare Adriatico) or Gulf OF Venice, is that part of the Medit. which ex- tends from the S.E. at lat. 40° to the N.W. at lat. 45° 46' N. between the coasts of Italy, Dlyria, and Albania, It takes its name from the city of Adria, & forms on the W. the gulf of Manfre- donia, on the coast of the kingdom of Naples. The N.W. part bears the name of the Gulf of Venice. On the E. side are the gulfs of Triest, Fiume, & Cattaro, on the coast of Austria, and of Drino in Albania. Thewateroftliis sea contains more salt than that of the ocean, and the influence of the tides is little felt. Its shores are generally low on the Venetian side ; it has many shoals, and its muddy shores are covered with unwhole- some marshes. Its greatest depth is only 22 fathoms, and a great part of it is less than 12 fathoms. On the Dalmatian side the waves dash against enormous rocks, or ripple among beautiml strands formed by the numerous islan£ which environ the coast, affording to vessels a secure retreat from storms. During summer the navigation of the gulf is safe and simple, because the prevailing wind is very favourable for leaving it, but in winter, the S.E. winds cause much de- struction. The Adriatic receives few rivers of importance, except the Adige and the Po. Its greatest length, from C. Leuca to Trieste is 450 m., and its mean breadth is 90 m. Adko, a vill. of N. Italy, 27 m. N.W. Brescia. ADSTOCK,apa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 2^ m. N.W. Wiuslow. Area 1,130 ac. Pop. 419. Adue, a river of Engl., co. Sussex, rismg a little S.W. Horsham, flowing S. & entering the English channel at Shoreham after a course of 25 m. Its mouth is supposed by some to have formed the anc. Partus Adurm. Adventure Bay is near the S. extremity of Tasmania, lat. 43° 20' S., & Ion. 147° BO'S. Adweli,, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, 4 m. S. by W. Thame. Area 600 ac. Pop. 46. Adwick-le-Street, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. riding, 4 m. N.W. Doncaster. Area 2,950 ac. Pop. 654. Adwick-upon-Deaene, a pa. of Engl., co. Tork, W. Riding, on the Deame, 6 m. N.N.E. Rotherham, and about 1 m. from the N. Mid- land railway. Area 1,130 ac. Pop. 180. .^eADES, a group of isls. off the W. coast of Sicily, from 16 to 35 m. W. Trapani; the prin- cipal being Favignana, Levanso, and Maritimo. .33geanSea. [Archipeiago Ghecian.] .SlaiNA, a small island of Greece, gov. Attica, in the gulf of jEgina or the Saronic gulf, an iur let of the JEgean between Attica & the Morea, 9 m. long, and 5 m. broad. Pop. about 5,000. It is rocky in the N., but fertile in the S. ; it con- tains the temple of Jupiter Panhellenius, one of the finest remains in Greece. On its W. side Li AEL 10 the town & port of ^gina, 24 m. S.W. Athens, with a pop. of about 1,000, & an active trade. Aeltere, a Till, of Belgium, proT. E. Flanders, on the railw. firom Ghent to Bruges, 12 m. N.N.W. Ghent. Pop. with comm. 6,439. Aeno, a frontier town in further India, presid. Bengal, prov. & 80 m. S.E. Aracan, near the best pass into the Burmese dom. JEoLiAS, anc. name of the [Lipabi] Islands. Aebhen, a considerable Till. Switzerl., cant. Vallais, on the Rhone, 7 m. N.E. Brieg. Aeboe or Abboe, an isl. of Denmark, duchy Schleswig, in the Baltic, 10 m. S. Fiihnen. 14 m. in length by 5 m. mean breadth. Pop. 10,200. It is fertile & well cultivated. Chf. towns, Aero- eskiobing & IVIarstal. Aeboeskiobino, a town & sea-port, cap. the abOTe isl. on N.E. side. Pop. 1,600, with ship building docks, & an active navigation. AEBSCHor, a town of Belgium, proT. S. Bra- bant, cap. cant., on the Demer, 23 m. N.E. Brussels, with distilleries & comm. ingrain. Pop. 3,700. Aebtbtcke, a vill. of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 8 m. S.W. Bruges. Pop. 2,687. Aebzeele, a vill. of Belgium, W. Flanders, 15 m N.E. Courtrai. Pop. 3,192. Aebzen, a town of Hanover, Calenberg, 6 m. S.W. Hameln, with powder works. Pop. 1,000. .fflxoLiA, a gov. of the kgdm. of Greece, on the continent, cap. Missolonghi, between lat 38° 17' & 38° 50' N., & Ion. 21° 10' & 22° 6' E., having E. the govs. Phoois and Phthiotis, W. Acarnania, N. Eurytania, & S. the gulf of Patras. Pop. (1840) 35,144. It is mostly mntnous, but along the Corinthian gulf, barley, rye, & olives are raised. Highest point M.Oxea,.on its N. frontier, 4,636 feet high. Chief river the Phidaris. Affoltebn, a vill. of Switzerl., cant., and 8 m. S.W. Zurich. Pop. 1,794. It has saw mills & dye-works. There are other vills. of same name in the cants. Zurich & Bern. Aff-pcddle or Affpondeli., a pa. of Engl., CO. Dorset, 7 m. E.N.E. Dorchester. Area 4,940 ac. Pop. 607. Affeique (St.), a comm. and town France, dep. Aveyron' on the Sorgue, 29 m. S S.E. Rhodez. Pop. (1846) 4,811. With manuf . of cloth, & trade in Roquefort cheese. Afghanistan {Afghan-land), an extensive in- land country of Asia, lying betw. lat. 28° 60' and 36° 30' N., and Ion. 62° & 72° 30' E., having E. the Punjab, S. Bwhalpoor, Sinde, & Beloochistan, W. the Persian dom., & N. Indep. Turkestan (Balkli, Koondooz, Kafirstan), from which it is separated by the Hindoo Koosh & its prolongations. Area estim. at 225,000 sq. m., and the pop. at about 6,000,000. "Four-fifths of the country consist of rocks and mntns. From the table-land in the N. va,rying from 15,000 to 16,000 ft. in ht., summ. of Hindoo Koosh, 20,493 ft., many mountain ranges proceed to the S., E., & W., with summits occasio- nally rising above the limit of perpetual snow, & enclosing numerous valleys & small plains, some of which are fertUe & well watered. The S.W. part of the country is a desert, with an elevation of 3,000 to 3,000 ft. Chf. rivs. the Cabool, Hehnund, Go- mul, Lora, &c. ; but none is of great size. The morass Hamoon in the S.W. scarcely belongs to Afghanistan : the only lake of consequence is that of Ab-istada. The vegetation in the low lands is like that of India; rice, cotton, the sugar cane, millet, maize, & turmeric, are raised. In the uplands the timber-trees, herbs, & fruits of Europe, grow wild; & wheat, barley, beans, turnips, mustard, & artificial grasses, are culti- vated. Cabool is supposed to excel all other APR cities in the variety & excellence of its fruits. Tobacco is extensively produced ; & India is mostly supphed with madder from hence. Gold^ silver, mercury, iron, lead, copper, antimony, coalj sulphur, & naphtha are met with. Arts & hus* bandry are in a very low condition ; carpets are made at Herat, but other manufs. are few, & mostly confined to cotton, woollen, & silk stuffe for home use, with saddlery, harness, & cattle trappings. Sheep & goats are abundant, pro- ducing a fine woof used in manufact. of shawls. Imports, coarse cottons, indigo, muslins, silks, & brocade, ivory, wax, sandal- wood, sugar, & spices from India; horses, gold & silver, cochineal, & broad cloth from Turkestan ; with some cutlery hardware, & other European goods from Russia, through Bokhara; silks, cottons, embroidei?, & chintz from Persia ; slaves from Arabia & Abys- sina ; silks, tea, porcelain, dyes, & precious metals overland fi'om China ; & dates & cocoa nuts from Beloochistan. Altogether the imports may amount to 600,000?. a year. The exports con- gist of madder, assafoetida, tobacco, fruits & horses, with furs, shawls & chintz to India; shawls, turbans, indigo, & other Indian produce to Turkestan ; & the same articles, with Herat car- pets, to Persia. The demand for British manu^. has lately increased so as nearly to supersede the importation of manufactured goods overland from Russia. Transit trade considble., & wholly conducted by means of camels & horses, the em- ployment of wheeled vehicles being impracticable. The pop. comprises Belooches, Usbeks, Huza- rehs, Eimauks, Persians, and Hindoos, but the great mass are of the Afghan race, & Moham- medans of the Soonite sect. The Afghans are divided into numerous tribes or clans, the most noted of which are the Dooraunees, Ensfozyees, Ghiljies, & Lahonees ; the last named being the prinoip. traders, & the first the tribe in which the monarchy has long been hereditary. The coun- try is subdiv. into the three separaT-e principali- ties of Cabool, Candaluir, & Herat. Chf. cities Cabool, Candahar, Herat, Peshawer, Jelalabad, and Ghuznee. Afium-Kaba-Hissab {Black Castle of Opium), a city of Asia Minor, in AnatoUa, cap. of san- jiack, on a mtn. side, SO m. S.S.E. Kutaiah. Pop. estim. at 60,000 (?). It is pretty well built : has a citadel crowning a lofty rock, numerous mosques, chapels, baths, khans, manuf. of black felts, car- pets, arms, saddlery, stirrups, & a large trside in opium, grown near it, whence its name. Afbaqola, a town of Naples, cap. cant., prov. and 6 m. N.N.E. Naples. Pop. 13,000. With extensive manufactures of straw bonnets. Africa, Libya, one of the great divisions of the Globe, bounded N.-by the Strait of Gibraltar, & the Mediterranean, which separates it from Europe. E. by the isthmus of Suez, the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, by which it is sep. from Asia. S. by the Southern Ocean, & W. by the At- lantic, which extends betw. Africa & America. Africa forms an immense peninsula joined to Asia by the isthmus of Suez, and extending from Bas-el-Krun, lat. 37° 20' N., to Cape Agulhas, lat. 34° 50' S., about 6,000 m. ; & from Cape Guardafui, Ion. 61° 22' E., to Cape Verde, Ion. 17° 32' W., nearly an equal distance. Area estun. at 12,000,000 sq. m. Pop. 60,000,000 (?). The principal indentations of coast of Africa, are the gulis of Sidra and Cabes on the N. in the Medi- terranean, the gulf of Guinea on the W. in the Atlantic, & the Arabian gulf or Red Sea on the N.E. in the Indian Ocean. The isls. of Africa consist of 14 principal groups, of which there are AFR in the Atlantic Ocean, the Azores, the Madeira, & Canary isls., the Cape Verds, the isls. of the gulf of Guinea, St Mathew, Ascension, & St Helena. In the Indian ecean, the isls. of Socotra, the Seychelles, Zanguibaa-, the Comoro isls., Ma- da^fascar and the Mascarene isls. The most prominent capes, are Bon, Blanco, Ceuta, and Serrat on the N. ; Blanco, Verde, Rouge, Palmas, 3 Points, Lopez, & Negro on the W. The C. of Good Hope & C. Agulhas on the S. ; & Capes Delgado & Guardafiii on the E. Africa appears to consist of a series of terraces gradually rising from the coast to the interior, forming ex- tensive plains & elevated table-lands. The best known of its mnt. systems are the range of Mt. Atlas in the N.W., extending, with its branches, from lat. 27° to 32° N. ; & attaining, in some of its peaks, an elevation of more than 12,000 feet. The Mts. of Kong betw. Nigritia & N. Guinea, to the £. of which extend the Komri or Mts. of the Moon, the existence & extreme elevation of which, are inferred from the great rivs. to which they give rise, although they have not been visited by Europeans ; the Mts. of Lupata in the S.E. of Africa, those of Iiladagascar in the isl. of the same name, & the Mts. of Abyssinia in the N.E. The princip. rivs. of Africa, are the Nile, an affl. of the Mediterranean; the Senegal, Gambia, Niger or Joliba-Quorra, the Zaire, & the Orange which flow to the Atlantic, & the Zambeze & the Jnbb, affls. of the Indian Ocean. The only known lakes of importance, are L. Tchad in the interior of Nigritia, L. Dembea or Tzana in Abyssinia, and L. Londieh in Tunis, which ap- pears to be connected with L. Melgig in Algeria. Of L. Nyassi, in lat. 8° S. ; Ion. 30° E., little is known except its great size. Owing to the position of Africa, the greater part of it being within the torrid zone, and the great extent of its arid plains, its climate is excessive, & its temp, higher than that of any other Continent. The great characteristic feature of Africa, is the Sahara, an immense desert region stretching across the N. portion of the continent, betw. the Atlantic & the Bed Sea, composed of burning plsuns covered with shifting sands, or arid rocks, interspersed occasionally with fertile oases. The mineral riches of Africa are little known, but supposed to be very important. Gold dustis found in most of the rivers ; diamonds have recently been gathered in Maglu-eb (Algeria) ; salt occurs in many parts of the continent and in the islands. Iron, copper, silver, lead, and tin are also among its products, and indications of coal have re- cently been observed. Africa presents the most striking contrasts in its vegetable productions ; in the vicmity of arid deserts, there are countries covered with the richest verdure ; wherever the land is sufficiently watered, as on the banks of rivers, & on the declivities of nmtns., vegetation is characterised by the utmost vigour and mag- nificence. Among its vegetable products, are the baobab, one of the giants of the vegetable world; a species of teak or oak valuable for build- ing; the cocoa-nut tree, the date, the pahn, orange, citron, olive, the papyrus, & nums. dye- woods, the coffee-tree, sugar-cane, cotton & in- digo. The fauna of Africa is still very imper- fectly known; it comprises the chimpanzee, a species of monkey, which most resembles man ; the elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, zebra, giraffe, buffalo; the lion, leopard, panther, the wolf, fox, jackall, hyena, antelopes, & bears. The chf. domestic animals, are the camel, horse, buffaloe, ox, sheep, goats, & dogs. Among the birds of Africa may be noticed the ostrich, eagles, 11 AG A vultures, hawks, owls, cuckoos, & sun-birds. The commerce of the interior of Africa is conducted by means of caravans, & consists chiefly in gold- dust, copper, ivory, coral, gums, dye-wood, dates, and indigo, which are exchanged for European goods by traders who visit the coasts. Africa has long been tiie principal mai-ket for the supply of slaves to the European colonies. It is calculated that 200,000 Africans are an- nually sold as slaves. From 1831 to 1841 inclu- sive, 160 vessels, with crews amounting to 12,601, were employed on the W. coast of Africa, in the suppression of this infamous trade ; 327 slavers were taken with 52,188 slaves, at a cost of 1,628,812/., or 311. is. 6d. for each slave. The in- habitants of Africa comprise many varieties of the human species ; the most remarkable & best known of these, are the Hottentots, & Caffres in the S. ; the Negro races on the S.W., & in the -interior ; the Moors on the N. ; the Caucasian races in Abyssinia, & the Copts of Egypt. FM- cism, a degraded superstition, is the religion of the greater number of the inhabs., bein^ pro- fessed by nearly all the negroes, & the natives of Madagascar. A corrupt form of the Christian religion is professed in Abyssinia and part of Egypt, and Mohammedanism prevails in all the other regions. Africa is usually divided into the following countries, — N. Egypt and Bar- bary, Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers, and Marocco, S. of Barbary, the desert of Sahara, with the oases of Fezzan, Dar-fur, & Kordofan; on the W. Senegambia and Guinea; on the S. the Cape Colony, Caffiraria, & the Hottentot country ; on the E. Nubia, Abyssinia, Adel, Zanguebar, Mo- zambique, and Solala ; & in the centre, Soudan. A notice of each of these will be found under their proper heads. The English, French, Por- tuguese, Spaniards, Danes, Dutch, & Americans, have colonial establishments in Africa. African Islands, a group of low islets in the Indian Ocean, N. of the Amirante isls. Lat. oi N.most isl., i° 65' 30' S. ; Ion. 63° 33' B. H. M. S. Spitfire was wrecked on the southernmost of these islands, 21st August, 1801. Afkikeah or Mahadiah, a town and sea-port of Tunis, near Cape Afrikeah, on the Mediterra- nean, 115 m. S.S.E. Tunis. Pop. about 3,000. It was formerly a strong and important fortress, but is now decayed and insigniflcant. A&ABLY, a town of Africa, oasis Tuat, on the route from Tripoli to Timbuctoo. Lat. 26° 40' N. ; Ion. 0° 68' E. It is built of stone, said to be well provided with water, & is a station where the merchants of Marocco meet with those of Tripoli, Tunis, and Fezzan. AaADES, a large city of central Africa,, cap. kgdm. Asben, in an oasis of the Sahara. Lat. 18° 10' N. ; Ion. 13° E. It has a fortified palace. Here the merchants of Soudan meet at stated periods those of the N. African states. Agadik or Santa Ckuz, a fortfd. town, & the most S. sea-port of Marocco, prov. Sus, on the Atlantic, 23 m. S.E. Cape Ghir. Lat. 30° 26' 35' N. ; Ion. 9° 35' 66' E. Pop. 600(?). It stands on a declivity overlooking a large & safe harbour, & has some trade with Marseille. Aqaha, a fortfd. town and the cap. of Guam, one of the Ladrones, on its W. coast. Pop. 3,000. It is the resid. of a Spanish governor. Si has barracks, schools, & a good church. Aqata (St.), several towns of Italy. — I. a small town, Tuscany, 2 m. N.N.W. Scarperia.— II. or Santhia, do., Piedmont, prov. VerceUi. Pop. 4,170. — III. a to^vn of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, distr. Gaete, with rems. of mag. amphitheatre & ruins AGD of anc. Miniumo. Pop. 6,800 IV. de Goti, Agathapolis, a town of Naples, distr. Caserta, 16 m. E. Capua. — V. Nuova, a town of Naples, prov. Calab TJlt. I ., 4 m. S.E. Reggio, with cotton mills. Pop. 2,170. AsDE, Agatha, a town of France, dep. Hi5r- anlt, port on 1. b. of the Hdrault, & Canal du IVfidi, 2 m. from the Mediterr., and 30 m. S.W. Mont- pellier. Pop. (1846) 8,321. It is pleasantly sit., but being built of black basalt, has a grim appear- ance, & is popularly called the Blach-tovm. It is surounded by strong walls, & has a college, a school of navig., and an active coasting trade. Its port is defended by Fort Brescau. Agdeh or AcGDEH, a town of Persia, prov., and 70 m. W.N.W. Tezd, to which city the inhabs. send goats' hair for the manufacture of shawls. AsEN, Aginman, a town of France, cap. dep. Lot-et-Garonne, on the rt. b. of Garonne, here crossed by 2 bridges, 73 m. S.E. Bordeaux. Fop. (1846) 13,003. It is most agreeably situated, and has some good public edifices, incldg. the prefec- ture, seminary, pubUc library with 12,000 vols., & several churches. It has a royal court, large sail-cloth factory, and manufs. of serge, cotton prints, starch, leather, &c., and is an entrepdt for the trade betw. Bordeaux and Toulouse. Agbbola, a town of Naples, Princip. Citra, on a mntn. 10 m. W.S.W. Salerno. Pop. 2,000. Agger, canal, a natural communication betw. the Liimfiord and the N. Sea in Denmark, N. Jutland ; formed during a storm in 1825. Aggebshuus, a stift or prov. of Norway, cap. Christiania, situated between lat. 58° 56' and 62° 58' N., & Ion. 8° & 12° E. Pop. (1835) 612,515. It is the most important prov. in the kingdom, for its agriculture, its mines, and its commerce. — II. an old fort, which served as a citadel to Chris- tiania, and which gives its name to the prov. Agqersob, a small isl . of Denmark, in the Great Belt, 6 m. from the S.W. point of Seeland. P. 370. Aggius, a vill. of the Isl. Sardinia, div. and 35 m. N.E. Sassari, cap. mand. Pop. 2,026. AoHABOE, a pa. of Ireld., Leinster, Queen's CO., 11 m. S.W. Maryboro'. Area 18,702 ac. Pop. 6,310. Formerly a Culdee establishment, and in early times the ecclesiastical metropolis of the Ossory territory. Aghaboe, a pa. of Ireld., co. Kerry, 27 m. S.W. Castlemaine. Area 19,888 ac. (incl. 1,200 of wa- ter). Pop. 4,897. The ruins of an anc. castle, and the cathedral, still remain. Aghmat, a fortfd. town of Marocco, cap. prov., on the riv. of same name, & on the N. declivity of Mt. Atlas, 24 m. S. Marocco. Pop. 6,000, in- cluding about 1,000 Jews. Aghor or HiNG0L,ariv. of Beloochistan, falling into the Arabian Sea, and dividing the provinces Lus and Kelat. Aghrim or AiJGHRiM, a pa. of Ireld., co. Gal- way, 13 m. N.E. Loughrea. It is famous in Bri- tish history for the great victoiy obtained here in 1691 by the troops of William III. over those of James 11. Area 7,262 ac. Pop. 2,127. AoisoouRT or AziKcoDRT, a vill., France, dep. Pas de Calais, 13 m. N.W. St Pol., near which, on the 26th Oct. 1416, the Engl, under Henry T., totally defeated a vastly superior French force. Aglasodij, Zy«noc, a town of Asia-Minor, Ana- tolia, on a momitain, 55 m. N. Sataliah. Agi.i£, a town of Piedmont, prov., and 9 m. S.W. Ivrea. Pop. 4,300. It has a splendid royal palace, with extensive parks and gardens. Agnano (Lake), in the kgdm., & 3 m. W. Naples. It occupies the crater of an extinct volcano, & is about \ m. in diametci-, Near It are the Grotta 12 AGR del Came, and the sulphur baths of San Gernmno. _II. a vill. of Tuscany, prov., and 3J N.E. Pisa, which also has. mineral sjirings and a cavern of mephitic vapour in its vicinity. Agkes (St.), a pa. & town of England, co. Corn- wall, on the Bristol Channel, 9 m. N.W. Truro. Area 8,660. Pop. 7,757. The harbour can only be entered at high water. Inhabs. chfl.miners. Opie the painter was bom here in 1761. St Agnes' Beacon hi the vicinity, rises to the height of 664 ft. Agno, a vai. of Switzerl., cant. Tessin, in a fer- tile valley of same name at the mth. of the Be- dagio in L. Lugano, 3 m. W. Lugano. Pop. 726. Agsone, a town of Naples, prov. Molise, on a hill, 20 m. N.W. Campobasso. Pop. 7,000; said to produce the best copper wares in the kgdm. Agoafbia, a town of Brazil, prov. and 100 m. N. by W. Bahia. Agoa be Pao, a mountain peak of the isl. St Michael ; Ajores, near its centre, 3,066 ft. in elev. — II. a vill. on S. shore of same isl., 15 m. E. Ponte Delgada, Agoaquente, a town of Brazil, prov. Goyaz, near the mouth of the river das Almas, 190 m. N.E. Goyaz. Agoasdoces, a town of Brazil, prov. Minas- Geraes, on a tributary of the San Francesco. Agogna, a riv. of Piedmont, rising in L. Orta, and flowing S. to the Po, 16 m. N.E. Alessandria. — II., castle, near 1. b. of the Agogna, 4 m. S. W. Mortara. Agon, a small sea-port of France, dep. Manche, at the mth. of the Sienne, on the coast opposite Jersey, and 5 m. W. Coutanees. Pop. 1,561. Agobdo, a town of Northern Italy, gov. Venice, cap. dist., in a fruitful plain, 12 m. N.W Belluno. It possesses, in the valley of Imperina, the richest copper mines in Italy. Pop. 2,600. Agosta or Adghsta, a strongly fortfd. city of Sicily, prov. Catania, cap. cant., on a peninsula in the Mediterr., 14 m. N. Syracuse. Pop. 14,000. Its port is defended by a tower, & by Forts Gar- cia & Vittoria. In 1693 it was nearly destroyed by an earthquake, on which occasion more than J of the inhabs. were buried under its ruins. The mod. town is well laid out, and its harh. is safe. Exports salt, oil, wines, and honey. In 1841, 46 vessels entered and left its port ; value of import cargoes, 1,610/. ; of export do., 4,797/. Agra, a prov. and district of British India. The prov. lies N. of the Nerbuddah riv. between 25° & 28° N. lat. Area about 46,000 sq. m. Pop. from 6 to 7 millions. It is in general a level plain watered by the rivs. Jumna & Ganges, & Chum- bul. Wheat and barley are the common grains, of which there are commonly two harvests in the year. Millet and pulses form the principal food of the people, the soil being too dry to grow rice. Agra (Acberabad — abode of Acber), cap. of the distr. of Agra, is one of the principal cities of Brit. India, situated on the S. bank of the Jumna, 116 m. S.S.E. Delhi. Pop.in 1839, 65,250. It is for- tified and of great extent ; has some tolerable streets and good promenades, with handsome houses for Europ. oflScers, subscription-rooms, a church, fort, arsenal, and is a place of bustle and- activity. It boasts of the splendid mausoleum of Shall Jehan, the finest existing specimen of Mohammedan architecture, a marble palace of Shah Jehan, & around it for miles are the rems. of palaces & tombs, with the mausoleum of Akbar at Seeundra, 6 m. distant. It has a Brit, garri-* son, and an additional military station, 2 miles distant. The Engl. & Oriental coll., a large quad- rangular structure, is the finest of the modern buildings, which also comprise the Metcafle Tes- AGR timoaiaJ, the govt, house, &c. A considerable trade is carried on witli the W. provs. & Persia, the imports thence being shawls, horses, camels, rock salt, fruits & drags ; and by the Jumna and Chumbul with the lower provs. ; whence come cotton, and wool ; chf. exports, raw silks, indigo, and coarse sugar. Customs duties in 1839-40, 93,200?. From 1504 to 1647, Agra was the seat of the Mohammedan emp. in India. It was taJ^en by the British in the Hahratta war, 17th Oct. 1803. AsBAKHAK, a cape in the Caspian Sea, Russian territ., lat. 43° 40' N. ; Ion. 48° 10' E., with a bay of same name on its N. side. AoBAM or Zagrab, a city of the Austr. Emp., cap. Croatia, on a hill near me Save, 160 m. S.S.W. Vienna. Pop. 12,300. It is handsome ; has many good bnildgs., inch a cathedral, and the palace of the states ; it is the resid. of the Ban, and seat of the sup. courts of Croatia, Slavonia, & the Banat ; and has a royal academy, a gymnasium, soc. of music, manui^. of silks and poi*celain, and a large trade in com and tobacco. Agbamunt, a town of Spain, Catalonia, prov., & 30 m. N.E. Lerida, on the Sio. Pop. 2,680. It has a cathed. and school of prim, instruc. An Artesian well was commenced in the Place del Mercado in March 1846. AOSAPHO. [PlSDUS (MOONT).] Agbeda, a town of Spain, Old Castile, at the foot of Moncaldo, prov. and 23 m. N.E. Soria. Pop. 3,847. It is divided by the Queiles, which is crossed by a mag. stone br. of one arch. Com- merce in grain & fruit. — II. a town of America, New Granada, prov. Popayan, with gold mines. Agrete (Si), a town of France, dep. Ardfeche, 22 m. W.S.W. Tonmon. Pop. 2,485. Agbtjanskaia, a town of Russia, gov. As- trakhan, on an island in the Volga. Agtelek, a Till of Hungary, comm. Gomor, celebrated for the stalactite grotto of Baradla. Agua, Volcan de, a mntn. of Centr. America, state & 25 m. S.W. Guatemala, its crater is 16,000 ft. above the sea. AGUADitLA, a town and sea^port of the An- tilles, isl. of Porto Rico, on its N.W. coast, 65 m. W. SanJnan. Pop. 2,500. (?) The anchorage is good. Aguas Caltektes, a town, Mexic. confed., dep. and 80 m. N.E. Gnadalaxara. Pop. 7,000. It is a handsome town, with a cloth manufactory, & a considerable trade. It has hot springs in its vici- nity, whence its name. Agc ED A, a riv. of Spain, affl . of the Donro, form- ing part of the front, of Portugal, on N.E. of Beira. Agttilab, a town of Spain, Navarra, cap. aynnt., in valley of same name. Pop. 616. Agvilab de Campo, a town of Sjjain, prov. & 59 m. N.K.E. Palencia, on the Pisuerga, sur- rounded by ruined walls ; with a school of prim, instruc. and a public hospital. Pop. 618. AarriLAB DE Campos, a town of Spain, prov. & 34 m. N.W. ValladoHd, with anc. castle. P. 776. AouitAB BE LA Fbokteea, a towu of Spain, prov. & 22 m. S.S.E. Cordova, cap. of the jud. dist. on the Cabra, remarkable for the salubrity of its atmosphere. It has a school of prim, in- struction, & trades in com & wine. Pop. 11,836. Aguilas, a town of Spain, prov. Murcia, on the Mediterr., 37 m. S.W. Cartagena, with a small but very secure port ; resid. of vice-consuls of Engld., France, and Portugal. It is regular and well bnilt, with a castle and a fortress garrisoned by 100 men. Chf. com. export of gram. Pop. 4,832, including garrison. Agulenitza, a town of Greece, Morea, gov. Triphylia, near the mouth of the Kouphia, 20 m. S.E. Gastouni. It has some trade in wine, &c. 13 A H R Agulhas Cape, Africa. [Cape of Good Hope.] AiFADKoi, a vili. of Asiatic Turkey, Anatolia, 6 m. from Ellshak, and having ruins supposed to be those of anc. Trtyanopolia. Ahab, a town of Persia, prov. Azerbijan, on an affl. of tlie Kur, 60 m. N.E. Tabriz, and having 700 houses enclosed by a ruined wall. AiiAscRAGH, a town and pa. of Ireld, co. Gal- way, on the Ahascragh, 17 m. N.N.E. Loughrea. Area 17,306 ac. Pop. of pa. 6,380 ; of town, 776. The town is neat & clean — a rare occurrence in this part of Ireland. Ahads, a town, Prussian Westphalia, on the Aa, prov. and 27 m. W.N.W. Mflnster. Pop. 1,672, with a castle, the residence of the Prince of Salm- Kyrburg. Manufs. of linen and tobacco. AnioLO or Akhioli, jlncftiato, a town and sea- port of European-Turkey, Rumelia, on the Black Sea, 48 m. S.S.W Varna. It has some trade in salt, procured from springs in the neighbour- hood. Ahlen, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 18 m. S.E. Munster, on the Werse. Pop. 2,360, with distilleries, oil mills, and linen weaving. Ahlfeld or Alfeld, atown of Hanover, landr. HUdesheim, on the Leine & Wame, 27 m. S. Hanover. Pop. 2,370. Ahlten, a town of Hanover, Luneburg, on the Aller, 7 m. E. Hanover, with a castle. Pop. 800. Ahmedabad, a dist. of British India, presid. Bombay, at the head of Cambay-Gulf, having E. the distr. Earra, and on the other sides the Gui- cowar's territ. Area 4,072 sq. m. Pop. 528,073. Ahmedabad (abode of Ahmed), cap. above distr., prov. Gujerat, on the Sabermatty, 120 m. N.N.W. Surat. Lat. 23° 1' N. ; Ion. 72° 48' E. Pop. estim. at 100,000. The city is 6 m. in circumf., strongly walled, and was formerly noted for its magnif., but is now much decayed, having been nearly destr. by an earthq. in 1822. The mosque & tomb of Ahmed, deserve notice. Here are the head- quarters of the N. div. of the Bombay army. AHMEDNUGGrB, a distr. of Brit. India, presid. Bombay, having N. Candeish, S. PooDah, W. the Concan, & E. the Nizam's dom. Area 9,910 sq. m. Pop. 667,376. — Ahmedrmggur, a city and fort, cap. above dist., ontheSeena, 64m. NE.Poonah. Pop. 20,000. (?) The city, end. by a wall, is J m. from the fort, which is stone built, 1 m. in circuit, and occup. by a British garrison. It was taken by the British under Gen. Wellesley, Aug. 12, 1803. Near it is a iine palace of the former native princes. Ahmedpoob, the name of several towns in Hindostan. — I. (A. Barra, or "the ^eat,") in Bhawlpoor, in a well irrigated & fertilized tract, 30 m. S.W.Bhawlpoor. Pop. 20,000. (?) Is meanly built, but has a large mosque, a fort, & manufs. of matchlocks, gunpowder, cottons, sillcs, and scarfs. — II. (A. Chuta, or " the little,") in Bhawl- poor, near the Indus. It is large, & enclosed by mud walls mounting a few cannon. — III. a town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, dist Cuttick, 11 m. S.W. Juggernaut. Ahmood, a town of British India, presidency of Bombay, dist. and 12 m. N.W. Baroach. Ahoghill, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, oo. Antrim, 3 m. S.W. Ballymena. Area 32,987 ac. P. 23,622. Aheensbok, a vill. of Denmark, Holstein, 10 m. N.E. Liibeck. Pop. 1,200. Aheensbdro, a vill. of Denmark, Holstein, 13 m. N.E. Hamburg. Pop. with adjacent village of Woldenhom, 1,000. AnnwEiLBB, a walled town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 23 m. N.W. Coblenz, cap. circ, on the Alir. Pop. 2,600. Manuf. woollens and leather. AHU Ahun, Agedunwn, a town of France, dep. Creuse, cap. cant., on a hill near 1. b. of the Crcnse, 11 m. S.E. Gueret. Pop. 2,112. In its vicinity are extensive coal-mines. It was for- merly unportant, & has several interesting ruins. Ahus or Aruis, a marit. vill. of Sweden, ten Christianstadt, on the Baltic, 9 m. S.E. Christian- stadt, of which it is the port, having a good har- bour at the mouth of the Helgeo. Ahwiz, Aginis, a town, Persia, prov. Khuzis- tan, on the Karun, 41 m. S.S.W. Shuster, with vestiges of canals & other remains of antiquity, and a dam across the river. Ai'AB, ^ga, a town and sea-port of Asia Minor, pash. Adana, on the N.W. shore of the Gulf of Iskenderoon, 35 m. S.E. Adana. AiASALUK, a vill. of Asia Minor, pash. Ana- tolia, on a mntn. 35 m. S.S.E. Smyrna, & 1 m. E. the ruins of Ephesus, out of which it has been built. It has a fine mosque, a castle, aque- duct, and numerous traces of former importance. AiCHA, a vill. of Bohemia, 19 m. N. J. Bunzlau. AioHAOH, a town of Bavaria, circ. Upp. Bav. on the Paar, 11 m. N.E. Augsburg. Pop. 1,570. AiniNJiK, a town of Asia Minor, pash. Ana- tolia, near tjie penins. of Cyzicus & sea of Mar- mora, 60 m. W. by N. Brusa. It has 400 or 500 houses, six mosques, and remains brought from the anc. Cyzicus, a few m. N.ward. AiDONE, a town of Sicily, prov. Catania, cap. cant., 36 m. S.W. Catania. Pop. 3,800. Amos, a town of European Turkey, Kumelia, on river of same name, at foot of the Balkan, 76 m. N.E. Adrianople. It has extensive ruins. AiGLE, a town of Switzerland, cant. Vaud, 21m. S.E. Lausanne. Pop. 1,660. Black marble is quarried in its vicinity. AiGLE (E"), a cape of France, dep. B. du Rhone, between Marseille and Toulon. [LAiatE.] AiQNAN (St), a town of France, cap. cant., dep. Loire and Cher, 22 m. S. Blois, on the Cher, with manufs. of cloth. Pop. 2,542.— IL Sur-Roe {St), cap. cant., dep. & 38 m. S.S.W. Mayenne. Pop. 674. Also several vills. in France. AiGUEBELLE, a smsU but prosperous town of Savoy, cap. mand., on 1. b. of the Arc, 15 m. E. Chambery. Pop. 1,150. Celebrated for the victory gained by the French & Spaniards over the troops of the King of Savoy, in 1742. Near it begins the road constructed by Napoleon over Mount Cenis. AiGUEBLAHCHE, a viU. of Piedmont, Savoy, Erov. Tarantasia, birth-place of Peter of Aigue- lanche, who was Bishop of Hereford. AiGRE, a sm. town of France, dep. Charente, cap. cant, 20 m. N.N.W. Angonl&ne, with 1,662 inhabs., who trade in wines, brandy, &c. AiGBEFEUiLLE,asm.townofFrance, dep. Cha- rente Inf , 13 m. N. Rochefort. Pop. 1,688 II. a sm. town, Loire Inf., 13 m. S.E. Nantes. Pod. 1,369. " AiGCEPERSE, Aqua Sparsa, a town of France, am. Puy-de-Dame, 11m. N.N.E.Riom. Pop.(1846) 2,671. Has manufs. of hnen, & mineral springs. AiGUES-MOBTES, Aqua, a town and district on the S. shore of the isl. S. Michael, Ajores. Pop. of dist. 7,800. AxASOAS, a prov. of Brazil, mostly between lat. 9° & W S., & Ion. 35° & 37° W., having N. h "W. the prov. Pemambuco, S. the riv. San Francisco, dividing it from Sergipe, and E. the Atlantic. Area 19,300 sq.m. Pop. 100,000. Exports sugar, cotton, bides. Brazil-wood, and rose-wood. Chief towns, Magayo, AJagoas, TJnna, and Penedo. Alaooas (Villa do Foetb dos), a city of Brazil, in above prov., on the N. extremity of Mangnaba, 140 m. N.E. Sergipe del Bey. A place of some trade, connected with the adjoin- ing shipping ports. Pop. 4,000. AxAGOH, a town of Spain, near the confl. of the Ebro & the Jidon, prov. & 15 m. N.W. Zara- goza. Pop. 1,932. Large annual fair in Sept. Alais (Alesia), a town of France, dep. Gard, cap. arrond., on r. b. of the Garden, at the foot of the Cevennes, 25 m. N.W. Nlmes, with which it is united by railway. Pop. (1846) 13,697. It is situated in a productive coal field, and has con- siderable manufs. of ribands, silk stockings, gloves, vitriol, and earthen-wares, with iyon fur- naces, silk mills, and glass works. Alajuela, a city, Centr. America, state Costa Kica, S. of Cartago. Pop. 8,000, incl. suburbs. Alakananda, a small river issuing from the Himalaya mountains, Kumaon prov., which, unit- ing with the Bhagirathr at Devaprayaga, forms the main source of the Ganges. Alaktod-Kul, a lalce in Chinese Turkes' tan, lat. 45° 17' N., Ion. 82° 27' E., has in its centre an extinct volcano, and unites by several channels with Lal^e Alakul immed. on the S.E. Alamos (Real de los), a well-built town of the Mexican confed., dep. Sonora, 135 m. N.W. Smaloa. Pop. 7,900. (?) Alan or Camel, a riv. of Engl., co. Cornwall, rises a few m. N. Camelford, through which town it flows to join the Bristol channel, 12 m. N.E. Bodmin, its estuary forming Padstow harbour. Aland Islands, an archip. of about 80 inhab> isls., & a vast number of rocks & islets, Russia^ Abo, in the gulf of Bothnia at its entrance, betw. lat. 59° 55' and 60° 32' N., and Ion. 19° and 21' E. Pop. 15,000, of Swedish descent. Bye, barley, potatoes, hops, and flax, are raised sufKcient for the pop. Manufs. wool and sail cloth for home use. Exports, salt beef, butter, cheese, hides, cured fish, and firewood ; imports, salt, colonial produce, and manuf. goods. These isls., takeh from Sweden in 1809, are of great political and military importance to Russia, and contain several fortified ports, generally the station of a part of the Baltic fleet. Near this Peter the Great gained his first naval battle over the Swedes, in 1714. The chief isl. Aland, has an area of 28 sq. m., a pop. of 9,000, and a good hai'bour on its W. side. Alanno, a town of Naples, 11 m. S. Civita di Penne. Pop. 2,200. Alapaevse, a town Russia in Asia, gov. Perm, on the Alapaika, 48 m. N.W. Irbit. Pop. 1,720. Alabo, a town, Spain, isl. Majorca, 12 m. N.N.E. Palma. Pop. 4,081, with marble quarries. Ala-shehb " The exalted city," Philadelphia, founded 200 years B. C, by Attdus Philadelphus, a walled city of Asia Minor, pash. Anatolia, at the N.E. foot of M. Tmolus, 83 m. E. Smyrna, Pop. 15,000 (?) It has numerous remans of anti- quity ; is a Greek archbp.'s see, has 5 Christian churches, & an active trade. Alashgekd, Armenia. [Topbak-K-DIlaah.] AiASSio, a sea-port town of the Sard, sta., div. Genoa, prov. Albenga, cap. mand., on the Medi- terranean, 4 m. S.W. Albenga. Pop. 6,600. AiAssoNA, a town of Enrop. Turkey, prov. and 35 m. N.E. Tricala. Pop. 3,000. Ala-Tag n, a mntn. chain of Asiatic Turkey, between lat. 39° & 40° N., & Ion. 39° & 44° E. It extends W. from M. Ararat, separating the two heads of the Euphrates. Alatamaha, a riv., U. S., N. Amer., Georgia, formed by the Ockmulgee & Oconee, & flowing S.E. to Alatamaha Sound Atlantic, which it enters 60 m. S.S.W. Savannah, after a course of 500 m., for 300 of which it is navig. for boats of 30 tons, & for steam-boats to MUledgeville. The towns of Biceboro' and Darien are oh its banks. Alatbi {Altrium'), a town of Italy, Pontif. sta., deleg. and 6 m. N. Frosinone, on a mntn. Fop. 9,000. It has a manuf. of woollen goods, & is of high antiquity, its walls exhibiting some perfect remains of Cyclopean architecture. Alatye, a town of Russia, gov. & 80 m. N.W. Simbirsk, at the junction of the Alatyr and Sura rivs. Pop. 4,407. It is built of wood, and has manufs. of leather and glass. Alausi, a valley of the Andes, and town of the repub. of Ecuador, prov. Chimborazo, on the Alausi. It has woollen and cotton factories. Alava, a prov. of N. Spain, between lat. 42° 20' & 43° N., one of the 3 Basque provs. included in the new prov. of Vascongadas. Pop. (1845) 71,237. The surface is mntns., and rich in iron mines. Alava (Coracesium), a decayed town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. Itshil, cap. sanj., on a promont. ALA 18 ALB !n the Mediterr., 100 m. S S.W. Konieh. Pop. 2,000. It has a gaod anchorage, but no harbour. Alazon, a riv. Georgia, joins the Kur, 125 m. S.E. Tiflis, after a S.E. course of 140 m. Alba, Alba Pompeia, a town of Piedmont, cap. prov. on the Tanaro, 30 m. S.E. Turin. Pop. 8,286. — II. a town, Naples, prov. Abruzzo Ult. II. at the foot of M. Velino, 4 m. N. Avezzano ; it is the Alba Fucentia of the Bomans. Albaceie, a town, Spain, cap. prov. of same name, Murcia, 138 m. S.E. Madrid. Pop. 13,143. It manufs. steel-goods ; & has large cattle fairs in September. Pop. of prov. (1845) 180,763. AxBA DE ToBMES, a town of Spain, prov., & 14 m. S.E. Salamanca, on the Tonnes. Pop. 2,166. It gives the ducal title to the family of Toledo. The castle of the duke of Alva overlooks the town. On 26 Nov. 1809, the French, under Kel- lermann, gained a victory here over the Spaniards comm. by the D. del Parque. Albah St, a town of France, cap. cant. dep. Tarn, E.S.E. Albi. Pop. 696 II. dep. C6tes-du- Nord. Pop.1,378.— III. dep.Isere. Pop. 1,050.— IV. dep. Lozere. Pop. 2,130. AiBAN DES Uktieres, 3, vill., Italy, Sardinian States, with consid. iron mines, 6 m, S. Aiguebelle. Albanella, a town of Naples, prov. Princip. Citra, 4 m. N.N.E. Capaocio. Albawia, an extensive prov. of Europ. Turkey, sit. (incl. Montenegro), between lat. 39° & 43° N., & Ion. 19° & 21° 30' E. ; has N. Herzegovina and Bosnia, E. Kumili, S. Greece, & W. the Adriatic. Area estimated at 13,800 sq. m., & pop. at about 500,000. It is mostly mountainous, & in the N. some summits rise upwards of 9,000 ft. ; but it has also, in the N., the fertile plains of Scutari & others along the coast, in its central & S. parts. Chf. rivers, Drin, Scumbi, Maroshti, & Vojutza ; chf. lakes, Scutari & Ochrida. The safest port on the Adriatic is that of Avlona. In the N., & on the table lands, maize & potatoes are grown ; & smoked mutton, sheep skins, wool, cheese, tal- low, bacon, wax, & live stock, are sent to Cattaro, in return for wine, spirits, salt, oil, iron & manilf. goods. The plains yield nearly all the products of S. Europe (including cotton at Ochrida). The Albanians, or Amauts, mostly profess to be Christians of the Soman or Greek churches ; but many are Mohammedans ; & all are in a very rude condition. Albania was, in 1838, divided into 6 sanjaks & numerous kadUiks, but much of it is only nominally dependent on the Porte. Chf. cities, Janina, Scutari, Prisrend, Dulcigno, Kroya, Petsh, Avlona, Berat, Durazzo, Jacova, and Kavaya. The Albanians have formed colo- nies in different parts of Turkey and Greece, Albaho, a lake and mountain of Italy, 13 m. S.E. Rome. The lake, 6 m. in circ, & the crater of an extinct volcano, is enclosed by high banks, around which are many elegant villas, and seve- ral grottoes, -mth the vill. of Castel Gandolfo, the summer residence of the Pope. There are many historical monuments in its vicinity, among others an ano. aqueduct cut in the flank of the mountain by the Romans during their contest with the Veientes in the year 394 b.c, to drain off the waters of the lake, and prevent it from overflowing its banks. — Alba Longa stood on its N.E. margin — Mount Albano, or Mount Cava, on the E., and 2,046 feet above the lake, has on its summit the ruins of the temple of Jupiter Latialis, commanding a magnificent prospect over the scene of the last six books of the jEneid, and of the early history of the Roman state. AtB ANO, ABanum, an episoop. oit. of Italy, Pont, sta., Comarca di Roma, on the via Appia, 14 m , S.E. Rome. Pop. 5,600. It is built on the site of Poni. pey's villa,& being celebrated for beauty of scenery & purity of air, is a favourite summer resortofthe Roman nobihty. It comprises the ruins of Domi- tian's palace, & of a praetorian camp, with the modern villas of the princes Barberini, Altieri, &c. It has a museum of antiques from Alba Longa. — II. a town of Naples, prov, Basilicata, 11 m. E.S.E. Potenza, Pop. 2,700. Axban'SjSt, a borough & town of England, eo. Hertford, 19 m. N."W. London ; 6J m. N.E. Wat- ford Sta., Lond. & Birmingham railway. It com- prises 3 parishes. Area 320 ac. Pop. 6,497, number of houses 1,257. The borough com- prises the site of the anc. town of Verulamium {Ourolanion, Ptolemy), supposed to have been founded by the Britons before London, In the vicinity was an ancient abbey of Benedictines. St Michael's church is the burial-place of Lord Bacon. With the exception of straw plait, the only manuf. is one silk mill. Regist. electors (1846)632. Market day, Saturday, Fairs, March 25 and 26, October 10 and 11. Alban's Head, St, a conspicuous promontory, England, coast of Dorsetshire, par. Worth-Mat- ravers. Summit 441 ft. above sea level, with ruins of a chapel of 12th cent., on the top. Sometimes called St Adhehn's Head, Lat, 50° N. ; Ion. 2° 10' W. Albanv, Albinn, or Albion, the anc. Celtic name of Scotland, & the name by which Britam was first known to the Greeks & Romans. It is said to be derived from the Celtic alp or alb, meaning high, & inn an island. The sovereign's 2d son is usually styled Duke of Albany. Albany, a riv., fort & dist. of British N America : the riv., connected by a series of lakes with L. Winnipeg, flows E.N.E. through 8 degs. of Ion., & enters James' Bay, near Fort Albany. Albant, a city of the TJ. S., N. Amer., cap. state New York, co. Albany, on right bank of the Hud- son, 130 m. N.E. New York. Pop. (1850)50,771. The ground on the riv. is low, but rises rapidly, & the capital is at a considerable elevation facmg a fine street. It has a city & state halls, an ex- change, an institute & acad., a female acad., & medical college, museiun, public library, theatre, & orphan asylums; with iron, copper, and tin works, type-foundries, rope-walks, a carriage factory, h many other manufs. The Mohawk & Hudson railway ends here, as does the Erie & Champlain canal, the latter in a large basin within the city. In 1840, 20 steam-boats & 20 tow-boats plied regularly between Albany and New York. Albany was founded by the Dutch in 1623, capitula,tedinl664to the English, & got its present name from the Duke of York & Albany. Also a town, Berks, co. Pennslyv. Pop. 1,057. Albany, a town & seaport of W. Australia, cap. CO. Plantagenet, on K. George sound ; lat. 35° 3' S. ; Ion. 117° 52' 40' E. Albarebo, a vill. of Northern Italy, deleg. & 16 m. S.E. Verona, nearl. b. of the Adige, Albarkacin, a town of Spain, Arragon, prov. and 19 m. W.N.W. Teruel, on the Guadalaviar at the S. declivity of a monntam. Pop. 1,530. It is a bishop's see ; and has manufe. of coarse woollens. Albat, a town of Luzon (Philippine Islands), cap. prov., and residence of a governor ; the province fertile, but subject to frequent volcanic eruptions. Pop. 13,115. Albavda, a tovra of Spain, Valencia, 12 m. S.W. San Fehpe Pop. 3,130, who mani2 linens. Albesna, Albinu^ a river, Tuscany, prov. Siena, rises mM.Labro, flows S.W. and enters ALB 19 the Mediterr., 5 m. N. Orbitello, after a course of 30 m. Albemarle, a town of France. [Admale]. Albemarle, U. S. N. America, the central co. Virginia. Area 700 sq. m. Pop. 10,512 wliites, 13,809 slaves. Albemarle Islaxt>, the largest of the Gala- pagos, in the Pacific ocean. Lat. 0° 5G' S. ; Ion. 91° 38' W. Summit 4,700 ft. in elevation. Albemarle Sound, an inlet of the Atlantic, U. S., N. Carohna, in the N.E. of tliat state, is 60 m. in length E. to W., & connected by channels with Chesapeake Bay, and Pamlico Sound. Albendobf, a vill. of Pruss. Silesia, reg. Bres- lau, cu-c. and 8 m. W.N.W. Glatz. Pop. 1,260. Near it is the sanctuary of New Jerusalem, said to be visited annually by 80,000 pilgrims. Albensa, Albium Inguaimm, a sea-port city of the Sard, sta., div. Genoa, cap. prov., at the mouth of the Centa, in an nnhealthy spot of the Biviera, 44 m. S.'W. Genoa. Pop. 4,735. It has Roman antiquities, and feudal edifices. Albenga was the head-quarters of Napoleon in 1796. Ex- ports oil & hemp, & has 3 large annual fairs. Albens, a town of Sard, sta.. Savoy. P. 1,615. ALBERBCRT,apa.of Engl. & Wales, cos. Salop. and Montgomery, 8 m. N.W. Shrewsbury. Pop. 1861. Old Parr was bom in this pa. in 14S3. Albebona, a town of Naples, prov. Capitanata, in a vaBey, 22 m. W. Fog^a. Pop. 2,900. Albebobello, a town of Naples, prov. Terra di Bari. Pop. 3,800. Albeesbobf, a vill., Denmark, Holstein, 19 m. S.W. Kendsbui^, near which is a remarkable heathen altar. Albebt, a town of France, dep. Somme, cap. cant., on the Railw. dn Nord, 18 m. N.E. Amiens, with woollen and cotton factories, tajineries, and papermills. It was form, called Ancre. Pop. 2,828. Albert Lake, S. Australia, Bussel co., joins L. Victoria by a strait at its N. extremity. Albebt Town, a vill., S. Australia, abt. 1 m. distant from Adelaide, and connected with it by a good road constructed at an expense of 14,000?. Albert- ViLLE (Italian Alberto-PoH), a city of the Sard. Sta., cap. Upper Savoy, near the confl. of the Isero and Arly, formed by the union of the towns Ospitale and Conflans, in 1835. P. 3,406. Albi or Albt, AJbiga, a town of France, cap. dep. Tarn, on the Tarn, 41 m. N.E. Toulouse. Pop. (1846) 9,492. It has a cathedral, a publ. lib- rary, college, museum, theatre and public walks, manufs. of woollens, table linen, canvass, foun- dries, and a large trade in com. In its vicinity is the most important steel manuf. in France. The sect of jltttyeoM originated here in the 12th cent. Albdto, a town of Northern Italy, deleg. and 8 m. N.E. Bergamo, on the Serio. Pop. 2,200. It is well built, and has silk mills, forges, & foundries. Albion (New), a large tract of the N.W. coast of America. The name given by Sir F. Drake to California, and part of adjoining coa-st. Hum- boldt limits the name to that part of the coast extending from lat. 43° to 48°. Country moun- tainous on one side, and level plains on the other, but arid and ill watered. The natives resemble those of Nootka Sound. Albis, mntns. Switzerland. [See Zdbich]. Albisola Mabina, a town of Piedmont, prov. Savona, with extens. manufs. of porcelain vases. Pop. 1^69. — II. Superiore, same prov., with fine church and many objects of antiq. Pop. 2,317. Alblasseedam, a vill. NethlMB.,*. Holland, 9 m. S.E. Rotterdam. Pop. 2,046. Albona, a town, Istria, near its E. coast, 42 m. S.E. Triest, with a college, and 1,100 inbalis. ALC Albon, a coram. & town, France, dep. Drdrae, caut. and 5 m. N.N.E. St. VaUier, near the Rhone, with ruins of anc. castle of the Comtes d' Albon. Pop. of comm. 2,633. Alboran, a small isl. in the Mediterr. belong- ing to Spain, J m. long, } m broad. Lat. 35° 66' N.; Ion. 3° 0' 40' W. Inhabited by fishei-men. Albostan, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 64 m. N.N.W. Merash. Pop. estun. at 9,000. Alboubn, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, rape Bramber, 2i m. N. Hurst-Pierpomt. Area 1,280 ac. Pop. 395. Number of houses 62. Albreda, a town of Africa, Senegambia, on the Gambia, below the British fort James. The French have a trading station here. Albriohton, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 5 m. S.E. Shiffnal, Area 2,970 ac. Pop. 1068.— II. a tnshp. same co., 3J m. N. Shrewsbury. Albueba (La), a town of Spain, Estremad., prov., and 13 m. S.E. Badajoz, on 1. b. of riv. of same name. On 16th May 1811, the British and allies under Gen. Beresford, here gained a victory over the French commanded by Marshal Sonlt. Albcfeira, a sea-port town of Portugal, prov. Algarves, on the Attantic, 46 m. E. C. St. Vin- cent. Pop. 2,800. Its harb., which admits the largest vessels, is defen. by a citadel & batteries. Albtifeba, a lake of Spain, on the coast, prov., and 7 m. S. Valencia, 11 m. in length by 4 m. in breadth; it communicates by a narrow channel with the Mediterranean, and abounds in fish and wild fowl. Rice is cultiv. on its banks. Albula, a mountain pass of Switzerland, Gri.- sons, leads across Mt. Albula from the valley of Bergijn to the Upper Engadine, and from the basin of the Rhine to that of the Inn. Its culmi- nating point is 7,713 ft. above the level of the sea. Albuquerque, a town of Spain, Estremad., near the Portng. frontier, prov. and 26 m. N, Badajoz. Pop. 5,470. It has a castle, & manufe. of cotton and woollen cloths. — II. a town of the Mexic confed., dep., and 90 m. S.S.W. Santa F^, near 1. b. of the Kio del Norte. Pop. 6,000 III. a vill. of Brazil, prov. Matto Grosso, on the Para- guay, 88 m. N. Fort Nova Coimbra. Albuquerque Islands (or S. W. Keys), a group of isls. in the Carib. Sea, 110 m. E. the Mosquito Coast. Lat. 12° 4' N. ; Ion. 81° 60'. Alburgh, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 4 m. E. by N. Harleston. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 589. Albdkt, the name of 3 pas. of Engl. — 1. co, Herts, 4 m. N."W. Bishop-Stortford. Area 3,200 ac. Pop. 641 II. CO. Oxford, 3 m. N.W. Tets- worth. Area 1,250 ac Pop. 244. — III. co. Surrey, 4 m. S.E. Guildford, and noted for pic- turesque beauty. Area 4,920 ac. Pop. 1,079. Alby, a town of the Sard, sta.. Savoy, on the Cheran, 9 m. S.E. Annecy. Pop. 1,092. Albt or Aldbt, a pa, of Engl., co. Norfolk, 5 m. N.N.E. Aylsham. Area 840 ac. Pop. 299. Alcaceb do Sal, Salacia, a town of Portugal, Erov. Estremadura, on the Sadao, 46 m. S.E. lisbon. It has manufs. of mats & trade in salt. Alcala de Chivert, a town of Spain, Valencia, prov. and 29 m. N.E. Castellon. Pop. 4,964. Alcala de los Gazules, a town of Spain, prov. and 30 m. E. Cadiz. Pop. with ayunt. 6,116, chiefly employed in agriculture. Alcala de Guadaira, a small town of Spain, prov. and 7 m. E. Sevilla. Pop. 6,702. With a Moorish castle and an extensive trade in grain. Alcala de Henares, a walled city of Spain, New Castile, prov. and 17 m. E.N.E. Madrid, on rt, b. of the Henares. Pop. in 1836, 6,108, in 1842, 8,968, and in 1846, 5,163. Since the removal of its university to Madrid, it is in a state of rapid ALC 20 ALD decay. The printing establis. founded by Xime- , Bes, and which produced his polyglot bible, no longer exists. AJcala has a milit. acad., 2 public libraries, and 3 schools of prim, instruction. Cervantes was born here in 1547. AxcAtA LA Real, a city of Spain, Andalncia, prov. and 27 m. S.W. Jaen. Pop. 6,848. It has an abbey, several churches, and an hospital, with some trade in wine and wool. The French de- feated the Spaniards here, January 28, 1810. ALCAI.A DEL Kio, a town and ayunt. of Spain, on rt. b. of the Guadalquivir, prov. & 10 m. N.N.E. Sevilla. Pop. 1822. Alcalais the name of many small Spanish towns, mostly in the S. provs. Aloamo, a town of Sicily, prov. & 22 m. E. Tra- pani, cap. distr., picturesquely situated on a hill, with towers and edifices of Moorish origin. Pop. 16,600. Near it are the ruins of a theatre, and other interesting remains of the anc. Segesta. AxcANEDE, a town of Portugal, prov. Estre- madura, 12 m. N. Santarem. Pop. 2,500. AiiCABiz, a walled town of Spain, Aragon, prov. Teruel, on rt. b. of the Guadalope, 60 m. S.E. Zaragoza. Pop. 5,100. AicANTARA (Arab. " the bridge "), Norha Coesa- rea, a fortifd. town of Spain, Estremadiura, on 1. b. of the Tagus, near the Portug. frontier, prov. andSom. N.W. Caceres. Pop. 4,273. The mag- nificent bridge over the Tagus, from which the city derives its name, was partially destroyed by the Portuguese in 1807, and againby the English in 1809. It was repaired with timber in 1818, and burned by the national troops in 1836, & remains in a ruined state. — II. a sea port town of Brazil, prov. Maranhao, on W. side of the estuary of the Maranhao, near its mouth. — III. a riv. of Sicily, which separates the dists. of Messina & Catania, and falls into the Mediterranean S. Taormina. ALCANTARIU.A, a towu of Spain, prov. and 5 m. S. Murcia. Fop. 3,481. — II. an inn and a Koman bridge, 18 m. S. Sevilla. Alcabaz, a town of Spain, New Castile, in the new prov., and 34 m. W.S.W. Albacete, at the foot of the Sierra de Alcaraz. Pop. with ayunt. 7,325. It has ruins of an anc. castle, & manufs. of wooHens, and mines of copper and zinc. Alcaddbte, a town of Spain, Andalncia, prov. and 24 m. S.W. Jaen. Pop. 6,242. Alcazar de San Joan, a town of Spain, New Castile, prov. and 45 m. N.E. Ciudad Keal. Pop. 7,540. Manufs, of soap, gunpowder, and nitre. Alcazab Kbbib, "the Great Palace," a city of Marocco, on the Luccos, 80 miles N.W. Fez. Pop. 6,000. Near It is a bridge (Alcantara), where Sebastian, king of Portugal, was defeated and killed 4th Aug. 1678. Alceste, a small isl. in the Pacific Oc, Gulf of Pe-tche-lee,3m.N. W. theN.E. point of Shan-tung. Alcester, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, at the junction of the Alne and Arrow, and on the Icknild Street, 13 m. W.S.W. War- wick. Area 1,530 ac. Pop. 2,399. It has a fine church, and is the principal seat of the needle manuf. Alcester is supposed to have been a Koman station, & was a place of note before the conquest; traces of its ancient abbey are still visible. Mkt. Tuesday. Fairs 4 times a-year. Alcira, Scetdbieula, an anc. walled town of Spain, prov. and 25 m. S W. Valencia, on an isl. in the Xucar. Pop. 13,000, mostly agricultural. It has 2 fine bridges, and near it is a remarkable stalactitic cavern. Alciston, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, rape Peven- eey, 4 m. N.E. Seaford. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 276. Alcobaja, a town of Portugal, prov. Estrema- dura, on small river Alcoa, 20 ra. S.W. Leiria, Pop. 2,000, with an anc. abbey, m which are thi tombs of many kings of Portugal. AicoBBNnAS, atown of Spain, N. Castile, prov and 10 m. N.N.E. Madrid. Pop. 1,052 Alcocer, a town and ayunt. of Spain, prov. and 29 m. S.E. Guadalajara. Pop. 1,352. Aloolea BEL Kio, a town of Spain, prov. am 25 m. N.E. Sevilla, near rt. b. of the Guadal quivir, with ruins of an anc. castle. Pop. 1,747 — ^Many small Span, towns named Alcolea. Alconbdbt, two pas. of Engl., I. co. and 4 m N.W. Huntmgdon. Area 3,700 ac. Pop. 823.- II. (wilh-Westori), a pa. adjoining the above, 5ni N.W. Huntmgdon. Area 1,640 ac. Pop. 491. Alcoba, a town of Spain, prov. & 46 m. N.N.E Valencia. Pop. 6,609. Exports fruit. Aloover, a town of Spain, Catalonia, prov. & 10 m. N.W. Tarragona. Pop. 2,812. AxoorxiM, a town of Portug., prov. Algarve, on rt. b. of the Guadiana, 26 m. N.E. Tavira. Pop. 1800. It is walled, and has a ruined castle. AxcoT, a town of Spain, prov. & 24 m. N.N.W. Alicante. Pop. 27,000. It has many new buildings, numerous paper and woollen factories, and con- siderable commercial activity. Alcddia, a fortfd. town of Spain, Majorca, on a peninsula at its N. extrem., between the bays of^ Puerto Mayor and P. Menor, 31 m. N.E. Palma, with a pop. of 1,116, and a consid. trade. — II. {de Carlet), a town of Spain, prov. and 22 m. S.S.W. Valencia. Pop. 1,759.— Alcudia is the name of several other Spanish towns. Alcuescab, a town of Spain, Estrem., prov., & 28 m. S. Ciceres. Pop. 3,560. It was founded by the Moors of Granada in 8.30, and was the ren- dezvous of the allied troops under GenL Hill ou 27th Oct. 1812, previous to the battle of Arroyo- molinos. Aldabea, an isl. in the Indian Ocean, com- posed of 3 separate parts connected by coral rocks, and inhab. by many land turtles, N. of Madagascar, lat. 9° 26' S., Ion. 46° 35' E. Aldas, a riv. of Siberia, gov. Yakutsk, the princip. tributary of the Lena, rises in the Aldan mnts. near the Chinese frontier, flows first N., then W., and joins the Lena in lat. 63° 12' N., Ion. 129° 40' E, after a course of about 300 m. Affls., the Utehnr, Maia, & Amga. The towns Maisakai, Aldanska, and Badineska, are on its banks. Alban Mountaiks, a chain of mntns. in E. Siberia, branching off northward from the Tab- lonoi Krebet, part of the Altai mntns. N. of Mantchouria, lat. 60° 65' N., and Ion. 135° E., rounding the sea of Ochotsk under different names, & terminating at Behring Strait. Thrir average height is 4,000 ft. In that branch of the chain which traverses Eamtchatka; the Schiwc- lutch reaches an elevation of 10,648 ft., and Kliutshewsksga 15,763 ft. These, and many other summits, are active volcanoes. The lower limit of perpetual snow is at an elevation of 4,475 ft. Aldata, a town, Spain, prov. & 7 m. W. Val- encia. Pop. 1,975. Aldborouoh or Aldebtjrgh, a sea-port town and pa. of England, co. Suffolk, between the sea and the estuary of the Aide, 9i m. S. Dunwich. Area 1,130 ac. Pop. 1,567. It has lately become a place of resort for sea-bathing. Aldboro' has only a small coasting trade ; port attached to that of Woodbridge. Town revenue exceeds 300i. yearly. Crabbe the poet was born here in 1764. Aldbobough, a market town and pa. of Engl, CO. York, W. riding, wapent. Claro, on the Ure, 16 m.W.N. W.York. Area 8,750 ac. Pop 2424. It is hregularly built on the N. Watling Street, ALD 21 ALE and is supposed to replace the anc. Isurium Bri~ geoiHum. Market Wed. ; fair Sept. 4th — II. a pa. of England, eo. Norfolk, 4 m. N. Aylsham. Area 590 ac. Pop. 293. Aldbourxe or Auboubne, a pa. of England, CO. Wilts, 6 m. N.E. Marlboro". Area 8,060 ac. Pop. 1,.556. The pa. has several antiquities. AiiDBRODGH, Isu B7iganHum, a pa, of Engl., co. Tork, E. Riding, on the coast, 11 m. N.E. Hull. Ac. 5,240. Pop. 1,119. Contains a flourishing vill. One of the finest Koniau pavements in Britain, was discov. here in 1849. — II. a tnslip., co. Tork, N.Tliding, pa. Stanwick, 8 m. E. Richmond. P. 544. Aldbury, a pa. of England, co. Herts, 1 m. N.E. the Tring station of the North Western railway. Area 2,028 ac. Pop. 790. Aldbt, a pa. of Enjfland. [Ai.by.J Albe, a river of Engl., CO Suffolk, rises near Framlingham, runs generally S.E.ward, & near Aldboro' dilates into a long & winding estuary which joins the N. sea at Orford. Au>Ei DEL Ret, a towB of Spain, New Castile, 12 m. S.S.E. Ciudad Real. Pop. 1,650. Aldea GAI.EGA, a town of PortngaJ, Estre- mad., on the estnary of the Tagns, 10 m. E. Lisbon. Pop. 4,000. It is a ferry station on the vay from Lisbon to Badajoz. Aldea Veiha, a sea-port town & harbour of Brazil, on the bay of, & 8 m. S.E. Espiritu Santo. Aldea davila de Duebo, a town of Spain, proT. & 43 m. W. Salamanca, on 1. b. of the Duero. Pop. 1,490. With a considerable export trade. Aldea del Caxo, a town of Spain, prov. & 15 m. S. Ciceres. Pop. 1,205. Aldea del Obispo, a town of Spain, on theW. confines of the prov. Salamanca. Pop. 606. Aldebt or Aldebbbgh, a pa of Engl., co. Nor- folk, 2J m. N.E. Beccles. Area 2,690 ac. Pop. 496. Ajujeitham, a pa. of Engl., co. Herts, 2| m. N.E. the Watford station L. & B. railway. Area (with Theobald's Street) 6,830 ac. Pop. 1,662. Platfs charity here has a yearly income of 1,0321. Aldehhoveh, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. Aachen, crrc. & SJ m. S.W. Julich. Pop. 1,206. Aldebbubt, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 3 m. S.E. Salisbury. Area 3,950 ac. Pop. 1,440; many employed in a manuf. of fnstians. Aldeefobd, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 3 m. S.E. Reepham. Area 320 ac. Pop. 44. Aldeelet, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Glo'ster, 2 m. S.S.E. Wotton-under-Edge. Area 730 ac. Pop. 174. In the church is the tomb of Sir Mat- thew Hale, bom in this pa. 1 Nov. 1609. — U. co. Chester, 6 m. W.N.W. Macclesfield. Area 6,240 ac. Pop. 1,638. (Station of Manchester & Bir- mingham railway). AxDEKHASxos, a market town & pa. of Engl. CO. Berks, on the Kennet, 8 m. E. Newbury. Area 2,240 ac. Pop. 662. Market Fri.; fairs May 6, July 7, Oct. 11. Aldermaston house is a fine mansion of the 17th century. Aldeeminstee, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester (of which it is an isolated portion incl. in War- wicksh.), on the Stratf. & Moreton rail., 6 m. S.S.E. Stratford-on-Avon. Area 3,480 ac. Pop. 608. Aldebnet or AuEiGNT, RiduTia, an is], in the English Channel, off the coast of Nonnandy, be- longing to Great Britain, dioc. Winchester, 10 m. W. Cape la Hogue. Lat. of telegraph 49° 41' S'N.; Ion. 2° 13' 7" W. Circumf. about 8 m. Pop. 1,030. It is well cultiv., & noted for its breed of small cows, but has nogoodharb., & little trade. In its centre is a town of same name. Aldebkey (Race of), a strait between the above isl. & Cape la Hogue, dangerous from the strength and rapidity of its tides. [Caskets]. Aldebsholt, a pa. of Engl,, co. Hants, 3 m. N.E. Farnham. Area 4,070 ac. Pop. 685. Alderton, the name of 4 pas. of Engl. — I. CO. Glo'ster, 7 m. E. Tewkesbury. Area 1,750 ac. Pop. 411. — II. CO. Northampton, 3 m. S.E. Towcester. Ai-ea 910 ac. Pop. 166.— III. co. Suffolk, on the coast, 7 m. S.E. by S. Woodbridge. Area 2,680 ac. Pop. 620.— IV. co. Wilts, 8 m. S.W. Mahnesbury. Area 1,700. Pop. 183. Aldfokd, a pa. of Engl., co. Chester, on the Dee, 5 m. S.S.E. Chester. Area 2,820 ac. Pop. 835, with remains of an old castle. Aldham, two pas. of Engl. — 1. co. Essex, 6 m. W. Colch. Area 2,040 ac. Pop. 382.— II. co. Suf- folk,2m.N.E.Hadleigh. Area. 2,170ac. Pop.293. ALDiNGBOtTRNE, a pa. of Eugl., CO. Sussex, rape & 4 m. E. Chichester. Area 3,080 ac. Pop. 772. Aldingham, two united pas. of Engl., co. Lan- caster, 5J m. S. Ulverstone. Area 4,680 ac. Pop. 907. The area of these parishes has been much diminished within the last three or four centuries by encroachments of the sea. Aldington, a pa. of Engl, co Kent, 7 m. S.E. Ashford, & 1 m. S. of S.eastem railway. Area 3,420 ac. Pop. 733. Rect. once held by Erasmus. Aldeidge, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, 3 m. E.N.E Walsall. Area 7,980 ac. Pop. 2,094. It has a distillery & a large free school. Aldbingham, a pa. of Engl., co. Suff., on the coast, 2Jm.N.N.W. Aldboro'. Ac. 610. Pop. 401. Aldstone or Alston-Moor, a mkt. town & pa. of Engl., CO Cumberl., 19 m. E.S.E. Carlisle. Area of pa. 35,060 ac. Pop. 6,062 ; of town 1,660. The pa., comprising mntnous. & magnif. scenery, is sterile, but has productive lead mines. The town, near the confl. of the Nent & S. Tyne, has a gram, school, library, bank, & manufs. of shot, thread, flannel, &c. Market Sat., 3 fairs yearly. Aldswoeth, a pa. of Engl., co Glo'ster, 4 m. S.E. Northleach. Area 3,460 ac. Pop. 365. AiDwiNCKLE, two united pas. of Engl., co. Northampton. United area 2,450 ac. — I. (All Saints), 4 m. N.E. Thrapston. Pop. 272. The church is a fine specimen of decor. English. Dryden was bom here in 1631. — II. [St Peter's), on the Nene, 3| m. N. by E. Thrapston. Pop. 183. Aldwoeth or ALLDEE,apa. of Engl., co. Berks, 4 m. E.S.E. East Hsley. Ac. 1,960. Pop. 314. Aledo, a town of Spain, prov. & 17 m. S.S.W. Mnrcia. Pop. 1,029, with anc. Roman walls. Alegbia, a vill. of Spain, prov. Guipuzcoa, in a plain on the Oria at the foot of Mt. Aldaba, 2 m. S. W. Tolosa. Pop. 857, chief, indust. agri- cultural produce, and iron forges on the Oria. Al-lejs, a town of upp. Nubia, on rt. b. of the Bahr-el-Abiad, or White Nile, 76 m. W. Sennaar. It occupies a large space, but is mostly in ruins. Aleiskoi-Loktevskoi, a town of Asiat. Rus- sia, gov. Tomsk, 137 m. S.W. Biisk, and near one of the richest copper mines in Siberia. Alemouth, Ailmouth, or Alnemouth, a sea- port town of Engl., co. Northumb., pa. Lesbury, at the mth. of the Alne in the N. Sea, 4 m. S.E. Alnwick. Pop. 480. It has some shipp. & trade with Holland ; and sea-bathing quarters. Alemqueb, a town of Brazil, prov. Para, on a tribu. of the Amazon, 60 m. W.S.W. Montalegre. Alemtejo, a prov. of Portugal, between lat. 37° 20', & 39° 40' N., having N. Beira, S. Algarve, E. Spain, and W. the Atlantic, & part of Estrem. Area 10,253 sq. m. Pop. (1841) 276,690. CUm. extrem. hot and dry. Surface undulating. Chief rivs. the Tagus (Tejo) in the N., Guadiana in E., and Sado in S. Lisbon is mostly supplied with corn from hence, and rice is grown in the low grounds. Manufs. of woollen cloth and earthen^ ALE ware. Prificipal towns, Evora, the cap. Beja, Villa-Vicosa, Portalegre, Elvas, and Esti-emoz. Albnjon, a city of France, cap. dep. Ome, in a plain on the Sarthe, lOS m. W.S.W. Paris. Pop. (1846) 12,755. It is well built, with promen. on the site of Its ano. walls, a cathed., court-house, publ. library, corn and cloth halls, a church built in the 8th cent., thqatre, & race course. The indus- try of this town has greatly changed within 20 years ; it now consists of tanneries, cyder distil- leries, bleaching, spinning, & printing. The manuf. of the celeb. lace called point d'Alen9on still oc- cupies 5 or 6 princip. houses, the produce is dia- ting. in the exhibs. of national Indus. The crystals called Alenjon diamonds are found in its vicinity. AiENQXjEK, a fortfd. town of Portugal, prov. Estremadjara, on riv. of same name, 25 m. N.N.E. Usbon. Pop. 3,200, with extensive paper-mills. Aleppo (Haleb-es-Shabba), Chalybon & Se- rtsa, a city of Asiat. Turkey, cap. pash., in the N. of Syria, and one of the principsd emporiums of the Ottoman Emp., on the Koeik (ano. Chains), 70 m. E. the Mediterranean. Lat. 36° 11' N., Ion. 37° 10' E. Pop. estim. at from 60,000 to 85,000 ; but previously to the earthquake of 1822 it is said to have been upwards of 200,000. In ancient times the city rose to importance on the destruction of Palmyra, and became the groat emporium of trade between Europe & the east. It is encircled by Saracenic walls, outside of which are large suburbs, the whole being about 7 m. in circumference. Houses of freestone, uniformly flat-roofed. The celebrated gardens are situated S.E. of the city. Aleppo has a castle, a Moham- medan college, with numerous pupils, many Christian schools and churches, an ancient aque- duct, several large inns, and many extensive warehouses and bazaars. Silks, cottons, & gold and silver thread stuffs are prepared here for the supply of the Turkish provs. ; and here are also extensive soap-factories, dye-works, and rope- walks, the last in some vast caverns outside the city. Aleppo has numerous mercantile houses, & its position for trade is very advantageous. Prin- cip. imports, galls, silk, wool, goats' hair, India piece goods from Engl. ; cotton yarn and fabrics, cochineal, sugar, indigo, silks, woollens, and colo- nial goods, from France ; woollens, cups, glass, ■ coral, paper, velvets, steel, &c., from Germany and Italy. Large caravans arrive from Bagdad, Bosra, Diarbekir, Mosul, Kurdistan, and Armenia, Consuls of most Europ. nations reside at Aleppo. About 30 m. N.W. is Angoli Tagh, a mntn. with ruins of a convent, and a number of deserted villages, which indicate its former populousness. Ales, an episcopal town of Piedmont, isl. Sar- dinia, div. and 30 m. N.N. W. Cagliari. Pop. 1,135. It has a sm. but eleg. cathed., & mineral springs. ALESHKi, a town of Russia, gov. Taurida, on 1. b. of est. of the Dnieper, opp. Kherson. Pop. 1,500. Alessandria, (called " Delia Paglia" from its first houses having been roofed with straw), a fortfd. city of Piedmont, cap. div., in a sterile plain, on the Tanaro, 46 m. E.S.E. Turin. Pop. of town, 18,955, with suburbs, 39,853, excl. of a gar- rison of 4,039 men. It is well built, and has a cathed., large barracks, and many good public edifices. The formidable fortifs. constructed during the domination of the French, rendered it one of the strongest places in Europe ; but these are demolished, and only its citadel is left. It has fabrics of silk, linen, and woollen goods, stockings and hats, with a large trade, and two great annual fairs. In the extena. plain of S. Giuliano, 2 m. S.E. Alessandria, is the little vill. of Marengo, celeb, for the great victory gained 22 ALE by Napoleon over the Austrians, 14th June 1800. —II. a. town of Naples, prov. Calab. Citra, 14 m. N.E. Castrovillari. Pop. 1,600. Alessuso, a town of Naples, prov. and 19 m. S.W. Otranto. Pop. 1,745. _ Alessio, a town of Europ. Turkey, Albania, cap. kadilik, on 1. b. & near the mh. of the Drin, 17 m. S.E. Scutari. Pop. 3,000. It has a large suburb, & bazaar. Scanderbeg was buried m its fortress. Aleutian Islands, a group of isla. belong, to Russia, in the N. Pacific, extending betw. Kamt- chatka & the peninsula Aliaska, Russ.-America, from lat. 52° to 63° N., and Ion. 172° to 178° E. They include several subord. groups, viz. the true Aleutian, Andreanov, and Fox isls., & are rooky & volcanic, having some voles, in constant aetiv. The inhab. estim. at 8,700, subsist mostly by hunt- ing & fishing, vegetation being scanty, & agric. almost unknown. Chief exports, otter, fox, and other skins, the trade in which is monopolized by the Russo-American Company. Alexander, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. America, York, CO. Genessee, 8 m. S. W. Batavia. Pop. 2,242. Also sev. smaller American townships. Alexandbapol Fort, Russia, f Gumbi]. Alexandbetta, Aleppo. [ScANnEKOow]. Alexandria (so called from its founder Alex- ander the Great), a celeb, city and sea^port of Egypt, near the westmost branch of the Nile, on the Mediterr., 112 m. N.W. Cairo, with which it communicates by the Mahmudiyeh Canal & the Nile. Lat. of Pharos, 31° 12' T N. ; Ion. 29° 53' E. Pop. about 60,000, including 8,000 troops & the artisans employed in the arsenal. The modem city is built on a penins. (anc. the isl. of Pharos), and on the isthmus connecting it with the con- tinent ; the anc. city was on the mainland, where its ruins cover a vast extent of surface. Alex- andria has a new palace of the pasha, a large naval arsenal, navsd and milit. hospitals, a cus- tom house, tribunal of commerce, prim, school of instruction, medical, naval, & other schools. In the new streets & squares it has more the aspect of a Europ. than of an African or Asiatic city. The Turkish quarter is irreg. & dirty, but the Frank quarter has many good streets, and a fine square outside the city. Country houses line a part of the anc. canal leading to the W. arm of the Nile, which was restored by Mohammed Ali. There are two ports, in the W. and best of which ships anchor in from 22 to 40 ft. water. A castle called FariUon, and serving as a landmark to sailors, replaces the famous Pharos of antiquity. Alex- andria is the great emporium of Egypt. Principal exports, corn, cotton, wool, gums, soda, rice, dates, senna, feathers, & other African products, hides, and a few manuf. goods. In 1840, 66,342 bales of cotton were exported, mostly to England, France, and Austria. Principal imports, cotton, woollen, and silk goods, hardware and machinery, with timber, coal, drugs, and colonial produote. In 1840 the value of the imports amounted to 1,327,396Z., and that of the exports to 1,072,033?. In 1842, 1,352 merchant vessels arrived, & 1,477 left Alexandria, mostly British, Turkish, Austrian, Tuscan, French, and Greek. Alexandria is an important station in the overland route td India. Consuls of the chief Europ. countries reside here. Of the anc. city, the cisterns, catacombs, Pom- pey's pillar,& the obelisk called Cleopatra's needle, are the principal remams. On Mar. 21 , 1801, the French under Menou were conquered by the British under Sir R. Abercrombie, who was mortally wounded in the battle of Alexandria. Alexandria, Piedmont. [Alessandria.] Alkxandbia, Co. U. S., N. America, com- ALE 23 ALG prises all that part of Columbia dist. W. of tlie Potomac riv., & which formerly belonged to Vir- ginia . Area 36 sq. m. Pop. 9,967, of whom 1,374 are slaves. — II. Alexandria, a city & port of entry, cap. CO. on the Potomac, and the Gnesapealie & Ohio canal, 6 m. S. Washington. Pop. 8,459. It is well built ; has a good harbour, and exports wheat, maize, and tobacco. Burden of vessels be- longingto portiu 1840, 14,470 tons. Also several tnshps. of the U. S. — I. New York, co. Jefferson, on the St. Lawrence (Lake of thousand Isls.), 32 m. E. by N. Kingston (Canada). Pop. 3,475. — H. New Jersey, co. Hunterdon, 12 m. N.E. Flemington. Fop. 3,420. It has numerous mills, with tanneries and distilleries. ALEXummA, a, town of Russia, cap. of a circ, gov. and 145 m. N.N.E. Kherson. Pop. 2,100. Alexandkia, St. Paul, a vUl., Russian Ame- rica, in the isl. Kadiali, with an excellent port. AtEXANBEiA, a vUl. of Scotl., CO. Dumbarton, pa. Bonhill, on the Leven, 3J m. N. Dumbarton. Pop. 3,039, mostly employed in cotton printing. AiiEXANDKiA Tboas, jEski-Stamboulf a small town on the coast of Asia Min., 4 m. S.E. Tenedos. AiEXANDBiKA (Lake), S. Austral. [Victobia]. AxEXANDROv, a town of Russia, gov. and 55 m. "W.N.W. Vladimir, cap. distr., on an affl. of the Kliasma. It has an imperial stud, and a convent founded by Ivan IV., who esteblished here the first printing-press known in Russia II. a new town of Russian Poland, gov. and about 60 m. W. Warsaw. Pop. 3,200.-111. a Russian fortress, gov. Caucasus, 42 m. N.W. Georgievsk. Alex.4j«deovsk, a fortfd. town of Russia, cap. circ. on 1. b. of the Dnieper below its cataracts, gov. and 40 m. S. lekaterinoslav. Pop. 4,000. It is the place of embarkation for all the products ex- ported by this riv. to the Black Sea. There are towns and stations of same name in the govs. Orenburg, the Caucasus, and Russian America. AiEXAXDBOvsKT, a manuf. depdt of Russia, gov. and 5 m. S.E. St Petersburg, on 1. b. of the Neva, with cotton, flax, and yam factories, sail cloth, machinery, and a govemm. porcelain fac- tory. It was destroyed by fire Jan. 1, 1840 ; but has since been restored. Alexihe & Alexopoi., two towns of Russia; the former on rt. b. of the Oka, gov. and 25 m. N.N.W. Tula; the latter gov. and 40 m. S. Pol- tava, on the Orel, having a large annual feir. Aletob, a town of the isl. Minorca, 8 m. N.W. Mahon. Pop. 3,000. It has large barracks. AxFACAB, a town of Spain, prov. Granada, at the foot of the mmtn. of same name. Pop. 1,049. Chief indust., flour grinding and baking. The houses of this town retain all the peculiarities of Moorish architecture. AiFAQUES, a sea -port of Spain, Catalonia, prov. Tarragona, on the bay of Alfaques in the Medi- terr. at the mouth of a br. of the Ebro, & joined to it by a canal, 14 m. S.S.E. Tortosa, of which it is the entrepot. It has extens. salt works. Alfaeo, a town of Spain, Old Castile, on rt. b. of the Ebro, prov. and 37 m. S.E. Logrono. Pop. 4,084. Alfeld, a town of Germany, kgdm. and 27 m. S. Hanover, on the Leine. Pop. 2,600. Ai.?ii>ena, Aufldena, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo tJlt. II., 23 m. S.S.E. Sulmona, on the Sangro. Pop, 2,500. Alfolb or AwFotD, a pa. of England, co. Sur- rey, 8i m S.S.E. Godahnmg. Area 2,610 ac. Pop. 619. Alfobd, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. Lincohi, 24 m. N.N.E. Boston. Area of pa. 1,410 ac. Pop. 1,945. Its grammar school has two fellowsliijis in Magd. Coll., Camb. Mkts. TueSij fairs Whit. Tu. and Nov. 8th. Two miles dis- tant are the ruins of Aby Abbey. Alfokd, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, IJ m. S.W. Castle Carey. Area 710 ac. Pop. 90.— II. a pa. of Scotl., co. Aberdeen, on the Don, 26 m. W.N.W. Aberdeen. Area nearly 8,000 ac. Pop. 1,037. It has small fairs monthly. Alfobt, a hamlet, France, dep. Seine, 5 m. S.E. Paris, with a royal veterinary coll., estab. of rural economy, and a botanical garden, Alfbed, town U. S., N. America, York, co. Maine, 24 m. N.N.W. York. Pop. 1,408.-11. town, Alleghany, co. N. York, 249 m. W.S.W. Albany. Pop. 1,630. AiFEETON, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. Derby, 6 m. N.N.E. Belper, and IJ m. E. the Derby and Leeds railw. Area 4,560 ac. Pop. 7,577. Town straggling ; the church and many houses very old; streets intersect in a market place. It has manufs. of stocldngs and pottery. Near it are extensive collieries and iron works. Alfkiston, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, on the Cuckmere, 2 m. N. Seaford. Ac. 2,120. Pop. 668. Aloajola, a small fortified town and sea-port of Corsica, 6 m. N.E. Calvi. Aloabinejo, a town of Spain, prov. and 28 m. W. Granada. Pop. 4,383, mostly agricultural. Alhaekibk, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, pts. Holland, 8 m. N.N.E. Spalding. Area 6,050 ac. Pop. 754. In the churchyard is a statue said to represent Algar, Earl of Mercia, defeated and killed by the Danes in 870. Algabeobo, a town of Spain, Andalucia, prov. and 18 m. E.N.E. Malaga. Pop. 2,914. Algaevb, the S.most prov. of Portugal, with the title of a kingdom, having N. the prov. Alem- tejo, E. Spain, S. & W. the Atlantic. Area 2,100 sq. m. Pop. (1841) 130,329. On its N. frontier is the Sierra de Monchique, ramifications of which cover most of its surface. In the S. are plains yielding aloes, dates, and other tropical products. Some wine is grown, but little corn or forage. Chief exports, dried fruits, kermes, wine, salt, and tunny-fish. Chief towns, Tavira, Faro, & Lagos. Algavda, a town of the island of M^orca, 6 m. S.E. Palma. Pop. 2,859. Algecibas, a sea-port town of Spain, Anda- lucia, prov. Cadiz, on the W. side of the bay of Gibraltar, opposite to & 6 m. W. Gibraltar. Lat. 36° 8' N. ; Ion. 5° 26' 5" W. Resid. pop. (1845) 11,077. It is well built, & has a well-frequented harbour. The fort is guarded by a battery called Fuerte de Santiago, & it has a milit. hosp. of first class. Chf. trade, export of charcoal & tanned leather. It was the scene of a sanguinary naval engagement between the English & French squadrons, 4th July 1801. Algemesi, a town of Spain, prov. Valencia, near the Xucar, 21 m. S.S.W. Valencia. Pop. 4,492. Chf. products rice & silk. It has a cele- brated annual fair in Sept. Ai,GEBiA (French, AlgMe), a country of N. Africa, Barbary, forming at present a French possession : cap. Algiers. This territory is sit. between lat. 36° & 37° N. ; extending from Ion. 2° 11' W. to 8° 53' E. ; length about 560 m., great- est breadth about 200 m. Pop. 1st Jan. 1847, estimated at 2,808,881, composed of French troops 97,760, auxilliary do. 7,048, European civilians 109,400, Natives 2,594,673. Algeria is bounded N. by the Mediterr., S. by the Sahara, E. by Tunis, & W. by Marocco ; it is traversed throughout by the Atlas mountains, which rise in successive stages parallel with the coast, the highest points exceed- ing 7,000 ft. The coast is in general steep, and ALG 2 deficient in good ports. The chf. plains are those of Oran, Meti^ah, & Shelif ; the principal rivs. are the Wad-el-Gedy, which rises S. of the Atlas range, & flows to the Melgig lake ; the She- lif, which rises on the borders of Sahara, & flows to the Mediterr. ; the others are the Sebus, Isser, Hama, & Jafna. There are several lakes called sebkhas, which are filled with water in the rainy season, and are generally dry in summer; the chf. of these are in the prov. Algiers, the Zag- ries in Constantino, the Shott & the Sebkha in the S.K. the Melgig. The climate is in gen- eral temperate & healthy on the N. slopes of the mountains, but pestilential in the marshy plains. The heat is often excessive under the influence of the simoom, or hot wind of the desert. From April to Oct. the sky is constantly serene ; the winter is mild, & marked by abundant rains ; in 1846 there were 57 rainy days & 56 storms. "Bie mean temp, of winter is &om 64° to 65°, and of summer 74° to 104° Fahr. ; but this elev. temp, is moderated by constant sea breezes. The moun- tains contain mines of iron, copper, & lead, but their extent is imperfectly known. In the mountains of Bon Hamra there are rich iron mines, which appear to have been worked by the Romans. The country is divided by the natives into the Tel, or country of grain crops, in the N., & the date country in the S. Vegetation is de- veloped with great activity. The level part of the Tel, occupied by Arabs, is very fertile in cer- eals ; & the mountainous country, occupied by the Kabyles, has extensive forests, & rich & varied vegetation. The Algerian Sahara is not, as was long supposed, a sterile desert, but a vast archipel- ago of oases, each of which presents an animat- ed group of towns & vUIs., surrounded by olives, figs, vines, & palms. The nomade tribes of the desert rear many sheep & cattle ; for their part of the desert is covered with vegetation during the rainy season. Throughout the Tel, wheat, barley, & legumes are extensively cultivated, & in some places maize, millet, & rice are raised. Cotton, indigo, & the sugar-cane also succeed well. The natives rear cattle, sheep, & goats. The horses, which are of an excellent breed, are employed only for the saddle ; the camel, drome- dwy, ass, & mule are used for draught. Among wild animals may be noticed, the lion, panther, jackall, & antelope. The harvests are some- times ravaged by locusts. Excellent coral and sponge is fished on the coasts. The industry of the natives, which formerly consisted chfly. of weaving & the preparation of marocco leather, is, since the French domination, nearly confined to mining ; the Jews alone engage in the manuf. of jewellery. Public instruction is making rapid progress in the state; on the 1st Jan. 1845, the number of pupils in the government schools was 3,327. Durmg the first 9 months of 1846, 6,606 vessels entered the different ports of Algeria ; the total imports in 1846 amount, to 111,457,395 Jr., & the exports to 9,043,066 fr. ; & the public revenue, which in 1840 was only 5,610,707^., amounted m 1846 to 24,773, 625^. This country, originally inhabited by the Moors & Numidians, was afterwards under the power of the Eomaus & Vandals. In the 16th cent, it was invaded by Spain, but Barbarossa expelled the Spanish, & founded, imder the sovereignty of Tur- key, the state of Algiers, which became redoubt- able to christians on account of its corsairs, and compelled many of the European states to pay tri- bute for the protection of their merchant vessek. Repeated attempts were made by the different European powers to subdue this nest of pirates, ALH without eflect, till 1816, when the city of Algiert was bombarded by the British under Lord Ex- mouth, after which they continued comparatively quiet until 1827, when the French government, to revenge an insult to their consul, resolved to send an expedition on a great scale to take pos- session of the country. This was accomplished in 1830; but although the French have nominal pos- session of the whole territory, only a small portion of the inhabitants acknowledge their authority. AlgMe is divided into the provs. of Algiers, Con- stantine, & Oran, & governed, according to a royal ordinance of 1st Seijt. 1847, hy a gover- nor-general, whose authority is chiefly military. Chf. towns Algiers, Constantino, Philippeville^ Bona, Setif, Blidah, Oran, & Tlemsen. Algebia de AtAVA, a town of Spain, prov. Alava, 9 m. E. 'V^itoria. Pop. 857. Alsete, a town of Spmn, prov. Madrid, near ■the river Jarama. Pop. 1,500. Algezabes, a town of Spain, prov. Mnrcia. Pop. 2,117. Exports grain & firait to Gibraltar. Algezibah, the Arab name of [Mesopotamia.] Algheeo, a fortfd. town and smaU port of the isl. Sardinia, cap. prov., on W. coast, 14 m. S.W. Sassari. Pop. 8,000. It is well defended, espe- cially next the sea, but is commanded by the sur- rounding mountains. It has a cathedral, con- vents, & public schools. The port for large ves- sels is at Pto.Corte, 9m. N.W.Alghero. In 1837, 395 vessels, of the aggreg. burden of 10,863 tons, entered & left the port. Exp. wine, grain, wool, skins, tobacco, rags, anchovies, coral, and bones. Algieks (JJ-jezair " the islands," French Al- ger), a famous city & sea-port of Africa, cap. of the French terr. of Alg^rie, built in the form of an amphitheatre, on the W. side of a bay of same name in the Mediterr. Lat. of light-ho. 36° 47' 20' N. ; Ion. 3° 4' 32' E. Pop. 1847, including suburbs & comm., 97,389, of whom 72,393 were Europ., & 24,996 natives. The city, sit. on a slope facing the sea, & crowned by a citadel, is 2 m. in circ, & stron^y walled ; since 1830, the French have been actively engaged in extending its de- fences & improving its port. Its streets have been widened, & it in part resembles a European town. It has palaces, synagogues, & mosques, several good shops, bazaars, & markets, hotels, fountains, baths, club-houses, a public library, barracks, an arsenal, & an opera-house. It is a bishop's see, the seat of a royal court, tribunals of prim, jurisd. & commerce, & of a royal col- lege & other French schools. Several forts and outworks protect it on the land side ; by sea it has in front two rocky isls. (whence its name), connected with the mainland by a mole ; this & another mole, both furnished with batteries, en- close the harbour. Algiers has 2 suburbs, and numerous villas in its environs, which are of great beauty. It is the seat of the governor-general of Alg^rie & of many foreign consuls, & has regu- lar steam communication with Toulon, and Cette in France, and Oran and Bona in Africa. Algoa Bat, an extens. bay on the S.E. coast of Africa, Cape colony, between Capes Recife & Pa- dron, 425 m. E. the Cape of Good Hope. It is open to S. winds, but has good anchorage. The Sunday & Baasher rivs. flow into the bay, & at the mouth of the latter is Fort Elizabeth. Fort Frederick is on a hill a^acent. Lat. of Croix isl. in the bay, 33° 47' 6' S. ; Ion. 25° 46' 7' W. Algodonales, a town of Spain, Andalucla^ at the foot of the Sierra de Liiar, prov. & 49 m. N.E. Cadiz. Pop. 3,338. Chiefly agricultural Al Hadiir [Hatra), a mined city of Asiat. Turkey, Mesopotamia, 60 m. S.S.W. Mosul, hav- ALH 23 ALK ing a circular space 1 m. in diam. cneld. by a bastioned wall, & man; perfect remains & traces of buildings & tombs. Alhama (the Bath), the name of several towns of Spain. — I. Andalucia, proT. & 24 m. S.W. Gra- nada, on the Sa. de Alhama. Pop. 6,284. It has ruins of Moorish walls, & near it are the cele- brated warm baths, whence its Arabic name n. proT., & 13 m. S.W. Mureia, with 6,935 inhabs., an hospital, a mined castle, and warm baths. Alhambba, the Moorish palace. [Gbanaoa.] — II. a town of Spain, N. Castile, prov. & 48 m. E.S.E. Ciudad Real. Pop. 760.— III. proT. and 62 m. S.W. Zaragoza, on 1. b. of tlie Jalon. Pop. 553 ; with celebrated mineral springs and baths, the AqiuB BilbilitaruB of the Romans. Alhasdba, a town of Portugal, Estremadura, on rt. b. of the Tagns, 18 m. N.E. Lisbon. Pop. 1800. It has a safe port, a fishery, and extensive tile and brick works. — II. a town of South Ame- rica, Brazil, prov. and lo m. S.S.E. Paranahyba. At. ha obis bei^a Tobbe, a town of Spain, Gra- nada, prov. and IS m. S.W. Malaga. Fop. 2,717. ALBAUBrN EL Gbande, a town of Spain, Gra- nada, prov. & 22 m. W.S.W. Malaga. Pop. 5,514. AxHEKDiK, a town of Spain, Andalucia, on the Dilar, prov. & 6 m. S.W. Granada. Pop. 2,275. Alhucehas, a small isl. and fortress belonging to Spain, in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Marocco, 5 m. S.E. Cape Morro. Lat. 35° 15' N. ; Ion. 4° IT E. The town consists of 28 houses, and the hospital is its principal building. Fop. a garrison of 85 men, and the attendants on the hospital It was taken possession of by the Spaniards in 1673. All, an anc. town of Sicily, intend., and 15 m. S.S.W. Messina, with sulphur baths. Pop. 1,300. Ali-Abad, a town of Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 85 m. N.E. Kashan, with 500 houses. Near it is a royal resid., built by Shah- Abbas. — II. a sea-port town, prov. Mazanderan, on the Caspian Sea, 30 m. N.W. Amol. — in. avill., prov. Azerbijan, 65 m. N.E. Tabriz. — ^Also several other vills. in Asia. Aliaoa, atown of Spain, cap. of thejudioial distr. of same name, on the Guadalope, prov. and 23 m. N.E. Teruel. Pop. 1,122. It was greatly injured by the troops of Don Carlos in 1840. AiiASHKA, a penins. of Rnss. America, in the Pacific, between lat. 50° and 65° N. ; Ion. 155° W., 350 m. in length N. to S., by 25 m. in average breadth ; having several active volcanoes. A1.1-BE6I.1, a large vill. of Persia, prov. Azer- bijan, (HI the Gader, a tribut. of Lake Urumiyah. Ali-Bogha», a town of Afghanistan, in the valley, & 10 m. E. Jelalabad, at an elev. of 1900 ft. Aii-BusDEB, atown of Scinde, on the Gonnee, a branch of the Indus, in its delta, 76 m. S.S.E. Hyderabad. A dam erected here in 1799, has rendered the Gonnee innavigable even for boats. AxiOAsiE, Zucentum, a fortified city and sea- port of Spain, cap. pro v. of same name, on a bay in the Mediterranean. Lat. of castle, 38° 20' N. ; Ion. O' 27' W. Pop. (1844) 19,021. The lower town is clean and well built ; it has a society of friends of the country, a college & public libranf, & a good collection , on the N. coast of Australia, comprises all the r^on betw. the gulf of Car- pentaria and Anson Bay, and is so named from having been discovered by the crews of the Amhem and Pera in 1618. — Arnhem Bay is a deep inlet near lat. 12° S., and Ion. 136° E.— Cape Arnhem is the £.most point of Arnhem Land, in thegnlf of Carpentaria, lat. 12° 19' S ; Ion. 137° 1' E. Arnis, an island and fishing vill. of Denmark, on the Schlei, 2 m. S. Kappeln. Pop. 800. Arno, Arnus, a river of^Tuscany, rises in Mt. Falterona (Apennines), at an elev. of 4,444 ft. above the sea, 25 m. N. Arezzo, flows at first S.E. & then N.W., almost describing a circle, ivntil it receives the Sieve, 10 m. E. Florence ; after which its course is W. to the Mediterr., wliich it enters by an artificial mouth 7 m. below Pisa. Distance fr'om source to month, 76 m. Chf. afifls. the Sieve, Chiana, Pesa, Elsa, and Era. Its valley is one of the richest and most beautiful tracts in Italy. The Arno communicates with the Tiber, by means of the Chiana, which formerly was an affl. of the latter, but now empties itself into the Arno. Florence, Figline, Empoli, and Pisa, are situated on or near the banks of the Arno, which is na- vigable naturally from the sea to Florence. Arnold, a pa. of England, co. and 4 m. N. by E. Nottingham. Area 4,670 ac. Pop. 4,509, chiefly employed in manufe. of hosiery. Abnoldsdobf, a town of Prussia, Silesia, prov. S.E. Ifeisse, with paper mills. Pop. 1,410. AnNouiT-EN-lvELiNE (St), a coram . & town of France, dep. Selne-et«Oise, arrond. and 8 m, S.E. Rambouillet. Fop. 1,420. Arnsbero, a town of Prussian Westphalia, cap. reg., on the Ruhr, 44 m. S.E. Miinster. Pop. 4,300. Chief trade, linen and woollen weav- ing, and brewing. It has a castle, a college, and an agricultural school. Arnsdorf, a vill. of Prussian Silesia, circle Hirschberg, with a castle & paper mills. P. 1,300. Arnstadt, a town of centrju Germany, princi- pality of Sohwartzburg Sondershausen, on the Gera, 10 ra. W. Erfurt. Pop. 5,000, with manufs. of woollen, linen, and cotton stuffs, dye-works, paper mills, and an extensive corn-mkt. It has a castle of the prince of Sohwartzburg, and ruins of the ancient fort of Kasernburg. Arnstein, a town of Bavaria, circ. Lr. Franc, on the Werra, 11 m. N. Wiirzbur-g. Pop. 1,396. Arnswalde, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. Frankfurt, sta. on the Stettin & Posen railw., cap. circ, 20 m. S.E. Stargard. P. 4,622. Aroche, Aracd Vetus, a town of Spain, on a hill, prov. and 44 m. N. Huelva. Pop. 2,705. Arokszallas, a vill. of Hungary, Jazygia, 44 m. E.N.E. Pesth, and an entrepSt for the trade betw. that city and Upper Hungary. Pop. 7,700. Arolsen, a town of W. Germany, cap. princi- pality of Waldeck, on the Aai-, 21 m. N.N.W. Cassel. Pop. 2,050. It has manufs, of woollen cloth and leather ; & a beautiful castle, residence of the prince, with valuable paintings, &c. Aron, a river of France, dep. Nievre, joins the Loire near Decize, after a course of 25 m., the latter 10 of which are navigable II. A vill., dep. and 2 m. E. Mayenne. Pop. 1,722. Arona, a town of the Sardinian States, Pied- mont, div., prov. and 23 m. N.N.W. Novara, cap. mand,, on the S.W. shore of Lago Maggiore. Pop. 2,200. It is well-built, and has a high school, several churches, a port and dockyard on the lake, with an active trade. On a hill in its vi- cinity is a colossal statue of San Carlo Borromeo, bom in the vicinity of the town, in 1538. Aroka, atown in the isl. of Teneriffe, Canaries, situated at the foot of Mt. Escalona. Fop. 1,516. Aboo Islands, E. Arehip. [Abbtj Islands.] Aroostook, co. U. S., N. America, in N.E. of Maine, extending to the Canada boundary, water- ed by river of same name. Pop. 9,413. Arpa-Chai, a river of Armenia, tributary to the Aras, which it joins about 50 miles N. Mount Ararat, after a course from N. to S. of 70 to 80 m. Arpaia, a vill. of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, 2 J m. E.N.E. Arienzo, supposed to occupy thesiteof the Romau Caudium, near which their army suff. the humiliating defeat of the " Caudine forks." Arpajon (formerly Chatres), a comm. & town of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, cap. cant., on the Seine, 1 m. from the Paris and Orleans railway, and 15 m. S.S.E. Versailles. Pop. 2,017.-11. A vill., dep. Cantal, 2 m.S.S.E. Aurillac Pop. 2,300. AjipiNO, Arpinum, a town of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, cap. cant., in the Apennines, 6 m. S.S.E. Sora. Pop. 9,600. It has an active trade, and manufs. of woollen cloth, parchment, and leather. In its vicinity are extensive machine ?aper mills, at which 200 people are employed. t is the birth-place of Cicero, Marius, & Agrippa, and has remains of anc city & of cyclop, walls. Arqua, Arguata, a village of Northern Italy, deleg. and 12^ ra. S.W. Padua, among the Euga- • nean hills, worthy of notice as the place where Petrarch died (July 19th, 1374) and is buried. His house and tomb are well described by Byron (Childe Harold, cant. iv. § 31, and note 9). — II. A vill., deleg. and 5 m. S.S.W. Rovigo. Pop. 2,800. ARQ « Abqua, a well-built town, Mexican Confed., state Xalisco, N. of Lagos. Pop. 4,000. Abquata, a town of Italy, Pontifical states, deleg. and 17 m. W.S.W. Asooli. Pop. 1,650. ASqdato, a town of N. Italy, duchy Parma, on 1. b. of the Arda, 17 m. S.E. Piacenza. Pop. 2,000. AiKHiENNES, a comm. & vill. of Belgium, prov. Hainault, on the Senne, and the Charleroi canal, 17 m. N.E. Mons. Pop. with comm. 1,667. Abques, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine Inf., on the Arques, 3 m. S.E. Dieppe, with ruins of ano. castle, an important stronghold in the middle ages. In 1S89, Henri it. here con- quered the leaguers under the D. of Mayenne. — The Arques riv., same dep., is navig. from Arques to the Engl, channel. — II. a vill., dep. Pas de Ca- lais, arrond. and 2 m. S.E. St. Omer. Pop. 1,854. Abbaches, a vill. of Savoy, Faucigny. Pop. 99O. Abbah, apopulous town of British India, presid. Bengal, cap. &t. Shahabad, 36 m. W. Patna. Aeean, an isl. of Scotland, in the firth of Clyde, and foi-ming the larger part of the co. Bute, about 6 m. S.W. Bute isl., and E. Kintyre. Estimated area, including islet of Pladda and Holy Island, 100,000 ac. Pop. (1841) 6,421. Its N. part is mountainous and wooded, its S. undulating, and destitute of timber. It has several bays, that of Lamlash being the best harbour in the firth of Clyde. Exports cattle, sheep, oats, and fish, to the value of about 22,000Z. annually. The isl. is divided into the parishes of Brodick & Kilbride, and mostly >belongs to the Duke of Hamilton. It is celebrated for its picturesque beauty, & its interesting geological features. Height of Goat- ffell mountain, 2,865 feet. Abban Isles, a sea-girt barony in Ireland, co. Galway, Connaught, consist of a group of small isls. Lat of lighthouse on Inishmore, the largest and most northerly, 63° T 38' N. ; Ion. 9° 42' 22' W. United area 11,287 ac. P05. 3,000. Soil fertile, but dry in summer. Chief products, potatoes, rye, oats, with fresh and cured fish, puffins' feathers, and yearling calves. The isls. yield a rental of above 2,000?. a year, tlie tenants paying from 21. to 6?. each. Inishmore has many antiquities ; and on its E. coast is the vill. of Killeany. These isls. give the title of Earl to the head of the Gore family. North Arran or Arranmore Island, barony Boylagh, co. Donegal, Ulster, lies 1| m. west of Ajlean point, in the Kosses, 8 m. N.E. Daurus head. Area 4,336 ac. Pop. 1,000, employed in agriculture and fishing. A lighthouse on the Island exhibits a fixed light. AJrbah-Fowiit, and Aebenki, two mntns. of N. "Wales, co. Merioneth; the former 9 m. S. W. Bala, and 2,965 ft. in height ; the latter 6^ m. W. Bala, and 2,809 ft. in elevation. Abbas, Nemetacum, a comm. & fortified city of France, cap., dep. Pas-de-Calais, and formerly cap. prov. Artois, on the Scarpe, and on the Railway du Nord, 35 m. N.E. Amiens, and 100 m. N.N.E. Paris. Lat. 60° 17' 31" N. ; Ion. 2° 46' 60" E. Pop. (1846) 24,321. It is well-built, & has the appearance of a Flemish city ; chief edifices, a citadel, a cathedral, town hall, theatre, arsenal, barracks, a curious belfry tower, &c. It is the seat of a court of assize, a royal society, diocesan seminary, schools of design, belles-lettres, and for deaf-mutes. It has a botanic garden, museums, and pubhc library of 36,000 vols. Chf. manufs., cotton thread, calico, hosiery, lace, coarse wool- lens, beet-root sugar, earthenware, and soap; ithasan extens. general trade. Arras is the birth- place of Lebon, Robespierre, and Damiens. Aebatollos, a town of Portugal, prov. Alem- tejo, 11 m. N.N.W. Evora. Pop. 2,200. 5 ARS Abbavollos and Abbatas, small towns of S. America; Brazil, provs. Goyaz and Para. Abeead, a comm. and anc. town ot France, cap. cant. H. Pyr^n^es, 15 m. S. E. Bagn^res-de- Bigorre. Pop. 1,480. Manufs. of cloth & bonnets. Aebesee, a lake of Denmark, Seeland. Lat. 5 j 67' N. ; formerly a bay of the Cattegat, communi- cating with Roeskilde-flord by a small canal. Aebeskov See, a lake of Denmark, Fuhnen, the largest in the isl., with an outlet to the Oden- see-aue ; it contains a great quantity of fish. Aebeton, a pa. of the Isl. of Wight, 3 m. S.E. Newport. Area 8,270 ac. Pop. 1,964. Abbisqton, a pa. of England, co. Cambridge, 6 m. S.E. Caxton. Area 1,388 ac. Pop. 317. It is the seat of co. petty sessions. Aebonohes, a town of Portug., prov. Alemtejo, on the Cayan, 18 m. J!f.N.W. Elvas. Pop. 1,100. Abboquhab, or Abeochae, a pa. of Scotland, CO. Dumbarton, and occupying all its N. portion, with a vill. on Loch Long, 4 m. W. Ben Lomond. Par. mountainous, elevation of Ben Voirlich 3,180 ft. Pop. of pa. 680. The village is increasing by the construction of bathing villas, and in summer it communicates with Glasgow by steam boats daily. Abbow, a riv. of Wales and England, rises in CO. Radnor, and flows past Kingston, into the Lngg, near Leominster. Total course 30 m. — II. A stream rising in theLickey Hills, co. Wor- cester, and joining the Alne at Alcester. — ^HI. A lake and riv. of Ireland, Connaught, co. Sligo. The lake, 4 m. in length, by from 1 to 2 m. across, and 181 ft. above the sea, is studded with isls. and highly picturesque. The riv. flows from its N. extremity, and after a N.W. course of about 20 m. enters Ballysadare bay. Abbow, a pa. of England, co. Warwick, 1 m. S.W. Alcester. Area 4,220 ac. Pop. 543. Rag- ley, seat of Marquis of Hertford, is in this pa. Aebowsmith (Mt.), Tasmania. Lat. 42° 7' S., Ion. 146° 3' E., and 4,075 ft. in elevation. Abboto del Pueeoo, a town of Spain, Estre- madura, prov. and 11 m. W. Caceres, with a church containing many of the finest paintings of Morales. — Arroyo de Molinos, is a vill. 27 m. S.S.E. Caceres, where the French were routed by Lord HUl, 28th Oct. 1811.— Arroyo is the name of many other Spanish villages. Aebc, or Aeoo, a group of Islands in the Asi- atic Archipelago, betw. lat. 6° 20' and 6° 66' S., & Ion. 134° 10' & 134° 46' E., 80 m. S.W. Papua, the largest being 70 m. long, and 20 m. broad. They are separated by narrow straits. To the E. of the group is an extensive coral reef, where pearls and trepang abound. The inhabs. are a mixture of the Malay and Australasian negro races, and many have adopted Christianity. Products com- prise pearl, mother of pearl, tortoise-shell, birds of paradise and trepang, which with various other articles are brought hither by Bughis traders, to be exchanged for British calicoes, iron, hardwares, arms, and gunpowder, from Singapore. Dobbo, a town on the isl. Warud, inhabited by some Dutch and Chinese merchants, is at present the greatest mart in the N. of Au- stralasia, and it is estimated that British goods to the amount of at least 150,000 dollars are im- ported yearly into this entrepSt of the Arru isls. Absacides, a group of small islands in the Pacific. [Solomon Isles.] Aesaoo, a vill. of Lombardy, prov. and 6 m S.S.W. Milan, with ruins of a very anc. temple. ' Abs-En-Re, a comm. and town of France dep Charente Inf., cap. cant., on the W. coast of the isl. of R^, 17 m. W. la RooheUe. Pop. 2 311. ARS 67 ARU Exports, salt, wine, & vinegar.— II. Sur-Mosdle, comm. and ^iU., dep. Moselle, cant. Gorze. Pop. 1,453. Manufe. of cloth for the army, & paper. Arsiero, a vill. of Northern Italy, deleg. and 20 m. N-N-Y- Vicenza. Pop. 2,400. Art, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 7 m. W.N.W. Schwyz, at the S. extremity of the lake of Zug, and where guides are obtained for the ascent of the acyacent Mt. Righi. Pop. 2,200. Arta, Gxsis OF, Sinus Ambraciits, a gulf of the Ionian sea (Mediterranean), forming part of the N. frontier of the kgdm. of Greece, about lat. 39° N., & Ion. 21° E. It is nearly land-locked, having Acamania on the S. and E., and Albania on the N. Length, N.W. to S.E., 25 m., breadth from 4 to 10 m. It is pretty deep in general, especially towards its E. extremity, and contains several isls. Shores alternately swampy, precipitous, or bordered by undulating hills, lis several inlets are termed the bays of Nicopolis, Karavasara, Rnga, Vonizza, &c ; at its entrance it is named the bay of Prevesa, from the town of Prevesa on its N- shore. The town of Vonitza stands on its S. shore, and the river Arta enters it on the N. The famous naval battle of Actium was fought near the entrance of this gulf, b.c. 29. Arta, Aractkus, a river of European Turkey, Albania, rises in Mt. Mezzovo, and flows to the gulf of Arta, which it enters on its N. side by a month 2 m. £. of its anc. outlet. Total course about 60 m. At its entrance it is impeded by a bar, bnt within this it is navigable to Arta, the only town on its hanks. Arta, AnUfracia^ a town of Albania, sanj. and 42 m. S. Janina, in a finely wooded tract, on 1. b. of the Arta, here crossed by a remarkable bridge 200 yards in length, 7 m. from its mouth. Pop. estdmated from 5,000 to 9,000, mostly Greeks. It has a large cathedral, a ruined convent of the 9th century, now a caravanserai, a citadel, and traces of its Hellenic walls, with manufs. of coarse cottons and woollens, leather, capotes, and em- broidery, and an active general trade. AgTt, a town of Majorca, near the N.W. part of the island, on a range of hills which ex- tend E. to C. Pera, the point of which is defend. by a castle. Pop. 4,001. Chf. industry, manuis. of coarse linen, dyeing, & fishing. Commerce in fruit. Abtajona, a town of Spain, prov. Navarra, 18 m. S. Pamplona. Pop. 1,911. It consists of a walled town and an open suburb. Artaki, ArtacCf a maritime town of Asia- Minor, Anatolia, on the W. shore of the peninsnla fere erected by subscription in 1831, attended'by 200 children; Mkt.day Sat:, and 6 anhual fairs; St Asaph unites with Flint, Caergwyle, Caerwjs, Holywell, Mold Overton, and Rhuddlaw, in send- ing one mem. to H. of C. Rfeg. electors (1846) 97. ASC AsABO, a town of Sicily, Catania, 9 m. N.E. Castro-Giovanni. Pop. 2,968. AsBACH, (Gboss and Klein), two contiguous vills., Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, 17 m.S.M. Stuttgart.— II. a viD. Bhen. Prussia, reg. Coblenz. AsBY, or AsHBTj a pa. of England, county Westmoreland, 4 to. S.W. Appleby. Area 8,880 ac. Pop. 407. A copper mine has recently been opened in this parish. ' ' '' AscEKSiON, an isl. in the Atlantic, belonging to Great Britain, 280 m. N.W. St Helena. It is of a triangular shape, 8 m. long, and 6 m. broad at W. end. Lat. of the fort 7° 55' 55' S. ; Ion. 14° 25' 5" W. Area about 35 square m. Pop. (nearly all military) about 400, including women and children. It is of volcanic origin, and generally mntnous., especially in the S.E., where, one peak is 2,870 feet m elev. Surface nearly destitute of verdure. Climate healthy, but so chy, that until wells were sunk a few years since, water was very scarce. The tomata, castor-oil plant, pepper, & Cape-gooseberry, are indigenous ; and with at- tention, various European vegetables are suc- cessfully raised. Turtle, and birds' eggs form at present its chief exports, of the latter 10.000 dozens have been collected in one week. On its N.W. side is an open roadstead, opposite George- town, — a station consisting of a fort, military quarters, and a few detached residences. The island is named from having been discovered on Ascension-day, 1501. It was taken possession of by the English in 1815. AsoEWsios Bav, E.coast of Yucatan, Central America, N. of Espiritu Santa B. AscH, the most W. town of Bohemia, circ. El- bogen, 13 m. N.W. Eger. Pop. 5,000. Manufs. of cotton hosiery; woollen fabrics, and wire. AscHACH, a town of Upper Austria, on rt. b. of the Danube, 13 m. N.W. Linz. It is a mart for laths, timber, fruit, and linens. AscHAPFENBtjEG, a flourishing town of Bava- ria, circ. Lr. Franconia, in which it holds the 2nd rank, on rt. b. of the Maine, 23 m. E.S.E. Frank- fort. Pop. 8,400. It has a royal residence, col- lections of art, and a library of 22,000 volumes ; a Gothic church with the tombs of its princes ; a gymnasium, and public schools ; mann&ctnres of soap, woollens, straw goods, paper, and tobacco, ship-building yards; and a considerable transit- trade. AsoHENDOBF, a viU. of Hanover, landrost & 26 m. N. Meppen, near the Ems. Pop; lj400. AscHEBSL'EBEN, a towu of Prussiau Saxony, reg. and 27 m. W.S.W. Madgeburg, cap. circ, on the Eine, near its junction with the Wipper. Pop._ li;270. It has a gymnasium and manufe. of friczfe, flannel, linen fabrics, and earthenwares. Near it is the ruined castle of Ascarda. AsciANo, a vill. of Tuscany, prov. and 13 m. S.E. Sienna, in the Val S Ombrone. Pop. 2,460. AscoLi, Asculum Picermm, an anc. episcopal city of Italy, Pontif. States, cap. deleg., on a hill. On rt. b. bf the Tronto, 63 m. S. Ancona, 16 m. W. the Adriatic. Pop. 13,000. It is well-built, hand- some, and has old walls, and a citadel. Chief edi- fices, a cathedral and numerous other churches ; a niodem palazzo, containing a museum, library, and theatre ; a Jesuits' college, governor's resi- dence, and many t)rivate palaces. Fairs are held here in May, Aug., and Nov. Its harbour (Pm-to d'Ascoli), at the mouth of the Tronto, is fre- quented by coasting vessels, and defended by two fdrts.— II. »i Satbiano (Asculum), a town of Naples, prov. Capitanata, cap. cant. 18 m s Foggia:^ Pop. 5,660. It has a castle, a fine cathedral, and a dioceSah school: ^ ASC 69 ASH AsooNA, a vill., Switzerland, cant. Tioino, on L. Maggiore, 2 m. S.S.W. Locarno. Pop. 1,000. Ascot-Heath, England, co. Berks, pa. Wink- field, is about 3i m. N. of the South- Western railway, and 6 m. S.W. Windsor. It is known for its races, held in the second week after those of Epsom, and which, from the vicinity of the course to Windsor, are usually attended by the sovereign, & numbers of the aristocracy ; though the fadlities now afforded by the railway render the company much less select than formerly. AscoTT, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 6 m. N.E. Burford. Area 2,540 ac. Pop. 463. AsnouD (anc. AsAdod and Azotus), a vill. and seaport of Palestine, pash. Acre, on the Mediter- ranean, 21 m. S. Jaffa, and 10 m. N.E. Askalon. Pop. 300. It has no remains of antiquity, and would be unworthy of notice but for the figure it makes in Sacred History, as one of the 6 prin- cipal cities of the Philistines. The sea is gradu- ally receding from its now shallow harbour. AsEERGHUR, Or Hasseb, 3, towu and fort of British India, presid. Bombay, at its nearest point of approach to the Bengal presid., district Candeish^ 12 m. N. Boorhanpoor. The fort, strong, and well supplied with water, was taken in 18^ and again in 1819 by the British, who have held it ever since the latter period. AsELE, a par. and village of Swedish Lapland, laen and 110 m. N.W. Umea, cap. Asele Lapp- mark,^on the Angerman river. AsGAitBY,two pas. of England. — ^I. co. Lincoln, pts. Kesteven, 2f m. S.E. Sleaford. Area 1,150 ae. Pop. 77. — II. same co., pts. Lindsey, 4 m. N. by W. SpUsby. Area 1,590 ac. Pop. 131. Ash, several pas. of England. — I. co. Kent, on the Stour, 5 m. E. by N. Wingham. Area 6,940 ac. Pop. 2,077. Fairs, April 6, and Oct. 11.. The ruins of Kichborough castle (anc. Rkutupium), on the brow of a hill, near Sandwich, in this parish, conast of a wall from 10 to 30 feet high and 12 thick, enclosing an area of about 5 acres, where various antiquities have recently been discovered. — ^11. same co. 3i m. N. by W. Wrotham. Area 2,930 ac. Pop. 663.— III. co. Surrey, 4J m. N.E. Famham. Area 12,650 ac. Pop. 2,236.— IV. co. Hants., 5 m. E.N.E. Whitchurch. Area 2,310 ac. Pop. 166. — V. a hamlet, co. Devon, pa. of Tiowley, 7 m. E.S.E. Oakhampton._ In its man- sion-house the great Duke of Marlborough was bom, A.D. 1650. AsHANTEE, a country of Africa, and the most powerful native state of Upper Guinea, betw. lat. 6° and 8° N., Ion. 0° & 3° W. The sovereignty of its chief over the pettj states on the coast, ceased in 1831, and its S. hmit is now 60 m. from the Gulf of Guinea. Pop. probably 1,000,000. (?) It is mntnous., well-watered, and healthy in the more elev. districts, Chief rivs. Volta & Assinie. Products comprise maize, millet, dhourra, rice, yams, tobacco, the sugar-cane, cocoa, the pine- apple, and other fine fruits, with dye-woods, gums, and timber : the chief exports are gold dust and palm oil. The inhabs. are courageous, intelligent, and excel in several kinds of manufs. ; but they appear to have been long subjected to a most bloody despotism, whole multitudes having been customarily slaughtered at festivals and at the deaths of royal personages. From the late Par- liamentary Reports on W. Africa, however, it ap- pears that, owing to British influence, human sacrifices have in a great measure declined. In 1824, the Ashantees attacked the English settle- ment on the coast, and defeated a force of 1,000 men under Sir C. Macarthy; but in 1826, they sustained a total rout from our troops, since which time the Ashantee power has progressively decreased. Chf. town & seat of trade, Coomassie. AsH-BooRiNa, ana. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 6 m. S.E. Needham Market. Area 760 ac. Pop. 321. There is a national school in the parish. Ashbourne, or Ashbubn, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., CO. and 12^ m. N.W. Derby. Area of pa. 12,800 ac. Pop. 4,936. Town neatly built, has a large church erected in 1240, and in which are some monuments of the Boothby family ; a grammar school, income 240?. a-y ear, several other charities, manufs. of cotton fabrics, and lace, and an active trade in malt and cheese. Mkt. Satur- day : fairs 10 times yearly. — II. a vill. of Ireland, CO. Meath, 14 m. N.N. W. Dublin, and near whicn occasional races are held. AsHBRiTTiE, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 6J m. W. Wellington. Area 2,460 ac. Pop. 640. . Ashburnham, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 4 m. W. Battle. Area 4,280 ac. Pop. 790. The vill. gives name and title to Earl of Ashburnham, whose ancestors were lords of the manor liefore the Conquest. In the church is preserved the shirt which Charles I. wore at his execution, with other relics given by him to Mr Ashburnham. AsHBURTON, a parliamentary bor., mkt. town, and pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 16 m. S.W. Exeter, and 192 m. W.S.W. London. Area of pa. 8,320 ac. Pop. 3,641. Do. of town, 3,014. The town is surrounded by hills, and consists mostly of one long street; it has woollen mills, a venerable church, a grammar school endowed with 2 scholar- ships, and numerous charities. It was, in 1838, constituted one of the 4 stannary towns of Devon. Bor. returns 1 mem. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1846) 262. Mkt. Saturday ; fairs, 1st Thurs. in March & June, Aug. 10, & Nov. 11. This is the birth-pl. of the celeb, lawyer Dunning, afterwards Lord Ashburton, & of the critic & poet Gifford, AsHBCRT, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Berks, 5} m. N.W. Lamboume. Area 6,620 ac. Pop. 819. —II. CO. Devon, 4 m. S.W. Hatherleigh. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 65. AsHBT, numerous pas. of Engl, — I. co. Norfolk, 7 m. S.E. Norwich. Area 640 ac. Pop. 263.— II. CO. Suffolk, 5 m. N.W. Lowestoft. Area 800 ac. Pop. 63 III. {by Partney), Lincoln, 2 m. E. Spilsby. Area 1,210 ac. Pop. 160— IV- {Canons), CO. Northampton, 7 m. W. by N. Towcester. Area 1,410 ac. Pop. 252 V. {Castle), same co,, 7 m, E. by S.Northampton. Area 1,740 ac. Pop. 172. Tardley Chase, Marquis of Northampton, is in this pa. VI. {Cold}, same co.,11 m. N.N.W. Northampton. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 443,— VII. (de la launde), co. Lincohi, pts. Kesteven, 6 m. N. Sleaford. Area 2,880 ac. Pop. 167.— VIII. {Foville), CO. Leicester, 6 m. S.W. Melton-Mow- bray. Area 2,830 ac. Vop. i37,— IS.. {Magna), same co., 31 m. N.E. Lutterworth. Area 1,730 ac. Pop. 337.— X. adjoins the above, 2^ m. N.W. Lutterworth. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 1^9. XI. {Puerorum), Lincoln, 6 m. N.E. Horncastle. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 102.— XII. {St Leger's), Nor- thampton, 3 m. N. Daventry. Area 2,050 ac. Pop. 257. The church has a richly ornamented screen and roodloft, & contains the tombs of the Catesby family .—XIII. {West), Lincoln, IJm. N. Horncastle. Area 1,690 ac. Pop. 534.— XIV. {with Fenby), co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, 5 m. S S.W. Great Grimsby. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 211.— XIV. {with Obey), co. Norfolk, near Acle. Area 1,160 ac. Pop. 86. AsHBT-j>E-LA-ZouOH, a mkt. town ana pa. of Engl., CO. and 15i m, N.W. Leicester. Area of pa. 8,300 ac. Pop. 6,652. It has a ruined castle, m whieh,Mary Queen of Scots was once coriflfted, ASH 70 an ane. church in the decorated style, a grammar school, with 10 exhibitions of 10?. per ann. each, in Emanuel College, Cambridge, a theatre, salt water baths resorted to by visitors, manufs. of hosiery, hats, bricks, and iron-smelting works. Mkt. Sat. ; fairs. Shrove Mon., Easter & Whit. Tuesdays, last Monday in Sept., and Nov. 10. AsHOHDRCH, a pa. of Engl., co. Gloucester, 2J m. E.N.E. Tewkesbury, with station on the Great W. railway. Area 4,240 ao. Pop. 743. AsHOOMBE, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon., 3 m. E. Chudleigh. Area 2,250 ae. Pop. 297. AsHOOTT, a chapelry of Engl., co. Somerset, pa. Shapwick, 4 m. W.S.W. Glastonbury. Area 2,890 ac. Pop. 843. AsHBON, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 3J m. N.E. Saffron-Walden. Area 4,840 ac. Pop. 1,164. Four mounds in this pa., reputed to be sepulchres of the Danes, mark the supposed site of Canute's victory over Edmund Ironside, in 1016. Ashe, co. V. S., N. America, N.W. part of N. Carolina. Area 840 sq. m. Pop. 7,467. Elevated table-land, and surface rough but productive. AsHELDHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 4 m. S.S.E. Bradwell. Area 1,810 ac. Pop. 219. AsHELWOBTH, 3, pa. of Eugl., CO. & 4 m. N. Glo'ster, on the Severn. Ac. 1,810. Pop. 594. AsHEH, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 2^ m. S.W. Clare. Area 2,220 ac. Pop. 321. AsHExnaN, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, 5 m. N.Thame. Area 1,790 ac. Pop. 463. It is the seat of petty sessions. AsHFiELD, two pas. of England. — I. co. Suffolk, 2 m. E. Debenham. Area 1,560 ac. Pop. 343. — II. {Great), same Co., 6J m. N.N.W. Stowmar- ket. Area 2,030 ac. Pop. 396. Lord Thur- low was bom in this parish in 1732. AsHFOBD, a market town and pa. of England, CO. Kent, 12J m. S.W. Canterbury, and 53 from London. S.E. railway has a station here. Area of pa. 2,950 ac. Pop. 3,082. The principal street, nearly half a mile in length, is paved and lighted. The church, once collegiate, is large, and has some superb monuments. The grammar school was founded in 1638 by one of the Knatch- bull family. Market, Tuesday; fairs, Aug. 2, Sept. 9, Oct. 12 and 24, for wool, horses, and cattle. AsHFOBD, several pas., &o., of England, — I. CO. Middlesex, 2 m. E. of Staines. Area 1,500 ac. Pop. 524. — II. CO. Devon, on the Taw, 2 m. N.W. Barnstaple. Area 2,170 ac. Pop. 174 III. a chapelry, co. Derby, pa. and 2 m. N.W. Bakewell. Pop. 950. The vill. is beautifully situated on the Wey, here crossed by three stone bridges, and on the banks of which are mills for cutting black marble, obtained in the vicinity. — IV. (Bawdier), a pa., co. Salop, 3i m. S. Ludlow. Area 630 ac. Pop. 96. — ^V. (Carbonell), adjoining the above. Area 1,480 ac. Pop. 266. AsBFOBB, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Connecticut, 30 m. E. Hartford. Pop. 2,651. AsHFOBDBT, 3. pa. of Engl., CO. Leicester, 2J m. W. Melton-Mowbray. Area 1,210 ac. Pop. 482. AsniLL, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3 m. N.W. Watton. Area 2,970 ac. Pop. 637. The poor here have a right of pasture on a common of 43 acres. — II. a pa., co. Somerset, 3 m. N.W. Dminster. Area 1,860 ac. Pop. 438. AsHiNGDON, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 2 m. N. Rochford. Area 1,020 ac. Pop. 119. AsHiNQTON, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 2J m. E.8.E. Ilchester. Area 550 ac. Pop. 71. — II. a pa., CO Sussex, 5 m. N.N.W. Steynuig. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 282. AsHicTBK, a pa. of Scotland, cos. Roxburgh and Selkirk, 3i m, S. Selkirk. Pop. 663. ASH Ashley, several pas. of England.— I. co. Northampton, 4J m. W. Rockingham. Area 2,190 ac. Pop. 323.— II. co. Hamps., 3 m. S.E. Stockbridge. Area 2,580 ao. Pop. 102.— m. CO. Stafford, 6 m. N.W. Ecdeshall. Area 2,600 ao. Pop. 583.— IV. co. Wilts, 4J m. N. Malms- bury. Area 1,010 ac. Pop. 96.—V.{rntm^Sylver- ley), CO. Cambridge, 3 m. S.E. Newmarket. Area 2,143 ac. Pop. 417. „ ^„ „ AsHMASHAiTGH, apa. of Engl., CO. Norfolk, 6 m. S.S.E. North Walsham. Area 700 ac. Pop. 180. AsHMOEE, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 4 m. S.E. Shaftesbury. Area 3,940 ac. Pop. 242. AsHMUNEiH, a town of Egypt. [Esohmdhein.] AsHOLT, or A1SH01.T, a pa. or England, co. Somerset, 6i m. W. by S. Bridgewater. Area 2,650 ac. Pop. 201. Ashoveb, a pa. and vill. of England, co. Der- by, SJ m. S.W. Chesterfield. Area 11,290 ac. Pop. 3,482, employed in cotton, worsted, and stocking manufs. The vill. is of great antiquity ; and its church has a curious leaden font, appa- rently Saxon. Fairs 25th April, and 15th Oct. AsHow, a pa. of England, co. and 4 m. N.N.E. Warwick, on the Avon. Area 1,100 ac. Pop. 172. AsHPBiNGTON, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 2 m. S.E. Totness. Area 2,240 ac. Pop. 588. Ash-Peiobs, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 6 m. N.W. Taunton. Area 750 ac. Pop. 226. AsHEAF, a town of Persia. See Ushbcff. Ashbeighey, or Ring's Ash, a pa. of England, CO. Devon, 4 m. W. by S. Chranleigh. Area 6,220 ac Pop. 1,088. Asheidge, a hamlet, Engl., par. Pitstone, 2 m. N.W. Chesham. A parliamt. was held here by Ed- ward I., and Princess Elizabeth Uved here in 1554. Ashta, a town of Hindostan, Gwalior domini- ons, 63 m. E. by S. Oojein. Ashtabula, co. U. S., N. Amer., N.W. part of Ohio state, on Erie lake. Pop. 23,724. Intersected by a river of same name. Soil generally good. AsHTABOTH, au anc. city of Syria, named in Scripture as the cap. of " Og, king of Bashan," identified with the Telel Ashtereh, pash. Damas- cus, in the plain of Hauran, 5 m. W. Mezarib. AsHTBAD, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, IJ m. S.W. Epsom. Area 2,610 ac. Pop. 618. AsHTOLA (the Carine of Nearchus), an unin- habited isl. of the Indian Ocean, lat. 25° 8' N. ; Ion. 63° 48' E., 12 m. from the Mekran coast, Beloochistan. It abounds with turtle ; and was formerly the haunt of the Jowasimee pirates. AsHTON, several pas., &c., of England. — I. co. Devon, 4 m. N, Chudleigh. Area 1,560 ac. Pop. 319. The church has a finely carved screen and roodloft. Manganese mines are wrought in this parish. — II. co. and 6 m. S. Northampton. Area 1,290 ae. Pop. 417.-111. (Cold), co. Gloucester, 4^ ra. N. Bath. Area 2,310 ac. Pop. 414.— LV. (in Mackerfield), a township, 00. Lancaster, pa. Winwick, 2J. m. N.W. Newton. Pop. 5,510, em- ployed in cotton manuis., iron-works, and col- Ueries.— V. (Keynes), a pa., co. Wilts, on a branch of the Thames, 4 m. W. Crioklade. Area 3,820 S"- 1°^ 1,332.— VI. (Long), a pa., co. Somerset, 3 m. S.W. Bristol. Area 4,110 ac. Pop. 1 926 —VII. (upon-Mersey), co. Chester, 3 m. N.E. Al- tringham. Area 1,630 ac. Pop. 2,414— VIII (Steeple), co. Wilts, 3 m. E. Towbridge. Area 7,450 ac. Pop. 2,425. It has petty sessions. AsHTON-CNDEB-LvKE, a parliamentary bor manufacturing town, and pa. of England, co. Lan- caster, on the Tame, 6 J m. by railway E N E Manchester. Area of pa. 9,300 ac. Pop of do' 46,304; do. of bor. 22,514. Town mostly ill- bullt, but it has a large church of the tirne of ASH 71 Henry V., a good market-house, lately erected at a cost of 10,000^, various schools and cha- rities, assembly-rooms, a theatre, and mechanics* instit.,with'a new and large Independent chapel, and places of worship for Methodists, Baptists, Unitarians, Roman Catholics, Moravians, and Jews. It is well placed for manufacturing in- dustry, coal being plentiful, and canals from Manchester, Huddersfield, and Derbyshire meet- ing in the pa. It had, in 1838, 82 cotton mills, employing 12,143 hands ; also woollen mills and a silk factory. Stout ginghams and printed calicoes are the principal goods woven. Cotton yams of the finer kinds are spun both in the town and in Staleybridge, which seat of manufactur- ing industry is partly in the pa., and comprised in the pari. bor. Several years ago, there were in Ashton pa. 20 collieries, employing, together, 1,000 hands. Mkt. Sat. ; fairs, March 23, April 39, July 26, and Nov. 21. Ashton was formerly a municipality; at present, its gov. is exercised by flie CO. magistrates, who hold weekly sessions here. It sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Beg. elects. (1846) 871. Assessed taxes of bor. (1846-7) 1,1932. The residence of the Assheton family, who formerly possessed capital jurisd. here, is now oeeup. by the steward of Lord Stamford. AsHUBST, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 3 m. W. Tunbridge 'Wells. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 224.— II. a pa., CO. Sussex, 3 m. N. Steyning. Area 2,250 ae. Pop. 427. AsHWATEB, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 6 m. S.S.E. Holsworthy. Area 4,220 ac. Pop. 1,046. Fairs, 1st Tues. in May, and 1st Men. after Aug. 1. AsHWEix, a pa. of England, co. Herts, 3} m. N.N.E. Baldock. Area 3,500 ac. Pop. 1,236. Within i m. of the village, which was formerly a mkt. town, are the traces of a Koman camp. — IL a pa. CO. Rutland, 3^ m. N.N.E. Oakham, Area 1,890 ac. Pop. 223. AsHWELTHOEPE, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3} m. S.E. Wymondham. Ac. 1,030. Pop. 469. This manor is the property of Lord Bemers, whose ancestors ownedit in the reign of Hen. VII. AsHWicK, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 3 m. N.E. Shepton Mallett. Area 1,700 ac. Pop. 946. AsHwicKEN, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 4J m. E.S.E. Lynn Regis. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 78. AsHwoBTH, a chplry. Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Middleton,3im.W. Rochdale. Ac. 730. Pop. 325. Asia, the largest of the great divisions of the globe, comprehends all the countries to the east of Europe and Northern Africa, and extends, with its islands, between lat. 10° S., and 78° N., and Ion. 26° E. to 190° E. (170° "W.) A great central mass of continent forms about four-fifths of the whole area, and ii-om this several extensive peninsulas and headlands project on the E., S., & W., with many clusters of contiguous islands. Asia is closely connected with the other continents, being separated by no great sea distance from America on the N.E., and Australia on the S.E., connected with Africa by the isthmus of Suez on the S.W., and conterminous with Europe on the W. by an extensive boundary line, formed by the Uralian and Caucasian mountains. Its whole area is sup- posed to amount to upwards of 16 millions of square miles, and its population to 626 millions. CeiOral Asia is composed of two great elevated table lands, a higher and a lower, each descend- ing by gradual slopes and terraces to the level lowlands, while those table lands themselves are traversed by numerous mountain chains and ele- vated ranges of country. The eastern systena of these table lands comprehends the elevated dis- trict of Tibet, and the great desert of Gobi, ASl from 4,000 to 10,000 feet above the sea level, the western, the plateau of Iran (Persia), with a gene- ral elevation of 4,000 ft. Both these districts com- bined may occupy about two-fifths of the whole of Asia, the remainder is occupied partly by the terraces, by the intervention of which the ele- vated table lands gradually sink towards the low- land, and partly by the lowlands themselves. The length of the elevated regions, from the Black Sea and Persian Gulf on the W., to the Corean Coast on the E., is upwards of 5,500 m. The greatest breadth, from 1,800 to 2,000 m. on the N.E. of China, while in the W., in Beloochistan and Bucharia, it contracts to 700 miles. The mtns. of Taurus and Caucasus form the boundary of the plateau on the N.W. ; Mt. Elbruz near the Caspian Sea, the Altai range in Siberia, and the Alpine region of Da-uria, on the N.E. ThO' Himalaya mtns. form the S. boundary, and the Persian mtns. and Mt. Taurus the W. The most elevated portion of the Eastern Plateau is in Tibet, where it rises to the height of 10,000 to 14,000 ft. It then sinks gradually to the N. and N.W., forming a series of terraces, which termi- nate in the low steppes around L. Aral. It is through these sloping terraces, by which the east- em Plateau is every where intersected, that the great riv. systems descend to the lowlands border- ing on the ocean. On the mountain ranges N. of the table land, four great rivs. take their rise — the Irtish, the Tenesei, the Lena, & the Amur, drain- ing a surface of coimtry more extensive than that of Europe. Two great rivers take their rise in the Eastern range, the Hoang-Ho and the Tangtse- Kiang, which, flowing through China, discharge their waters into the Pacific Ocean. The prin- cipal rivers of S. Asia are the Cambodia, Ira- waddy, and Menam ; the Brahmaputra, Ganges, and Indus, taking their rise in the Himalaya mntns., and traversing by diverging routes die country known as India within the Ganges. The Western Plateau is much smaller in extent than the eastern, but being more contiguous to Europe, assimilates more in its character to that continent. The high table land of Iran extends from the Upper Indus throughW. Asia to the shores of the Grecian Archipelago. Persia forms its centre ; to the W. are the Turkish dominions, and E. Afghanistan. The centre is intersected by several extensive mountain ridges, through which are some import- ant passes from the Highlands of Persia to the coast. Westward of Persia, the table land be- comes more mountainous in the countries of Kur- distan, Azerbijan, and Armenia ; here the rivers Euphrates and Tigris have their source, which, flowing through Mesopotamia and anc. Babylonia, enter the Persian Gulf by one channel. The peninsula of Arabia forms a continuation of the Highlands of W. Asia. The Lowlands of Asia may be divided into, 1. Chinese Lowlands on the E., commencing at Pekin, and extending nearly to the tropic, enjoying a temperate climate and fertile soil ; 2. the Indo-Chinese, comprehending Cambodia and Siam, a well-watered and good rice country ; 3. Hindostan, bounded by the Ganges and Indus, formmg a great triangle ; 4. Syria & Arabia, the southern part dry and desert, the northern watered by the Euphrates and Tigris j 6. the Northern Siberian, in extent more than half all the others, stretching along the Polar Sea from the Ural Mntns. to the Pacific Ocean, a cold and generally sterile region ; 6. Bucharia, on the Caspian Sea and L. Aral, with a gravelly soil, ill-watered, covered with grass, without trees, & with only occasional patches of fertile land. The Jlfincraf products of Asia are numerous, & have ASI been known from remote antiquity. Precious stones are abundant. Amethysts, topazes, and rock-crystals are found in the Altai, Himalaya, and Ural mntns. ; oarnelians and agates in W. India ; beryl and lapis lazuli near L. Baikal ; sap- phires and rubies, Ceylon isl. ; diamonds in Dec- can, Borneo, and Ural mntns. Volcanic products are found near Mt. Taurus, in Armenia, w. Ana- tolia, and in Jajjan and Sunda isl. ; steatite, as- bestos, and kaolin or fine porcelain clay, in China and Japan ; talc in Siberia; coals in Hindostan & China; rock salt in the Ural mntns., N. China, & Turkey ; gold or gold-dust in various localities. In 1843 the mines of Siberia produced 68,867 lbs. troy of gold, estimated value 2,76O,00OZ. Mer- cury in China and Japan. Copper and iron in Ural mntns., & lead in Da-Uria, China, Armenia. Fossil shells are found in great quantities at an elevation of 16,000 to 18,000 ft. in Tibet, mamma- Kan remains in the lower Himalaya, & the allu- vial soil of Siberia, is full of bones of extinct quadrupeds. Tlie vegetation of Asia varies with its different regions. N. of lat. 60° scarcely any vegetable groducts are seen except birches, mosses, and chens. In S. Siberia, and indeed as far S. as the chain of the Himalaya & Hindoo-Koosh, the vegetation in a great measure resembles that of N. and Central Europe,' though all the great table land of E. Asia is remarkably bare of tim- ber. Ginseng and rhubarb are products peculiar to this region. In the cultivated plains of Bok- hara and Cabool, grapes, melons, pears, figs, and other fruits common in Europe, grow to such perfection that they are exported in con- siderable quantities to Persia and Hindostan. N. of the Caucasus, the country is thinly covered with vegetable products, and those are of inferior quality ; but immediately S. of that chain, the cedar, cypress, juniper, oak, and the fruits com- mon to S. Europe, be^rin to flourish luxuriantly ; and rice, cotton, indigo, sugar, tobacco, dates, are among the products of the fruitful provs. of Ttirkey and Persia. The region of Asia S. and E. of the Himalaya, comprising the Indian penin- sulas, with China-proper and the Asiatic Archi- pelago, is unrivalled for the number and richness of its vegetable products. These include the plantain, banyan, ebony, iron, rose and sandal- wood trees ; bainboos, gums, varnishes, and dye- woods in immense variety ; with the betel, bread- fruit & banana, guava, mango, mangosteen, & a multitude of other fruits ; sugar, opinin, cotton, indigo, and numerous valuable articles of culture. The teak-ti;ee, tea, sago, cauoiphor, cloves, mace, and nutbiegs, are peculiar to this part of the globe. Wheat is raised at an elevation of 10,000 feet in the Himalaya mountains. The zoology of the N. of Asia partakes of, the character of 'that of N. Europe. In the central S,nd southern countries ai-e foiind the elephant, rhinoceros, Bengal tiger, and many o^her formidable ani- 'mEils, with the camel, auroch, yaik, musk-deer, argal, Tibet goat ; and it is believed that all the domestic animals of Europe (the sheep perhaps excepted) have been originally derived from Asia. There seems to be this marked dis- tinction between the ox, horse, ass, goat, hog, and other mammal tribes which are natives of Asia, and those which are indigenous in Africa or America, — ^that the former juone are capable of propagation and domestication in every climate. Asia has comparatively a less variety of birds and reptiles than of quadrupeds, but the cassowary,' bustard, pheasant, domestic foi^l, and a variety of other gallinaceous birds are abun- 73 ASI dant; & among reptiles, the Indian python, the cobra-de-capeUo or spectacle snake, with the gavial, or crocodile of the Ganges, are formidable m the highest degree. Asia is considered the cradle of the human race, from whence the various nations and tribes have issued to people the other parts of the world. The number of foreigners, who have migrated to & settled in Asia, is small compared to those who have left it. The number of Europeans in India may be estimated at 100,000, the descendants of the Cossacks settled in Siberia, 2 millions, Eu- ropean Greeks inhabiting Anatolia, IJ million. The races inhabiting Asia may be divided into 1. The Semitic, including Syrians, Jews, Arabs, and the descendants of the ancient Chaldeans or Aramoeans;— 2. The Persian Kurds, Ossetes, Ap- menians, Georgians, Mingrelians ; — S, The Turks, forming a numerous race of central Asia; — 4. The Samoiedes, N. Asia;— 6. The Mongols, Buri- ats, BLalmucks, Tungooses, and other tribes in N.E. Asia;— 6. The Japanese, Chinese ;— 6. The Malays, inhabiting Malaysia & the islands of the Eastern Archipe&go. The political divisions of Asia include six empires, China, Russia, Britain, Persia, Turkey, Arabia. The British possessions are chiefly in India, or the peninsula within the Ganges. The Portuguese, whose settlements were formerly numerous, haye preserved only Goa, Damaun, Macao, and a tew others. The French possess Pondicherry, a settlement on the coast of Malabar, and two or three more. The Butch occupy Java, Sumatra, the Moluccas, &c. The following Table affords a general estimate, as nearly as the data will permit, of its extent and population : — Stfttw. Area in ii^. m. EetimftUd Pop. Chinese Empire, tnclud. isla,. 5,260,000 "i^S Bussian Empire 4,810,0«0 /'Anam, . 187/100 6,000,000 Islnm, . . 190,000 8,0110,000 Furtlier iBurmah, 200,000 5,000,000 Xndla )Liui9, 1,000,000 /Malay Peninaula, 45,000 375,000 VCllssay , .*'S2 .'"•SSS ' l-British Dom., 659,270 95.300,000 iProtected States, 433,500 46,000,000 U7,B0O 3,500,000 India -^Portuguese, /french, and Da- } 3,330 550,000 ^hisli Dom., rsoltliara. 1 1,000,000 1 200,000 Tartar, dr .^Khokan, J. 720,800 600,000 TttilEeataD,' /Kbtva, . f 800,000 V.Kirgh!zDom. J 2,260,000 Kaflristan, Aftriianidtan, . 7,000 ^S'^SS 6,000,'000 160,000 480,000 Persia, «0,000 8,000,000 Turliey, J . . . 437,000 10,000,000 Aratia, . . , . Jajaneie Empire, . 1,200,000 7,000,000 16,051,900 671,000,000 266,500 25,000,000 Asmtlo Archipelago, . Total of Islands, 813,500 30,000,000 1,110,000 65,000,000 Grand Total of Asia and \ ItsIsTs., . . . i 16,161,900 626,000,000 Asia Isles, a duster of low & thickly wooded isls. in the Asiatic Archipelago, E. ol Gilolo Lat. 1° N. ; Ion. 131° 17' E.; AsiAGO, a town of Northern Italy, deleg. Vi- cenza, cap. of the djstr, termed the " Seven Con*- munes," inhabited by a race of German descent 22, m. N. Vicenza. Pop. of the di^t., 23,300 ; of the town, 4,670. . It is qelebrated for the manuf. of straw hats and all sorts of carpenter's work Asia Minob, or Anatolia, forms the western ASI peninsnla of Asia, extending between lat. 36° & 43° N., & Ion. 26° & 40° E., having E. Armenia and Mesopotamia, S. Syria and tlie Mediterr., W. the Xgeaa Sea, and N. the Sea of Marmora and Black Sea. Area estimated at 269,000 sq. m. ; & pop. at 4,000,000. Two mountain chains run nearly E. and "W., the district between, forming an elevated table land studded with nmtns., while the country interior to this plateau is watered on each side by short rivs. The Taurus mntn. chain trends E. to W. near its S. coast, rising frequently to 8,000 or 10,000 ft. in ht. ; and near the N. coast runs the other chain, less continnous and lofty, but comprising Mts. Olympus, Ida, and Gargarus, famous in classic literature. On the N.E. are the mntu. ranges of Anti-TamTis ; elev. of the highest, Arjish Tag, 13,000 ft. N. of these is the Enxine or Lazian range. Shores greatly indented ; principal inlets, the gulf of Adalia and Makri on the S. ; those of Symi, Kos, Scala-Nova, Smyrna, and Adramyti, on the W., and those of Ismid and Sinope, on the N. coast. Chief rivs. the Elzil-Irmak (anc. Balys), Teshil-lrmak, and Sakaria (anc. Iris & Sangarnu), flowing into the Black Sea ; the Ko- dos, Grimalki, and Mendere (anc. Hemais, Caicus, and Meander), into the MgiBoa ; the Sihtin and Jyhoon (anc. Sarus & Pyramtis), into the Medi- terranean ; and the. Euphrates forming the E. frontier. There are numerous fresh and salt water lakes ; Tuz-gol is the largest salt water 1., and yields a great quantity of sSt. The climate varies with the loc^ty, the elevated regions be- mg cold and hmnid, the plains warm and fertile. The eastern part of the country is composed of volcanic rocks, the "W. of calcareous strata with tertiary fossils. The mines produce copper, silver, lead, iron ; alum, nitre, and rock salt are also abimdant. Rice, barley, maize, sugar, cotton, indigo, tobacco, opium, and most of the products of S. Europe flourish ; and the mntns. in the N. abound with good timber. Other products are wool, silk, gall-nuts, skins, fiirs, cochineal, mad- der, sponge, meerschaum clay. Manufs., leather, carpets, cotton & woollen stuffs, & a few other articles. The pop. consists mostly of Turks and Greeks, with some Armenians and Jews, and wandenng tribes of Kurds, &c. Asia-Minor is divided into the pasbaHcs of Anatolia, Itshil, Karamania, Sivas, Marash, and a part of Trebi- zond. Principal cities, Smyrna, Brusa, Trebi- zond, Kutayan, Angara, Eonieh (anc. teoTiium), and Kaisariy^ (anc. Oeesarea), with Scutari, opposite Constantinople. Smyrna, Trebizond, and Bmsa, are the prmcipal seats of commerce ; but adl around the coasts are numerous small ports, where fairs and markets for the produce of the inland districts are frequently held. This region was anciently the seat of the famous king- doms of Troy and Lydia, and afterwards formed a proconsnlship under the Komans. It produced Homer, Thales, Pythagoras, Herodotus, and many other of the most distinguished poets, philosophers, historians, and artists of antic[uity ; and ruins scattered over almost every portion of its surf^e, attest its former wealth & prosperity. Asiatic or Eastebh Abchipelago, the largest collection of isls. on the globe, extendmg along the equator, from the S.E. coast of Asia to the W. of Australia, comprehending a space betw. lat. 11° g. and 19° N. ; and Ion. QS" to 185 1/. ; having the China Sea on the N., the Pacific on the E., and S. and "W. the Indian Ocean. The numerous isls. may be arranged under 6 groups. 1. Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Madura, Banka, Billiton, & the W. and larger por- Ti ASI tion of Borneo. This includes the western and larger isls., where the soil is good ; to which may be added the a<^oming Malay peninsula. Kiee is cultivated, as well as some of the aromatic spices, as pepper, and the inhabitants are the most civilized of the Archipelago. 2. Celebes, Sumbawa, Flores, Timor, Sandal- wood Isl., and E. part of Borneo. This includes the central isls. where the soil is inferior. Rice not largely produced, and sago partly forms a substitute. 3. Ceram, Booro, Gillolo (Molucca I.), Thnor- laut, Arrooe I., and Papua, the latter com- ing within the range of Australasia ; this forms the eastern division, the climate & products of the soil of which differ from the two preceding. Aromatic plants, as the spices, characterize the Moluccca isls. Sago is the chief article of food, and the irihabs. are inferior in civilisation. 4. Mindanao, Sooloo I., Palawan, and N.E. part of Borneo. This forms a central group N.E. of No. 2. Rice is produced, but sago forms the chief food. Spices of inferior quality. The natives are superior in civi- lisation to those in division 2. 6. Luzon, & all that portion of the Philippine isls. stretching from lat. 10° to 19° N. Soil and climate adapted for rice, tobacco, and sugar-cane, but not for spices. A difFerent race of inhabs. from those of the other groups. These isls. lie within the range of the hurricanes. The isls. of the Eastern Archipelago are all more or less of volcanic origin, & exhibit at the present time, active volcanoes in numerous loca- lities. The older formations, however, are also found forming the basis of many of the islands. Mntn. ranges of considerable height, as well as isolated mntns. are very prevalent; the elev. ex- tending from 5,000 to 15,000 ft. Extensive val- leys intervene, and dense forests of stupendous trees, and a most luxuriant and varied vegeta- tion cover the whole surface of the soil ; no arid or barren deserts existing. In the older primary & seoondaTy rocks, metalliferous ores are abun- dant. Gold is found in various places, especially in Borneo and Sumatra ; tin mines in the isl. qf Banca; silver, copper, & iron in other localities ; diamonds are found in Borneo ; sulphur is abun- dant, as also lignite, naphtha, asphaltum ; coal is found in Iiuzon and other localities, and native salt is procured from springs in Java. The cli- mate is tropical, the solar heat tempered, how- ever, by the insular condition of the land, and by copious moisture. In the Western Isls. the thermometer ranges from 76° to 93° F. These isls. experience the atmospheric changes incident to the monsoons, and the N.E. isls. are within the range of the tropical hurricanes. A good soil, elevated temp., and genial moisture, produce a E refuse and splendid vegetation. Palms, bam- oos, and rattans grow universally ; teak, ebony, sandal-wood, sassafras, areca, and resinous and gum-hearing trees in abundance. The clove, nutmeg, and various aromatic trees, abound in the Moluccas. Pepper, ginger, cubebs, and various spices, in Java and Sumatra. Cotton, tobacco, sugar, sweet potato, in the Philippines, and other islands. Flowers of the most splendid hues, mostly yellow and red, spring up in spon- taneous abund. ; & fruits, as the orange, lemoi), shaddock, pomegran., nine-apple^ guava, mango, durian, are very plentifw. The grains cultivated in the larger and more civilized isls., are maize, ASI mUlet, pulses, and chiefly rice. Throughout the other isls., the amylaceous pith of the sago palm (Metroxylon sago) is the chief food of the inhabs., forming, in this locality, a peculiarity in the mode of human subsistence not found in any other part of the world. Animals are no less abun- dant in this region than vegetation. The ele- phant is found in Sumatra, and the Malay penin- sula adjoining. The tiger, panther, and other predacious animals, are not uncommon. The ox & buffalo, both large & of excellent breeds, are used in agriculture ; deer and wild hogs abound, and the rhinoceros is not uncommon. Many species of the monkey tribe are found in vari- ous localities, and the oran-outang in Borneo. Birds of the most varied kinds and beautiful plumage fill the woods, as the argus pheasant, peacock, bird of paradise, & sevl. useful species of domestic fowls, & a species of swallow builds the edible nest so eagerly prized by the Chinese. Tor- toises are numerous on the eastern shores, & fish, includg. the pomfret, calcap, sole, abound in the seas. The Holothuria, or sea slug, another Chinese luxury, and oysters, and numerous shell-fish, are also common. The lac insect exists in most of the forests, and honey bees are numerous, but have not been domesticated. Two distinct races of men inhabit this region. The Malay, forming the great bulk of the pop., especially of the W. isls., is of a light brown or olive complexion, with long straight hair, short stature, & robust body, round face, and small features. Strong & active in habits, in many communities considerably ad- vanced in civilisation; in other situations, rov- ing and restless pirates,— and differing also in physical form in many of the isls. The Papuan or black race have negro features and curly hair, small stature, and spare and puny form. These are in a ruder state, are less susceptible of civilisation, and in many of the islands in- habit the interior of the countnr in a savage state. Many Chinese emigrants have settled in Borneo and other isb., and a small proportion of Hindoos. The Hindoo faith is professed by a portion of the native races, but Mohammedanism is the prevailing religion. Christianity has been partially introduced into the Europ. settlements. The Dutch possess Java, Madura, Amboyna, Banda, Timor, and part of Sumatra, and have some settlements in Borneo, Celebes, &c. The Philippines belong to Spain. Singapore is a British station fortrade and shipping; & Labuan, on the N.W of Borneo, has recently been estab. for the same purposes. The exports to China are spices, scented wood, ebony, ivory, horns, tortoise shell, sharks' fins, edible bird nests, tre- pang, gold dust, drugs, & European woollens & cottons : India, spices, gold, silver & tin, amount- ing in 1838 to 542,760i. The exports to Europe, America, and Cape of Good Hope, are greatly on the increase. The chief imports, are black tea, coarse porcelain, wrought iron, cottons, silks, shoes, umbrellas from China ; cotton cloths, and chintzes from India ; cottons, woollens, saddlery, and other manufactured goods from England. Particular details will be found under Java, Suma- TBA, Banda, Moidccas, Philippines. AsiNALiTNCtA, Or SiKA LoNOA, a town of Tus- cany, on E. slope of the hill which separates the Val-di-Chiana and Val Ombrone. Pop. 2,068. AsiNABA, a small isl. of the Mediterr., N.W. Sardinia, and separated from it by the Passo d'Asinara, a channel 1 m. in breadth. It is fer- tile, and was once populous ; but is now inhab. only by a few fishermen.* It has the best coral banks in the Sardinian Sea. 74 ' A S O AsKALON, a seaport town of Palestine, pash. Acre, on the Mediterranean, at the mouth of the Sorek, 37 m. W.S.W. Jerusalem. From 300 to 400 persons inhabit a suburban vill. here, which has a port frequented by small vessels. The anc. city is quite deserted, and presents only a mixture of Syrian, Greek, and Gothic rmns,with remains of a Roman amphitheatre. In remote Antiquity Askalon was a principal city of the Philistines (Phcenicians) : its defences were finally destroyed by Saladin, in the 12th century. AsK,or AsEK.atown of Persia, prov. Mazande- ran, at the S.E. foot of Mount Demavend, in a nook shut in by its spura, 5,900 feet above the sea, and 60 m. S.W. Sari. It is said to comprise from 1,000 to 1,600 houses, and is the principal of 72 villages within the district Larijan. AsKEATON, a town and pa. of Ireland, prov. Munster, co. Lunerick, on the Deel, 2 m. from its confluence with the Shannon, and 17 m. W.S.W. Limerick. Area of pa. 6,521 ac. Pop. 4,438 ; of town, 1,862. Its parish church was that of a commandery of knights-templars founded in 1298. It has a royal chapel, several schools, the ruins of a castle and of a Franciscan monastery. The Deel is navigable up to the town for vessels of 60 tons. AsKEEN, or AsKEENE, a towuship of England, CO. York, "W. Riding, pa. Campsall, 7 m. N. by 'W. Doucaster, and resorted to by visiters for the sake of its sulphur baths. Area 800 ac. Pop. 468. In the vicinity is Conisborough castle. AsKEESUND, a town of Sweden, laen and 27 m. S.W. Orebro, at the N. extremity of Lake 'Wet- ter. Pop. 871. It has a port, and an active transit trade in grain, fish, and tobacco. AsKEESWELL, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 4 m. E. Bridport. Area 2,330 ac. Pop. 233. AsKHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. 'Westmoreland, on the Lowther, 5 m. S. Penrith. Ac. 3,000. P. 685. AsKHAU, two pas. of England, co. and ainsty Tork.— I. {Bryar!), 4 m. 'W.S.'W. York. Area 1,920 ac. Pop. 342. — II. {Richard), a pa. ad- joining the above, 2^ m. S.'W. York. Area 960 ac. Pop 232. AsEOE, a small isl. of Denmark, in the Great Belt, 2 m. off the If . coast of Laaland. Lat. 64° 64' Vl" N. ; Ion. 11° 29' 40' E. AsKEiGQ, a market-town of England, co. York, N. riding, pa. Aysgarth, on the Ure, 15 m. S.'W. Richmond. Area 4,790 ac. Pop. 726. Market Thursday. Fairs, May 11th, 12th, and 17th, 1st Thursday in June, and October 28th and 29th. It has a grammar school, and some small lead mines in the vicinity. AsLACKBT, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, pts. Kesteven, IJ m. S, Folkingham. Area 4,810 ac. Pop. 507. It has the remains of a preceptory of the Templars, and of an ancient castle. AsLACTON, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3 m. 'W.S.'W. St Mary Stratton. Area 1,310 ac. Pop. 404.— II. a chplry. co. Notts, pa. Watton, 2\ m. N.E. Bingham. Pop. 424. Archbishop Cramner was born here in 14^9. AsMANSHAnSEN, a vill. of Germany, Nassau, on rt. b. of the Rhine, 2 m. N.'W. Rudesheim. AsMiLOKtosTEE, a vill. of Denmark, N. Jiit- land, on E. side of 'Wiborg laJce. AsNifeEES, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine, arrond. S. Denis, cant. Nanterre, on the railway from Paris to Versailles. Pop. 600.— 11. a comm. and vill., Charente Inf. Pop. 1,294. — III. {Sur Oise), a comm. and vfll., dep. Seine- et-Oise, arrond. Pontoise. Pop. 1,051. AsoLA, afortfd. town of Northern-Italy, deleg. and 19 m. 'W.N.'W. Mantua, cap. distr. on the ASO Chlese. Pop. 4,000, with manufactories of silk twist. AsoLO, a fortfil. town of Northern-Italy, deleg. and 19 m. N.W. Treviso. Pop. 3,400. It is a very anc. place, and has several Roman antiqs. AsoNE, Asona,aTW. of Central Italy, Pont. Sta., delegs. Ascoli and Fermo, enters the Adriatic 7 m. S.E. Fermo, after a N.E. course of 30 miles. Asopcs, a riv. of Greece, dep. Thehes : rises S. Thebes, flows E.ward, and enters the channel of Egripos, 23 m. E. Thebes, length about 24 m. AsPAj-L, a pa. of England, co. Suifolk, 6 m. S. Eye. Area 1,240 ac. Pop. 132. AsPATRiA, a pa. of England, co. Cumberland, 7 m. N.E. Maryport. Area 8,610 ac. Pop. 1,921. It has a station on the Maryport & Carlisle railw. AsPE, a town of Spain, Valencia, prov. and 20 m. W. Alicante. Pop. 6,744. — II. a valley of France, dep. B.-Pyr^n^es, traversed by the Gave d'Aspe, down which timber is floated to Oleron. AspEDEx, a pa. of England, co. Herts, 1 m. S.W. Buntlngford. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 529. It has a national school, and several charities. AspEREX, a town of the Netherlands, S. Holland, on the Linge, 20 m. E. by N. Dort. Pop. 1,127. AsPEEo, or AsBERQ, a town of 'Wiirtemberg, circ Neekar, 8 m. N. Stuttgart, on the railway from Stuttgart to Heilbron. Pop. 1,500. Near it is the castle of Hohen-Asperg, on a steep rock. AsPERN, or Gross Asparn, a Till, of Austria, 5 m. E.NJB. Vienna, celebrated for the defeat of Napoleon by the Anstrians under Archduke Charles, 21st-23d May 1809. AsPET, a town of France, dep. H. Garrone, cap. cant, 60 m. S.W. Toulouse. Pop. 2,573. AsPHALTiTES (Lake), Syria. pDEiO Sea.] AsPLEY-GuisE, apa. of England, co. Bedford, 2 m.N.byW.Wobum. Area 1,960 ac. Pop. 1,139. AspRi^RES, a comm. and viJl. of France, dep. Aveyron, 14 m. N.N.E. VUlefranche. Pop. 1,443. AsPROMONTE, a town of the Sardinian States, div., proT. and 6 m. N. Nice. Pop. 1,590. Aspbopotamo, " White-river," Achelous, the largest river of the l^dm. of Greece, rises near Metzovo in Albania, 20 m. E.N.E. Janina, flows S.S.W., separating Acamania on the W. from Enrytania, Trichoma, and Etolia on the E., and enters the Ionian Sea (Mediterranean) 15 m. W. Missolonghi, length 100 m. In its lower part, during the r^ny season, it is 1^ m. across. On the Greek frontier it receives the Platanies, im- mediately after which it is crossed by the bridge of Korakos, 180 feet in length. Abpcli., a township of England, co. Lancaster, pa. and 3 m. N.E. Wigan. Area 1,930 ac. Pop. 2,772, partly employed in adjacent coUieries. Aspuzi, a town of Asia Minor, pash. Marash, 6 m. S. Malatiah. It is surrounded by gardens and orchards, and is resorted to as a summer residence by the inhabitants of Malatiah. Assaca, a prov. of Africa, Gold coast, with a town of same name, dependent on and 5 m. W. Fort Orange. Pop. estimated at 2,000 men. ABSAM,aBritish prov. of Further-India, presid. Bengal, comprising that portion of the valley of the Brahmaputra between lat. 26° and 28° N., and Ion. 90° and 97° E., having N. the Himalaya, separating it from Bootan and E. Tibet, S. the Naga and Garras mountains which divide it from the Birman and Munneepoor territory, and W. Bengal. Area estimated at 18,200 sq. ra. and Pop. at 603,000. Surface, very fertile, densely wooded, and well watered, having, besides the Brahma- putra, 34 other rivers flowing through it. TTie tea plant grows wild in parts of this prov., and a company has been formed in England for its 75 ASS cultivation. The latter has so far succeeded that sundry parcels of very fair teas have been imported from Assam, but it may be doubted whether the speculation will turn out to be pro- fitable, & whether the Assam tea can be suppUed of the same quahty and price as that of China. Other groducts are rice, mustard, gold-dust, ivory, am- er, musk, silver, u'on, lead, and petroleum. Coal is met with; and silk of very superior quality, with sugar, might be produced. Princi- cipal imports, broad-cloths, India-fabrics, salt, opium, glass, earthenware, tobacco, betel, from Bengal; there is a Umited trade with Bootan and Tibet. Assam was ceded to the British by the Burmese in 1826, and is subdivided into three districts ; chief towns, Ghergong, Joorhath, and Gowhati. Brahminism has superseded Budd- hism in this province. AssARLO, a town of Turkey in Europe, Bumili, on 1. b. of the Maritza, N.W. Adrianople. AssAVE, or AssYE, a small town of Hindostan, prov. Berar, in Nizam's doms., 28 m. N. Jaulna, memorable as the place where the Duke of Wel- lington (then Gen. Wellesley) commenced his ca- reer of victory, 23d. Sept. 1803, by defeating, with 4,500 men, the combined forces of Scindia and the Nagpoor Raja, amounting to 30,000 men. AsscHE, a town of Belgium, prov. S. Brabant, cap. cant., 8 m. N.W. Brussels. Pop., with comm., 5,238. Manufs. of linen and turned wares. Some villages of Belgium have same name. AssEN, a town of the Netherlands, cap. prov. Drenthe, on the Hoom-diep, 15J m. S. Gron- ingen. Pop. 1,316. It has a gymnasium, and trade in stone and peat, and communicates with the Zuyder Zee, by the Smilder canal. AssEsnELFT, a vUl. of the Netherlands, N. Hol- land, 9i m. N.W. Amsterdam. Pop. 2,711. AssENEDE, arill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, cap. cant., 12 J m. N.N.E. Ghent. Pop., with comm.,. 3,984, with woollen and cotton manufactures, dye and soap works, and breweries. AssENHEiM, a town of Germany, Hessen- Darmstadt, prov. Ober Hessen, on the Nidda, 14 m. N.N.E. Frankfort. Pop. 704, with a castle of the count of Solms-Rodelheim. Assess, a maritime town of Denmark, isl. Fiihnen, dist. and 20 m. S.W. Odense, with a small harbour on the Little Belt, which is the ordinary port for the traffic between Fiihnen and Schleswig. Pop. 2,700. AssERiA, or PoDGRAJE, a towu of Dalmatia, with ruins which show that it has once been a splendid city. It is the Asisia of Ptolemy. AssiNGTON, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 4 m. N.W. Neyland. Area 3,450 ac. Pop. 778. AssiNiBOiNE, a river of British N. America> N.W. territory, flowing into the S. extremity of lake Winnipeg. Chief affl. the Red River, near the influx of which is the station Assiniboia. — II. a fort on the Athabasca river, lat. 54" 20' N.; Ion. 114° 3' W. AssiNiE, a country of Africa, Upper Guinea, at the W. extremity of the Gold coast. The French tookpossess.of a part of this coast,& found- ed a factory on the r. Gabon or Assinie in 1843. Assisi, a town of Italy, Pontif. States, deleg. & 13 m. S.E. Perugia. Pop. 5,000. It is pictu- resquely situated on a steep hUl, surrounded by battlemented walls, and a long line of aqueducts. Its churches arc adorned with early specimens of Italian painting. The cathedral is a structure of the 11th century. Assisi has been a bishop's see ever since a.d. 240. It has manufs. of needles and files ; and large fairs, July 21st to August 1st, and on October 4th. ASS 76 Asso, a Till, of N. Italy, deleg. and 8 m. N.E. Oomo, Pop. I,5d0 H. a town and fort, N.W. coast of the isl. Cephalonia, 15 m. N. Argostoli. Assouan, Assowah, or Es-Sodan, i%ene, a town of Upper Egypt, on the E. bank of the Nile near the borders of Nubia, 110 m. S. Thebes, lat. 24° 6' 30' N. ; Ion. 32° S5' E. It has remains of a wall, a mosque, and other ruins of Syene, and a trade in dates, senna, charcoal, henna, wicker baskets, and slaves from Abyssinia. Near it are extensive granite quarries. AssuAT.the most S. dep. of Ecuador, S. Amer., mostly betw. lat. 3° and 6° S., and Ion. 70° and 80° W., having N. & W. the deps. Guayaquil, S. Peru, and E. Brazil. Area estim. at 251,000 sq. m. It comprises a part of the Andean Cordillera, & the upper basin of the Amazon riv. Chief towns, Cuen;a, Loxa, Jaca, and Boija. The principal article of produce is the cinchona bark. There are silver mines at Los A^oques, but they are not wrought to advantage. AsscMPTioN, one of the Marianne isls.. Pacific, Ocean, lat. 19° 41' N. ; Ion. 145° 27' E. ; and 10 m. in circuit ;, alt. of siimmit 2,026 ft. — II. one of tlie Seychelles isls., IndiaftOceaii, lat. 9°46' ^. ; Ion. 46° 34' E III. town, S. Amer. [Asuncion.] Assumption, a vill. and riv. Lower Canada^ JTj, America, the river joins the, St Lawrence, 14 m. N.N.E. Montreal, having passed the, vill. As- sumption, 8 m. above their confluence. — Also a fa. Louisiana, U. S., N. America, on the Missis- sippi. Pop. 7,141. Chief town Nappleonville. AssTNT, a very extensive marit. pa. of Scot- land, CO. Sutherland, bordering W. on the Minch, and landward on the cos. Koss and Cromarty. Estimated area 100,000 ac. Pop. 3,178, mostly resident, on the sea coast. It contains several mntns. 3,000 ft, in ht. ; and pn its N. side is Loch Assynt, with the pa. church on its shore, 35 m. ■VF.N. W. Dornoch. In, this district the Marquis of Montrose was defeated and taken prisoner, AsavKiA, the name of the first great empire «f, antiquity celebrated in Holy writ. Assyria^ Proper was a regioq E. of the Tigris, the cap. Niiieveh, and derived its name from AssJiur, the second son of Sh,e^. It appears to have compris- ed the mod. jpashs. of v an aiid Diarbekir, with Persarmenia, mcliiding at least part of Azerbijan ; cc(rrespdg. pretty exactly to, modern Kurdistan. ,AsxAFFOBT,.a town of France, Lot-et-Gar,, cap, cant, on the Gers, 9 m. S.E. Agen. Pop. 1,318. AsTARA, a riv. of Georgia, Talish, enters the Caspian on its W. side, and has a Kussiaji fort of the same name on its bank 3 m. from the sea, lat. 38° 32' N., Ion. 48° 57' E. AsTBUBV, a pa. of England, co. Chester, 1 m. S.W. Congleton. Area 18,070 ac. Pop. 14,355, mostly employed in silk factories, of which there were 35 in the pa. in 1838. The church is a Gothic structure, with internal decorations. AsTEN, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. North Brabant, 27 m. S.E. Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 2,882. AsTEBABAD, 3, town of Persia. [Astbabai?.]. . AsTERBV, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Lind.; sey, 5i m. N. Homcastle. Ac. 620. Pop. 256. AsTHALL, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 2^ m. E. by S. Burford. Area 1,180 ac. ,, Pop. 389.i AsTi, Asta Pompeia, an episoop.city of Pied- mont, cap. prov. of same name, near the confl..of the Belbo with the Tanaro, 26i m. E.S.E. Tuyin. Pop. 24,280. It was celebrated in the middle ages for its industry and commerce, and was formerly cap. of a duchy of same name. It has a cathedral, a (SoUege, manufs. of silk stuffs, an active trade, and two large annual fairs. The coimtry araijgd Asti produces the best wines in Piedmont ; it AST contains many mineral springs, and'eurions fos- sils are found in the soil. AlQeri was born here,, January 17, 1749. AsTiEB (St.), a town and comm. of Prance, cap. cant. Dordogne, 9 J m. S.W. Perigeux, Pop. 2,546, AsTLEY, several pas., &c., of England, — I. a chapelry, co. Lancaster, pa. and 3 m. E. Leigh. Area 1,180 ac. Pop. 2,011.— IL a pa., co. War- wick, 4 m. W.S.W. Nuneaton. Area 2,560 ac. Pop. 371. The church is very ancient ; and the castle, once the abode of the Marquis of Dorset, father of Lady Jane Grey, is still habitable. — III, CO. 'Worcester, 5 m. S. Bewdley. Area 3,310 ac. Pop. 834. A hermitage in this pa., once a great resort of devotees, has been converted into an alehouse.— IV. {Abbots), co. Salop, 2 m. N. Bridg- enorth, and within the bounds of its bor. Area 3,330 ac. Pop. 657. Aston, numerous pas. of England. — I. co. Hereford, 3^ m. S.W. Ludlow. Area 1,098 ac. Pop. 52.— II. 00. Herts, 2^ m. S.E. Stevenage. Area 1,990 ac. Pop. 556.— III. co. Warwick, 2 m. N.E. by E. Birmingham, and partly in its bqr. Area 13,330 ac. Pop. 45,718, mostly employed in. the Birmingham manuf?. — IV. co. Torlj, Wesi, Riding, 6 m. S. Kotherham. Area 2,870 ac., Pop. 763. The poet Mason was rector of this pa. —iV. {Abbots), CO. Bucks, 4 m, N.N.E. Alesbury. Area: 2,180 ac. , Pop. 356.— VL {Blank), co. Glo'ster, 3^ m. N.E. Northleach. Ai-ea 2,250 ac. Pop. 302.— VII. {SottereU), co. Salop, 8 m. S.W. Bridgenorth. Area; 3,000 ac. Pop. l73.— Vill. {Cantlow), co."Wirwick, 3^ m. N.E. Alcester. Area 4,300 ac. Pop. 1^089.- IX. (C7in«on), co. Bucks, 3 m. W. Tring. Area 3,6^0 ac. Pop. 1,026.— X. {Flamvitte), co. Leicester, 2J m. E.S.E. Hinckley. Area 4,670 ac. Pop. 1,909.— XL {Ingham), co. Hej-eford, 4 m. N.E. MitcMdean.. Area 2,300 ac. Pop. 621.— XII. {Ze-WaUs), cP^ Northampton, 7 jn. N.N.E. Banbury. Area 1,270 ac. Pop. 252.— XIIL {North), co. Oxford, 2 m. S.E. Deddington. Area 1,230 ac. Pop. 289. — XIV. {Rowant), in same co., 3 m. S.E. Tetsworth. — XV. , {Samdford), co. Bucks, 4 rb, E.IT.E. Thame. Aiea 660 ac. Pop. 86. Scott, author of the Comment, on the Bible, was rector of this pa.; — XVl. {Somerville), co. Glo'ster, 3 m. S^ by M. fivesham. ^Area 1,320 ac. JPop, 89. Thie manor has belonged to the SomerviUe family for upwards of 6 centm'ies ^YlI.{Steeple), CO. Oxford, 3J m. S. by E. Deddington. Area 1,870 ac. Pop. 582.— XVIIL {Sub-JSdge), co. Glo'ster, 6 m. S.E. Evesham. Area 850 ac. Pop. 134.— XIX. {Tirrold), co. Berks, 4 m. S.TV. "Wallingford. Area 2,030 ac. Pop. 343.— XX. {XJporir Trenfj, co. and 6^ m. S.E. by S. Derby. Area 1^710 ac. , Pop. 1,952. , ' AsTopB.orllASABA, a riv. & fortof Central Asia, the riv. a rtrifcut. of the Indus N. of the Himalaya,- joining it after a N.W.ward course; the fort is situated on it, in lat. 35° 16' N., Ion. 74° 44' E. AsTOBGA, Asturica Augusta, a walled town of Spain, prov. and 26 m. W.S.W. Leon, on the Tuerto, Pop. 3,000. It has an old castle, and foriifs. in ruins, aGothic cathed., conyents.manufe. of Imen cloth and yarn, and some Roman antiqst Near it is the Take of Sanabria, with the in- sular castle of the Counts of Benavente. AsTOBiA (Fobt-George), a station pf the Ore- gon tenitpry, dom. of the U. States, on the, S; side of the Columbia riyer, near its mouth'in.fhe Pacific. Previously tp its destruction by fire, in 1821, if was abastioned stockade, mounting several cannonjand enclosing various workshops ; but it lately consisted only of a few log, dwefling'si^bc- cupied by Hudson Bay traders. AST AsTRABAD, a city of N. Persia, cap. prov. of eame name, situated near the S.E. corner of the Caspian Sea & Astrabad Bay. Lat. 36° 55' N., Ion. 54° 31' E. Pop. uncertain; in 1831 it had been visited by the plague or cholera, and had not more than 4,000 inhabs. It is enclosed by a dry ditch and mud wall, 2 or 3 m. in circ, and is built mostly of wood. The town is pretty well draiUT ed and paved ; but its few cararanseras & bazaars are ill supplied with goods, and its trade is confin- ed to exchanges of horses, sheep, felt, & woollen stnfis brought hither by the Tui-komans, for cot- ton, silk, and woollen &brics, copper & iron wares, tobacco, &c., received by way of the Caspian. Astrakhan, or Astraoan, a gov. and admini- strative prov. of Russia, betw. lat. 45° and 49° 50' N., and Ion. 43° 30' and 51° E., lying along tiie N.W. coast of the Caspian Sea, having E., N. and W. the govs. Orenburg, Saratov, & the country of the Don-Cossacks, S. and S.W. the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea. Area 50,000 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 284,400. The climate is exces- sive ; the mean annual temp. 48° Fahr., that of sum- mer 70°, and winter 13°. The Volga divides the prov. into two nearly equal parts, which are mostly mere sandy deserts ; the delta & banks of the rivers being the only productive dists., and there the fruits of S. climates are raised. The cultivation of the vine was introduced at the commencement of the 17th cent., & magnificent grapes are raised in the vicinity of Astrakhan. Very httle com is sown, and the produce is much below the wants of the pop. The rearing of horses, cattle, and sheep, sturgeon fishing, ^d procuring salt in the marshes of the Steppes, are the chief branches of industry. The ann. value of the sturgeon taken in the Volga is estimated at from 2 to 3 mill, rubles ; and above 30,000 bar- rels of caviar have been exported from Astra- khan in a single year. The pop. comprises besides Btissians, Tartars, Georgians, Armenians, Kir- gUa, Bokharese, Persians, & Hindoos. The gov. is divided into 4 circles ; its cap., Astrakhan, is the only place of importance. Astrakhan, a city of S. Kussia, cap. gov. of same name, formerly cap. of a Tartar kgdm., built on one of the isls. formed by the Volga, at its embonch. in the Caspian Sea. Lat. 46° 27' N. ; Ion. 48° 6' E. Pop. (1842) 45,703. It consists of a citadel called the Kremlin, the city-proper, and the suburbs. It has numerous churches, includ. the cathed. built by Peter the Great. The houses are almost entirely built of wood, and the streets are irregplar, muddy, and unpaved. Its chief ediicational establishments are an ecclesiastical seminary, a gymnasium, and a botanic garden. Astrakhan is the seat of a Kuss. archbhp., an Ar- menian bishop, and an admiralty for the wood- yards at the mouth of the Volga, as well as a station for the fisheries of the riv. From its fevourable position, communicating with the richest parts of the emp., and with the principal ports in the Caspian Sea, this city has become the entrepot between Russia, Persia, and India, it is a'so disting. for its industry; the chief branches of manuf., are cotton, silk, leather, and shagreen. Value of imports at Astrakhan in 1831, 96,713Z. ; of exports, 96,973/. In 1839 tlie value of the goods imported from the interior of Russia amounted to 6,238,877 paper rubles. AsTROS.atown of Greece, Morea, dep. Cynuria, 15 m. S. Argos, on the W. shore of the gulf oi Argolis. Here the second national congress of the Greeks was held in April 1823. ' AsTDBA, a marit. vill. of Italy, Pontif. Sta., cfeleg. Frosinone, on a peninsula in the Mediter- 77 ATA ranean {Insula Astuns), at the mouth of the riv. Astura, 39 m. S.E. Rome. Pop. 260. It has a small harbour, and a lofty tower, supposed to oc- cupy the site of the villa of Cicero, & near which he was put to death by order of Antony, B.C. 43. Here Conradin, the last of the Hohenstauffen family, was betrayed after the battle of Taglia-> cozzo, in 126^. AsTVBiAS, a divis. of Spain, of which was formed in 18^3 the prov. of Oviedo, baring N. the Bay of Biscay, E. Santander, W. Galicia, & S. the Cantabrlan mntns., separating it from Leon. Area 3,460, sq. m. Pop. (1833) 434,635. Surface mntnous. and wooded; climate damp, and often foggy. Chief rivs. the Naloii anil Navia, at the mouths of which, are good bar-) hours. Products comprise maize, chesnuts, tim- ber, cider, cattle, horses and sheep. It has rich mines of coal, iron, antimony, copper and lead. Chief towns, Oviedo, Aviles, and Gijon. Asturias having been the nucleus of the Spanish mo- narchy, as the refugs of the Christian princes when the Moors had estab. themselves in nearly all the rest of Spain, its hihabs. still enjoy peculiar privileges; and the heir presumptive to the Spanish throne has the title of Prince of Asturia£. AsTvncK, a pa. of England, co. Beds., 4J,m. S.S.E. Biggleswade. Area 570 ac. Pop. 84. AsTwooD, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 5 m. N.N.Ii. Newport-Pagnell. Area 1,300 ac. Pop. 243. Asuncion, a town of the Rep. of Venezuela, cap. and on N. side of the isl. of Marguerite. Asuncion, or Assumpcion, the cap. city of Pa- raguay, on the Paraguay riv., about 170 m. N.N.E , COrrientes. Estiin. pop. 10,000. It is badly built, and unpaved; and its chief edifices, the cathed. and govern. -house, are very mean structures; but it is the centre of a considerable trade in hides, tobacco, timber, Paraguay tea, and wax. AswARBT, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, pts. Kesteven, 3 m. N. by W. Fblkingham. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 119. Its church is a fine edifice. AswABDBT, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Lihd,- sey,3^m. N.W. SpUsby. Area 650 ac. Pop. 92.., AswATAOA, an isl. of a group, Indian Ocean,. [QnEBiMBA Islands.] AsvR or AcTB, an extens. prov. of Arabia, in' the N. of Temen. It is very populous, and its warlike inhabs. have long resisted the troops of Mohammed Ali. M. Jimard, to whom we are indebted for our only knowledge of this interest- ing country, says that the coffee plant is cultiv.' very extensively, and, as indicating the numbei; of inhabs., that dne of its chiefs levied 10,000 men to serve in the recen,t war with Egypt. Aszon, a town of Hungary, co. and 22 m. N.E. Pe3th,'on a tribut. of the Theiss. Pop. 2,220^ with a consid. trade in preparing sheep-skins. Atacama, a maritime prov. of Bolivia, dep. Potosi, between lat. 21° and 26° S., and Ion. 68° and 71° "W., comprising all the coast line of Bolivia on the Pacific, with the port of Cobija. Its S. part is a sandy waste ; the chief towns are San Francisco di Atacama, in the interior ; and Cobija on the sea-coast. — Atacama Alta and Baja axe inland towns of this prov., the latter on the Rio de Loa ; and Porto Atacames is a seaport of Ecuador, on the Pacific, 120 m. N.W. Quito. ATAiAiTA, a town Of Brazil, prov. and 15 m. S.S.W. Alagoas, at the mouth of the Alagoas riv. Pop. 2,000.-11. afort, prov. and 80 m. N.E. Para, on the Atlantic, near the mouth of the Para riv. III. a singular town of the isl. Canary, near Las Palmas ; the habitations of which are exca- vated on the sides of Mount St Antoine, and dis- posed in regular terraces. Pop. 2,000. ATA 78 ATH Ataraipu ("Devil's Roek"), a mntn. and one of the greatest natural wonders of British Guiana, between the Kupununi riv. and its tributary the Guidaru. It is a pyramidal granite rock, rising abruptly to 900 ft. above the savannah, or 1,300 ft. above the sea, and wooded to the height of about 350 ft., but bare in the rest of its extent. Ataun, a decayed town of Spain, prov. Gui- puscoa, on the Argaunza, 8 m. S.S.w. Tolosa. Pop. 1,800, formerly an important fortress. AtBaba, a riv. N.E. of Africa. [Tacazze.] Atchafalata (the " Lost Water '*), a riv. of the U. S., N. Amer., Louisiana, one of the W. arms of the Mississippi at its delta. It leaves that river just below the influx of the Ked-river, and after a S. course of about 130 m., enters Atohafalaya bay (G. of Mexico) 120 m. W.S.W. New Orleans. The immense quantity of timber floated into this branch of the Mississippi, during 30 years, had formed a continuous raft 10 m. long, 220 yards broad, and 18 feet deep. In 1835 the state of Louisiana resolved on removing this obstruction to the navigation, which was accomplished after four years labour. Atoham, Attingham, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, on the Severn, i m. S.E. Shrewsbury. Area 8,490 ac. Pop. 513. Atcham Hall, the seat of Lord Berwick, contains a fine collection of paint- ings and classic antiquities. Atcheba, a town of British India, Bombay, on the Malabar coast, dist. S. Concan,66 m. N. Goa. Ateoa, a town of Spain, prov. Zaragoza, cap. jud. distr. onl. b. of the Jalon, 8 m. W. Calatayud. Ateoebat, a town of Abyssinia, state Tigre, on a mountain 8,180 feet in elevation, 66 miles N.N.W. Antalo, with a royal residence, and 2,200 inhabitants. Aterno , Atemus, a river of Naples, Abruzzi, rises in the Apennines, 8 m. S. W. Aqnila, flows successively N.W., S.E., and N.E., and enters the Adriatic at Pescara. Length 60 m. In its latter half it is called the Pescara river, and separates Abr. Citra from Abr. Ultra. II. On it are the cities Aquila and Acciano, ahd near its right bank, Tocco and Chieti. Ateshga, the source of the sacred fire, which has burned and been worshipped from the most remote antiquity by the Ghebers of Asia, Kussian Transcaucasia, prov. Shirvan, on the penins. of Apsheron in the Caspian, near the vill. of Bakanany, 7 m. N. Baku. In a court here, sur- rounded by the cells of anchorites, is a small temple, from the four corners of which the in- flammable gas issues out of tubes placed in the earth, the vapour being a mixture of proto-car- buret of hydrogen with a httle naphtha. Atessa, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo Cit., cap. cant., 23 m. S.S.E. Chieti. Pop. 8,000. Atfeh, a vill. of Lower Egypt, on 1. b. of W. branch of the Nile, at the mouth of the Mah- moudieh canal, where passengers from Alexandria embark m steamers for Cairo, distant 88 m. S.S.E. Atfieh, a town of Middle Egypt, cap. dist. on r. b. of the Nile, 40 m. S. Cairo, supp. to be near the site of the anc. Aphroditopolis. Pop. 4,000. Ath, a fortfd. town of Belgmm, prov. Hainault, on the Dender, 13J m. N.N.W. Mons. Pop. 8,789. It is well-built, and has a remarkable church and town-haU, a college, school of design, orphan asy- lum, and barracks ; with manufs. of lace and gloves, cotton-printing, bleaching and dyeing works. Athabasca, or Athapescow, a lake and river of British N. America, N.W. territ. The lake, lat. 69° N., Ion. from 106* to 112° W., is 230 m. in length E. to W., with a breadth varying to 40, but averaging 20 m. Near its S.W, extremity it receives the Athabasca river, which rises in the Rocky mntns., and flows N.E.ward to join it after a long and tortuous course. Lake Atha- basca discharges its waters N.ward by Slave riv., and W. by Peace riv. : and it communicates both through the Slave Lake and Mackenzie river with the Polar Sea, and through WoUaston and Deer lakes, and Churchill riv. with Hudson Bay. A shoal of several miles in extent is formed on its S. shore by the drift timber and veget. debris brought down by the different rivers. On Atha^ basca river is Fort Assiniboine, in lat. 64° 20' N., Ion. 114° 3' E. Athan (St.), a pa. S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, 5 m. S. Cowbridge. Pop. 379. Here are the ruins of two Norman castles. Athassel, or Relickmobbt, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Tipperary, 3} m. W. Cashel. Area 12,770 ac. Pop. 5,431. Here are extens. ruins of a monastery, founded a.b. 1200. Athbot (" the yellow-ford"), a town and pa. of Ireland, prov. Leinster, co. Meath, on the Athboy river, an affluent of the Boyne, 6 m. N.W. Trim. Area of pa. 11,884 ac. Pop. 6,365 ; of town, 1,826. It consists mostly of one long street, with a church, chapel, and sessions-house, a large school, and a widows' alms-house, sup- ported by the Earl of Darnley, chief proprie- tor. Petty sessions alternate Thursdays. Mkts, Tuesday and Saturday. Fairs 10 times annvrally. ATHEMNGTOif, Or ALLiNeToif.apa. of Engl., co, Suffolk, 4 m. S.E. Eye. Area 980 ac. Pop. 111. Athelney (Isle of), a small tract of about 100 ae. in England, co. Somerset, 7 m. S.E. Bridgewater, and formerly an isl. at the junction of the Tone and Parrot rivers. Here Alfred the Great found a refuge during a Danish invasion, and founded an abbey, about the year 888. AxHELSTANEroED, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 3i m. N.E. Hadding-ton. Area about 4,000 ac, nearly all arable. Pop. 991. The tragedy of Dou^as was written by Home while incumbent of tms parish. ATHEHBT,atoivnandpa. of Ireland, Connaught, cap. barony, co. and 13 m. E. Galway. Area of pa. 24,952 ac. Pop. 6,988; of town, 1,236. It is poor and dull, but is one of the oldest towns in the co., and parts of its anc. walls, gates, and castles, and of a Dominican monastery, founded in the reign of king John, are still traceable. Athens, Atheme, the cap. of the kingdom of Greece, or HeUas, and of the gov. of Attica, is situated in a small plain on the N.W. side of the Gulf of Egina, betw. the rivers Ilissus E., & Ce- pliissus W., 6 m. from its harbour, the Piraeus. Lat. of the Parthenon 37° 58' 8' N., Ion. 23° 43' 64' E. Pop. (1S45), 27,800, incl. garrison of 1,500 men. It is the resid. of the sovereign, the seat of a university, and supreme courts of the Archbishop of Attica. The Acropolis, or anc. centre of Athens, on which most of its noblest monuments are placed, is an isol. rocky height, rising 150 feet above the adjacent plain, and 1,138 feet above the level of the sea. Its summit is en- closed by walls 2,330 yards in circuit. The mod. city is built mostly on its W. and N. sides, in which directions many new thoroughfares have been laid out, the principal being Mmerva, jEo- lus, Hermes, and Market Streets. Since the es- tablishment of the seat of gov. here in 1835 the old walls, which during tiie Turkish rule 'sur- rounded Athens, have been talcen down, and well- built houses are springing up on every side The new palace, built between 1836 and 1848, at the foot of Mount Lycabettus, and about aim from the centre of the city, is a quadrangular ATH 79 ATH building, 300 feet in length by 280 in breadth, with two internal courts, a portico of Peutelio marble, and richly decorated apartments. In front is a square, iu which tlie bloodless revo- lution of Sept. ISth, 1844, was enacted. The university (founded 1836), is the finest mod. building, and contains an anatomical theatre, & a library of 28,000 volumes, with 34 professors and teachers, and (in 1845) 195 students. There is besides, a gymnasium, with upwards of 500 pupils, a military and an ecclesiastical academy, poly- technic, American-missioneiry, infont, and Lan- castrian, schools, a seminary for teachers, a botanic garden, and society of natuiul history. The cathedral is a handsome Byzantine structure, with a mod. steeple. Other chief mod. edifices are the barracks, civil and military hospitals, a new cathedral in progress of construction, an English chapel, Protestant & Greek cemeteries, royal mint, chamb. of representatives, theatre & observatory. Athens has modem shops, hotels, lodging-houses, reading-rooms, and baths ; but house-rent is exorbitant, and most necessaries are dear. Its manufe. are insignificant, the chief being walking-sticks and smoking-tubes made fi«m the blacUhom of Parnassus and other classic spots. A good road now connects Athens with the I*iraeus (which see, for a notice of its foreign trade). Athens is reputed to have been fonndedbyCecrops,B.c.l336; itfelltoRome,B.c. 86, since then it has belonged successively to Groths, Byzantines, Bnrguncuans, Franks, Cata- lans, Florentines, Venetians, and Turks . Principal antiquities the Acropolis or anc. citadel sur- mounted by the Parthenon, an edifice of white marble, 228 feet in length by 100 feet in breadth, and still tolerably pertect ;" the Erechtheium, a building 90 feet in length ; remains of the Temple of the Wingless Victory, recently restored in a judicious manner by the gov. ; the Propyltsa, or grand entrance in front of the foregoing temples ; and the theatre of Herodes Atticus at the S.W. angleof theAcropoUs. N. ofthe Areopagus isthe Temple of Theseus, one of the most perfect monu- ments of anc. Athens, having 34 remaining Doric columns outside, and containing a rich museum of antiquities. Areopagus or Mars' Hill, where St Paul addressed the Athenians, the Pnyx, where popular meetings were held, the Eleusimum, the prison of Socrates, and Tower of the Winds, ves- tiges of the Temple and Theatre of Bacchus, the Grotto of Apollo and Pan. Outside ofthe city, 16 Corinthian columns, 60 feet in height, on a raised platform, remain of the Temple of Jupiter Olym- pius, and near the Ilissus, the Stadium or ancient race-course is still traceable. Athens became the seat of the Greek gov. (removed hither from Nanplia), in 1835. For details as to the present concHtion of Athens, see Strong's Greece as aKing- dom, 1842 ; Murray's Handbook for Malta, Greece, &c., Ed. 1845; and M'Culloch's Geogr. Diet. Athens, co. U. States, N. Amer., in S.E. part of Ohio. Area 740 sq.m. Pop 19,109. Inter- sected by the Hockhocking riv., & other streams. Surface broken and hilly, but soil fertile, contam- ing bituminous coal, salt, and com. Chief town beautifuUy situated, 72 m. S.E. Columbus, con- taining Ohio university and academy. Pop. 1,593. —11. Town, N. York, on W. side Hudson river opposite Hudson co. Pop. 2,387.-111. Town, Clark CO., Georgia on Oconee river, contaimng Georgia University. Pop. 3,000.— IV. Town, Bradford co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1,632. Athebington, two pas. of England,—!, co. Devon, 7 m. W. South Molton. Area 2,600 ac. Pop 629.— II. a pa. co. Sussex, rape Lewes, 3 ra. W. by N. Brighton. Pop. 111. It is supposed to have Deen the Portus Adumi of the Romans. Atiierstone, a mkt. town and ohapelry of England, co. Warwick, pa. Mancetter, on the Rom. Watling-street, 12 m. N.N.W. the Coventry station of the London & Birm. railway. Pop. 3,743. It consists chiefly of one well-built street nearly a mile in length, and has a parochial chapel once part of a convent, a grammar school, founded in 1673 (rev. 288Z, per annum), and manufs. of hats, and ribands. Mitt. Tu. Fairs, April 7, July 18, Sept. 19, and Dec. 4, which last is a great cattle show. — II. (On Stour), a pa,, same co., on the Stour, 3 m. S. Stratford-on-Avon. Area 1,120 ac. Pop. 93. Atherton, a chapelry of England, co. Lan- caster, pa. Leigh, 7 m. N.E. Newton. Pop. 4,476, mostly employed in collieries, cotton factories, and iron works. It has a station on the Bolton and Kenyon railway. Athis, a comm. and town of France, dep, Ome, cap. cant. 17 m. N.N.E. Domfront. Pop. 4,449. Manufs. woollen stuffs and ribands. Athleague, a pa. of Ireland, Connaught, cos. , Roscommon and Galway, with a miserable vill. of 631 inhabs., on the Suck, here crossed by a series of bridges, 4^ m. S.W. Roscommon. Ai'ea of pa. 13,012 ac. Pop. 6,087. Athlone {Ath-luan, "ford of the moon"), a fortified to^vn and pari. bor. and pa. of Ireland, nearly in its centre, cap. barony, on the Shannon, here crossed by a fine bridge, opened Nov. 1844, and which divides it into two portions, one in Leinster, co. Westmeath, and the other in prov. Connaught, co. Roscommon, IJ m. S. of Lough Ree, and 70 m. W. Dublin. Lat. 63° 26' 24' N. ; Ion. 7° 66' 29" W. It contains two pas. • St Mary's or Athlone has an area of 11,466 ac. Pop. 7,264. St Peters on rt. b. of Shannon. Area 7,617 ac. Pop. 3,460. During the late war with France, it was defended W.ward by works covering 15 acres, and had barracks for 1,600 men in its old and strong castle. The town, ill- built and inconvenient, has 2 pa. churches, various chapels, a oourt-ho., bridewell, union workhouse, and many public schools, one endowed with 470 acres of land. The manuf. of coarse hats has declined ; but in and near the town are various distilleries, breweries, tanneries, soap works, and flour mills, and a brisk trade is carried on with Shannon harb. and Limerick by steamers, and with Dublin by the Grand and Royal canals. Athlone, however, is mostly supported by the expenditure of the garrison, it being the head military quarters for the W. of Ireland. Quarter sessions for Roscommon co. are held here, and petty sessions three tunes weekly. Town rev. (1845) 195/. Total houses rated for poor (1842) 492, total annual rate 1211. Athlone returns 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. elect. (1847) 423. Mlrts. Tu. and Sat. Fau-s for horses and cattle, Jan. 23d, Mar. 21st, May 24th, Sept. 4, 5, and 6th. Athol, Athole, or Atholl, a dist. of Scot- land, comprising the N. part of Perthshire. Area about 460 sq. m. Country elevated and very pictu- resque. Cairn Gower mntn. 3,690 ft., and the Scarscock, 3,400 feet in elevation. Blah'-Athol, a fertile vale on the Garry, and the forest of Athol, 100,000 ac, stocked with red deer and game. It gives the title of Duke to the head of the Murray family, its chief proprietor. Athos, Mount, called Agion Oros, Monte Santo, or the holy mntn. by the modem Greeks, a celeb, mntn. of Greece, at the extremity of the penins. of Chalcis, 80 m. S.E. Salonica, culm, point 6,778ft. m elevation. Lat. 40° 16' N. ; Ion. 24° 10' E. ATH 80 Previous to the late Gi'eek insurrection the flanlcs of this mntn. were occupied by several villages, and 22 convents, besides SOO chapels, cells and grottoes, which served as the habitation of more than 4,000 monks ; those called hermits lived in caves. In the intervals of their re- ligious duties, these monks were employed in preparing the soil, cultivating vines and olives, and rearing many bees, which enabled them to export annually a great quantity of wax. They also made numerous images and other objects in wood, which were shipped at the port of Ahiara, a fortified vill. on the E. side of the mntn., inhab. , by 500 monks. This was the seat of the first ecclesiastical seminary of the Greek churcli, & its most celebrated theological school ; here also was preserved the remains of the famous libraries which furnished to learned Europe the MSS. of so many master-pieces of anc. Greek literature. The ancient geographers assigned an extraordinary elev. to Mt. Athos, and asserted that the sun was visible from its summit 3 hours earUer than on the shores of the .^geau Sea. Vestiges of the canal cut by Xerxes, to avoid the dangers of navigating the promontory, have recently been discovered. Atht {AthUgar, " the western ford"), a mkt. town of Ireland, and the largest in the co. £11- dare, Leinster, on the Barrow, here crossed by a bridge, and on an arm of the Grand Canal, 33^ m. S.W. Dublin. It has a church, pa. and other schools, cavalry barracks, a court-house, union worldiouse, fever hospital, a . poUce barrack in the remains of its ancient castle ; and near the town is the co. jail. It is the seat of co. summer assizes ; and has trade in com, butter, & malt, with Dublin, New Ross, and Waterford. Mkts. Tu. and Sat. Fairs, Mar. 17, April 25, June 9, July 26, Oct. 10, & Dec. 11.— The town stands partly in the two pas. St. John & St. Michael, which have a united area of 422 ac. Pop. 9,396. Atienzi, a town of Spain, Old Castile, prov. & 48 m. S.W. Soria, in the S. d'Atienza. P. 2,000. Atina, a town of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, cap. cant, near the Melfa, 12 m. S.E. Sora. Pop. 6,000. It has a cathedral, convent, and hospital, & is remarkable for Cyclopean ruins. Atitlau, a lake, town, and volcano. Central America, state and 80 m. N.W. Guatemala; the lake is 24 m. in length E. to W., by 10 m. in breadth, very deep, and surrounded by lofty mutns. The town, Santiago de Atitlan, is on its S. side, between two volcanoes. Elevation of the volcano of Atitlan 12,500 feet. AxKABSK, a town of Russia, gov., 60 m. N.W. Saratov, cap. circ, on the Atkara. Pop, 1,300. Atkha, one of the Andreanov (Aleutian) isls., N. Pacific. Lat. 62° 10' N., Ion. 173° 40' E. Atlantic Ocean, Af/anizcM*0ccanw5, one of the five great hydrographical divisions of the globe, occupies an immense longitudinal valley, and ex- tends from the Arctic circle on the N. to the ^Antarctic circle on the S., bounded W. by the coast of America to Cape Horn, and thence by a line continued on the same meridian to the An- tarctic circle, and E. by the shores of Europe & Africa to the Cape of Good Hope, and thence prolonged on the meridian of Cape Agulhas till li(i meets the Antarctic circle. Its extreme breadth is about 6,000 m., and its area is, com- puted at 25,000,000 sq. m. It is naturally divided into three portions ; 1st, the N. ; 2d, the S. ; and 3d, the intertropical Atlantic. The North Sea, or German Ocp»n, the Caribbean Sea and the Irish Sea, form portions of the Atlantic, but the Baltip and the Mediterranpan, which commnni- ATL cate with tlie N. Sea by narrow channels, are properly considered, separate seas. The princi- pal gulfs of the Atlantic are, in Europe, the Bay of Biscay, or Golfe de Gasoogne, in Africa the Gulf of Guinea, in America, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Gulf of St Lawrence. The cliief islands are, in Europe, the British Isles and Iceland, m Africa, the Ajores, Madeira, and Canary islands, and the Archipelago of the Gulf of Gmnea, m America, the Antilles, Newfoundland, and the islands of the Gulf of St Lawrence. The At- lantic, with its branches, drains nearly the whole of Europe W. of the basin of the Volga; all N. America E. of the Rocky Mountains and the mountains of Mexico ; and the whole of S. Ame- rica E. of the Andes. Its chief aifluents are in Europe, the Rhine, Loire, and Tagus ; in Africa, the Senegal, Niger, and Congo ; and in America, the St Lawrence, Mississippi, Orinoco, Amazon, and La Plata. The bed of the Atlantic is very unequal in elevation, in some places rising in immense sand banks to within a few fathoms of the surface, and in others sinldng to unfathom- able depths. The most extensive banks are those of Newfoundland, the Dogger bank in the German Ocean, and the A^nlhas bank off the S. point of Africa. The minimum depth on the bank of Newfoundland, is 60 feet. The Ger- man Ocean varies in depth from 66 to 500 feet. In many places the Atlantic is upwards of 16,000 feet deep, and in lat. 15° 3' S., Ion. 23° 14' W. (16° E. the coast of Brazil), Sir James Boss had no soundings with a line of 4,600 fathoms (27,600 feet, or nearly 6i miles). The trade winds blow regularly in the inter- tropical portion of the Atlantic ; beyond these limits the wmds are variable. From the preva- lence of S.W. winds in the N. Atlantic, the voyage from Europe to America, on an average of six years sailing between Liverpool and New York, requires 40 days, while the return voyage is per- formed in 23 days. The principal currents of the Atlantic are, the Equatorial current, which flows from the coast of Africa to the Ceiribbean Sea, with a velocity of from 30 to 70 miles a day, and the Gulf Stream which, leaving the Gulf of Mexico, flows through the strait of Florida, with a velocity of 80 m. a-day, and a temperature of 86° Fahr., and extends with a gradually decreas- ing velocity and diminished temperature to the Ajores. Immense numbers of fish are found in the Atlantic, and herring and cod-fishing are important branches of industry in northern Europe. A great part of the surface of the At- lantic between lat. 16° and 45' N., and Ion. 36° & 75° W., is covered with a species of weed (Fucus natans) of a beautiful green colour, from which circumstance it is called the Sargago Sea — the sea of duck-weed, or the grassy sea. In the higher latitudes of the N. & S. Atlantic, navig. is unpeded by immense icebergs, which are floated from the polar regions, and although these are generally melted before reaching the frequented parts of the ocean, they have occa- sionally been met with as far S. as lat. 40° 45' in the N. Atlantic, and in the vicuiity of the Cape of Good Hope in the S. Atlantic Ocean. For extensive information on the navigation & cur- rents of the Atlantic Ocean, see Johnston's Phy- sical Atlas, Hydrog. Divis., No. 1. Atlantic, co. U. S., N. America, m S. of New Jersey State. Area 550 sq. m. Pop. 8726w Soil generally light and sandy. ' Atlas, a celebrated but little known mountain system of N. Africa, including all the heights in the Barbary states, as well as those which are ATO 1^1 dLspersed tlirough the region of Sahara. The principal chain appears to extend from near Cape Nnn, on the Atlantic, to the E. of the gi-eat Syrtis in Tripoli, traversing the Empire of Ma- rocco, the colony of Algeria, and the regency of Tunis. The highest known points of the system are situated in Marocco, E. of the capital, and S. of the town of Fez, and the chain appeal's to diminish in elevation as it extends towards the E. Several secondary chains detach themselves from tie main system, and extend in different direc- tions, one of wtuch terminates at the strait of Gibraltar ; these secondary chains appear to be connected by intermediary mntns. whidi traverse Algiers and Tunis. The name Little Atlas is applied to the secondary range of the country of ^us, to distinguish it from the Great Atlas which is confined to the elev. mntns, of Marocco. To the S. of Tripoli several low ranges extend from the principal chain into the Sahara & the desert of Idbya. The highest points, proceeding from yf. to E., are estimated thus, Marocco, 12,789 ft. ; Algeria, 7,673 ft ; Tunis, 4^476 ft. ; Tripoli, 3,200 ft. The lion & panther inhabit the wooded regions of Mt. Atlas, but do not visit the desert. Snow lies for several weeks in winter on many of tie higher ranges of Atlas, & it is seldom absent -from the summit of Miltsin, lat. 31° 12' N., 27 m. S.E. MaroceO, which is ascertained to be 11,400 feetin elevation. The Atlas and its ramifications inclose many valleys of luxuriant fertility, &. its flanks are clothed with dense forests of pine {Mneid, iv. 230), oak, cork, white poplar, wild olive, &c. In so far as has yet been ascertained, its composition is chiefly calcareous ; copper, iron, lead, antimony, aind rock salt, are abundant m Jt, tut few mines are wrought to advantage. This nmtn. chain figures prominently in the BiQ'fliology of the ancts. as being snpp. to sustain the ieavens! (See Pomponius Mela, in., sect. 10 ; see also Ovid Metamorph. lib. rv., sect. 8.) Atoli., or Atoixow, the name applied to the sev. groups of coral isls., composing the Maldive isls. in the Tndia.n Ocean. An atoll or lagoon island is a circular reef of coral formation rising out of the sea and enclosing a lagoon. Atobkoij, one of the Kuflle isls. [Iturup.] Atouai, one of the Sandwich isls., Pacifip, lat. 21° 57' N., Ion. 159" 39' W. Estun. area 600 sq. m. AiocQriA, a marit. town of Portugal, with a castle, Estremadura, 42 m. N. by W. Lisbon. Atbasi, a marit. vill. of Naples, prov, Princ. Citra, on the G. of Salerno, 1 m. N.E. Amalfi. Pop. 2,000. Manuf. woollens, and maccaroni. Atbato, a riv. of S. Amer., New Granada, dep. C!hoc6, which, after a N.ward course of about 200 m., enters the G. of Darien, W. of the Bay of Choc6. It is navig. for small vessels to Citari, 140 m. from its source. It has been proposed to connect this riv. with the San Juan which flows S., & thus by means of a canal to unite the At- lantic with the Pacific Ocean. Atbi, Hadria, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo TJlt. I., cap. cant., on a steep nmtn., 5 m. from the Adriatic, and 18 m. S.E. Teramo. Pop. 6,600. It has a cathed., sev. hospitals, & 6 annual fairs. Near it are remarkable ancient excavations. Atbipaida, a town of Naples, prov. Princip. Ult., cap. cant., near the Sabato, 2 m. E.N.E. Avellino. Pop. 4,000. Manuf. woollen stufl^s. Attah, a considerable town of Africa, Guinea, on a high bank near the Quorra, in lat. 7° 6' N., 100 m. N.E. Eboe, surrounded by plantations, & having an appearance of cleanliness & prosperity. Attaib, a town of Hindostan, S. of the Chum- bul province, and 46 m. S.E. Agi-a. ATT ATTAI.A, 00. U. S., N. Amor., in centre of iMisaissippi State. Area 720 sq. m. Pop. 4,303, of whom 2,955 are slaves. Attam, a considerable town of Africa, on the Old Calabar riv., near lat. 6° 37' N., Ion. 9° 5' E. Attawal (Al-tawal, " the long island"), an isl. of the Red Sea, with a large fishing vill., near the Arabian coast, about 120 m. N.W. Tembo. Attenborouqh, a pa. of Engl,, co. & 4J m. S.W. Nottingham, on the Trent. Ac. 1,930. P. 1,768. Attendobk, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 20 m. S.S.W. Arnsberg. Pop. 1,537. Attercliffe, a township of Engl., co. York, W. riding, pa. and IJ m. N/E. Sheffield, in which bor. it is comprised. Area 1,270 ae. Pop. 4,166, chiefly colliers and artizans, Atteet, a vill, of Belgium, on sm. riv. of same name, Luxembourg^ 4J m. N. Arlon. Pop. 2,216. Attioa, a gov. of the kgdm. of Greece, in anc. times its most celebrated region, betw. lat. 37° 39' and 38° 20' N. ; and Ion. 23° 6' and 24°' 5' E., haviag W. the isthmus and gulf of Corinth, N. Thebes and tbe channel of EgripoS, E. the .ailgean Sea, and S. and S."W. the gulf of JEg'ma. Surface hillyi Princip. mnts. Oxea, 4,636 ft., & Elatea, 4629 ft. on the N. frontier, & Pentelicus and Hymettus, N.E. and S.E. Athens. Chief rivs. the Cephjssus and Ilissus. Soil calcateoils and dry, producing little corn or pasturaige, but abounding with odoriferous plants; honey, oil, and marble are its chief products. It comprises the Greek capital Athens, its port Piraeus, and the towns Megara, and Marathon, Attica, a tnshp, of the U, S., N, Amer., N, York, CO, Wyoming, 257 m, W, Albany, Pop, 2,710. Attigny, Attiniacum, a town (and comm.) of Prance, dep. Ardennes, cap. cant., 7J m. N,W, Vouziers, on 1. b. of the Aisne. Pop. 1,365. It was the summer resid. of man^' early kings of France, & the seat of sev. ecclesiastical conncUfe. Attinohausew, aviU. of Switzerl.,' cant. Uri, on I. b. of the Reuss, 2 m. S.W. Aitorf, birth-pl. of Walter Furst, one of the liberators of Switzerl. Attleboeough, a mlrt. town and pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 14J m. S.W. Norwich, with a station on the Eastern Counties railway. Area of pa. 6,800 ac. Pop. 1,969. The town, stated to have been formerly a city, and the'cap. of Norfolk, is now inconsiderable ; it has a large church in form of a cross, various dissent, chapels, schools, & charities, a good inlet, every 2naweek, other mkts. on Thursday, and 3 annual fairs. . ATTLEBOEOueH, a township of the U. S., K. America, Massachusetts, 7 m. N. ProTidence. Pop. 3,686, employed in cotton manufe. Attock, a fort and small town of Hindostifn, Punjab, on the Indus, immediately after the influx of the Cabool riv., and where it becomes navig., and is crossed by abridge of boats 537 ft. in length, 40 m. E.S.E. Peshawer. Elev, above the sea, 799 ft. Pop. 2,000. The fort, erected by the Etnperor Akbar in 1581, is strongly built of sto&te, but commanded by neighbouring heights ; the town within it has gone greatly to decay.' The three conquerors of India, Alexander, Tmnlr, and Nadir Shah, appear to have crossed the Indus by means of a bridge at this place, which is supposed to have been the anc. Taxila. Attooe, a fortfd. town of British India, presid, Madras, dist. and 25 m, E, Salem, Attou, the largest of the Aleutian isls,, Paci- flo Ocean, Lat. 52° 67' N., Ion. 172° 15' W. Attbuck, a riv. of Persia, Khorassan, near the frontier of Khiva, has a W. course, & enters the Caspian Sea on E.., side, 45 m, ft. Asfa-abad, . Attvmass, or AtxiMASs, a pa. of Ireland, Cop- ATU 83 AUG naught, CO. Mayo, 3,^ m. N. Foxford. Area 11,154: ac. Pop. 3,435. Soil barren and marshy. Atcbes, a town of S. America, Venez., dep. & on the Orinoco, 105 m. N.N.B, San Fernando. AiwioK, a pa. of England, co. York, E. riding, 2 m. N. Hornsea. Area 2,100 ac. Pop. 300. Fenwick's bequest for educating and apprenticing boys of this pa. produces an ann. income of 76Z. Aiwoon's Key, a small isl., Bahama group, AV. Indies, 33 m. N. by E. Acklin's isl,, its centre hill being in lat. 23° 6' N., Ion. 73° 43' AV. Atzendokf, a vill. of Prussian Saxony, 16 m. S.S.W. Magdeburg. Pop. 1,235. Atzqersdobf, a vill. of Austria, 5 m. S.S.W. Vienna, on the railway from Vienna to Baden. Pop. 1,900, with manufs. of chemical products. An, many vills. in Bavaria, Baden, Tipper Austria, Switzerl., &o., and one in Hungary, co. Honth, 4 m. S.E. Sohemnitz, with a seat belong- ing to Prince Ferdinand of Saxe Coburg Gotha. AuBAGNE, Albania, a comm. and town, France, dep. Bouehes-du-Rhane, cap^ cant., 10 m. E. Marseille. Pop. (1846) 3,887, with manufe. of pottery ware and paper, tile works, tanneries, &c. Birth-place of the Abb^ Barthllemy. AxiBE, a riv. of France, rises in the plateau of Langres, H. Marne, passes Clairvaux, Bar- Bur-Aube, and Arcis in the dep. Aube, and joins the Seine 23 m. N.N.W. Troyes, after a course of 90 m. It is navigable from Arcis, 28 m. Aube, a dep. of France, betw. the deps. Mame, H. Marne, Cote-d'Or, Tonne, & Seine-et-Marne, between lat. 47° 55' & 48° 45' N., formed of the S. part of the prov. of Champagne, and a small part of Bourgogne. Area 609,000 hect. Pop. (1846) 261,881. Climate mild and humid. Sur- face mostly level. Soil in N.W., poor & sterile, in S.E. it is much more productive, especially in cereals & fruit. Bivs., the Seine & the Aube, affl. of the Seine ; .the Armance, and the Vannes, afB. of the Yonne. Many work horses, cattle, ^eep, and merinos are reared. Manuf. industry active in pottery, cotton stuffs and yarn, hosiery, woollen fabrics, glass, & tiles. The dep. is divided into the ajronds. of Troyes, Arcis-sur-Anbe, Bar- sur-Aube, Bar-sur-Seine, & Nogent-sur-Seine. AtiBEL, a town of Belg., prov. and 13 m. E.N.E. I/iege. Pop. 3,156, with a large weeldy market, which has been held ffom time inunemorial. AuBENAS, a comm. and town, France, dep. Ar- dfeche, cap cant., near the ArdSche, 14 m. S.W. Privas. Pop. (1846) 4,262. Situated in a mag- nificent basin, surrounded by the volcanoes of the Vivarais. It has an old castle; with silk mills and manufs. of woollen cloths, handkfs. & paper. AuEENTON, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Aisne, cap. cant., 32 m. N.E. Laon,with 1,593 inhabs., a cotton yarn factory, and 3 annual fairs. AuBEBT (St.), a comm. and town of France, dep. Nord, arrond. Cambray. Pop. 2,437. AnBERviLiiiEBS, a vill. of France, dep. Seine, 6 m. N. Paris, with sugar refineries. Pop. 2,444. AuBETEBEE, a oomm. and small town of France, dep. Charente, oap. cant., on the Dronne, 25 m. S. Angoul^me, remarkable for its picturesque position, and for its church hewn out of the mountain, on the slope of which part of the town is built. It has manuf. of linens and paper. AubiSbe, and Les Aubiees, two mkt. towns of France ; the former, dep. Puy-de-Dome, 2 m. S.E. Clermont. Pop. 3,183. The latter, dep. Deux Sfevres,.9 m, N.W. Bressuire. Pop. 1,800. Manuf. linens, handkerchiefs, and cotton yarn. AuBiosT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cher, cap. cant, on the Nfere, 27 m. N. Bourges. Pop. (1846) 3,381, engaged in woollen weaving. tannmg, and an active trade in wool and hai'd- wares. It confers a ducal title on the English Duke of Richmond. There are several villages of this name in France. AuBONNE, a town of Switzerland, cant. Vaud, with fine views of the Alps and lake of Geneva, 12 m. W.S.W. Lausanne. Pop. 1,600. Ahbin, or AiBiN, a town and comm. of France, dep. Aveyron, cap. cant., 16 m. N.E. ViUefranche. Pop. 1,537, with coal mines. Ahbin (St.), is the name of many viUs. in France. AuBiN (St.), a small marit. town and fortress, isl. of Jersey, on W. side of St. Helen's Bay, 3 m. W. St. Helier. Pop. with cant. 2,131 — II. a vill. Switzerl., cant, and 10 m. S.W. Neufchatel. Pop. 1000.— III. {aAuUgnS), a vill. of France, lUe-et-Vilaine, aiT. Rennes. Pop.. 1,300. AuBM-DU-CoBMiEK (ST.), & towu of France, Ille-et-Vilaine, 11 m. S.W. Fougferes. P. 1,896. Atjbouene, a pa. of Engl., co, and 6 m. S.W. Lincoln, pts. Kesteven. Ac. 3,090. Pop. 374. AuBUEN, a town, U. S., N. Amer., cap. Cayuga CO., 145 m, W. Albany, Pop, 6,626. It has vari- ous manufs., and an extensive state prison, which has attracted much attention ; a theological semi- nary, and two academies. — II. town, Susquehan- na CO., N.E, Harrlsburg, Pop, 1,113 — III, town, Geauga, co. Ohio, Pop, 1,198, AnBUKN, immortalized by Goldsmith in his " Deserted Village," is supposed to have been the vill, Lishoy in Ireland, co, Westmeath, near Lough Bee, 6 m. N. Athlone, and which, since the poet's time, has generally received the name by which he rendered it famous, AtTBUssoN, a comm. and town of France, dep. Creuse, cap. arrond., 20 m. S.E. Gueret on the Creuse. Pop. (1846) 4,828, with an active trade and a celebrated carpet factory, manufs. of wool- len stuffs and yarn, velvet, and cotton thread. AucH (Augusta afterwards Ausei), a comm. and city, France, cap. dep. Gers, on r. b. of the Gers, 42 m. W. Toulouse. Pop. (1846) 7,672. It stands on the slope of a hill, crowned by a gothio cathedral; the upper and the lower town are connected by a curious bridge of stairs across the river. Streets narrow, but clean and well- paved, and it has some good new buildings and squares. The abp.'s palace, prefecture, town-hall, seminary, pubhc library, and barracks, are fine edifices. Auch is the seat of courts of assize and commerce, a royal college, &c. ; it has manufe. of cottons, hnens, coarse woollens, and leather, and a trade in wool, wine, and Armagnac brandy. In the times of Csesar, Auch was cap. of the Ausm. AncHiNBLAE, a vill. of Scotland, co. Kincar- dine, pa. Fordoun, 1 m. N. Fordoun, with 643 in- habs., mostly employed in flax-spinning. It has cattle markets and 5 annual fail's. Adchindoir and Keaen, a pa. of Scotland, CO. Aberdeen, 7 m. N.W. Alford. P. 1,188, Buck of Cabrach mntn. in this pa. 2,377 feet in elev. Auchinleck, a pa, of Scotland, co, and 11 m. E. Ayr, Estimated area 18,000 ac, mostly un- cultivated. Pop. 1,659, occupied in coal-works, quarries, and in embroidering muslin. Fair for lambs, last Tuesday in Aug, Here are the man- sion and old castle of the Boswell family, visited and described by Dr Johnson in 1773, AuoHMiTHY, a fishing village of Scotland, eo. Forfar, pa. St Vigeans, on the N. Sea, 3J m. NJE. Arbroath. Pop. 307. AncHTEEAEDEH, a towu and pa. of Scotland CO. and 12 m. S.W. Perth. Pop. 3,434. The town, once a pari, bor., on the Buthven, an af- fluent of the Earn, and on the road between Glas- gow and Perth, consists mainly of one long street. A U C 83 It has an endowed school, many hand-looms en\- ployed for Glasgow houses in the weaving of cot- ton goods, and 6 annual fairs. In tliis parish, originated the dispute regarding the Veto Act, which terminated in the secession of the Free Church of Scotland. AucniEKDERRAN, a pa. of Scotland, co. Fife, 14 m. S.W. Cnpar. Pop 1,913, chiefly colliers. AucHTEEOATEN, a pa. Of Scotland, co. & 8 m. N.N.W. Perth. Pop. 3,366, chfly. cotton-spinners. AncHTEKHonsE, a pa. of Scotl., co. Forfar, 61 m. N.W. Dundee. Pop. 769. The Dundee and Newtyle railw. crosses the bog of Auchterhouse. AucHTERLESS, a po. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, 12 m. N.N.W. Meldrum. Poi>. 1,685. Here are various Celtic and other antiquities. AucHTEKMUCHTT, a roysl burgh and pa. of Scotland, co. Fife, 8 m. W.S.W. Cupar, on the road to Kinross. Pop. 3,356. The town is irregu- larly bnilt on a rapid streamlet, which is used to turn flax and o&er mills ; it has many good residences, manuis. of fine linen and cotton cloths and woollen shawls, for Dundee and Dunfermline houses, a large bleach-field, &e. Immediately on its S. side is the fine old castle of Myers. -Atjchtertool, a pa. of Scotland, co. Fife, 4 m. W. by S. Kirkcaldy. Pop. 530. AticKi.A5i>, the cap. town of New Zealand, in the northern part of N. island, at the head of Waitimata bay. Pop. (1844) 2,754. It stands on a hill slope feeing a safe and good harbour, and has many good houses and shops, with a substantial gov.-house, church, custom-house, and barracks. Customs rev. (1844) 3,0691. AtJCKLAjro IsLiNDS, a group of one large and several smallislands in the S. Pacific ocean, S. New Zealandi, lat. 50° 48' S. ; Ion. 166° 4^ E. The largest island is about 30 m. long and 15 m. broad, has two good harbours, and is covered with the richest vegetation. These islands have been granted by the English government to the Messrs Enderby (by one of whose ships they were discovered in 1806), as a central whaling station. AucKtASB (Oakiasd) St. Aio)bew, a pa. of England, co. Durham, ward Darlington. Area 45,420 ac. Pop. 19,100, greatly employed in col- lieries. It» church was once collegiate. The charities (rf this pa. have an aggregate rev. of about 3001. per ann.— II. (Bishop), a market town in this pa., lOJ m. S.W. Durham, name derived from vicinity of the Bishop's palace, ori- ^nally built in 13th century ; but since, ahnost entirely rebuilt. Market day Thursday, and three other fairs for cattle. Area 2,570 ac. Pop. 8,776.-111. (West) a township in above pa., 4 m. S.W. Bishop-Auckland. Pop. 2,310, employed in various manufs. It gives the title of Earl to the Eden family. Within a short distance is Kaby Castle, the noble seat of the Duke of Cleveland. Acgois, a vill. of Savoy, 7,693 feet above the level of the sea, celeb, as the most elevated village in Europe, a distinct, formerly conferred on the Till, of St Veran, dep. of H. Alps (6,688 feet). Ain>E, Atcue, a river of France, rises m the E. Pyr^n^es, near the vilL of Angles, flows at first N. to Carca-ssonne, then E. to the Mediterranean, which it enters 6 m. E.N.E. Narbonne, after a course of 90 m., almost wholly within the dep. to which it gives name. It is floatable for rafts from Quillan, 65 m. from its mouth. On it are the towns Carcassonne, QuiUan, and Limoux, and it is connected with Narbonne and Cette by the canal of Narbonne. AuDE, a marit. dep., S. of France, formed of part of anc. Langnedoc, cap. Carcassonne, having N. the deps. of Heralt & Tarn ; h. the AUG llediterr. ; S. Pyrfedes-Orient, W. Ariege, and H. Garonne. Area 606,397 beet. Pop. (1846) 289,661. Climate variable, subject to violent winds during several months of the year. Soil generally fertile; surface broken up by mntns. and hills, contains iron mines, marble quarries, and miu. waters. Rivs. and canals, the Aude, the Lers, and the Berre ; the Orbiel, Or- bieu, Cesse, affls. of the Aude ; the canal of Lan- guedoc or Canal du Midi intersects this dep. from W. to E., & the canal of Kobine or Narbonne tra- verses the E. portion from N. to S. Corn & wine raised beyond the demand for home consump- tion, and form important objects of commerce. Manufs. of woollen cloths, paper, and iron- ware. Brandy distilleries, salt-works, & potteries. The dep. is divided into the 4 arronds. of Cai-cassonne, Castelnaudary, Limoux, and Narbonne. AuDENARDE, or OuDENABDB, atown of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, cap. arrond., on the Scheldt, 14 m. S.S.W. Ghent. Pop. (1842) 6,262. It is ge- nerally well-built, & has a fine Gothic town-hall. Chief industry, tanning and brewing. It is celeb, for the victory gained by Prince Engine of Savoy over the Duke of Burgundy, 11th July 1708. AnnENGE, a comm. and vill. of France, with afishing port, dep. Gironde,23m. S.W.Bordeaux, on the basin of Archachon. Pop. 1,078. AcBENHAiN, a vill. of Pruss. Saxony, Keg. Merseburg, circ. Torgau. Pop. 1,070. AcDENsnAw, a tnshp. of England, co. Lancas- ter, pa. Ashton-under-Lyne, on the Ashton ca- nal, H m. E. by S. Manchester. Pop. 5,374, employed in hat-making, cotton-printing, and silk-weaving. High Ash, an old hall of the Stopfords, is in this tnship. AuDiEKNE, a town of France, dep. FinistSre, port on the Bay of Aude, at the mouth of the Goyen, 20 m. W. Quimper. Pop. 1,446. AuBiNcouBT, a town of France, dep. Doubs, cap. canton, 3 m. S.S.E. Montb^liard, on rt. b. of the Doubs. It has a consist, protest, church, iron foundries, & cotton-spinning. Pop. 2,024. AnnLEM, a pa. of England, co. Chester, 5} dl S.S.E. Nantwich. Area 2,250 ac. Pop. 2,827. It has a grammar school, ann. riev. 401, an EngL school also endowed, and 4 others. AuDLET, a pa. of England, co. Stafford, 4i m. N.W. Newcastle-under-Lyne. Area 8,140 ac. Pop. 4,474. Its grammar school, founded in 1622, is endowed with 120?. yearly. Adbruicq, a comm. & town of France, dep. Pas de Calais, cap. cant., 11 m S.E. Calais. Pop. 1,165. AoEKBACH, towns & vills., Germany. — I. kgdm. of Saxony, circ. and 15 m. S.S.W. Zwickau. Pop. 3,117. Manuf. musUn, calico, lace, needles, and potash.— II. Bavaria, circ. XJpp. Franconia, on a hill abounding with caverns, 18 m. S. Baireuth. Pop. 1,750.-111. Hessen-Darmstadt, prov. Star- kenburg, 12 m. S. Darmstadt, on the railway from Darmstadt to Heidelberg, with 1,600 inhabs., a summer residence of the Grand-Duke, & min- eral springs resorted to by numerous visitors. Auersbeko, Arupium, a vill. and castle of • Austria, Illyria, circ. and 12 m. S.S.E. Laibach. Ahebstadt, a vill. of Prussian Saxony, gov. Merseburg, 10 m. W. Naumburg. Here the French under Davoust vanquished the Prussians under the King of Prussia, 14th October 1806, on which day the battle of Jena also occurred. AuGE (ValleS d'), a country of France, in the dep. Calvados. Fertile is. grain, fruit, and flax, and has excellent pasturage, on which the finest horses and cattle of Normandy are reared, AuGEEOLi/ES, a comm. and town of France, dep. Puy-de-D6rae, cant. Courpifere. Pop. 2,730. AUG 84 AUL AuaauR, a fortfd. and populous town of Hin- dostan, Gwalior dom., 36 m. N.E. Oojein. AuGHALoo, or AusHLOE, a pa. of Ireland, ITl- ister, 00. Tyrone, contains the town of Caledon l(»hichsee). Area 19,583 ac. Pop. of town 9,867, of rural districts 8,821. Caledon-hiU, the seat of the Earl of Caledon, is in this parish. ' AnoHATiL, or Ouohevai, a pa. of Ireland, ) Connaught, oo. Mayo, comprising the towns or ' iWestport and Westport-quay (which see). Area 33,695 ac, mostly mountainous or boggy. Pop. 18441, of rural districts 8,529. AnsHATEA, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, oo. Fer- managh, 12 m. N.W. Clones. Area 17,142 ac. Pop. 6,730. AuGHEK, a town & castle of Ireland, Ulster, oo. Tyrone, pa. and 2 m. N.E. Clogher. Pop. 753. AuGHMACART, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, Queen's co., 4J m. S.W. Castle-Durrow. Area y,601ac. Pop. 3,667. AuoHiTACLOT, A Small town of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Tyrone, pa. Carreteel, 11 m. N. Monaghan. Pop. 1,841. Mlct. on Wed., weekly. AuoHNAMnLLEN, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Monaghan, 2i m. S. Ballybay. Area 30,710 ac, including numerous loughs. Pop. 18,219. AuGHNiSH, or Aghn isH, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Donegal, comprising a part of the town of Kamelton. Area 9,196 ac Pop. 4,974, who manufacture considerable quantities of linen. — ^11. a vill., Connaught, co. Galway, on the S. side of GaJway Bay. Pop. 312. AtTGHTON, two pas. of England. — I. co. Lan- caster, 2J m. S.W. Ormskirk. Area 4,410 ac. Pop. 1560. It has annual races. — II. co. York, E. riding, 8 m. N.N.W. Howden. Area 4,200 ac Pop. 634. '. AuGiLA, an oasis and town of Africa, Sahara, on a route betw. Fezzan and Lr. Egypt, 150 m. S.E. the great Syrtis (Mediterranean). Lat. about 29° 20' N.,lon. 22° E. ■ Augsburg, Augusta Yindelieorunij a city of* Bavaria, cap. ciro. Swabia (or Ober-Donau) at the cunfl. of the rivers Lech and Wertach, 35 m. W.N.W. Munich, with which it is connected by a rsulway. Lat. (of St Ulric's church) 48° 21' 44' N., Ion. 10° 54' 29' E. Pop. 37,000, of whom 22,000 are Catholics. Its fort&s. are now useless as means of defence ; it has one noble street, but the rest are mostly narrow and irregular; squares small, houses antiquated, and often adorned ex- ternally with faded frescoes. Principal build- ings, the town-hall, one of the finest in Germany ; the palace of the former prince-bps., in which the memorable "Confession of Augsburg" was presented by the Protestants to Charles T. in 1530; the cathedral, 6 Roman Catholic, and 4 Protestant parish churches, and the exchange. The chief educational estabs. are Koman Ca- tholic and Protestant colleges, an academy of arts, polytechnic and other schools, an extensive library, and a picture gallery. It publishes the celebrated Allegemeine Zeitung or Augsburg Gazette, the circulation of which is upwards of 10,000 copies. This city is the principal arsenal of the kgdm., the seat of the commerce of S. Ger- many, and of the banking and exchange opera- tions betw. it and S. Europe. It has manuis. of merino and other woollen goods, cotton, silk, and linen fabrics, carpets, oil-cloth, stained paper, watches, mathematical instruments, gold and silver articles, and machinery. A Roman eolony was settled here about 15 years b.o. Augsburg was a free and imperial city until an- nexed to Bavaria by Napoleon in 1806. ADasT,two contiguous villa, of Switzeri., cants. Basle & Aargau, on the Rhine, at the influx of the Ergolz, 6 m. E. Basel, supposed to occupy the site of the anc. Augusta Bauracorum, Pop. 653. Augusta, co. U. S., N. America, west part of Virginia State. Area 900 sq. m. Pop. 19,628, of whom 15,072 are slaves. Soil fertile. Wheat principally raised.— II. a city, Georgia, cap. co. Richmond, on the Savannah river, and the Charleston and Milledgeville railway, in a rich cotton dist, 80 m. E.N.E. Milledgeville. Pop. 6,403. It is regularly built, chiefly of brick ; and has a city-hall, court-house, im, theatre, ar- senal, hospital, and numerous churches. — III. a town of the United States, cap. state Maine and co. Kennebec, on the Kennebec river, at the head of its sloop navign., and here crossed by a bridge 620 feet in length, 148 m. N.N.E. Boston. Pop. 5,314. The State-house of white granite, a large park, the arsenal, lunatic hospl., and high-school, are its chief noticeable objects.— IV. a tnshp. New York, CO. Oneida, 95 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,175. — ^V. Pennsylvania, co. Northumberland, 65 m. N. Harrisburg. Pop. 2,409. Augusta, a setuement, W- Australia, cap. dist. Sussex, on the W. side of Flinders' bay, in a fertile locality ; founded by Gov. Stirling in 1830. AuQUSTENBOBG, a Danish factory of Africa, Accra, Guinea coast, 9 m. irom Christiansborg. AuGUSTENBUKG, a ducal castle, and viU. of Denmark, island of Alsen. Pop. of village, 800. AuGUSTiN (St.), a river and bay, Labrador, British N. America, near the S. entrance of the Strait of Belleisle. Lat. 51° 15' N. ; Ion. 59° W. — II. a cape, Brazil, prov. and 25 m. S. Pemam- buco. Lat. 8° 21' S., Ion. 34° 56' W. This was the first discovered land in S. America, seen by Penzon, a.d. 1500. Augustine (St.), a bay on the S.W. coast of Madagascar. Lat. 23° 35' 4' S., Ion. 43° 45' 6" E. Augustine, a city and port, U. S., N. Amer., St John's, CO. Florida, 200 m. S.S.E. Tallahassee. Pop. 2,459. Pleasantly situated on a peninsula, 2 m.'from the shore of Atlantic. Fort Marion, at N. end of the town, commands the harbour. AuGUSTO wo, the N.most prov. of Poland, betw. lat. 62° 40' and 55° 5' N. Surface partly moun- tainous, marshy, and densely wooded. Chief rivs., the Niemen and Bug. Chief towns, Suwalki the cap., Wysztinie, Wladislawow,, and Augustowo. AuGUSTOwo, a town of Poland, in the prov. of same name, cap. dist., on the Netta, 140 m. N.E. Warsaw. Pop. 7,321, with manufe. of woollen & cotton goods, and a considerable trade in horses and cattle. It was founded bySigismundinl557. Augustowo (Canai, of), a canal of Poland, which unites the Vistula with the Niemen river, and connects it with the Baltic at Memel, through the rivers Narew, Biebrz, and Netta, extending firom Wizna on the Narew to the Niemen 14 m. N. Grodno, a distance of 160 m. ; it is ftom 6 to 6 feet deep, furnished with 17 loclcs, and was com- pleted between 1821 and 1831. AUKBOKOUGH, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, at the mouth of the Trent, 9J m. W.Barton. Area 2,540 ac. Pop. 628. Traces of a Roman camp and many curious fossils have been discovered here. Aula, a vill. of N. Italy, duchy of Modena, on the Aula, 10 m. N.W. Massa. Pop. 1,800.— Also several villages in Germany and Spain. AuLAT (St.), a comm. & town of France, dep. Dordogne, cap. cant, on the Dronne, arrond. and 10 m. S.W. Riberac Pop. 1,397. AuLDEABN, a marit. pa. and vill. of Scotland, CO. Nairn, on Moray firth. Pop. of pa. 1,466, The vill., a burgh of barony, on a height,.'} in. AUL E.S.E. Nairn, was the ane. residence of the deans of Moray, & its church-yai'd is a popular burying place for the tnhabs. of Nairn. E. of vill., in May 1645, Montrose gained the battle of Auldearn. AuLETTA, a town of Naples, prov. Princip. Cit., on the Calore, 24 m. S.E. Salerno. Pop. 2,100. AuLxiT-snK-ODON,aoomm. &town of France, dep. Calvados, cap. cant., 18 m. N.E. Vire, on the Odon. Pop. 1,984, who manuf. cotton goods. Several \ills. of France ai-e named Aulnay. AcLNE, a river of Franco, dep. Finistfei'e, passes Chateauneuf (wlienee it is navig.), and Chdteau- lin, and enters Brest road at Landevenec. It forms part of the canal from Nantes to Brest. AcLT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Somme, cap. cant., on the English Channel, 17 m. W. Abbeville. Pop. 1,371, who manuf. hard- wares, and supply fish to the Paris markets. AuiT HucKNALL, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, 4J m. N.W. Mansfield. Ac. 3,730. Pop. 678. AuiTA, a town of Germany^ Duchy of Saxe Weimai-, on the Orla, 7 m. S.E. Neustadt. Pop. 1,600. AtiMALE (formerly Aibem-ible), a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-Inf., cap. cant., on the Bresle, 13 m. E.N.E. Neufchatel. Pop. 1,695. Mannfe. of woollen cloths, yam, and earthenwares. In 1592, it was the scene of a combat with the Spaniards, in which Henri it. was wounded. AuatsiEB, a populous town of India, dom. and 50 m. W.N.W. Nagpoor, on the Wurda. AcsAT, a comm. and town, France, dep. Cha- reute-lnf., cap. cant., 16 m. N.E. S. Jean-d'-An- gely. Pop. 1,780. — II. a vill., dep. Nievre. Pop. 1,144.— III. Till., dep. Eure-et-Loire. Pop. 1,021. AusEAU, comm. & town of France, dep. Eure- et-Loire, arrond. Chartres. Pop. 1,616. Al'xei'il, a comm. and vlU. of France, dep. Oise, cap. cant., arrond. Beauvais. Pop. 1,285. Ansis, an old prov. "W. of France, betw. Sain- tonge, Poitou, and the Atlantic, forming, with SaintoDge, the modem dep. Charente-Inferieure. Ai-xsBY, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, parts Kesteven, 4 m. N.W. by N. Folkingham. Area 1,250 ac. Pop. 117. Aups, a comm. and town of France, dep. Var, cap. cant., 15 m. N.W. Draguignan. Pop. 2,668. Aheaeia, a vill. of U. S., N. America, Georgia, 135 m. N.X.W. MUledgeville, in the richest part of its gold producing region (whence its name). AuEAS, a town of Prussian Silesia, 11 m. N.N.W. Breslau, with a castle. Pop. 1,020. AuEAT, a river-port of France, dep. Morbihan, cap. cant., on the Auray, 10 m. W. Vannes. Pop. (1846) 3,755. It is neatly built, and has an ex- cellent port, with fisheries, and cotton spinning. In 1364, du Guesclin was made prisoner here. AuBELius, a township of the V. S., N. America, New Tork, 5 m. W. Auburn. Pop. 2,645. Adbiac, and Aueignac, two small towns of France, dep. H. Garonne ; the former, 19 m.S.E., and the latter, 38 m. S.W., Toulouse. AuBicH, a town of the kgdm. of Hanover, cap. landrost, and of the principality of E. Friesland, 13 m. N.E. Emden, with which it is connected by a canal. Pop. 3,600. It is well-built, and has a castle in which the provincial council meets, Luth. and Calv. churches, a gymnasium, and public library, with distilleries, manufs. of ropes, and tobacco, and an active trade in horses. AuEiG.w, one of the Channel isls. [Aldebnet.J AuEiLLAC, a town of France, cap. dep. Cantal, on rt. b. of the Jourdanne, 40 m. S.E. Tulle. Pop. (1846) 8,484. It is agreeably situated and well built. Chief antiqs., the ruins of the ane. castle of St Etienne, and an abbey of the Benedietmes. 85 AUS It has a tribunal of commerce, a comm. college, and manufs. of leather and paper. Adeiol, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Bouches-du-Rh6ne, 14 m. N.E. Marseille. Pop. 2,971, with coal and copper works. AuEONZo, a town of N. Italy, deleg. & 30 m. N.E. Belluno, with rich zinc mines. Pop. 3,100. AuEOEA, the name of several isls. — I. in the Red Sea, in lat. 25° 15', and inhab. by Bedwin Arabs. — II. Pacific, Espiritu Santo Archipelago, in lat. 15° 2' 35' S., Ion. 168° 26' 16' B.— III. Aurora, town, U. S., N. America, New York, co. Brie, 16 m. S.E. Buffalo. Pop. 2,908. Also a vill. delightfully situated on Cayuga lake, 170 m. W. Albany, N. York. AuKDNaAB.U), an old Mohammedan prov. of S. India, mostly betw. lat. 18° and 21° N., and Ion. 73° and 77° E., and now divided among the Nizam's territory, and the British dists. Poonah, N. Concan, and Ahmednuggur, in the Bombay presid. Surface irregular. Ghauts mntns. & table-land in the W. Climate favourable to the cultiv. of European fiiiits. Thinly peopled ; in- habitants chiefly Maharattas. In it are the cities Bombay, Poonah, Aurungabad,with most of the remarkable cave-temples of India, viz., those of Elephanta, SaJsette, Carlee, and Elora. — Aurun- gabad, a city and cap. of prov., on a tribut. of the Godavery, 176 m. E.N.E. Bombay. Lat. 19° 63' N. ; Ion. 75° 29' E. Pop. estim. at 60,000. It is enclosed by a low wall about 7 m. in circ, and has many good houses, broad streets, and fine public structures, among which are the palace _& favourite residence of Aurungzebe (whence its name), a mausoleum on the model of that of Shah Jehan at Agra, and two stone bridges connecting the city with a suburb across the river. About 1 m. S.W.ward are cantonments, where a battalion of the Nizam's army, under British officers, is quartered. The city became the seat of the provincial government, after the Mogul conquest, 1634, and before that was called Gurha. Travelling distance from Bombay by Poonah, 284 miles. Au Sable, a township of the U. S., N. America, N.York, CO. Clinton, 140m. N. Albany. Pop. 3,222. — II. a riv. New York, rises near the head of Hud- son riv., and flows W.ward into lalce Champlain. AusCHE, a town, Bohemia, circ. and 10 m. N.E. Leitmeritz. Pop. 1,500, with woollen factories. Auschwitz, or Oswiecin, a town of Austrian- Galicia, cap. duchy, on the Sola, near its influx into the Vistula, 33 m. W.S.W. Cracow. Pop. 2,000, with an extensive trade in salt. AuspiTZ, a town of Moravia, circ. and 18 m. S.S.E. Brunn, near the railway from Vienna to Briinn, with large cattle mkts. Pop. 2,330, Aussa, or HonssA, a decayed but formerly hn- portant town, E. Africa, Adel, about 85 m. S.W. Zeila, on the Sea of Bab-el-Mandeb, still the seat of some traffic, and the residence of the " learned doctors " of the Mudaito tribes. (Harris.) Adssee, a town of Austria, Styria, 8 m. N.E. HaUstadt. Pop. 1,200. Its rich mines of rock salt have been worked for more than 1,000 years. AussEGGi or AussiG, a town of Austria, Bo- hemia, circ. and 11 m. N.W. Leitmeritz, on 1. b, of the Elbe. Pop. 1,800. It has manuffe. of cot- ton and linen fabrics, & an active trade in corn, timber, and a wine sunilar to Champagne. The painter Raphael Mengs was born here in 172&— II. a vill. of Prussian Sayony, reg. Merseburg, the head quarters of the Emperor Charles V., before the battle of Muhlberg. AnssEK, a town of JRhenish-Prussia, reg.Treves, circ. Saarlouls, with iron worlts. Pop. 1,164, AUS 86 AUS AuST, a Till, and chplry. England, co. Glo'ster, 4 m W.S.W. Thornbury, on the Severn, across which is the « Old Passake" to Chepstow. Austell (St.), a town & pa. of Wales, co. Corn- wall, 13 m. N.N.E. Truro. Area 11,540 ac. Pop. 10,320. Town situated on eastern side of a hill. Streets narrow and unpaved. There are some manufactories of woollens, but the chief trade is the exportation of tin and copper from the mines in the vicinity. The pilchard fishery is also ex- tensively carried on in the B. of Austell. Weekly market on Friday. AusTKBLiTz (Morav. Slawhow), a small seigno- rial town of Moravia, circ. & 12 m. E.S.E. Briinn, on the Littawa, with 2,400inhabs., & thesplendid castle of Prince Kaunitz Kittberg. Celeb, for the victory gained by Napoleon over the Empe- rors of Austria and Kussia, 2d Dec. 1805. AusTEBLiTZ, a tnshp. of D. S., N. Amer., New York, CO. Colom., 31 m. S.S.W. Albany. Pop. 2,091. Austin, atn., cap. of Texas, U. S., N. America, on the Colorado river, 100 m. W. Washington (on the Brazos). Pop. 2,000. It is finely situa- ted, and pretty well laid ont. Chief edifices, the hall of legislature, and the president's house. Austin was the cap. of Texas previous to the an- nexation of that territory in 1846 to the U. S. Austin, a bay and town on S.B. point of the Isl. Barbadoes, W. Indies. AusTONLET,atnshp. of England, co. Tork, W. riding, pa. Almondbury, 7} m. S.E. Huddersfield. Area 1,760 ac. Pop. 1,940. AUSTRALA.SIA (SouTH Asia), 3. division of the flobe forming a part of Oceania, extending etweeu the equator and lat. 47° S., consisting of the continent of Australia, Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land), New Zealand, and those parts of the Eastern Archipelago and Polynesia, be- tween Ion. 130° and 170° E., viz., Papua, the Arru isls., Timor-Laut, New Britain, New Ireland, ISew Caledonia, and the Admiralty, Salomon, New Hebrides, and Q. Charlotte's isls. Austral- asia is called Milanhie by the French geogra- phers on account of its inhabitants being chiefly blacks. [Polynesia, Asiatic Akchipelabo.] AusTKALiA, New Holland, a vast extent of land composing the main portion of Australasia, and lying S. of the Asiatic Archipelago, betw. lat. 10° and 39° S., and Ion. 113° and 164° E. ; having W. the Indian O.; E. the Pacific O.; N. the Sea of Timor, and Torres Strait, separat- ing it from Timor, Papua, &c. ; and S. Bass' Strait dividing it from Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land). Length E. to W. 2,600 m. ; greatest breadth about 1,800 m. Area estimated at 3 milUon sq. m. Pop. of British colonies including Tasmania and Norfolk isl^ about 260,000. The aboriginal pop. in the vicinity of the British settlements are rapidly on the decrease. Their jlumbers are estimated at 16,000 to 20,000. There are no data for the total aboriginal pop. of the country, which has been vaguely estimated at 300,000. Australia, like the continents of Africa and S. America, is but little indented with arms of the ocean, and presents no wide estuaries of rivs. The principal indentations are the Gulf of Carpentaria, — a considerable sea, — & Cambridge gulf on the N. ; Halifax & Moreton bays on the E. ; Port Philip, the Gulf of St Vincent, & Spen- cer gulf on the S. ; & Shark bay, with a few others on the W. coast. Botany-bay, & Jervis' bay are inlets of small size, many of which are met with ; and some of these, with the estuaries of the larger rivers, afford tolerable shelter ; though, upon the whole, the coasts of Australia are deficient in good harbours. Only the SJE. part, with com- paratively small sections in the W. and S., and an inconsiderable tract in the N., near Port Essington, have been yet thoroughly explored. Some useful expeditions have been conducted by Mr Eyre, along the coast of the Gt. Australian Bight, and by Gov. Grey in the S. ; and more re- cently Dr Leichard and party have traversed the country betw. Moreton bay and Port Essington: while Sir T. Mitchell, in addition to his former explorations, has also penetrated through a part of the interior of Tropical Australia ; but much of the interior is still a terraincognita, & we can only specify some features of its best known regions. In the S.E. a succession ofmntn. ranges stretches from Gipps'-land to lat. 26° S., at a distance from the coast "varying generally from 60 to 100 m. The Australian Alps, or Warragong nmtns., belong to this chain, and are constantly covered with snow; Mt. York (Blue mntns.) rises to 3,292 feet; and the Liverpool range, within the colony of New South Wales, reaches, eleva- tions of between 6,000 and 7,000 feet. The re- semblance of the geological formations of these mountains, to those of the Ural, led Sir K. I. Murchison, in 1845, to foretell the existence of gold in the Australian Cordillera ; and, in Feb- ruary 1861, Mr Hargreaves discovered extensive diggings in the districts of Bathurst and Welling- ton, New South Wales. Since that time, gold has been found in various and wide spread loca- lities in the province of Victoria, The only river system of the interior hitherto explored, is that of the Murray, which is swelled by the Darling, Castlereagh, Peel, Macqnarrie, Bogan, Lachlan, and Murrumbigee rivers, its basin being known to extend through at least 10° of latitude, and 13° of longitude, and probably comprises a much greater extent. Other principal rivers are the Hunter, Hawkesbury, Shoalhaven, debouch- ing on the E. ; Blackwood and Glenelg on the S. ; Swan and Canning on the W. ; and Victoria, Ade- laide, Liverpool, and Alligator, on the N. coast ; but few serve to facilitate internal navigation. Princip. lakes are those of Victoria and Torrens in S. Australia ; the latter, which appears to be merely a salt marsh in the dry season, has a re- markable serpentine form ; but its entire extent has not yet been determined. It was conjectured that an inland sea occupied a considerable part of the unexplored interior, but hitherto no mcts have transpired to confirm this opinion. Soil very various ; a large part of the surface is occu- cupied by extensive sandy deserts; elsewhere fine pasture and woodlands are met with ; but it is remarkable that the best soil is on the bill slopes, the lowlands and valleys being commonly sterile, except in the N., where there is a fine al- luvial plain country. A thfa-d part of the conti- nent hes within the torrid, and the rest in the S. temp. zone. The climate is peculiar, and sub- ject to great vicissitudes of temperature. The N. half of the country being mostly within the ti-opios and the range of the monsoons, is subject in summer (between November and April), to heavy rains, winch, however, are very irregular in their occurrence, and last only for a few hours daily. In other parts of Australia, years of complete drought occasionally occur, followed by years of flood ; but here the hot is also in general the dry season, — a circumstance favourable to health. The N.E. winds blowing over the sandy deserts of the interior are di'y and hot, raising the therm to 80° and 110° Fahr. On the other hand, the S.e! winds are often very cold, & frost sometimes hap- pens in the lowlands even in June. Granite saud> stone, limestone, coal, & slates, are the chief mi- AUS neral products, and rich ores of copper and lead have been recently discovered. Of 6,710 plants discovered in Australia, 6,440 ai-e peenliai- to this continent. Ferns, nettles, and grasses, some of gigantic size, hard timber, gum and resin trees, with palms, myrtles, cedai's, pines, prickly shrubs, and a multitude of odoriferous plants & grasses, are the chief vegetable products ; but it is re- markable that there are, with one or two excep- tions, no indigenous h'uits. Timber in general is of inferior quedity. MaJEC, wheat, flax, tobacco, indigo, vines, ohves, and in some parts sugar and cotton are successfully raised ; but sheep-farm- ing is the most flourishing branch of pastoral eco- nomy, & it is principally as a wool-growing coun- try £hat Australia is rising into commercial im- portance. The indigenous quadrupeds hitherto discovered compiTse 58 species, of which 46, in- cluding the kangaroo, wombat, and other pouched animals, are peculiar to Australia and its adja- cent islands. The singular ontithorhynais para- doxus is an animal found here only ; and it may be remarked that in many particulars nature here assumes a form unpai'alleled in other parts of the globe. The native Australians are viewed by many as a distinct variety of the human race ; and, certainly, their nmnerous dialects have no discoveredafmutywith any other language. Theii' skin is of an earthy black, hair straight, fore- head low and fioll, nose broad, hps thick, stature short, frame slight, and more adapted to feats of agility than of strength. They live in roving tribes ; and, though not deficient in intellect, are in their habits among the lowest in the scale of hmnanity — many tribes going completely naked, practising cannibalism, and having scarcely any notions of a Deity, or of social arts and crier. " They are not, however, intractable, devoid of generosity, or ignorant of the rights of marriage and of property. The frequent violation of these rights is, in fact, the occasion of constant wars among them, which, together with polygamy, incest, in&nticide, scarcity of food, and the usual results of the contact of savages with whites, ap- pear to be producing the gradual extinction of the race. Their numbers in and near the Euro- pean settlements are not supposed to exceed many thousands; and the comparative scarcity of water, which has hitherto mainly prevented Europeans penetrating far into the interior of this continent, suggests a donbt as to its capability of sapporting any large uncivilized population. The Dutch or the Spaniards, about the beginning of the 17th century, were the earliest European dis- coverers of Australia, though little was known of it until Dampier, Wallis, and afterwards Cook, explored its various coasts. The favourable re- port of it by the latter was followed by the first British settlement at Port Jackson in 1788. The name of New Holland given by the Dutch to the N. western coasts, first discovered by them, and subsequently extended to the whole of the main- land, is now supplanted by the more appropriate name of Australia. The British settlement of \eu> S. Walet, or Sydney, was made in 1788. The settlement of Western Australia, or Swan Kiver, was established in 1829. South Australia, established in 1834, extends along the coast from Fowler's Bay in the W., to beyond Cape Northumberland, or from Ion. 132° to 141° E., of which Adelaide is the capital. Australia Felix, or Victoria, chief town, Melbourne, established in 1837, was formerly a dependency of New South Wales. North Australia was colonised in 1838. Australind, on the western coast, about 80 miles south of Swan River, was established in 1841. 87 AUS [Adelaide, MELnouBNE, Pebth, Sidnet, Tas- mania, Victoria.] [South Austbalia.] AusTREY, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 6 m. E.N.E. Tamworth. Area 2,280 ac. Pop. 479. Monk's charity in this pa. produces 2911. per ann. Austria (Archduchy of), the central prov. and nucleus of the Austrian empire, and seat of its cap., comprised (including Salzburg) betw. lat. 47° and 49° N., and Ion. 12° 10' and 17° E., having N. Bohemia and Moravia, E. Hungaiy, S. Styiia, Carinthia, & the Tyrol, and W. the Tyrol anil Bavaria. Area 15,052 square m. Pop. (1842) 2,227,524; viz. 1,417,783, in Lower Austria (in- cluding Vienna), and 869,741 in Upper Austria. The Noric Alps, which form its S. boundary, next to Styria, extend their contreforts to the banks of the Danube, which traverses the province from W. to E. ; the river Inn forms its N.W., and the March pai't of its E. frontier. It has numerous mountain lakes, and highly picturesque scenery. Forests and vineyards extensive. It is fertile, and admirably cultivated. Wheat, oats, and bar- ley are raised, and it has been estimated that 25 null, gallons of wine are made here annuaJly. Its mineral products are highly important, and com- prise gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, arsenic, alum, coal, and graphite. "The weaving and spinning of flax, cotton, and wool are the main branches of manufg. industry. This prov. is divided by the river Enns into the govs, of Upper and Lower Austria {Land Ober and Unter der Enns). Lower Austria is subdivided into 4 circles, I. Lower Wiener-wald, cap. Vienna; 11. Upper Wiener- wald, cap. St Polten ; III. Lower Manhartsberg, cap. Korneuburg ; IV. Upp. Manhartsberg, cap. Krems ; and the municipal dist. of Vienna. The regency of Lower Austria has its seat at Vienna, and is charged with the civil administ. of the prov. Upper Austria is subdivided into 5 circles, I. Miihl, cap. Linz ; II. Traun, cap. Steyer ; III. Hausriik, cap. Wels; IV. Inn, cap. Kied; V. Salzburg, cap. Salzburg ; and the regency is es- tablished at Linz. The military affairs of the archd. are directed by the military commandant of Vienna, who has under him the milit. comm. of Linz. After Vienna, the chief cities are Linz, Wiener-Neustadt, and Salzburg. Austria (Circle of), an old subdiv. of Ger- many, which comprised Austria-Proper, or Lower Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, and the Ty- rol, bounded N. by Moravia, Bohemia, and the circles of Bavaria and Swabia; W. Switzerland; S. Lombardy and Istria; and E. Croatia, and Hungary, — ^most of which territories are now in- cluded in the Austrian empire. Austria, Empire of (Germ. Oesterreichische Kaiserthum, Fr. Empire d' Autriche), a state of Central Europe, cap. Wien (Vienna), situated chiefly between lat. 45° and 61° 2' N. (but ex- tending in Dalmatia to lat. 42° 9' N.), and Ion. 8° 35' & 26° 36' E., bounded N. by Russia, Prussia, Saxony, & Bavaria ; S. by Parma, Modena, the Pontif. States, the Adriatic, and the Ottoman Emp. ; W. by Lichtenstein, Switzerland, and the Sardinian States ; and E. by the Russian Em- pire. Area 267,830 sq. miles. Pop. in 1846, 38,000,000. The princip. part of the territory presents the form of an oblong square, parallel with the equator lengthwise, and its centre is in- dicated, nearly, by the position of Pesth, on the Danube. 3 great mutn. systems cover the Emp. with their ramifications, the Alps in the S.W., the Bohemian and Moravian mntns. in the N.W., and the Carpathians, forming a great curve, the one extremity of which abuts on the Danube at Presburg in the N.W., and the other at Or AUS J 80va in the S.E. The most elev. summits are in the Alps of Tyrol, where the Ortlerspitz attains the height of 12,779 ft., next the Lomnitzerspitz m the Carpathians, 8,861 ft., and 3d the Schnee- koppe in the Riesen Gebirge, the culminating point of the mntns. of Bohemia and Moravia, 5i276 ft. The most mntnous countries are the Tyrol, Salzburg, Upper Styria, the W. part of Upper Carinthia, & the E. part of Transylvania. Austria contains many extensive plains, remark- able for their miiform level, the principal of these are the plains of Lower Austria, on both sides of the Danube, the plains of Hungary, the plain of Slavonia, and that of the Po, the greater part of Ayhich belongs to the Emp. Austria is most abun- dantly supplied with water, nearly all of which is collected into 6 great rivers, viz., the Danube & the Dniester, flowing to the Black Sea ; the Po and the Adige, to the Adriatic ; the Vistula to the JBaltic, and the Elbe to the German Ocean ; it contains also a great many lakes, the most im- portant of which are, in the mntn. regions, the lakes Maggiore, Como, Lugano, Iseo, & Garda, on the S. slopes of the Alps ; and in the plains, the Platten-See, and L. Nieusiedel, the two most extensive sheets of water in the Empire, in Hun- gary, which country, from its flatness, contains also the greatest number of marshes. The prin- cipal gulfs are those of Venice, Triest, Quamero, and Cattaro. The Austrian Emp. is comprised between the isotherm lines of 60° and 50°. The Alpine region is the most rainy country in Europe, the greatest amount of rain falls in the N. of the Lombardo- Venetian kgdm., & the least in Hun- gary and Dalmatia. Storms are rare in Lower Austria, and become more frequent in the S. The annual proportion is 8 in Vienna, 28 in Hun- gary, and 42 in the plains of Venice. Volcanic phenomena are only met with in Dalmatia. Eartli- quakes occur in Dalmatia, Illyria, Hungary, and Transylvania. Glaciers and snow fields are con- fined to the Alps at an elev. of 8,000 ft. The soil in such an extensive territory is very varied ; the plains of Italy and Hungary are the most fertile, next, the countries of Galicia, Bohemia, Moravia, Austria-Proper, and Styria. The flora of the Austrian States comprises the different grains, and wild and cultivated plants common to the countries of Central Europe, as vines, hops, tobacco, safron, and a great variety of fruit-trees ; a third part of the productive soil is covered by forests. The Alps and the mntns. of Bohemia and Moravia produce the pine, the beech, and the larch ; while the forests of Hungary, Galicia, Transylvania, and the military frontier furnish the oak, beech, and elm. The Empire may be divided into the 3 following zones of vegetation : — S., the zone of olives and rice, betw. lat. 42° & 46° ; central, that of the vine and maize, between lat. 46° and 49°, and N. that of grain, hops, and hemp, between lat. 49° and 51°. The vegetation of these zones is modified by the elevation of the soil ; thus the vine ceases at a height of 1,750 ft., the oak at 3,000 ft., cereals generally at 4,500 ft., pines at 6,000 ft., and pasture at the limits of snow in the Alps. Among the fauna of Austria may be noticed the bear (in the Alps and Car- pathians), the wolf and the fox, the lynx, and the chamois in the high Alps, the jacksfll in Dalma- tia, the marten, otter, marmot, and beaver, the wild boar, and wild cat, the stag, deer, hare and rabbit. Eagles and other birds of prey inhabit the mntns., and herons are plenty in the plains. Fish is abundant in most of the streams, and leeches are exported in immense quantities from the marshes. I AUS Austria is among the richest mmeral countries in Europe ; there is gold in Transylvania and Hungary, silver in Hungary, Bohemia, Transyl- vania, and Styria, mercury in Carinthia, tin m Bohemia, copper in nearly all the prov., lead in Carinthia, iron in all the countries except on the low shores of the Adriatic ; antimony in Hun- gary, salt in Galicia, Transylvania, & the Tyrol, and coal in all the provs. The Empire contains also all kinds of buildLig materials, and precious stones, and is especially rich in mineral springs, the most celebrated of which are at Karlsbad, Toplitz, aud-Marienbad. The extent and pop. of the different states, is thus stated in the ofScial reports : — ProvinceB. Areainsq.tn. Pop.(lB43) GemiEui. Austria, . archdoclir. 15,063 3,377,534 ij 10,981 842,768 Styria, . . duchy. 8,670 983,744 Slavonian . IJIyria, . . Itgdm. 10,960 1,263,881 " Bohemia, . . ligdm. 20,Si03 4,379,189 ' Moravia ajid Silesia, marq. 10,SS9 2,333,739 naimatia, . . kgdm. 8,067 401,541 Mngyor, Hungary, with Slavonia and &c. Croatia, . . kgdm. 89.040 10,500,000 81,390 3,108,406 Pouiii. Military frontier, . 16,179 1,320,603 OBiicia& Bukovina, kgdm. 33,538 4,910,629 Itnllan. I,omhardo.TeDetian, l^dm. 17.511 i,m^ Total, 267,830 35,804,162 The rate of increase of pop. is calculated at 377,676 annually, and it is computed that the total pop. in 1846 amounted to 38,000,000. Ac- corcUng to race and language the entire pop. is divided thus : — Germans, . 6,700,000 Armenians, 23,100 Slavonians, . . 16,500,000 Jews, 641,000 Italians, &c., . 6,700,000 Gipsies, . 77,000 Illyrians, 3,300 Magyars, 5,900,000 Greeks, . 6,600 Tartars, 170,000 In 1840, the number of towns was 795, of which 1. (Vienna) had upwards of 350,000 inhabs. ; 3 (Milan, Prague, and Venice) more than 100,000 ; 6 above 40,000 ; 7 above 30,000 ; 11 above 20,000 ; and 35 above 10,000. Boroughs 2,315, and vills. 69,002. The pop. belongs to 4 principal families, — the Deutsch or German, Slavonian, Italian, & Hungarian or Magyars. German is the language of the countries inhab. by the 1st named family, and the idiom employed by the superior adminis- tration ; the different Slavonian dialects by the 2d ; Italian, and a mixed dralect by the 3d ; and the Magyar by the 4th. French is the diplomatic language of Austria. Agriculture is m many parts of the empire in a very backward state, and it is computed that the country could support at least double the present amount of its pop. In Styria, Illyria, and the Tyrol, the rearing of cattle forms the chf. branch of agric. industry, and the produce of wine is abunimnt. Lombardy and Venice raise a great amount of wheat, maize, and rice, the extent of the latter being only restricted by sanatory considerations. The resiring of silk worms is also one of the chf. sources of wealth in the prov. Galicia and Bohemia produce grain in great abundance. Moravia and Silesia are in general well cultivated, and the produce exceeds the wants of the pop. Hungary also yields abundance of grain. Cattle forms one of the chf. sources of wealth; they are reared in great num- bers in ail the Alpine countries. Horses are numerous and of a good breed ; and there ai-e 15 varieties of sheep. Mining is one of the chief branches of industry in the empire. Since the A V S S9 ATIT peace manuf. industry has made great progress m Austria. In 1834; the number of roanufs. was 11,06^ employing about 2,330,000 workmen. The most important articles produced are woollens, linens, cotton, silks, steel, and wood and glass wares. The principal goods imported are colonial products, oils, com, cattle, cotton, and cotton yai'n, hides, slans, and metals ; principal exports, silk, wool, woollen goods, glass, steel, linen, and hemp manufe., timber, and seeds. The means of communication in Austria are extensive, & many of the great routes, as that of the Simplon, are remarkable as works of art. The 1st railway opened in Austria, extends from Linz on the Danube, N. to Budweis on the Moldau, and S. to Wells and Gmunden, it is worked by horse- power. In 184S, the principai lines of railway in operation and progress were as follows ; — 1. from Vienna S. to Gratz ; 2. Gratz to Cilly ; 3. Cilly to Triest (in progress); 4. Vienna N.W. to Stockeran, and E. to Briick; 5. Vienna N. to Brunn, and N. and N.W. to Olmutz and Prague. In Xor. Italy, the great trunk line from Milan E. to Venice, opened for traffic nearly half its extent, and that from Milan N. to Monza. In Hungary the principal lines are, 1. from Pesth E. to Szol- nock (or from the Danube to the Theiss) ; 2. from Pesth N. to MVaitzen, and from Presburg N.E. to Tymau. Steam packets are established on the Danube, and on tiie lakes of the Lomb.- Venetian Kingdom, in which provs. canals are numerou^ The Austrian monarchy is composed of stat^ which recognise the same sovereign, but are governed by different laws ; it takes the first rank in the states of the German confederation. The crown is hereditary by order of primogeniture in the male, and failing it in the female line. The government was a monarchy, nearly absolute ; but since the revolntion of 1848, a representative as- sembly of the different states has been formed ; and Tran.sylvania has been wholly incorporat- ed with Hungary. Nearly each prov. has dis- tinct nsa^es and peculiarities of government. The anc. Hungarian provinces. — ^viz., Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, & Slavonia, have their own diets, & are, to a certain extent, independent of the court of Vienna ; but in most of the W. provs. (the Tyrol excepted), the rule of the emperor is more direct. The imperial cabinet consisted (in 1848) of 5 members, under whom a council undertook the 7 departments; viz. justice, the army, police, exchequer, finance, health, and education. By this council, and 11 administra- tive boards for the different provs., all sitting in Vienna, the business of the state is managed. In Galicia, Dalmatia, and all the W. provs., the civil and criminal courts for the ennobled ranks, and for the rest of the pop., are separate; appeal lies from their primary jurisdiction to the superior courts in Vienna, Klagenfnrth, Inns- bruck, Prague, Briinn, Lemberg, Zara, and Verona ; and from these a second appeal to the Board of justice, — except in Transylvania, where the guberniutn, or court of appeal, is the highest under the emperor. The subordinate civil divi- sions of the provs. are into counties in Hun- gary and Transylvania, mertels (quarters) in Lower Austria, ddegations in Austrian Italy, and circlet elsewhere. The empire is ecclesiasti- cally divided into 15 archbishoprics, 76 bishop- rics, 19 Protest, superintendencies, and 28,903 parishes, of which 19,503 are B. Catholic, and 9,400 are acatholio. The secular clergy amounted in 1842 to 56,988 persons, of whom 46,555 were R. Catholic priests, and 10,433 ministers of other denominajiions. In the same year the census gave the number of R. Catholics as 24,874,139; of Greek communicants 6,469,406; Protestants 3,244,788 ; Unitarians 46,769; & Jews 668,906. The Greek Catholics & the Protestants mostly inhabit the E. provs. ; the Unitarians are nearly confined to Transylvania. The admini- stration of pubhc instruction is under the direc- tion of a separate commission, and extends to all parts of education, and the pubhc schools are subject to uniform laws, they are classed into high schools, gymnasiums and classical schools, and elementary schools. The number of national schools (exclusive of Hungary, Transylvania, and the military frontier) is 28,380, & pupils 2,605,801, bemg nearly 1 to every 10 of the pop. There were, in 1848, 9 universities, having their seats at Vienna, Prague, Padua, Pavia, Pesth, Lemberg, Gratz, Innsbruck, and Olmiitz, with 419 pro- fessors, and 16,794 students. The military force of the empire is composed of a standmg army, and an army of reserve (Landwehr). The per- manent force in time of peace is 414,000 men, and during war 639,659. Austria possesses a great many fortifications, of which Josephstadt, Theresienstadt, Olmiitz, Mantua, Peschiera, and Comom, belong to the 1st class ; Peterwardein, Brod, Altgradisca, Arad,Eszeg, Karlstadt, Karls- bnrg, Munkatsch, Temeswar, Ragusa, Cattaro, Zara, Legnago, Venice, Kufstein, Salzburg, Pra- gue, and Kbniggratz to the 2d class. Austria also maintains garrisons in Mentz, Piacenza, Ferrara, and Comacchio. The naval armament, under a naval commander at Venice, consists of 8 vessels in ordinary, 3 frigates, 2 corvettes, 3 brigs, 3 schooners, & 46 smaller vessels, mount- ing in all 510 guns. There is besides, an armed flotilla on the Danube. The public revenues arise from direct taxes on property, industry, & incomes, with personal and Jews' taxes, indirect imposts on tobacco and provisions, a salt mono- poly, legacy and stamp duties, post-ofBce and custom dues, and the revenues from the crown domains and mines ; the whole estim. (in 1847) to amount to 16,000,800?. sterl. yearly. The greater proportion was contributed by Bohemia, Galicia, Illyria, & the German & Italian provs. ; Hungary contributes a certain sum voted by the Diet, and supports a fixed number of troops ; & in Dalmatia a tithe of the land produce is taken m heu of taxes. The expenditure is not readily ascertained ; the army, and internal administra- tion, are the principal sources of expense. The publ. debt in 1847 was about 99,000,000?. sterlmg. (For recent changes in the government, see Geb- MASY and Vienna). Adstbian Italy comprises the Lombardo-Ve- netian kingdom, the Italian Tyrol, and a great part of the government of Triest, in Illyria. AnsTBiAN -Poland. [Galicia & Lokomebia.] AusrvTicK, atnshp. of Engl., co. York, W. rid- ing, pa. Clapham, 4 m. N.W. Settle. Ac. 5,400. Pop. 599. Cattle fair Thurs. before Whitsuntide. AuTACOA, CO. U. S., N. Amer., nearly in centre of Alabama, and intersected by Alabama river & its branches. Pop. 14,320, of whom 8,109 are slaves. The surface varied & broken, soit light, except on the rivers, where it is rich and fertile. Ahteeive, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Garonne, cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Ariege, 16 m. S. Toulouse. Pop. (1846) 2,230, Adteuil, a comm. and vill., France, dep. Seine, 3 ro. W. Paris. Pop. (1846) 3,313. It is enclosed within the new walls of Paris, and agreeably sit- uated between the Bois de Boulogne and the rt. b. of the Seine. Boileau, La Fontaine, Franklin, & other illustrious men had countrj' houses here AUT In the square, there is a pyramid erected to the memory of d'Ag:uesseau. AuTHiE, & AuTHioN, two Small rivs. of France ; the former flows N.W. betw. the deps. Somme and Pas-de-Calais, and enters the English channel 25 m. S. Boulogne, after a course of 35 m. ; the latter, dep. Maine-et-Loire, joins the Loire, 4 m. S.E. Angers, after a W. course of about 35 m. Adthorpe, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, parts Llndsey, 4 J m. N.W. Aldford. Ac. 1,390. Pop. 117. AuTUN (Bibracte, afterwards Augustodunum), a city of France, dep. Sa6ne-et-Loire, cap. ar- rond., on the Arroux, 50 m. N.W. Macon, and 165 m. S.E. Paris. Pop. (1846) 9,098. It is pictu- resquely seated at the foot of finely wooded mountains, and has a lofty gothic cathedral, a college, library, museum, large seminary, and tribunal of commerce, with manufs. of carpets and paper, and a considerable trade in timber, hemp, and cattle. Large masses of its anc. walls remain, with two very beautiful and perfect gates, the ruins of an amphitheatre and of several temples, a pyramid and numerous fragments of other Boman edifices ; it has also a choice col- lection of anc. medals. The see of Autun was once held by Talleyrand. AuTtTNCAEAY, a seaport town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. Madura, 11 m. E. Kamnad. It has a coasting trade in rice and tobacco. AnvEBOWB (Mountains of), a branch of the Cevennes, extending chiefly in the deps. Puy-de- D6me and Cantal, and separating the basins of the AlUer, Cher, and Creuse, from those of the Lot and Dordogue. These mountains form extensive and very confused groups, which throw out con- siderable contreforts to the N. and S., and contain the culminating points of the interior of France; viz., the Mont Dor 6,188 feet, Cantal 6,093 feet, and Puy-de-D6me 4,806 feet. They contain a great number of extinct volcanoes, and present sites of the wildest and most pictu- resque grandeur. The cone of Mont Dor rises abruptly to a height of several thousand feet, and is composed of layers of scoriae, pumice-stone, and fine detritus mixed with beds of basalt. The numerous minor volcanoes form an irregular ridge, extending along the platform 18 m. in length & 2 m. in breadth. They are generally truncated at the top, and the crater is often entire. AuvEKGNE, an old prov. of France, forming the present deps. of Cantal, Puy-de-D6me, and a small part of H.-Loire. It was divided into upper and lower Auvergue, and had for caps, respect- ively St Flour and Clermont. AovEKS, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 3 m. E.N.E. Pontoise, on the rail- way from Paris to Amiens. Pop. 1,630. Advillab, or Auvillaks, a town of France, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, cap. cant., 23 m. W. Montauban. Pop. (1846) 1,742. AuxEBBE, Autissiodoruntf a city of France, cap. dep. Yonne, 93 m. S.W. Paris, on left bank of the Yonne. Pop. (1846) 11,890. It is surrounded by vineyards and by planted boule- vards occupying the site of its anc. walls, and has some good streets, a quay along the Yonne, a fine cathedral and other Gothic churches, a curious clock tower, a pubUc Ubrary of 25,000 vols., museum, college, tribunal of commerce, theatre, hospital, &c., with a trade in wines, tim- ber, and charcoal, and in hosiery, counterpanes, barrels, and musical strings manuf. in the city. AuxoN, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aube, 15 m. S.S.W. Troyes. Pop. 2,607, who manuf. cotton yarn, and hosiery. AuxoNNE, a fortified toivn of France, dep. 90 AVE Cote-d'Or, on 1. b. of the Saone, here crossed by a long bridge, 17 m. S.E. Dijon. Pop. (1846) 2,944. It is generally well built; its ramparts, plan- ned by Vauban, now form public walks ; and it has an arsenal, barracks; and magazines, with manufs. of woollen cloth, and nails. Auxy-Le-Chateau, a comm. and town of France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, cap. cant., on the Authie, 15 m. S.W. St Pol. Pop. (1846) 2,342. Auzances, a comm. and town of France, dep. Creuse, 32 m. S.E. Gueret. Pop. 1,261. AuzoN, a comm. and vill., France, dep. H. Loire, on rt. b. of the AUier, 34 m. N.W. Puy. AvA (Aem-wa, " a fish pond "), a city formerly cap. of the Burmese domin., on the Irrawadi, 350 m. N. Rangoon. Lat. 21° 51' N. ; Ion. 96° 68' 10" E. It consi^ of an outer and inner city, both fortified ; & had numerous temples ; but its houses generally are mere huts, and on March 23d, 1839, every substantial edifice was destroyed by an earthquake ; since which period the seat of government has been transferred to Monchobo. AvA, two princips. of Japan. — I. isl. Niphon, with a cap. town, 60 m. E.S.E. Yeddo. — II. isl. Sikoke, with a town on its N. coast, lat. 33° 63' N., Ion. 134° 12' E., with the best harb. in the island. AvAiLLES Limousine, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vienne, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Vienne, 17 m. E. Civray. Pop. 1,855. Its trade is mostly in wine and mill-stones. ^(AvAL Island, Persian Gulf. [Bahrein.] AvALLON, Aballo, a comm. and to?m of France, dep. Yonne, cap. arrond., on the Voisin, 26 m. S.E. Auxerre. Pop. (1846) 4,896. The town is situated in a country renowned for fertility and picturesque sites, and has an active trade, and manufs. of woollen cloths and paper. AvAsi, or Atadsi, a town of Japan, cap. isl. Sikoke, S. Niphon. Lat. 34° 21' N. ; Ion. 134° 47' E. AvATCHA (Mount), a volcano of Kamtohatka, near its E. coast, in lat. 53° 15' N., Ion. 158° 60' E., rising to 9,055 feet elevation. At its sum- mit is a crater several hundred yards in circ, and on its E. side, 6,000 feet elevation, is another crater, similar in origin and appearance to M. Somma (Vesuvius). In 1827, Avatcha was in violent eruption, and discharged, with lava and stones, a vast quantity of water. About 20 m. S.ward is the Bay of Avatcha, the best on the coast of Ramtchatka, and on which are the towns Avatcha and Petropaulovsk. AvEBUET, or Abury, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 6 m. W. Marlborough. Area 5,450 ac. Pop. 761. Its church is of high antiquity ; and the vill. occupies the site of a structure, ascribed to the Druids, similar to that of Stonehenge, but which must have been on a scale still more stu- pendous. Few traces of it now remain, the stones having been used for repairing roads. In the pa. is Silbury-hill, 170 feet in height, and reputed to be the largest barrow in Britain. AvEiBAS DE CiMA, a towu of Portugal, prov. Estremadura, 20 m. S.W. Santarem. Pop. 1,073. AvEiBO, a seaport town of Portugal, prov. Beira, on the estuary of the Vouga, 31 m. N.W. Coimbra. Pop. 6,000, with extensive fisheries of anchovies, herrings, and oysters, and commerce in salt, fish, oil, wine, and oranges Aveieo, a town of Brazil, prov. Para, on the Tapajos, 70 m S.E. Santarem. Lat. 3° 28' S., Ion. 65° 25' W. AvELBY, apa. of Engl., co. Essex, 2 m. N.E Pur- fleet. Area 3,920 ac. Pop. 849. Fan-, Easter Mond Atelgehem, a vill. of Belgium, prov West Flanders, on 1. b. of the Scheldt, 8 m. S.E Cour- trai. Pop. 4,711. Chief industry, brewing and manufacture of tobacco and caudles. AVE AvELLA, a town of Italy, kgdm. & 20 m. E.N.E. Naples, of which city It commands a fiuo vievf. Pop. 5,600. Near it are the remains of Abella, celebrated by Virgil (iEndd, vii. 740). ArELUNo, Abdlinum, a fortified episc. city, kgdm. and 28 m. E. Naples, cap. prov. Princip. tilt. Pop. 13,500. It has a cathedral, several churches, a college, a public granai'y, ma- nufe. of woollen fabrics, paper, maccai'oni, and sausages, and an extensive trade in hazel nuts (termed nuces Avellane), chesnuts, & corn. This city has hardly recovered from the devastations of the earthquake of 1694. Betw. Avellino, and Benevento, is the Val di Gargano, the position of the Cttudine Forks, famous for the victory of the Samnites over the Romans, who were there made to pass under the yoke, in the year of Borne 433. .A.VEX (Loch), a small lake of Scotland, co. Banff, and at its S.E. extremity, enclosed by the lofty mutns. Cairngorm and Ben Macdhui. Aven or Avon is the name of several Scotch rivers. AvESBURY, a pa. of England, co. Hereford, 2 m. S.S.E. Bromyard. Area 3,140 ac. Pop. 382. AvEiscHES, or WiFLiSBTjBG, Avoiticum, a small town of Switzerland, cant. Yaud, cap. dist. same name, enclosed by Fribonrg, 1 J m. S. Lake Morat. Pop. 1,800. This was the capital of the Helvetii, & afterwards a flourishing Roman colony, destroyed by the Huns in 447. Its anc. walls may be traced for a circuit of more than o m., and it has many Roman remains. ._ AvENiso, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 3 m. N. by W. Tetbury. Area 4,660 ac. Pop. 2,227, employed in woollen cloth weaving. Atbkwedbe, a vill. of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 32 m. S.W. Minden. Pop. 1,380. AvESZA, or Lavexza, a town of Italy, duchy Massa-Carrara, on the torrent Avenza, near the sea, 3 m. S.W. Carrara. Pop. 1,910. Avekeest, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Overyssel, 21 m. E.N.E. Kampen. Pop. 3,781. Ateeham, a pa. of Engl., co. Nottingh., on the Trent, 2m. W.N. W.Newark. Ac. 2,000. Pop.264. Atebhakoe, a small island of Denmark, neai- the S. coast of Fnhnen. Pop. 350. AvEBSO (Lake or), Avemus, (Gr. Aa^yas, " with- out a bird"), a famous lake, 10 m. W. Naples, near the Bay of Baiae. It occupies the crater of an extinct volcano, about ^ m. in diam., is very deep and has no outlet. It was anciently surround- ed by dense forests, and so unhealthy, that it was believed no bird could fly over it without being destroyed (whence its name). Its banks are now occupied by gardens and vineyards. On its shores are the remains of an octagon temple. Agrippa formed a canal between Lake Avemo & the sea, but the communication was destroyed by an eruption of Monte Novo in 1538. AvEESA, a town of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, cap. cant., 9J m. S. Capua. Pop. 16,000. Remark- able for its large fomidling hospital, stated by Balbi to be a nursery of artists and artizans for the kgdm. ; and justly celebrated for its lunatic asylum, the construction and internal arrange- ments of which, as well as its system of manage- ment, render it a model for similar institutions. Its bp's. see is said to be the richest in the kgdm. AvES (or Bibd), is a small group of islands in the Dutch W. Indies, S.E. the island of Buen Ayre, so named from the vast number of birds which frequent them. The only inhabitants are a few Dutch fishers.— II. An uninhabited island, 147 m. W. Dominica. Lat. 15° 40' N. ; Ion. 63° 38' W. AvESNES, a fortified town of France, dep. Nord, cap. arrond., on the Helpe, 51 m. S.E. Lille. Pop (1846) 2,827. It is well-built, and has a catho- 91 AVI dral, with a spire upwards of 300 feet in height. Manu^. of soap and leather, oil-mills, and a trade in flax, iron, timber, & stone. — II. (les Avbert), a town andcomm., dep. Nord, 6m. E.N.E. Cambray. Pop. (1846) 2,871 III. (le Comte), a mkt. town, dep. Pas-de-Calais, cap. cant., 11 m. W. by S. An-as. Pop. with comm. 1,270. AvESTAD, a small town of Sweden, Isen and 35 m. S.E. Falmi, on the Dal-elf. Here the ore fi'ora the copper mines of Falun is smelted ; and the town has some iron-works ; the copper coin of the country was formerly struck here. AvETON-GiFFORD, a pa. of England, CO. Devon, Si m. S.E. Modbury, Area 1,840 ac. Pop. 1,067. AvETBON, a riv. of France, rises in the fountain of Veyron, near S^verac-le-Cha,teau, dep. Avey- ron, passes Rodez, Villefranche, & Negrepelisse, in dep. Tame-et-Garonne, where it becomes na- vigable, and joins the Tarn 7 m. N.W. Montau- ban, after a course of 90 miles. AvEYEON, a dep., S. France, cap. Rodez, sur- rounded by the deps. Cantal, Lozere, Gard, He- rault. Tarn, Tam-et- Garonne, and Lot. Area 887,873 hect. Pop. (1846) 389,121. Surface mostly mountainous ; princip rivs. the Lot, the Truyfere, affl. of the Lot, and the Vianr, afB. of the Avey- ron. Tarn, and Aveyron. Soil not very fertile, and climate often severe, but sufficient corn is raised for home consumption. Many cattle and sheep are reared, and the celebrated Roquefort cheese forms an important article of export. The coal and u'on mines here are among the most im- portant in France. Manufs. principally of metal- lic wares, with leather, woollen stirffe, hosiery, & gloves, cotton yam, & paper. The dep. is subdi- vided into the 5 arronds. of Rodez, Espalion, Milhau, Villefranche, and Saint-AfMque. AvEZZAMO, a town of Naples, prov. Ahruzzo Ult. II., cap. dist., 22 m. S. Aquila. Pop. 2,860. It has a palace of the Colonna family. AviANO, a town of Northern Italy, deleg. and 30 m. W. Udine, near Mount Cavallo. Pop. 4,800. AviGLiANA, a town of Piedmont, prov. Susa, div. and-14 m. W. Turin, with 2,840. inhabitants, who manufacture woollen cloth, and sillt twist. AviGLiANO, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, cap. cant., near the bifurcation of the Apennines, 11 m. N.W. Potenz^. Pop. 9,670. It has a fine collegiate church, and a royal college. It was partly destroyed by a landslip in 1824. Avignon, Avenio, a comm. and city, S. France, cap. dep. Vaucluse, on 1. b. of the Rhone, 365 m. S.S.E. Paris. Pop. (1846) 26,185. It is the seat of an archbishop, tribunal of commerce, with a royal college and a normal school. Chief edi- fices, the cathedral, church of the Cordeliers, the ancient palace of the Popes, the hfitel des Inva- lides, the theatre recently built, and the hotel Crillon. There are many Roman ruins, and the remains of a magnificent bridge built by the Popes. Avignon has many impoi'tant scientific and literary estabUshments, a botanic garden, & museum of antiquities. Fouudi-ies, forges, nu- merous printing establishments, manufactures of taffeta, silk and velvet, and commerce m gi-am, oil, fruits, brandy, &c. In the 14th century this city had a population of nearly 10,000. It was the residence of the Popes from 1329 to 1377, and remained under the jurisdiction of the holy see till 1791, when it was reunited to France. AviGNONET, a comm. & town of France, dep. H. Garonne, near the Canal du Midi, 23 m. S.E. Toulouse. Pop. 1,031. Here in 1242, five in- quisitors were massacred bjj the Albigenses. AviLA, Abula, an anc. episc. city of Spain, Old Castile, cap. prov., on rt. b. of the Adaja, 63 m. AVI N.W. Madiid. Pop. 4,000. It has a cathedral, Dominicaii conv., & manufs. of woollen & cotton fabrics, & it had formerly a "flourishing university. AviLEs (Lat. Flavignavia), a seaport town of Spain, Astarias, prov. and 10 m. N.W. Oviedo, at the mouth of the chief branch of the AvUes. Pop. 6,000. It has good private residences ; but is gloomy. Harbour shallow. Trade principally in copper wares, and in coal raised in its vicinity. AvMGXON, two pas. of England. — ^I. co. Berks, on the Kennet, 2^ m. E. Hungerford. Area 1,100 ac. Pop. 93. The church is a curious specimen of Saxon architecture. — II. co. Hants, i m. N.E. Winchester. Area 1,880 ao. Pop. 204. ' Avio, a town of the Tyrol, cu-c. & 12 m. S.S.W. Koveredo,onrt.b. ofthe Adige. Pop. 3,200. Ma- nufs. of silk and velvet, and flint-quarries. Aviz, Avisium, a town of Portugal, prov. Alen- tejo, cap. comarca, on the riv. Aviz, 27 m. S.W. Portalegre. Pop. 1,500. Its defences are in ruins, but it is still the cap. of the order of knights of Aviz, founded by Alphonso I. in 1146. AviZE, a comm. & town of France, dep. Marne, cap. cant., 6 m. S.S.E. Epemay. Pop. 1,725. EntrepSt for the commerce in champagne wines, which are stored in vast caves cut in the rock. AVI.ONA, or VAI.OWA, Aulon, a town and sea- port of Albania, cap. sanj., on the G. of Avlona, Adriitic, 33 m. S.W. Berat. Lat. of fort, 40° 27' 5' N: ; Ion. 19° 26' 6' E. Pop., with suburbs, from 8,000 to 10,000, comprising Christians, Turks, and Jews. It stands on a hill, encircled by a wall, and on its S. side is the rock-fortress of Canina. Its harbour, which is the best on the Albanian coast, is defended by Cape Linguetta on the S.W., and the small isl. Sasseno, on N.W. The Turks manuf. woollen stuffs and arms ; the Christian pop. is mostly engaged in commerce. AvLONA (Gulf of), an inlet of the Adriatic Sea, extending for 10 m. inland, by 5 m. in width, and separated W.ward from the Strait of Otranto, by Cape Linguetta. AvocH, AvACH, or Ahach, a pa. of Scotl., co. Boss, containing the vill. of Seatown on Beauly firth, 9 m. S.W. Cromarty. Pop. 1,931, mostly engaged in fishing, and manufe. of fishing-tackle. AvOLA, a seaport town of Sicily, intend, and 13 m. S.W. Syracuse. Pop. 6,780. The town, on supp. site of ano. Jbla, communicates with a vUl. and battery on a small bay of the Mediterranean. It has a tunny-fishery, a refinery of home-grown sugar, and an active trade in com, cattle, oil, and fruits. It was built after the earthquake of 1693, which destroyed the anc. Avola. The exquisite honey which rendered Ibla (or Hybla) famous is stUl mrnished in great abundance in its vicinity. AvoLD (St.), a town and comm. of France, dep. Moselle, cap. cant., on the Rossel, 18 m. W. Sar- reguemines. Pop. (1846) 2,990, with manufs. of Prussian blue, tanneries and dye works. Avon, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine- et-Mame, on the railway from Paris to Lyon, 2 m. N.E. Fontainbleau. Pop. 1,216. Avow, the Celtic and distinctive name of seve- ral rivers in Britain, the prineip. being — I. ( Upper Avon), which rises at Avon-well, near Naseby, CO. Northampton, flows mostly S.W. through cos. Leicester, Warwick, and Worcester, past Stratford and Evesham, and after a course of nearly 100 m., joins the Severn at Tewkesbury. It is navigable from the Severn to Stratford for barges of 40 tons. Affls. the Alne, Leame, Stour, and Swift. — II. [Lower Avon), rises near Tetbury, flows W. through the cos. Glo'ster, Wilts, and Somerset, and after a course of 80 m. enters the Bristol Channel 7 m. N.W. Bristol ; which city, 92 AXB with Bath, Bradford, Chippenham, and Malmsf- buiy, are on its banks. It is navigable from the sea to Bath, and is connected with the Thames by the Kennet and Avon canal. Its valley is highly picturesque. — III. {Hampshire Avon), rises near Devizes, flows generally S.ward thtough Wilts and Hants, and enters the English Channel after a total course of about 65 m., 1 m. below Christchuroh. It receives its chief affls., the Bourne, Willyboume, and Nadder, at Salisbury ; besides which city, the towns Amesbury, King- wood, and Christchurch are on its banks. — Several Scotch rivs. of the same name are aifls. of the Clyde, Spey, and Annan, and one joins the Forth 2 m. W. Borrowstoimness. — IV. two rivs. in Wales, one in Monmouth co. ; the other in Glamorgan co., falls into Swansea Bay. Avon, a riv., W. Australia, Swan riv. colony, has a N.W. course through thfe cos. Grantham and York, and joins the Swan river at Northam. On it are the townships York and Beverly, S.E. of which last, it runs through a good grazing country. Near this river a cavern wim some curious carving has been discovered. Avow, a vill. IT. S., N. Amer., New York, 145 m. E. St. Albans, with 3,000 inhabs., and some mineral springs, — 11. Ohio, Lorain co., a town, 135 m. N.N.E. Columbus. Pop. 1,220. AvoNDALE, or AvENDAiB, a pa. of Scotl., CO, Lanark, its church 4 m. S.W. Strathaven, which town is in this pa. Estim. area 40,000 ac. Pop. 6,180. Soil fertile ; chf. propr. the D. of Hamilton. The battle of Drumclog, in which Claverhouse was defeated by the Covenanters, was fought here June 1st, 1679. Sir W. Scott has, in "Old Mor- tality," described this action, which is commemo- rated by a Gothic monument, 23 ft. in height, recently erected at Drumclog. AvBAScHES, Abranca, a comm. and town of France, dep. Manche, cap. arrond., near 1. b. of the S^ez, 32 m. S.W. St Lo. Pop. (1846) 7,247, remarkable for its beautiful situation on the sum- mit and slope of a hill, with the ruins of its cathe- dral, in which is preserved the stone on which Henry ii. of Engl, knelt to receive absolution for the murder of Becket. The town is mean, but the beauty of its position, the contiguity of the Channel Islands, & the cheapness of hving, have made Avranches the residence of numerous Eng- lish families. It has manufs. of lace, a salmon fishery, & a public library. This city was taken and razed by the Bretons in 1203. In the 14th cent, it fell into the power of the English, who kept it till 1450. In 1562 the Protestants were here defeated by the Catholic party. Awe (Looh), a lake of Scotl., co. Argyle, dist. Lorn, 8 m. N.W. Inverary. Length S.W. to N.E., 23 m. ; average breadth 1 m., but near its N. end it is 3 m. across. It contains an isl. with a ruined monastery, and its whole scenery is most pictu- resque. It receives the waters of the Urchan riv. and Looh Avich ; and it discharges its own by the river Awe into Loch Etive. Ben Cruachan mntn., 3,670 feet in elevation, rises on the N.W. AwLiscoMBE, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 2 m. N. by W. Honiton. Area 1,820 ac. Pop. 590. In its church is a fine stone screen. AwRE, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, on the estu- ary of the Severn, 2} m. E.N.E. Blakeney. Area 4,120 ac. Pop. 1,277, with three daily schools. Ax, a comm. and town, France, dep. Arido-e cap. cant., 21 m. S.E. Foix, on r. b. of the Ari^g^' P05: 1,991. Much frequented for its thermai spi'mgs, of which it has more than 30; temn frotn' 75° to 170° Fahrenheit. l-.irom. AxBRiDGE, a munic. town and pa. of Engl., co. AXE Somerset, S. of the lleudip Hills, and 9 ui. N.W. ^^ ells. Area of pa. 540 ac. Pop. 1,045. The town, which is neat and improving, has a new guild-hall and an anc. church, and is the seat of quarter and petty-sessions. Aveiage oorp. rev. 851. per ann. Mkt. Sat. Fairs 3d Feb. and 25th March. The Axe drainage, effected about 40 years ago, improved so much the value of pro- perty in tins pa,, that land previously worth only 2s. 6d. per acre, is now rented at 51. Axe, two small rivs. of Engl., one flowing through the above pa, into the Severn, the other CO. Devon, entering the English Channel at Ax- mouth, which, with Axminstcr, is on its banks. Axel, a small fortfd. town of the Netherlands, prov. Zeeland, cap. cant,, on an isl. in the Scheldt, 22 m. W. Antwerp. Pop. 2,260. AxHOLME ( Isle of), Engl., co. Lincoln, in its N.W. part, formed by the rivs. Trent, Don, and Idle. It comprises about 47,000 ac, with the pas. Alihorpe, Belton, Crowle, Epworth, Haxey, Lud- dington, and Owston, and is crossed by the Stam- forth and Keadby canal. Pop. including AV". Stockwith, 12,150. AxiM, a town of Africa, on the Guinea coast, belonging to Holland, adjacent to Fort St An- toine, 73 m. W. Cape Coast Castle. Lat. 44° 52' N., Ion. 2' 14' W. Contains 600 armed men. It was taken from the Portuguese in 1642, and con- firmed to Holland by the tieaty of Westphalia. There is a garrison with a Dutch commander. AxMTssTEB, a mkt. town and pa. of England, CO. Devon, on the Axe, 24 m. E. by N. Exeter. Area of pa. 6,590 ac. Pop. 2,860. Pop. of town, 2,139. It is irregularly bmltj but has open streets. Its church or minster was founded by King Athelstan, in memory of a battle fought with the Danes, in the vicinity. Axminster has a noted carpet factory, and produces also smaU quantities of woollen cloths, and gloves. Mkt. Saturday ; &irs, April 29. On the Axe, IJ m. distant, are the ruins of Newnham Abbey. AxMOUTH, a pa. of England, co. Devon, on the Engl. Channel, 2 m. S. Colyton. Area 4,280 ac. Pop. 645. The mouth of the river Axe in this pa. has, by means of piers, been made a har- bour for vessels of 100 tons. A landslip, which occurred between Axe and Lyme Regis in 1839, has formed a chasm IJ m. in length, from 400 to 600 ft. across, and from 200 to 300 ft. in depth. AxuM, an anc. and decayed town of Abyssi- nia, state Tigre, 85 m. N.W. Antalo. It has a Christian chBrch,in which the chronicles of Axum are kept. Among its antiquities are a monolith obelisk, 60 ft. in height and finely sculptured, numerous prostrate obelisks, and an inscription of the 4th century. Adults, its anc. port, is on Ansley Bay, Ked Sea, 100 m. N.E.ward. Ay or Ai, a town of France, dep. Mame, cap. cant., near the Mame, 14 m. S. Reuns, produces much esteemed wines. Pop. (1846) 3,382 — St. Ay is a vill. dep. Loiret, 14 m. S.W. Orleans, with a station on the railway thence to Tours. Atacccho, a dep., S. Pern, mostly betw. lat. 12° and 16° S., and Ion. 72° and 76° W., having N. the dep. Jtmin, E. Cuzco, and S. aiid W. the Andes, shutting it off from that of Lima. Area estun. at 33,280 sq. m. Ch. river the Apurimac, and its tributaries the Umbaraba, Pampas, and Mantaro. Princip. towns Huamanga the cap,, containing 26,000 inhabs. Huancabelica, and Ayacucho. At this latter, on the 9th Dec. 1824, the combined forces of Colombia and Peru totally defeated those of Spain, and put an end to the Span, dominion on the Araer. continent. AvAMOMTE, a fortfd. town of Spain, Andalucia, 93 A y N on 1. b, of the Guadiana, near the Atlantic, prov. and 23 m. W. Huelva. Pop. 6,600, with a small fishing port, and manufactures of soap, &c. Aybar, a town of Spaui, Navarra, 26 m. S.E. Pamplona, on r. b. of the Aragon. Pop. 1,024. Ayclifpe, a pa. of Engl., co. Durham, ward «5 5 m. N. DarUngton. Ac. 10,490. Pop. 1,372. It has a station at crossing of the Great North of England and Clarence railways. AvEBBE Y Aldeas, a town of Spain, Aragon, prov. and 2 m. N.W. Huesca. Pop. 2,600. Atlesbeabe, a pa. of England, co. Devon, IJ m. S.W. Ottery St Mary. Area 3,750 ac. Pop. 982. Aylesbuky (Saxon Aeglesherg), a pari, bor., mkt. town, and pa. of England, cap. co. Bucks, 15 m. S.E. by S. Buckingham, and 38 m. from London, by the Lond. and Birming. railw. and branch. Area of pa. 3,200 ac. Pop. 6,429. The town, situated in the rich tract called the Vale of Aylesbury, has an old church, a grammar school founded by Sir H. Lee of Ditchley (rev. 539i. a year), a handsome co.-hall, in which the Lent assizes are held, the co. gaol, a general infirmary, and a rental of 536?. for the poor and for repair of roads, with other charits., amounting together to 490Z. per annum. A great number of ducks, reared in the town & its vicinity, are annually sent to the metropolis. Mkt. Sat. ; fairs for cattle and wool, &c., Jan. 18, Sat. before Palm Sund., May 8, June 14, Sept. 25, and Oct. 12. It returns 2 mems. to the H. of C. Reg. electors (1846) 1,613. It is also the place of nomination in elections for the CO. ; and the seat of quarter and petty-sessions. Assessed taxes (1846-7) 3,718?. 10s. Aylesbury gives the title of Marq, to the Brudenell-Bruce family. Aylesby, apa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Lmd- sey, 4J m. W. Gt. Grunsby. Ac. 2,110. Pop. 201. Aylesfobd, a pa. of England, co. Kent, lathe Aylesford, 2J m. N.N.W. Maidstone. Area 3,330 ac. Pop. 1,344. Fair 29th June. A hospital for 6 poor persons founded here by the Sedleys, rev. 135?. per annum. A priory, built 1240, is still a habitable mansion, belonging to the E. of Ayles- ford. The remarkable cromlech, called Kits- coty-house, in this pa., is supposed to mark the burial-place of Catigem, who, with his opponent Horsa, was killed here in the third recorded battle between the Britons and Saxons, a.b. 465. Aylesham, a pa. of England. [Hailsham.] Aylestonb, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, & 2i m. S. by W. Leicester. Area 3,840 ac. Pop. 757. Aylmebton, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3 m. W.S.W. Cromer. Area 1,460 ac. Pop. 289, Aylsham, a mkt. town and pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 12 m. N. by W. Norwich. Area of pa. 4,250 ac. Pop. 2,448. The church is a fine building of the 14th century. Met. Tues. Fairs Mar. 23, last Tues. in Sept., and Oct. 6. Petty- sessions are held here. The linen manufs. of Aylsham, formerly in high repute, no longer exist ; but the town is the resid. of many weavers employed by Norwich woollen manufacturers. Aylton, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 3| m. W. Ledbm-y. Ai-ea 810 ac. Pop. 69. A vsf AviLLE, a town of the Sardin. States, prov. and 3 m. S.W. Aosta. Pop. 1,620. Over a tor- rent S. of the town, is a remarkable bridge built in the year 760 of Rome, and composed of a single arch of great height thrown over a deep chasm. Aymestbby, a pa. of England, co. Hereford, 6 m. N.W. Leominster. Area 7,070 ac. Pop. 968. The banks of the riv. Lugg in this pa. are highly picturesque. Near the viU. are traces of Roman and British encampments. Ayniioe, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 5J AYO m. W.S.W. Brackley. Area 2,330 ac. Pop. 662. Its alms-houses have an ami. rev. of 161?. Atora, a town and riv. of Spain, prov. Valen- cia; the town 62 m. S.W. Valencia. Pop. 6,412. Atoth, or AvoTT, two oontig. pas. of England, CO. Herts. — I. (St Lawrence), 2 J m. W. Welwyn. Area 890 ac. Pop. 134.— II. (St Peter), 2 m. S.W. Welwyn. Area 1,270 ac. Pop. 240. Atotla, a town, N. Amer., dep. and 20 m. E. Mexico, on the route to Vera Cruz. — Ayoiitan is a vUl., dep. Xalisco, 120 m. S.S.W. Guadalaxara. Atb, Vidogara, a riv. of Scotland, rises on the border of Lanarksh., flows generajly W., traversing the co. Ayr near its centre, and enters the sea at Ayr, the harb. of which town it forms, after a course of about 33 m., but above which it is innavigable. Ch. affl. the Lugar. Ate, a pari, bor., sea-port town, and pa. of Scotland, cap. co. on the Ayr, 30 m. S.S.W. Glas- gow. Lat. of lighthouse 55° 28' 11" N., Ion. 4° 38'26-' W., a fixed light, north pier. Pop. 8,264, or with its suburbs, Newton and Wallace-town, included in the pari, bor., 15,749. The town, of late years, is much improved. Chief edifices, a good county -hall, a town-house, with a spire 135 ft. high ; assembly-rooms, &c. ; the new tower, a gothic building, 113 ft. liigh, ornamented with a statue of Wallace; an arcade, an old & new church, the mechanics' inst., theatre, and two bridges communicating with the suburbs across the Ayr river, and celebrated by Bums. The har- bour, formed by the mouth of the Ayr, and two piers, is shallow and exposed; but the town has a pretty extensive general trade, rope- works, saw-mills, manuis. of Glasgow woven goods, carpets, blankets, leather, & sevl. banks. Its exports of coal amount to between 60,000 and 70,000 tons annually ; imports consist of Irish, Bal- tic, and American produce, with general cargoes from the English and Scotch ports. Beg. ship- ping in 1848, 46 vessels ; aggreg. burden, 6,443 tons ; customs rev. (1846), 614?. Inhab. houses (1841), 3,137; estim. value of real property (1843), 24,664Z. Corp. rev. (1843-4), 2,223?. Mkts. Tu. and Fri. ; fairs 4 times yearly. Ayr is a place of fiishionable resort, and S. of the town is a race- course of 90 ac. Alloway-ldrk and Burns' monu- ment are within 2^ m. of Ayr on the S. It unites with Campbelton, Inverary, Irvine, and Oban, to send 1 mem. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1846) 432. Ayrshire, a marit. co. of Scotland, having W. the firth of Clyde, and landward the cos. Ben- ft-ew, Lanark, Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, and Wigton. Area estim. at 1,024,000 ac, of which 290,000 are under culture. Inhabited houses in 1841, 30,125 ; pop. m do., 164,356. Surface in the E. and S.E. mountainous ; elsewhere hilly ; and along the coast, espec. in the N., is a good deal of fertile land. Oats and wheat are the princip. crops. Agriculture has been vastly improved of late years; and drainage, particularly on the estates of the D. of Portland, has been carried to a greater extent in tliis than any other co. of Scotland. There are extensive u-on-works at Muirkirk, and large quantities of coal are raised and exported from Ayr, Troon, and other ports. The woollen, cotton, and flax-mills are of con- siderable Sxtent, and employ upwards of 2,100 hands. Valued rent, 191,605Z. Scots; annual value of houses and land in 1843, 620,828?. Ayr- shire consists of 3 dists,, Carrick in the S., Cunningham in the N., and Kyle in the centre ; it comprises 46 pas. Chief towns, Ayr, Kilmar- nock, Maybole, and Irvine. It returns 1 mem. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1846) 4,306. Ayr (Point of), the N. extremity of the Isle 94 AZE of Man, lat. 64° 24' 59' N., Ion. 4° 21' 59' W. Light-house with a revolving light, 106 feet high. AvBAO, a mkt. town of S. America, Brazil, prov. Pard, ontheriv.,& 110m. N.W.RioNegro. Atsg AETH, a pa. of England, co. York, N. riding, 8 m. W. Middleham. Area 79,980 ac. Pop. 6,725. The vill. is situated on the river Ure, near a celebrated water-fall called Aysgarth Force. Atston, a pa. of England, co. Kutland, 1 m. N. Uppingham. Area 1,030 ac. Pop. 86. Avion, a pa. of Scotland, co. Berwick, on the Eye, 2 m. S.W. Eyemouth, with a sta. on the N. Brit. Kailw., 7^ m. N.N.W. Berwick. Pop., incl. Laverock, 1,784, partly empl. m a paper mill. In this pa. are some traces of ano. camps — II. (Gt.), a pa. of Engl., co. Tork, N. riding, 2J m. N.E. Stokesley. Area 6,740 ac. Pop. 1,216. Anagric. school and model farm were established here a few years ago by T. Richardson, Esq., of Ayton- house. — III. (East), a tnshp., same co. and riding, 4 m. S.W. Scarboro'. Pop. incl. in pa. Sea- mer. — IV. (West), a tnshp., same co. & riding, 4i m. S.W. Scarboro'. Pop. 305. Here are the remains of an anc. castle. 3-4ths of the manor were left by Lady Hewley for the support of dissenting ministers. — Little Ayton is a tnshp. in the same co. and riding. Atuthia, the old cap. of Siam. [Tcihia.] AzAMBDXEiKA, 3, towu of Portugal, prov. Es- tremadura, 11 m. W. Santarem. Pop. 1,636. AzAMOR, a fortified sea-port town, dom., prov. and 122 m. N.N.W. Marocco, on the Atlantic, at the mouth of the riv. Morbeya (Cm-er-biegh), which forms its harbour, 8 m. N.E. Mazagan, lat. 33° 17' 37" N., long. 8° 15' W. Pop. variously estnnated from 600 to 3,000. It is dirty, and partly in ruins ; but is pretty well supplied with provisions, and has an export trade in wool brought from Mazagan. AzANi, a ruined city of Asia Minor, Anatolia, on the Rhyndacus, across which are two anc. bridges, 73 m. S.S.W. Brusa. Its remains are extensive, and comprise a fine Ionic temple of Jupiter, a theatre 232 ft. in diameter, a quay along the riv., and numerous inscriptions. A vill. of about 60houses is formed of aportidn of its ruins. AzAT, several comms. & towns in France — I. (fe Ferron), dep. Indre, 29 m. W. Chateauroux. Pop. 2,000 II. (?e Sideau), dep. Indre-et-Loire, cap. cant., 13 m.W.S.W. Tours, with 1,219 inhabs., and one of the finest castellated manor houses in France. — III. (sur-Oter), in same dep., 8 m. E.S.E. Tours. Pop. (with comm.) 1,296. AzcovTiA, a town of Spain, on the Urola, prov. Guipuscoa, 16 m. S.W. San Sebastian, with mineral springs, and marble and stone quarries. AzEGLio, a town of Piedmont, prov. and 5 m. S.E. Ivrea. Pop. 206. Exquisite wines are produced in its vicinity. AzEiTAO (NoQUEiRA de), a town of Portugal, Estremadura, 7 m. W. Setubal. Pop. 1,600. AzEBBiJAN or Adebbaijan, Media Atropatene, the most northerly prov. of Persia, between lat. 36° and 40° N., and Ion. 44° and 48° 40' E., having S. Persian Kurdistan and Irak, E. Ghilan, N.E. and N. the Russian dom., and W. Turkish Kurdistan. Area estimated at 30,300 sq. m., and pop. at 2 millions. Surface mostly mntnous., many ranges varying from 7,000 to 9,000 ft. in height ; and it contains the mntns. Savalany and Ararat; its valleys are very fertile, yielding wheat, maize, rice, cotton, hemp, madder, tobacco, and safiEron, so that it is reckoned one of the most productive portions of the Persian dom. Princip. rivs. the Aras (Araxes) forming all its N. frontier, and the Kara Su ; the L. Uramiyah is A Z I 95 B A A wholly compiised in tliis province. Chf. cities, Tabriz, Urumiyah (Oormiali), Ardebil, & lihoi. AziLLE, a small town of France, dep. Aude, 15 m. N.E. Cai-cassonne. Pop. 1,580. AziHOHUB, a distr. of British India, presid. Bengal, mostly enclosed by the dists. Gomok- poor, Ghazipoor, and Juanpoor. Area 2,121 sq. m. Pop. 779,655. Surface genei-ally fertile : it is wa- tered by the Goggra, Goomty, and Ganges. Ch. products, sngar, and about 1,500 manuds of indigo, and 1,700 do. of opium annually. Manufs. of cot- ton and sUk goods ai'e supposed to amount in an- nual yalue to 230,000/. Land rev. (1830) 79,000/. ■ — Azimghur, cap. above dist., prov AUaliabad, on a tribut. of the Ganges, 56 m. N. by E. Benares. AzrxcoURT, a vill. of France. [Agincourt.] Azio, a distr. and promon. of Greece, gov. Acamania, on S. side of the gulf of Arta, W. Vonizza, supposed to indicate the site of the anc. Actiumy but of which city no remains exist. AzMERiGUXGE, a town of Further India, presid. Bengal, dist. Sylhet, on the Soormah, a tribut. of the Brahmaputi'i^ 76 m. N.E. Dacca. It has a considerable inland trade, with yards for build- ing native boats. AzoKES, or Western 1st aitds (Portug. Agores), a group of 9 isls. in the N. Atlantic Ocean betw. lat. 36° 55' and 39° 44' N., and Ion. 25° 10' and 31° 16' W., belonging to Portugal, from which they are distant about 800 m. W. They consist of the following isls. ranging from E. to W.- — St Mary, St Michael, Terceira, Gracibsa, San Jorge, Pico, Fayal, Flores, and Corvo, with some rocky islets, and have an united area of about 700 sq. m., and a pop. of 214,300 (in 1841). They are of vol- canic origin, with steep and rugged coasts, and abonnding with deep ravines and elev. mntns., the lowest of which, Pico Alto in St Mary's, is 1,869 feet, and the most elev., the peak of Pico, 7,613 feet in height. The climate of the isls. is very temperate and healthy, the therm, ranging from 45° to 86° Fahr. They are subject to violent earthqaakes, but are well watered and extremely fertile, producing excellent wines, all kinds of gr^n and pulse more than adequate for home consumption, with bananas, oranges, and other fruits of the finest quality, the sugar-cane, coffee, tobacco, roccella, &c. The few birds or ani- mals on the isls. resemble those of Britain, and two-thirds of its plants are British. Breeds of live stock, especially hogs, originally imported from Europe, are reared in considerable numbers. Princip. expts. oranges, wines, brandy, grain, and pulse, salt-pork and beef, cheese, &c., to Portugal, and coarse linens to Portugal and Brazil. Princip. imports are woollen and cotton stuffs, hardwares and slops from England ; pitch, iron, glass, and cordage from Hamburg and N. Europe; fish, staves, timber, tar, oil, &e., from the V. States; ! prov. Busachi.- Pop. of comm. (1838) 1,228. rum, coffee, sugar, &c. from Brazil; salt, lime, tea, and relig. appurtenances from Portugal. The inhabs. are a mixture of Portuguese & Negi^oes. The Azores were first colonized by the Portu- guese of the 16th century, at which time they were unmhab. and covered with forests. They form a colonial government, of which the cap. is Angra, in the isl. of Terceira ; but Ponta Del- gada, and Ribeira Grande, in St Miguel, are larger towns. A notice of each of the prmcipal isls. will be found under its proper name. Azov (Sea or Gulf or), Palus Maotis, an im- mense lagoon of S. Europe, between lat. 45° 20' and 47° 18' N., and Ion. 36° and 39° E., nearly enclosed by the Russian doms. N.E. of the Black Sea, with which it communicates by the Strait of Yenikale(anc Cimmerian Bosporus). Length S.W. to N.E. about 235 m. ; greatest breadth 110 m. The Don enters it at its N.E. extremity ; and on its shores are the towns Taganrog, Mariupol, Tenikale, and Azov. This gulf is supposed to have been at one time connected with the Caspian Sea, by means of a strait, which is still indicated by a low tract of land. The E. shore is low, the N. rises to about 100 feet. The W. is formed by the sandy peninsula of Arabat, which separates it from the Sivach or Putrid Sea. The greatest depth is 7^ fath. on the N. side, and in some places there is only 4 or 5 feet water. It appears to be gradually filling up, and its muddy shores are very unhealthy. The expts. from Taganrog and other ports of the Sea of Azov in 1842 amounted in value to 492,731/.; and in the same year 342 vessels, of which 14 were British, arrived in that sea, and returned with cargoes. (See also Tagan- rog.) The fisheries of this sea are important. It is usually frozen from November to March, when navigation ceases. Azov or Azof, Tanais, a town and fort of Rus- sia, in a detached part of the gov. lekaterinoslav, near the month of the Don, Gulf of Azov, 25 m. E. Taganrog. Pop. now reduced to about 1,200, in consequence of the shallowing of its port. AzPEYTiA, a walled town of Spain, on the Urola, prov. Guipuscoa, 15 m. S.W. San Sebastian. Pop. 1,200. Iron foundries, & mannf. of cutlery. AzuA, a town of the island of Hayti, on the Bia, near its S. coast, 55 m. W. St Domingo. AzuN (Vai-lee d'), a valley of France, dep. H. Pyr^n^es. It is watered by the Gave d' Azun, and has excellent pasturages, flax and millet. AzuBARA, a town of Portugal, prov. Minho, on r. b. of the Ave, at its mouth, opposite Villa do Conde, and 23 m. S.W. Braga. Pop. 2,500. AzzANO (Castel d'), a vill. of Northern Italy, deleg. and 5 m. S.S.W. Verona. Here the French defeated the Austrians in May 1799. AzzARA, or AizARA, a vill. of the isl. Sardinia, B Baahen, a town of Austria. [Baden.] Baadsted, a seapt. town of Sweden. [Batstad.] Baagoe, two small isls. of Denmark — L betw. Falster and Zeeland. — II. in the Little Belt, betw. Fiihnen and Schleswig, with vill. of same name. Baalbec or Bai-bec the Saalath of scripture, and Heliopolis of the Greeks, a ruined town of Syria, formerly a city of great size and magnifi- cence, sit. on the lowest declivity of Anti-Libanus in a valley opening into the plain of El-Bekaa, 43 m. N.W. Damascus, lat. 34° 1' 30' N., Ion. 36° 11' E. Its remains, more extensive than those seen any where else in Syria, except at Palmyra, comprise three temples, two formed with mmiense stones, besides numerous columns, altars, and the vestiges of the city walls 3 to 4 m. in cu-cuit. The date of its origin is lost in remote antiquity. A gi'eat temple, one of the wonders of the world, was erected by Antoninus Pius. It continued a place of great importance down to the time of the Moslem invasion, was sacked a. d. 748, and finally pillaged by Timur Bey in 1400. The present village, to the east of the ruins, has fallen greatly into decay, and contains about BAA 2,000 inhabs. Some of its ruined buildings were probably erected as late as the age of Hadrian or Antoninus Pius ; but others are evidently of a much earlier date, and answer to the account given of the " House of the Forest of Lebanon," built by Solomon. (1 Kings vii. 2-6, 8-12.) Baab, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 2J m. N. Zug, on the road to Zurich. Pop. 2,200. Baable, a town of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 12 m. S.E. Breda. Pop. 1,863. Baba, Zecium, a seaport town and cape of Asia-Minor, Anatolia, near its W. extrem. — Cape Baba, in lat. 39° 29' N., Ion. 26° 4' E. Pop. of town 4,000, partly employed in manufactures of cutlery II. a town of Europ. Turkey, Thessaly, on the Salembria (Peneus), 14 m. N.E. Larissa. Pop. 2,000 III. a town of S. Amer., Ecuador, prov. and 42 m. N. Guayaquil. Pop. 4,000 (?) Bab a-Dagh, a town of Europ. Turkey, prov. Bulgaria, on the E. shore of lake Kassein, 93 m. N.E. Silistria. Pop. 10,000. It has sev. mosques, salt works, and a fishery, and is supplied with water by an aqueduct from 2 to 3 m. in length. — Baba-dagh (Mons Cadmus), a eeleb. mntn. in S.W. of Asia Minor; also the name of several mntns. in European and Asiatic Turkey. Babahoto, a town of S. Amer., Ecuador, prov. and 20 m. N. Guayaquil, on the Caracol. Babe A, an isl. of the Asiatic ArcUpelago, about 80 m. W. Timor-Laut. -, lat. 11° 50' S., Ion. 129° 40' E. Length, 18 m. ; average breadth, 6 m. Baeoakt, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 4J m. E. Somerton. Area 2,460 ac. Pop. 465. Babek, a tqwn of Persia, prov. Pars, on the frontier of Kirman, 100 m. E.N.E. Shiraz. Bab-el-Mahbeb (" the gate of tears "), a strait uniting the Bed Sea with the Indian Ocean, and deriving its name from the danger of its naviga- tion. Distance across from the cape on Arabian shore, to coast of Africa, 20 m. Perim and other smaller isls. lie off the N. shore. Perim peak is a conspio. object Cape Bab-el-Mandeb {Jeb-el- Manhali), on its N. side, is a conical basaltic rock 865 ft. in height. Lat. 12° 41' N., Ion. 43° 32' E. Soundings in N. Strait, 8,12, & 16faths. Centre Strait, 178 and 186 faths. Passage of N. Strait in ordinary weather generally preferred. — The Sea or Gv,y^ of Bab-el-Mandeb is tliat part of the Arabian Sea betw. lat. 10° and 15° N., and Ion. 43° and 51° E., having N. Arabia, and "W. and S. Abyssinia, and Adel (E. Africa). Length, E. to W., 060 m. ; breadth, from 100 to 200 m. Babelthuap, the lar. of the Pelew isls.. Pacific O., 50 m. in circ, lat. 7° 30' N., Ion. 134° iff E. Babenhatisen, two small towns of Germany. — L H. Darmstadt, prov. Starkenburg, 15 m. N.E. Darmstadt. Pop. 1,660. — II. Bavaria, prov. Swa^ bia, 34 m. S.W. Augsburg. Pop. 1,700. Resi- dence of the princes Fugger von Babenhausen. BiBiNaLET or Baburghiey, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, Im.N. Castle-Rising. Ac. 870. Pop. 54. Babington, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 5 m. N."W. Frome. Area 600 ac. Pop, 163. Babinovitohi, a town of Russia, gov. and 65 m. N.N.E. Moghilev, on an afil. of the Diina. Babbaham, a pa. of Engl., co. Cambridge, 4 m. N.W.Linton. Ac. 2,350. Pop. 217. A school & an alms-bouse here have a joint ann. rev. of 134?. Babuyah Isl., Pacific Ocean. [Madjicosima.] Babwobth, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 1 m. W. East Retford. Area 5,490 ac. Pop. 677. Babte, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, Saugnr, S.W. dist., 15 m. E. Hussingabad. Babylon, the earliest post-diluvial city, & the oldest in the world of which there are any traces remaining. Anciently the capital of the Baby- 96 BAG lonio-Chaldean empire, in an extensive plain on the Euphrates riv., pash. and 60 m. S. Bagdad. The modern town Hillah occupies a portion of its site. Lat. 32° 28' 30" N., Ion. 44° 9' 45" E. Ac- cording to Herodotus, the walls of Babylon were 60 m. in circumference, 87 ft. thick, and 350 ft. liigh, built of brick, and containing 25 gates of solid brass, and 250 towers. The ruins of Birs- Nimrod on an elev. moimt, are supposed to be the Tower of Babel of the sacred scriptures, and the Temple of Belus minutely described by Herodo- tus. The base of tliis tower measures 2,082 ft. in circumf. ; its remains, constructed of the most beautiful brick masonry, are 28 ft. in breadth. Ba- bylon was in its glory in the time of Nebuchadnez- zar. It was besieged and taken by Cyrus, b. o. 638, & afterwards by Alexander the Great. Out of its ruins four great capitals, besides other cities, were bvdlt. The most prominent of the remain- ing ruins are Birs Nimrod, the Kasr on supposed site of palace of Nebuchadnezzar, and the Mu- jahlibal^ on the riv. bank, 5 m. from Hillah. Babtlonia, the ancient name of a province in middle Asia, now called Bagdad, bounded on N. by Mesopotamia,E. by Tigris r., S. by Persian Glf., and W. by Arabian desert. The alluvial plains of Babylonia, Clialdea, and Susiana, at the head of Persian Gulf, occupjr an extent of 32,400 sq, m. The country in ancient times was famed for its fertility, now it is a desolate waste. [Bagdad.J Baoalab, a seaport viU. of Central America, Yucatan, at the mth of the riv. San Josef, 80 m. N.N.W. BaUze. Pop. 4,000, chieflj Indians and Engl, smugglers. The San Josef is innavigable for any but the smallest vessels, & imported pro- duce is conveyed hence into the interior by canoes. Baccabat, a comm. and town of France, dep. Meurthe, cap. cant., 15 m. S.E. Lun^vflle, on the Meurthe. Pop. 2,794 ; its crystal works, the most extens. in France, employ upwards of 1,000 men Bacchiglione, a riv. of N. Italy, rises near Vicenza, passes Padua, and enters the Adriatic 3 m. S. Cnioggla, after a S.E. course of 65 miles. Bachabach, Bacchi Ara, awalled town of Rhe- nish Prussia, reg. and 22^ m. S.S.E. Coblenz, on 1. b. of the Rhine. Pop. 1,900. The vicinity pro- duces wine of superior quality. Bliicher crossed the Rhine here on the 1st January 1814. Bacheileeie (La) a town of France, dep. Dor- dogne, 18 m. N.N.W. Sarlat ; on the Ceme, with mineral springs and baths. Pop. 1,446. Baoh-Tnts, or MACnnNis, a small isl. of S. Wales, in the Burry estuary, IJ m. S. Llanelly. Backekgunge, a dist. of British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, comprising a part of the Sun- derbund, and mouths of the Ganges and Brah- maputra, and surrounded by the districts Jessore, Dacca, and Tiperah, and the Bay of Bengal. Area 4,000 sq. m. Pop. (1822) 686,640. It is mostly a dense jungle, interspersed with some fertile rice grounds, and infested by robbers. Land revenue (1839-40)94,722?.; total rev., 108,796?. ; expend., 16,998?. Principal town, Burrisaul. — II. a town in above district, 120 m. E. Calcutta. BACKFonn, a pa. of England, co. and 4 m. N.N.W. Chester. Area 3,320 acres. Pop. 656. Baoknang, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Neo- kar, 16 m. N.E. Stuttgart. Pop. 3,600. It has manufactures of woollen cloth and leather. Back's Lahd, British N. America, is a name applied to the region around the Arctic circle, between Ion. 96° and 108° W., explored by Capt. Back in 1831. — Bach's river, which waters it, rises in Sussex lake, N. of Lake Aylmer ; flows N. and N.E., tlirough a granitic and sandy region; tra- verses lakes Felly and Garry ; and enters a bay , BAC 97 BAD supposed to be the S.W. part of Boothia Gulf, in lat. 67° 7' 31' N. ; Ion. 94° 39' 45' W. Backwell, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 6 m. S.W. Bristol. Area 2,750 ac. Pop. 1,161, partly employed in collieries. Cattle fair 1st Sept. Baoonsthorpe, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 4 m., S.E. Holt. Area 1,460 acres. Pop. 326. Bacqueville, or Basqueville, a t. of France, dep. Seine Inf. ; 10 m. S.W, Dieppe. Pop. 1,494. Bags (Satsch), a town of Hungary, cap. co., ona tribut. of the Danube, 148 m. S. Pesth. Pop. 2,770. Bacton, several pas. of England — I. co. Here- ford, 2 m. N.W. Abbey-Dore. Acres 950. Pop. 140.— II. CO. Norfolk, 4 m. N.E. North Walsham. Area 1,730 ac Pop. 513.— III. co. Suffolk, 5i m. N. Stowmarket. Area 2,380 ac Pop. 800. Badagry, a town and port of Upp. Guinea, on the Gold Coast, 50 m. E.N.E. Whydah.— Jft. Badagry, near i^ is in lat. 6° 26' N., Ion. 3° 14'E. Babajos or Badajoz (pron. " Badahos"), Pax Augusta, a strongly fortfd. frontier city of Spain, cap. proT. of same name (formed of part of Es- tremadura), on 1. b. of the Guadiana, at the mouth of the RiVuias, 133 m. E. Lisbon, and 5 m. from the frontier of Portugal. Pop. (1844)12,000. The highest part is crowned by a ruined Moorish cas- tle, whence long lines of walls descend to the riv., here crossed by a noble granite bridge of 28 arches. It is strengthened by various outworks, and by the fortifd. height of San Cristobal. Streets narrow and crooked, but well-paved & clean, and the houses are good. Princip. buildings, a cathed., several hospiti^, an arsen^, and within the cita- del a lofty tower, and the remains of a mosque. It has manu&. of soap, coarse woollens, and lea- ther ; and its inhabs. carry on a brisk trade with Portngal. Badajoz was taken by the French, un- der Soult, on the 10th Mar. 1811, and by the Eng- lish troops under Wellington, 6th Aprfl 1812. It is the birth-place of the painter Morales. Badakhshan, a territory of central Asia, form- ing a part of the Koondooz dom., between lat. 36° and 38° N., and Ion. 69° and 73° E., and con- sisting of the W. declivi^ of the Bolor-Tagh, & the valleys of some of the head-streams of the Oxus, of which the Badakhshan riv. is the princip. Its scenery and natnral products are highly in- teresting. It contains ruby mines and massive clife of lapis lazuli, which last mineral is peculiar to this region. Its inhabitants are Tadyihs and Mohammedans of the Shiah sect, speaking the Persian language. Its cap., Badakhshan or Fyzabad, near the Koocha or Badakhshan river, is in lat. 36° 28' N., and Ion. 71° 23' E. -Badalona, a town of Spain, province, and 6 m N.E. Barcelona. Pop. (1846) 3,775. Badaumt, a strong hiU-fort of British India, presid. Bombay, dist. and 58 m. lir.E. Dharwar. It was taken by assault by the British in 1818. Badbt, a pa. of England, co. Northampton, 2 m. S.S.W. Daventry. Area 2,370 ac Pop. 624. An intrenchment on Arbnry hill, in this pa., is supposed to mark the place of a Eomau camp. Babdeslet, several pas. of England. — I. [Cliraon), co. Warwick, 12 m. S.E. Birmingham. Area 1,140 ac. Pop. 116.— 11. (Ensor), same co., 3 m. W.N.W. Atherstone. Area 1,340 ac. Pop. 679.— III. (iVortA), CO. Hants, 3k m. S.E. Eom- sey. Area 2,670 ac. Pop. 30^.— South Baddesley is a hamlet in the parish Boldre, same county. Baddiiev, a pa. of England, co. Chester, 4 m. W.S.W. Nantwich. Area 2,080 ac Pop. 276. Badbow, two pas. of England, co. Essex.— I. (Cfreat), 2 m. S.E. Chehnsford. Area 4,030 ac. Pop 2,022. A free school in this pa. has an an- nual rev. of 168?.— 11. {tittle), 2 m. N- Danbury. Area 1,420 acres. Pop. 692, including Jliddle Meadham. Baden (Grand Duchy of), (Germ. Groasher- zogtkum Saden),&st3Lte of the German Confedera- tion ; cap. Carlsruhe, sit. betw. lat. 47° 32' & 49° 52' N., & Ion. 7° 27' & 9° 50' E., occupying the angle formed by the Rhine, on turning N.ward at Basle. Bounded N. by Bavaria and H. Darm- stadt ; E. by Bavaria, Wiirtemberg, and the prin- cipalities of HohenzoUern ; S. by Switzerland, and W. by France and Bhenish Bavaria. Area, po- pulation, and subdivisions, as follow : — lake (Constanz), Upper Rhino, Middle Rhine, Lower Rhine, Aioa in ai]. m. Pnp. 1843, Ciilof Toii-ni. 1,303 1,654 1,633 1,3U ToL-il, 5,9M l,33S,SS0O In 1840 the entire population was estimated at 1,349,474. 191,900 851,200 449,200 Constanz. Freiburp. Ciirisrulie. Mannheim. Surface mountainous, covered for four-fifths of its extent by the mass of the Schwarzwald (Blacli Forest) with the contreforts which extend from it ; the Alp, the Heiligenberg, and the Randen, are on the E., and on the S. the Schwarzwald and Odenwald, which bound the E. valley of the Rhine, from which they rise abruptly, and form a chain of plateaus gradually descending towards the N., and varying from 2,000 to 4,000 ft. in elev. The culm, points are the Feldberg, 4,675 ft ; the Kandel, 4,160 ft. ; the Blauen, 3,822 ft. The Katzenbuckel, summ. of the Odenwald, 2,300 feet; the Randen, 2,600 feet; and the Kaiserstuhl, an isolated vole, mass near Briesach, 1,900 ft. The whole W. part of the territory is a continuous plain, formed by the val. of the Rhine, and extending between it and the mtns. from Basle to Mannheim. Principal rivers, the Rhine, which forms the S. and W. boundary of the state, the Murg, Kinzig, & Weisen-Mayn, Neckar, and Danube, which last rises in the grand duchy. The Lake of Constance forms part of the S.E. frontier, and there are several small lakes in the interior. The climate is very mild in all the val- ley of the Rhine ; rigorous in the mountain dis- tricts, the summits of which are only free from snow during the height of summer. The vine is cultivated at an elev. of 1,400 ft. The soil is in general very fertile, especially in the valleys of the Rhine and Neckar. Agriculture constitutes the chief wealth of the state, and is> conducted with more skill than in any other part of Ger- many. Barley, wheat, maize, potatoes, fine hem^, flax, and tobacco, are raised. The cultivation of* fruit-trees is extensively carried on, and frnitis' grown in great abundance. The produce of wine in ten recent years averaged upwds. of 13,400,000 gallons annually. The meadows are irrigated in the Italian style. Great attention has been be- stowed on improving the breeds of sheep, and cattle are extensively reared. Produce of tim- ber estimated at nearly 1 million cubic fathoms annually ; masts of 150 ft. m length, and fine oak timber, are floated in rafts to the mouth of the Rhine. Mineral products comprise salt from springs, alum, vitriol, sulphur, and coal, iron, copper, lead, and a little silver: gold-washmg, formerly pretty general along the Rhine, is now insignificant. The duchy is extremely rich in tniv neral springs. Manufactures have of late mate- rially increased ; the principal are cotton-spinning and weaving, riband-maldng, and the productieai of beet-root sugar. Important branches of indus- try in the Schwarzwald are the manufs. of straw- a BAB 98 BAD plait, TTOoden ornaments, watches, clocks, jew- ellery, musical boxes, & organs. Principal expts., timber, wine, corn, and kirchwasser, salt, linen & cotton goods, wooden clocks, straw hats & paper. Principal imports, colonial produce, drugs, wool, horses, fruits, iron and steel, silk fabrics, and ar- ticles of luxury. The accession of the duchy to the Prussian Customs' Union in 1835, has great- ly increased the transit trade, which is favoured by the creation of free ports at Constance, &c., and by steam navigation on the Lake of Con- stance, the Rhine, Neckar, and Main. The lines of road are in general excellent, and a railway extends along the whole length of the territory from Basel to Mannheim, with branches to Kehl and Baden. Gov. exercised by the grand duke, a chamber of peers, and a chamber consisting of 22 deputies from towns, and il from rural dis- tricts ; and was known as the most tolerant and liberal in Germany. The majority of the population is Roman Catholic, but the reign- ing family is Protestant. The grand duchy possesses an excellent system of public in- struction, and the schools are numerous. At- tendance at school is obligatory on all children ; and each village has at least one primary school. Baden has two universities, among the most an- cient and celebrated in Germany ; that of Heidel- berg has a faculty for Lutheran, and that of Frei- burg for Catholic theology. The former had, in 1847, 65 professors and 955 students, and the lat- ter 219 students. There are 4 public libraries in the grand duchy. Circle judicial courts, subordi- nate to the supreme court at Mannheim, sit at Constance, Freiburg, Mannheim, and Rastadt. Standing army amounts during a part of the year to about 10,400 men. Public revenue (1845), 15,308,732 florins ; expend. 14,489,715 do. ; pub- lic debt (1839), 30,696,737 do. Baden lately held the 7th place in the German confed., and had 3 votes in the full council, and one in committee. Contribution to confederate army, 10,000 men. Baden (commonly Baden-Baden), Civitas Au- relia aquensis, a town and celeb, watering-place, grand duchy of Baden, circle Midd. Rhine, in a valley of the Schwarzwald, on the Oos, 18 m. S.S.W. Carlsruhe. Pop. 6,000. In summer it is frequented by visiters from all parts of Europe ; in 1845 these amounted to 32,000, of whom 5,000 were English, & 4,000 French. The town is situated 6 m. from the Rhine, & is connected by a branch with the railway from Mannheim to Basel. It is crowned by an old castle, a vast ruined edifice of the 10th or 11th century. Principal buildings a church, with the tombs of its former margraves, a new castle with subterr. vaults, a hall of antiqs., a pump-room over the chief spring, the comersa- tions-haus, and other edifices, for the convenience of visiters. The water is conveyed by pipes to numerous hotels, in which baths are fitted up. There are 13 springs, of a saline nature, vary- ing in temp, from 117° to 154° Fahr., containing also iron and free carb. acid. This is generally allowed to be the most beautifully situated of all the German watering-places. July and August are the months in which it is most frequented, but visiters arrive from May to October. Baden, a town and watering-place of Switzer- land, cant. Aargau, on 1. b. of the Limmat, 13 m. N.E. Aarau, and 14 m. N.W. Zurich. Pop. 1,800. Its sulphur^baths (anc. ThernuB Helveticte), (temp. 117° Fahr.), are frequented chiefly by the Swiss. Baden, or Baadbn, a town & bathing-place of Lower Austria,16m. S.S.W. Vienna, on the Schwe- chat, and on the railway from Vienna to Triest. Pop. 4,000. It has an Imp. castle, many rich pri- vate mansions, & military baths for 200 men. It has several hospitals and publ. charities, and has been frequented annually by 10,000 visiters. The springs (anc. Thermce Cetite) are sulphureous, and vary m temp, from 92° to 97° Fahr. In the baths here persons of both sexes, " attired in loose flow- ing robes, promenade arm-in-arm, as if at a soi- ree." In the vicinity is the castle of Weilburg, l.uilt by the archduke Charles in 1823.—Baden- hausen is a village of the duchy of Brunswick, in theHarz, SJ m. S. Seesen. Pop. 627. Badenoch, an extensive highland district of Scotland, forming all the S.E. part of Inverness- shire, between Athol and the Monadhlead moun- tains, and traversed by the river Spey. Badenweileb, a village of Baden, circle Upp. Rhine, 2 m. E. MuUheim. Pop. 2,060. It has al- kaline thermal springs (temp. 81° Fahr.), & baths frequented annually by 200 to 300 visiters, and very perfect remains of Roman baths. Badqeb, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 6 m. N.E. Bridgenorth.-^Area 980 acres. Pop. 137. Badseworth, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 4 m. S.W. Cheltenham. Area 1,730 ac. Pop. 903. Badoinoton or Baddington, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 34 m. N.W. Cirencester. Ac. 990. P. 172. Badowobth, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 2^ m. S.W. Axbridge. Area 1,470 ac. Pop. 321. Badia, two towns of N. Italy. — I. deleg. and 11 m. 'W.N.W. Rovigo, on r. b. of the Adige. Pop. 3,700, who manuf. earthenwares, and trade in com, flax, cheese, leather, and silk. — II. (B. Calavena), deleg. and 14 m. N.N.E. Verona. Pop. 2,000.— B, San Salvadore is a town of Tuscany, province Siena, 6 m. W.S W. Radieofani. Pop. 2,843. Badinsham, a pa. of England, co. Sufiblk, 4 m, N.N.E. Framlingham. Area 3,390 ac. Pop. 864. Badlesmebe, a pa. of England, co. Kent, lathe Scray,4m.S,E.Faversham. Area820ac. Pop. 122. Fairs 9th September and 24th October. Badlet, a pa. of England, co. Suffollc, Ij m. N.W. Needham. Area 1,050 ac. Pop. 83. Badminton (Great), a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, on the borders of Wilts, 5i m. E.N.E. Chipping- Sodbury. Area 1,450 ac. Pop. 552. Duke of Beaufort's residence, erected in 1682, stands in an extensive park within the pa. The church is elegant, and richly decorated with memorials of the Beaufort family, by one of whom an ahns-house was here endowed, in 1705, with a rev. of 9il. a-year. — Little Badminton is a tything in same county, pa. Hawkesbury. Badolato, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. II., 15 m. S. Squillace. Pop. 3,000. Badons, the chf. commercial state on S. side of the isl. Bali, Asiatic Archipelago. Area about 100 sq. m. It has a seaport town of same name, with a Dutch settlement, and exports rice, cof- fee, tobacco, maize, cattle, and pigs to Singapore, the Mauritius, and Australia ; and receives in re- turn Europ. manufe., opium, and Chinese coin. Badonvuler, a town of France, dep. Meurthe, on the Blette, 19 m. S.E. Lun^vUle. Pop. (18iS) 2,090, who manuf. nails, awls, and other tools, earthenwares, cotton, and woollen hosiery. Badont, or BoDONT, two pas. of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Tyrone.— I. (Lower), 4J m. E. Newtown- Stewart. Area 47,921 ac. Pop. 7,784. It com- prises the vill. Gortin. — II. (Upper), 10 m. N.E. Newtown-Stewart. Area 38,208 ac. Pop. 5,822. Badoob, or Bhdgwab, the principal riv. of Belooohistan, has a S.W. course, and, under the name of the Dnstee, enters the Arabian Sea, in lat. 25° 16' N., Ion. 61° 60' E. The towns Kedie and Punjgoor are on its banks. BADBAcnELLCM [Bhadrochalam, 'the sacred BAD nintn.'), a town of India, Deecaii, Nizani's Join., on the Godavery, 160 m. E.N.E. Hyderabad. Badsey, a pa." of England, co. Worcester, 2 m. E.S.E. Evesham. Area 1,770 ao. Pop. 497. Badswokth, a pa. of Engl., oo. York, W. rid- mg,4m. S. Pontefi-act. Area 4,320 ac. Pop. 760. Its subscription hunt has a wide celebrity. Bai>ui.l.\, a military post in Ceylon, district Ouva, 40 m. S.E. Kandy, and 2,100 feet above the sea. It has a fort, some good barracks, & an hospital, but it is so unhealthy that no European troops are now stationed there. Badwell-Ash, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, IJm.N. Great Ashfield. Area2,000ac. Pop. 458. Baelegem, a viU. of Belgium, prov. E. Flan- ders, 9 m. S. Ghent. Pop. 2,882. Baelkn, a town of Belgium, Antwerp, 14 m. S.E. Tnmhout, on the Great Neethe, with manufs. of cloth. Pop. 3,039 II. a vill., prov. Liege, 5 m. N.E. Verviers, with iron worlra. Pop. 1,916. Baena, Castra Tiniana, a town of Spain, prov. and 26 m. S.E. Cordova. Pop. (1845) 12,944. It is sit. on a slope crowned by a castle, in a fer- tile and delicious region, and has a good square & several churches, with extensive ^t mines in its vicinity. The site of the anc. Koman town is still traceable ; &, in 1833, a sepulchre was discov. Baebcm, a vilL of Norway, amt. and 7 m. W. Chiistiania, on small stream of same name, with the oldest iron forges in Norway. Baesbode, a vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, on the Scheldt, 3 m. E. Termonde. Pop. 2,910. Babza, Becdia, a town of Spain, prov. and 22 m. N.E. Jaen. Pop. (1845) 10,851. It is hand- somely built; is the seat of a university, and has a cathedral, diocesan school, Jesuits' college, a literary society, manufs. of leather, and a celeb. annual fiur on 30th November, but its trade has decayed. Baeza was a residence of several Moor- ish kings, and formerly the seat of a bishopric, now united to that of Jaen. Baeza, a town of South America, Ecuador, 90 m. E.S.E. Quito, on the Coca river. Baffa, Paphot, a seaport town of Turkey in Asia, on S.W. coast of the isl. Cyprus, 56 m. W.S.W. Nicosia. Lat. 34° 47' 20' N., Ion. 32° 26' 20'E. Defended by a small citadel, its port is accessible only for small boats. It is now in ruins and almost deserted. The territ. is fertile In grsun, cotton, and silk. Baffa was an impor- tant place under the Venetian rule, and occup. the site of the Nova Paphus of the ancients, a famous shrine of Venus. The ruins of the anc. city occupy a considerable space. Baffin Sea (erroneously styled a Bat), a sea of N. Amer., betw. Greenland & the lands or isls. N. of Hudson Bay, extend, from lat. 68° to 78° N., & Ion. 55' to 80° B. It communic. with the At- lantic Ocean by Davis Strait on the S., & with the Arctic Ocean by Lancaster Sound & Ban-ow Strait on the W. Its greatest ascertained depth is 6,890 ft., & the tides do not rise more than 10 ft. The surface of the sea is covered with ice during the greater part of the year, & it can be navigated only during a short period in summer. The chief isls. are those of Disco & Waigatz on the coast of Greenland. The coasts, which are mntnous. and barren, are deeply indented with gulfs, & its only riches consist in the whales & seals, which form the object of an extensive fishei^. This sea was discovered by the English navigator Baffin, in 1616, while in search of a passage to the Pacific. Bafka, a town of Asia Minor, pash. Sivas, on the Kizil-Irmak (Halya), 13 m. S. of its mouth in the Black Sea, and 49 m. S.E. Sinope. It con- tiiint 1,160 houses, and has a fine bridge, two 99 1! A C, mosques, well supplied bazaars, and a, trade in tobacco. Baoanqa, a sea-port town and bay, Asiatic Archipelago, on the E. coast of the isl. Mindanao (Pliilippines). Lat. 7° 30' N., Ion. 126° 20' E. Baqaria, or Baghebia, a town of Sicily, in- tend, and 7 m. E. Palermo. Pop. 4,000. It has many fine residences of the Sicilian nobility. BAGBoiionoH, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 7 m. N.W. Taunton. Area 1,900 ac. Pop. 449. Bagdad, P.\shalio of (Chaldcea, Mesopota- mia), an extensive region of Asiatic Turkey, of ivMch it forms the I.E. portion, mostly be- tween lat. 30° and 38° N., and Ion. 40° and 48° E., having N. the pashalics Diarbekir and Van, W. & S. Syria and Arabia, E. Persia, and at its S.E. ex- tremity the Persian Gulf. Length from N.W. to S.E. 550 m. Breadth 350 m. The Euphrates & Tigris flow through the district for about 950 m., when both these rivers unite at Korna, in lat. 31° N., and Ion. 47° E. The united river now called Shat-al-Arab flows into the Persian Gulf. The country E. of the Tigris includes Koordistan & Ehuzistan ; the plains of the former are fertile, producing grain and fruit; the latter, though pos- sessing a good soil, is almost a desert waste ; it is, however, famed for its dates. The country to the W. of the Euphrates is a flat sandy desert, without water, and destitute of herbage; with the exception of the banks of the river, which are very fertile. The lower part is healthy, pro- ducing abundant rice crops. That part of the district comprehended between the Tigris and Euphrates, consists of Al-jezirah towards the N., a barren desert, and Irak Arabi, beginning where the two rivers approach near each other, to the N. of Bagdad, and extending to the Persian Gulf. This, which was one of the most fertile countries in the time of Herodotus, is now almost a complete desert. The pop. of the pashaJic is very mixed, consisting of Arabs, Kurds, Turkomans, Armeni- ans, Turks, Jews ; some of whom, as the Arabs and Kurds, are but imperfectly subject to the Porte, and live under different chiefs often at war with each other. Principal cities, Bagdad, Bassorah, and Mosul. In this region may be traced the sites of the anc. Babylon, Nineveh, Ctesiphon, and Seleucia : the memorable field of Arbela, where Alexiuider finallybrokethepowerof Darius, and many other localities famous in sacred and profane history, are within its limits. Bagdad, a city of Asiatic Turkey, cap. of above pashalic, and formerly of the Saracen caliphate, on the Tigris, 220 m. above where the united rivers enter the Persian Gulf. Lat. 33° 19' 40' N., Ion. 44° 24' 45' E. Pop. 65,000 (?), mostly Arabs and Turks. It stands on both sides of the river, its two portions being connected by a bridge of boats ; it is enclosed by a brick and earthen wall, flanked with large towers, & is about 6 m. in circumference, including gardens and plantations of date-trees. Streets narrow, ir- regular, and houses in general meanly built ; but some fine old structures remain, comprising the "gate of the Talisman," a lofty mmaret built in 785, the tomb of Zobeide wife of the caliph Ha- roun-al-Raschid, the tomb of a Turkish saint of the 12th century. The edifice of its famous college, founded in 1233, now serves for a cara- vanserai and the custom-house. A citadel, though of no great strength, here commands the passage of the Tigris. There are about 100 mosques, many of them with lofty domes and minarets. The bazaars are large, and abound with most of the goods sold in European mar- kets. Bed and yellow leather, silks, and cotton BAG 100 BAG stuffs ar? manufactured, and this city was long the great emporium of all the surrounding coun- tries ; hut its commerce has declined since Persia has received European goods from the N. by way of Trebizond, and on the S. direct from India and the Persian Gulf. Bagdad has still, however, a large trade with Aleppo and Damascus, whence it imports cotton twist, calicoes, shirtings, prints, imitation shawls, dyes, and to which it exports tombac, galls, buffalo hides, E. India indigo, pearls. Cashmere shawls, coffee. Its climate is generally heal- thy, but great heats during a part of the year oblige the inhabs. then to live underground. This city, built out of the ruins of Ctesiphon, was found- ed by Ahnanzor in 763, and continued to flou- rish under succeeding caliphs, until sacked by Hoolagoo in 1269. It has been held by the Turlcs since 1638. — Bagdat is a small fortifd. town, Asiatic Russia, gov. Transcaucasia, dist. Imeretia, 15 m. 8.S.E. Kutais. Bao£, two vills. of France, dep. Ain. — I. B. U Chatel, cap. cant., 16 m. W.N.'W'. Bourg. Pop. 740. — II. B. la Yille, in same canton. Pop. 2,069. Baobnbun Head, a cape of Ireland, co. Wex- ford, at the entr. of Bannow B. At this point Earl Strongbowmade his descent on Irel. in 1170. Bagh, or Bauqh, a town, Afghanistan. [Bhag.] Baghtsohe-sekai, a town of South Kussia, Crimea, 18 m. S.W. Simferopol. Pop. estim. at 14,000, mostly Tatars. This interesting town is the only one In the Crimea which preserves the characteristics of its Tatar origin. Its inhabi- tants manufacture pottery and cutlery in primi- tive simplicity. It has 32 mosques, a synagogue and Greek church, a palace and numerous foun- tains, many primary schools, and 3 medresses or scientific schools, with 300 boarders. Baghul, a Sikh state, N.W. Hindostan, un- der British protection, pop. 40,000, (?), ann. rev. SjOOOif., of which 360?. a-year are paid to the British as tribute. Armed force 3,000 men. Bagillt (Fawb, and Fbchan), two tnshps. of Wales, CO. Flint, pa. and 2§ m. E. Holywell. United pop. 2,300, employed in coal & lead works. Baginton, a pa. of England, co. Warwick, 2J m. S.S.E. Coventry. Area 1,480 ac. Pop. 245. Its free school has an annual revenue of 2001. Baglan, a pa. of Wales, co. Glamorgan, 6 m. S. Neath. Pop. 548. Baglen, a Dutch residency on the island of Java, near the centre, on the S. side : surface elevated, volcanic, and very fertile. Chief prod, rice & sugar. Pop. 300,000. Cap. Poerworedjo. Bagna, a town of Turkey in Europe, prov. Bumili, 40 m. W. of Philippopoli, on the Maritza, with 200 houses and thermal springs. Bagnaoavailo, a town of Italy, Pontif. sta., 11 m. W. Kavenna. Pop. 3,491. — Bagnaja is a village, deleg. & 3 m. N.E. Viterbo. Pop. 1,400. Bagnalstown, a town of Ireland, Leinster, co. and 10 m. S. Carlow, on the Barrow. Pop. 2,225. It has a handsome sessions-house, and trade in granite and flag-stones. Adjoining it are the mansions of Dunleckney and Bagnalstown. Bagnaba, a sea-port town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. 11., on the gulf of Gioja, 16 m. N.E. Keggio. Pop. 2,800 ; excellent wine is produced in the vicinity. — II. a town of the Pontif. sta., leg. and 20 m. W.S.W. Ravenna. Baqnabba, Balneum Regis, a town of Italy, Pontif. sta., 25 m. S.S.W. Orvieto. Pop. 3,000. Bagsasco, a town of Piedmont, prov. Mondovi, 25 m. E.S.E. Coni, cap. mand., on the Tanaro. Pop, 1,600, who trade in corn, wine, and silk. BagnI:bes-de-Luchon, a town of France, dep. Garonne, cap. cant., in the valley of same name in the Pyrenees, 5 m. from the Spanish frontier, and 22 m. S.S.W. St Gaudens. Pop. (1846) 2,415. It has celebrated sulphureous thermal springs rtemperature 88° to 152° Fahr.), and a handsome bath establishment, usually frequented from May to October by 1,400 to 1,500 visiters annually. BAQNkBES-EK-BiGOBkE, Aquensis Yieus, a town of France, dep. H. Pyrenees, cap. arrond., onl. b. of the""Adour, at the entrance of the valley of Campan, 13 m. S.S.E. Tarbes. Pop. (1846) 6,401. This is the best frequented watering pi. in France, and is a cheerful clean town, with white-washed houses, shaded promenades, and channels of clear water running through its streets. It has excellent hotels, a pubhc Ubrary, theatre, and concert room, college, hospital, and Protestant church : manufs. of wooUens, linens, and crape called " barfeges." There are 20 bathing estab- lishments, the springs varying in temp, from 72° to 124° Fahr. Its waters were resorted to by the Romans, and are annually visited from May to October by from 5,000 to 6,000 strangers. Bagnes-le-Chable, a par. and vill. of Swit- zerland, Valais, on 1. b. of the Dranse, 7 m. 6.E. Martigny, in the valley of Bagne, elevation 2,716 feet. Pop. of par., which comprises the whole valley, 9,000. The Val-de-Bagnes was twice in- undated during the 16th century, and again by the deb&cle of 1818 ; when the Dranse having been blocked up by Ice, a lake J a league in length was formed, on the bursting of which the torrent cariied off 400 cottages ; 34 Uves were lost. Bagni, several vills. of Italy, all so named from their mineral baths. — I. (B. delta Porretta), Pontif. sta., deleg. and 2 m. N.E. CivitaVecchia, with mineral springs, called by Pliny the AqtuB Tauri, and a remarkable aqueduct constructed by Trajan. — II. (Morba), Tuscany, prov. and 30 m. W.S.W. Siena, with mineral springs and baths established in the 12th cent. — III. {di Pisa), prov. and 4 m. N.E. Pisa. — IV. {di Lucca), diichy and 11 m. N. Lucca, In a beautiful situation, and visited by nums. bathers. — V. a decaying town, Sicily, mtend., & 12 m. W.S.W. Syracuse. P. 2,300. Bagnoles, a vill. of France, dep. Ome, in a valley 13 m. S.E. Domfront. It has hot saline springs (temperature 82° Fahr.), and cold ferrugi- nous springs and baths much frequented. The military baths of Bagnoles contain 200 beds. Bagnolet, a vill. of France, dep. Seine, N.E. Paris, with 1,099 inhabs., and gypsum quarries. Bagnoli, two towns of Naples — I. prov. Molise, 12J m. N.W. Campobasso. P. 4,200 II. Princip. Ult., 9m. S.W. St. Angelo-de. Lombard!. P. 4,700. Bagnolo, two towns of N. Italy, — ^I. cap. dist. deleg., 7 m. S.S.W. Brescia; Pop. 2,700.-11. a town of Piedmont, prov. and 12 m. N.W. Saluzzo. Pop. 5,000. Many vills. of Italy have this name. Ba GNo LS, Balena, a comm. & vill . of France, dep. Gard, cap. cant., on a rock neai- the Ceze, 13 m N.E. UzSs. Pop. (1846) 3,803. It has one gooa square adorned with a fountain; a communal college and hospital, and manufs. of serge. Bagnols-les-Bains, a vill. of France, with warm baths, dep. Lozere, 8 m. E.S.E. Mende. Bagolino, a vill. of N. Italy, deleg. and 23 m. N.E. Brescia. Pop. 3,650. With iron forges. Bagshot, a vill. and chapelry of England, co. Surrey, pa. Windlesham, 10 m. S.S.W. Windsor. Pop. 1,071. — Bagshot-heath, formerly a royal en- closure, was broken up during the civU war. A^oining are many handsome villas. Baothobpe, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 5J m. S.S.W. Burnham. Area 710 ac. Pop. 78. BAGUEB-MoRVAN,a comm. and vill. of France, BAG 101 B.VII dep. Ule-et-Vilaine, ai-rond. St. Malo. Pop. 1,970. — II. B. Picon, a vill. same arrond. Pop. 1,654. Baqulcot, a towu of British India, presid. Bom- bay, dist. 80 m. N.E. Dharwar. Pop, 7,500 (?) Bahadurpoor, two towns of India.— I. dora. and 22 m. S.E. Baroda. — II. dom. and 133 m. S. Gwalior. — Bahadra is a town, N.W. India, cap. chieisliip, 120 m. W.N.W. Dellii. Bahama Bank ^GBEAT and Little), are shoals among the West India isls. The former is mostly betw. hit. 22° and 26° N., and Ion. 75° and 79° NV., having S. and W. the Bahama old and new channeK On it are the isls. Providence. Andros, Exnma, &c. The Little Bank N.W. of the foregoing is mostly betw. lat. 26° and 27° N., and Ion. 77° and 79° W., and has on it the Great Bahama & Abaco isls. — Bahama-Channel. (Old & New). The former separates the Gt. Bahama Bank: & Cuba ; the latter is betw. the Gt. & Little Bahama Banks and Florida, and it forms a part of the channel of the Great Gulf-stream, which flows here at the rate of irom 2 to 5 m. an hour. Bahaua, or LncATO Islands, a group of nearly 500 isls. and islets (called Cayos or Keys), in the Atlantic, comprised in the W. Indies, & belong- ing to Great Britain, mostly betw. lat. 21° & 27° N., and Ion. 71° and 7y° W., separated from Cuba and Florida on the S. and W. by the Great and Little Bahama Channels. United area estimated from 4,400 to 5,450 sq. m. Pop. (1841) 26,292. Discov. by Colmnbns in 1492. First settlement of English in 1629. Possessed by Spain in 1781, & restored to Engl, in 1783. Most of the isls. are mere coral rocks, but some are of tolerable mze, as Abaco, the Gt. Bahama isl., Eleuthera, Andros, New Providence, Guanhami, Exuma, Long and Crooked isls., Mariguana, Gt. Key and Great Inagua. Principal products, cotton, maize, Guinea com, salt, some sugar, turtle, pine apples and vegetables. Value of exports (1844) ^>567/., those to Gt. Britain amount, to 37,127^. ; the imports thence in ditto, amounted to 26,901?., and the total imports, to 112,758?. In the same year, 25 vessels, aggregate burden 3,677 tons, en- tered ; and 53 vessels, burden 6,760 tons, cleared out of the ports to & from the United Kingdom. Keg. shipping (1846) 3,480 tons. Government vested in a governor, a council of 9 members & a House of Assembly of 31 mems. Total public rev. (1845) 25,800Z, expenditure in ditto, 23,779?. 10s. Nassau or New Providence is the cap., and seat of gov. — The Great Bahama isl., lat. 26° • 41° N., Ion. 79° 3' W., is near the N. extremity of the group, 70 m. E. Florida, and 80 m. in length, W. to E., by 10 m. in average breadth. S. Sal- vador, one of the group, was the first land dis- covered liy Columbus in 1492. Bahab, or Behab, one of the old Mohammedan provs. of India, occupying part of the valley of the Ganges, and traversed by this riv., which divides it in two nearly equal portions, betw. lat. 22° and 27° N., and Ion. 83° and 87' £., included (since 1766) in the British presid. Bengal, and subdivid- ed among the dists. Bahar, Bhaugulpoor, Dhur- rumpoor, Raroghnr, Shahabad, Sarun, Tirhoot, &Patna. Area62,000sq.m. Pop. 12,000,000. The climate is temperate, & more healthy than that of Bengal. The soil is rich, and it produces the best opium in India ; indigo, sugar, & tobacco are also cultivated. The dist. Bahar, in its centre, has an area of 6,901 sq. m., with a pop. of 1,012,300 ; and in 1829-30 yielded a land revenue of 167,970?. Bahab (Vihar, "a monastery of Budhists"), a town of British India, presid. Bengal, cap. dist., in a fertile plain, 36 m. S.E. Patna. Pop. 30,00i i. It is largo, straggling, and in a state of decay. Bahawalpooh, Hindostan. [Biiawlpoob.1 Baiiia, a marit. prov. of Brazil, betw. lat. 10° and 16° S., and Ion. 37° and 44' W., having E. the Atlantic, N.E. the prov. Sergipe, S. those of Porto Seguro and Minas-Geraes, and "W. Pernambuco, from which prov. it is separated by the riv. San Francisco. Length 480 m. ; breadth 150 to 200 m. Pop. (1846) 660,000. The surface rises inland to lofty sierras, between which and the coast is a fertile region, with regular seasons, traversed by the Itapicuru, Contas, and other rivs. The coast is indented by numerous inlets, of which BaMa de Todos OS Santos is the principal. Tobacco, sugar, and cotton, all of the best quality, are raised, with rice, coffee, & Brazil wood. Salt is also abundant. Customs rev. (1841-2) 2,077,302 doll. Principal towns, Bahia, Jacobina, and Villa de Contas. Bahia (San Salvadob be), a city and sea-port of Brazil, formerly its cap., now cap. prov., on the Bahia de Todos os Santos, 170 m. S.W. Sergipe del Key, and about 880 m. N.N.E. Bio Janeiro. Lat. of light-house 13° 0' 1' S., Ion. 38° 31' 1" W. Pop. (1840) 100,000, one third of whom are whites, one third mulattoes, and the rest blacks. The city stands partly on a height, & partly along the shore of the bay. The lower town is dirty & badly laid out ; but in the upper town and suburbs are several good streets, a rich cathedral, palaces of the abp. and governor, town-hall, court of appeal, theatre, hospitals, and many religious houses. _ In the lower town are an exchange, arsenal, & imperial dockyard ; & about 3 m. N.E.waxd are yards fof the construction of merchant shipping. Houses of the city mostly of stone, and often lofty ; it is defended by several forts, none of great strength. Bahia, founded in 1649 by Thomas de Sonza, first Capt. Gen. of Brazil, is one of the most important commercial cities in America. In 1841, its expts., comprising sugar (about 52,080 chests), cotton (16,581 bales), cofFee (12,587 bags), tobacco, cigars, rice, rum, dye and fancy woods, cocoa nuts, horns, hides, and bullion, amounted in value to 1,030,460?. ; and the imports, consisting of manufactured goods (more than half of the whole), salted provisions, flour, salt, iron, wines, glass, wares, paid duty for 1,167,900?. In 1846, the value of total exports was 6,872,834 dollars. In addition to other property, slaves are still ex- tensively imported. Customs revenue (1841) 244,785/. Bahia has a large diocesan school, and a public library, said to contain from 60,000 to 70,000 volumes. The viceroyalty of Brazil was transferred hence to Rio in 1763. Bahia Blahca, au inlet of the Atlantic, on the E. coast of S. Amer., state & 360 m. S.W, Buenos Ayres. Many fossil remns. have been discov. here. Bahia de Todos-os-Santos (All Sauit's Bay), a bay of Brazil, prov. Bahia, to which it gives its name. It forms one of the best and most exten- sive harbours in the world, and contains several islands, the largest of which, Itapariea, divides the entrance into two parts. Whale fishing is carried on in the bay. Bahia Ho.vda, a iiarb. of Cuba, on its N. coast, 60 m. W.S. W. Havana. It is protected by a fort, & is resorted to by privateers, & for landing slaves. Bahlingen, a town of Wurtembcrg, circ. Black Forest, on the Eisach, 38 m. S.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 3,250. It has linen and woollen manufs., tanne- ries, & trade in corn & cattle.— II. a vill. of Ba- den, circ. Upp. Rhein, N.W. Freiburg. P. 1,750. Bahn, a town of Prussian Pomerania, on the Tube, reg. and 23 m. S. Stettin. Pop. 2,150. Bahnasa or Beiinebeh, Oxyrhinchus, a town of Middle Egypt, on the Bahr Tousef (Joseph's Canal), 42 m. S.S.W. Benisouef. BAH 102 BAI Babb, Arabic name for a sea, lake, or river. Bahr-el-Abia» (White River), Bahk-el-Az- REK (Blue River), rivers of Africa. [NiiE.] Bahrein or Avai Isl., Tylos, an isl. in the Persian Gulf, surrounded by sev. small isls. and numerous shoals, in a bay in dist. Bahrein near the coast of Arabia, 200 m. S. Busliire. The cap. Manama is in lat. 26° 14' N., Ion. 60° 36' SO' E. Pop. 68,000 (?) (Mohammedans). Bahrein isl., 27 m. long, & 10 m. broad, is hilly in the centre, and only half of it is cultivated ; but it produces abundance of dates and other frpits, and a small quantity of wheat, barley, & clover. The other chief isls. are Arad, Maharay, & Tamahoy. The pearl fishery here employs during the season IjSOO boats, and yields pearls to the value of 200,0007. annually (the total value of the pearl fishings in the gulf being reckoned, in 1838, at 300,0007.). Princip. exports, pearls, dry dates, tortoise-shell, shark's fins, mats, canvass, and coloured cloths, sent to Bassorah, Persia, Arabia, & India, in return for rice, pepper, timber, iron, spices, from India ; and coffee, dried fruits, and corn from other countries. About 20 Bahrein ships, of from 140 to 350 tons each, are empl. in the India trade. Bahkenbukgh, a town of Hanover, co. & 20 m. S.W. Hoya, on the Aue. Pop. 612. Bai, a town of Chinese Turkestan, on 1. b. of the Mousser. dist & 115 m. E.N.E. Aksu. BAiiE (Ital. Baja), an anc. city of Italy (now in ruins). Pop. 800, prov. and 10 m. W. Naples, on famous bay of same name, with a fort built by the Emp. Charles V., in lat. 40° 61' N., Ion. 14° 3' E., under which large ships can anchor. Baise was a princip. port & ravourite watering-place of the anc. Romans, & the sites of sev. temples, villas, & baths are still distinctly traceable on its shore. Baias, Btass, or Fatas, a small town N, Syria, pash. and 66 m. N.W. Aleppo, on the Gulf of Is- canderoon, at the mouth of a small riv., probably the anc. Issus; It has a castle, and a harbour adapted for small craft. N. of it are ruins of the anc. town Isms ; and betw. it & Iscanderoon, 14 m. S.ward, was fought the second famous battle, in which Darius was defeated by Alexander the Gt. Baibout, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. & 66 ra. W.N.W. Erzroum, on the road from Trebi- zond. Pop. 3,000. It was formerly a stronghold of the Genoese, and has the remains of fortifica- tions erected by that people. The quantity of snow which falls in its vicinity generally inter- rupts the comm. during sev. months of the year. Baiersbronn, a vill. & pa. of Wiirtemb., Black Forest, 40 m. W.N.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 4,400. BAiEBSDORr, a town Bavaria, oirc. Midd. Fran- conia, on the Regnitz, 4 m. N. Erlangen. P. 1,646. Baikal (Lake), or Holt Sea, the largest lake of Asia (excl. of the Caspian & Aral Seas), in Si- beria, gov. Irkutsk, betw. lat. 51° 20' & 56° 30' N., & Ion. 103° & 110° E. It is crescent-shaped, & is a sinus or expansion of the bed of the Angara. Length N.E. to S.TV ., nearly 400 m. ; average breadth 45 m. ; estimated area 14,000 sq. m. ; height above the sea 1,419 ft. ; depth very great in centre, but not ascertained. Its basin is en- closed by the Baikal mntns., a spur of the Altai system. It receives numerous afns., the principal of which are the Upp. Angara, Bargusin, and Se- lenga rivs., & gives origin to the Lower Angara, a chief tribut. of the Xenisei. It contains several isls., that of Olkon, near the N. coast, being 30 m. in length. L. Baikal forms a part of the great commercial line of commun. between China and Russia, & trade is much facilitated by the estab- lishment of steam boats in 1844. Its 2 ports arc Posolskaja and Listwinisclmaja, the latter an excellent harbour. The surface is frozen from Nov. to April. Its seal & sturgeon fisheries are valuable, and about 100,000 poods of small her- rings are taken in it yearly, besides large quan- tities of the golomynka {Callimymus Baicalen- sis), which yields a great amount of oil. Baikuntapooh, a large town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. and 10 m. S.E. Patna, on the S. bank of the Ganges. It is a famous place of Hindoo worship. Baildon, a vill. and chplry. of England, co.. York, W. riding, pa. Otley, 7 m. N. Bradford. Pop. 3,280. Fairs 1st Sat. in Mar. and Nov. Bailieborough, a town and pa. of Ireland, Ulster, CO. and 17 m. S.E. Cavan, on a head of the Blackwater river. Areaof pa. 12,416 ac. Pop. of do. 6,984 ; of town, 1,203. Bailieboro' Castle is on the site of the anc. castle of Tonrepe. Bailleul, a comm. and town of France, dep. Nord, cap. cant., near the Belgian frontier, 9 m. E. Hazebrouck. Pop. (1846) 6,988. It is well built, & has the general aspect of an old Flemish town. It has manufe. of woollens, cottons, lace, hats, beet-root, sugar, and oil, and the cheese of its environs is held in repute. — II. a vill., dep. Sarthe, 6 miles N.W. La Flgche. Pop. 1,067. Bailt Islands, the most S. isls. of the Bonln group, N. Pacific, in lat. 26° 30' N., Ion. 142° E. Baimooz, a town of Hungary, co. and 40 m. N.E. Neutra. Pop. 890. It has well-frequented warm baths, & a castle of the Palffy family. Bain, a town of France, dep. ifie-et-Vilaine, cap. cant., 18 m. S. Rennes. Pop. 1,249. Bainbbidoe, a tnshp. of England, co. York, N. Riding, pa. Aysgarth, on the lire, li m. S.W. Askrigg. Pop. 786. It has a grammar school; rev. 68?. a year. In the neighbhd. are 2 fine waterfalls, lake, & a Roman camp, where a statue of the Emperor Commodus was discovered. Bainbrisoe, a tnshp. of IT. States, N. Amer., New York, co. Chenango, on the Susquehanna, 104 m. W.S.W. Albany. Pop. 3,324. Baincthun, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. Boulogne. Pop. 1,687. Baindt, a vill. of Wiirtemberg, cir. Donan, 5 m. N.N.E. Ravensburg, with a castle of the Pr. of Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyk, formerly an imperial abbey of the Cistercians, founded 1238. Bains, several vills. of France, frequented for their baths, whence their name I. dep. Vosges, 13 m. S.W. Epinal. Pop. (1846) 1,506. The waters vary in temp, from 92° to 122° Fahr. There are ele^. baths, saloons, and promenades; the season for resorting hither begins 15th May & continues to 15th Sept.— -II. dep. E. Pyrenees, 4 m. S.W. C^ret. Pop. 1,800.— in. dep. Dle-et-Vilain^ arrond. Bedon. Pop. (with comm.) 3,915. — IV (rfe Itemies) dep. Aude, 10 m. S.E. Limoux. Bains-Du-Mont-Bore, a vill. of France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 20 m. W. Issoire. Pop. 1,010. Situated in a picturesque valley surrounded by mntns., abounding with minerals and medicinal plants ; & celeb, for mineral waters. The baths were erected in 1819 on a vast scale at the public expense, and are built entirely of lava. The sea- son extends from 20th June to 20th September. B AiNTON, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Biding, 6 m. S.W. Great Driffield. Area 2,320 ao. Pop. 462. Bairdstown, a township of the TJ. S. n! Amer., Kentucky, cap. co. Nelson, 55 m. W.S.w! Lexington, on the Beech Fork. Pop. 1,492. It has a stone court-house and jail, and a B. Cath. college with a library of 7,000 vols. Baireuth, a city of Bavaria, cap. circ. Upp. Franconia, on the Red-Mayn, 126 m. N. Munich,' BAI 1( Lat. of castle 49* 56' 42' N. ; Ion. 11° 38' E. Pop. 17,000, mostly Protestants. It is weW built, & has public fountams and promenades, a new palace, opera-house, riding-school, theatre, and a Pro- testant consistor;, a college, grammar and dio- cesan schools, manuis. oi cotton and woollen clotlis, tobacco and pipes, parclmient, leather, & porcelain. Baireuth was lonnerly the cap. of a margraviate, and the seat of a court. About 2 m. E.ward is the Hermitage, a residence with grounds laid out early in the 17th century, and where the Margravine, sister to Frederick the Great, wrote her Memoirs. In 1$42, a monument was erected here to the poet Jean Paul Ricliter. Bajs, a ral. of France, cap. cant., dep. and 12 m. E.S.E. Mayenne. Pop. 2,354 II. dep. lUe- et-Vilaine, 9 m. S.S.W. Vitrc. Pop. 3,728. Baise, or Baxze, a river, S.W. France, rises near Lannemezan, flows N. through the deps. Haute-Pyrenees, Gers, a^d H. Garonne, & joins the Garonne near Aigmllon. Total course about 145 m. The towns sdrande. Valence, Condom, & N^rac are on its banks, from which last it is navig. to the Garoime, a distance of 15 miles. Baisiettx, a conun. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, arr. Lille, cant. Lannoy. Pop. 1,808. Baist-Tht, a vill. of Belgium, Brabant, arr. Nivelles. Pop. 1,200. With ruins of a castle in which Godefroy de Bouillon was born. BAiTHAn, a town of India, Indore dom., 54 m. S.S.W. Oojein. BiiTOOt, a fortfd. town of British India, pre- sid. Bengal, Saugor, S.W. dist., 50 m. N.E. Ellich- poor. Lat. 21° 65' N. ; Ion. 78° E. Baxx, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Ardfeche, arr. & 7 m. E. Privas, cant. Chomerac. Pop. 1,314. Baixas, a town (& comm.) of France, dep. E. Pyrenees, 6 m. N. Perpignan. Pop. (1846), 1,960. Baja, a town of Hungary, co. Bacs, on the Danube, 90 m. S. Pesth. Pop. 14,-537. It has E. Cath. and Greek churches, a synagogue, dio- cesan school, castle, co. court, and large mar- ket for hogs. — II. a town of Moldavia, on the Moldava, 65m.W.N.W. Jassy.— III. (B. deRama), a town of WaUachia, dist. & 68 m. N.W. Krajova. Bajada-de-Santa-Fe, a town of the Plata Confed., cap. dep. Entre Rios, on the E. bank of the Parani, opposite Santa F^, and now often called Parana. Pop. about 6,000. Bajoub, a territ. of N. Afghanistan, lat. 36° N., and between Ion. 71° and 72° E., separated from the Hindoo Koosh range on the N. by the territs. K^ristan and Chitral. Estim. area 370 sq. m. Pop. about 120,000. It is a fertile plain, encld. by mntns. covered with oak and cedar forests, & yielding iron-ore of good quality. Its chief has a revenue of about 10,OOOZ. a-year. Ch. towns Bajour, pop. abont 6,000 — supposed to be the Bazira of Alexander's historians— and Nawagye. Bakabanva, a royal mining town of Hungary, CO. Honth, 10 m. S.W. Schemnitz. The mining operatives are greatly reduced, and the popula- tion LS now mostly employed in agriculture. Bakeb, CO. U. S., N. Amer., in S.W. of Geor- gia, watered by Flint riv., cap. Newton. Pop. 4,226, of whom 1,773 are slaves. Chf. prod, sugar. Bakewell, a mkt. town and pa. of England, CO. Derby, the town on the Wye, near its oonfl. with the Derwent, 8 m. N.W. Matlock. Area of pa. 43,020 ac. Pop. 10,363, many of whom are empl'd. in stone quarries, coal and lead mines, and cotton mills. Its old church contains monuments of the Vemons and Foljambes. It has several small charities, and chalyb. springs.with handsome bath-rooms, and museum. Polling-place for N. div of CO. Mkts. Fri., and alternate Mondays n A L for cattle. Fan's, East. Hon., Whit. Mon,, Aug. 26, Mon. after Oct. 10, and after Nov. 11. Chats- worth, the princely seat of the D. of Devonshire, is in this pa ; and about 2 m. S.ward is Haddon- hall, a mansion of the Duke of Rutland, lord of Bakewell manor. Bakhmut, a town of Russia, gov. and 120 m. E. Jekaterinoslav. Pop. 4,000. It has coal mines, and an extensive trade in horses &; cattle, & was formerly very important and fortified. Bakhteghan (Lake), Persia, prov. Fars, 60 m. E. Shiraz, is 60 m. in length, E. to W., with an average breadth of 8 m. It receives at its W. extremity the Buudemir riv. (Araxes). The lake yields for traffic a large quantity of salt. Bakib-kureh-si, a small town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, in a dist. formerly containing produc- tive copper mines, near the Black Sea, and 70 m. W.S.W. Sinope, with a handsome mosque. It is supposed to be the Sandracurgium of Strabo. BAKOKY-wAtn {Forest of Bakony), a mntn. range of Hungary, S. of the Danube, betw. the Raab riv. & L. Balaton, & separating the great & little Hungarian plains, the former of which is on its S.E., and the latter on its N.W. side. Average elevation 2,000 ft. It is densely wooded, & con- tains quarries of excellent marble, which is ex- ported by way of the Danube from Komorn, &c. Bakiciiissakai, Russia. [Baghtsche-Sebai.] Baku, a fortified seaport town of the Russian dom. S. of the Caucasus, prov. Daghestan, on the S. coast of the peninsula of Apsheron, in the Cas- pian Sea. Lat. 40° 22' N., Ion. 50' E. Pop. 9,000. It consists of a citadel and a suburb ; has stone houses, Armenian and Russian churches, 23 mosques, a palace, & a bazaar. Its harbour is one of the best on the W. of the Caspian. In 1831, 146 Russian and Persian ships entered, and 129 left ifg port. Imports in the same year, com- prising silk & cotton, raw & manufactured shawls, and other woollen goods, drugs, indigo, tobacco, fmits, fish, &c., amounted in value to 7^447^ ; & expts, mostly naphtha, salt, & safiron, to 23,240/. The cn-cle of Baku has a pop. of 31,000. The district is very unhealthy. [Apshebon.] Baku, or Bakova, a town of Moldavia, on the Bistritz, 60 m. S.W. Jassy. It was formerly important, but is now nearly in ruins. Bala, a township and mkt. town of Wales, co. Merioneth, near the N. end of the lake of same name, pa. Llan-y-kil, 17 m. N.E. DolgeUy. Pop. 1,257. It has a town-hall, cd. bridewell, grammar school, & mauufs. of knitted stockings & gloves. Mkt. Sat. : fairs, Sat. before Shrovetide, Mav 14, July 10, Sept. 11, & 22, Oct. 24, & Nov. 8. Pol- ling-place for CO. Assizes and quarter sessions held here and at Dolgelly alternately. Balabac, an isl. of the Asiatic Archipelago, Philippines, 30 m. S. Palawan. Lat. 7° 59' N., Ion. 117° 3' E. — The Balabac passage, between it and Banguey isl., is 35 m. across. Bala-baoh, a fortified town of Afghanistan, and the most important mart in the valley of Jelalabad, from which town it is 13 m. W. It is famous for its fruits. Near it are numerous topes or mounds, supposed to be of Buddhic origin. Balabalagan. [Patebnosters Little.] Balachef, a town of Russia, gov. and 125 m. W. Saratof, on 1. b. on the lihoper. Pop. 2,000. Balachna, or Balakhna, a town of Russia, gov. and 20 m. N.W. Nijnii-Novgorod, on rt. b. of the Volga, Pop. 3,000. It has 16 churches, a convent, & a considerable commerce in grain. Balaklav A, a seaport town of Russia, on the Black Sea, near the S. extremity of the Crimea, 30 m. S.W. Simferopol. Pop. 1,000, mostly BAL 104 BAL Greeks. It has an excellent harb., land-locked, and deep enough to float the largest ships ; but no commerce, being only admissable in case of distress. This was formerly one of the most important places of the Crimea, the Symbolon of the ancient Greeks. BATA-LyiKE, or FBUBLEMEns, the largest lake in N. "Wales, co. Merioneth. Length about 4 m. ; breadth 1 m. It belongs to Sir W. W. Wynn, who has a fishing-seat on its banks. The riv. Dee issues from this lake ; at the head of which are remains of a Soman station. BAI.A.GANSK, a town of Siberia, on 1. b. of the Angara, gov. & 110 m. N."W. Irkutsk. Pop. 872. BiLi&HAUT, ceded districts of British India. [Bellakt.] [Cuddapah.] Balaqueb, a fortified town of Spain, prov. & 16 ro. N.E. Lerida, on the Segre. Pop. (18i5) 4,642. Balagueres, a town (and comm.) of France, dep. Arifege, arrond. St Girons. Pop. 1,289. Balakhna, a town of Kussia, gov. and 20 m. N.W. NijSgorod, on rt. b. of the Volga. P. 3,500. Baxameangan, an isl. of the Asiatic Archi- pelago, off the N. extremity of Borneo. Lat 7° 19' N., Ion. 116° 69' E. A settlement formed here by the E. I. Co. in 1774 was destroyed by the Sooloos, and another planted in 1803 was afterwards abandoned. Balan, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Ar- dennes, 1^ m. S.E. Sedan, with cloth manufs., & extensive iron works. Pop. 1,068. . Baiakuo-les-Bains, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Herault, with hot sulphur springs (temp. 126° Fahr.), and baths^ Resident pop. 621. iBALASEALVA, a town of Transylvania, at the union of the Great and Little Rukel rivs., 18 m. Jf.E. Karlsburg. It is the resid. of a Greek bp., and has sev. Wallachian Si one Lutheran church. . Balasore, a maritime dist. of British India, presid. Pengal, having E. the Bay of, Bengal, & landward the dists. IVtidnapoor and Cuttack. Area 1,890 sq. m. Estim. pop. 600,000. Kice and salt are the chief articles of produce. Prin- cipal towns, Balasore, Bustar, Buddruck, and Sorah. This dist.. suffered severely from inun- dations in 1831-2. Total rev. (1839-40) 89,641?. ; expend. 82,980?. — Salasore (Valeswara), a large town, cap. above dist., on the Boorabullnng, 8 m. from its mouth, and 123 m. S.W. Calcutta. Pop. 11,600. It was formerly of some consequence, & has dry and repairing docks ; but is now only frequented by Maldive and coasting vessels. . Balassa-Gvarmath, a town of Hungary, cap. go. Neograd, near the Eipel, a tributary of the Danube, 40 m. N.N.E. Pesth. Pop. 4,580. Balaton Lake (Germ. Plalten-See), the largest lake in Hungary, situated 65 m. S.W. Pesth. Length, S. W. to N.E., about 48 m. ; breadth varies to 10 m. Estim. area 420 sq. m. Greatest depth S9 ft., but at its N. and broadest end it is shaJlow. Its waters are slightly salt. This great lake or submerged marsh, receives upwards of 30 streams, the largest of which is the Szala ; and its surplus waters are carried to the Danube by the Sio and Sarvitz. It is rich in fish, & its borders are marshy. Balaz£, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Loire, arr. Roanne, canton Vitr^. Pop. 1,230. Balbirnie, a vill. of Scotland, co. Fife, pa. Markinch, 7^ m. N. Kirkcaldy, on the Leven. Balbbiggan, a marit. town and chapelry of Ireland, Leinster, co. Dublin, pa. Balrothery, on the Irish Sea, 18i m.'N.N.E. Dublin. Pop. 2,969. It is a thriving commercial town and a favourite watering-place, and has a handsome new church, Koman Catholic and other chapels, public baths, a dispensary, saving's bank, coast- guard station, and two cotton-mills, which last, with caUco and stocking-weaving, & embroider- ing muslins, employ many hands. The small harbour is protected by a quay, on which there is a lighthouse with fixed light. Lat. 63° 36' 45" N., Ion. 6° 11' W. Its salt trade & fishery have declined, but its corn trade remains thriving. Its export of com and flour for one year amounted to 5,418?., and general imports to 11,392?. Balbt, a tnshp.of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, pa. & IJ m. S.W. Doncaster. Pop. 379. Here the first meetings of the Society of Friends took place. Balcombe, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, rape Lewes, 4J m. N.N.W Cuckfield. Area 6,060 ac. Pop. 1,642. The London and Brighton railway here passes through a tunnel 1,139 J yds. in length. Baldegg, a vill. of Switzerl., on lake of same name, cant, and 9 m. N. Luzem. The lake is 3J m. long, 1 m. broad, and 1,629 ft. in elevation. BAJLDEnBnBG, a small town of W. Prussia, reg. Marienwerder, 33 m. N.W.Konitz. Pop. l,200v Baldebas, a town of Spain, prov. and 30 ra. S.S. W.Leon. Pop. 4,320. Manufs. leather & hatS. Baldeen, a small town of Wiirtemberg, ciro. Jaxt, 9 m. S.E. Elwangen. Pop. 594. BALDEEifocK, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 19 m. S.W. Stirling. Pop. 972, empl. in alum & coal works. Here are some cairns, and a curious druidic monument termed the " Auld wife's lift." Baldebton, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 2 m. S.E. Newark. Area 4,060 ac. Pop. 899. Baidissbbo, 3 vills. of Piedmont I. prov. Ivrea, with anc. castle on a hill. Pop. 600. — II. prov. Torino. Pop. 1,720. — III. prov. Alba. Pop. 2,000. Baldissero di Roletto is an ancient borough on a hill, near Pinerolo. Pop. 1,720. Baldo (Mokte), a mntn. of Lombardy on the E. of Lago di Garda. It is composed chiefly of horizontal strata of marble and calcareous tufa, & contains the green sand called that of Verona, and beautiful petrifactions. Elevation 7,100 ft. Baldock, a mkt. town and pa. of England, co. Herts, on the Great N. Road, 34 m. W.N.W. London. Areaof pa. 200 ac. Pop. of do. 1,807'. The church has 3 chancels, a curious font, and monuments of its founders the Knights Templars ; several charities, good inns, a trade in malt, and manufe. of straw-plait. Mkt. Thurs. Fairs, Alar. 7, last Thurs. in May, Aug. 6, Oct. 2, & Dec. 11. Baldon, two pas. of Engl. — I. (B. Marsh), co. & 6}m. S.E. Oxford. Ac. 570. P.360.—n.( roof), adj. above, 6 m. S.E. Oxford. Ac. 2,010. P. 269. Baldone, a town of Russia, gov. Courland, 26 m. E. Mittau, celeb. & frequented for its hot baths. Balcbashase, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, cos. Antrim and Londonderry, on the Bann, 7 m. E. Coleraine. Area 6,361 ac. Pop. 2,658. Baldwin, co. U.S., N. Amer., centre of Geor- gia. Area 216 sq. m. Pop. 7,250, of whom 4,107 are slaves. Cap. Milledgeville. — II. co. S. part of Alabama. Area 2,000 sq. m. Pop. 2,951, of whom 1,709 are slaves. Soil sandy and flat near Gulf of Mexico ; rises into pine ridges in interior. Bale, a town of Switzerland. [Basel.] Bale, or Bathlev, a pa. of England, co. Nor- folk, 5 m. S.W. Holt. Area 710 ac. Pop. 229. Balearic Isles, a group of 6isLs. in the Medi- terranean, between lat. 38° 40' and 40° 6' N., and Ion. 1° & 5° E., consisting of Majorca, Minorca, Iviza, Pormentera, and Cabrera, and forming an adminis. prov. of Spain, cap. Pahna. United area 1,753 sq.m. Pop. (1833) 229,197. Climate tem- perate and healthy, soil fertile. In 1840, the total imports into these isls., principally fVom France Algeria, and the Spanish W. Indies, amounted to BAL 105 BAL 91,440i. ; t^e total expoi-ts, mostly to the same countries, are stated to have amount, to 106,840?. Balerna, a vill. of Switzerl., Tessin, 5 m. N.W. Como. Pop. 762 (Cath.). It has a palace of the bishops of Como, and celebrated tile works. Balfron, a pa. of Scotland, co. Stirling, with a Till. 16 m. W.S.AV. Stirling. Estim. area 24 sq. m. Pop. 1,970, mostly hand-loom weavers & spin- ners in the Ballindalloch cotton-mills in this pa. Balfrdsh, or Balfcrush (Sarfurush, "the mart of burdens"), a town of Persia, prov. IMa- zanderan, on the Balibnl, here crossed by abridge of 9 arches, 12 m. from its mouth in the Caspian, and 20 m. W. Sari. Pop. estim. by Fraaer in 1822 at 200,000 (?) ; but it has since been devasta- ted by the plague and cholera. It is built in the midst of a forest, is large, straggling, and inter- spersed with gardens. Streets broad & straight, but nnpaved ; houses mostly of brick ; bazaars and caravanserais numerous, and from 20 to 30 Mohammedan colleges. S. of tlie town are the remains of a palace on an artific. isl., formed by Shah Abbas. Balfrush has a large.general trade, and communicates with its port on the Caspian by a good road for wheeled vehicles. BAI.GA, a vill. of E. Prussia, reg. & 24 m. S.W. Konigsberg, on the Frische-haff. Pop. 678. Balgach, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 11 m. E. St Gall, with sulphur springs and baths. Balgonie, a vUl. of Scotland, co. Fife, pa. Markinch, with an old castle of the Leslies. Baigousie (Brig of), Scotl., on Don Kiver. Bali, Ballt, or Little Java, an isl. of the Asiatic archip., immed. E. of Java. Lat. of town 8° 42' 5' N., Ion. 116° 33' E. Isl. 70 m. long by 35 m. in breadth. Pop. (1846) 700,000. Two mntn. chains traverse it from E. to W. Culminating point, the volcano of .^^oen^, which was in a state of activity in 1843. Estun. height 11,326 ft. Isl. abundantly supplied with water from numerous large rivers and lakes. Principal exports, rice, cotton, coffee, tobacco, hides, oil, edible birds- nests, catechu, with cotton cloths & yarn ; impts., opium, betel, gold, silver, and ivory. A good deal of coffee is carried to Singapore from the N. coast, most of which, however, is smuggled from the E. of Java. The revenues of the ports are commonly farmed by Chinese settlers. Bali is subdiv. among 8 petty states ; of these, Badong in the S., is the chief. The vill. system prevails here as in Java & India, and Bali is the only isl. of the archip., where the Hindoo is the predomi- nant religion. Princip. towns, Badong in the S., BliUng in the N., and Karang- Assam on the E. coast. The Strait of Bali, between this isl. and Java, is, where narrowest, only 3 m. across. A Dutch settl. was founded at Port Badong in 1845. Baligrod, a town of Austrian Galicia, circ. and 18 m. S.S.E. Sanok, in the Carpathians. In its vicinity are numerous salt lakes, & iron mines. Balikebb, Balu-kissar, or Balik-shehr, a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, cap. sanj., in a fer- tile plain, 75 m. 8.W. Brusa. It is meanly built of unbnmed bricks, and is said to be peopled by 2,000 Turks, and 200 Armenian families. It Is governed by an aga, with authority over 40 Tur- kish vills. ; has trade in silk at a large annual fair, a recently estab. manuf. of felt for military clothing, & the tomb of a celeb. Mohamm. saint. Baliquatbo, the N.W. point of the isl. Samar (Philippines) ; and a small isl. in St. Bernardino passage between that point and the isl. Luzon. Lat. 12° 40' N., Ion. 124° 10' E. Baiizac, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Gironde, arrond. Bazas. Pop. 1,038. Balize, or Belize, a British colony, E. of Yu- catan, Central Amer., between lat. 15° 64', & 18° 30' N.,& Ion. 88° & 90° W. Eastern coast washed by Gulf of Honduras ; on N.E., borders on State of Yucatan ; on W. and S., on that of Guatemala. Length about 170 m., breadth 100 m. Shores studded with numer. small isls ; along the coast, land swampy, interior wooded, and soil of valleys fertile. Climate moist, but favourable to vegeta- tion, and not unhealthy ; watered by Balize riv., Rio Hondo, and Siboon. Country adapted for raising sugar, coffee, cotton, indigo. Mahogany, cedar, sarsaparilla, logwood, fustic, brasileto, and other dye woods are articles of export ; wild ani- mals, birds, fish, & turtle abundant. Pop. chfly. composed of negroes, may amount to 10,000. The possession of colony was long disputed by the Spaniards, but finally yielded up to Britain in 1783. Governed by superintendant appointed by the crown, and seven magistrates elected by the people. — Balize, a seaport town, is the cap. of this colony, sit. on the bay of Honduras, at the mouth of the riv. Balize. Pop. in 1836 2,543. A range of white houses extends for a m. along the shore, terminated at one end by the governm. -house, & at the other by the barracks, and intersected by the riv. Balize ; with a fort on a small isl., a Gothic church, several chapels, schools, & a court-ho. The town is surrounded by cocoa-nut plantations. The riv. Balize, which has generally a N.E. course, is said to be navig. for 200 m. inland, and off its mouth is a good an- chorage for small vessels. Balize is now the de- pot of Brit, manufactured goods & foreign mer- chandise designed for Cent. America. Amount of imports from 400,000?. to 500,000?. ; exports about ■ the same. 9,000 tons British shipping empld. in the trade. — II. a vill. of the U. States, Louisiana, on the S. side of "the N.E. Pass," the mouth of the riv. Mississippi most frequented by European vessels. The bar. in the riv. here has abt. 17 ft. water; and off it steam-tugs are generally in waiting. The vill. is mostly inhabited by pilots. Balk, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Fries- land, 8 m. S.E. Hindelopen. Pop. 1,227. Balkan?, Hcemus, an important mntn. chain of Europ.-Turkey, which extends from the plain of Sophia, Ion. 23° E., to Cape Emineh on the Black Sea, forming a series of peaks of little elev., the highest of which are covered with grass and fruit trees. Few of the peaks are disting. by local names, and these are generally derived from the nearest towns. The name Kodja Balkan is limi- ted to the portion of the anc. Haemus, W. of the Balkan of Shipka. The W. part of the Gt. Balkan runs S.S.E. to N.N.W., and separates Bulgaria from Upp. Moesia, on the N., whilst on the S. it serves to connect the Hsemus with Mt. Rhodope. The chain in general is 4,900 ft. in elev., N.W. of Kalofer it rises to 5,326 ft. It slopes abruptly S. to the alluvia! plain of Tartarbazardjik & Phili- popolis, but terminates more gently on the N. by means of the crests of the Balkan of Etropol. Its watei's flow chiefly in transverse valleys. Snow lies on the higher summits till the month of June, but entirely disappears in July. The E. part of the Ballian consists of a series of minor chains decreasing in elev. as they approach the plains of the Danube on the N., and the Black Sea on the E. The Emineh Dagh is 2,660 ft. in elevation. The Balkan is connected with the mountains of Middle Europe by the ranges of Monte Negro, Herzegovina, and the Dinaric Alps on the W., and the mntns. of Greece on the S. The deep and narrow gorges permit of paths difficult for beasts of burden ; and the range is traversed by only one great route, that of the gate of Trajan, BAL lOG BAL by which the communication is Itept up between Vienna and Constantinople. BaIiKash, or Tengiz, an extens. lake of Centr. Asia, on the borders of Chinese Turkestan, and the Russian gov. Tomsk, betw. lat. 41° and 47° N., and Ion. 77° and 81° E. It is sit. near the N. edge of the great central basin of the continental streams, and receives the waters of the Hi, and sev. smaller streams, but has no outlet. Length N.E. to S."W. 160 m. ; greatest breadth 16 m. At its N. extremity is a wide reedy marsh. Balkee, a vilL, once a town of importance, In- dia, Deccan, Nizam's dom., 22 m. N.W. Beeder. Balkh, a prov. of Centr. Asia, the anc. kgdm. of Bactria, now subordinate to the Ehanat of Bokhara, extending betw. lat. 35° and 37° N., and Ion. 64° & 69° E., having N. the Oxus, E. Buduk- shun, S. the Hindoo Koosh mntns., and W. the desert. Length about 250 m. ; breadth 120 JBalkh, the cap. city, & the Zariasha & Bactria of the Greeks, is sit. on the rt. b. of the Adirsiah or Ballch riv., 105 m. W. Koondooz. Pop. 2,000 (?). The mod. town, enclosed by a mud wall, & having a citadel, occupies but a fraction of the surface embraced by the anc. city ; the remains of which cover a space 20 m. in circumf., and comprise IS aqueducts, "besides buildings of various ages, all in utter ruin. Numerous canals irrigate the vi- cinity, which is famous for its fruit and com. Balkhan Bat, an inlet of the Caspian Sea, be- tween lat. 39° and 40° N., and Ion. 63° and 64° E. Balla, a vill. of Ireland, prov. Connaught, co. Mayo, 8 m. S.E. Castlebar, frequently alluded to by anc. chroniclers, but now having only 600 in- habs., with a round tower and ruins of a church. BALLAOH.tDEKiN, 3, town of Ireland, prov. Con- naught, CO. Mayo, near the Lung, a tributary of the Shannon, 30 m. E.N.E. Castlebar. Pop. 1,342. It has a small infantry barrack. Ballaqhmobe, a vill. of Ireland, Queen's co., near Kosorea, with ruined abbey of Monaincha. Ballahumsh, or BALLACHntisH, a quoad sacra pa. of Scotland, cos. Inverness & Argyle, in each of which it has a church, on Lochs Leven and Linnhe, llj m. S.S.W. Fort-William. Pop. 1,255. A large slate quarry has been wrought here since 1760. The annual produce, some years since, was from 5 to 7 millions of roofing slates, weighing about 10,000 tons. Ballan, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Indre- et-Loire, arrond. & 4 m. S.W. Tours. Pop. 1,192. Ballantrab, a marit. pa. of Scotland, co. and 28 m. S.S.W. Ayr. Estimated area 25,000 ac. Pop. 1,651, of whom 256 were in the vill. It com- municates with Glasgow by steam, thrice a week. Ballateb, a vill. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, pa. Glenmuick, on the Dee, 37 m. S.S.W. Aber- deen. Pop. 371. Its chalybeate springs are resorted to by numerous visiters. BAttAXieH, a pa. of the Isle of Man, 7 m. S.W. Kamsay. Area 309 acres. Pop. 1,516. B ALLENSTEDT, 3, towu of Germany, duchy of An- halt-Bernburg, 16 m. S.E. Halberstadt. Pop. 3,800. It is the residence of the Dukes of Anhalt-Bern- burg, & the original seat of the house of Prussia. Ballent Islands, a group of 5 small volcanic islands in the Antarctic Ocean. Lat. 66° 44' S., Ion. 163° 11' E. Discovered 1839. Ballebov, a town and comm. of France, dep. Calvados, cap. cant., 9 m. S. W. Bayeux. P. 1,267. Balmna (formerly Belleek, " the ford of flags"), a t. of Irel., prov. Connaught, co. Mayo, in which it ranlcstliirdfor extent, pop. & trade, on the 1. b. of the Moy, 18 ra. N.N.E. Castlebar. Pop. 6,813, exclusive of Ardnaree, which has a pop. of 1,699. It has .sev. good streets, a parish church, a Bom. Catholic church. Baptist & Methodist chapels, a large union workho., sessions-house, fever hosp., dispensary, many public schools, barracks, & two bridges across the Moy ; with breweries, flour mills, manufs. of snuff & coarse linens, a trade in cured provisions, fish, &c., & sev. branch banks. Its salmon-fishery ranksnext in importance to that of the Bann. Impts. in 1836 amounted to 13,532i., and exports to 70,668?. in value. General ses- sions in July ; petty-sessions on Tues. Market Monday ; fairs, May 12, and August 12. BAiiLiNABOT, a pa. of Irel., co. Cork, between that city & Kinsale, comprising the vills. Ballina- hassig & Ballytrooleen. Ac. 7,973. Pop. 2,749. Ballinaoabbig, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. & 1 j m. S.S.E. Carlow. Area 2,605 ac. Pop. 692. — II. a hamlet, co. Cork, on the riv., & 8 m. W. Bandon, with ruins of a castle of the 16th cent. Ballinacoubtt, two pas. of Ireland. — I. Con- naught, CO. Galway, at the head of Galway Bay, sev. isls. in which it comprises, with a vill., 3J m. S. Oranmore. Area 6,293 ac. Pop. 3,407 II. Munster, co Kerry, on the N. side of Dingle Bay, 10 m. N.E. Dingle. Axea 5,318 ac. Pop. 1,472. Ballinahaqlish, two pas. of Ireland I. Con- naught, CO. Mayo, 2J m. S.S.E. Ballina, on the Moy. Ac. 12,659. Pop. 6,397.-11. Munster, co. Kerry, 5 m. W. Tralee. Ac. 3,006. Pop. 2,147. Comprising the vills. Chapeltown & Kilfinura. Ballin AHiNCH, baronv, pa., demesne, lake, riv., seat, & ruined castle of jxel., prov. Connaught, dist. Connemara. The seat of proprietor of mst. (Martm), is 37 m. W.N.W. Galway. The barony, with an area of 191,433 ac, comprises the mntn. group of the " Twelve Pins," and the sea-port of Ciifden. Pop. 33,466. — ^11. a small town, Ulster, co. Down, 10 m. E.Dromore. Pop. 911. It comprises most of the chapels and Schools of the pa. Maghe- radroU. In June 1798, a battle was fought here between the Irish insurgents and royal troops. Ballinakii.1., a town of Ireland, Leinster, Queen's co., 11 m. S. Maryboro'. Pop. 1,640, partly employed in woollen weaving. It has a handsome church, a Roman Cath. chapel, and remns. of an old castle. — Also the name of 3 pas. in Galway, co. Connaught, 1 in SUgo co., 1 in King's CO., and 1 in co. Waterford. Balt.inamobe, a vill. of Ireland, Connaught, CO. Leitrim, 13 m. N.E. Carriek. Pop. 946. It has a church, Roman Catholic and Methodist chapels, a session-house and a bridewell. Ballinamttck, a vill. Ireland, Leinster, co. and 11 m. N.N.E. Longford. Here the French troops under General Humbert surrendered to the English forces, September 8th, 1798. Ballinascbeek, a pa. Ireland, co. Londonderry, 8 m. W.S.W. Tobermore. Ac. 32,492. P. 8,384. Ballinaskelligs (or Ballinskelligs) Bat, Ireland, Munster, co. Kerry, entrance betw. Hog head on E., and Bolus head on W., breadth 6 m. Ballinasloe, a t. of Irel., Connaught, cos. Gal- way & Roscommon, on the Suck, an aldt. of ttie Shannon, 22 m. S. Roscommon. Pop. 4,934. The Suck divides it into two portions, connected, across an isl., by a causeway & two bridges. Town neatly built, has a curious church, Roman Cath. & Meth. chapels, several public schools, the disti'ict lunatic asylum for the prov., a court-house & bridewell, mkt.-ho., union work-ho., & savings' bank ; with flour mills, tan-yards, breweries, coach-building, and hat manuf. Here the largest fair in Ireland for the sale of cattle and sheep is held, from the 5th to the 9th of Oct. annually. About 50,000 to 60,000 cattle, and from 6,000 to 7,000 sheep, are the average numbers sold at each fair. Ballinasloe is the station for the Galway-militia-staff. Quarter B AL inr B AL sessions ; petty sessions, Wednesday and Satur- day ; market, Saturday for corn, &c. Ballincaula, or Ballinchola, a pa. of Ire- land, Connaught, cos. Galway and Mayo, 4 m. W.S.W. Ballinrobe. Area 15,196 ac. Pop. 2,165. Bai.lincoli.is, a town of Ireland, prov. Muns- ter, CO. Cork, on tlic Lee, 6 m. W. Cork. Pop. 1,287. It has a large artillery barrack, and ex- tensive gunpowder miUs, and near it is a dismantl- ed castle built in the regin of Edward iii. Ballixcosl.ane, or Balltohslane, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Kerry, 10 m. N.W. Mill Street. Ac. 39,74i), mostly mntnous. Pop. 5,701. BALLiNnEBBY, two pas. of Ireland, Ulster. — I. CO. Antrim, 4J m. N. Moira. Area 10,891 ao. Pop. 5,679.-11. CO. Tyrone, 4 m. S.E. Money- tnore. Area 8,178 ac. Pop. 1,189. — Avill. Lein- ster, CO. Wicklow, 2 m. N.W. Bathdrum. — A ham- let, river, &c., in Ireland, have the same name. BAU.XNDOON, a pa. of Ireland, Connaught, co. and 45 m. N.W. Galway. Area 20,033 acres. Pop. 5,615. — Ballingaddy is a pa., Munster, co. Limerick, 2.J m. E. by S. Kilmallock. Pop. 1,761. BALLrNG.uiRT, a town & pa. of Ireland, co. & 17 m. S.W. Limerick. Areaof pa. 17,737 ao. Pop. of ditto, 8,679 ; of town, 1,690. Here are ruins of aac. rdi^ons houses. — II. a vill. and pa., co. Tipperary,20m. N.E. Clonmel. Area of pa. 13,714 ac. Pop. of ditto, 7,062 ; of town, 643, employed in the SHevedargy coal mines. — Two other pas. of this name are in cos. Limerick and Tipperary. Baixlngdon, or BEUirooif, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, § m. S. W. Sudbury. Area 730 ac. Pop. 843. Ballinghau, a pa. of England, co. and 6} m. S.E. Hereford. Area 950 ac. Pop. 149. Ballinsbat, a pa. of Scotland, co. Fife, 15 m. S.W. Cupar. Pop. 436, employed in coal mines. BALLDTLASfDEBS and Balllnoe, two pas. of Ireland, Munster. — I. co. Limerick, lO.m. E.S.E. Kilmallock.— IL co. Cork, 5 m.W. by S. Tallow. Ballinbobe, a town and pa. of Ireland, Con- naught, CO. Mayo, on the Robe, 3 m. irom its entrance Into L. Mask, and 16 m. S.S.E. Castle- bar. Area of pa. 26,903 ac. Pop. of ditto, 11,150 ; of town, 2,678. It is well-built ; has a small pa. church, large Kom. Cath. chapel. Baptist meeting- house, several schools, a union workhouse, and bridewell, formerly a military station. General sessions in June and December ; petty sessions and mkt., Mon. Fairs, Whit. Tn. and Dec. 6. Balli»temple, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. & 6 m. S.S.W. Cavan, comprising 10,658 ac, with a part of the vill. Ballinagh, and a pop. of 6,341. — Also the name of 5 other parishes. Ballintobbeb, a vill. and pa. of Ireland, co. and 12 m. N.W. Koscommon, with the ruins of a fine ca.stie. Areaof pa. 6,352 ac. Pop. 2,616. This is also the name of two baronies in the same co., and of a parish in county Maj^o. BALLiSTOGHEB,atnship. of Ireland, prov. Con- naught, CO. and 7 m. S.E. Sligo. Pop. 234. It has a church, chapel, and police barrack. Ballintoy, a marit. vill. and pa. of Ireland, co. Antrim, 4 m.N.Ballycastle. Ac. 12,654. P. 4,816. Ballos d' Alsace, one of the loftiest mntns. of the Vosges chain in France, at the junction of the deps. H. Sadne, Vosges, and H. Khin, 4,688 feet in elev. — Ballon de Ouebwiller, is another mountain of the Vosges chain, dep. H. Khin, cant. Guebwiller, and 4,300 feet in height. Ballon, a town of France, dep. Sarthe, csat. cant, near 1. b. of the Ome, 12 m. N.N.E. Le Mans. Pop. 2,184. Manufs. of linens. In anc. times. Ballon was one of the chief fortresses of prov. Maine. It was taken by the English in 1417. Ballots, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Mayenne, arr. Chateau-Gontier. Pop. 1,896. Ballston, a town of U. S., N. Araer., N. York, ' cap., CO. Saratoga, 26 ra. N. Albany. Pop. 2,024. —Ballston Spa, is a vill. in same co. Ballv, a town, Asiatic Arch., on the E. coast of the isl. Lombok, in lat. 8° 40' S., Ion. 116i° E. Ballveay, a town and pa. of Ireland, Ulster, CO. and 8 m. S.S.E. Monaghan, on the road from Dublin. Area of pa. 3,641 ac. Pop. of do. 6,606 ; of town, 1,768. It is thriving, and has a public Ubrary of about 1,000 volumes, an active linen trade, and monthly fairs for live stock. Ballybofet, a town of Ireland, Ulster, co. Donegal, pa. Stranorlan, on the Finn, 14 m. W.S.W. LifiFord. Pop. 782. It has a union worldiouse, and is the principal depfit for the re- tail supply of the neighbouring mntn. district. Ballyboy, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, King's CO., 10 m. N.E. Birr. Area, mcldg. part of Lough Barra, 14,274 ac. Pop. 4,763 ; vill. 348. It has a market on Saturday, and 7 annual fairs. Balltbunhion, a tnship. of Ireland, Mnnster, CO. Kerry, on the estuary of the Shannon, 17 m. N. Tralee. Pop. 271. It is resorted to for sea- bathing ; and near it are some maritime caves, one with a vault from 70 to 80 feet in height. Balltbubley, and Ballyoallen, two pas. of Ireland ; the former, Leinster, King's co., on the Grand Canal, 12 m. E.N.E. Philipstown; the lat- ter, Leinster, co. and 4J m. W.S.W. Kilkenny. Ballycastle, a seaport town of Ireland, prov. Ulster, CO. Antrim, at its N. extremity, in a bay opposite Kathliu isl., and 6 m. S.W. Fairheai Pop. 1,697. It is picturesque, well-built, and has a handsome church, various chapels, a court- house, union workhouse, fever hospital, and alms- house ; but its harbour, after 150,000?. have been expended in the erection of a pier, is now filled with sand ; its coal mines are unwrought ; and its general trade has greatly declined. It has a small linen manuf., a salmon fishery, and some traflio ui Kathlin ponies. Manor court, Monday. Mkt. Tu. Fairs six times annually. — II. a mari- time vill. Connaught, co. Mayo, 31 m. N. Castle- bar. Pop. 798. It is a coast-guard station, & is resorted to for sea-bathing. — Ballyclare is a mkt. town, Ulster, co. Antrim, 11 m. N. Belfast. P. 847. It has linen mkts. monthly, and four annual fairs. Ballyconnell, a town of Ireland, Connaught, CO. and 9 m. N.W. Sligo. Pop. 653. — II. a town, Ulster, CO. and 13 m. N.W. Cavan. Pop. 587. Ballycotton, a hay and vill. of Ireland, Mun- ster, CO. & 20 m. S.E. Cork, the bay having Bal- lyeotton isl. off its S. side, Pop. of vill. 449. Ballteaston, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. An- trim, with a vill. IJ m. N. Ballyclare. Area of pa. 13,799 ac. Pop. 266. — Ballyfin is a chapelry, & a seat of the Pole family, 4 m. N. Maryborough. Ballyhaise, a town of Ireland, prov. Ulster, CO. and 4 m. N.N.E. Cavan. Pop. 704. Ballyheigh, or Ballyheigue, a pa. and tnship. of Ireland, Munster, co. Kerry, on Bally- heigh Bay, an inlet of Tralee Bay, 9 m. N.E. Tralee. Area of pa. 11,261 ac. Pop. 4,796. Ballyjamesduff, a town of Ireland, prov. Ulster, CO. and 11 m. S.E. Cavan. Pop. 1,071. Ballykean, a pa. of Ireland, King's co., 3J m. N.N.W. Portarlington. Ac. 12,201. Pop. 2,445. BALLYLONGroBD, a towu, Ireland, Munster, co. Kerry, 6 m. W.S.W. Tarbert, on the estuary of the Shannon. Pop. 1,143. In the vicinity are the ruins of Lislaghtin Abbey. Ballylougiiloe, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Westmeath,6m.E. Athlone. Ac. 13,677. P. 4,793. Bat.lvmac'Elligott, and Ballymvaeck, two BAL JOS BAL pas. of Ireland, Munster.— I. oo. Ken-y, S m. S.8.E. Tralee. Ac. 14,018. Pop. 4,068.— II. co. Tippe- rary, 4J m. E. Nenagh. Ac. 9,713. Pop. 3,178. Balltuahon', a town of Ireland, Leinster, co. longford, pa. Shruel, on the Inny, 11 m. S. by E. Longford. Pop. 1,229. It consists mostly of a single street ; with a church, large R. Cath. chapel, sessions and mkt. houses, and a handsome bridge of 5 arches. Quarter and petty-sessions, and a weekly mkt. for com. Large cattle fair. May 11, and other fairs Ash-Wed., Aug. 11, and Nov. 21. Bajllimasoanlon, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, CO. Louth, 3 m. N.E. Dundalk. Area 15,997 ac. Pop. 6,674. Surface agreeably diversified. Bailvmena, a town of Ireland, Ulster, co. An- trim, on the Braid, here crossed by a stone bridge, 21 m. N.W. Carriclcfergus. Pop., with Harryville, 6,549. It is well-built, and thriving ; and "has a good mkt.-ho., pa. church, various chapels, the diocesan-school of Connor, other large pubhc schools, a bridewell, and a union-workho. It ex- ports linens and potatoes, and has numerous bleaching-grounds, a cotton-spinning-miU, a dis- tillery, and several branch bardra. Gen. sessions in Jan. and June, alternately with Ballymoney. Petty-sess. on alternate Tuesdays. Mkt. Sat. for linens ; and two other mkts. weekly for grain and provision. Fairs, July 26th, and October 21st. Ballvmonet, a town and pa. of Ireland, Ul- ster, CO. Antrim, 17 m. N.W. Ballymena. Area of pa. 22,676 ac; pop. of do. 11,727; of town, 2,490. It is irregularly built on an eminence, & has a town-hall, various places of worship, and schools, a bridewell, union-workho., dispensary, and mendicity society. It has an extensive malt- ing trade, and tallow, and other factories. Mkt. Th. Fabs, May 6, July 10, & Oct. 10.— II. a pa. & tnship,, CO. & 23m. S.W.Oork. Pop. of pa. 8,733. Ballvmore, several pas. and vills. of Ireland I.co.Westmeath, 13Jm. W.S.W. Mulhngar. Pop. 3,487 II. CO. and 15 m. N.N.E. Wexford. P. 668. —III. CO. & 20m. S.S.W. Annagh,withmkt.-town. P. 11,520.— IV. {Eustace), CO. Kildare, ontheLif- fey, 19 m. S. W. Dublin. Pop. 2,129 ; of vill. 936. Ballymote, a vill. of Ireland, Ulster, co. and 13 m. S. W. Sligo. Pop. 839. It has a hand- some church, large B. Cath. chapel, Methodist meeting-ho., session-ho., & the ruins of a large castle built in 1300, and of a Francisc. monastery. Baliyovet, a pa. of Irel., Connaught, co. Mayo, 6J m. N.N.W. Ballinarobe. Ac. 27,622. P. 4,605. Balltbaoqet, a town of Ireland, prov. Lein- ster, CO. Kilkenny, pa. Donaghmore, on the Nore, 10 m. N.N.W. Kilkenny. Pop. 1,677. BAiiiiTSADABE, a thriving town and pa. of Ire- land, CO. and 5 m. S.S.W. Sligo, finely situated on the Owenbeg, at its mouth in Ballysadare bay, a branch of Sligo bay. Area of pa. 16,025 ac. Pop. of do. 7,822 ; of town, 869. The riv. here rolls over shelving rocks, turning several com mills, and at the foot of its lowest fall is a harbour with safe anchorage. Near the to^yn are the remains of an abbey of the 7th century. Ballysax, and Baxlyscullion, two pas, of Ireland; the former, Leinster, co. Kildare, 3 m. S. W. Kilcullen Bridge ; the latter, Ulster, co. An- trim, 4 m. N.E. Magherafelt. Ac. 12,760. P. 6,979. Bai.lyshani)on, a seaport town Ireland, Ulster, CO. Donegal, in which it is the principal town, though not the cap., on the Erne, at its mouth in Ballyshannon bay, 25 m. N. W. Enniskillen. Pop. (1841) 3,513. It consists of 3 steep and irregular streets on one side of the riv., across which it cora- muiiicates by a bridge of 14 arches with the wretched suburb of Purt. It has a church, 2 R. Cath., a Presb., and 2 Methodist chapels, a mkt.- ho., with an assembly room, an artillery barrack, and union workho., and ruins of the anc. castle of the Earls of Tyrconnell. The harb. is unfit for any but small vessels ; in 1836, imports of com, coal, slate, stone, amounted in value to 9,524/. Here is a small salmon fishery. Manor court every 3 weeks ; petty session fortnightly. Mkts. Tu. and Sat. Fairs, Sept. 18, April 4, Tu. before June 11, & Tu. after 11. Nov. Ballyshannon is the head-quarters of the co. militia, and place where the only newsp. of the co. is published. — II. a pa., CO. and 6J m. S.E. Kildare. Pop. 494. Ballytore, a toivn of Irel., Leinster, co. & 11 ra. S.S.E. Kildare. Pop. 441. Here Edmund Burke received the rudiments of his education. Ballyvoubney, apa. of Ireland, co. Cork, with a vill. 7S m. W. Macroom. Ac. 26,603. Pop. 4,466. Ballywaltek, and Baleywillih, two pas. of Ireland, Ulster, — I. co. Down, with a marit. vill., 7 m. S.E. Donaghadee, and valuable slate quarries, — ^11. CO. Londonderry, 3} m. N.N.E. Coleraine. BALMACi.ELi.AN,apa. of Scotl., stewartry Kirk- cudbright, 2 m. N.E. New Galloway. Pop. 1,134. Balmaohie, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 10 m. S. Kirkcudbright. Pop. 1,252. Balme (Col de), a pass of the Alps, which forms the limit between Savoy and the Valais, 7,218 feet above the level of the sea ; the pass is much frequented, and has a refuge for travellers. The vill. of Balme in Piedmont, div. Turin, on 1. b, of the Stura, is 1,620 feet high. Pop. 400. Balmerino, a pa. and vill. of Scotland, co. Fife, on the rt. b. of the Tay, 6 m. N. Cupar. Area estimated at 3,346 ac, of which 2,700 are cultivated. Pop. 993, many employed in weaving. Balmoral, a castle of ScotJand, on rt. b. of river Dee, Crathy pa., and 44 m. W.S.W. Aber- deen. Now a royal residence. [Crathy.] Balquhisdeb, a pa. and vill. of Scotland, co. and 34m. W.Perth. Pop. 871. The pa. is about 20 m. in length by 10 in breadth ; and the famous Rob Roy, who performed many of his exploits within its limits, lies buried in its churchyard. Balsai/L, or Temfle-Bals.ali., a chapelry of England, co. and 9 m. N.N.W. Warwick, pa. Hampton-in-Arden. Pop. 1,160. Its hospital for maintenance of 30 poor women, has a revenue of about 1,745?. per ann. Here are the remains of the chapel of Balsall, built in the 12th century. BaIiSham, a pa. of England, co. and 9 m. S.S.E. Cambridge. Area 4,402 ac. Pop. 1,271. The Gogmagog hills are partly in this parish. Balsthal, a town of Switzerland, cant, and 11 m. N.E. Soleure, in valley of same name, on the Dijnnern. Pop. 1,000 (Cath.) Near it is the celebrated defile of Klus, with a village of same name, and extensive iron foundries and forges. Balta, one of the Shetland isls., in lat. 60° 45' N., Ion. 0° 45' W., immed. E. of IJnst, between which isl. and Baltais a harb. termed Balta Sound. Balta, a town of Russian Poland, gov. Podo- lia, cap. circ. on the Kodema, an affluent of the Bu',', 132 m. E.S.E.Kamenietz. Pop. 9,440. It is well built, and thriving ; contrasted with it is a miserable suburb beyond the river, in the gov. Kherson. — Baltar is a large village of Portugal, prov. Minho, 14 m. E.N.E Oporto. B.altanas y Dehesa de Valvebde, a town of Spain, prov. and 28 m. S. W. Palencia. Pop. 2,350. Baltee, or Balti, Asia. [Bdlti.] Baltic Provinces, is the name applied to the Russian governments of Courland, Esthonia, Livonia, and St. Petersburg, with the principal- ity of Finland, situated on the Baltic Sea. Baltic, or East Sea, Mare Balticum (Germ. Ostsee), an extensive Mediterranean Sea of N. BAL 109 BAM Europe, enclosed by Sweden, Russia, Prussia, Mecklenburg, and Denmark, and communicating with the Kattegat and the North Sea by the Sound and the Great and Little Belts. It extends from Swinemiinde iuthe S. to Tornea in the N. about 900 m., and from Carlserona in the W. to Memel in the E. about 180 m., and its area, including the Gulf of Bothnia, occupies a space of about i25,000 square geographical miles, or little less than the North Sea. Notwithstanding its gi-eat extent the Baltic has all the characteristics of an inland sea or great lake. No sea has, in propor- tion to its size, so great an influx of fresh water, hence it contains but little salt. In proportion to the North sea this is found to be as 19i to 873. The N. part of the Baltic is generally called the Golf of Bothnia ; on the E. aie the Gulfe of Fin- land and Riga, on the S.E. the Gulf of Danzig, & on the S.W. the Gulf of Liibeck. The depth of the Baltic on the W. is not more than 15 fathoms, and in general it is only from 8 to 10 fathoms deep; on the S. it is nowhere more than 50 &thoms ; but towards the N. it deepens to 100 fathoms. The Baltic receives the waters of the Motala-Elv, the lakes of Maelcr, Onega, and La- doga, the Diina, Niemen, Vistula, and the Oder, besides numerons smaller streams. The great amonnt of sand and mud carried down by the riTers has considerably raised the bottom of this sea, and closed the mouths of many of its navig- able streams, so that ships which formerly enter- ed these rivers, must now be anchored at a con- siderable distance from their mouths. This, together with the numerous islands and sand- banks, and the gradual upward movement of the bed of the sea (at the rate of several feet in a century), renders navigation on the Danish shores of the Baltic tronblesome and dangerous. The chief islands of this sea are those of the Danish Archipelago, between the coasts of Jutland and Sweden ; &e islands of Rijgen, Bomholm, (Eland, Gottland, Dago, and Oesel, the gronp of Aland, and that of Holmon. The Baltic has no tides, or rather the effect of the tide is so little felt as not to be observable ; but it is subject to changes of level, depending on the winds, retarding or accelerating the passage of the water throngh the sound and the belts. Thus, during a N. E. wind the S.W. portion of the sea is often raised as much as 4 feet above the usual level of the North Sea. This has led to the erroneous opinion that the Baltic is always higher than the German Ocean ; on the contrary, after N.W. gales and during spring tides, the Atlantic rises, and pouring a flood into the Baltic, commits great havoc among the islands of the Danish Archipelago. The great amount of water which flows into the Baltic, especially during the melting of the snow in spring, occa.sions a general current in the direction of the ocean ; and it it has been cal- culated that the number of days In which the water flows into the Kattegat, is in ijroportion to those in which it follows in an opposite direction, as 24 to 1. During winter this sea is usually frozen to a greater or less distance along the coasts ; and in severe winters, not only the sound and the belts, but a great part of its surface, is covered with ice. In the reign of King Christo- pher (1324) the Baltic was frozen so hard, that for 6 weeks the people travelled between Den- mark and Germany on the ice. The Baltic contains abundance of fish, and a great quantity of amber is gathered on its S. shores. The most important ports are St. Petersburg, Riga, Konigsberg, Danzig, Stralsund, Liibeck, Copen- hau-en, Carlserona, Stockholm, and Christiania. BAnTiMOHE, a seaport town of Ireland, at its S. extremity, prov. Munster, co. Cork, on a small bay of the Atlantic, 47 m. S.W. Cork. Lat. 51° 29' N., Ion. 9" 20' W. Pop. 168. It has a con- siderable coast trade. Registered shipping be- longing to tlie port (1847), 120 vessels, 3,926 tons. Baitimohe, CO. U. S., N. America, Maryland. Area 900 square m. Pop., whites 106,379, slaves 7,605, free colour 21,463. Surface hilly but not mountainous. — Cap. Baltimore, on the 1. b. of the Patapsco river, 14 m. from its entrance into Chesapeak Bay, 34 m. N.E. Washington, & 92 ra. S.W. Philadelphia. Lat. 39° 17' N., Ion. 76° 36' W. Pop. (1850) 169,012. It has spacious streets regu- larly laid out around a basin, forming its inner harbour. Chief structures, the city hall, court- house, state penitentiary, jail, 2 hospitals, a Ro- man Catholic cathedral, university, Roman Ca- tholic college, athenaeum, exchange, union bank, theatres, museum, picture gallery, several hand- some bridges and fountains, an elegant obelisk, commemorating the defence of the city against the British in 1814, and a Doric column of white marble 160 feet in height, surmounted by a col- ossal statue of Washington. The outer harbour, defended by a fort, has 22 feet water ; the 2d, about 1 m. in length, has 16 feet ; and the 3d, or inner basin, is 10 feet in depth. Beg. shipping belonging to the port (1841), 83,638 tons. Im- ports into Maryland, almost entii'ely through Baltimore, amounted in the year ending Sept. 1841, to 6,101,313 dolls, in value ; exports ditto, chiefly flour and tobacco, amounted to 4,947,166 dolls. Its inland trade has been greatly facili- tated by canals and railways connecting it N. wai'd with Philadelphia, S.ward with Washington and Charlestown, and W.ward with Ohio and the Mississippi rivers. In the vicinity are numerous cotton and flour mills. Total estimated capital employed in manufe. (1840), 2,729,983 dollars. Baltimore, first laid out as a town in 1729, has become one of the handsomest cities in the United States : and its citizens are eminent for their union of social refinement with commercial enter- prise II. New Baltimore, a tnshp. Greene co., New York, 15 m. S. Albany. Pop. 2,306. BALTiNeLASs, a town and pa. of Ireland, Leln- ster, COS. Wicklow and Carlow, on the Slaney, 12 m. N.E. Carlow. Area of pa. 5,273 ac. Pop, of ditto, 4,436 ; of town, 1,928. Town mean, has a bridewell and infirmary, with some bleach-fields, remains of an abbey of 12th century, and a castle of the Earl of Aldborough, chief proprietor. BALTONSBORonQH, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 4 m. S.E. Glastonbury. Area 2,700 ac. Pop. 718. Baltbum, a small low island of Hanover, E. Friesland, in the German ocean, 3^ m. from the coast,3m.long&f m.broad. Pop. 103 fishermen. Baltschik, or BALDjiK,a town of Europ. Tur- key, 18 m. N.E. Varna, on Black Sea, near ruins of Towi, the place to which Ovid was exiled. Balvaho, a town of Naples, prov. BasUicata, distr. and 16 m. W. Potenza. Pop. 4,000. Balwiebziski, a town of Poland, Augustow, 23 m. E. Maryampol, on the Niemen. Pop, 1,300. Baizac, a conun. and vill. of France, dep. Charentc, 8 m. N. Angouleme. Pop. 1,000. Balzola, a town of Piedmont, prov. and 5 m. N.N.W. Casale, with a hospital. Pop. 2,440. _ Bamba, a considerable town of S.W. Africa, Congo, cap. prov. about 100 m. N.N.E. Ambriz. Bambarea, an independent state of Western Africa, Soudan, mostly between lat. 12° and 14° N., and Ion. 6° and 9° W., having S. the Man- dingo country, and elsewhere Kaarta, Beroo, and other barbarous states. Surface mostly a. B A M no BAN leYel table-land, traversed in its centre S.W. to N.E. by the Niger (Joliba), on which are all its principal towns, Sego, Sansanding, Yamina, and Bammakoo. The heat of the climate is intense, but more supportable than in surrounding countries ; rainy season from June to November. The shea or butter tree, bombax or cotton tree, baobab, oil palm, date, tamarind, &c,, are indi- genous ; maize, millet, rice, and cassava yield two crops a year. The Bambarras are negroes of the Mandingo race, and tolerably advanced in agriculture : they spin and dye various fabrics, work in iron and gold, manuf. leather, and carry on a pretty extensive trade with most of the countries from Timbuotoo to Guinea, exporting iron, cloths, ivory, slaves, and grain; and im- porting salt, hardwares, arms, and Manchester goods. Gov. oligarchical, and 3-4ths of the pop. are slaves. The greater number are pagans ; but the upper classes profess Mohammedanism, & the barbarities which are enacted in Ashantee, do not prevail in this part of Africa. Bambecque, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, arrond. Dunkerque. Pop. 1,139. Bambeeg, a city of Bavaria, circ. Upper Fran- conia, on the Kegnitz, 31 m. W. Baireuth. Pop. (1843) 21,000. It has several handsome squares, a palace formerly the residence of its prince- bishops, a gymnasium, medical, & other schools, a pubUc library, and numerous collections in the fine arts. Its cathedral, in the Byzantine style, was founded in 1001, and contains the tombs of the Emperor Henry II. and his Empress. Bam- berg is an archbishop's see, and the seat of a general vicariate, and of the court of appeal for the circle. Manufactures include woollen stuffs, gloves, leather, sealing wax, starch, gunpowder, musical instruments, and especially beer of high repute, in which, and in garden seeds, its inhabi- tants enjoy a large trade. It is connected by railw. with Niirnberg New Bamberg, is a vill. of H.Darmstadt, with abandoned quick-silver mines. Bambooba, a ruined city of Seinde, W. of Tat- tah, lat. 24° 40' N., Ion. 67° 41' E., bearing traces of former importajace, and supposed to have been identical with Brahminabad, the cap. of a flourish- ing Hindoo kingdom in the 10th century. Bambobough. or Bamebouqh, a ward and pa. of England, co. Northumberland ; the pa. on the coast, 16 m. S.E. Berwick, with an area of 25,100 ac. Pop. 4,227. Bamboro' castle, found- ed about A.D. 564, stands on a high rock, pro- jectmg into the North Sea, and contains a granary for supplying com to the poor at a cheap rate, apartments for shipwrecked seamen, schools, a public library, dispensary, infirmary, support- ed out of estates bequeathed for charitable pur- poses by Lord Crewe, bishop of Durham, in 1715. Income of the Bamboro' estates (1830), 8,1262. Bambouk, a country of W. Africa, Senegam- bia, mostly between lat. 12° 80' and 14° N., and Ion. 10° and 12° 30' W., enclosed by the upper courses of the Senegal & FaMme rivs. Pop. and extent unknown. Climate excessive, hot and un- healthy, especially in the rainy season, which lasts from July to November. Surface elevated and mntnous., but well watered & productive. Maize, millet, manioc, rice, and melons are abundant, and the vine flourishes wild. Forests extensive, and the pasturages of Guinea grass feed vast herds of cattle. Gold-washings are numerous, and veins of iron are worked. The inliabitants, of the Mandingo race, have few arts or manufe. ; they import cotton cloths, ornaments, other ma- nuRictured goods, and salt, mostly in exchange for gold dust. Gov. oligarchical. Principal towns, Bambouk, Salaba, and Konkuda. The Portuguese were masters of this country in the 15th century, and many of their ruined forts are scattered over its territory. Bambuch (properly iWoMft^'). ^ ruined town of Syria, pash. & 45 m. N.E. Aleppo, with extensive remains, not identified with any ancient city. Bamian, or Baumeeaji, a famous valley and pass of Afghanistan, leading into Independent Turkestan (Koondooz), betw. the Hindoo Koosh range and Paropamisan mntns., and important as the only known pass across the Himalaya chain practicable for artillery. Lat. 34° 60' N., Ion. 67° 48' E. Greatest elevation of pass, 8,496 ft. Here are numerous caves, and some remark- able gigantic statues cut in the rock. The whol6 valley is strewed with the ruins of the city Ghul- ghuleh, destroyed by the Mongols under Zinghis Khan about the year 1221. Bammakoo, a town of W. Africa, state Bambar- ra, on the Niger (JoUba) 145 m. W.S.W. Sego. Bampooba, a town of Hindostan, Rajpootana^ dom. and 47 m. S.W. Kotah. In 1820, it had 4,000 houses, & a statue of Jeswunt Row Holkar. Bampton, or Bathamptos, a mkt. town and pa. of England, co. Devon, 6 m. N. Tiverton. Area of pa. 8,130 ac. Pop. of do. 2,049. Mlit. Sat. ; fairs (especially for sheep), Whit-Tuesday, last Thuis. in October, and last Wed. in Nov. Bampton, several parishes of England. — I. co. Westmoreland, West-ward, on the Lowther, 3^ m. N.W. Shap. Area 10,390 ac. Pop. 679. It has two pa. hbraries, and two endowed schools, besides a grammar school, with an ann^ual rev. of 702.— II. {Kirk), co. Cumberland, 6J m. W. Car-, lisle. Area 3,680 ac. Pop. 536. Little Bamp- ton is a tnshp. in this pa. — III. {with Weald), co. Oxford, with a mkt. town 4J m. S. Witney. Area of pa. 10,250 ac. Pop. 2,734. It has a fine old church, a grammar school, with an income of 50/. a year, another endowed school, and various charities, having together 1602. annually. Mlrt. Wed., once one of the largest in England, for gloves, breeches, & hosiery, has now almost fallen into disuse. Fairs, 26th May and 26th August. Bau, or Banovitz, a town of N. Hungary, co. and 16 m. S.E. Trentschin. Pop. 2,300 Slowaks. & 360 Jews. Chf. trade in cattle, wood, & iron. Banaganpillt, a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 70 m. N.N.W. Cuddapah. In a low range of hills near it diamonds are found. Banaohee, a town of Ireland, near its centre, Lemster, liing's co., pa. Reynagh, on the Shannon, here crossed by an old bridge 400 ft. in length, and guarded by batteries : 21 m. W.S.W. Tmla- more. Pop. 2,827. It consists mostly of one long street, with a modem church, Roman Catholic chapel, a royal endowed school, national school, and infantry barracks. Mkt. Friday for corn. Fairs, Sept. 16, and three successive days, Oct. 28, and Nov. 8.— II. a pa. of Ulster, co. & 16 m. S.E. Londonderry. Area 32,476 ac. Pop. 6,81ft Banalbueak, a town of the isl. Majorca, 14 m. N.W. Palmas, with marble quarries. Pop. 6,000. Basam, a large vill. of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 26 m. S.E. Angora, betw. mnts. Elma & Ura Tagh. Banaea, a large vill. of Persia, prov. Laristan, 48 m. N.N.W. Lar. Banas-Chai, a river of Asia Minor, Anatolia, flows S.W. to the Mendere {Mteander), which it joins 45 m. E.S.E. Allah-Shehr. Length 70 m. Banassac, a commune and village of France department Lozere, arr. Marvejols. Pop. 1,818! Banat (Gei-m. Batmter Grenze), that portion of S. Hungary between the Maros and the Da- nube, having W. the Theiss, and E. Transylva- BAN 111 BAN nia and Wallacliia. Surface mntnous. in the E., and marshy in the W., traversed by the Temes, Alt-Bega, and Karasch rivs., and liighly produc- tive of wheat, spelt, and other gi'ains. The mntns. yield iron and copper, and gold has lately been discovered. Ch. town Teinesvar. It is divided into 2 circles or regiments, under 2 generaJats and 1 general commander. (1.) the Germ. Banat regiment from the Theiss to the Karasch, oc- cupied by 93,317 Sclavonians, WaUachians, Croa- tiaus, Germans, and Hungarians. (2.) the Wal- lachian Dlyrian regiment, from the Karasch to the borders of Transylvania on the N.W. Pop. 81,727, WaUachians and Sclavonians. Banaci., avill. Cashmere, 40 m. S.E. Serinagur. Banawarajii, a town of S. India, Mysore domi- mon, 77 m. N.N.W. Seringapatam. Banbbidge, a town of Ireland, Ulster, county Down, pa. Seapatriek, on the Upp. Bann, 7 m. S.W. Dromore. Pop. 3,324. Town neat and thriving, has a handsome new church, several dissenting chapels, two market houses, & a brown linen hall. It is a principal seat of the linen trade of the county, and has extensive cloth and thread Victories, bleaching grounds, & chemical works. Market, Monday. Fairs 17 times annually, that on November 16th being a large horse fair. Basbuet, a pari, and munic. bor., mkt. town, and pa. of England, co. Oxford, on the Cherwell, 12 m. N.E. Chipping-Norton, 17 m. W. the Wol- verton station of the N.W. railway. Area of pa. 3,150 ac. Pop. of do. 7,366. It is remarkably neat and clean'; has a large church, built in imitation of St Paul's cathedral, a blue coat school (rev. 75Z. per annum), a brisk carrying trade by the Oxford and Birmingham canal, and busy mar- kets for agricultural produce. Banbury has long been noted for cheese of superior quality, and for cakes which bear its name. It sends 1 mem- ber to House of Commons. Registered electors (1846-7) 300. Corporation revenue (1846-7) 965?. 123. Assessed taxes (1846-7) 1,928?. Market, Thursday; fairs almost monthly. Baitca, an island of the Malay Archipelago, off the N.E. coast of Sumatra. Lat. 2° 2^ S., and Ion. 106° E. Estimated area 3,200 sq. m., and pop. 160,000. It is remarkable for its abundant produce of tin from an al- luvial soil over a granite formation, and of which 3,500 tons, obtained entirely by " stream works," are annually exported, mostly to China & Java — The Strait of Banco, between it and Sumatra, varies from 8 to 20 m. in breadth. — Banca is also the name of a small island 12 m. N.E. Celebes. Bancallait, a large and populous seaport town of the island Madura, Malay Archipelago, at its W. end, 20 m. N. Surabaya. Bancapoob, a town of British India, presid. Bombay, district and 38 m. S.E. Dharwar, and fonneriy an important fortress. Baitce Island, a small fortified island in the estnary of the Sierra Leone river (W. Africa). Banchobt-Devenicb., amarit. pa. of Scotland, counties Aberdeen & Kincardine, intersected by the Dee, 5 m. S.W. Aberdeen. Pop. 2,736. In this pa. are 3 &hing harbours, some large cairns, the remains of a Druidic temple, and a foot sus- pension bridge, 305 ft. in length, across the Dee. Baschobt-Teenas, a parish of Scotland, co. Kincardine, on the Dee, 17 m. W.S.W. Aber- deen. Estimated area 15,040 Scotch acres. Pop. 2,241. , . Bancooeah, or West Bdedwait, a district of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, formerly named the Jungle Mehals. Area 3,000 eq. m. Pop. 500,000. (?) SurSce undulating ; the valleys cultivated ; the liills covered with forests & jungles. Bancoorah, its principal town, is 56 m. W. Burdwan. Bancoot, or FoBT Victoria, a town and fort of British India, presid. and 70 m. S.S.E. Bom- bay, at tlie mouth of Bancoot river. It has a small harbour, and some trade in salt. Bamca, or Bandaii, a flourisliing town of Hin- dostan, Bundelcund, cap., a ra.iahship tributary to the British, 96 m. W. Allahabad II. a small town, presid. Bombay, dist. Surat. Banda Isles, a group of 12 small, but un- portant isls., Molucca Archip., belonging to the Dutch, lat. 4° 30' S., Ion. 129° SO' E., 60 m. S. Ceram. Pop. (1840) 4,065. They are all lofty and volcanic, and the four larger are exclusively appropriated to the cultivation of nutmegs, from 90,000 to 100,000 lbs. of which, and 25,000 to 30,000 lbs. mace, are produced here annually, and form the chief exports. Imports consist of provisions, piece goods, cutlery, and iron, from Batavia ; pearls, birds' nests, sago, tortoiseshell from Ceram, and the Arm isls. Six of the isls., Cheat Banda, Banda Neira, Ay, Gunong-Api, Shun, and Rosingyn are inhabited. Gt. Banda is the largest ; Gunong-Api is the highest, and has an active volcano of same name ; Banda Neira is the most important island of the group, and is the residence of the governor. Banda Oeibntal, S. America. [Ubtjodav]. Bander (Sheikh), a small port of S. Arabia, Akrabi territ., about 12 m. W. Aden. — II. {Vih- har, a seaport and vill. of Scinde, in the delta of the Indus, 65 m. S.E. Kurachee. Pop. about 1,200. Although a mere collection of huts, it has a brisk trade in rice, ghee, provisions, &e., its exports amounting annually to from 25,000?. to 30,000?. — Bander (meaning a port or anchorage) is the name of many smaU bays on the coasts of Arabia, and elsewhere in S.W. Asia. Banditti IsLB, Malay Archipelago,in the Strait of Lombok, between Lombok and Bali, 20 m. in circumf. Lat. 8° 46' N., Ion. 115° 15' E. Bandol, a vill. of France, dep. Var, in the isl. PomSgue, on the Mediterranean, arrond. and 9 m. W.N.W. Toulon. Pop. 1,814. It exports wines, & has 60 fishing boats belonging to its port. Bandon, a river in the S. of Ireland, co. Cork, rises in the Carberry mntns., near Dunmanway, flows generally E. to Innishannon, and thence S.E. to the Atlantic, forming the harbour of Kinsale. Length 40 m., for 16 of which it is na- vigable for vessels of 200 tons. Bandon, or Bandonbeidge, a town and pari, bor. of Ireland, Lfeinster, co. Cork, on the Ban- don riv., 15 m. S.W. Cork, Pop. with the suburb of Koundhill, 9,303; of whom 8,276 mhabited 1,180 houses within the pari. bor. It occupies declivities on both sides of the river ; has 2 pa. churches, a Scots church, a convent, 2 endowed schools, public libraries and reading-rooms, an infirmary, an hospital, court-ho., barracks, bride- well, & union workhouse. Its manufs. of woollen and cotton goods have declined, but a manuf. of fine stuffs has grown up. Bandon returns 1 member to H. of C. Keg. electors (1846) 463. Market, Saturday; fairs 15 times annually, and both markets and fairs are toll free. Bandong, a town of the Dutch E. Indies, ou the W. coast of Java. Near it is the volcano of Gunong Guntour, by an eruption of which, in 1822, 80 villages were destroyed. Bandoogur, and Bandoba, two towns of India; the former, Bundelcund, 68 m. S.W. Kewah; the latter on Salsette island, 6 m. N. Bombay. BaSebas, a town of Spain, prov. and 27 m. N.W. Alicante, with ano. castle. Pop. 2,300. BAN 112 BAN BaSeza (La), a town of Spain, prov. and 26 m. S.W. Leon. Pop. 2,270. Celeb, weekly fairs. Banff, or Bamff, a royal and pari, bor., sea- port town, and pa. of Scotland, cap. co., on the Doveron, at its mouth in Morav Firth, 38 m. N.N.W. Aberdeen. Lat. of pier 57° 40' 3' N., Ion. 2° 31' 6" W. Inhabited houses 966. Pop. 3,968. The " sea town " stands on an abrupt ht. on the coast, the " inland town " on the river, & the " castle" between the two. Banff is well built, and has a town-house, with a high spire, jail, market-house, grammar school, several other public schools, and public baths. A bridge over the Doveron unites the town with Macduff, and its harb. has a low water pier. Herrings, salmon, cattle, and grain are shipped hence to London, and in 1846, 697 vessels, aggregate burden 38,120 tons, entered, and 573 do., burden 31,080 tons, cleared out of the port, which includes the creeks of Fraserburgh, Gardenstown, Macduff, Portsoy, Port-Gordon, and Garmouth. Reg. shipping (1847) 114 vessels, aggregate burden, 9,396 tons. Customs rev. in 1846, 1,848?. Banff unites with Elgin, CuUen, Inverury, Kintore, and Peterhead to send 1 member to H. of C. Keg. electors (1843) 218. Mkt. Friday ; fairs 4 times a-year. Archbishop Sharpe was a native of Banff. Bamffshiek, a marit. co. of Scotland, having N. Moray Firth, E. and S. the co. Aberdeen, and W. the counties Inverness and Moray. Area variously estimated at from 600 to 647 sq. m. ; of 320,000 acres, about 120,000 are cultivated, 130,000 uncultivated, and 70,000 unprofitable. Inhab. houses in 1841, 11,149. Pop. in do. 49,679. Surface mntnous. or hilly, except on the coast, where it is level and pretty fertile. Cairngorm mntn., 4,095 ft. in height, is mostly in this co. Chf. rivers the Spey, Avon, &. Doveron. Cattle- breeding is the principal branch of rural indus- try ; tillage farms are small, though property is in few hands. The fisheries are important ; in 1826 the herrings caught on the coast sold for about 100,000/., and the Gordon salmon fishery lets for 8,000£. a year. Manufs. of hnen cloths and yam have declined. Valued rent 19,2001. Scots ; aimual value of real property in 1842-3, 124,347?. Chief towns, Banff, Cullen, & Portsoy. This CO. returns 1 member to H. of C. Reg. electors (18(46) 833. Gordon Castle, one of the seats of the Duke of Richmond, is in this co. Banqalobe, a large and strongly fortfd. town, g. India, Mysore dom., on a table land nearly 8,000 feet in elevation, 70 m. N.E. Seringapatam. It is enclosed by double walls, and has a citadel, containing the palace of Tippoo Saib. Being the headquarters of the British resident and Sladras officers in Mysore, and a good deal frequented by Europeans owing to its s^ubrity, it is furnished with many European shops, assembly and reading rooms, and good barracks. Temperature rarely exceeds 82°, or sinks below 56° Fahr. Air re- freshed by genial showers. Principal manufs. are of silk and cotton fabrics. It was taken by the British, under Lord CornwaJlis, in 1791. Banganapillt, a small town of British India, presid. Madras, district Bellary, 69 m. S.S.E. Adoni, on the Sourou. In its environs diamonds and precious stones are found. Bangassi, a large fortfd. t. of W. Africa, Sene- gambia, Mandingo country, on the riv. Voulima. Banq-kok, or Bankok, the cap. city of Siam, and one of the most commercial places in Asia, on the Menam, about 20 m. above its mouth. Lat. 13° 58' N., Ion. 100° 34' E. Pop. from 60,000 to 60,000 (?), half of whom are Chinese. It stretches along both banks of the riv., & Consists of three portions,— viz. the palace or citadel, on an isl. enclosed by walls, and comprising the re- sidences of the sovereign and court, with many temples and gardens ; the city proper ; and the floating town, composed of moveable bamboo rafts, each bearing rows of 8 or 10 houses. It has numerous Buddhic temples ; and in the palace is a spacious audience-hall. The more solid build- ings are of brick ; but the majority of the dwell- ings are of wood, mounted on posts. Most of the intercourse is carried on by water, and the Menam is navigable to the city for vessfels of 260 tons. Bang-kok has manufs. of tin & ironwares, and leather. Exports comprise sugar (from 10,000 to 12,000 tons yearly), black pepper (4,000 to 5,000 tons), tin, cardamoms, fine woods, ivory, cotton, rice, Mdes, horns, sldns, & feathers. Im- ports, tea, quicksilver, raw & manufactured silks, jjorcelain, and numerous manufactured articles from China; camphor, and edible birds' nests, from the Asiatic archip. ; and European & Indian piece goods, opium, and glass wares, from the British and Dutch settlements in the East. The country around is flat, but contains rich mines of iron, and extensive forests of teak. Bangob, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Morbihan, in the isl. of Belle-Isle. Pop. 1,638. Bangok {"white choir"), a city, pari, bor., sea^ port, and pa. of N. Wales, at the head of Beau- maris Bay, CO. and 9 m. N.E. Carnarvon. Pop. of pa. 7,232 ; of city, 5,058. It lies in a romantic valley, and consists chiefly of one narrow street, nearly a mile in length. Tlie cathed., date 525 (?), is an embattled cruciform structure, with a low massive tower : its choir is appropriated to the cathedral service; its nave, 141 ft. in length, is used as the pa. church, and in one of the tran- septs, service is celebrated in the Welsh tongue. Bangor has an episcopal palace and deanery ; a free school, founded in reign of Elizabeth^ rev. (18.32) 580?. ; alms-houses (rev. 215?.) ; a town- hall, assembly-rooms, & excellent accommodation for visiters, many of whom, since the construction of the Menai bridge, and the establishment of , steamers from Liverpool, have resorted hither for sea-bathing. The bay admits vessels of 300 tons, but the trade is small, consisting chiefly in the export of slates. Mkt. Fri. Fairs, April By . June 25, Sept. 16, and Oct. 28 ; besides which, fairs are held at Menai bridge, in its pa., on Aug. 26, Sept. 26, Oct. 24, and Ifov. 14, and are the largest cattle fairs in N. Wales. The bor. unites with Carnarvon, Conway, Criccieth, Nevin, Pwllheli, in sending 1 member to H. of C. Reg. electors (1843) 192. In the vicmity is the superb residence of G. H. D. Pennant, Esq., a castle built in the Saxon style, at a cost exceeding 100,000?. Also two pas. of Wales I. co. Cardigan, 4 m. E. Newcastle. Pop. 210 II. (Monachorum), COS. Flint and Denbigh, on the Dee, 7 m. N. Ellesmere. Pop. 1,257. This is the supposed seat of one of the largest monasteries in Britain, which, according to Lambard, was inhab. in the 6th century by 2,100 monks, 1,200 of whom were massacred early in the 7th by the Northumbrian Saxons. Gildas, the earliest British historian, is said to have been a monk of this community. Bangor, a seaport town and pa. of Ireland Ulster, CO. Down, on Belfast Lough, 12 m. E.N.e' Belfast. Areaof pa., 17,027. Pop. of do., 10,060; of town, 3,116. It has various places of worship, a mkt.-house, savings' bank, public library, &c., with cotton factories, a trade in linens, and a fishery. The town is frequented as a bathing place. Mlrt. Tues. Fairs, Jan. 12, May 1, Aug.. 1, and Nov.' 22. Here was once a famous mo- BAN 113 BAN nastery, said to have been destroyed by the Danes m 820 : and near the town is Bangor Castle, the seat of the Earl of Bangor, chief proprietor. Banoor, a city and riv.-port, U. S., N. America, Maine, cap. co. Penobscot, on the Penobscot riv., 60 m. from its mouth, and 68 m. E.N.E. Augusta. P. (1850) 14,441 . It is neatly built, & has various churches, a theological seminary with a library of 7,000 vols., numerous other-schools, and a trade in timber, stated to employ 1,200 vessels ot up- wards of 100 tons. Close to lie city a bridge of 1,300 feet in length, crosses the Penobscot, on which there are many mills. Steamers ply regu- larly between Bangor and Boston. — II. a town- ship. New York, 6 m. W. Malone. Pop, 1,289. BAse-PA-soE, a fortified seaport town of Siam, on a considerable river, near its mouth, in the Gulf of Siam, 50 m. E.S.E. Bangkok. Banquet, an isU of the Malay Archipelago, off the N. extremity of Borneo. Lat. 7° 9' N., Ion. 117° 6' E. Turtle are plentiful on this island. Bankam, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 1^ m. N.E, Kenninghale. Area 3,710 ac. Pop. 1,165. The town-lands in tliis pa. yield a rent of 68t. per annum ; fuel allotment, 621. Fair, 22d June. Banho, a town of Portugal, proT. Beira, 13 m. N.E. Visen. Pop. 2,00a Baniak IS1.ANBS, a group in the Indian OcKin, off the W. coast of Sumatra, in lat. 2° 20' N., & Ion. 96° 40' E. A conical shaped hill on Pulo Baniak island, is a conspicuous sea-mark. BAKIAI.UEA, a fortified town of Europ. Turkey, prov. Bosnia, cap. sanj., on 1. b. of the Verbas, 94 m. N.W. Bosna Serai. Pop. 7,800. It is said to have a citadel, 40 mosques, several colleges, public baths, and bazaars, and a manuf. of gun- powder ; but it is rarely visited by travellers. Bamas, two vills. of Syria I. (Balanea), pash. and 52 m. N.N E. Tripoli, on the Mediter- ranean. — II. (PaneaSf and CtBsarea PhiUppi), pash. Damascns, on the Banias, a head stream of the Jordan, 43 m. S.W, Damascus. Near it are some remains of the ancient city. Baptjebmassin {Banger water, massm salt), an extensive country of Borneo, occupying the S.E. part of the isl., bounded W. by the Kiv. Ban- jer, and E. by the Strait of Macassar ; it is inter- sected from N. to S. by a range of nmtns., some of which are upwards of 3,000 ft. in elevation, and watered on the W. by the Banjer, and its tributary the Nagara, and E. by several large streams. P<^. (1846) estimated at 120,000, nearly all Mo- hammedans. It is governed by a sultan, whose power is absolute, except in so far as limited by treaties with the Netherlands government ; all the diamonds, above 5 carats, found in the mines of Banjermassin, are considered the property of the suJtan ; but the Netherlands government receives a tribute equal to 1-lOth of the value. The in- habs. of Banjermassin are celebrated for the manuf. of all kinds of arms, gnns, pistols, swords, &c., which are finished in the most elaborate style. The chf. seat of this manuf. is Nagara, a district of 10,000 inhabs., extending on both sides of the river of same name, N.E. the Dutch fort of Marabahan. The iron of Doussen (so called from the riv. of same name), is employed in the manuf., & serves in place of money with the Abori^nes ; the gold, copper, and silver, used in decoration, is imported. The sultan imposes a tax of 10 per cent, on all the arms exported. Excellent coal was discovered in this territory in 1846, and is ex- tensively worked by the Netherl'ds government. — Banjermassin, the fortified cap. of the Dutch re- sidence, is situated on the 1. b. of the river Ban- jer, about 15 m. from its mouth, in the Java Sea, lat. 3° 23' S., Ion. 114° 87' E. ; as the mouth of the river is obstructed by a bar, large vessels anchor at Tabeniow, a port on the coast, about 50 m. S. of the town. Banjermassin has an extensive trade with China; its chief exports consist of pepper and other spices, gold dust, diamond^ wax, camphor, rattans, edible birds'-nests, and small arms. Imports piece goods, opium, cut- lery, and gunpowder. The Dutch have had a factory here since 1748, and the territory was ceded to them in 1787 : a German mission to the Dyaks, was established here in 1837. Banjoemas, a town of the Dutch East Indies, cap. dist., on the S. coast of the island of Java. Bankalan, a town of the Dutch East Indies, on the W. coast of the isl. Madura, 15 m. N. Sour- baya (Java). It is the cap. of a small state of same name, and seat of a Dutch vice-residency. Banks' (Island), British N. America, is in the Pacific, lat. 53° 20' N., Ion. 130° W.— (Islands), a group of 17 isls.. Pacific O., in lat. 14° S., Ion. 169° "W. — Also a group, S. Australia, in Spencer's Gulf, lat. 34° 30' S,, & loo. 1.36° 20' E., & named in honour of Sir Joseph Banks. — (Zand), British N. America, Arctic Ocean, lat. 74° N., Ion. 116° W., 70 m. S.W. Melville Island.— (Cape), E. Aus- tralia, on the N. side of Botany Bay, at its en- trance. — {Peninsula), New Zealand, Middle Isl, near the centre of its E. coast. Lat. 43° 40' S., Ion. 173° W. Length about SO m., greatest breadth 25 m., forming a high table-land. — {Strait), between Van Dieman's Land and Fom-- neaux Islands. Breadth 15 m. — {Town), New South Wales, co. Cumberland, W. of Sydney. Bankvbazab, a small town of British India, prov. Bengal, on the Hooghly,13 m. N. Calcutta- Bann, two rivs. of the N. of Ireland, one flow- ing into, and the other out of Lough Neagh. — I. The Upper Bonn rises in the Mourne mntns, flows through the cos. Down and Armagh in a N.W, direction, and joins Lough Neagh on its S. side. It communicates with the Newry canal. Banbridge, Gilford, and Portadown are on its banks ; and at the last-named town it becomes navig. forvessels of 60tons. — II. TheLowerBarm issues from Lough Beg, on the N. side of Lough Neagh, flows N.N.W. betw. cos. Londonderry and Antrim, and enters the ocean 4 m, S.W. Portrnsh, after a course of 40 m. Portglenonc, Kilroa, and Coleraine, are on its banks ; and, though impeded by sand-banks, it is navig. for vessels of 200 tons from the sea to near the latter town. Its salmon and eel fisheries arc important. Bann is also the name of a small afBt. of the Slaney, co. "Wexford. Bannalec, a town of France, dep. Finistere, cap. cant., 8 m. N.W. Quimperl^. Pop.4,183. Banne, a comm. and vilL of France, dep. Ar- aSche, arrond. Largenti6re. Pop. 1,765. Banningham, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 2J m. N.E. Aylesham. Area 770 ac. Pop. 329. Bannockbubn, a vill. of Scotland, co. and 2^ m. S. Stirling, on the Bannock, an afflt. of the Forth, famous for the great victory gained here, 24th June 1314, by the Scots under Bruce, over the English, commanded by Edward ii. and his generals. The latter are stated to have lost 50,000 men, and the Scots only 4,000. Near it, at Sauchie Bum, in 1488, James in. of Scotland was defeated by his son. Bannockbnrn, with a pop. of 3,176, is now noted for peaceful industry, having manufs. of tartan shawls, carpets, and hearth-rugs for the English markets, with some tweeds & leather ; and all the tartan worn by the Highland regiments in the British army has for the last half century been made here. Fair, for horses and cattle, 2d Tuesday in June, O.S. H BAN m BAK Bannow, a pa. of Ireland, co. and 18 m. S.W. Wexford, on Ballyteigue Bay. Here was formerly a town of same name ; but since the 17th cen- tury it has become totally covered by sand. Banolas, a town of Spain, prov. & 7 m. N. Ge- rona, with mineral springs & baths. Pop. 2,377. Bankou, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Ome, arrond. Domfront. Pop. 1,054. Banstead, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, 2J m. S.E. Epsom. Area 5,840 ac. Pop. 1,168. In the vicinity are numerous country seats, the most noted of which, " The Oaks," gives name to one of the great stakes at Epsom races, the subscrip- tion to which in 1847 amounted to 4,4252. Banswaba, a town of Hindostan, cap. of a small state, prov. Gnjerat, dist. Bagor, tributary to the British, 110 m. N.E. Baroda. It is hand- some, and has a large fortress, & several temples. Bantam, a resid. of the Dutch E. Indies, form- ing the W. extremity of the isl. of Java. Lat. of fort, 6° 1' SD' S., Ion. 106° 10' 41' E. Pop. (in 1838) 362,242. It is divided into 3 regs., N. Ceram, or Serang, S. Lebak, W. Tjirragin. Chief pro- ducts, rice, pepper, cofFee, sugar, cotton, and in- digo; cap. Serang. Thetownof JSanfew, onbay of same name, 40 m. W. Batavia, was the first establishment founded by the Dutch in the isl. of Java in 1602. It was abandoned in 1817. Bantjab, a town of the Dutch E. Indies, on the N. coast of the isl. of Java, resid. Kembang. It has a fine port, with extens. shipbuilding docks. Bahtbt, a seaport town of Ireland, Munster, CO. Cork, pa. Kilmocoge, near the head of Bantry Bay, 44 m. W.S W. Cork. Lat. 51° 41' N., Ion. 9° 27' W. Pop. 4082. It has little trade, and no manufs. Value of imports in 1836, 17,2932. ; of exports 6,2122. Mkt. Saturday. Eairs, June 9, Aug. 21, Oct. 15, and Dec. 1. Close to it is Seacourt, the seat of the Earl of Bantry. Bantkt Bat, a large bay, S. of Ireld., Leinster, CO. Cork, and one of the finest harbours in Eu- rope, extending for 25 m. inland. Within it are Bear and Whiddy's isls., between which and the mainland, the water is &om 20 to 40 feet deep, and the anchorage is every where good. Bantzbnheim, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Rhin, arrond. Altkirch. Pop. 1,133. Banwell, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, near the Mendip hills, 4 m. N.N.W. Axbridge. Area 4,970 ac. Pop. 1,819. Fair 18th Jan., and 18th July. A fine park here belongs to the Bishops of Bath and Wells, who have held the manor since the time of Edward the Confessor. Ban- well has a station on the Great W. railway, 3 m. N.E. Weston-Super-Mare. Banva (Felso), a town of Hungary, 4 m. E. Nagy-Banya. Fop. 4,536. It has a tribunal of mines, & mines of gold, silver, copper, lead, and iron, with foundries, forges, and pottery works. Banta (Nagt), or Neustadt, a town of Hun- gary, CO. & 32 m. E.S.E. Szathmar. Pop. 4,928. It has a superior administration of mines, a royal mint, & mines of gold, silver, & lead, which have been long worked, and are very productive. BANvnLis-stni-MEB, a comm. and town of France, dep. Pyrfe^es Orient., arrond. C&et, with a fishing port in the Mediterr. Pop. 1,357. Near it are 4 anc. towers, one of which, the Ban de Caroch, marks the limit betw. France & Spain. The dist. produces the celeb, wines of Grenaohe and Bancio. — II. {Des Aspres), a comm. of the same dep. Pop. 472. Celeb, for the defence which its inhab. made in 1793, when attacked by 7,00p Spaniards, who were compelled to surrender. Bahiuwahoy, a seajport town and milit. post on the E, coast of the island Java, belonging to Holland, in lat. 8° 16' S., Ion. 114° 28' E., with a port for ships of 1,000 tons, and an extens. trade. Banz, a vill. of Bavaria, circ. Upp. Francoma, 3 m. S.W. Lichtenfels, on the Main, with a palace of Duke William of Bavaria. Bak-Zabdah, or Kai.ahi-Tezdijiei>, a strong mntn. fortress of Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, in Mt. Zagros, immed. E. Zohab, and identical with the stronghold of H&lwan, to which the last Sa- sanian king, Yezdijird, retired after the capture of Ctesiphon by the Arabs, in the 7th century. Baonee, a rajahship, Hindostan, Bundelcund, tribut. to the British. Area 127 sq. m. Pop. 18,000. Ann. rev. 10,0002. Chief town, Kalpee. Bapacme, Bapalma, a fortfd. town of France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, cap. cant., 14 m. S.S.E. Arras. Pop. (1846) 2,973. It has a comm. college, and a handsome fountain supplied by an Artesian well ; it is the seat of extens. manufactures of lace, woollens, cottons, & fine thread. — II. avill. Seine- Inf., 2 m. N.W. Kouen, with manufs. of linens. Bapchild, a pa. of England, co. Kent, lathe Soray, 1 m. S.E. Sittingboume. Area 1,080 ac. Pop. 338. Fair 21st Aug. Its church is of high antiquity, and has remains of a building erected as a resting-place for the Canterbury pilgrims. Baptok, pa. Engl. [Fishekton-de-i.a-Mebe.J Bab, a tov/n, British India, presid. Bengal, dist. and 22 m. N.E. Bahar, on the rt. b. of the Gan- ges. Including Masargung, it is estim. to com- prise 5,000 houses, & is a place of consid. trade. Bar, a riv. of France, dep. Ardennes. It rises near Buzancy, and falls into the Meuse below Douchery, formingpart of the canal of Ardennes. Bab, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. CorrSze, arrond. & 4J m. N. Tulle, on the Corrfee. P. 1,228. Bab, a town of Russia, Podolia, 50 m. N.E. Kamenietz. Pop. 3,000. In 1768 the Poles here formed a confederacy against Russia. BABA,ariv. of Afghanistan,joinsthe Caboolriv. 8 m. N.N.E. Peshawar, after a N.E. course of 60 m. Bababa (Russ. Bababinskaia), a vast steppe of Siberia, extending betw. the Oby and the Ir- tish, covered with numerous salt lakes & marshes. It was colonised by Russia in 1767, and since then a considerable portion of it has been cultiv. Babacoa, a seaport town of the Spanish W. Indies, on the N.E. coast of the isl. of Cuba. Lat. of princip. fort, 20° 21' 36' N., Ion. 74° 2^ 31' W. Pop. about 2,000. In its vicin. is a remark, table-mntn. termed the Anvil of Baracoa. In 1841, its exports amounted in value to 85,918 doUars, comprising tobacco to the amount of 76,811 do. ; and its imports in do. to 81,882 dol- lars. Total value of exports in 1842, 85,233 dol- lars ; in which year 21 vessels, aggreg. burden 2,224 tons, cleared out of the port, and the cus- tom duties amomited to 21,673 dollars. Babahat, a town, N. Hindostan, cap. of the British dist. Gurhwal, on the Bhagirathi, 60 m. N.W. Serinagnr. It is a sta. of the Hindoo pil- grims on the route to Gangoutri. Babaitche, a town of Hindostan, Oude, cap. dist., on an aiil. of the Goggra,62 m. N.E. Luclcnow. Babak, the principal river of Cachar (Further India), the S. div. of which territ. it traverses with a very tortuous course. After a S.W. course through Sylhet, it joins the Brahmaputra, 43 m. N.E. Dacca. Total length about 350 m; width variable, but in some places in Cachar it is 200 yards across, and it has durmg the rains a depth of 30 or 40 ft. Principal affl. the Soormah. Babanello, a town of Naples, prov. Molise cap. dist., 6 m. S.W. Campobasso. Pop. 2,500. ' Babanow, a town of Austrian-Galicia, Leiii- berg, 42 m. N.N.E. Tarnow, on the Vistula. Pop BAR 115 BAR 1,000. The Poles were defeated hero by Chai'les Gustavus, ill 1656. — 11. a town of Poland, N.W. Lublin, on the Wieprz. Pop. 1,800.-111. a vill. of Prnssian Poland, S.E. Kempen. Pop. 845. BARANQmLi.A, a town of S. Amer., New Gra- nada, 68 m. N.E. Cartagena, with a port on 1. b. of the Magdalena, at its mouth. Barantohinsk, a vill. Asiatic Russia, gov. Perm, dist. and 58 m. S.S.W. Verkhoturye, with some extens. government iron and steel works. Babanta, a CO . (gespannschaft) of Hungai'y, on the Danube, cap. Fiinfku'chen. Area 1960 sq. m. Pop. 213,573. It is partly mountainous, and partly marshy, but very fertile. Chief products, wheat, tobacco, wine, and fruit. — Sa- ranya var, a vill. in the above prov., has some traces of the auc. fortification of same name. Bakatabia, an isl., X5. S., N. Amer., Louisiana, in the Gulf of Mexico, at the entrance of the bay of same name. It is a strong military po- sition, with a spacious port for small vessels. Babau, a toira of Bohemia, circ. Prachin, 14 m. S.S.W. Piesk. Pop. 1315. Babbacena, atown, Brazil, orov. Hinas Geraes, in the Sierra Mantiqueira, 125 m. N.N.W. Rio Ja- neiro. Pop. of town & dist. 12,000 II. a vill. , Por- tugal, prov. Alemtqo, 13 m. N.W. Elvas. P. 800. Babbacoas, a seaport town, S. America, New Granada, dep. Cauca, on the Pacific, 160 m. N.N.E. Quito. — II. a town Venezuela, dep. and 68 m. S.S.W. Caracas. Babbados, or Babbadoes, the most E. of the W. India isls. belonging to Great Britain, Wind- ward group, in the Atlantic, 106 m. E. St. Vin- cent. Lat.l3°4' N.jlon. 69°37' W. First colo- nized by British in 1625. Circumf. 55 m. Area 166 sq. m., or 106,470 ac, of which about 80,000 are under culture. Pop. (1844) 122,198, being at the rate of 734 individuals to the sq. m. Shore low, except on the E. side : surface mostly level, but in the N. Mt. HUlaby rises to 1,147 ft. The isl. has a good natural drainage, is iree from swampy ground, and has a more healthy climate than these isls. generally ; but most destructive hurricanes sometimes occur, the last and most memorable in Aug. 1831. Mean ann. temp. 81° Fahr. ; max. 87°. Products, sugar, cotton, arrow- root, ginger, & aloes. Value of exports in 1845 691,3^{., those to Great Britain amounting in value to 548,527/. ; value of imports in same year 682,368?. In 1845, 888 vessels, aggreg. tonnage 94j542, entered the port, incldg. some American vessels that called, but did not discharge cargoes, & 881 vessels, tonnage 93,773, cleared out. Value of sugar exptd. 1846, 602,386/,, of molasses, 36,259/. Reg. shipping of colony (1846) 1,640 tons. Gov. vested in a governor, a council of 8 members, and assembly of 24 members, 2 elected in each of its 11 pas., & 2 in chf. town. Princip. towns, Bridgetown, the cap., Speights Town, Oistins, & St. James. Barbados is the resid. of the gov.- general of all the British windward isls., and the see of a bishop with authority over the same. In each of its pas. is a rector. There are many well endowed public schools, among which Codring^on college has a rev. of 3,000/. a year. Public rev. (1846)67,469/.; expendit. 63,289/. Expendit. of ci- vil & milit. estab. paid by Gt. Brit. (1846), 74,311/. Babbaboes (New), a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Borgen co., New Jersey. Pop. 2,104. Baebakia, a town of Piedmont, on the torrent Fandaglia, prov. & 17 m. N. Turin. Pop. 1 ,760. Babbant (St.), a comm. & vill. of France, dep. H. Vienne, 9 m. W.N.W. Bellac. Pop. 1,273. Babbaba (Sta.), a town of Mexico, New Cali- fornia, 190 m. S.E.-Monterey, with a port on the Pacific Ocean. — II. a town of Chile, E.S.E. Con- ception, in the isl. Laxa, foi-med by the Biobio. Santa Barbara is also the name of sev. vills. in Brazil, and of a marit. estab. on the coast of Upper California, Lat. 34° 24' N., Ion. 119° 20' W. ; opp. which is Santa Barbara Channel sepa- rating Santa Cruz & other isls. from the meiinl. Babbary, Mauritania, Numidia, Africa Pro- pria, Cyrmaica, an extensive region, comprising all the N. portion of Africa, from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean, and from the Mediterr. to the Greater Atlas, and extending between lat. 25° & 37° N., and Ion. 10° W. and 26° E. It is divided by the Atlas mtns. into 2 regions, that on the N. comprising the 4 Bai-bary states, viz., the empu:e of Marocco, the prov. of Algeria, and the bey- lics of Tunis and Ivipoli, and the S. region called the Beled-ul-Jerid, or country of dates. Bai-bary and Egypt formed nearly all of Africa knon-n to the ancients. It was peopled chiefly by Moors, Numidians, and Phoenician colonists ; it attamed great celebrity under the dom. of the Cartha- ginians ; was afterw. subject to the Romans, & oc- eup. for nearly a cent, by the Vandals. The Arabs took it finally from the Romans about b. o. 697. Babbaste, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Lot-et-Gai-onne, arrond. Nerac. Pop. 1,530. Babbastbo, a walled town of Spain, Aragon, prov. Huesca, on the Cinca, 60 m. N.E. Zara- goza. Pop. (1846)6,043. It has a cathedral, with some paintings of the 16th century, & 3 convents. Barbehtanne, a town of France, dep. B.-du- Rhfine, 4 m. S.W. Avignon. Pop. (1846) 1,831. Its neighbd. produces excellent wine and fruit. Babberino-di-Mugello, a town of Tuscany, 15 m. N. Florence, on the Siere. Pop. (1845) 2,016. It has extens. manufs. of straw hats. In its environs is the royal villa of Caffegiolo, anc. residence of the Medicis. — II. (Di-val-cfElsa), a vill. in the same dist., in wMch is the palace of the Barberini, birth-place of Pope Urban viii. P. 855. Babbezieux, a comm. and town of France, dep. Charente, cap. arrond., 19 m. S.W. Angou- leme. Pop. 2,335. It is famous for truffled capons. Barboha, a vill. of N. Italy, gov. Venice, 22 m. S.S.W. Padua, on I. b. of the Adige. Pop. 2,500. Babbonne, a comm. and town of France, dep. Mame, 5 m. S. Suzanne. Pop. 1,276. Babbotjb, CO. U. S., N. America, E. border Alabama, intersec. by Chattahoochee riv. Riv. margins fertile. P. 12,024, of whom 6,648 are slaves. Babbuda, one of the British West India isls., leeward group, in the Atlantic, 22 m. N. Antigua, N. point, in lat. 17° 47' N., Ion. 62' 2' W. Area about 75 sq. m. Pop. 1,600. The greater part of the isl, is flat and fertile, producing corn, cot- ton, pepper, and tobacco ; but no sugar. There is no port, but aroadstead with sev. forts on W. side. Babbt, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 15 m. S.E. Magdeburg, on the Elbe. Pop. 3,400, employed in linen and woollen manufs. Bakbt, a pa. of England, co. Northampton, 6 m. N.W. Daventry. Area 3,700 ao. Pop. 640. Barca, a town of Portugal, prov. Minho, 10 m. N. Braga, on the Lima. Pop. 1,900. Baeoa, Cyrenaiea, a marit. region of N. Africa, between lat. 30° and 33° N., and Ion. 20° and 25° E., forming the E. division of Tripoli, & having W. the rest of that dom., with the Gulf of Sidra (anc. Great Syrtis), N. the Mediterr., E. Egypt, and S. the Libyan waste. On the S. & in the in- terior it is desert, but along the coast the soil is fertile, though neglected. In many parts it yields crops of corn, and presents wide tracts of fine pasturage ; on the mntn. aides are forests of pines, date, and olive trees, and flowering shrubs. It BAR 116 BAK has no permanent rivs. but numerous mntn. tor- rents, which flow to the arid plains of the Libyan deserts. The pop. consists of Bedwin Arabs, with a few Jews in the towns. Tills region was anciently the seat of the Pentapolis, or five Greek cities of Berenice, Arsinoe, Barca, Apollonia, & Cyrene ; of which the first, now called Bengazi, is the only one retaining the least importance. Babcarrota, a town of Spain, prov. and 19 m. S. Badajos, with a castle, & 4,285 inhabitants. Babcellos, a town of Portugal, prov. Minho, on the Cavado, 9 m. W. Braga. Pop. 3,892. It is enclosed by old walls.^ — II. a town of Brazil, prov. Para, on right bank of the Kio Negro. Babcelona, aseaport town of S. Amer., Venez- uela, dep. & 40 m.W.S.W. Cumana, cap. prov. of New Barcelona, on 1. b. of the Neveri. Lat. 10° 6' N., Ion. 64° 47' W. Founded in 1634. Houses mostly of mud ; and its situation is unhealthy. In the year ending June 1841, 29 vessels, aggre- fate burden 1,348 tons, had entered, & 20 ditto, urden 1,283 tons, cleared from its port. Expts. horses, cattle, hides, and smoked beef. Babcelona, Barcino, a strongly fortified city and seaport of Spain, cap. prov. of same name, and formerly cap. of Catalonia, on the Mediter- ranean, 186 m. N.E. Valencia. Lat. (Montjouy), 41° 21' 7' N., Ion. 2° 10' E. Pop. (1845) 112,046. It is commanded by a citadel on the N.E., & the fortress of Montjouy on the S.W. Its biuldings within the walls are crowded, but mostly good ; and it has excellent public promenades. Prrncip. edifices, cathed., Dominican convent, old palace of the kings of Aragon, opera-house, new prison, an extens. arsenal, & barracks. The harb. has 18 to 20ft. water, but owing to a bar at its mth., large ships are obliged to anchor outside ; an immense sea wall has been commenced, which, if completed, would render the port one of the most extensive and commod. on the Mediterranean. Barcelona is a bishop's see, & the seat of a court of appeal. It has nmnerous estabs. for public instruction, a theological seminary, 8 colleges, a school of ar- tillery, a school of medicine, an institution for deaf and dumb, courses of lectures on navigation, agriculture, and the fine arts, a botanic garden, 4 public hbraries, one of which is very rich in MSS. and archives of the kingdom of Aragon. Manufs. of silks, leather, lace, woollens, cotton goods, & jewellery, formerly important. Princip. imports, raw cotton, sugar, coffee, cocoa, & other colonial goods, mostly from Cuba and Porto- Bico, saJt-fish, hides, horns, iron, and hardwares. • Princip. exports, wrought silks, soap, fire-arms, paper, hats, laces, ribbons, steel, &k. In 1842, 3,667 vessels entered the port, but they were mostly coasters, their aggregate bm-deu being only 189,117 tons. Barcelona is supposed to have derived its ancient name from its Carthaginian founder, Hamilcar Barcino, b. c. about 200. The city was taken by the French in 1714, and again in 1808. It was desolated by the yellow fever in 1821, and bombarded by order of the Regent Espartero in 1843 Barceloneta is a suburb of Barcelona, often regarded as a distinct town. Pop. 5,000. It was founded in 1764 on a uniform plan, and its houses are all of red brick. Baboeloneta, a town of S. America, Venez- uela, on the Paragua, 100 m. S.S.E. Angostura. Baeoelonnetxe, a town of France, dep. Bas- ses-Alpes, cap. arroud., 29 m. N.E. Digne. Pop, (1846) 1,906. It is beautifully situated on rt. b. of the Ubaye, at the foot of the Alps, 3,930 ft. in elev. ; has a college, normal school, and agri- cultural society, with silk-looms, woollen manufe., and large weekly mkts. It gives its name to a rich valley in which many cattle and sheep are reared. Babceloee, a marit. town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. Canara, on the Malabar coast, N.N.W. Mangalore ; Baraee of ancients. Baecheston, a pa. of England, co. Warwick, 1 m. E.S.E. Shipston. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 193. BAROHEEti), a mkt. town of Hessen-Cassel, prov. and 33 m. N.E. Fulda, on rt. b. of the Werra. Pop. 1,400, with a mansion of the land- graves of Hessen-Philippsthal-Barchfeld. Babcomb, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, rape and 3 m. N.N.E. Lewes. Area 5,280 ac. Pop. 1,028. Babous, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. B. Pyrdn^es, arrond. Maul^on. Pop. 2,497. Bard, a fortress and vill. of Piedmont, on 1. b. of the Doire, 23 m. S.S.E. Aosta. It was razed by the French m 1800, but has been restored. Babden, a tnshp. of England, co. Tork, W. Riding, on the Wharfe, pa. & 14 m. N.E. Ski^on. Pop. 212. Here are remains of an anc. tower, locally famous as the favourite resid. of Henry Clifford, "the shepherd lord," restored to the former possessions of his family by Henry vii. Babdenbebo, a vill. of Rhen. Prussia, circ. & 5 m. N.N.E. Aachen, with coal mines Pop. 1,290. BABDriELB (Gbeat), 2. pa. of Engl., co. Essex, SJ m. E. Thaxsted. Area 3,400 ac. Pop. 1,120. Fair 22d June II. (XiM2e), a pa. adjoining the above, Z\ m. E. Thaxted. Area 1,970 ac. Pop. 375. — III. {Baling), in same co., 6 m. N.E. Great Dunmow. Area 1,510 ac. Pop. 331. Babdi, a town of N. Italy, duchy Parma, lOJ m. N.N.W. Borgotaro. Pop. 700. Babsis, or Babdees, a town of Upper Egypt, prov. and 3 m. S.S.E. Girgeh. The French gave battle here, 6th April 1799. Bardnet, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, pts Lindsey, &\ m. S.S.W. Wragby. Area 5,490 ac. Pop. 1,192. It has a free school, with rev. of 160?. per annum. On a large barrow, in this pa., there is a cross to the memory of Ethelred, long of Meroia, said to be buried there. Babdolino, a town of Venice, prov. and 14 m. W.Verona, with port on L. Garda. Pop. 2,200. BabdoknSche, a vill. of Piedmont, prov. & 19 m. W. Susa, with a trade in cattle. Pop. 1,060. Babdos, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Bas- ses-Pyr6i^es, arr. Bayonne. Pop. 2,4(88. Bardowieck, a town of Hanover, 4 m. N. Lune- burg, on the Bmenan. Pop. 1,400. Babdset ("Bard's Island," so called from having been the last retreat of the Welsh bards), an isl. of N. Wales, co. Carnarvon, in the Irish Sea, near the N. point of Cardigan Bay, pa. and 4J m. S.W. Aberdaron. Lat. of light-house, 52° 45' N., Ion. 4° 48' W. Pop. 90. It is accessible only at a small harbour on the S.E. side. It has no church, but the inhabs. meet to read prayers in its ruined abbey. The isl. is the property of Lord Newborough. — II. a pa. of England, co. Tork, W. Riding, 5 m. S.W. Wetherby. Area 3,380ac. Pop. 469. It is considered the birth-place of Congreve the poet, baptised here in 1670. Bard WELL, apa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 8 m. N.E. Bury. Ac. 3,320. P.826. Rev. of town estate, 87?. Bareilt, a dist. of British India, presid. Ben- gal, Upp. provs., having N., W., and S., the dists. Knmaon, Moradabad, and Ferokhabad, and E. the states Oude and Nepaul. Area 6,900 sq. m. Land rev. (1829-30) 132,927Z. Chief towns Ba- reily, Pilibheet, and Shabjehanpoor. — Bareily, a city & cap. of dist., & of a division of TJpp. provs., on a tribut. of the Ganges, 118 m. N.E. Agra. Pop. estim. at 66,000. It has several mosques, a citadel, Engl, college, Persian & Hindoo schoolH BAR 117 BAR a, large manuf. of brazen waterpots, war accoutre- ment, carpets, embroidery ; and it is the seat of one of the 6 circnit courts of the presidency. Babsntin, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine Inf., 10 m. N.W. Rouen. Pop. 2,278. B.U1ENTON, a comm. and town of France, dep. Manche, 7 m. S.E. Mortain. Pop. 3,106. Babete, a town of Naples, with celebrated baths, 8 m. N.W. Aquila. Pop. 1,000. Baretocn (Al), a town -of Egypt, near the frontier of Barca, on the Mediterranean, with a port, £ind ruins of the Roman Paroetonium. BiBETscHWEii., a Till, of Switzerl., cant. & 15 m. E.S.E. Zurich, with extensive manufs. of cot- ton and sUk. Pop. 3,462, Protestants. Babfj,eub, a comm. and anc. seaport town of Fi-ance, dep. Manche, on the English Channel, 15 m. E. Cherbourg. Pop. of comm. 1,158. It was formerly one of the best ports in Normandy, but now its harbour is partly filled up with sand. It is asserted that William the Conq. set out from this port for the conquest of England. About 1 m. N. is a granite lighthouse, 271 ft. above the sea, on Cape Barflenr, in lat. 49° 40' N., lon.l° 16' W. Bakford, sev. pas. of Engl. — I. co. Norfolk, 4 m. N. Wymondham. Ac. 940. Pop. 417 II. co. Warwick, on the Avon, 2J m. S. by W. Warwick. Area 1,490 ac. Pop. 849.— III. [Great), co. and 6i m. E.N.E. Bedford. Area 2,830 ac. Pop. 814.— IV. (Great), co. Oxford, 2 m. W.N.W. Deddington. Area 1,180 ac. Pop. 370. The church presents curious vestiges of Saxon archi- tecture.— V. (Little), CO. Bedford, 2 m. S.W. St. Neots. Ac. 1,190. Pop. 190.— VI. (St. Martin), CO. Wnts, 2i m. W. Wilton. Ac. 2,290. Pop. 669. Babfkeystone, or Babston, a pa. of England, CO. Kent, lathe St Augustine, 6 m. S.S.E. Wing- ham. Area 360 ac. Pop. 125. Its church is a curious specimen of Saxon architecture. Babga, a vill. of Tuscany, prov. Florence, on the Serchio, 16 m. N. Lucca. Pop. 2,540. The comunita of Barga, with a pop. of 6,790, extends into the duchies of Parma and Modena. Babgaeban, a vill. of Scotl., co. Renfrew, pa. Erskine, 4J m. N.N.W. Paisley. Here the manuf. of fine thread was first established in Scotland. Babgas, a town of Spain, prov. & 6 m. N.N. W. Toledo. Pop. 3,457. Comm. in grain & cattle. Babge, an anc. town of Piedmont, prov. Sa- Inzzo, 30 m. S.W. Turin. Pop. 8,602. It has an active trade, manufs. of arms, and slate quarries. Babgemont, a comm. and town of France, dep. Var, 7 m. N.N.E. Draguignan. Pop. 1,750. Babgouzih, a riv. Siberia, gov. Irkutsk, flow- ing into Lake Baikal on its E. side, after a course of 200 m. — Sargouzinsh is a modem town & cap. circ. on the above riv., 220 m. E.N.E. Irkutsk. In its environs are thermal springs and baths. Babham, a pa. of England, co. Huntd., 5^ m. N.N.E. Kimbolton. Area 700 ac. Pop. 107.— II. a pa. CO. Kent, lathe St Augustine, 6 m. S.E. Canterbury. Area 4,480 ac. Pop. 1,161. The Canterbury races are held annually in Aug., on Barham downs, over which numerous tumuli are scattered.— III. co. Suffolk, 4 m. N.N.W. Ipswich. Area 2,620 ac. Pop. 676. The house of industry contains 429 inmates. Bakholm, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 3 m. W.N.W. Market Deeping. Ac. 1,230. Pop. 166. Baei (Terra di), a prov. of Naples, bounded E. by the Adriatic, N. Capitanata, W. Basilicata, & S. Otranto. It is mostly flat, and very fertile in grain, wine, and ftTiit. Climate dry, and very warm in summer. Pop. (1844) 476,638. [Apulia.] Babi, Barium, a fortfd. city and seaport of Naples, cap. prov. Terra-di-Bari, on a penins. in the Adriatic, 140 m. N.N.E. Naples, lat. 41° 7' 62' N., Ion. 16° 63' 4' E. Pop. (1844) 21,500. It is defended by walls towards the sea ; the Corso is a fine new street, but in general the town is mean & dirty. Principal buildings, a citadel, cathedral, a college of nobles, ly ceum, large diocesan seminary, new theatre, large arsenal, corn magazines, hospi- tals. It has civil and criminal courts ; manufs. of cotton, linen, and silk fabrics, soap, glass, and liqueurs ; and it exports com, oil, and fruits. Its quay and roadstead are good, but its harbour admits only of small vessels. Ban, conquered by the Normans in the 11th century, was for some tune cap. of their duchy of Apulia, The prov. of Bari is well cultiv. ; chf. products, wine, fruit, and olives. Pop. 426,000.-11. a vill. of Greece, gov. Attica, 12 m. S.S.E. Athens, & near which is a stalactitic cave in Mt. Hymettus, with anc. inscriptions. — III. a vill. of Sardinia, prov. La- nusei, 66 m. N.N.E. Cagliari. Pop. 1,600. Babigazzo, a vill. of Italy, duchy of Modena, prov. Lnnigiana. Near this is observed a pheno- menon similar to that at Pietramala. Natural fire issues from the soil, ascends several feet, and continues for some days without intermission. Babigiano, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo Ult. I., cap. cant., 12 m. S.E. Aquila. Pop. 1,800. Babile, a town of Naples, prov. Basihcata, cap. cant., on a hUl, 3 m. S.S.E. Melfi. Pop. 3,200, ! Babima, a riv. and headland of British Guiana. Point Barima, lat. 8° 46' N., Ion. 60° W., forms the N. extremity of that colony, and immediately W. of it the riv. enters the estuary of the Orinoco. Babjac, a comm. & town of France, dep. Gard, cap. cant., 19 m. N.E. Alais. Pop. (1846) 1,748. BABJ0I.S, a town of France, dep. Var, cap. cant., 11 m. N.N.W. Brignolles. Pop. (1846) 3,181. Baekbt, a pa. of England, co. and 4^ m. N.E. Leicester. Area 2,290 acres. Pop. 849. Babrham, a pa. of England, co. Berks, 5 m. S.W. Wokingham. Area 1,450 ac. Pop. 248. Baekhamstead, a tnship. of the U. S., N. Amer., Connecticut, 24 m. N.W. Hartford. Pop. 1,670. Baeking, a mkt. town and pa. of England, co. Essex, 7 m. E.N.E. London. Area of pa. 10,170 ac. Pop. of do., 8,718 ; many of whom are em- ployed in raising vegetables for the London mkt., & in fishing. The town, on the Roding, about 2 m. above its junction with the Thames, has an embattled gateway, remns. of a convent, the ab.. bess of wliich held baronial rank, a church, with curious monuments, an anc. mkt.-house, a school on Bell's system; and a considerable transit trade in coal and timber. Mkt. Sat. Fairs, Sept. 14, and Oct. 22, besides one held the 1st Frid. in July, around the famous Fairlop oak, in the forest of Hainaut. In a house standing near the town, the Gunpowder-plot is said to have been concert- ed. — II. a pa., CO. Suffolk, 1 m. S.W. Needham. Area 3,010 ao. Pop. 1,879. Babkisland, a tnship. of England, co. York, W. Riding, pa. and 41 m. S.W. Halifax. Pop. 2,391, employed in woollen and cotton factories. Babkol, a town of Chinese Turkestan, 40 m. N.W. Khainil. Resid. of a military governor. Baeksiok, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 10 m. W.N.W. Melton- Mowbray. Ac, 2,870. Pop. 403. Babksxone, apa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Kes- teven,4m. N.N.E. Grantham. Ac, 2,080. P,413. Baekway. a town & pa. of Engl., co. & 16 m. N.N.E. Hertford. Area of pa. 6,060 ac. Pop. 1,291. Fair 20th July. Baekwith, two pas. of England, co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey.— I. (East), 2J m. N.E. Wragby. Area 990 ac. Pop. 256.— IL (West), 2 m. E.N.E. Wragby. Area 600 ac. Pop. 130. BAR lis BA R Baklassima, a vill. of Lombardy, prov. and 14 m. N. Milan, with a magnificent Dominican con- vent, which now serves as a theological seminary, Barlaston, a pa. of England, co. Stafford, 3^ m. N. by W. Stone. Area 2,340 ac. Pop. 691. Barlavington, or Babltow, a pa. of Engl,, co, Sussex, 4m, S,Petworth, Areal,710ac, Pop 132. Bablbobough, a pa, of England, co, Derby, 7 m, N,E. Chesterfield. Area 3,220 ac. Pop, 804. Hospital with revenue of 611. a year, Bab-le-Duc, or Bab-sub-Obnain, a town of Prance, dep, Meuse, 125 m, E. Paris, on the Or- nain, on the new canal irom the Hame to the Rhine, and on railway (in progress) from Paris to Strasbourg. Pop, (1846) 12,673. Tribunal of comm., cap, of arrond, Forestiers, comprising the dep, of the Meuse. It has a comm, college, a normal school, and public library ; an active in- dustry, with manufs. of cotton and calicos ; a commodious port, and an extensive commerce in timber from the Vosges for the supply of Paris, and in wine, iron, and wool. It was founded in the 10th century, and was formerly the fortified cap. of duchy of same name. Birthplace of the Duke of Gnise, and of Gen. Excelmans. Bablbtta, Barolum, a fortified seaport city of Naples, prov, and 33 m, W,N,W, Bari,onarocky isl, in the Adriatic, connected by a bridge with the mainland, Lat, 41° 19' 26' N,, Ion, 16° 18' 10' E, Pop, 17,690, It is "hemmed in with regular built walls and angular towers :" streets wide and well paved, houses lofty and of fine stone. It has a citadel, catiiedral, college, and a colossal statue of the Emp, HeracUus, Its harb,, formed by a mole on which is a light-house, admits only small vessels, but it has a considerable trade with other ports of the Adriatic and the Ionian isls,, exporting com, wine, oil, fruit, wool, and skins ; and salt from lakes and springs in the vicinity, Babley, a pa. of England, co, Herts, 2 m, N,E, Barkway, Area 2,700 ac. Pop, 792, Babi.i;?o, a pa, of England, co, Essex, 4 m, E,N.E, Prittlewell. Area 1,240 ac. Pop. 326. BABi.iNas, a pa, of England, co, Lincoln, pts. Lindsey,6m,E.N.E, Lincoln, Ac. 2,630, P. 352, Barlovento, a town of the Canary isls., on the N,E, of the isl, PaJma. P, 2,148, Linen weaving, Bablow (Great and Littie), two contiguous tnshps, of England, co. Derby, 3 m, N,W, Ches- tei-field. United area 3,760 ac. Pop, 686. Babmeeck, a vill., N. Germany, 3 m, N.E. Hamburg, Pop, 1,539, engaged in cotton manufe. Babmb v-ON-MooB, a pa, of England, co, York, E, Riding, 2 m, W. Pocklington. Area 2,290 ac. Pop, 476, Pair, Thursday before St Peter's day. Babmeh, an extensive manuf, dist, of Rhenish Prussia, recently erected into a township, gov, Dusseldorf, circ, Elberfeld, to which town it is contigruous on the N., stretching along the Wup- per valley for 5 m,, and induing the town of Gemarke, the vill, of Wupperfeld, and other vills. and hamlets. Pop, (1846) 33,000, It has several churches, a high school, a deaf and dumb asylum, exchange, police court, commercial tri- bunal, and numerous clnbs. It shares with El- berfeld in extensive manuls, of cotton and silk fabrics, of which it has been the seat since the middle of last century ; and has bleaching and dye-works, and faotories for steel and plated goods, hardwares, chemical products, & earthen- ware. [See also Elbebfeld,] Babming (East), a pa, of England, co, Kent, lathe Aylesford, 3i m, W, Maidstone, Area 1,210 ac. Pop, 640, This parish is noted for its hop-grounds and orchards. West Banning is annexed to Nettlesiead, Babmouth, or Abebmaw, a market town and seaport of N, Wales, co. Merioneth, pa, Llanaber, on the estuary of the Maw, 7J m, S,W. Dolgdly. Pop. 930. It stands on abruptly rising ground, and its houses, laid out in terraces, are reached by steps cut in the rock. It is frequented for sea-bathing, and has an export trade in timber, bark, slates, copper, lead, and yards for ship- building. Market, Friday. Fairs, 7th Oct. and 21st Nov, The road from Barmouth to Dolgelly is noted for its fine scenery, Babmstedt, a vill, of Denmark, Holstein, 14 m. E. Gluckstadt. Near it the anc, castle oiRantzau. Babhston, a pa. of Engl,, co. Tork,E, Riding, 6 m, S.S.W. Bridlington, Ac, 2,180. Pop, 254. Babnabe (St,), a comm. & vill. of France, dep. C3tes-du-Nord, arr. Lond^ac. Pop. 1,047. — II. a vill. dep. B. du Rh6ne, arr. Marseille. Fop. 1,026. Babnack, a pa. of England, co. Northampton, 3i m. N. Wansford. Area 4,440 ac. Pop. 860. Babivaoobe, a town of British India, presid. and 5. m. N. Calcutta, on 1. b. of the Hoogly. Formerly a Portuguese settlement. Babnabd Castle, a mkt. town and chapelry of England, co. Durham, pa. Gsunford, on the Tees, 21^ m, S.W, Durham, Pop, 4452. It has a hospital for poor persons, founded in 1229 by John BaUol, King of Scotland (a native of this place), and the ruins of the stately castle, whence the town derives its name, built by Barnard, the grandfather of Baliol. Manufs, of hats, carpets, and thread ; and one of the largest com mkts, in the N. of England is held here on Wed. Fairs, Easter Mon., Whitsun. Wed., St James's day, and 25th July. Near it are the ruins of a church, the only remains of the town of Marwood, formerly an important place ; & extensive stone quarries. Babnabdiston, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 4 m. W.N.W. Clare. Area 1,620 ac. Pop, 207, Barnaul, the principal mining town of W. Siberia, gov, Tomsk, on the Barnaul Oby, at its junction with the Oby, 230 m. S,S,W. Tomsk, Pop, 9,927, It is under the immediate authority of the cabinet of St, Petersburg, and is the seat of a mining board, and the cap, of a mining dist. " as extensive as the whole kgdm, of Hungary," (iJitter), Town regularly built, has upwards of 30 public edifices, including 4 Russian chm-ches, magazines, and hospitals, geological and other museums, besides about 120 ftu-naces, at which large quantities of auriferous silver, lead, and copper ores are smelted, and a vast amount of cast iron is produced, A magnetic and meteoro- logical observatory was erected here in 1841. BABNBBOuaH, Or Babnbobough, a pa. of England, co. York, W, Biding, 9 m, W. Doncaster. Area 1,770 ac. Pop. 508. The church is a building of the 14th century. In Bambrough- hall are some pictures of Sir T, More's family, Babnby, sev. pas. of Engl. — I. co. Suffolk, 3 m. E.S.E. Beccles. Area 1,390 ac. Pop. 296.— II. (7n fhe Willows), co. Notts, 4 m. E.S.E. Newark. Area 1,690 ac. Pop. 266.— III. (o« Don), co. York, W. Riding, 7 m. N.N.E. Doncaster. Pop. 629. Barnes, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, on the Thames, 6 m. S.W. London. Area 820 ac. Pop, 1,461. Rose's bequest of 202. per annum, made 1623, to the poor of Barnes, is conditional upon rose bushes being kept trained round his monu- ment. At Barn-elms, in this pa., WaJsingham entertained Q. EUzabeth, Cowley the poet re- sided, and the Kit-Cat club held its meetings. Babnet (Chipping), a mkt. town and pa. of England, co. Hei-tf., on the Great N. Road, 11m. N.N.W, London, Area of pa. 1,440 ac. Pop, 2,486, The town stands on a height, and has a BAR 119 BAR church built in 1400, a grammar school founded by Q. EUzabeth, in 1673, and some well endowed alms-houses. Mkts. for cattle, &c.,Mond. Fairs, 8th April, and 4th and 5th Sept., and at these, in 1839, 45,000 head of cattle, and ] ,000 hoi-ses were sold. An obelisk near tlie town commemorates the battle fought there in 1471, between the York and Lancaster armies, when the latter were totally defeated, and tlieir leader, the great E. of Warwick, was killed. — II. (JEast), a pa. adjoining the above. Area 1,630 ac. Pop. 698.— III. (Fryem), co. Middlesex, 8 m. N.W. London. Area 1,330 ac. Pop. 849.— IV. (By the Wold), CO. Lincoln, parts Lindsey, 4 m. E.N.E. Gland- ford-Brig. Area 1,630 ac. Pop. 679. Barxet, a tnshp. United States, N. America, Vermont, co. Caledonia, on the Connecticut, 26 m. E. Montpelier. Pop. 2,030. Barketeu), a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, 18 m. N.W. Amhem. Pop. 2,.390. Babxeveld ISI.AND, S. Occan, off Tiena del Fuego. Lat. of N.E. extremity 56° 48' S., Ion. 66°4o'W. Babsetili.e-sck-Meb, a comm. and town of France, dep. Manche, cap. cant., arrond. and 16 m. S.W. Valognes. Pop. 1,083. Babney, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 6 m. E.N.E. Fakenham. Area 1,210 ac. Pop. 276. Barn-ham, sev. pas. of Engl. — I. co. Suffolk, 3^ m. S.Thetford. Area 6,420 ac. Pop. 412.— II. co. Sussex, rape, and 4i m. W.S.W. Amndel. Area 730 ac. Pop. 125.— III. (Broom), co. Norfolk, 4^ m. N.W. Wymondham. Area 1,870 ac. Pop. 494. Barxisgham, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 7 m. S.W. East Harling. Area 1,520 ae. Pop. 608.— n. CO. York, N. Hiding, 6 m. N.W. Rich- mond. Area 1,093 ac. Pop. 600. A national school here has a land endowment, and a small library.- UL (Little), co. Norfolk, 6 m. N.W. Aylesham. Area 1,200 ac. Pop. 229.— IV. (Jvoncood), in same co., 3 m. E. by S, Holt. Area 810 ac. Pop. 54 V. (Winier, or Town) same CO., 5 m. S.E. Holt. Area 860 ac. Pop. 86. BARSOLDBr-LE-BEOK, Or Babnethy, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, 4 m. S.W. Grimsby. Area 1,460 axs. Pop. 292. Barsolowick, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Rid- ing,5§m. N.W.Cohne. Area 6,040 ac. Pop. 2,844. Baeksley, or Babsesley (St. Mary), a mkt.- town and chapelry of England, co. York, W. Riding, pa. Silkstone, 10 m. S. Wakefield, and 8 iti N. ShefiSeld, with a station on the N. Midland railway. Pop. 12,310. Houses mostly of stone. It has a spacious mkt.-place, a free grammar school, national school, subscription Ubrary, scientific institution ; and extens. manufs. of Unen yam, damasks, and drills ; a glass factory, iron foundries, needle & wire works, bleaching, dyeing, and coal-works. Markets Wed. and Sat. ; fairs, Feb. 28, May 12, and Oct. 10. The Bamsley Canal connects the Calder and Don, and places Bamsley in communication with Wakefield and Leeds. About 1 m. distant are the remains of Monk Briton Priory II. a pa,, co. Gloucester, 4 m. E.N.E. Cirencester. Area 2,050 ac. Pop. 305. Barnstable, co. U. S., N. America, in E. part of Massachnsetts, includes the whole of Cape Cod. Greater part sandy & dry. Pop. 32,548. Chiefly engaged in fishing. Contains 13 towns. Chief town and pa. Barnstable, on Barnstable Bay, 60 m. S.E. Boston. Pop. 4,.301. In 1840, it had from 50 to 60 vessels ; total burden, 66,566 tons. Barnstaple, a pari. & municip. bor., seaport, mkt.-town, & pa. of England, co. Devon, on the Taw, 6 m. ft-om its mouth in Barnstaple Bay, here crossed by a stone bridge of 16 arches, 34 ni. N.W. Exeter. Area of pa. 3,970 ac. Pop. of do. 7,902. The town is said to have been found- ed by Athelstan, & was incorporated by Henry i. It is well built, has a large anc. church, and a gi-amm. school, endowed in 1649, occupying part of an old monastery, in which Bishop Jewel and the poet Gay were educated ; a charity school, rev. (1821) 1301. ; an alms-house, with chapel, rev. (1822) 2231. ; and numerous other chanties ; a mechanics' institute ; tanneries ; potteries ; an iron-foundry, paper mill, and manufs. of serge, low broad- cloths, patent lace, and fishing-nets. Chief imports, timber ; but the shipping trade has declined, owing to an obstruction caused by the accumulation of sand in the riv. and harbour. In 1846, 492 ships, aggregate burden 37,305 tons, entered, and 473 do. burden 25,343 tons, cleared out of the port ; reg. shipping (1847), 5,010 tons. Customs rev. (1846) 6,420Z. 18s. Mkt. Frid., for com and provisions ; cattle mkts. monthly ; fairs, 21st April, 19th Sept., & 2d Frid. in Deo. Corp. rev. (1846-7) 1,382?. 6s. Barnstaple sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1842-3) 481. In the vicinity is the North Devon infli-mary. BARNSTEAn, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. America, N. Hampshire, 18 m. N.E. Concord. Pop. 1,945. Barnston, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 2 m. S.E. Dunmow. Area 2,770 ac. Pop. 197. Barnstobf and Bassum, 2 vills. of Hanover, CO. Hoya, respectively 9 & 22 m. N.E. Diepholz. Babnweli,, a pa. and vill. of England, co. and adjoining the town of Cambridge, on the N.E., with a chapel built in the 11th cent. Pop. 6,909. A great annual mart for leather, timber, wool, cheese, and cattle, called Sturbridge fair, is held in this suburb for 14 days, beginning Sept. 18, & is proclaimed by the vice-chanc. of the university. — ^11. (King's), co. Northampton, 2 m. S.E. Onndle. Area 1,680 ac. Pop. 140.— UI. (Bamwell-St. Andrmos), 2 m. S.E. Ouudle. Ac. 1,740. Pop. 282. It has a station on the Peterboro' branch of the- London & N. W. railway. Babnwood, a pa. of England, co. and 2 m. E.S.E. Gloucester. Area 1,150 ac. Pop. 383. Baboacb, or Broach, a dist. of British India, presid. Bombay, having S. Surat, E. a part of the Guicowar's dom., N. and W. the riv. Mhye and gulfofCambay. Area 1,600 sq. m. Pop. 229,627. Total rev. (1829-30) 167,060?.- JBaroacA (pro- bably the anc. Barygaza), cap. of the above dist., is on the Nerbudda, 36 m. N. Surat. Estim. pop. in 1812, 32,716, but it has since greatly declmed, and is poor, mean, and dirty. Trade in cotton, grain, and seeds, exported to Bombay and Surat. Here is a Brahminical endowed hospital for sick animals, into which even insects are received. Babod.4, a city of Hindostan, cap. the Gui- cowar's dom., 78 m. N.N.E. Surat. Pop. estim. at 100,000 (?). It is enclosed by a double wall with round towers, and has four spacious and well built streets, meeting in a central mkt.-place. A British resident, with a body of troops, is sta- tioned at Baroda, which has a considerable trade. Near it are numerous gardens, mosques, & wells. Babos, a town of the Dutch E. Indies, on W. coast of the isl. Sumatra, 250 m. N.W. Padang. Baequesimeto, a city of Venezuela, cap. prov., on an affl. of the Portuguesa, 165 m. W.S.W. Ca- racas. Pop., with suburbs, 12,000 (?). It was en- tirely destroyed by an earthquake in 1802, pre- viously to which it had 15,000 inhabitants. Babr, a comm. and town of France, dep. Bas- Rhin, cap. cant., at the foot of the Vosges, 18 m. S.W. Strasbourg. Pop (1846) 3,685. It has a Protest, consist, church, & was formerly fortified. Bark, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 18 m. S. Ayr, BAR 120 BAR dist. Carrick. Area estimated at 100 so. m., of which not more than l-60th is cultivated, & not as much more cultivable. Pop. 969. Some of its mntns. are 2,700 ft. in height; and it lias several lochs and large morasses. Fair, last Sat. in May. —II. (Great), a chapelry of Kngland, co. Stafford, pa. Aldridge, 2J m. S.E. Walsall. Pop. 1,087. Babba, an isl. of Scotland, Hebrides, near the S. extremity of the group, 5 m. S.W. of S. Uist, and forming, with Vatersay and other jwtty isls. a pa. of the co. Inverness. Lat. of Barra-head, fi6° 48' N., Ion. 7° 38' 1" W. Length 8 m., by 2 to 4 m. in breadth. Inhabited houses in isl. in 1841, 860; pop. in do. 1,977; of pa. do. 2,363. The pa. is the prop, of Col. Gordon of Cluny, & is estimated to contain 4,000 ac. of arable, & 18,000 ac. of meadow and hill-pasture land; rental in 1840, 2,4582. The cod, ling, & herring fisheries are extensive, and vast numbers of shell-fish are taken here. In Castle-bay is an old residence of the feudal lords of Barra. The lighthouse on Barra Head, the highest in Britain, is 680 ft. above the sea, it was first lighted in 1833. Babra, a town of Naples, 3 m. E. the cap., with 5,900 inhabs., and numerous country residences. —II. a town, 2i m. S.E. Reggio. Pop. 2,600. Babeia, sev. to?fns of Brazil. — I. {B.-da-Mio- Negro), cap. prov. on the Kio Negro, near its junction with the Amazon. Pop. of dist. 6,000, who subsist by raising tobacco, coffee, & cocoa, making turtle oil, and salting fish. In 1842, all that part of the prov. Pari to the left of the Amazons, was detached to form the new prov. of Barra-do-Biodos-Negros, — II. {B.-do~Rio- Grande), prov. and 350 m. W. Bahia, on the 1. b. of the San Francisco. Pop. 4,000.-111. (B.-do- Mio-de-Contas), prov. and 230 m. S.AV. Bahia. Pop. 3,000. —IV. {B.-do-Bio-de-StJoao),T^Toy. & 150 m. E.N.E. Rio-de-Janeiro. Pop. 2,000, Babbagh, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, oo. Car- low, 3 m. N.W. Clonegall. Area 12,296 ac. Pop. 3,742. Surface mountainous ; Mt. Leinster ^,610 ft, elevation. Babbagoiisa, a town of W, Africa, Senegam- bia, on rt. of the Gambia, 190 m. from its mouth. Baerackpoob, a seat of the gov.-generaJ of Brit. India, presid. & prov. BengS, on the Hoog- ly, 10 m. N. Calcutta. Here is a fine park 4 m. in circ, and laid out in European style, near which is a large nuUtary village, with cantonments. , Babbapbakca, a town of Sicily, district Piazza, intend, and 10 m. S.E. Calt^nisetta. Pop. 6,600. JQabbamaeI;, a dist. of British India, presid. Jjfadras, consisting of a rich and extensive table- land, in prov. of Salem. [Salem.] Barba Mansa, a t. of Brazil, prov. & 70 m, N. W. Riorde-Janeiro,onrt.b.oftheParahiba. P. 6,000. Babban, a comm. and town of France, dep. Gers, 7 m. W.S.W. Auch. Pop. 1,821. Babbahca, a town of S. Amer., New Granada, on the Magdalena riv,, 60 m. S. E. Cartagena. —SarrqnquUla is a seaport town at the mouth of same riv., 64 m. E. Cartagena. Babbatabia (Bay of), an inlet of the gujf of Mexico, 60 m. W.N.W. the mouth of the Missis- sippi. It is wide, shallow, and entered by an in- tricate channel. Previously to 1814, it was the retreat of Lafitte, the pirate of the gulf. BAEBAX,atownof Spain, prov.& 23m.'W.N.'W. Albacete. Pop. 2,576. Commerce in fruit. Babbaux, a comm. and viU.' of France, dep. and near the rt. b. of the Isfere, 22 m. N.E. Gre- noble. ,P«p. 1452. Near it is a fort built 1696, Babbh, several townships of the.U. S., North America,— I. Vermont, 10 m. S.E. Montpelier. Pop. 2,126. It affords large quantities of fine granite.— n. Pennsylvania, co. Huntingdon. Pop. 2,225.-111. Massachusetts, 49 m. W. Bos- ton. Pop. 2,751, partly employed in woollen and cotton manufs. — ^IV. New York, co. Orleans, 252 m. W. Albany. Pop. 6,539, Babbeah, a neatly built town of Hindostan, cap. rajahship, 60 m. N.E, Baroda. Babb£g>es, a vill. and celeb, watering-place of France, dep. H, Pyr&^es, on the Gave-de-Bastan, in the valley of same name, 3,240 ft. above the sea, and 12 m. S.S."W. Bagnferes-en-Bigorre. It consists of about 60 houses, most of them tem- porary sheds, abandoned during winter on ac- count of the cold and the danger to which it is exposed from avalanches. It is frequented an- nually by about 1,500 invalids, for the sake of its sulphurous springs, which have a temp, varying from 104° to 122° Fahrenheit. The baths, which for a century have enjoyed the highest reputa- tion, were rounded by Louis xv. There are govt, military baths for 500 men. In the vicinity is the beautifiil cascade of Gavamie, Bakeen Island, one of the Hunter islands, off the N.E. extremity of Tasmania. Length N. to S. 16 m. ; greatest breadth 4 m.^ — II. a volcanic isl.. Bay of Bengal, E. of the Andaman isles, with a cone 1,848 feet in height, frequently in eruption. Babben, CO. U. S., North America, S. part of Kentucky. Area 340 square m. Pop. 17,288, of whom 4,065 are slaves. Surface undulating, soil moderately fertile, watered by the Big and Little Barren rivers, tributaries of Green river, Babrhead, a vill. of Scotl., co. Renfrew, pa. Neilston, 3 m. S. Paisley. P. 3,492, mostly weavers. Babbioa Negra, a town or vill. Uruguay, S America, 85 m. N.E. Monte Video, in its disi^, are large breeding estates, each stocked with from 60,000 to 200,000 head of cattle. Baebjngton, sev. pas. of Engl I. co, & 7 m. S.W. Cambridge. Area 2^.29 ac. Pop. 533.— II. CO. Somerset, 3J m. N.E. Ilminster. Area 1,520 ac. Pop. 631. Hemp and flax are culti- vated extensively in this pa. — III. {Great), a pa, of England, in cos. Berks and Glo'ster, 4 m. N.W, Burford, Area 2,580 ac. Pop. 563. It has a fine church, built in the reign of Henry VII., and quarries produciiig excellent freestone, which was used in the erection of Blenheim House. — IV. (Little), co. Glo'ster, 3 m. N."W, Burford. Area 1,780 ac. Pop. 208. Babbington, several townships, U, S,, North America, — I. New Hampshire, 20 m. N.W, Ports- mouth. Pop. 1,844,— H, New York, 201 m, W, Albany. P. 1,868, engaged in fiilling, tanning, &o. Others are in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. Babbios (Los), a town of Spain, prov. & 48 m. S.E. Cadiz. Pop. 2,722. Linen weaving. Baerois, an old divis, of France, in Lorraine, now forming the greater part of the dep. Mouse. Raebow, or BoBBAGH, a river of Ireland, next in importance to the Shannon, rises in the Slieve- bloom mountains, Leinster, flows generally south- ward, and, after a course of about 90 m, joins the Suir to form the estuary, Waterford harbour. It divides the cos. Kildare, Carlow.and Wexford, on the E., from Kilkenny and Queen's co. on the W. Afiluents the Nore, Blackwood, and Greese rivers. The towns Portarlington, Monastereven, Athy, Carlow, Craig, New Boss, are on its banks. It is navig. for large ships from the sea to Boss, & for barges to Athy, 60 m. above its mouth, and where it is joined by abranch of the Grand Canal, Baeeow, several pas. of England. — I. co Salop 2J m„E. Much-Wenlock, Area 2,290 ae. Pod 383.— II. CO. Suffolk, 6 m. W.Bury St. Edmunds- Area 2,810 ac. Pop. 995. Fair 1st May.^IIl, BAR 121 BAR (Gnat), CO. and 4 m. E.N.E. Chester. Area 2,620 ac. Pop. 668— IV. (Gumey), co. Somer- set, SJ m. S.W. Bristol. Area 2,130 ac. Pop. 303.— V. {North), co. Somerset, 3 m. S.W. Castle- Carey. Area 970 ac. Pop. 140.— VI. (on Trent), a pa. of Ellwand, co. and 6 m. S. Derby. Area 4,040 ac. Pop. 641 VII. (South), i m. S.W. CasUe-Carey. Area 680 ac. Pop. 140 VIII. (yponHumber), co. Lincoln, pai-ts Lindsey, 9J m. K Glandford-Brigg. Area 4,620 ac. Pop. 1,662. A large intrenchment near the vill. is supposed to have been the site of a British camp. — IX. {upmi Soar), co. Leicester, 3. m. S.E. Longhboro'. Area 7,960 ac. Pop. 5,782. It has a grammar school, with a revenue of about lOOZ.; an alms-house, and a new work-house, wth ac- commodation for 300 pel-sons. Barkowbt, a pa. of Engl., co Lincoln, pts. Kes- teven, 2 m.W. Grantham. Area 4,010 ac. P. 799. Barbow (Island), Pacific Ocean, is in lat. 20° 45' S., Ion. 139° 3' W. It is small, but well wooded, and affords fresh water. It was named in honour of Sir J. Barrow, by its discoverer, Capt. Beechey, in 1826.— (Kocfe), off the S. coast of Arabia, about 50 m. N.E. Aden.— (Cope), Russian America, is a headland on the Arctic Ocean, lat. 71° 23' N., Ion. 156° 31' W., near the extreme point reached in Capt. Beechey's polar expedition in 1826. — (Strait), the passage from Baffin Bay westward into Prince Regent Inlet, lat. 74° N., & between Ion. 84° and 90° W., aver- aging 40 m. in breath. Depth frequently up- wards of 200 fathoms. Coasts rugged and moun- tainous. Barrow is the name of several moun- tains, and a valley in East Australia. Babroivden, a pa. of England, co. Rutland, 6 m. E. Uppingham. Area 1,530 ac. Pop. 668. BABRowyoBD, a township of England, co. Lan- caster, pa. Whalley, 3 m. W. Colne. Pop. 2,630, mostly employed in cotton factories. Baekt, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, on the British Channel, 7J m. S.W. Cardiff. Pop. 104. A small island of about 300 ac. in this pa., near the mainland in Bristol Channel, is said to give the name to the Barry family in Ireland. — II. (or Sarrie), a marit. pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar, on the N. Sea and Firth of Tay, 8 m. N.E. Dundee. Pop. 2,124, of whom 1,268 in the vilL Carnoustie, are mostly employed in weaving brown linens for Arbroath merchants. On the S.£. point of the coast are the Buddon-ness or Tay ligbthouses. Lat. 66° 28' N., Ion. 2° 45' S., the one bearing 1,122 feet N.N.W. from the other. Both fixed white lights. Babsac, atown cnFrance, dep. Gironde, onl. b of the Garonne, 19 m. S.E. Bordeaux. Pop. 1,701. Its vicinity produces the fine white Bordeaux wine. Babsch, or Babs, a town of Hungary, cap. co. 57 m. N.N.W. Pesth, & divided by the riv. Gran into Old and New Barsch, formerly a free forti- fied town, which gave its name to the prov. The county of Barsch has 134,000 inhabs. In the S. it is rich in grain and fruit. The mountains in the N. formerly yielded gold and silver. Barsham, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 2 m. W. Beccles. Area 1,470 ac. Pop, 250. Eachard the historian was bom here. — II. (East), co. Nor- folk, 2m. N. Fakenham. Area 1,230 ac. Pop. 240.— HI. (North), in same co., 2 m. S.W. Great Walsingham. Area 710 ac. Pop. 89.— IV.((rcrf), sameco., 2 m. N.W. Fakenham. Ac 1,380. P. 86. Babsob, a small isl. and vill. of Denmark, in the Little Belt, 9 m. N.E. Apenrade. Babston;' a pa. Of England;' CO. and SJ m. N.N.W. Wai»wick, Area 1,990 ac. Pop 892. Bar-sur-Attbe, tarrum ad'Albulam, a,n anc. to^m of France, cap. arrond., dep. Aube, 28 m. E.S.E. Troyes, on rt. b. of the Aube. Pop. (1846) 4,134. It has a considerable commerce in wine, wood, hemp, & wool. This little town, the envi- rons of which are picturesque, was the scene of two battles betw. Napoleon & the allies in 1814, in con^quence of which it was nearly destroyed. Bar-sur-Obnaik, a t. France. [Bab-le-Ddc] Bar-sur-Seine, Bamm ad Sequanum, atown of Frajioe, cap. arrond., dep. Aube, 18 m. S.E. Troyes, on 1. b. of the Seine. Pop. (1846) 2^62. Commerce in grain, wine, brandy, & wool. This was an important town in the middle ages, and often ruined during the wars of Burgundy. It was the scene of a severe engagement betw. Na- poleon and the allies, 25th May 1814. Bartan, a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, on the Chati-Su (anc. Partkemus), near its moutii, in the Black Sea, 46 m. N.E. Eregli. It stands on two chalk hills; with an intermediate valley, and has about 650 houses and 5 mosques. Near it some Roman remains have been discovered. Barten, a town of E. Prussia, 47 m. S.E. Kon- igsbterg. Pop. 1,600. It is defended by a castle. Babtenheim, a comra. and vill. of France, dep, H. Rhin, arrond. Altkireh. Pop. 1,866. Baetenstein, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 33 m. S.S.E. Konigsherg, on the Alle. Pop. 3,700, engaged in manufs. of linens, woollens, and leather. — II. a vill. of Wiirtemberg, circ. Jttxt, with a pop. of 1,100, and a castle, the residence of the princes of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein. Bartfa, or Bartfeld, a town of N. Hungary, CO. Saros, on the Tepla, 156 m. N.E. Pesth. Pop, (ISiO) 4,658. It has superior schools, and a tradS in wine, linen, brandy, and earthenware. Its hot baths are the best frequented in Hungary. Earth, a seaport town of Prussian Poiperania, reg. Stralsund, on the Binnensee, at the mth., of theBarth,17m.W.N.W. Stralsund. P. 4,643. It has ship-building docks & a trade in corn & wobl:- Barthe-de-Neste (La), a comm. and viU. of France, dep. H. Pyr^nfes, cap. cant., 12 m. E. BagAeres-en-Bigorre. Pop. with cant. 1,046. B^BTHEi,EM¥ (St.), Several comm., towns, and vills.'of France. — I. a comm. and town, dep. Lot- et-Garonne, arrond. Marmande. Pop. 1,422 II. a coiftm. and vill., dep. Maine-et-Loire, arrond. Angers. Pop. 1,074. — III. a comm. and vill. dep. Manehe, arrond. Mortain. Pop. 664 IV. de Grodin, a vill. dep. Isire, arrond. Grenoble, with a rerbarkable " Fontaine Ardente," from which' a great quantity of gas escapes and bums spon- taneously. — V. Lestra, 3, comm. & vill., dep. Loire, arrond. Mountbrison. Pop. 842 — VI. le Fin, a comm. and vill. dep. Ardfeche, arrond. Toumon, Pop. 1,214. — VII. de SSchilienne, a comm. & vill. dep. IsJre, arrond. Grenoble. Pop. 998. — VIII. de Vals, a comm. and vill. dep. Drome, arrond. Valence. Pop. 1,043. Bartholomew (St.) Hyde, a pa. of Engl., co. Southampton, partly in city of Winchester and partly in liberty of Soke. Pop. 776. Bartholomew (St.), an isl. W. Indies, and the only colony of Sweden in America, 30 m. W^ St. Christopher ; lat. of E. pomt 17° 63' N., Ion. 62° 62' W. Area 35 sq. m. Pop. 18,000. Shape very irregular; soil fertile, though the island is remarkably destitute of fresh water; products sugar, tobacco, cotton, and cocoa. Being sur- rounded by rooks and shoals it is difficult of ac- cess, but the careenage on its W. side is a good harbour, and near it is the cap. town, Gustavia. It was ceded by France to Sweden in 1784. Babthomlev, a pa. Of Englatid, cos. Chfestev and Stafford, 5i m. S^S.E. Sandbach. Area BAB 123 BAS 11,600 ao. Pop. 3,609. The church has a richly carTCd wooden roof, erected in 1589. BABTLor (Gross), a Till, of Prussia, reg. Erfurt, cu-c. & 10 m. S.E. Heiligenstadt. Pop. 1,100. Babtlow, a pa. of England, co. CamJ)ridge, 2 m. E. by S. Linton. Area 320 ac. Pop. 89. Baetolome (San), a town of S. America, New Granada, 125 m. E.N.E. Antioquia. Pop. 1,000. Babtolomeo (San), a town of Naples, prov. Capitanata, 27 m. W.S.W. Foggia. Pop. 5,400. — II. a vill. dist. Salerno. Pop. 1,100. Babtolomeo (San), two isls. in the S. Pacific Ocean, one in the archipelago of the Carolines, the other off the S. coast of Papua. Babton, a township of the U. S., N. America, New York, 174 m. S.W. Albany. Pop. 2,324. Baeton, 2 pas. of England. — I. co. and 3} m. S.W. Cambridge. Area 1,500 ao. Pop. 319. — ^11. a pa. CO. Westmoreland, 13 m. W. by N. Appleby. Area 33,690 ac Pop. 1,668. If, has a grammar school, income 901. a-year. Pan^ of Ullswater-lake, and Patterdale-valley are in this Ea. Barton is the name of sev. townships & h am- sts in Engl., & of a farm in the Isle of Wight, 1 m. from East Cowes, the house on which, a stmc- ture of the Elizabethan period, has been restored as a summer residence for her Majesty. BaHmi is also the first name of the following pas. &nd towns of England I. (Sendish), co. Norfolk, 3J m. N.N.E. New Stoke-Ferry. Area 4,390 sq. m. Pop. 455.— II. (Blount), co. and 11 m. W. De-.jby. Area 1,530 ac. Pop. 68.— III. (Earl's), co. Nor- thampton, on the Nene, 3| m. S. W. Wellingboro'. Area 1,760 ac. Pop. 1,079.— IV. (Great), co. Suffoll£, 21 m. N.E. Bury. Area 4,030 ac. Pop. 774.— V. (Hartshame), co. and 4 m. S.W. Bu ;k- ingham. Area 870 ac. Pop. 165. — VI. (In l?a- bis), CO. and 5 m. S.W. Nottingham, on the Tront. Area 1,620 ac Pop. 333.— VII. (In the Cliy), CO. Beds, 3 m. S. SUsoe. Area 2,270 ac. I'op. 885.— VIII. (Mills), CO. Suffolk, 1 m. S. Milden- hall. Area 2,050 ac. Pop. 640.— IX. (on Ir- well), a township, co. Lancaster, pa. Eccleri, on the Liverpool and Manchester railway, 5J m. W. Manchester. Pop. 10,865. The first aqutjduct bridge constructed in England across a navig- able river, here carries the Bridgewater canal over the Irwell, and consists of 3 arches raised 40 feet above the river. — X. (Seagrave), co. Nor- thampton, 2 m. S.E. Kettering. Area 2,030 ac. Pop. 219.— XI. (Stacey), co. Hants, 5 m. S.W. Whitchurch. Area 4,520 ac. Pop. 561. Fair 31st July.— XII (Steeple), co. Oxford, 4Jm. S.W. Ded- dington. Area 2,710 ac. Pop. 640.— XIIK. (Si. Cuthhert i( St. Mary), co. York, N. Hiding, 5 m. S.W.Darlington. Area2,790ac. Pop. 631.— ;XIV. (St. David's), co. Somerset, 3J m. N.E. Somcrton. Area 1,090 ac. Pop. 455 XV.(5<. Mary,or Bar- ton Street), a hamlet, co. and adjacent to the city of Gloucester, pa. St. Mary de Lode, partly in Dunstone, Hund., & partly in the city of Glo'ster. Pop. 4,953.— XVL (Street), co. York, N. Kiding, 2 m. N.W. New Malton. Area 3,180 ac. Pop. 419.— XVII. (Turff), co. Norfolk, 6i m. S.E. North Walsham.- Area 1,750 ac. Pop. 408. — XVIII. (under Needwood), a chapelry, co. Staf- ford, pa. TatenhUl, 5 m. S.W. Burton-on-Trent. Pop. 1,4.59. Fairs, 3d May and 20th November. Its chapel was built in the reign of Heniy VIII. — XIX. (upon Heath), co. Warwick, 6 m. S. Ship- ton-on-Stour. Area 1,640 ac Pop. 212. About 2 m. from the vill. is " Four-shire stone," mark- ing the junction of the cos. Warwick, Worcester, Gloucester, and Oxford. Baeton-ufon-Humbeb, a market-town of England, CO. Lincoln, at its N. extremity on the Humber, 6 m. S.W. Hull, with which town it has an important steam communication. United area of pas. St. Peter and St. Mary, 6,710 ac Pop. 3,476. The town near the banks of the river, here 6 m. across, consists chiefly of two spacious streets. St. Peter's Church is a large ancient ediiioe, and there are alms-houses and an endowed charity school. Trade principally corn and flour; manufs. ofropes, sacking, bricks, and tiles. Market, Monday ; cattle fair. Trinity Thursday. Polling place for the Lindsey div. of the CO. About 3 m. S.E.ward are the remains of Thornton Abbey, founded in 1139. Babton- Westcott, a pa. of England, co. Ox- ford, 4 m. E. Enstone. Area 650 ac Pop. 290. Babtsch, a riv. of Prussia, rises in the S. of the prov. of Posen, and falls into the Oder on the rt. above Glogau. It passes Adelnau, Militsch, and Hermstadt, and is navigable to Blilitsch. Babugh, or Babgh, atnshp. ofEngl., co.York, W. Kid.,pa.Darton,2m.N.W.Baras!ey. P.1,260. Baedth, atown of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 31 m. S.E. Potsdam, with iron works. P. 1,670. — II. a vill. of Ssixony, circ. & 7 m. N.E. Bautzen. Babwalde, two small towns, Prussia I. prov. Brandenburg, reg. and 31 m. N.N.E. Frankfort-on- Oder. Pop. 2,260.-11. prov. Pomerania, reg. and near Stettin. Pop. 970. B.vbwallah, a large brick-built town, N.W. Hindostan, dom. Pattialah, N. of Hansi. Baewell, a pa. of England, co. Leicester, 2 m. N. Hinckley. Area 3,950 ac. Pop. 1,607. Babwick, sev. pas. of Engl. — I. co. Norfolk, 4^ m. S.S.W. Burnham-Westgate. Ac. 890. Pop. 32 II. CO. Somerset, 2 m. S. Yeovil. Area 920 ac Pop. 446 III. (in Elmett), co. York, W. Riding, 16 m. N.E. Leeds. Area 8,030 ac. Pop. 2,275. It has traces of a castle, said to have been a residence of the Northumbrian king, Edwin. Babysz, a town of Austrian GaUcia, circ. & 19 m. E.N.E. Stanislawow. Pop. 1,900. Bas, or Batz, a small island of France, dep. Manche, in the English channel, off the N. coast of the dep. Finistfere, 15 m. N.W. Morlaix ; with a lighthouse, in lat. 48° 45' N., Ion. 4° 1' W. Pop. 1,132. It is 3 m. in length, by about 2 m. in breadth ; and has on it a few small vills. and two forts. The channel betw. this island and Koscoff is an excellent roadstead. — II. a vill. of France, dep. Haute-Loire, 12 m. N. Yssengeaux. Pop. 1,080, who manufacture lace and earthenwares. Baschcbcb, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 7 m. N.W. Shrewsbury. Area 8,490 ac Pop. 1,491. It has two endowed schools, revenue about 400Z. Bascons, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Landes, arrond. Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. 1,150. Basel, or Bale, one of the cantons of the Swiss confederation since 1501, in the N.W., on the frontiers of France, & tlie grand duchy of Baden. Area about 170 square m. Surface un- dulating. Principal rivers, the Rhine and its tributaries, the Birz and Ergolz. Corn enough is raised for home consumption, and some wine is produced. Chief manuis. ribands, woollens, linens, leather, iron & steel wares. In 1832 it was divided into two portions entirely independent of each other : — viz.. Bale Ville, which comprises the city and several surrounding comms; pop. (1837) 24,321 : and Bale-Camp agne (the cap. of which is Liesthal), with the remaining communes of the canton. Pop. 41,120. Basel, or Basle (Germ. Basel, Fr. B&le), a city in the N. of Switzerland, cap. of BSJe Ville, on the Rhine, 43 m. N.E. Bern, which divides it in- to Great B. on the left, and Little B. on the right bank, connected by a wooden bridge, at BAS 123 BAS the termin. of the railway from Strasbourg (62 m. N.), and near that from Mannheim. Pop. (1837) 24,000. Lat. 47° 33' 34' N., Ion. 7° 35' E., elevation 900 feet, mean temperature of the year 49° 8', of January 32° 7', of July 66° 5' Fahr. It is well built, though the streets are narrow; public fountains numerous, and envu'ons pleasant. It has numerous scientific and literary estab- lishments, and a cathedral built on the site of the ancient Roman fort Basilia, which contains the tomb of Erasmus. Its university was founded 1460; it has also a grammar-school, botanic garden, & museum, & its library contains 50,000 volumes, with many important manuscripts. Basel is the most commercial city of the Swiss confederation. Its silk products are highly important; it is estimated that silk ribands to the value of 400,000/. ai^e anually exported from the city and canton ; it has also manufs. of cotton stu&, leather, paper, and gloves. Basel dates from the 4th century. In the 11th century it was the most powerM city of Helvetia ; it was the seat of a great council from 1431 to 1447, and of a memorable treaty between France and Prussia in 1795. Near it the French were defeated by the Swiss at the celebrated battle of St. Jacob, 1444. It is the birth-place of the two Holbeins, Bemouilli, and Euler, and was long the residence of Erasmos, who died here in 1536. Baselice, a town of Naples, prov. Molise, on a mountain, 21 m. S.B. Campobasso. Pop. 4,100. Basfobd, a pa. of Englcind, co. and 2^ m. N. Nottingham. Area 2,720 ac. Pop. 8,688^—11. a tnshp., CO. Chester, pa. Wybunbury,with a station on the Lond. & N. W. railw., 2i m. S.S.W. Crewe. Basree, or Bashi Islands, a group of islands, archip. of the PhiUppines, betw. Luzon and For- mosa, betw. lat. 20° and 21° N.,lon. 122° E.,with a Spanish colony, founded 1783. They were dis- covered by Dampier. Basbt, a citadel andvill. of Persia, prov. Fars, 80 m. W.N. W. Sbiraz. It resembles the castles of the old feudal barons in Europe, the chief's fort being surrounded by the habitations of his vassals. BAsmoH, or Bassadore, a decayed vill. at the W. end of the island Kisham, Persian Gulf. Lat. 26° 3^ N., Ion. 55° 22' E. Its vicinity is quite barren, and intolerably hot in summer. It has become the principal station for British ships in the gulf, and has a small bazaar, a hospital, and subscription rooms supported by Indian officers. Near it are the ruins oi^the old Portuguese town & fort of same name. There is good anchorage in the roads ; but the port is of difficult entrance. Basiento, or Basehto, a riv. of Naples, prov. Basilicata, rises in the Apennines, W. of Potenza, flows E.S.E. and enters the gulf of Taranto, 25 m. W.S.W. Taranto. Length 50 m. Near its mouth are the rems. of the anc. Metapontum. Basilan, one of the Philippine isls., off the S.W.extremity of Mindanao, and separated from it by Basilan strait, with a village in lat. 6° SC N., Ion. 122° 24' E. Inhabited by pirates. BASiLnoH, apa. of Engl., co. Berks, 7J m. N.W. Reading. Area 3,120 ac. Pop. 812. Near the vill. the Great W. Railway crosses the Thames. Basile (St.), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Ardfeche, arrond. Tournon. Pop. 1,138. Basilicata, Lucania, a prov. of the king- dom of Naples, having N. Capitanata, E. Bari, S.E. the Gulf of Taranto, S. Calabria Cit., & W. Princip. Ult., and Cit. cap. Potenza. Area 3,263 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 486,270. It is mostly mountainous, being traversed by the Apennines, and is not very fertile. It has a fine plain on the shores of the gulf, watered by sevl. small sti'eams. Chf. products, wine, cotton, lint, tobacco, and saf- fron. Chief towns, Potenza, Francavilla, & Tursi. Basilio (San), a vill. of Sardinia, prov. and 23 m. N. Cagliari. Pop. 1,172. Bastluzzo, one oi^the smaller Lipari islands in the Mediterranean, 2 m. N.E. Panaria. Basing (Old), a pa. of England, co. Hants,' 2 m. N.E. Basingstoke. Area 4,970 ac. Pop. 1,172. The magnif. castle built here by Wm. Paulet, 1st marquis of Winchester, and Ld. treas. to Queen Elizabeth, was in the civil war defended for two years against the parliamentary forces by John, 6th marq. It was finally stormed by Cromwell, Oct. 14th, 1645, and after yielding rich plunder to the besiegers, was burnt to the ground. Basingstoke, a munic. bor. and pa. of Eng- land, CO. Hants, on the S.W. Railway, 46J m. W.S.W. London. Area of pa. 3,970 ac. Pop. 4,066. It has a church built in the reign of Henry Tin., an anc. free school, with an income of 2001. a-year ; a blue coat school, founded 1646, several other charities (including an estate left by Sir G. Lancaster, rent 2501. per annum) ; a mkt.-house, town-hall, and jail, and a large trade in corn and malt, greatly facilitated by the Basingstoke canal, by which it communicates with the Wey and the Thames. Corp. rev. (1846-7)1,583?. 10s. Mkt.Wed. Fairs, Easter Tues, Wed. in Whitsun. week, Sept. 23, and Oct. 11. Near Basingstoke is a tract of 108 ao., on which every householder has a right of pasture ; and immediately N. of the town are the picturesque remains of the ancient chapel of the Holy Ghost. Basikweek, a vill. of N. Wales, co. Flint, pa, Holywell, containing ruins of ancient abbey and chapel of Knights Templars, erected by Henry ii. Baskineidge atownof U. S., North Amer., New Jersey, 15 m. N. New Brunswick. The English general Lee was made prisoner here in 1776. Baslow, a chapelry of England, co. Derby pa. and 3| m. N.E. Bakewell. Poj). 962. Basouda, a town of Central India, dom. & 150 m. S.W. Gwalior, and said to comprise 2,000 houses. — II. a town, same dom., 157 m. S.S.E. Gwalior, and having 500 houses. Basque Provinces, (Spanish, Vascongadas), a country of Spain, bounded N. by the Bay of Biscay, E. by Navarre, S. by the prov. Lo- grono, and W. by Burgos and Santander. The three Basque provs. are Biscay, cap. Bilbao ; Guipuzeoa, cap. Tolosa ; and Alava, cap. Vitoria. The Basques, who are nearly all shepherds, have always been celebrated for their bravery and vivacity. They speak a langnage which has no analogy with any other living tongue, and which, in remote ages, appears to have been used over all the peninsula. The French part of the Basque countij, which is now comprised in the dep. B. Pyr&ees, was formerly dependent on the prov. of Gascogne, and had for cap. Bayonne. Basquetille, or Bacqu etille, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine Inf., cap. cant., 10 m. S.S.W. Dieppe. Pop. of comm. 2,685. Bass, a large insulated greenstone rock of Scotland, at the mouth of the Firth of Forth, 3 m. N.E. North Berwick. Lat. 56° 4' 63" N., Ion. 2° 37' 57' W. It is about a mile in circum- ference, and 420 feet elevation ; a cavernous pas- sage penetrates through the rock from N.W. to S.E. On it are the ruins of a castle, and about 7 ac. of fine pasture land. In summer it is fre- quented by myriads of solan geese. — The Bass qflmierury, co. Aberdeen, is a mound near In- verury, believed to cover an aueient castle. Bass's Strait separates Australia from Tas- mania. First explored by Bass, a surgeon, ui BA8 124 BAS 1798. Average breadth 160 m., and much en- cumbered with islands and coral reefe. Bassao, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Charente, arrond. and 9 m. E. Cognac. Pop. 806. Commerce in wine and cognac brandy. Bassain, a principal seaport town, Burmese dom., cap. prov., on the right branch of the Ir- rawadi, 100 m. W. Rangoon. Lat. 16° 49' N., Ion. 94° 45' E. Estimated pop. 3,000. Bassaleo, a pa. of England, co. Monmouth, 2i m. W. Newport. Area 6,290 ac. Pop. 1,731. Bassam (Gband), a town of Africa, Upper Guinea, on the gold coast, near the mouth of the Assinie river. Exports gold dust. The French established a station here in 1844. Bassano, a small episcopal city of N. Italy, prov. Venice, and 19 m. N.E. Vicenza, cap. dist., on a height at the foot of the Alps, near the Brenta, in a country which produces excellent wine and fruits. Pop. 12,000. The inhabitants are noted for their industry, their manufactures, and trade in silk fabrics, woollens, and copper wares. In the private houses, the comm. palace, and the churches, are celebrated paintings, es- pecially those of G. da Ponie, sumamed Sassano. It has a picture gallery, a handsome theatre, and a magnificent botanic garden. The printing es- tablisimient of RemmMini is ancient and cele- brated. A handsome bridge was built on the Brenta in the middle of last century, to replace that by Palladio, destroyed 1748. Victory of the French over the Austrians, 8th Sept. 1796. Bass£e (La), a comm. and town of France, dep. Nord, cap. cant., on the canal of La Bass^e, 13 m. S.W. Lille. Pop. (1846) 2,248, with an ac- tive industry, and soap & beet-root sugar works. Bassbin, a seaport town, British India, presid. and 27 m. N. Bombay, dist. Concan. It was taken possession of by the Portuguese in 1531, captured by the Maharattas in 1750, and ceded to the British on the treaty of peace with the native powers in 1802. Bassehthwaite, a pa. of England, co. Cum- berland, ward. Allerdale, 5 m. N.W. Keswick. Area 6,930 ac. Pop. 536.— The Lake ofSassen- ihwaiie is in a vale of much beauty, and flanked on either side by the mountains Skiddaw and Winthorp Brows. Length 4 m. by 1 m. in breadth. BAssBBsnoBF, & vill. and pa. of Switzerland, cant, and 6J m. N.N.E. Ziirich. Pop. 2,200. Basses (Great), a ledge of rocks in the Bay of Bengal, off the S.E. coast of Ceylon. The eastmost rook is in lat. 6° 11' 48'' N., Ion. 81° 39^ 28' E., 8 m. from the mainland. Little Basses, lat. 6° 26' 63" N., Ion. 81° 68' 26' E., is the more dangerous of the two groups. A lighthouse is to be erected on Foul Point. Basse- Tebbe, several towns. West Indies. — I. a seaport, and cap. of the French isl. Guade- loupe, on its S.W. coast, in lat. 16° 59' 30' N., Ion. 61° 44' W ; it is the residence of the gov- ernor, the seat of a royal court and courts of as- size, and has several schools and a botanic gar- den. There is no harbour, and the roadstead is exposed. The comm. of Basse-Terre has a pop. of 12,414, of whom 7,536 are slaves, but the town has only 5,500 inhabitants. — II. a seaport and the cap. of St. Christopher, one of the British An- tilles, on its W. coast, in lat. 17° 17' 30' N., Ion. 62° 42' W. Pop. 6,500. Its harbour is defended by several batteries, and it has an active trade. —HI. a small town of Marie Galante, an isl. 12 m. S.E. Guadeloupe, on its W. coast. Bassibnana, a town of Piedmont, prov. and 8 m. N.E. Alessandria, formerly fortified ; excel- lent wine is produced in its vicinity. Pop. 2,800. Bassingbocbm, a pa. of Engl., co. Cambridge, 2Jm. N.W.Koyston. Area 4,236 ac. Pop. 1,774.- Fairs on the festivals of St Peter and St. Paul. Bassingham, a pa. of England, co. Lmcohi, 6 m. N.E. Newark. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 792. Bassingthobpb, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 3 m. N.W. Corby. Area 920 ac. Pop. 137. Bassobah, or Basba, Balsoba, Bussobah, (Arab, "a Tnargin"), a frontier city and riv. port of Asiatic Turkey, pash. Bagdad, on the Shat-el- Arab, riiier of the Arabs, formed by the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris, 70 m. from its mouth in the Persian Gulf, and 270 m. S.E. Bagdad. Lat. 30° 30' N., Ion. 47° 34' 15' E. Pop. usually estimated at 60,000. Half of these are Arabs, one-fourth Persians, and the rest Turks, Jews, K-hurds, and Roman Catholics. It is enclosed by a wall of sun-dried bricks, from 7 to 9 m. in cir- cumference, the space including rice fields, date groves, and gardens, and intersected by canals. Streets and houses mean, and except the English factory, the governor's residence, and a few of the mosques, there are no good edifices. The bazaars are mean, but stocked with all kinds of goods, Bassorah being the great emporium of the Turkish empire for eastern produce. Ships of 400 tons burden can come up to the caty, the trade of which is mostly carried on in Arabian bottoms. Imports comprise muslins and piece goods, spices, drugs, rice, sugar, indigo, sUk, cotton yarn, Surat manufs., and other Indian & Chinese goods, with lead, tin, steel, &c., which have been exported to India from Europe ; shawls, assafoetida, and fruits, from Persia ; coffee, dates, and guAs from Arabia ; pearls from Bahrein ; & coral from the Mediter., by way of Aleppo. Prin- cipal exports, horses to Bombay, the precious metals, dates, copper, gall-nuts, raw silk, gold fringe; and, among the returns to Persia, are many English cotton prints received by the Black Sea and Constantinople. Bassum, a to?ra of Hanover, 18 m. W. Hoya, cap. amt. Pop. 1,609, with manufe. of straw hats. Bastad, a town of Sweden, 60 m. W.N.W. Christianstadt ; with a small port in the Gnlf of Lahohn, in the Cattegat. Pop. 600. Bastan, a vaUey of Spain, prov. Pamplona, in Navarre. It affords excellent pasturage, is well watered, and contains 14 villages. Bastelica, a vill. of Corsica, cap. cant., 18 m. E.N.E. Ajaccio. Pop. (1846) 2,628. Bastia, a fortfd. seaport town, and formerly the cap. of Corsica, on its N.E. coast, 67 m. N.N.E. Ajaccio. Pop. (1846) 12,571. It has a citadel ; and a port for small vessels. It is the seat of the royal court for the isl., & a tribunal of commerce ; and has a comm. college ; manufs. of leather, soap, and hqueurs ; and an export trade in wine, oil, skins, hides, & coral. Near this are vestiges of Bom. colony of Mantmovum Oppidum. Bastide (La), several small towns of France. — I. (Clairence), dep. B. Pyrfo^es, cap. cant., 13 m. E.S.E. Bayonne. Pop. 2,000.-11. (iTArmagnac), dep. Gers, 27 m. W. Condom. Pop. of comm. 1,763.-111. (de Serou), dep Arifege, cap. cant., 9 m. W.N.W. Foix. Pop. 1,107.— Iv. {Rmairoiix), dep. Tarn, 21 m. S.E. Castres. Pop. 1,496. And numerous comms. in the S.W. deps. of France. Bastion, a* vill. of Algeria, near Constantine ; near it is the bastion, built by the French Afirican Company in 1620. The first establishment of the French in Algiers ; it was abandoned for CaUe. Bastosne, a town of Belgium, prov. Luxem- bourg, cap.dist., 25m. N.Arlon. Pop. (1842)2,266. Baston, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 3 m. N.N.W. Market-Deeping. Area 3,520 ac. Pop. 765. B AS 125 BAT Bastrop, a town of Texas, on the Colorado riv., 35 m. S.E. Austin. Pop. from 600 to 700. Baswick or Berkswiok, a pa. of Engl., co. & 2 m. S.E. Stafford. Area 6,410 ac. Pop. 1,438. Batabano, a town of Cuba, near its S. coast, 35 m. S.S. W. Havana, with which it communicates by railw. Chf. station for steamers on S. P. 667. Batalha, a town of Portugal, Estremadura, 7 m. S.S.W. Leiria, with 1,550 inhabitants ; and a handsome convent, founded by John i., to com- memorate the victory of bljubarrota in 1385. Batalin, an isl. of the Malay archipelago, off the E. coast of Celebes. Lat. 1° 20' S., Ion. 124° E. Length 25 m. ; average breadth 7 m. Batanq, a vill. and seaport on E. side of the isl. Gilolo, Malay archipelago II. an isl. off the S. extremity of ihe Malay peninsula, near Singa- pore, length 25 m. ; average breadth 10 miles. Batanqas, a seaport toim, Philippines, cap. prov., on the S. side of the isl. of Luzon. Batavia, a city and seaport of Java, cap. of the Dutch possessions in the E., and of residency of same name, at the mth. of the Jaccatrariv., on the N. coast of the isl. Lat. 6° 8' S., Ion. 106° 50' E., with a free port, extensive and safe. Pop. in 1832, 118,300; of whom 2,800 were Europeans ; 25,000 Chinese; 80,000 aborigines; 1,000 Moors and Arabs; 9,500 slaves. It is buUt on marshy ground, and intersected by canals in the Dutch style ; de- fended by a citadel and several batteries, and has a considerable garrison & marine arsenal. Ba^ tavia was long very unhealthy, but has been much improved by draining, & by the erection of hand- some suburbs. Mean temp, of year 78° .3 ; winter 78° .1 ; summer 78° .6 Fahr. Temp, at mid-day 80° to 90° ; at night 70° Fahr. It has a stadt-house, exchange, hospital, numerous churches, a mosque, a Chinese & 2 orphan hospitals, several Chinese temples, alarge club-house termed the Harmmde, & a botanic garden. It is the seat of a supreme commission of public instruction for the Dutch E. Indies, and has a school of arts and sciences, and publishes a newspaper. The Jaccatra is navi^ble by vessels of 40 tons, 2 m. inland; ships of from 300 to 400 tons anchor in the bay, 1} m. from shore. Batavia is the great commercial emporium of the Asiatic archipelago, and absorbs by far the greatest proportion of the trade of Java and Madura ; the exports of which islands, in 1841, amounted in value to 60,290,688 florins (5,024j72«.) ; and the unports to 29,483,163 florins (2,456,930/.) Exports consist mostly of coffee, sugar, pepper, indigo, hides, cloves, nut- megs, mace, tin, rice, rattans, and arrack. Chf. imports, linen and cotton goods, woollen stuffs, provisions, wines, metallic wares, and manufac- tured articles of all kinds from Europe and America ; with the products of the Archipelago, China, Siam, Bengal, Japan, and the W. Indies. In 1841, 1,905 ships, aggregate burden 124,228 lasts, entered the port, — of which 1,454, aggre- gate burden 97,142 lasts, were Dutch, and the rest chiefly Asiatic, English, American, and Portu- guese, Total customs rev. (1841) 6,193,126 florins (616,000?.) Batavia has a bank, with branches at Samarang and Surabaya ; and manufs. of leather and earthenware, mostly conducted by Chinese residents. It was founded by the Dutch in 1619 ; taken by the English in 181 1, and occupied by them till 1816. The district of Batavia, ex- tending along the N. shore of the isl., is flat and not so fertile as the other provs. of Java. Pop. (1846) 270,000. The resid. of the gov.-genl. was transferred from Buitenzorg to Batavia in 1847. Batavia, two tnships. of the U. S., N. Amer. — I. New York, cap. co. Genessee, ontheTonawonda railw., 31 m. S.W. Kochester. Pop. 4,219. The vill., with 2,000 inhabs., has a court-house, jail, and state arsenal. — II. Ohio, cap., co. Clermont, 103 m. S.W. Columbus. Pop. 2,187. Batcombb, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 9 m. S.Sherborne. Area 1,790 ac. Pop. 171.— II. co. Somerset, 3 m. N. Bruton. Area 3,150 ac. P. 780. Bate Island, an isl. W. Hindostan, in the Gulf of Cutch, lat. 22° 26' N., Ion. 69° 15' E. It has a good harbour, and a famous Hindoo temple. Batenbckg, a town of the Netherl'ds, prov. Gelderland, 9 m. W. Nymegen, on rt. b. of the Maese. Pop. 636. It is the Oppidum Batavorum of the Eomans. Bath, AqutB Solis, a city and pari. & munici- pal borough of England, cap. co. Somerset, on the Avon, here crossed by 2 stone, 2 iron, and 3 suspension bridges, and on the Great Western railw., 12 m. E.S.E. Bristol, 100 m. W.S.W. Lon- don. Lat. 61° 23' N., Ion. 2° 22' W. Area of bor. 980 ac. Pop. 52,346, but this number is said to be frequently augmented by 14,000 visiters. Bath was known to the Eomans under the name of Aquce Solis; and baths were erected in the reign of Claudius. The earliest extant charter is that of Richard i., which was confirmed by Henry in., and extended to its present form in reign of George ill. The city stands enclosed by an amphitheatre of hills, on the W. declivity of which its finest quarters extend in successive terraces ; and being mostly built of white free- stone, in a highly embellished style of architec- ture, is allowed to he the handsomest city in Bri- tain. Principal edifices, the Abbey church, in the latest Gothic style, 210 feet in length, and with a tower 170 ft. in height ; St James', St Michael's ; the guild hall, city jail, a superb theatre, the free- masons' lodge, subscription club-house, assembly and concert rooms, several large and flourishing hospitals, and the buildings connected with its famous baths. In the W. of the city is the Royal Victoria Park; & it has numerous other favourite promenades & places of publ. recreation, among which are the Sidney gardens. Bath has many educational and other establishments; among which are a grammar school, founded by Edward VI., and to the mastership of which is attached the rect. of Charlcorabe ; bluecoat and national schools ; Partis's college for 30 decayed gentle- women, the hospital of St John the Baptist, with an income of 11,395Z. ; a Roman Cath. collegiate establisht. ; the Bath and W. of England society, Bath literary and philosophical institution, a pub- lic subscription library, & a mechanics' institute. The hot springs, to which this city owes its origin, are saline and chalybeate, temp. 90° to 117° Fahr. ; they rise immediately on the bank of the riv., and supply five distinct establishments, the King's, Queen's, Cross, Hot, and Abbey baths. The first four belong to the corporation, and yielded, in 1839, a rev. of 1,646?. To the King's bath is at- tached the great pump-room, a saloon 86 ft. in length, 48 in breadth, and 34 in height, and con- taining a marble statue of the celebrated " Beau Nash," the arbiter of fashion at Bath for 60 years during the last century, and to whom the city owed much of its prosperity. The Abbey baths are the property of Earl Manvers, and are fur- nished in a style adapted for the wealthy classes, by whom, however, Bath has ceased to be fre- quented so much as formerly ; having been su- perseded by Brighton, Cheltenham, &c. Its former manuf. of coarse woollens, termed " Bath coating," has greatly declined : its shops, how- ever, are generally as well supplied as those of London, which they rival in appearance. The city BAT 12S BAT is well situated for general commerce, & commu- nicates with Bristol and various other towns by the Kennet and Avon canal. Corporation rev. (1846-7) 21,345/. ; expend. 19,928?. 12s. ; assessed taxes, 30,8782. 10s. Bath sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Eeg. electors (1842-3) 2,941. Mkts., Wed. & Sat. Fairs, Feb. 14 & July 10. Races on Lans- down, adjacent, the week after Ascot races, be- sides a spring meeting. Bath with Wells forms a bishopric, comprising all the co. Somerset, except a part of Bristol, but the bp.'s palace and cathedral are at Wells. Bath gives the title of Marquis to the head of the Thynne family. Bath, a tnship. & seaport of the TJ. S., N. Amer., Maine, on the Kennebec, 12 m. from the sea, and 27 m. S. Augusta. Pop. 5,141. Beg. shipping (1840) 64,036 tons. Ship-building is extensively carried on here. — 11. a tnship. New York, cap. co. Steuben, 180 m. W.S.W. Albany. Pop. 4,915 III. a CO. and chief town, centre of Virginia, 164 m. W.N.W. Richmond, with hot springs. Pop. of county 4,300. Bath, a town of Hungary, north of the Danube, CO. Honth, 58 m. N.N.W. Pesth. Pop. 2,368. BATHAMPTOif, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 3 m. N.E. Bath, with which its vBl. is connec. by rows of suburban residences. Area 860 ac. Pop. 354. Bathan's Abbey (St.), a pa. of Scotl., co. Ber- wick, 7 m. N.W. Chirnside. Area 5,000 ac. Pop. 146. Of its ancient abbey no traces exist. Bathealton, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 3 m. S. Wiveliscombe. Area 740 ac. Pop. 135. Batheaston, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 2J m. N.E. Bath, with which it is connected by uninterrupted lines of houses. Area 1,900 ac. Pop. 2,191. An intrenchment on Salisbury Hill in this pa. is supposed to have formed the camp of the Saxons during the siege of Bath, a.d. 677. Bathfobd, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, on the Avon, 3 m. E.N.E. Bath. Area 2,030 ac. Pop. 1,099. Hampton Cliif is m this parish. Bathgate, a burgh of barony, town, and pa. of Scotland, co. Linlithgow, on the middle road be- tween Edinburgh and Glasgow, 17 m. W.S.W. Edinburgh. Area of pa. 11, 214 ac. P. of do., 3,928 ; of town, 2,809. The old town is built on a steep declivity ; the new town is regularly built on more level ground, and well paved, lighted, and supplied with water. The church was erected in 1739 ; & there are a well endowed academy, branch banks, manufs. of cotton goods for Glasgow houses, and coal and lime works. Mkt. Wed., mostly for corn. Cattle fairs, seven times annually. Bathubst, a seaport town of W. Africa, cap. of the British colony of Senegambia, on the sm. isl. of St Mary's, at the mouth of the Gambia riv,, in lat 13° 28' N., Ion. 16° 35' W. Pop. (1836) 2,825, mostly blacks. In the main street, facing the riv., are some European dwellings and ware- houses ; the rest of the town consists of African huts. Principal buildings, gov. house, a large hospital for liberated Africans, and Wesleyan schools. Exports comprise gum, Senegal wax, hides, ivory, gold, tortoise-shell, rice, cotton, African teak, palm-oil, and country cloths. Beg. shipping (1846) 1,574 tons. (See also Gambia.) — 11. a town of South Africa, Cape Colony, Albany district, 20 m. S.E. Graham's Town. Bathurst, a township of New South Wales, cap. CO., on the Macquarrie River,98 m. W.N.W. Sydney. Being the principal town in the re- cently discovered gold regions, its population is rapidly on the increase. Bathurst county is en- closed N.E. and S. by Wellington, Roxburgh, Westmoreland, Georgina, and King cos., and has W. an unsettled country. The Macquarrie forms its N.E., & the Lachlan riv., its S.W., boundaries. On Summerhill Creek, a tributary of the Mac- quarrie, 27 m. N.W. Bathurst, are the Ophirgold diggings. — II. a town and bay of New Brunswick. The town is situated at the mouth of the Nipisi- gnit river, in Bathurst Bay, lat. 47° 37' N., Ion. 65° 45' W.— III. (Cape), British North America, on the Arctic Ocean, lat. 70° 30' N., Ion. 127° 30' W.— IV. (B. Inlet), British North America, lat. 67° 30' N., Ion. 109° W.— V. (B. Island), off North Australia, 120 m. W. Port Essington, immediately W. Melville Island. Shape triangular : length & greatest breadth, about 30 m. each. It is densely wooded, except at its west extremity, which is sandy and barren. — {Lake), near the centre of Newfoundland, is 40 m. in length, W. to E., by 6 m. across, & discharges its waters E.ward by the Exploits River Bathursths the name of adistrict of Upper Canada, having N.E. the Ottawa River, S.E. the Rideau River & canal, & W. the midland district. Also, a tract of land discovered by Sir E. Parry, in the Arctic Ocean, lat. 75° N., Ion. 100° W. Bathwick, a pa. of Engh, co. Somerset, form- ing an E. suburb of the city of Bath, with which it is connected by two bridges across the Avon. Area 630 ac. Fop. 4,972. Ithas handsome streets. Bationolles-Monceaux, a town of France, dep. Seine, arrond. St Denis, circ. Neuilly-sur- Seine, N.E. of Paris, of which city it forms a suburb. Pop. (1846) 19,380. Batindah, a town, N.W. India, Rajpootana, 180 m. N.W. Delhi. Its neighbourhood was for- merly celebrated for its breed of horses. Batlev, a town and pa. of England, co. Tork, W. Riding, 2 m.E.Dewsbury. Areaof pa. 6,300 ac. Pop. of do. 14,278, mostly employed in woollen cloth and carpet manufs., for which there are large & nums. mills. The church, built in the reign of Henry vi., contains monuments of the Savilles & Fitzwilliams. Lee's school, founded in 1612, has a rev. from land amounting to 120/. a-year. Baton Rocge, a town of the U. S., N. Amer., Lomsiana, on 1. b. of the Mississippi, 80 m. N.W. New Orleans. Pop. 3,000. It has a college, founded in 1838. It replaced New Orleans as cap. of the state in 1849. — Also a town on the W. side of the Mississippi, opp. the former. Pop. 4,638. Batbun, a small town & port of Asiatic Tur- key, pash. & 12 m. S. of Tripoli. Batshian, or Batsiak, an isl. of the Dutch E. Indies, Molucca archip. in the Temate group, S.W. Gilolo. Lat. 0° 35' S., Ion. 127° 35' E. Estun. area 900 sq. m. It is mntnous- & fertile. The Dutch took it from the Spaniards in 1610. Batsford, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 2 m. N.W. Moreton. Area 980 ac. Pop. 79. Batstad, a small seaport town and revenue station of Sweden, laen and 20 m. S. Halmstad, on Laholm Bay, an inlet of the Kattegat. Baitaglia, atown of North. Italy, Venice, deleg. & 9i m. S.S.W. Padua. Pop. 2,700. Cap. dist. with thermal springs (temp. 158 Fahr.) and well frequented baths. — 11. a vill. of Naples, Princip. Cit., distr. Salai. Pop. 1,218. Battalah, a town of the Punjab, 26 m. N.E. Umtitsir, celeb, for its climate, which is con- sidered the most healthy in the Punjab. Battam, an isl. of the Malay archipelago, W. of Bintang, and 20 m. S. Singapore. Battanta, an isl. of the Asiatic archipelago, off the N.W. extremity of Papua. Lat. 0° 66' S., Ion. 130° 25' E. Estunated area 200 sq. m. Battaszek, a mkt. town of Hungary, W. of the Danube, co. & 16 m. S. Tolna. Pop. 6,370. Battecollah {Batucala, " the round town'^ BAT 127 BA U a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. Ca- nara, on tlve Indian Ocean, 115 in. S.S.E. Goa. Battenbero, a town of Hessen- Darmstadt, cap. circ, prov. Ober-Hessen, 31 m. N. Giessen, on the Eder. Pop. 954. Iron foundries Bat- ier^ld is a village in same circle. Pop. 661. Battenheim, a comm. and vill of France, dep. H. Rliin, arr. Altlm-ch. Pop. 1,092. Battersea, a pa. of Engl., oo. Surrey, on the Thames, 4, m. S.W. London. Area 3,020 acres, much of which is laid out in mkt. gardens. Pop. 6,887. An academy for schoolmasters has lately been established in the village. In the church is a monnment to the celebrated Lord Bolingbroke. Batticaloa, a town and seaport on the £. coast of Ceylon, 70 m. S.S.E. T^incomalee. It stands on a small island, and has a fort, and a harbonr fit for vessels of 80 tons. Battice, a t. of Belgium, prov. Liege,arrond. & 4m.N.W. Verviers. Pop. 4,280. Manufe. of cloths. Battisford, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 2 m. W. Needham. Area 1,340 ac. Pop. 520. Battle, a mkt.-town and pa. of England, co. Sussex, rape and 6 m. N.W. Hastings. Area of pa. 7,880 ac. Pop. of do. 3,039. The town, en- closed on three sides by wooded hills, consists mostly of a single street, ^ m. in length, termi- nated by the fine gateway of its old abbey. In its church are numerous antique monuments and devices. It has a school with an income of 68Z. annually, a union work-house, and several gun- powder mills. Mkt. for com on the 2d Tues. of each month ; fairs, "WTiit-Mon., and Nov. 22. It derives its present name from the great battle (nsaaSy called the Battle of Hastings), fought on the heath between it and Epiton, Oct. 14, 1066, by which the Saxon dj-nasty in England was finally overthrown by the Normans, under "Wil- liam the Conqueror. Battle Abbey, founded by "William on the locality where Harold's banner nad been planted, was of great extent, as is at- tested by its remains. On a part of its site stands the mansion of the Websters, lords of the ma- nor. — ^11. a pa. of S. "Wales, co. Brecon, 3 m. N.E. Brecknock. Pop. 176. Battle Bridge, a suburb of London, on its N. side, where Gray's Inn Bead joins the New Road, said to derive its name from a conflict between the troops of Boadicea and the Romans. Battle Field, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 3 m. N.E. Shrewsbury. Area 850 ac. Pop. 64. Fair, 2d August. It derived its name from the great victory gained here in 1403 by the troops of Henry iv. and the Prince of "Wales over those of the Earl of Northumberland, whose son, Hot- spur, was killed in the battle, and his ally, the Earl of Douglas, taken prisoner. Battlesdek, a pa. of Engl., co. Bedf., on the "Watling St , 3 m. S. "Wobum. Ac. 1,140. P. 179. BATD,orBATTOE,avolcanic and densely wooded isl. of the lyialay archipelago, off the W. coast of Sumatra, lat. 0° 10' N., Ion. 98° 40' E. Estim. area, 400 sq. m. — II. (B. Baru), a town on the E, coast of Sumatra, lat. 3° 20' N., Ion. 97° E. Its inhabs. carry on an active maritime trade. Batum, a town and seaport of Russia, prov. Georgia, on the Black Sea, 108 m. N.E. Tre- bizond. It has many new buildings, and seems rising into importance. Its harbour is tolerably good, but the situation is marshy and unhealthy. Batvbin, a town of Little Russia, prov. and 63 m. E. Tchemigov-on-the-Seim. Pop. 9,000. It was the residence of the Hetman of the Ukraine Cossacks, from 1699 to 1708. Battirska-wola, a large vill. of Austr. Poland, Galicia, circ. and 9 m. N.W. Bochnia. Pop. 2,300. Batz, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Loire- Iiif., in a marshy tract on the Atlantic, 42 m. W.N.W. Nantes. P. (1846) 1,286, empl. in adjacent salt-works and in fishing II. a small island of France, dep. Finistfere, arrond. Morlaix, near the coast ; length, 2 m. ; breadth, 1 m. Pop. 1,032. Bauoo, BovillcB, a town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 6 m. E. Frosinone. Pop. 3,000. Baud, a town of France, dep. Morbihan, cap. cant., 13 m. S.S."W. Pontivy. Pop. (1846)1,082. Baudmannsdokf, or Baumsdorff, a vill. of Pruss. Silesia, reg. Liegnitz, with a monmt. com- mem. the victory of the Prussians, 26th May 1813. Bauekv? iTZ, a town of Pruss. Silesia, on 1. b. of the Zinna, reg. & 35 m. S. Oppeln. Pop. 2,300. Baco, a town of Hindostan, Holkar's dom., 83 m. S.W. Oojein; near it remarkable cave-temples. BAuof , a town of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, cap. arrond. on the Couanon, 23 m. E.N.E. An- gers. Pop. (1846) 3,107. It has a comm. col- lege, and manufs. of woollens and coarse linens. The English, under the D. of Clarence, were de- feated here in 1421.-11 (le Vieil), a viU. S.W. Baug^, with ruins of castle of 11th century. Bavghdrst, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 4 ra. E. Kingsclere. Area 1,020 ac. Pop. 528. Baijglee, a town Brit. India, prov. Malwa, on the Keiree Nullah, 5 m. N. Sundersee. Baule, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Loiret, 12 m. S.W. Orleans. Pop. with comm. 2,095. Bauleah, a populous commercial town of Bri- tish India, presid. Bengal, dist. Rajeshaye, on the Ganges, 25 m. N.E. Moorshedabad. Bahlon, a comm. and town of France, dep. Dle-et-Vilaine, 16 m. S.W. Rennes. Pop. 1,41?. Bauma, a pa. and vill. of Switzerland, cant. & 16 m. E. Ziirich. Pop. of pa. 3,700, of vill. 1,550. Baumber, or Bameuegh, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln,Sm. N.W. Horncastle. Ac. 3,200. P. 371. Baume (Sainte), a mntn. in the S.E. of France, dep. Var, cant. St. Maximin. Ht. 2,850 ft. Baumeeas, or Batimian. [Bamian.] Battmes-les-Dames, a town of France, dep. Doubs, cap. arrond., on r. b. of the Doubs, 18 m. N.E. Besangon. Pop. (1846) 2,211, with rich quarries of gypsum, paper and iron works. Baumgarten, a vill. of Prussian Silesia, 13 m. N.E. Glatz. Pop. 1,250 — II. a vill. of Austria, near "Vienna, with a castle of the Prince Ester- hazy — and many other vills. in Germany. Baumholder, a town of Rhen. Prussia, reg. Treves, circ. & 12 m. N.E. St. Wendel. P. 1,370. Baunaoh, a town of Bavaria, 6i m. N.N.W. Bamberg. Pop. 1,000. In its vicinity is the grotto of the Magdalene, freq. as a place of pilgrimage. BadnS, a coram. & vill. of France, dep. Maine- et-Loire, arr. Baug^, cant. Seiches. Pop. 1,197. Baunei, a vill. of Sardinia, prov. Lanusei, 76 m. N.E. Cagliari, near the coast. Pop. 1,460. Baunton, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 2 m. N. Cirencester. Area 1,310 ac. Pop. 187. Bauntwah, a town British India, Gujerat pe- ninsula, 27 m. W. Junaghur. Baupettah, a town, British India, presidency Madras, dist. and 29 m. S. Guntoor. Bauskea, a small town, Russia, gov. Courland, with acastle, on the Aa, 23 m. S.E. Mitau. P. 1,200. Baussaine (La), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaiue, arr. St Malo. Pop. 1,223. Badtsoh, a town of Moravia, circ. Prerau, 22 m. N.E. Olmiitz. Pop. 2,669. Linen weaving. Bactzen, or Budissik, a town of Saxony, cap. circ. on the Spree, & on the railway from Dres- den to Gorlitz, 31 m. E.N.E. Dresden. Pop. (1846) 8,676. It has a cathed. common to Rom. Catho- lics andProtestants, agymnasium, 2publiclibra- BAU 128 BAV ries, and mannfs. of woollen, linen, leather, and paper, & an active general trade. The battle of Bautzen, gained by Napoleon over the allies, was fought May 21 & 22, 1813.— ^eiB Bautzen, is an adjacent village with 200 inhabitants. BAtrvEOHAiN-TouBBiNES, a ooinm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. Brabant^ arr. Louvain. P. 1,852. Baux-de-Bbetecil, a comm. and village of France, dep. Eure, arr. Evreux. Pop. 1,621. Bauzac, a comm. and vilL of France, dep. H. Loire, arr. Tssengeanx. Pop. 2,697. Bauzille-de-Puxois (St.), a comm. & town of France, dep. Herault, 32 m. N.N.W. Montpellier. Pop. 1,622 ; with a curious grotto. Bavabia (Circle of), an old subdivision of Germany, which comprised the S. & E. portions of the modern kgdm. of Bavaria, E. of the Rhine, with the archbishopric of Salzburg. Bavabia (Kingdom of), (Germ. Bayem or Bai- em, Lat. Bavaria Vindelicid), a state of central Europe, forming part of the German confedera- tion, cap. MuNCHEN. (Munich.) This kingdom is composed of two isolated masses of territory, the E.ward & largest of which is sit. betw. lat. 47° 20', & 50° 41' N., & Ion. 9° & 13° 48' E., & bounded N. by Hessen- Cassel, Saxe-Meningen, & Cobnrg Gotha, the princip. of Reuss, and the kingdom of Saxony ; E. by Bohemia and Austria ; S. by the Tirol; and w. by Wiirtemberg, Baden, and Hessen Darmstadt. The westernmost, forming Rhenish Bavaria, or the Palatinate, the originsd possession of the reigning family, is situated on the W. of the Rhine, between lat. 48° 57', and 49° 50' N., and Ion. 7° 6' and 8° 27' E., bounded N. by Rhenish Prussia and Hessen-Darmstadt ; E. by Baden, from which it is separated by the Rhine ; S. by France, and W. by Rhen. Prussia and Hessen Homburg. The state is divided into eight circles (kreise), the extent and population of which are as follow : — CUdea. (Kreiie). Area iQ sq. m. Pop. Dm. 31, leis. Cb. Citiei. 1. Oberbayern,{irp-l per Bavaria), J 2. Neiderbayem 1 (Lower Bavarial.j 3. Pralz (Palatinate), 4. Oberpfalz and 1 Reg'ensburg, . J 5. Oberfranken e, Singidunum, an Important fortified city of Servia, on r. b. of the Danube, at the con- fluence of the Save, 44 m. S.E. Peterwardein ; lat. 44° 47' 67' N., Ion. 20° 28' 14' E. Pop. 30,000. It is the largest and best built city of Servia, and one of the strongest places in Europe, being garrisoned by 6,000 Turks. The citadel, occupied by the Turkish pasha and troops, is on the tongue or land between the rivs., behind which rises the city proper, with antique-looking German edifices, a new cathedral, a palace, and bari'acks. The Turkish quarter, with the old palace of Prince Eugene, slopes down to the Danube ; the Servian quarter, with the custom-ho. and consular resi- dence, borders on the Save, which is lined by a good quay, and rows of mod. houses. Belgrade had formerly quite an oriental appearance, but it is becoming abandoned by wealthy Tiu'ks; churches are superseding mosques ; new build- ings are being constructed in the German fashion ; and the bazaars have now glazed shop-windows. The streets, however, remain filthy, Ul-paved, and not lighted, and the public baths and inns are wretched. It has manufs. of arms, carpets, silk goods, cutlery, and saddlery ; with a tolerable port, an increasing general trade, a new lyceum, and several schools ; it is the entrepfit of com- merce between Turkey and Austria, and the seat of the principal authorities of Servia. It was taken by the Turlra, imder Solyman ii., in 1622 ; and re-talcen by Prince Eugene in 1717. It was partly ruined during the Servian insurrection in 1813, and its repair was commenced by the Porte in 1836. — II. a town of European Turkey, Ru- mili, 13 miles N. Constantinople, and where many opulent inhabs. of that city have country-houses. Belobam, Balagrame, a town of India, dom. Oude, 68 m. N.W. Lucknow. A town of some antiquity, but greatly fallen off. It has decayed buildings in the best style of Mogul architec- ture. BELonAVE, a pa. of England, co. and \\ m. N. Leicester. Area 3,460 ac. Pop. 2,609. It gives the title of viscount to the Marq. of ■Westminster. Belhaven, a vill. of Scot],, co. Haddington, pa. and 1 m. W. Dunbar. Pop. 380. It gives title of baron to a branch of the Hamilton family. Bblhelvie, a maritime pa. of Scotland, co. and 7 m. N.N.E, Aberdeen. Pop. 1,694. Belici, Typsa, a riv. in the W. of Sicily, rises 9 m. 8, Palermo, flows S.S.W., separates the in- BEL 140 tends. Girgenti & Trapani, & enters the Medi- terranean, 15 m. N.W. Sciacea. Length 27 m. Behda, a town of Africa, Algeria. [Blidah.] Belin, a comm. &vill. of France, dep. Gironde, cap. cant., 25 m. S.S."W. Bordeaux. Pop, 1,550. Behtz, or Beelitz, a fortfd. town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. & 12 m. S.S.W. Potsdam. Pop. 2,350, partly engaged in linen manufs. Belize, a British colony, Cent. Amer. [Balize.] Bella, a town of Naples, proT. Basilicata, cap. cant., 14 m. S.S.W. Melfl. Pop. 5,000. Bellao, a town of France, dep. H. Vienne, cap. arrond., 23 m. N.N.W. Limoges. Pop. (1846) 8,166, who manuf. coarse woollens and paper. Bellaggio, a small town of Nerthern Italy, deleg. and 16 m. N.N.E. Como, at the extrem. of the promontory which divides the lakes of Como and Lecco. It has numerous rich villas and gardens, and commands extensive prospects. Bellaghy, 2 vills. of Ireld I. Ulster, co. Lon- donderry, 6 m. N.N.E. Magherafelt. Pop. 739. It has monthly mlcts., & 2 annual fairs. — II. Con- naught, CO. Sligo, 7 m. N.E. Swiueford. Pop. 292. Bellano, a vill., Lombardy, gov. Milan, 14 m. N.N.W. Lecco, atthemth. of the torrent Piovema, on which is a cascade called the Orrido di Bellano. Bellart, one of the Balaghaut ceded dists. of British India, presid. Madras, having E. Cudda- pah,W. the Bombay dist. Dharwar, N. the Nizam's dom. and S. Mysore. Area 12,703 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 1,112,839. Land rev. (1836-7) 217,090?. ; total rev. 302,868? II. cap. above dist., and head quarters of a div. of the Madras army, 265 m. N.W. Madras. It has a square fort on a rocky height ; below which is the town, with a good bazaar, some barracks, and neat milit. can- tonments. — III. a decayed town, presid. Bengal, Gurrah-Mundlah dist., lat. 23° 48' N., Ion. 80° 20' E. It was formerly extensive, and near it are some fine Hindoo temples. Bellas, a town of Portugal, prov. Estrema- dura, 8 m. N.W. Lisbon, on the Ancelva, with mineral baths, and a fine castle. Pop. 4000. Belle Alliance (La), a hamlet of Belgium, prov. Brabant, 13 m. S. Brussels, &'2 m. S. Mont St Jean. It was the centre of operations in the field of Waterloo, and the place where Napoleon commanded the battle called by the Prussians the battle of La Belle Alliance, 18th June 1815. Belleau, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, 4 m. N.W. Alford. Ac. 430. Pop. 193. Belleek, a par. and vill. of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Fermanagh, on the Erne, here crossed by a bridge, 4 m. JE.S E. Ballyshannon. Area 12,849 ac. Pop. 2,875, of whom 251 are in the village. Bblle-Fontaisb, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Vosges, 10 m. S. Epinal. Pop. of comm. 2,650. It has iron works, and manms. of coarse cutlery. — ^11. ahamlet of Switzerland, cant. Berne, on r. b. of the Doubs, with extensive iron works. Bellegabde, a hamlet of France, dep. E. Pyrdndes, on the Spanish frontier, 17 m. S. Per- pi'gnan, with an important citadel built by Louis xiT. — II. {Pont de) dep. Ain, arr. Nantua, with a custom-ho. Near it is the celeb. Pertedu Rhtkie. — III. dep. Gard, arrond. Nlsmes. Pop. 1,726. Belleisle, anisl. of British N. America, in the Atlantic Ocean, at the entrance of the strait of same name, betw. Labrador and the N. extremity of Newfoundland. Lat. of N. point 52° 1' 16' N., Ion. 55° 19' 4" W. Wheat is said to ripen well on it, and it yields potatoes and other vegetables. Belleghem, a town of Belgium, prov. E. Flan- ders, arrond. and 3 m. S. Conrtrai. Pop. 3,182. Belleisle-en-Meb, an isl. of France, dep. Morbihan, in the Atlantic, 8 m. S. Quiberon Point. Length about 11 m. ; greatest breadth 6 m. Pop. 9,391, mostly engaged in the pilchard fishery. The isl. is noted for its excellent wheat, and its fine breed of draught horses. It is nearly surrounded by rocks, and has a good anchorage and several small ports. The isl. forms a canton, and is defended by a citadel. It was taken by the English in 1761, and held by them till 1763.— BelleiaU-en-Terre is a small town, dep. C6tes-du- Nord, cap. cant., 10 m. W. Guingamp. Pop. 1,378. Bellem, a vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arrond. and 10| m. N.W. Ghent. Pop. 1,630. BellSme, or Bellesmb, a comm. and town of France, dep. Orne, cap. cant., near the forest of Bellesme, 22 m. E.S.E. Alengon. Pop. (1846) 3,241. It has manufs. of coarse linen and cottons, Belleville, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine, forming a suburb of Paris, and enclosed by new fortifications. Pop. (1846) 24,235. It stands on an eminence, interspersed with villas and pub- lic gardens, and has manufs. of cashmeres, chemi- cal prod., soap,&metals. — II. atown,dep. Rhone, cap. cant., 8 m. N. Villefranche. Pop. 1,870. Belleville, a tnship. U. S., N. Amer., New Jer- sey, CO. Essex, 3^ m. N.E. Newark. Pop. 2,466, Bellet, Bellidum, a town of France, dep. Ain, cap. arrond., near the Khone, 39 m. E. Lyon. Pop. (1846) 3,666. It is the seat of a bishopric, has a fine church, and was formerly fortified. In its vicinity are the best lithog. stones in France. It has manuft. of muslins, and trade in Gruyere cheese. Belley served as a place of arms to Caesar against the Allobroges. Alaric burned it in 390; possessed in the middle ages by the Dukes of Savoy, it was ceded to France in 1601. Bellie, a marit. pa. of Scotl., cos. Moray and Bans', on the Spey, 8 m. E. Elgin. Pop. 2,434. The vill. of Fochabers, and Gordon Castle, a seat of the Duke of Bichmond, are in this parish. Bbllingham, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. Northumberland, ward Tindale, on the Tyne, 14 m. N.N.W. Hexham. Area of pa. 15,540 ac, consisting mostly of moors and sheep-walks. Pop. 1,730. The town is a polling-place for the S. divi- sion of the county. Mkt., Sat. Fairs, 1st Wed. after Sept. 15, and Sats. before May 12 and Nov. 12, for hiring servants. The lands belonged to the Earl of Derwentwater; were forfeited to the crown in 1715, & granted to Greenwich Hospital. BELLiNGSHAnsEN ISLAND, Society Isls., Pacific Ocean, is in lat. 16° 48' S., Ion. 164° 80' W. Bellingwolde, a frontier vill., Netherlands, prov. and 26 m. E.S.E. Groningen. Pop. 2,784. Bellinzona (Germ. Bellenz), a town of Swit- zerland, one of the caps, of the cant. Ticino, on 1. b. of the Ticino, here crossed by a long bridge, 16 m. N. Lugano. Pop. 1,620. It is well built in the Italian style, but its streets are narrow and dirty. It has several castles ; & is the seat of an active transit trade between Switzerland andltaly. Bellou, two comms. and vills. France, dep. Orne, B.-en-Houlme, arr. Domfront. Pop. 2,859. — B.-surSutne, arr. Mortagne. Pop. 937. Beleovak, a town and post-station of Croatia, cire. Batinyan, 37 m. N.E. Agram. Pop. 2,800. Bell-Rock, or Inch-Cape, a reef of rocks in the German Ocean, off the E. coast of Scotland, 12 m. S.E. Arbroath. The reef is about 2,000 ft. in length ; and at spring-ebbs, a portion is uncover- ed to the height of 4 ft. Between 1808 and 1811, a lighthouse was biiilt on it, which is 90 feet in height, and 42 feet in diameter at its base, with a revolving light; lat. 56° 26' 3" N., Ion. 2° 23' 6' W. At the distance of 100 yards all round the rock, at low water of spring-tides, there is about three fathoms depth of water. BEL 141 BEL Bell Town, tlie cap. of a self-styled regal chief of Guinea, on tlie Cameroons riv., near its estuary. It is large, and regularly built, consist- ing of neat bamboo houses. Merchant vessels may lie in the river quite close to the town. Belluno, Bellunum, a city of N. Italy, Venice, cap. deleg., onr. b. of the Piave, 51 m. N.Venice. Pop. 9,700. It is end. by old walls ; it has a fine aqueduct, a cathedral designed by Palladio, a rich hospital, diocesan & liigh schools, a public library ; mannfs. of silk fabrics, leather, hats, & earthen- ware, a trade in timber, and large fairs in Feb. and April. The title of Dulce of Belluno was conferred by Napoleon on Marshal Victor. Bellte, a vill. of S. Hungary, with a castle, co. Baranya, 16 m. S.E. Fiinfkirchen. Pop. 1,076. Belmont, a comm. and town of France, dep. Loire, cap. cant., 16 m. N.E. Roanne. Pop. of comm. 3,4i0. — Also several sm. cantons & vills. Belmonte, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Citra, on a mntn. near the Mediterranean, 14 m. S.W. Cosenza. Pop. 2,914.-11. a t. of Spain, prov. and 35 m. S.AV. Cuenoa. Pop. 2,694. This IS the name of many small towns in Italy and Por- tugal. Belmonte , properly Rio Jequitinhonha, a river of Brazil, prov. Bahia, formed by the union of two rivers, which rise in the Sierra Frio ; it flows generally N.E., & enters the Atlantic, in lat. 15° 55' S., Ion. 38° 55' W. On its rt. b. at its mouth is the town of Belmonte, with a small port on the Atlantic. Pop. 600, mostly fishermen. Belmtjllet, a small seaport town of Ireland, Connaught, co. Mayo, on Blacksod Bay, dist. Erris, 11 m. W.N.W. Bangor. Pop. 637. It has sprung up since 1826, and is now a thriving place, with a pier, a coast-guard station, exports of agricultural produce and fish, and monthly fairs. Beloba>-ta, a royal free t. of Hungary, co. Honth, circ. and 2 m. N. Schemnitz. Pop. 1,740. Belceil, a town of Belgium, prov. and 19 m. £. Toumai. Pop. 2,267. Extens. breweries. Beloochistan {Gedrosia, and the countries of the Oritce, Ichthyophagi, &c.), an extensive coun- try of Southern Asia, forming the S.E. part of the old dom. of Persia, between lat. 24° 50' and 30° 20' N., and Ion. 57° 40' and 69° 18' E. ; having E. Scinde, N. Afghanistan, N. W. and W. the Per- sian desert ; & extending on the S. for 600 m. along the shores of the Indian Ocean. Estim. area 160,000 sq. m., & pop. 480,000. It is subdiv. into the 6proT3. of Kelat, Sarawan, Cuteh-Gundava, Jhalawan, Lus, & Mekran. Nearly the whole coun- try is mountainous, except in the N.W. & along the coast, its general characteristics being a rugged and elevated surface, barrenness, and deficiency of water. Its mntns. in the E. are connected vrith those of South Afghanistan, & rise to con- siderable elevation ; the Bolan Pass, and even the bottom of some valleys are upwards of 5,700 feet in height, & the cap. Kelat is 6,000 ft. above the sea. In the N., the peak of Takkatoo is con- sidered to have an elev. of 11,000 ft. The rivs. are very msignificant, except after heavy rains ; the largest, the Dostee, though supposed to have a course of 1,000 m., has been found at its mouth only 20 inches deep, and 20 yards in width. The climate is exceedingly varied, being cold in the elevated parts, and excessively hot in the lower valleys. In the low and watered plains of Cutch- Gundava & Lus, rice & sugar-cane, with cotton, indigo, and tobacco are raised ; in other parts, wheat, barley, madder, and pulses, with European fruits, melons, pomegranates, rhubarb, and assa- fcetida are the principal products ; on some of the mountain sides, the tamarisk and babool attain the size of large timber trees. In the wide sandy desert of Mekran, where the returning army of Alexander the Great suffered its severest hard- ships, the date is the only valuable product. Pastures are generally poor, and cattle few ; but a ^ood many sheep and goats are kept, the pur- suits of the people being mostly pastoral. The Bactrian (or two-humped) camel, and the drome- dary, are used as beasts of burden ; in the N.W. some good horses are bred. The strata about Kelat and Moostung, as well as other ex- plored localities, consist of secondary limestone, sandstone, and conglomerates; and the N.W. extremity shows indication of volcanic ac- tion. Mineral products comprise copper, lead, antimony, iron, sulphur, alum, and sal-ammoniac, but these are turned to little account. Prepared skins, woollen felt and cloths, carpets and tent- covers of goats' or camels' hair, and rude fire- arms, are aU the manufd. products. Trade com- paratively small, and almost monopolized by Hin- doos. Sonmeanee is the only seaport; its cus- tom dues were, in 1840, farmed for 3,400/. Prin- cipal exports, butter or ghee, hides, wool, a few drugs, m?ied fruits, fish, a little corn, & vegetable oil; imports, British and Indian manufs., rice, spices, dye-stuffs, and slaves for Muscat. The pop. consists mainly of Belooches and Brahooes, two races very different in personal appearance, but both Mohammedans of the Soonnee sect, and who, like the Afghans, are subdivided into nume- rous tribes or clans, each under its own chief. Mekran is in barbarous anarchy ; most of the E. provs. are under the uncertain authority of the khan of Kelat, whose rev. is estim. at 30,000/. an- nually, and his armed force at 3,000 men. Lus is ruled by a vassal of this chieftain. A late khan of Kelat having acted with much treachery to- ward the British, during their advance into Af- ghanistan in 1839, his cap. was stormed & taken by our troops on the 13th of Nov. in that year. In the following year it changed hands, and it was again captured and temporarily held by the British in 1841. Belobado, a town of Spain, prov. & 25 m. E. BurgoSjOnr.b. of Tiron. P. 2,450. Linen weaving. Belp, a vill. of Switzerl., cant. & 5 m. S.E Bern. Pop. 1,500. On its S. side is the Belpherg, a mntn. 2,940 ft. high, containing many petrifactions. Belpasso, a toivn of Sicily, cap. cant., intend, and 7J m. N.W. Catania. Pop. 2,500. Belpech, a comm. & town of France, dep. Aude, cap. cant, 13 m. S.W. Castelnuadary. Pop. 1,146. Belpek, a mkt. town of England, co. Derby, pa. Duffield, on the N. Midland Railway, 7 m. N. Derby. Pop. 9,886. It is well built, has 2 churches, a stone bridge across the Derwent, and exten- sive manufs. of cotton goods, nails, earthenwares, and silk hoisery. Polling-place for S. div. of co. Markets, Saturday. Fairs, May 13, & Oct. 31. Belstead, a pa. of England, co. Sufi^oUc, 3 m. S.W. Ipswich. Area 1,090 ac. Pop. 261. Belstone, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 2 m. S.E. Oakhampton. Area 2,010 ac. Pop. 208. Belt (Gbeat and Little), two straits of the Baltic Sea, by which it communicates with the Kattegat. Both extend from about lat 64° 60' to 65° 40' N. The Great Belt, in Ion. 11° E., betw. the Danish isls. Seeland and Laland on the E., & Fiihnen & Langeland on the W., has an average breadth of 15 m. The Little Belt, Ion. 9° 60' E. betw. the mainland of Denmark on the W., and the isl. Fiihnen on the E., has an average breadth of from 6 to 8 m., though, at its N. extremity, it is less than a mile across ; depth, 5 to 14 fathoms. The navigation of the belts is dangerous from the BEL 142 number of shoals, and their liability to storms in winter, when they are sometimes frozen over. Belton, several pas. of England. — I. co. Lei- cester, 6 m. E.N.E Ashby-de-Ia^Zouoh. Area 1,900 ac. Pop. 718. Fair for horses, 1st Mon. after Trin. week. The ancient nunnery of Grace Dieu, in this pa., has been converted into a mod. residence. — IL co. Lincoln, pts. Kesteven, 2J m. N.E. Grantham. Area 3,120 ac. Pop. 176. Belton Hall, the seat of the Earl Brownlow, built from a design by Sir C. "Wren, is within 1 m. of the vill.— III. pts. Lindsay, 11 m. N.W. Gains- borough. Area 8,530 ac. Pop. 1,706 IV. co. Butland, i m. W.N.W. Uppingham. Area 2,380 ac. Pop. 402. Charities about 901. per annum. —V. 00. Suffolk, on the Wareney, SJ m. S.W. Tarmouth. Area 2,120 ac. Pop. 465. BELTBtJM, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, IGJ m. E.S.E. Zutphen. Pop. 600. BeiiTubbet, a municipal borough and market town of Ireland, Ulster co., SJ m. N.N.W. Cavan, on the Erne. Pop. 2,070. It has alms-houses for nine poor widows, and in its churchyard are remains of an ancient stronghold. Market for corn, Saturday. Fairs six times annually. Belvedeee, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Citra, on the Mediterr., 32 m. N.W. Cosenza. Pop. 3,400 II. a town, Pontif. sta., deleg. & 15 m. W. Ancona. It has six annual fairs. — III. a hamlet of Saxe-Weimar, near Weimar, with a summer palace of the Grand Dukes. Belves, a comm. & town of France, dep. Dor- dogne, cap. cant., 13 m. S.W. Sarlat. Pop. 1,851. Beivoib, an extra-parochial dist. of England, cos. Leicester & Lincoln, 5 m. W.S. W. Gt. Grant- ham. Area 170 ao. Pop. 109, chiefly dependents of the Duke of Rutland, whose magnificent seat, Selvoir Castle, stands on an isolated mount, overlooking a rich vale. Notwithstanding mo- dern additions, this mansion preserves the style of an old baronial residence. The original build- ing was erected by Robert de Todenai, standard- bearer of William the Conqueror, and, with its numerous dependent manors, came into possession of the Manners family in the time of Henry viii. BBLZjatcyn of Austrian Galicia, circ. Zolkiew, 40 m. N. Lemberg. Pop. 2,400. It has a Greek and Roman Catholic church, and a castle. Belz, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Mor- bihan, cap. cant., 19 m. W. Vannes. Pop. 1,390. Belziq, a town of Prussia, cap. circ, prov. and 19 m. S.S.E. Brandenburg. Pop. 2,550. Manufe. of woollen cloths, and paper. Bembatooka, a bay and town on the N.W. coast of Madagascar. Lat. 16° S., Ion. 46° E. The town is inconsiderable ; but the bay is said to be capable of containing the largest fleet. BEMBBinaE, a vill. and small watering-place. Isle of Wight, at its E. extrem., pa. Brading, on a declivity at the S.E. side of Brading harbour, and consisting mostly of elegant residences sur- rounded by beautiful scenery. BEMEBTON,apa.ofEngl.,co.Wilts,2m.N.N.W. Salisbury. P. 109, connect, with pa. Fugglestoue. Bemfica, a town of Portugal, 8 m. N.W. Lisbon. Pop. 3,873. Magnif. aqueducts & nums. vills. Bemfleet, a pa. of England. [Benfleet.] Bemini Islands, a small group, Bahamas, Brit. W. Indies. Lat. 26° M/ N., Ion. 79° 10' W. Bemmel, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, 7 m. S. Amhem. Pop. 3,720. Bempton, a pa. Engl., co. York, E. Biding, 3 m. N.N.E. Bridlington. Area 1,930 ac. Pop. 313. Bemabakee, a town of Spain, prov. and 44 m. E. Huesca. Pop. 2,211. Two annual fairs. BEN-AHi>f, a vill. of Belgium, prov. Liege, arrond. & 2 m. W. Huy. Pop. 1,200. Mines of lead, zinc, and iron. Benaguacii., a t. of Spain, prov. and 11 m. N.W. Valencia, with remains of old fortifs. and manufs. of linens. Pop. 3,034. Benameji, a t. of Spain, prov. & 39 m. S.S.E. Cordova, on r. b. of the Genii. Pop. 4,525. Benanoib (the " mountain of Gold "), one of the peaks or "paps" of the island of Jura, Soot- lan(t elevation 2,420 feet. Behaees, a dist. of British India, presid. Ben- gal, situated between lat. 24° and 25° N., and be- tween the rivers Ganges and Sye (which on three sides separate it from Ghazipoor), having W. the districts Mirzapoor and Juanpoor. Cli- mate hot and dry in summer months, and chill in winter. Wheat, barley, and pulse are raised, but little rice. The dist. was ceded to Britain in 1773. The sugar cane is cultivated, and opium and in- digo raised to a considerable extent. Area 2,360 sq. m. Pop. 3,000,000? Benabes, VaranasM, a large and femous city of Hindostan, and which may be considered its Hindoo (as Delhi was its Mohammedan, and Cal- cutta is its British) capital. It is the cap. of a division of the Bengal presid., and of above dist., on the 1. b. of the Ganges, 390 m. N.W. Calcutta, and 420 m. S.E. Delhi. Lat. of observatory 25° 18' 33" N., Ion. 82° 65' 52" E. Stationary pop. estimated at 600,000? ; but at certain festivals the number is incredible, this city being " most holy," & resorted to by pilgrims from all parts of India, and even from Tibet and Burmah. Its external appearance is highly imposing ; it stretches for 4 m. along the riv., from which ascend many hand- some ghauts, or flights of stone steps. Streets very narrow ; buildings lofty. In 1801 there were estimated to be 12,000 brick or stone houses, from 1 to 6 stories in height, built around court- yards, ornamented with much painting & carvinpf, many of the largest containing 200 inhabs. in each, besides 16,000mud-built dwellings, with tiled roofs. Principal edifices, the great mosque of Aurungzebe, numerous other mosques, a great number of Hindoo temples, an anc. observatory, and the Hindoo Sanscrit college, the chief seat of native learning in India. At Seroli, a httle to the E., is a tope, now ruined, but originally similar to those in the Punjab. (Manikvaiia!) Among its inhabs. are many wealthy native bank- ers, and dealers in diamonds, for which gems the city is famous ; and Benares has a large trade in shawls, muslins, silks, cottons, and fine woollens of its own manuf., and in European goods, salt, indigo, opium. It is the seat of a British court of circuit and appeal, an English college estab- lished in 1832, and numerous Christian missions, and Mohammedan and Hindoo schools. Benasque, a t. of bpain, prov. & 55 m. N.E. Huesca, in the valley of same name, on 1. b. of the Esera, 2,830 feet above the sea. Pop. 1,234. Benatek, or Benatkt, a town of Bohemia, circ. Bunzlau, 21 m. N.E. Prague. The celeb, astronomer Tycho-Brahe, died here in 1601. Several vills. in Bohemia have the same name. Ben-Aven, a mntn. of Scotland, Grampians, between the cos. Aberdeen and Bans', and sepa- rating the basins of the Aven and Dee. Esti- mated height above the sea, 8,967 feet. Ben AVEBTE, a town of Spain, prov. and 34 m. N. Zamora. Pop. 2,561. Roman remains II! a town of Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, with a royal castle, on the Zatas, 27 m. N.E. Lisbon. P. 1,954. Benbaun, a mntn. of the Binabola group, or " Twelve Pins," Ireland, Connaught, co. Galway bar. Ballinahinch. Elevation 2,395 feet. BEN 143 BEN Benbecdla, one of the Hebrides Isls., between N. and S. Uist, about 8 m. in length, & as much in breadth. It is low, flat, greatly indented by bays, and boggy, or little productiye. Besbdrb, a vill. of Irel., Ulster, co. Tyrone, pa. Clonfeacle, on the Blackwater, 5 m. N.W.Armagh. Pop. 330. It has a rnined castle, & 11 ann. fairs. Bescoolen, Dutch Benkoelen, aresidency and seaport town of the Dutch E. Indies, on the W. coast of the island Sumatra. Fop. of residency 94,000, of the town 12,000. It is placed in a very unhealthy situation, and defended by Fort Marl- borough. Lat.3°47'6' S.,lon.l02°19'E. Chief trade, import of goods from Batavia, Bengal and Europe. It was founded by the Engl.,1686, & ced- ed to the Dutch in exchange for Malacca in 1824. BENCBDiLCHAN, a mountain of Scotland, co. Argyle, dist. Lorn, between lochs Etive and Awe. Height estimated at 3,670 feet; base 20 m. in circ. Besj>eheeb, a river of Persia. [Bdndemik.] Bendeb, a fortified town of Russia, cap. dist. same name, prov. Bessarabia, on rt. b. of the Dniester, 48 m. from its mouth, and 58 W.N.W. Odessa. Pop. 10,000. (?) It is encld. by a wall and ditch, and has a citadel on an eminence, with about 600 artillerymen. In its environs is Vamit- za, the retreat of Charles xii., after the dis- astrous battle of Pultowa. Bender was taken & stormed by the Russians in 1770 and in 1809. Besbocht, a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth, 1^ m. N. Cupar-Angus. Pop. 783. Beiisokf, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. circ. and 4^ m. N. Coblenz. Pop. 2,227. Situated in a mining dist., on rt. b. of the Rhine, and has iron forges, and manu^ctures of woollen yarn. BESDEAMO,atown of Asia- Minor, Anatolia, on the sea of Marmora, S. of the peninsula Cyzicus ; said to have four mosques and 1,000 houses. (?) Bene, Augusta BagienTiaruniy a town of the Sardinian Sta., Piedmont, prov. Mondovi, cap. mand. divis. and 18 m. N.E. Cuneo. Po^. 6,687. BEifEcicTBEUEEN, a hamlet of Bavaria, circ. OberBaiem, 8J m. S.W. T61z,with a castle, celeb, glass works, and marble quarries. Formerly a Benedict, abbey, one of the most anc. in Germany. Benefield, a pa. of England, co. Northamp- ton, 3^ m. W. Oundle. Area 5,100 ao. Pop. 533. Benenden, a pa. of England, co. Kent, lathe Scray, 3 m. S.E. Cranbrook. Area 6,780 ac. Pop. 1,694. Fair 16th May. Beiteschau, a town of Bohemia, circ. Beraun, 24 m. S.S.E. Prague. Pop. 1,800.— Several vills. in Bohemia, and Pruss. SUesia, have this name. Benest, a vill. of France, dep. Charente, 10 m. W. Confolens. Pop. 1,480. Here Charle- magne gained a signal victory over the Saracens. BEifBVENTE, a seaport town of Brazil, prov. Espirito Santo, 47 m. S. Victoria, at the mouth of riv. Benevente in the Atlantic. Pop. 3,000. Behevehto, Beneeentum, a city of S. Italy, cap. deleg. of the Pontif. Sta., on a hill near the conflnence of the Calore and Sabato, 32 m. N.E. Naples. Pop. 16,600. "With its castle it occupies the site of the anc. town, out of the ruins of which it was buUt, and except Rome, perhaps no Italian city can boast of so many remains of antiquity. The Arch of Trajan, now the Porta Aurea, is still nearly perfect. The chief modem buildings are a cathedral, several churches, town hall, diocesan school and library, hospitals, and several palaces. It is an archbishop's see, and has 9 annual fairs. Under the Lombards, Bene- vento was the cap. of a powerful duchy ; in 1806 Napoleon erected it into a principality for Tal- leyrand ; it was restored to the Pope in 1814. Near it, in 1266, the battle was fought, in which Charles of Aryou defeated Manfred, king of Naples, who lost his life in the action. The deleg. of Benevento, which is enclosed by the Neapolitan prov. princip. Ult., contains an area of 90 square m., and a pop. of 20,600. Benfeld, a town of France, dep. Bas-Rhin, 101 m. N.N.W. Sch^estadt. Pop. (1846) 2,642. Benfleet, two pas. of England, co. Essex. — I. (A'brtA). 3 ™- W- Rayleigh. Area 1,780 ac. Pop. 364 II. {South), on Hadleigh Bay, 3J m. S.S.W. Rayleigh. Ac. 2,160. Pop. 707. Fair 24th Aug. Bengal, Bangala, a presidency and prov. of British India. It is by far the largest of the three presidencies into which India is divided, com- prising, with Agra, about a fourth of the whole area of Hither-India, together with the later ceded provinces beyond the Ganges. The terri- tory extends between lat. 20° and 31° N., & Ion. 74° and 91° E., bounded on the N. by Nepaul Sikkim, and Bootan, on the E. by the dists. ad- joining the Burmese dominion, on the S. by Bay of Bengal, the territs. of Berar, Indore, Gwalior, and on the W. by the Rajpoot and Sikh princi- paUties. This great region is divided into the Upper or Western provs., including Delhi, and all that portion W. of Ion 80° ; the central, includ- ing Allahabad, Bahar, and others, as far E. as Ion. 87° ; and the lower containing the remaining ter- ritory to the S. and E. The following table ex- hibits the divisions, area, and population : — DiTirioDB and Prova. Area in ag. m. Fop. (iatest OensoB.)* a. In Rindoitan. 1. Div. of Calcutta, 2. „ Patna, 3. „ Uoorahedabad, 4. „ Dacca, (Upper Provs., late Agra Presidency.) B. Division of Benares, 6. „ Bareily, S.W. ceded districts. Total in Hindostan, b. In Further-India. i r Assam, 3 % Aracan, 2 £ ; Cachar & Jyn- IS \ teah, - . ^§ 1 &c., . _ ■§ Singapore, g S ^ Malacca and ta^ Waning, Total in Farther-India, Grand Total, 87,546 47,125 35,659 29,010 39,320 39,330 108,000 9,970,270 7,615,434 9,147,146 6,659,804 8,837,823 10,895,919 3,177,456 325,990 66,283,851 18,200 16,250 10,350 32,500 < 1,670 1,110,000 W,766 104,640 85,000 154,600 78,870 1,702,305 860,204 57,986,166 The greater proportion of this territ. consists of the immense plam or valley of the Ganges. To the N. this plain rises into the mountainous re- gion of Kumaon, and on the S. are the Vindhyan mntns., and the table land of central India. The river Ganges flows in a S.E. direction, through the whole extent of the presidency, and is joined in its course by numerous tributaries, of which the Jumna, Chumbul, Goggra, Gunduck, & Sone, are themost considerable. The eastern division of the country is traversed by the Brahmaputra, which discharges its waters into the Bay of Bengal near the confluence of the Ganges. Both these great rivs. divide into numerous branches before reach- • Tile amount of pop. in moat of tlie dlsts. under tiie 4 flrat divi- sions (ttie provs. Bengal and Babar) have been derived from a census talicn in 1&7-8 : those of the 5th and 6th divisions, comprising tho subdivisions of Benares, Allahabad, Agra, Bohiiound, Meerat, and Uelhl, from a return for 1840-7. BEN 14'i ing the sea, & their united deltas form a tract of rich alluvial soil, exceeding 30,000 sq. m. in ex- tent. There are no inland lakes, but numerous lagoons and marshes, especially in the lower dists. The surface of the country generally exhibits a deep clay alluvium, interspersed with sandy tracts, with tertiary deposits in some localities. Ap- proaching the Himalayan range to the N., are granitic and porphyritic rocks, with secondary ^ limestone and sandstones ; N. W. are basaltic and greenstone rocks. The Vindhyan and Garrow chains of nmtns. are of volcanic origin. Nitre is found in great quantities in Bahar, as well as common salt, both of which are largely exported. . Salt is a government monopoly, & in 1841 its sale realized 1,925,000Z. Diamonds are found in a conglomerate in Bundelcund; and gold dust and silver are in some of the rivers. Coal and iron are found in Sylhet and Burdwan. The mean apnual temperature of the plains is, for Calcutta and Benares, from 78° to 79° Fahr., at Delhi 73° iFsthr. During the winter months in Kumaon there.is heavy frost and snow. In Bengal the rainy season commences in June, and continues till the middle of October. The ann. fall of rain is from 70 to 80 inches. The winter, or cold season, lasts from Novemberto middle of February, when j the hot season begins & continues till the middle of June. During the rainy season the lower Jroys, especially are overflowed by the Ganges and its tributaries. Hence these dists. are highly favoiurable to the cultivation of rice, which is here the principal product of the soil. In the upper dists. wheat and barley are the principal crops. Indigo is largely cultivated from Dacca to i)emi, there being upwards of 400 indigo factories in the presidency. Its culture occupies more than a mUlion of acres, and its annual produce is esti- mated to be worth from 2,000,000?. to 3,000,000?. sterling, half of which amount is yearly expended in its production. Opium is a government monopoly, and is cultivated only in Bahar and Benares, where the produce is considered equal, if not superior, to the opium of Malwah. The quantity of Patna and Benares opium disposed of at the pubUc saJes in the year 1843-4 amounted in value to 2,282,780Z. Cotton is a staple crop ; and the soil in Benares is capable of producing sugar equal to that of the W. Indies. Coffee, pepper, and tobacco are raised, and most of the spice and fruit trees of Asia, have been accli- mated somewhere in this wide region. The forests contain teak, saul, sissoo, banyan, ebony, oak, and pine timber, with rattans, bamboos, cocoa, areca, and other palms. A great quantity of silk is produced in Bengal-proper, between lat. 22° and 26°, and Ion. 86° and 90°. Elephants' teeth, and hides of various kinds, form important articles of trade. Nitre is obtained principally in Bahar prov., and that exported from Calcutta in 1841-2, amounted to 611,572 maunds, worth 32l,073i[. Muslins, cotton piece goods, diaper, Eack-thread, sailcloth, chintzes, silks, calicoes, lankeSting, and other woven goods, are staple manufs. ; but, of late years, they have begun to be superseded by fabrics from Europe. For «xpts. and impts. see Caloctta. The gov. is tested in the Governor-General of India, and a ICpuhcil of five mems., three appointed by the E. 1. Company, a fourth also appointed by the Company, but not one of their number, and the fifth the Commander-in-chief. The upper provs. ai,e linder a lieut-gov. at Agra, subordinate to ;^tlie gov.-general at Calcutta. In each district or cOllectorate is a judge, empowered to decide ap- pe^ originating in the district, aiid to try civil suits to the amount of 2,000i. Superior to these tribunals are courts of appeal in Calcutta, Moor- shedabad, Dacca, Patna, Benares, and Bareily ; and a supreme court sits in Calcutta, from which there is appeal only to the British sovereign in council. In the upper provs. the land rev. is collected for the government by officers appointed under the native village system of India ; in the lower provs. the zemindars, or hereditary tax- collectors, constituted proprietors of the soil by Lord CornwaUis' Act, account to the gov. for 9-lOths of the sums they rollect as rent, and re- serve the remaining 1-lOth for their own remu- neration. [iNBii.] Numerous schools for the na- tives have been established by government throughout the presidency, and colleges at Cal- cutta, Delhi, Agra, Benares, besides several nus- sionary stations and schools for the religious in- struction of the natives. The pop. of this presid. embraces a great variety of races, — Hindoos of all castes, Moguls, Mahrattas, Sikhs, Rajpoots, peculiar wild tribes in Gundwanah, and Bhaugul- pore ; and beyond the Brahmaputra, Mughs, Garrows, and other races differing widely from those of W. Asia. The prevailing religions are the Brahminical and Moharomedan; Buddhism is confined to the countries E. of the Brahma- putra ; and the hill tribes have rude paganisms of their own. The Protestant establ. consists of an archdeacon and about forty chaplains, sub- ordinate to the bp. of Calcutta ; there is also a small establ. for the Scotch kirk. The Koman Catholic establ. is under the vie. apostolic of Agra, and a legate at Calcutta, both subordinate to the Roman Catholic bp. at Madras. Public rev. is derived from the land-tax, & subsidies from protected native states; mint, post-office, stamp, & excise duties ; a house-tax in Calcutta, judic^ fees and fines, sayer and abkarry duties, cus- toms, pilotage, monopoly of salt and opium, &c. : total receipts (1842-3), 9,445,8182. ; expenditm'e, 1,628,7512. ; net rev., 7,817,0672. Principal cities, Calcutta, the cap. of British India ; Delhi, the Mohammedan cap.; Benares, Moorshedabad, Dacca, Bahar, Patna, Allahabad, Agra. Cal- cutta was erected into a presid. separate from Madras in 1707 ; m 1766, the English acquired by treaty the sovereignty over the provs. Bengal, Bahar, and a part of Orissa ; and in 1773, the residence of the Governor-general of India was fixed in Bengal. The principal accessions of territory since haye been Benai'es, in 1775; Oude dists., 1801; Delhi territ., 1805; Kumaon, 1815; S. W. (Nerbudda) dists., 1818; Singapore and Malacca, 1824 ; and the Berar dists. and Burmese ceded provs. in 1826 Bengal Province, one of the largest and most important of the old Mo- hammedan provs. of Hindostan, between lat. 21° and 27° N., and Ion. 87° and 92° N. It comprises the delta of the Ganges, with the lower course of the Brahmaputra, and is traversed by numerous other rivers, its surface being mostly a dead level. It is wholly included in the British dpm., and forms under the above presidency the divi- sions of its three principal cities, Calcutta, Moor- shedabad, and Dacca, which are subdivided into numerous subordinate districts. Bengal (Bat of), Gangeticus Sinus, a part of the Indian Ocean, extending between Hither and Further India, including the sea from Cape Ne- grais on the E., to the delta of the Godavery on the W., betw. lat. 16° 30' and 23° N. Its chief affls. are the Ganges, including the Brahmaputra, and the Godavery. The sea of Bengal, which is soaietimes described as part of the bay, extods to lat,' 8° N.J between the islands of Ceylon and BEN 146 BEN Junkseylon. Depth 4 to 60 faths. from the delta to a distance of 100 m. ; 30 m. from the coast, a cu'cular space 15 m. iu diameter, has no sound- ings at 100 or 130 &thoms. Benoazi, Berenice, a marit. town of N. Africa, Barca, on the Gulf of Sidra (anc. Syrtis Major), 420 m. E.S.E. Tripoli. Lat. 32° 6' 8' N., Ion. 20° 2' 7' E. Pop. about 2,500. It is finely situ- ated in a fertile plain, but is miserably built, and filthy ; and its port is shallow. It has a castle, the residence of a bey ; and some trade with Barbary and Malta, in wool, oxen, sheep, salted butter, and corn ; in 1839 its exports are stated to have amounted in value to 22,1882., and its im- ports 32,O0OJ. Near this city were the " gardens of the Hesperides," and traces of anc. buildings are often met with buried iu the sand. Benqeo, or Benohoo, a pa. of England, co. & 1 m. N.N.E. Hertford. Area 3,020 ac. Pop. 1,141. Benqebmow, a town of Hindostan, dom. of Oude, 45 m. W. Lucknow. Bengewoeth, a pa. of Engl. co. Worcester, \ m. S.E. Evesham, & incld. within its pari, bounds. Pop. 1,082. It has a well-endowed free school. Besgore Head, a promontory on the N. coast of Ireland, co. Antrim, immediately E. the Giant's Causeway. Lat. 65° 15' N., Ion. 6° 30' W.—Ben- gower, aumtn. of the Binabola group, Connaught, CO. Galway. Elevation 2,336 feet. Bengukla, a marit. country of "W. Africa, no- minally claimed by Portugal, between lat. 9° and 16° S., and Ion. 12° and 17° (?) E., having N. An- gola, from which it is separated by the river Co- anza ; and W. the S. Atlantic. Surfa^ce moun- t^noQS, and rises progressively inland by a series of terraces. Principal rivs. have all a W. course. The climate is very unhealthy, and fever is pre- valent. The therm, varies from 94° to 106° Fahr. in the shade at noon. The soil is well watered, and very productive; little com is raised, but tropical fruits, European vegetables, and cattle are abundant, and numerous fine turtles are ob- tained on the sea coast. Mineral products com- prise copper, sulphur, petroleum, and gold. Among the natives here, are the Giagas, a race of fierce savages, whose incursions are much dread- ed by the Portuguese. Feticism is the prevailing superstition. Beasts of prey, including the lion and hyena, are numerous. The government of the prov. is under the immediate control of the gov.-general of Loando. New Benguela, Novo Bedondo, &c., on the coast, and a few stations in the interior, are occupied by the Portuguese, whose rule, however, extends little, if at aU, be- yond those settlements. BEifGUEiA (New, or St Philip de), a seaport town, and the Portuguese cap. of above country, with a noble harbour on the Atlantic, near the river Catumbella. Lat. 12° 33' 9" S., Ion. 13° 26' 2* E. Pop. 3,000, of whom one-third are whites and mulattoes. Its principal inhabs. are slave dealers, and their iniquitous trade is so flourish- ing that, in 1838, nearly 20,000 slaves were ex- ported. Morality is at the lowest ebb, and there is no school of instruc. in the town ; which is sit. in a charming and very fei-tile valley. The streets are straight and wide, but contain more ruined than inhabited houses; they are mostly built of clay and palm branches. The ruins of Old Ben- guela, the original cap. of the country, are situ- ated on the coast, 130 m. N.N.E. New Benguela. Benhall, apa. of England, co. Suffolk, Ij m. S W. Saxmundham. Area 2,010 ac. Pop. 749. Benholme, a marit. pa. of Scotl., co. Kincar- dine, 10 m. S.S.W. Stonehaven. Pop 1,648, empl. in fishing and weaving. It comprises the vill. of Johnshaven, Benholme tower is in this parish, a strong-hold and anc. resid. of the Benholmes. Ben-Hope, a mountain range of Scotland, co. Sutherland, pa. Durness ; elev. 3,150 ft. Beni, a riv. of S. America, Bolivia, formed by the junction of the Chuqueapo and Mapiri, in lat. 16° S., and Ion. 69° W. It flows mostly N.ward, through the dep. Santa Cruz-de-la^Sierra ; and in lat. 10° 36' S., joins the Mamore to form the Madeira, which latter ultimately flows into the Amazon. The course of the joint riv. exceeds 2,000 m. The country it traverses is extremely fertile, but almost wholly unexplored. AfHts. the Coeudo, La Paz, Tuche, Masisi, &c. The towns of St. Miguel, Mani, and Pueblo de los Reyes, are on its banks, in the upper half of its course. It gives name to a large dep. of the repub. Bolivia, having S. the deps. La Paz, Cochabamba and Santa-Cruz, N. and E. Brazil, & W. Peru ; chf. towns, Trinidad and Loreto. An Engl, company has received a large grant of land in this dep. for the purpose of colonization. Beni Adiw, or Beni Ali, a town of Upper Egypt, on the border of the Libyan Desert, 15 m. W.N.W. Siout. It is a place of rendezvous for the caravans entering Egypt from Darfur. Benicablo, a seaport town of Spain, prov. and 42 m. N.E. Castellon-de-la-Plana, on the Medi- terr. Pop. 6,160. It is ill-built and mean ; has a ruined castle, a fishing port, and a trade in full- bodied wines, which are exp. chiefly to Bordeaux, for mixing with clarets, and other French wines. Benidobm, a town of Spain, prov. and 26 m. N.E. Alicante, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 4,502, employed in tunny and anchovy fisheries. Near the coast there is an island of same name. Benioanim, a town of Spain, prov. Valencia, 5 m. S.E. San Felipe de Jativa. Pop. 3,267. Beni-Hassan, a vill. of central Egypt, prov. & 15 m. S.S.E. Minieh, on rt. b. of the Nile. In its environs are numerous sculptured grottoes Benin, a marit. kgdm. of W. Africa, between lat. 4° and 9° N., and Ion. 4° & 8° E., havmg "W. Dahomey, N. Yariba, S.E. the Lower Niger, and S.W. the Bight of Bemn. Area 60,000 (?) sq. m. Pop. unknown. Surface rises progressively in- land to the height of 2,600 ft. ; it is well- watered, and extrem. fertile. Principal rivs. the branches of the Niger (Quorra) at its delta. The pop., & their religion, gov., & customs, are similar to those in Ashantee and the rest of Guinea. The export of slaves is said to be carried on here to a great extent ; next to which, the principal export trade is in salt, palm-oil, blue coral, jasper, leopard skins, pepper, and native dyed cloths. Benin, a town of W. Africa, cap. above state, on the Benin riv., 70 m. above its mouth in the Bight of Benin. Lat. 6° 20' N., Ion. 5° 50' E. Pop. estimated at 15,000. It is large, irregularly buUt, and clean for a negro town ; the houses are of clay, and neatly thatched. It is a considerable mart for live stock, yams, cotton, ivory, & Euro- pean wares. The trade in slaves, formerly ex- tensive, has been removed to the interior. Benin, or Fobmosa, a riv. of W. Africa, being the W. arm of the Niger at its delta. Benin (Bight of), the northern portion of the gulf of Guinea, between the slave coast and the Calabar river. The coast is non-bound ; and the rivers offer little facility for traffic. Beninguet, a small isl. off the N.W. coast of France, dep. Finistfere, 12 m. S.E. Ushant. Benisa, a town of Spain, prov. & 39 m. N.E. Alicante, near the Mediter. Pop. 3,678. Manufs. of linens and woollens. Beni-Sabih, a town of Marocco, on the Drali, BKN 14G or Darah riv., E. of Mt. Atlas ; said to be popu- lous, and to have an active trade in goat-skins. BENi-SouEr, a town of central Egypt, on rt. b. of the Nile, 62 m. S.S. W. Cairo. Pop. 6,000. It is the entrep6t for the produce of the rich valley of Fayoum, and has large cavahT barracks, ex- tensive cotton-mills, and alabaster quarries. Benkah, a fortfd. vill. of Bootan, on a nearly in- accessible rock, 3,100 ft. above the sea, and de- fended by numerous round towers, and a citadel. Benlawers, a mntn. of Scotland, nearly in its centre, co. and 32 m. "W.N.W. Perth, on the W. side of Loch Tay. 3,945 ft. in elevation. It commands a magnificent view of the country from Loch Laggan nearly to Edinburgh. Benledi, a mntn. of Scotland, co. Perth, 4 m. W.N.W. Callander, 2,863 ft. in height. Its scenery has been immortalized by Sir W. Scott, in the " Lady of the Lake." Ben-Lomond, a famous mntn. of Scotland, co. Stirling, at the S.W. extremity of the Grampian chain, 27 m. W.N.W. Stirling. Height 3,190 ft. On the N. this mntn. terminates by an abrupt precipice 2,000 ft. in height ; on its W. side is Loch Lomond. The view from its summit em- braces Ben Nevis, the Atlantic, and the cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow. — II. a mntn. of Tas- mania (Van Dieman's Land), about 25 m. E. of Launceston, and rising to an elev. of 5,002 feet. Ben-Macdhui, the summit of a lofty mntn. range in Scotland, co. Aberdeen, on the border of Inverness-shire. Estimated height 4,306 ft. Ben-Moke, a mntn. of Scotland, Hebrides, isl. Mull, 9 m. S.S.W. Torosay. Estimated height 3,097 ft. — II. (or FairJiead), a promont. on the Irish coast, co. Antrim, opp. the MuU of Kintyre, 4J m. N.E. Ballycastle, consists of a columnar ba- saltic rock, rising abruptly to 636 ft. above the sea. .Bennebeola (Twelve Pihs of), a group of mountains in Ireland, Connaught, co. Galway, in Connemara, their loftiest summits being Bencorr, 2,336 ft., and Benbaun 2,395 ft., above the sea. Benneckenstein, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. Erfurt, in a detached portion of territory in the Harz, 22 m. S.W. Halberstadt. Pop. 3,614. Ben-Nevis, a famous mountain of Scotland, & the loftiest in Britain, co. Inverness, immed. E. Fort William, lat. 66° 48' N. ; Ion. 5° W. Elev. according to ordnanfie survey, 4,368 ft. Circumf. at base abt. 24 m. On its N.E. side it terminates by a precipice 1,500 ft. in height. The view from its. summit comprises most of the W. isls., and the country E. from it to Cairngorm and Ben Macdhui. The base of the mntn. consists of granite & gneiss, the upper part is composed of porphyry. — II. a mountain of Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land), about 26 m. E. Launceston. Estjmated height 3,910 ft. Benninston, several pas. of England I. co. Hei-ts, 4 m. E.S.E. Stevenage. Area 2,950 ac. Pop. 60S. — II. CO. Lincoln, pts. Holland, on the N, Sea, 5 m. N.E. Boston. Area 3,090 ac. Pop. 639 III. (Long), same CO., pts. Kesteven, 7 m. N.W. Grantham. Area 4420 ac. Pop. 991. Bennington, a co. U. S., N. Amer., S.W. part of Vermont. Pop. 16,872. Limestone rocks are prevalent, and iron ore is found II. chief town of above co., 34 m. N.E. Albany. Pop. 3,429, mostly empld. in manufs III. a town, Wyoming, CQ. N. York, 264 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,368. Benhisch, or Benisohi, a town of Austrian Silesia, circ. and 13 m. W.N.W. Troppau. Pop. 2,686, engaged in mines and manufs. of linen. Benniwokth, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey,6m.E.byN.Wragby. Ac. 2,840. P. 488. Bennshadsen, a vill. of Prussian Saxony, reg. Erfiirt, circ. Schleusingen, 10 m. N.E. Meinun- gen, with iron forges. Pop. 1,776. Benswihr, a comm. of France, dep. H. Rhin : sta. on Strasbourg & Basle railw., 3^ m. S. Colmar. Benoit (St), a town of the Island Bourbon, on its N.E. side, cap. cant., arrond. and 23 m. S.E. St Denis. Pop. 11,376, of whom 7,416 are slaves. Benoit (St), several comms. & vills. of France. —I. de Zeyssieu, dep. Ain, arrond. and 7 m. S.W. Belley. Pop. 1^21.-11. du Sault, a town, dep. Indre, arrond. le Blano. Pop. 1,243 — III. Sur Loire, arrond Gien. Pop. 1,540. Benoob, Omphis, a vill. of Lower Egypt, 14 m. S.W. Mansurah, on the E. arm of the Nile. Benowm, a town of Cent. Africa, Soudan, near the border of Senegambia. Lat. 15° 5' N., Ion. 9° W. It is a principal caravan station on the route from the Senegal to Timbuctoo. Behsbebq, a smaS market town of Rhenish- Prussia, reg. and 9 m. E. Cologne. Pop. 864. Bensen, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 18 m. N.N.E. Leitmeritz, with two castles, Pop. 482. Bensheim, an old fortfd. town of H.-Darmstadt, prov. Starkenberg, on the Bergstrasse, 14 m. S. Darmstadt. Pop. 4,000, empl. in raising wine. Bensington, or Benson, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 2 m. N.E. WaUingford. Area 2,800 ac. Pop. 1,254. It has an hospital founded by W. de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, in the reign of Henry VI., the mastership of which is held by the Regius Professor of Physic at Oxford. Benthail, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 3 m. N.E. Muoh-Wenlock. Area 770 ac. Pop. 587. Bentham, a pa. of England, co. York, West Riding, llj m. W.N.W. Settle. Area 24,990 ac. Pop. 3,635. Pairs, Jan. 26, June 22, Saturday in Easter week, and Oct. 26. It has a free school and hospital (rev. 2i0l.), with manufs. of linens. Bentheim, a town of Hanover, landrost and 38 m. W. Osnabriick, cap. co., on the Dutch fron- tier. Pop. 1,972. It is the seat of royal and ma- norial courts ; and has manufs. of linen cloths & parchment, with stone-quarries, & sulph. baths. Bentinck Island, a low, wooded isl. in the Gulf of Carpentaria, 10 m. from the mainland of North Australia. Lat. 17° S., Ion. 139° 40' E. Benilet, sev. pas. of England. — I. co. Hants, 4 m. W.S.W. Famham. Area 2,460 ac. Pop. 766.— II. CO. Suffolk, 5 m. by railway, S.W. Ips- wich. Area 2,350 ac. Pop. 419.— IIL (Femty), CO. Derby, 3 m. N. by W. Ashbome. Area 670 ac. Pop. 343 IV. {Greai), co. Essex, 6J m. E.S.E. Colchester. Area 2J860 ac. Pop. 1,005. — V. {Little), same co. 4^ m. S. by E. Manning- tree. Ac. 2,750. Pop. 462. Benton (Long), a pa. of Engl., co. Northum- berland, Castle-vrard,3m. N.E. Newcastle. Area 8,769 ac. Pop. 8,711, mostly employed in col- lieries, stone-quarries, and foundries. Benton, a co. U. S., N. Amer., in N.E. part of Alabama. Area 1,060 sq. m. Pop. 14,260, of whom 2,894 are slaves. Surface level and fertile ; prod, grain, cotton, tobacco. — II. co. Tennessee, and drained by riv. of same name. Area 375 sq. m. Pop. 4,772. Soil fertile.- IIL co. in S.W. of Missouri. Area 1,060 sq. m. Pop. 4,205. Sur- face consists of prairie and woodland ; soil rich. — IV. CO. in N.W. of Arkansas. Area 1,050 sq. m. Pop. 2,228. Surface hilly : soil fertile V. a town. New York, 184 m. W. Albany. Pop. 3,911. — Also the name of several other towns and vills. Bentwobth, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 3i m. W. Alton. Area 3,770 ac. Pop. 609. Benweli, a tnshp. of England, co. Northum- berland, Castle-ward, pa. St. John, 2 m. W. New- castle. Area 1,270 ac. Pop. 1,433, employed in BEN U7 collieries, one of which, in the last century, took fire and burned for nearly 30 years. Ben-Wivis, a movmtain of Sootland,,co. Ross, pa. & 10 m. W. Kiltearn. Estim. height 2,720 ft. Benzekta (Lakes of), N. Africa, dom. and 30 m. N.W. Tunis ; the N. and larger (anc. Hippo- nitus Locus) Si m. in length, and salt ; and the smaller (anc. Sisar{B Palus), 91 m. in length, tur- bid and fresh. They are the principal sources whence Tunis is supplied with fish, and are let at an annual rent of nearly iflOOl. On the channel between the former and the sea, is tlie town Ben- zerta, or Bizerta. [Bizebta.] Beodba, a market town, and post sta. of Hun- gary, Banat,& 47 m. W. Temeswar. Pop. 3,120. Beolet, a pa. of England, co. Worcester, 7 m. E. Bromsgrove. Area 4,700 ac. Pop. 657. Bepton, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, rape Chi- chester, 2i m. S.W. Midhurst. Ac. 1,260. P. 207. Bequia, the most N. of the Grenadines, West India isls., lat. 13° N., Ion. 61° 18' W., 8 m. S. St. Vincent. Length N.E. to S.W. 7 m. ; breadth 1} m. On its W. side is the inlet Admiralty bay. Beilvb, an old prov. of the Deccan, Hindostan. mostly between lat. 20° and 21° N., and Ion. 76' and 79° E., now subdiv. among the dominions of the Nizam, and the Nagpoor-rajah, and the Bom- bay presidency. [Nagpoob.] Bebat, a town of European-Turkey, Albania, sanj. Avlona, on rt. b. of theErgent, here crossed by a bridge of 8 arches, 30 m. N.E. Avlona. Pop. between 8,000 and 10,000, of whom 2-3ds are Greeks, and l-3d Turks. It consists of an upper town or citadel, containing the vizier's palace, several Greek churches, and about 250 houses ; and the lower town, mostly inhabited by Turks, with numerous mosqnes, and a good bazaar. BEBATiN,5eraw7iwm, Fctotww, a town of Bohemia, cap. circ, on the Beratm river, 17} m. S.W. Prague. Pop. 2,200, employed in potteries, iron-forges, coal mines, and stone quarries. Bebbeba, a seaport station of East Africa, Somauli, on a deep bay of the Gulf of Aden, 160 m. E.S.E. Zeyla. Lat. 10° 26' 15' N., Ion. 45° 7' 57' E. A large annual fair is held here from October till April, at which from 10,000 to 20,000 persons assemble ; and to which cofFee, grains, ghee, ostrich-feathers, gums, hides, gold-dust, cattle, ivory, and slaves are sent from the interior of Africa; and iron, Indian piece-goods, cotton, rice, &c., from Arabia and other parts of Asia. Bebbice, the most W. district of British Gui- ana, extending along the coast, and up the Ber- bice river, and mosQy between lat. 6° and 7° N., and Ion. 57° and 68° W. Pop. (1834) 21,589, of whom 570 are whites. It is subdivided into 6 pas. Principal products sugar, cofFee, and cot- ton. In 1846, 73,307 cwts. of sugar and 51,267 gallons of rum were exported to the united king- dom. Total value of exports in 1844, 226,213?., those to Great Britain amounting to 222,8592. ; value of imports 65,640/. In the same year 86 vessels, aggregate burden 11,906 tons entered, and 72 do., burden 11,836 tons, cleared from the colony. Reg. shipping, (1844) 18 vessels, aggre- gate burden 854 tons. Principal town New Am- sterdam. The Berbice riv. in the above dist., has at first a N,, & afterwards a N.E. course, between the Essequibo and the Corentyn rivers, & joins the Atlantic by an estuary 5 m. in width, 10 m. N. New Amsterdam, and in lat. 6° 21' N., Ion. 57° 12' W. Sir R. Schomburk ascended it in 1837, to lat. 3° 55' N. where it was 33 yards wide, with a depth of from 8 to 10 feet. In its upper part it has numerous rapids and cataracts ; but it is navigable for 166 m. from the sea, for vessels BEU drawing 7 feet water. Among the luxuriant vegetation on its banl^s, the magnificent Victoria regia was discovered. Bekceto, a picturesque vill. of N. Italy, duchy and 28 m. S.W. Parma. Po]i. 900. BEBcnEM, a town of Bel^um, prov. E. Flan- ders, on the Scheldt, 19 m. S.W. Ghent. Pop. 2,342, partly employed in the manuf. of chiccory. —II. a vill., prov. & 2 m. S. Antwerp, on the rail- way to Brussels. Pop. 2,729, engaged in bleach ing and in mannfs. of canvas, starch, and tobac- co. — III. a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 13 m. N.E. Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1,841. Bebohing, a small town of Bavaria, circ. Middle Franconia, on Ludwig's canal, 30 miles W.N.W. Regensburg. Pop. 1,354. Bebchtesqaden, a market town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Bavaria, 12 m. S. Salzburg, with 1,800 inhabitants engaged in salt works, & manuf. of bone and wooden wares. In the royal salt mines in its vicinity 200 miners are employed, & the annual produce is 16,000 cwt. of rock salt. Bebck-Sub-Mek, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Pas de Calais, on the English Channel, 8 m. S.W. Montreuil. Pop. 2,100. 61 fishing boats belonged to its port in 1837. Bebct, a vill. of France, dep. & on rt. b. of the Seine, forming a S.E. suburb of Paris, between the city wall and the line of its new fortifications. Pop. (1846) 8,641. It is an entrepot of articles for consumption in Paris, especially wine & brandy. Bekdiansk, a marit. town of S. Russia, Tanri- da, at the mouth of the small river Berda, on the N. shore of the sea of Azov, 150 m. N.E. Sim- feropol. This new and flourishing town is re- markable for its rapid extension, having in the ten years of its existence established an extensive trade and attained a pop. of 10,000. Its prospe- rity is ascribed to the excellence of its port, and the coal mines and salt lakes in its vicinity. Beeditchbv, a town of Russian Poland, gov. Volhynia, 24 m. S. Jitomir. Pop. about 20,000, mostly Jews. It is dirty & ill-built, but important for its commerce, and celeb, for its 4 annual fairs, the chief of which is held during the four weeks succeeding August 15. The average value of the goods brought annually to these fairs is estimat- ed at 3,797,000 roubles (607,550/.). Bebdon, apa. of England, co. Essex, 5m. N.W. Stansted-Mountfitchet. Area 1,570 ac. Pop. 391. Beee-Chcbch, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 2 m. S.W. Colchester, and within its jurisdiction. Area 1,440 ac. Pop. 146. For other vills. in England with the prefix Bere, see Beeb. Bebe (Forest of), a pretty extensive tract of forest-land in England, co. Hants, between Portsdown and the Southdown ranges. Much of it is now enclosed, but other parts produce fine oak timber. In it are the vills. Purbrook, South- wick, and Homdean. Bekegh, a county of Upper Hungary, this side theTheiss. Pop. 121,500. Chf. towns Bereghszasz & Munkacs II. a town in above co. Pop. 1,760. BEBEOuszAsz,atownofE. Hungary, CO. Beregh, 18 m. S. Munkacs. Pop. 3,560. It has Roman Catholic, Greek, and Protestant churches. BEBEGUABDO,avill., Lombardy, 9 m. N.W. Pa- vla,near mth. of canal of same name in the Ticino. Bebenioe, a ruined city of E^ypt, anciently the emporium of its commerce with India, on a bay in the Bed Sea, 20 m. S.W. Ras Bernass. It has the remains of a temple of Serapis. BebSny (Jaz), a town of Hungary, cap. dist,, 28 m. E. Buda, on the Zagyva, with a gymnasium. Bebesina, or Bebeziha, a river of Russia, gov. Min.slf, in the N. of which it rises, flows generally BER U8 BEK S., and joins the Dnieper in lat. 52° 28' N. Length 200 m. Principal afflt. the Svislotch. The towns Borisov and Bobruitsk are on its banlis. It is navigable, & is connected with the Diina by a canal, which thus establishes a communication between the Baltic and Black seas. This river is memorable for the disastrous passage of the French army during Napoleon's retreat from Moscow in 1812.— II. a viU. on the rt. b. of the Berezina, 48 m. E. Minsk, at which Charles xii. crossed the river, June 29, 1708. Berezna, a town of Russia, on the Desna, gov. and 20 m. E. Techernigov. Pop. 5,600. Bebezov, a town of Siberia, gov. and 400 m. N.N. W. Tobolsk, onl. b.oftheSosva. It is im- portant as the sole trading station tliroughout a wide extent of country, and has a considerable traffic in furs. — II. a gold-mining village of Asiatic Russia, gov. Perm, N.E. Jekaterineburg. Berg, numerous villages in Germany, the prin- cipal in Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, IJ m. N.E. Stuttgart, with 770 inhabitants, who manuf. cot- ton-yarn and copper- wares. The Duchy of Berg, on the Rhine between Cologne and doblenz, formed by Napoleon in 1806, & ceded to Prussia in 1815, is now comprised in Prussian Westphalia. Bebga, a town of Spain, prov. & 51 m. N.N.W. Barcelona. Pop. 6,333. It has a garrison, an Kdspital, and several convents. Bebgama, Pergamm, a ruined city of Asia Minor, Anatolia, on the Mendere-Chai {Simois), 1 J m. S.E. the site of anc. Troy. It has exten- sive remains of a palace, an amphitheatre, trium- phal arches, and bridges, intermixed with huts, burial-grounds, mosques, and khans. Bebgamo, Bergomunij a fortified city of Lom- bsirdy, cap. deleg., 29 m. N.E. Milan. Pop. (1839) 30,604. It is one of the most picturesque cities in N. Italy, & has numerous churches & chapels, a cathedral, 12 monasteries, 10 nunneries, a town- hall, many charitable institutions, a college, athenseum, academy of the fine arts, diocesan & other schools, a public library, a military asylum, and several theatres, with extensive manufs. of silk, woollen, cotton, and linen fabrics, silk twist, and iron goods. The largest fair in N. Italy is held here annually in August, the aggregate sales at which sometimes amount to 1,200,0002. It has also large cattle markets, and a considerable trade in grinding-stones, quarried in the vicinity. During the height of the Venetian power, Ber- gamo was a dependency on its territory ; under Na- poleon it was cap. of the dep. of Serio. A colos- sal statue is erected in the principal square to Torquato Tasso, whose father was bom here. Bebgantino, a mkt. town of N. Italy, Venice, gov. deleg. and 25 m. W. Rovigo. Pop. 3,000. Bebgedobf, a town of N. Germany, belonging jointly to Hamburg & Liibeck, on the Hamburg & Berlin railw., 10 m. E.S.E. Hamburg. Pop. 2,151. Bbbgen, a fortfd. city and seaport of Norway, cap. prov., on a penins. at the end of a deep bay, on the Atlantic, 190 m. W.N.W. Christiania. Lat. of castle, 60° 24' N., Ion. 5° 18' E. Pop. (1845) 25,611. It is well-built and picturesque : it rises in the form of an amphitheatre, and has a cathedral, several other churches, hospitals, cha- intable institution, a theatre, national museum, diocesan college, naval academy & other schools, ■and 6 public libraries. Bergen is surrounded by televated mntns. on the landside, which renders the climate humid, and heavy rains are very fre- quent. It is the seat of a court of secondary jurisdiction, and of one of the three public trea- ^uHos of Norway, and is the station of a naval squadron. Its harbour, deep and sheltered, but B rocky, is defended by several forts ; which, with the town-walls, mount about 100 guns. Manufs. of earthenware, tobacco, and cordage ; distilling and ship-building are carried on ; the fishery is, however, the principal source of employment, & fleets of from 50 to 80 small vessels come from the N. provs. in summer, bringing to Bergen, fish, roes, fish-oil, blubber, skins, and feathers, and taking back goods in return. The foreign trade is mostly with the countries of N. Europe. Principal imports, com, brandy, & wines, cotton, and woollen manufs., colonial produce, & hemp, exports, dried and salted fish, lobsters, oil, horns, iron, rock-moss, skins, & timber. In 1842, 1,078 vessels, mostly Norwegian, Danish, British, and German, of an aggregate burden of 80,645 tons entered; and 1,066 do., burden 80,278 tons, cleared out of the port. Reg. shipping (1835) 279 vessels ; aggregate burden, 6,380 tons. Ber- gen was founded in the 11th century, and was at an early period a town of the Hanseatic League. The Stifte or prov. Bergen, had in 1835 a pop. of 183,549. Beegen, a town of Prussian Pomerania, reg. Stralsund, circ. and near the centre of the isl. Riigen, of which it is cap., 15 m. N.E. Stralsund. Pop. 3,024. It has manufs. of woollen cloth, and brandy, and a convent for noble ladies. — II. a town of the Netherl'ds, prov. Limburg, on r. b. of the Maas, 30 m. E.S.E. Bois-le-duc. Pop. 3,442.— III. a vill. of Hanover, landrost and 34 m. S.W. Liineburg, with a pop. of 830, and linen manufe. — This is the name of several vills. in Germany. Bebgen, a CO. U. S., N. America, in N.E. of New Jersey. Area 350 sq. m. Pop. 13,223. Soil fertile. — II. a tnship. N. Jersey, cap. co. Hudson, 56 m. N.E. Trenton, on summit of mount, ridge. Pop. 5,256. It has some cordage factories. — III. a tnship. N. York, 237 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,832. Bebgen-op-Zoom, a strongly fortfd. town of the Netherlands, cap. cant., prov. N. Brabant, on the Zoom, near its junction with the E. Scheldt, 22 m. W.S.W. Breda. Lat. 51° 29' T N., Ion. 4° 17' 6' E. Pop. (1840) 7,451. It has a good hai-- bour, 2 arsenals, a town-house, a Latin school, a school of architecture, manufs. of earthenwares, and a considerable trade in anchovies. It was long styled the "maiden," on account of the numerous sieves it had sustained, especially by the Spainards in 1588 and 1622. The tbrtifs. were extended by the celebrated Coehoorn in 1703. It was taken by the French in 1747 and in 1794 ; & defended by them against the English in 1814. Bebgebac, a town of France, dep. and on r.b. of the Dordogne, here crossed by a noble bridge of five arches, cap. arrond., in a fertile plain, 26 m. S.S.W. Perigueux. Pop. (1846) 6,805. It has a comm. college, & public library, tribunal of commerce ; & manufs. of paper, iron & copper wares, serges, & hosiery ; & exports white wines, liqueurs, and provisions to Bordeaux. Bergerac was formerly fortfd., and sustained many sieges. It was taken by the English in 1345, retaken in 1370. Its fortifs. were razed by Louis xm. in 1621 . Behgeuk, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 25 m. S. Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1,761. Bergheim, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Rhin, arrond., and 8J m. N. Colmar. Pop. 3,663 II. a mkt.-town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 14 m. "W.N.W. Cologne. Pop. 866.— III. a vill. of Germany, princip. and 4 m. S.E. "Waldeck, vrith a castle of the Princei of Waldeck, & 600 in- habitants ; also other villages in Germany. Bebgholt, two pas. of England, co. Suffolk L {East), 6 m. S.S.E. Hadleigh. Area 2,380 ac Pop: 1,461. Fair, Julv22. Its free school, found- BEK 149 BER ed in 1594, has an annual rev. of iOl. — II. (West) 3i m. N.W. Colchester. Area 2,170 ac. Pop. 822. Bergreichenstein, a town of Boliemia, circ. Prachin, 42 m. W.N.W. Biidweis. Pop. 4,100. Its once productive gold mines are now nearly abandoned; and its pop. employed in agriculture. Berostadt, a town of Moravia, circ. & 19 m. N. Olmiitz. Pop. 1,320, with iron mines ; its silver mines have been occasionally worked since 1437. Bergues, a fortfd. town of France, dep. Nord, cap. cant., in a marshy tract, on the Colme, 5 m. S.S.E. Dunkerque. Pop. (1846) 6,827. It has a comm. college, hospital, and public hbrary ; with distilleries, salt and sugar refineries, manufs. of soap, tobacco, and earthenwai-e, and considerable commerce in cattle, cheese, and lace. It com- municates with Dunkerque and the sea by the canal of Bergues, which admits vessels of 300 tons. Beroum, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Friesland, cap. cant., on the Bergum lake, 8 m. E. Leeuwarden. Extens. horse fair. Pop. 2,028. BERGiJN, a vUi. of Switzerland, cant. Orisons, on the N. slope of the Albula mntn., and on the route from Coire to the Eugadine, elev. 4,544 ft. Pop. 600 (Protestants). Below the vill. is the remarkable valley of the Bergiinerstein. Bergzaberx, a town of Khenish Bavaria, cir. Pfalz, on the Erlbach, 8 m. S.W. Landau. P. 2,565. Bebhampoor, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. and G m. S. Moorshedabad, on the Bhagirathi river, facing which are a line espla- nade, and barracks for European troops. Beeisoen, a parish and vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 3 m. W. Schaffhausen. Pop. 1,417. BERISI.AV, a town of S. Russia, gov. & 25 m. E. Kherson, on rt. b. of the Dnieper, here crossed by a floating bridge. Trade with the Crimea. BEBJA,at. of Spain, prov. & 22 m. W. Almeria, on the S. slope of the Sierra de Gador. Pop. 9,840. It is the centre of extens. lead mines, of which several hundreds are opened in the mntn. Berka, two vills., Cent. Germany, duchy Saxe- Weimar. — I. on the Ilm, 6 m. S. Weimar. Pop. 1,228. Knined castle, and sulphur batlis. — II. on the Werra, 11 m. W.S.W. Eisenach. Pop. 1,180. Berkeley, a mkt. town and pa. of England, CO. and 15 m. S.S.W. Glo'ster. Area of pa. 14,680 ac. Pop. of do. 4,405. The town, on an eminence in the vale of Berkeley, near the Severn, and the Glo'ster and Bristol railw., has a hand- some chtu'ch, which is the burial-place of the ce- leb. Dr Jenner ; a grammar school, founded 1696 (rev. about 40Z. per annum ;) a mkt. -house ; and some trade in timber, coal, malt, and cheese, fa- cilitated ^ the Glo'ster and Berkeley canal. Market Wednesday. Fair May 14. — Berkeley Castle, on an eminence S.E. of the town, is a large irregular pile, enclosing a spacious court, and regarded as one of the finest and most per- fect feudal structures in the kingdom. It has a keep, baronial hall, chapel, and dungeon ; and the apartment is still shown in which Edward ii. was murdered, a.d. 1327. Berkeley was granted to the Fitz-Hardinges by Henry ii., and, with its extensive manor, comprising nearly 30 parishes, is still held by their descendants. Its vale is noted for rich pasturage, and produces the fa- mous " double Gloucester" cheese. The Berkley- road station of Bristol & Birmingham railway, IJ m. distant, is 22^ m. N. Bristol. Berkeley, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 2 m. E.N.E. Frome. Area 1,880 ao. Pop. 490. Berkeley Sound, the most frequented inlet of the E. Falkland Isl. in the Atlantic, near its N.E. extrem., lat. 51° 30' S., Ion. 57° 56' W. It is of difficult entrance, but contains several good har- bours, and affords abundant supplies of water, cattle, and vegetables, for shipping. Berkeswell, a pa. of England, co. Warwick, 6 m. W. Coventry. Area 6,360 ac. Pop. 1,504. Berkhamstead (Great), a mkt. town and pa, of England, co. Herts, on the Grand Junction canal and the London and Birmingham railway, 28 m. N.W. London. Area of pa. 4,250 ac. Pop. 2,979. The town, in a deep vale, is irregularly built, mostly of brick. It has a spacious church, which contains twelve small chapels ; a grammar school, founded in the reign of Henry viii. (rev. about 650?.); a blue-coat school (rev.'279i.) ; nu- merous smaller charities ; a gaol, with house of correction ; and the remains of a strong castle, famous in English history. Pop. partly employed in the manufacture of straw-plait. Mkt. Sat. Fairs Shrove Monday, Whit-Monday, August 5, September 29, and October 11. Cowper, the poet, was born here in 1781, while his father was rector of the pa. — II. (Little), a pa., co., and ii m. S.W. Hertford. Area 1,670 ac. Pop. 555. The interest of a bequest of 600/. is an- nually distributed among the poor of this pa. — III. (St Mary). [North Church.] Berkley, a co. of II. S., N. America, in N.E. of Virginia, on the Potomac. Area 392 sq. m. Pop.10,972, of whom 1,919 are slaves. Berkley-Springs, a vill. of U. S., North America, Virginia, 180 m. N.N.W. Richmond, and frequented as a watering-place. Berks, a co. of U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. of Pennsylvania. Area 1,020 sq. m. Pop. 64,559. Soil fertile, watered by Schuylkill river. Berkshire, an inland co. of England, having N. the COS. Oxford and Bucks, E. Surrey, S. Hants, W. Wilts and Glo'ster. Area 481,280 ac. Inhabited houses, in 1841, 31,653. Pop. 161,147. Surface beautifully varied, and generally wellr. wooded. The Thames forms all its N. boundary ; other principal rivers are its affls. the Kennet & Loddon. A tract of downs extends through its centre; its S.E. and E. parts are occupied by Windsor forest and park. About 260,000 acres are estim. to be under tillage ; 72,000 do. in pas- tures ; and 30,000 do. waste. The soil is fertile, sub-sou chalk, gravel, and clay. Agriculture is rather backward ; though many parts of the co., especially in the vales of the Kennet and the " White-horse," are noted for fertility. Property greatly subdivided. Few farms consist of more than 600 ac. Average rent of land about 25s. an ac. Manufs. unimportant : those of woollens, foi which the co. was once famous, have entirely dis- appeared ; but an extensive trade in agricultural produce is carried on by the Thames, the Wilts and Berks, and Kennet and Avon canals, and the G. Western railw., which last intersects the co. throughout. Chf. towns, Reading, Windsor, Wal- lingford, Abingdon, and Newbury. Berks eon- tains 20 hundreds, and 151 pas. in the circuit & diocese of Oxford. Poor-rates (1846) 78,178?. ; CO. rates (1847) 10,982?. ; expenditure 10,220?. ; annual value of land (1843), 694,903?. ; of houses, 310,104?. ; total annual value of property, 967,476?. It returns 9 mems. to the H. of C, 3 of whom sit for the CO. Reg. elects, for co. (1846), 6,241. Berkshire, a co. of U. S., N. America, in W. part of Mississippi, hitersected by Boston and Albany railroad. Pop. 41,746. Surface partly mountainous, and adapted for grazing. — II. a town, Franklin co., Vermont. Pop. 1,818. Beklaer, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. Antwerp, arrond. & 9 m. N.E. Mechlin. P. 2,926,. Berlaimont, a comm. & town of France, dep. Nord, cap. cant., on the Sambre, 8 m, N.W: Aves- BER 150 BEK nc3. Pop. (with comm.) 2,128, employed in ma- nufactures of pottery, and in briclc-making. Berlakoa, two small towns of Spain ; one in the prov. and 22 m. S.W. Soria. Pop. 1,692 ; the other in the proT.& 65 m. S.E. Badajos. P. 4,128. Berlebueg, a town of Prussian- Westphalia, reg. and 28 m. S.S.E Arnsberg, cap. circ. Witt- genstein. Pop. 2,152. It has a castle, the resi- dence of its princes ; manufs. of woollen cloths. and in its vicinity are several iron forges. Beblenqas (Fr. Serlingues), a group of small roclty isls. off the W. coast of Portugal, prov. Es- tremadura, 10 m. N.W. Peniche. The small Island Berlinga is defended by a fortress. Bbklikcm, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 5 m. E. Bois-le-Duc. Pop, 2,222 ^11. another vill. of same name, prov. W. Friesland, has a large annual fair. Pop. 1,220. Berlin, an important city of Germany, cap. of the Prussian monarchy, and of the prov. Bran- denburg, on the Spree, 156 m. E.S.E. Hamburg, and 100 m. N. Dresden. Lat. (of new Observa^ tory) 52° 80' 16' N., Ion. 13° 23' S8' E. ; elev. above the sea 115 ft.; mean temp, of the year 48° .2 ; summer 64° .6 ; winter 31° .4 Fahr. Pop. (1846), including garrison, 408,500. It is built in a sandy plain, on both banks of the Spree, is about 10 m. in circumference, occupies an extent of 6,800 acres, & is one of the finest and most hand- somely constructed cities in Europe. The cliief divisions of the city are, 1. Berlin Proper, 2. Cologne (alt and neu Koln), on the Spree; 3. Louisenstadt, in the S. ; 4. Friedrichstadt, in S.W. ; 5. Friedrichswerder, betw. alt and neu Koln and Friedrichstadt ; 6. Neustadt, or Dorotheeustadt, betw. Friedrichstadt and the Spree ; 7. Friedrich Wilhelmstadt, built 1828, and the suburbs of Stralhau, Spandau,andKonigstadt, Oranienburg, and Potsdam. The city is surrounded by a wall 16 feet high, and is entered by 16 gates, one of ■wliich, the Brandenburg gate on its W., is a co- lossal structure, surmounted by a victory, in a car drawn by 4 horses, and one of the most elegant of the kind in Europe. It was carried to Paris in 1807, and restored in 1814. Of the 40 bridges which cross the Spree and its branches, the prin- pal are the long bridge, with an equest. statue of the great elector Frederick William ; the Schloss- briicke, or palace bridge, with groups of heroes in marble ; Frederick's bridge, consisting of eight arches, and constructed of iron. The city gene- rally is regular and handsome, but the houses are of little elevation. The finest streets are in Fried, and Dorotheen stadt ; the most celeb, is that called 'nnter-der-Linden,'abroad & impos- ing street, planted with 4 rows of lime trees, or- namented by an equest. statue of Fred, the Great, terminat. by the Brandenburg gate at the one end, & the royal palace attheother. Other streets most worthy of notice are Friedrich St., Wilhelm St., Paris sqnare,Wilhelms place. Belle Alliance place, & the Gena-d'Armes market. Around the princi- pal squares & streets are grouped numerous public buildings, among which are the royal castle & pa- lace, the arsenal, university, museums, exchange, opera-house, theatres, and the palaces of the princes. There are 33 churches, of which 23 are evangelical, 4 French Calvinist, 2 Rom. Catholic, and 1 chapel of the Bohemian brothers. The ca- thed. in the Lustgarten is the finest, but none of them are remarkable for their architecture. The Prussian capital has nums. and excellent hStels and caf^s, and its public conveyances are under the best management. In summer, upwards of 1,000 droskeys are kept in the streets for hire. The suburbs have many attractions, among which are the Thier-garten, a large open park out- side of the Brandenburg gate, in which a corso has been recently estab., and the Kreutzberg, a sandhiU, S. of the gate of Halle, on which is erected an iron monument to the memory of the Prus- sians who fell in the wars of Napoleon, and whence the only good view of the city is obtained. Berhn is the great centre of instruction and intellectual development in Northern Germany ; its edma- tional estabs. are numerous and celebrated. The university, founded in 1809, & comprising schools of jurisprudence, medicine, and philosophy, had, in 1843-4, 1,656 students. There are 6 gymna^- sia, 2 Protestant theol. seminaries, a milit. school, schools of artillery, military engineering, archi- tecture, sculpture, painting, and music ; a prepa- ratory school of music, and many elementary schools. It has extens. public libraries, among which the roval library, founded in 1650, has 600,000 printed vols. & 500 MSS. Among its va- luable collections are ro^fal museums of painting, sculpture, antiquities, coins, & medals, a museum of nat. hist., a royal astronom. & magnet, obser- vatory, & aroyal botanic garden, one of the richest & most complete in Europe. Its justly celeb, aca- demic institutions comprise theacad. of sciences (Akademie der Wissenschajien), acad. of the fine arts, acad. for the encouragement of industry, and the acad. of music ; a geographical society, founded in 1828, and a society of natural history. It has 2 royal theatres ; & its celeb, opera house, burned in 1843, was rebuilt in 1844. Among its charitable institutions are the Hfltel des Invalidfes, for 300 soldiers & 12 officers, and an orphan hos- pital. Berlin is the first city in G ermany for the variety and importance of its manuf. products. The different articles of indust. are cloths, linens, carpets, silks, ribbons, and printed cottons, iron wares, especially the beautiful cast-iron articles called " BerUn jewellery," paper, porcelain, ma- them. & optical instruments, chem. & dye-stuffs, includg. the celeb. "Prussian blue," & musical in- struments. Among its great industrial estabs. are the royal iron foundry and royal porcelain manufactory. The productions of the press in typography, cartography, & lithography, are nu- merous and excellent. For the encouragement of commerce there is a royal bank, a royal mer- cantile marine (Seehandhmgs-institate), establish- ed 1772, & steam-packet companies. AU the great roads in the kingdom meet in Berlin ; its position, on a navig. river, communicating by canals with the Elbe, Oder, and Vistula, renders its naviga- tion of considerable importance ; and it is now (1850) the centre of a system of railways which connect it with the Baltic by Hamburg & Kiel, on the N.W., and by Stettin on the N.B. On the S.E. a line extends by Breslau to Vienna, on the S. to Leipzig and Dresden, and on the W. to Magdeburg and Hanover. The origin of the city dates fi'om the 13th cent., but it first became important in the reign of the great elector Fred. William, in 1650. In 1700, its pop. amounted to only 29,000. Berhn was ocenp. by the Austrians and Russians in 1760, & by the French in 1806. Berlin, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., Con- necticut CO., & 10 m. S.W. Hartford. Pop. 3,411, partly empl. in a manuf. of tin wares. — Also a town, Rensselaer co. N. York. P. 1,794, & sev. others. Berlin (Nev? ), a tnshp. U. S., N. America, N. York, 8 m. N.E. Norwich. Pop. 3,086. Berlinchbn, a town of Prussia, prov. Bran- denburg, reg. and 62 m. N.E. Frankfurt-on-the Oder, with manufs. of cloth & paper. Pop. 3,620. Bermeo, a seaport town of Spain, prov. Viz- cava, on the Bay of Biscay, 14 m. N.E. Bilbao. BER 151 BER Pop. 3,625,raostly engaged in fishei-ies. Alonzode Ercilla, the epic poet, was born here about 1630. Bermondsey, a pa. of England, & suburb of the metropohs, co. Surrey, included in the borough jf Southwark, on the E. Area 620 ac. Pop. 22,496, mostly employed in ship-building, in ex- tensive tanneries, & in a lar^e retail trade. Ber- mondsey has 2 chapels for its lai-ge Roman Ca- tholic population, a convent, many schools and other charities, and some small remains of a ce- lebrated abbey, founded about a. d. 1082. Bermuda, The Bermudas, or Somebs Isls., a group of about 300 small isls. belonging to Great BritaiD, in the Atlantic, lat. 32° 20 N., and Ion. 64° SO'W., 800 m. E. fi:om South Carolina. Area about 20 sq. m., or from 12,000 to 13,000 ac. Pop. (1842), 9,930. Surface mostly low, & composed of a shelly coralline rock. Many rocky reefs sur- round the Bermudas, which are visited by severe gales in winter ; but among the isls. are several good anchorages. Chmate mild and salubrious. Mean ann. temp. 71° to 75° Fahr. Principal ex- ports—arrow-root, cocoa, potatoes, onions, pal- metto, & straw-hats. The fruits of both tropical & temperate regions are raised ; poultry & veal are plentiful. Many of the inhabs. are engaged in the transit & other trade between Newfound- land and the West Indies ; and others in the whale-fishery. Value of exports (1844), 34,589/., those to Great Britain amounting to 12,291A; value of imports in do., 141,671?., of which those irom the United kingdom amounted to 60,872Z. In the same year 133 vessels, more than 2-3ds British, aggreg. burden 24,177 tons, entered ; and 180 do., bnr. 23,290 tons, cleared from the ports of these isls. Keg. shipping (1846), 3,525 tons. St George's and Ireland isls. are strongly fortfd. ; on the former is Hamilton, the cap., & the latter is entirely occup. by its fortress, arsenal, & dock- yards. It is the great convict station. Governm. vested in a governor, a council of 8 mems., and an assembly of 36 mems., 4 being returned by each pa. Total publ. rev. (1842) 19,342Z.; expend. 17,436?. The princip. isls. are St George, Ireland, St David, Somerset, Paget, Longbeud, & Smith's. This group of isls. was discovered in 1522 by Bermudez, a Spaniard ; Sir G. Somers was wreck- ed here in 1609, & soon after thus they were colo- nised from Virginia and Engl. There is regular steam coimnunic. between Bermuda & New York, and Bermuda and St. Thomas. Bern, or Berne (Canton), a state of central Europe, one of the three Vorort, or governing cantons of the Swiss confederation, sit. between lat. 46° 20' & 47° 30' N., & Ion. 6° 50' & 8° 27' E. Bounded N. by France, E. by the cants. Soleure, Aargan, Lucem, Unterwalden, and Uri, S. by the Valais, and W. by Vaud, Fribourg, & Neu- chatel. Area 2,584 sq.m. Pop. (1837) 407,913, the greater part of whom are protestants. The country is ver^ mntnous., comprising, in the S., many of the mghest points of the Alps, as the JPinster-aor-Horn, Jungfrau, Schreclthom, and MSnch, the teiTaces and contre-forts of which form the Bernese Oberland, celeb, for the beauty of its valleys, the chief of which are the Siinmen- thal, Lauterbmnnen, Grindelwald, & Hasli. The N. part of the cant, is covered by the Juramntas., ihe two regions being separated by the valley of the Aar. Nearly the whole territory belongs to the basin of the Rhine, & is drained by the Aar and its tributaries, the chief of which are the Em- men, Simmen, Kander, and Thiele. The lakes of .Neuchatel and Bienne are formed by the Thiele, and those of Thun and Brienz by the Aar. Cli- mate healthy ; excessively cold in the region of the Alps, where the perpetual snow forms the most extensive glaciers in Switzerland, but mild at tha foot of the Jura, and in the valley of Interlac- ken. The mntns. are covered with extensiva forests of pine and beech, and the soil is fertile in the valleys. The amoimt of gram, potatoes, hemp, and lint, is insufficient for consumption. The vine is cultivated to a considerable extent in the valleys of the Thiele, and on the lakes Neu- chatel, Bienne, and Thun. Pasturage extensive, and the rearing of cattle is the chief source of wealth ; those of the valleys of the Emmen and Sarine being considered the best in Switzerland, and the celeb, cheese there produced, is one of the chief articles of commerce in the canton. The horses of the Emmenthal are much esteemed. The canton has mines of iron, lead, and copper, marble & gypsum quarries, fine freestone, gra- nite, and lime. Iron is worked extensively in the Jura. Among the many mineral springs, those of Weissenburg, Blumenstein, Frutigen, and Gumigel, are most frequented. The chj. objects of industry are the manufs. of Unens & woollens^ iron and copper wares, watchmaking, and the wooden wares of the Oberland. The chf. impts. are salt, colonial prod., grain, tobacco, & metals. The cant, is traversed by excellent roads, & steam packets ply on the lakes, and on the riv. Aar. The educational estabs. of the canton are nu- merous and excellent, comprising a university, polytechnic and normal schools, and the celeb, agricultural and industrial institution at Hofwyl. Bern is the largest canton of the Swiss confed,,- and holds the second rank in the federal diet. Its contingent to the army is 5,824 men. Bern, a town of Switzerl., cap. cant, of same name, on a small peninsula formed by the Aar, here crossed by two stone bridges, one of which, opened 1844, is 900 ft. m length, 80 m. N.E. Ge- neva, and 23 m. S. Basel. Elev. (of observ.) 1866 ft. Pop. (1837) 22,422. Bern is the seat of the federal diet, alternately with Zurich and Lucem, and residence of three foreign ministers. It is the finest town in Switzerland, and one of the most handsome in Europe ; it is entirely built of freestone, & is remarkable for the arcades formed by the houses in all its principal streets, and for its numerous fountains, many of which are orna- mented with curious sculpture. It has a Gothic cathed., a university founded 1834, an observatory, a public library, with an extensive collection of books and MSS. on Swiss history ; a museum of natural history, an arsenal, a mint, in which the coins of sev. cantons are struck, and many cha- ritable institutions. Its chief industry consists in the manufacture of gunpowder, firearms, and mathematical instruments, straw hats, pajjer, and leather. Bern was surrounded by walls in 1191, declared a free city in 1218, & admitted into the Swiss confederation in 1352; its fortifications were demoUshed in 1835. It is the birthplace of Haller. Bears have for many centuries been maintained here at the public expense, and the effigy of bruin is a favourite emblem on the coins and fountains of the canton. Bernard (Great St.), Most Jams, a remarji. mntn. pass in the chain of the Alps, betyreen Piedmont & the Valais. It owes its mod. name to the great celebrity of the io«pJce, flaid to have been founded by Bernard de Menthon, in 862, for the succour of travellers, who have been assisted to the number of 600 in one day. The hospice, a strong stone building, is situated on the summit of the pass, 11 m. N.N.W. Aosta, & 17 m. S.S.E, Martigny, at an elev. of 8,150 ft. above the leve) of the sea. It is the highest habitation in tjiis BEK 132 BER Alps, and the cold is so intense, that a small lake in its vicinity is frozen over 9 months in the year. During the whole year, the philanthropic Inmates, monks of the order of St. Augustine, with their Valuable dogs, hold themselves in readiness to assist travellers arrested by the snow, which in winter accumulates to a depth of from 10 to 40 ft. In the chapel is a monument to General Desaix, erected by Napoleon in 1805. This gorge, which was traversed by Koman armies, by Charlemagne, & by Frederic Barbarossa, is chiefly celeb, for the passage of Bonaparte at the head of the French army of 30,000 men, with cavalry & artillery, 15th to 21st May 1800. The road has been recently much improved, and rendered passable for cars. Little St. Bernard, is a mntn. of the Graian Alps, S. of Mont Blanc, elev. of convent 7,07G feet. Bernabd, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. America, New Jersey, co. Somerset. Pop. 2,059. — 11. (St.), a pa., Louisiana, between New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico. Area 160 sq. m. Pop. 3,237.— III. a riv. of Texas, dist. Brazoria. BEBNiRDmo (St.), a vill. of Switzerl., cant. Grisons, in the valley of Misooco, 16 m. N. Ro- veredo, with mineral springs. The Pass of Ber- nardino, or Bernhardin, is traversed by the route from Coire to Bellingona, & is one of the princi- pal means of commuhic. between Italy, Switzerl., and Germany, Elev. 6,970 feet. Bernau, a t. of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, on Stettin railw., 13 m. N.E. Berlin. Pop. 3,640, em- ploy ed in weaving woollen, cotton, & silk stuffe, & in breweries. — ^11. at. of Baden, cu-c. Upp. Rhine. Pop. 1,600. — Also several villages in Germany. Beknat, a comm. and town of France, dep. Eure, cap. arrond., on the Charentonne, 26 m. W.N.W. Evreux. Pop. (1846) 6,490. It has a comm. college, and manufs. of woollen cloths, linens and yarn : it is the seat of a tribunal of commerce, & of the largest horse fair in France, frequented by 40,000 persons. The Benedict, abbey, founded 1018, is now convert, intowarehos. Bebnburg, a town of N. Germany, cap. duchy Anhalt-Bemburg, on the Saale, here crossed by a massive bridge, 23 m. S. Magdeburg. Pop. 6,772. It consists of an old and a new town, both end. bv walls, & has a ducal castle, sev. churches, "counoif-house, high schools, and orphan asylum. Manufs. porcelain, paper, & starch. Itis connect- ed by railws. with Berlin, Magdeburg, & Dresden. Bebne, a town of N. Germany, duchy & 11 m. E. Oldenburg. Pop. 3,726. Bebne, sev. tnshps. of the U. S., N. America. — I. New York, co. and 23 m. W. Albany. Pop. 3,740.-11. Ohio, co. Fairfield. Pop. 2,419 III. Pennsylvania, co. Berks, 11 m. N.W. Reading, on the Schuylkill. Pop. 3,149. Beeneck, a town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Fran- conia, on the White Main, at the mouth of the Oelsnitz, 8 m. N.E. Bau-euth. Pop. 1,042, en- gaged in manufs. of alum, vitriol, and iron wire, and in a pearl-fishery in the riv. — Also viUs. in Bavaria, Austria, and "Wiirtemberg. Bebneok, a vill. of Switzerl., cant, and 11 m. E. St, Gall, with 1,300 inhabs., an active com- merce, & manuf. of embroidered muslins. Bebneba, 3 isls, of the Hebrides ; one the most S. of the group, another in Harris Sound, & the third on the W. side of the island Lewis. Bebnese Obebland, Switzerland. [Been.] Beehieb, a small island, W. Australia, N.W. of Shark Bay. Lat. 24° 60' S^ Ion. 113° 16' E. Beenina, a mntn. of the Rhsetian Alps, Swit- 'Zerland, cant.Grisons, 36 m. S.E. Coire, remark- able for its extens. glacier. The Pass of Ber- nina forms a communication between the Upp. Engadine and the Valteline, at an elev. of 7,672 Beenkastel, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 23 m. N.E. Treves, situated beneath a mined fortress on the Moselle. Pop. 2,100, with copper and lead mines, and considerable trade in wine. Beenstadt, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. & 22 m. E. Breslau. Pop. 3,600. It has a ducal castle, and manufs. of woollen and linen fabrics. —II. a town of Saxony, circ. & 20 m. S.E. Baut- zen. Pop. 1,660, partly engag. in woollen manufs. —III. a vill. of Wurtemberg, circ. Danube. Beenstein, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. & 66 m. N.E. Frankfurt. Pop. 1,660, who manuf. woollen stuffs. — II., a town, W. Hun- gary, CO. Eisenburg, 14 m. W. Giins. Pop. 1,200. Bebonda, a petty state of Hindostan, Bundel- eund ; area 275 sq. m. Pop. 24,000. Estnn. rev. 4,500?. ann. ; armed force, 30 horse & 300 foot. Beeeavol, an independent territory and town of N. Afghanistan, the town situated in a valley, & on the riv. of same name, 108 m. N. Peshawer. Bebre, a comm. and town of France, dep. Bouches-du-Rh6ne, cap. cant., with a port on the Etang de Berre, near the railway from Avignon to Marseille, 16 m. N.W. Marseille. Pop. 1,871. It has trade in salt, fruits, and olive oil. Bebbe (Etans de), a vast lagoon of France, dep. B. du Rhfine, E. of the eastermost branch of the Rh6ne. It discharges itself into the sea by a passage called the Port-de-Bouc, and has ex- tensive saltworks and eel fisheries. Beeeiedale, an extensive marit. pa. of Scot- land, CO. Caithness, with a castle, on the coast, 7i m. S.S.W. Latheron. Pop. 1,264. Berrien, co. U. S., N. Amer., in S.W. Michi- gan. Area 676 square m. Pop. 6,011. Soil on river banks a deep rich loam, densely wooded. Beeeiew, or Abes Rhiw, a pa. of N. Wales; CO. Montgomery, at the oonfl. of the Rhiw and Severn rivs, 6 m. S.W. Welshpool. Pop. 2,259. Beeeington, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, on the Severn,4m.S.S.E. Shrewsbury. Ac. 2,920. P. 651. Berbow, two pas. of England. — I. co. Somer- set, 9 m. W.S.W. Axbridge. Area 2,310 ac. Pop. 678 II. CO. Worcester, 5J m. Upton-on- Severn. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 480. Berbv, or Beeei, one of the old provs. of France, near its centre, now forming the modern deps. Cher and Indre ; its capital was Bourges. Beeet (Canal de), a canal of France, con- nects the waters of the Loire with the canal of Digoin, & passes the deps. Cher, Loir-et-Cher, and Indre-et-Loire. Beeevn-Abboe, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 3 m. E.S.E.Ilfracombe. Area 5,060 ac. Pop. 899. BEERT-PoMEBOT,apa. of England, co. Devon, 2 m. E.N.E. Totness. Area 4,610 ae. Pop. 1,149. The church contains ancient monuments. Bersham, atnshp. of N. Wales, co. Denbigh, pa. & 1 m. W. Wrexham, with iron-works. P. 1,716. Beesrand de CoMMiNGEs (Sx), a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Garonne, cap. cant., 9 m. S.W. St Gaudens. Pop. 909. It was founded in 1100, on the site of Zugdunum Convenarum, de- stroyed by the Bnrgundians in the 6th century. In it are quarries of fine marble. Bebsted, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 5J m. S.E. Chichester. Area 2,750 ac. Pop. 2,490. The watering-place Bognor, is in this parish. Bebtheisdobf, a vill. of Saxony, ciro. and 18 m. S.E. Bautzen, is thefseat of the central con- ference of the sect of Herrenhuter christians. Beetholdsdorf, a town of Austria, circ. Lower Ens, near the railway from Vienna to Triest, 8 m. S. Vienna, surrounded by vine -clad B E R 153 hills, with a fine old church, a castle, and warm baths. Pop. 2,226. Berthoud, a town, Switzerland. [Burodobf.] Bertie, a co., U. S., N. America, N.E. part ot North Carolina. Pop. 12,173, of whom 6,748 are slaves. Chief produce, cotton and tobacco. Bbbtiqnat, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arrond. Ambert. P. (1846) 3,035. BERTiNoonET, a vill. of France, dep. Pas-de- Calais, cap. cant., 16 m. S.S.E Arras. Pop. 1,527. Bbrtinoro, a town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., 7 m. S.E. Forli, celebrated for Its wines. Pop. 4,780. Bertrich, a vill. of Rhen. Pruss., reg. Coblenz, circ. & 6 m. S.W. Cockem, in a romantic glen, with mini, baths, known since the time of the Romans. Bertrv, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, arrond. Cambrai, cant. Clary. Pop. 2,273. Bervie, or Inverbervie, a pari, bor., seaport town, and pa. of Scotland, oo. Kincardine, on the N. Sea, 8^ m. S.S.W. Stonehaven. Area of pa. 2,000 ao. Pop. 1,342 ; of borough 864, mostly engaged in fishing. The town near the mouth of the river Bervie, the harbour at Gourdon, 1 m. S. Bervie has linen manu&. and an active trade in com. Estimated value of real property (1843), 3,344/, ; Corp. revenue 120/. It unites with Mon- trose, Arbroath, Brechin, andForfer, to send one member to H. of C. Reg. electors (1843) 39. Market, Wednesday ; five cattle markets yearly. Berwick, a town of the TJ. S., N. Amer., York, CO. Maine, 16 m. N."W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,698. — II. a town of Adam's co., Pennsylvania, 6 m. S.W. Harrisburgh. Pop. 1,462.-111. a town of Columbia, co. Pennsylvania. Pop. 800. Berwick, sev. pas. of Engl. — I. co. Sussex, rape Pevensey, 7 m. S.E. Lewes. Area 1,250 ac. Pop. 199— II. {Si. James), co. Wilts, 6i m. W.S.W. Amesbury. Area 2,370 ae. Pop. 247.— III. {St. John), same co. 6^ m. S.E. Shaftesbury. Area 4,230 ac. Pop. 419. — IV. {Si. Leonard), same co., 1 m. E. Hindon. Area 970 ao. Pop. 41. Berwick (North), a pari, bor., seaport town, and pa. of Scotland, co. Haddington, at the mouth of the Firth of Forth, 19 m. E.S.E. Edinburgh. Pop. of parish 1,708; of borough 1,037. In- habited houses in latter, 241. It has a shallow harbour, but an active trade in com ; and it is frequented as a bathing-place. Reg. vessels of port, in 1843, 9; aggregate burden, 515 tons. Corp. revenue 100/. This borough joins with Haddington, Dunbar, Jedburgh, and Lauder, in sending one member to H. of C. Keg. electors (1846) 38. In the pa. are the Bass rock, Tantal- lan castle, and N. Berwick-law ; the last a conical hill 940 ft. in height, forms a conspic. landmark. Bebwick-on-Tweed, a fortified seaport town, munie. and parL borough, & pa. of England, co. Northumberland, on the N. bank of the Tweed, at its mouth, and on the North British railway, 47 m. E.S.E. Edinburgh. Lat. of lighthouse, 56° 46' N., Ion. 1° 69' W. Area of pa. 6,120 ac. Pop. of do. 8,484 ; of pari, borough 12,578. The town is surrounded by a wall and fortifications. It is connected with its suburbs, Tweedmouth and Spittal, by a stone bridge of 16 arches, built in the reign of Charles i. A splendid new bridge now conducts the North British rsiilway across the Tweed. It has an indifferent harbour, shel- tered by a long pier ; a decorated Gothic church, built during the commonwealth ; many dissenting chapels ; a town hall, with an exchange and jail attached, a governor's residence, pauper lunatic asylum, theatre, grammar school, free schools, supported by the corporation, assembly rooms, public subscription library, with 6,000 volumes, and infantry barracks. An iron foundry here. BES at which steam-engines and mill machinery are built, employed lately fi'om 60 to 70 hands ; man- ufs. of sailcloth, cordage, and Imen fabrics, are carried on, and near the town are several coal mines. Berwick has a considerable trade with Norway and the Baltic, whence it imports timber, staves, bones, iron, hemp, tallow, and oil. Ex- ports to London, Leith, Newcastle, and Hull, consist chiefly of agricultural produce, wool, ale, whisky, coal, and fish, especially salmon,— its fishery of which in the Tweed is still very pro- ductive. Aggregate burden of vessels entering the port, in 1844, 49,174 tons; do. of vessels cleared thence, 49,667 tons. Customs revenue (1846) 15,728/. 14s. Reg. shipping of port (1847) 4,684 tons. Markets, Wednesday and Satur- day; fair, Friday in Trinity week. Races in July. Corp. rev. (1846-7) 11,364/., arising from rental of fisheries, lands, &e. ; corp. debt nearly 60,000/. The borough has sent 2 members to the H. of C. since the reign of Mary. Regi electors (1846) 888. Before the late municipal reform act, Berwick was a free town, indepen- dent of both Scotland and England ; but it is now constituted an EngUsh county for all pur- poses except parliamentary elections. Berwickshire, a co. of Scotland, forming its S.E. extremity on the coast of German Ocean, and bounded on the S. by Northumberland, and W. by Haddington and Edinburgh shires. The princip. division was formerly called the Merse (March or border dist.). Area 446 sq. m., or 285,600 ac, of which 160,000 are cultivated, 100,000 un- cultivated, and 26,600 unprofitable. Inhabited houses in 1841, 7,408, pop. in do., 34,438. Its N. part consists of the barren Lammermoor hills ; but the dist. of Lauderdale in the W., and the Merse in the S., are level, and among the most fertile and best cultivated tracts in Britain. Prin- cipal rivers the Tweed, Eye, and the Leader, Whitadder, Blackadder, and other afiluents of the Tweed. Estates are mostly of medium size. Valued rent 178,366/. Scots; annual value of real property (1843), 252,946/. Mannfs. comparative- ly unimportant — amongst the principaJ is the weaving of ginghams at Earlston. Principal towns, Greenlaw, Lauder, Dunse, and Eyemouth. This CO. returns 1 member to the H. of C. Reg. electors (1846) 1,238 BESAjsgON, Vesontio, a city of France, cap. dep. Doubs, 46 m. E. Dgon, on the Douhs, & on the canal of the Rhone & Rhine. Pop. (1846) 27,854. It is a strongly fortified city, and is well built, though the houses are old, & the streets gloomy ; its citadel, on an elevated rock, is considered impregnable. Chief edifices a Gothic cathedralj court-house, town-haU, royal college, arsenal, hospital, barracks, theatre, public library, and museum. There are many Roman antiquities, comprising a triumphal arch, the remains of an aqueduct & amphitheatre. It is an archbishop's see and the seat of a tribunal of commerce, uni- versity academy, diocesan school, academy of sciences & arts, schools of artillery, & medicine, and a deaf & dumb institution. It is the centre of an extensive manuf. of watches, jewellery, porce- lain, druggets, carpets, and u?on wire, and has large breweries ; it is an important entrep6t for the produce of the south of France, and a great part of Switzerland. This city is very anc, and was a fortified place in the time of Caesar. It was twice taken by Louis xiv., and united to France in 1678. The Austrians besieged it with- out success in 1814. Besfobc, a chapelry of Engl., co, Worcester, pa. Pershoix, with a station on the Bristol and B£S 154 BET Birmingham railw., 2 m. S.E. Worcester. Pop. 179. — 11. a township, co. Salop, pa. Shawbury. BssieHGiM, a town of Wiirtemberg, oirc. Necltar, at the confluence of the Neckar and Enz, 15 m. N. Stuttgart, on railw. to Heilbronne. Pop. 2,130. Dist. celebrated for its red wines. Besni, Nisus (?), a town of Asia Minor, pash. Marash, in a narrow glen, 2,840 ft. above ihe sea, and 30 m. 'W.N.'W. Someisat. It is said to have 2,500 Mohammedan, and 250 Armenian houses. Bessan, a town of France, dep. Herault, arr. & 11 m. E. Beziers, on the Herault. Pop, 2,186. Bessaiiatiia, an administrative prov. of S. or New Russia, cap. Eoshenau, bounded E. by the gov. Kherson, N.E. and N. Podolia, "W. the Bukovina and Moldavia, and S. Bulgaria and the Black Sea. Area 18,018 square m. Pop. (1846) 792,000. Surface uniformly low and fiat, except in the N., where it is traversed by some of the coutreforte oi the Carpathians ; the climate is healthy and the soil very fertile. Principal rivs. the Danube on the S., Pruth on the W., and Dniester on the E. frontier. These rivers wholly enclose the prov., except at its N.'W. extremity. Wheat, barley, maize, millet, tobacco, hemp, and flax, are raised, as well as all kinds of £ruit and wines of good quality ; but the greater proportion of profitable land is in pasturage. Manuis. nearly confined to soap, leather, candles, & sprituous liquors. Principal exports, wool, cattle, tallow, salt, & cheese. There is an agricul. colony of Bulgarians on the Pruth, & another of Germans in the S. Clif. towns Eishenau, Bender, Akerman, and Ismail. Bessarabia was ceded by Turkey to Russia by the treaty of Bucharest in 1812. Beesastadib, or Bessestad, a small town of Iceland, S.W. Reikiavik, with a gymnasium, a class, school, and a library of 2,000 vols., the only establishments of the kind in the island. Besbe, a town of France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, cap. cant. 20m. S. S.W. Clermont. Pop. ofcomm. 2,076. It is situated on the E. declivity of Mont- Dore, and in its vicin. are the cascades of Entrai- gues and Dogne, the basaltic columns on the Mallvoisiere, the Puy-de-Sancy, and the lake of Pavin. — II. a vill., dep. Var, cap. cant., 7 m. S.E. Brignolles. Pop. 1,720. — III. {surBraye), a comm. & town, dep. Sarthe, 6 m. S. St. Calais, Pop. 1,195. Besselsleiqh, a pa. of England, co. Berks, 3 m. N.W. Abmgdon. Area 980 ac. Pop. 106. Bessenay, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Rhdne, arrond. and 13 m. W. Lyon. Pop. 2,054. Bessines, a comm. & t. of France, dep. Haute- Vienne, cap. cant. 10 m. E. Bellac. Pop. 2,713. Bessingbt, a pa. of England, co. York, E. Riding, 1\ m. S.W. Bridlington. Pop. 66. Bessingham, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 5 m. S.W. Cromer. Area 410 ac. Pop. 139. Besthobpe, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 1 m. E. Attleboro'. Area 2,440 ac. Pop. 536. Betaghstown (vnlg. Setiystown), a vill. of Ire- land, Leinster, co. Meath, on the coast, 3 m. E.S.E. Drogheda, on Dublin & Drogheda railw. Betaisob, a town & place of pilgrimage, Bri- tish India, presid. and 35 m. S.E. Agra, on the Jumna ; near it are rems. of an anc. Hindoo city. Betanzos, Flavium Brigantium, a town of Spain, prov. & 10 m. S.E. Coruna, on riv. of same name, near its mouth, in the bay of Betanzos. Pop. 4,780. It is the oldest town in Galicia, and has remains of anc. fortifications. The Bay of Betanzos is an inlet of the Atlantic, branches of which form the harbours of Ferrol and Coruna. Betchwobth, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, 8 m. W. Beigate. Area 3,660 ac. Pop. 1,140. Beteta, a vill. of Spain, prov; & 48 m. N.N.E. Cuenca. Pop. 1,100, with mineral springs (Temp. 70° Fahr.) and royal baths. Bethany (Arab. El-Axirezeh), a vill. of Pales- tine, on the B. slope of the Mount of Olives, 2 m. E. Jerusalem. It is now a poor place, inhab. by some twenty famihes, in a few dwellings built with the materials of anc. edifices.— Of Bethphage, a vill. formerly a little further E., no trace exists. Bethany, a township of the U. S., N. America, N. York, CO. Genesee, 252 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,286. Others in N. Carolina and Pennsylvania. Bethel (Arab. Bdtin), a ruined town of Pales- tine, pash. Damascus, 10 m. N. Jerusalem. Its remains, which prove it to have been a place of some importance, consist of numerous ruined churches, and a large reservoir, the whole co- vering three or four acres on a hUl-summit. Bethei,, a tnshp. of the V. S., N. America, Maine, 18 m. N.W. Paris. Pop. 1,994.-11. Ohio, CO. Clark. Pop. 2,033. Several other tnshps. of the U. States have the same name. Bethebsben, a pa. of England, co. Kent, lathe Scray, 5} m. W.S.W. Ashford. Area 6,410 ac. Pop. 1,011. Fair, 3d Monday in April. Beth-hobon (TJppEB and Lowee), (Arab. Beit 'Ur el-Foha, and el-Tahta), two vills. of Pa- lestine, pash. Damascus, 9 m. N.W. Jerusalem. In the former are some traces of ancient walls, a reservoir, &c. ; and between the two vills. is a pass, down which Joshua drove the Amorite kings (Josh. x. 1-11); and through which has always been the main route for heavy transport between Jerusalem and the coast. Bethlehem (Beit-el-Lehm, the " house of bread"), a famous city of Palestine, which, though insignificant in point of size, will be ever memor- able as the birthplace of the Fqunder of Christi- anity. It stands on the mntn. chain of Anti-Li- banus, SJ m. S.W. Jerusalem. Pop. said to be 3,000, nearly all Christians,— a bold and hardy race, who have successfully resisted Turkish op- pression. It is a large straggling vill., with one broad street, at the extremity of which there is a magnificent church, erected in the 4th century by the Empress Helena, over the site (the " Grotto of the Nativity,") traditionally cele- brated for the birth of the Saviour, and attached to which are large convents, belonging to Roman Catholics, Greeks, and Armenians. All around are a multitude of chapels, erected as memorials of events commemorated in sacred history ; and numerous reservoirs and springs, to which sacred traditions are attached. On the W. side of the town are the remains of the ancient aqueduct which conveyed water to Jerusalem from several pools near Bethlehem. The country around is extremely fruitful, to which circumstance, doubt- less, the town originally owed its name. Bethlehem, a town of the U. S., N. Amer., Pennsyl.,ontheLehighr.,60m.W.N.W.Pliiladel- phia. Pop. 2,989. It was founded by the Mora- vians, under Count Zinzendorf, in 1741; it is neatly built, and has a female Moravian school in high repute. — Several tnshps. of the IT. States have this- name : — ^I. Ohio, co. Stark, 9 m. S.W. Cantpn, near the Ohio canal. Pop. 2,019. — II. New Jersey, 42 m. N.W. Trenton. Pop. 2,370 III. New York, co. & 6 m. S. Albany. Pop. 3,238. Betbnal Gbeen, a pa. of England, and one of the E. suburbs of London, co. Middlesex, 2h m. E.N.E. St Paul's. Area 760 ac. Pop. 74,088; many of whom are employed in silk-weaving. It is the centre of a poor-law union ; and has nu- merous schools, places of worship, and charities, the prmcipal of which is Trinity Hospital, for decayed masters of vessels, or their widows. BET 155 BEV Bethsaida (of Galilee), an anc. town of Pa- lestine, which probably stood on the shore of Lake Tiberias ; but its site is undetermined, and its name disused — Bethsaida ^Gaulonitis (atfter- wards Julias) was on the N.E. side of the same lake, 21 m. S. Paneas : it is now wholly in ruins. Bethshan, Scythopolis, a vill. of E. Palestine, on the route from Jerusalem to Damascus, iu the ▼alley of Jezreel, 23 m. S.E. Nazareth. It is now called Beisan, and consists of 60 or 70 houses. The Philistines suspended the body of Saul from its walls, after the battle of Gilboa. Bexh-shehesh, an anc. city of Palestine, the remains of which are supposed by Robinson to be at Ain Shems, a vill., pash. Gaza, 15 m. W.S.W. Jerusalem, where are extensive ancient ruins. Bethuxe, a strongly fortfd. town of France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, cap. arrond., on a rock near the r. Lawe and the canal of Aire, 16 m. N.N.W. Arras. Pop. (1846) 7,150. It has a castle con- structed by Vauban, a comm. coUege, Gothic church, and commerce in cheese, grain, oil, and lint. Bethune, taken by the French in 1615, and re-taken by the allies in 1710, was secured to France by the peace of Utrecht in 1714. Betick, central Asia, is an important ferry across the Oxus, on the route between Persia and the territ. of Bokhara, 60 m. S.W. Bokhara. The Oxns has been here found 650 yards across, and from 25 to 29 feet in depth. Betisbooka, a considerable river of Mada^ gascar, enters MozambiqueChannel (Bembatooka Bay) on its N.W. coast. About 15 m. from its mouth it enlarges into a gulf with numerous isls. It is the principal means of commercial communi- cation between the Ovah capital and the coast. Betlet, a pa. of England, co. Stafford, 6 m. W.N.W. Newcastle-under-Lyne, on the Grand Junction railw. Pop. 884. Acres 1,480. The re- mains of Healy castle are abt. 1 m. S.E. of the vill. Betlis, a town of Asiatic Turkey. [Bitlis.] Betshanoeb, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 3J m. S.S.W. Sandwich. Area 370 ac. Pop. 18. Bettembtjbg, a vill. of the Netherlands, ar- rond. & 5 m. S.S.W. Luxembourg. Pop. 1,100. Bettendoef, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Luxembourg, arrond. & 3 m. N.E. Diekirch. Bettenhausen, two vills. of Germany ; one in Hessen Cassel, prov. Lower Hessen, on the Losse, with a pop. of 880, and mannfs. of cotton goods, paper, and metallie wares; the other in Saxe- Meningen, on the Herpf. Pop. 782. Bettuh, a town of British India, presid. Ben- gal, district Shahabad, 90 m. N.N.W. Patna. Bettiscombe, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 6i m. N.N.E. Lyme Kegis. Area 1,810 ac. Pop. 53. Bettschwanbem, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. & 7 m. S.S.W. Glams, on the Linth. Pop. 1,600. Bettvs, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 7i m. N.W. Knighton. Area 8,500 ac. Pop. 452. Bettws, numerous pas. of England and Wales. — I. England, co. Monmouth, 2J m. N.W. New- port. Area 1,470 ac. Pop. 90.— II. S. Wales, CO. and 9 m. N.W. Carmarthen. Pop. 1,109. — III. CO. Glamorgan, 5 m. N. Bridgend. Pop. 438. — IV. N. Wales, co. Montgomery, on the Bechan, 3J m. N. Newtown, Pop. 821. The rained castle of Dolevowin in this pa. is supposed to be of Bri- tish origin ; near it antique brazen vess. have been found. — V. (Bledrws), S.Wales, CO. Cardigan, on the Tivy, 2J m. N. Lampeter. Pop. 227.— VI. (Diserth), co. and llj m. W.S.W. New Radnor. Pop. 132 ^VIL (Garmon), N. Wales, at the foot of Snowdon, co. and 6 m, S.E. Carnarvon. Pop. 111.— VIII. (Gwerfyl-Goch), co. Merioneth, 4 m. N.W. Corwen, Pop. 279. Cattle fairs, March 16, June 22, Aug. 12, Sept. 16, and Dec. 12 IX. (Jevan or Evan), S. Wales, co. Cardigan, 4 m. N. by W. Newcastle-in-Emlyn. Pop. 426. — X. {Leihe) same co., 7 m. N. by E.'Lampeter. Pop. 364 XI. {Neurydd), in England, co. Monmouth, 3J m. N. by W. Usk. Area 1,200 ao. Pop. 106 XII. (y Coed), N. Wales, co. Carnarvon, 4 m. S. Llanrwst. Pop. 451. Fairs, May 16 and Dec. 2. The picturesque bridge of " the Cauldron" is in this parish. — XIII. (fh Rhos), co. Denbigh, 3 m. S.W. Abergeley. Pop. 911 A hamlet, co. Me- rioneth, and a chapelry, co. Monmouth, have the name of Bettws. Betwah, a riv. of Hindostan, rises in the Vind- hyan mntns., Bhopaul, flows mostly N.E., and after a total course of 340 m., joins the Jumna, 30 m. E.S.E. Kalpee. In a part of its course it runs through beds of iron ore. Its banks are in many places highly cultivated, and on them are the towns Bilsah and Jhansi. Bectelsbach, a mkt. town of Wurtemberg, on the Beutel, circ. Jaxt, 10 m. E. Stuttgart. Pop. 1,850. It is one of the oldest possessions of the reigning family of Wiirtemberg. Beothen, two towns of Prussian Silesia. — I. reg. and 50 m. S.E. Oppeln, cap. circ, near the Polish frontier. Pop. 4,950, who manuf. woollen cloths, earthenwares, and zinc wares. — II. reg. Breslau, on the Oder, 13 m. W.N.W. Glogan. Pop. 3,740. Manufs. of cloths and straw-hats. Beuzetille, a comm. and town of France, dep. Eure, 7 m. W. Pont Audemer, with a station on the Paris and Havre railway. Pop. 2,735. Betaona, a town of Italy, Pontif. states, deleg. and 18 m. S.E. Perugia. Pop. 3,720. Beveiand (NoBiH and South), two isls. of the Netherlands, prov. Zeeland, in the mouth of the Scheldt, divided W.ward, by a narrow channel, from the island Walcheren. Lat 61° 30' N., Ion. 4° E, Estimated aggreg. area 120 sq. m. S. Beveland is the largest and most fertile, and has on it the town of Goes, the cap., and Fort Bath. Betekais, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. IsSre, arrond. La Tour-du-Pin. Pop. 1,064. Bevenseh, a town of Hanover, prov. & 13 m. S.S.E. Liineburg, with linen manufs. Pop. 1,288. Bevebcoates, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 2J m. N.W. Tuxford. Area 790 ac. Pop. 44. Bevebbn, a town of Belgium, prov. E. Flan- ders, &\ m. W. Antwerp. Pop. 1,560. It has a fine church, and manufeetures of lace. Betebley, a parliamentary, municipal borough, and market town of England, co. York, cap. East Biding, with a station on the Hull and Bridlington railway, 9 m. N.N.W. Hull. Area of pari, bor., 9,160 ac. Pop. 8,671. It is a clean and handsome town, with a main street nearly 1 mile in length, terminated by an ancient gateway. The borough consists of 3 parishes. The minster, or collegiate church, was founded about a.d. 700, by the Ai-ch- bishop of York, afterwards canonized as St John of Beverley. The present structm'e, supposed to have been completed early in the reign of Henry III., is remarkable for elegance and extent ; its W. front has been considered the finest specimen of the perpendicular Gothic in England. It is kept in complete repair by Sir M. Warton's be- quest of 4,000Z. St Mary's church is also a mag- nificent structure. The town has a very anc. grammar-school, to which are attached 2 fellow- ships, 6 scholarships, and 3 exhibs. to St John's college, Cambridge ; a blue coat school (rev. 126Z.) ; an hospital for widows (rev. 404^.) ; with numerous other charities, a guildhall (Hallgarth), register-office for E. Riding, new session-hall, a jail and large house of correction, a theatre, as- BEV 156 BEJ sembly-rooras, reading-rooms, a mechanics' in- stitution, and a fine market-cross. Its trade in corn, coals, & leatlier is considerable, & greatly facilitated by a canal communicating with the riv. Hull. Mkts. Wei. and Sat. Fairs Thur. before 25th Feb. Holy Thur., 6th July and 5th Nov. Annual races in May. The corporation holds a criminal court, with the power of capital punish- ment (which, however, is never exercised), also courts of session and requests. The burgesses have the right of pasturage on common lands of 1,174 acres, and they claim exemption from toll in every town and port in England — a privilege reputed to have been conferred by Athelstan. Corp. rev. (1846-7) l,7S3l. Beverley returns 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1846) 1,367. It is also the place of the election of memlDcrs for the E. Riding of Yorkshire. Beveklet, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Massachusetts, 16 m. N.E. Boston. Pop. 4,689. .—II. also a viU., cap. of Randolph oo., Virginia. Bevbbn, a comm, & town of Belgium, prov. E Flanders, arroud. & 14 m. N.E. Termond. Pop. of comm. 6,050, of wliom 2,000 are empld. in the manufacture of lace. Beteen, a vill. of Germany, duchy Brunswick, circ. and 3 m. N.E. Holzminden. Pop. 1,170. Bevebstone, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 2 m. W.N.W. Tetbury. Area 2,360 ac. Pop. 178. BEVEBUNGEif, a walled town of Prussian "West- phalia, reg. and 47 m. S.S.E. Minden, on 1. b. of the Weser. Pop. 1,918, who manuf. leather and soap, and carry on an active transit trade. ■ Bevebwvk, a town of the Netherlands, N. Holland, cap. cant, at the head of the T, 7 m. N. Haarlem. Pop. 2,252. In its vicinity the expe- dition of the Prince of Orange to England, and the Revolution of 1688, was planned. Bevilacqua, a vill. of N. Italy, gov. Venice, prov. and 25 m. E. Verona, with an old castle of the counts of Bevilacqua. Bewoastle, apa.of England, eo. Cumberland, ward Eskdale, 10 m. N.E. Brampton. Area 26,640 ac. Pop. 1,274. It was anciently a Roman sta- tion, and has remains of a fortress, built soon after the conquest. In its churchyard is a curious obelisk, bearing inscriptions supposed to be Danish. In the pa. are mines of coal and lead. Bewdlet, Beaulieu, a pari, and munic. bor., mkt. town, and chplry. of England, co. and 14 m. N.N.W. Worcester, pa. Ribbesford, on the Severn, across which it communicates with its suburb WribbenhaJl, by a stone bridge. Pop. of pari, bor. 7,468. It is well built, and has a good mo- dem town-hall, a neat church, a free grammar- school, several other schools, alms-houses ; manufs. of combs, carpets, iron and brass wares ; some tanneries and malt-houses ; and a transit trade by the Severn. Corp. rev. (1846- 7) 492?. 9*. Mkts., Sat. Fairs, 23d April, Mon. before July 26, and 11th Dec. Bewdley sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1846) 379. Bewebley, a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, W. Rid- ing, pa. Ripon, 8 m N.W. Ripley, Area 5,320 ac. Pop. 1,329, mostly engaged m adjacent lead mines. Bex (pronounced Bee), a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Vaud, near r. b of the Rhone, 26 m. S.E. Lausanne. Pop. 3,000. Celebrated for Its ex- tensive salt mines and sulphur baths. Bexab (Saw Antonio be), a town of Texas, U. S., N. Amer., the cap. of its N.W. dist., on the river San Antonia, 100 m. S.W. Austin. Pop. 3,000 (?) It was founded by the Spaniards m 1698, and is well built of stone ; it has 2 squares, an old church, an adjacent conventual rilin, well known in the war between Texas and Mexico an "the Alamo," and athrivingtrade with the Mexi- cans, who resort to it to purchase European manuf^. Near it are 4 deserted but handsome Franciscan convents. Bexhiil, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, rape and 6 m. W. Hastings. Area 7,900 ac. Pop. 1,916. It has several chalybeate springs, and a station on the S. coast railway. Bexlev, a pa. of England, co. Kent, lathe Sutton-at-Hone, 3 m. W.S.W. Dartford. Area 5,370 ac. Pop. (the rapid increase of which is owing to the enclosure of Bexley-heatW, 3,965. Bexwell, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 1 m. E. Downham-market. Area 1,280 ac. Pop. 70. Beyah, a river of the Ptmjab. [BeasO Beyeeland, or BEiaEELAND, an isl. ofS. Hol- land, between the Old Maas on the N., & Holland's Diep on the S., 6m. S. Rotterdam. Among its vills. are Old Beyerland, pop. 3,646 ; New Beyerland, pop. 1,104; and S. Beyerland, pop. 1,278. Beyhae, or ViHAK, a town of British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, dist. and 42 m. N. Bung- poor, & the resid. of the rajah of Cooch-Bahar. Beyeoct, Beieout, or Baibut, Seryins, a fortifd. seaport, and the most flourishing com- mercial town of Syria, in proportion to its size, pash. Acre, on a bay of the Mediterranean, 57 m. W.N."W. Damascus, of which city it is the port, & 3 m. S. Cape Beyrout, which is in lat. 33° 50' N., Ion. 35° 26' E. Pop. estimated at 12,000. Its walls are about 3 m. in circumference, outside of which are suburbs equalling the town in extent. It has some large and well supplied bazaars. Streets narrow, but clean, it being plentifully fur- nished with springs ; and it is said to have de- rived its original name irom the Phcenician deity Baal Beerith, " lord of wells." Along the shore are some remains of antiquity, comprising mosaic pavements, columns, & a thick wall. The harbour, protected by a mole, is adapted only for small boats; but in the bay beyond it, ships may anchor in from 6 to 11 fathoms. The town has some manufs. of silk stuffs, and gold and silver thread. Principal exports, silk, galls, madder, gums, wine, and oils ; Imports, muslins, cottons, tin, hardware, cloths, and manuis. of W. Europe. In 1841, 383 ships, mostly TurMsh, Arab, and Greek, aggregate burden 38,441 tons, entered the port with cargoes to the value of 66,748Z. ; & nearly the same number cleared out with cargoes worth 25,1282., besides ballast. Beyrout was bom- barded and taken by the English in 1840. Beze, a vill. of France, dep. C6te d'Or, 13 m. N.E. Dijon. Pop. 1,100, engaged in mining. Beziees, a city of France, dep. Herault, cap. arrond., on the Orb, and 38 m. S.W. Montpellier. Pop. (1846) 16,322. It is built in a delicious situa- tion, remarkable for the salubrity of its climate, and has a Gothic church, a comm. college, and cavalry barracks. An aqueduct of Roman origin, and ruins of a Roman amphitheatre, a public lib- rary, tribunal of commerce, agricultural society, and manufs. of silk, hosiery, dimity, parchment, gloves, verdigris, and confectionary, with tan- neries, and extensive brandy distilleries ; and it is the centre of a considerable trade. In 1209 this city was the scene of a barbarous massacre of the Albigenses. Biquet, the engineer of the Canal du Midi, was born here. Bezons, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Seine- et-Oise, arrond. & 9 m. N. Versailles, on r. b. of the Seine, with a bridge of 9 timber arches, for the Rouen railway, and extensive fairs. Bezoba, a town of British India, presid. Ma- dras, dist. and 40 m. N.W. Masulipatam, on the liistnah, where there is a ferry station' of the BHA 157 BHO great thorourfifare between the Circai-s and the Carnatic. There is here a mosque, and numer- ous Hindoo temples, with excavations similar, though inferior, to those of Western India. Bhadrinath, a to\m of N. Ilindostan, Gurh- wal, in a valley of the Hunalaya, 80 m. N. Almora, 10,294 feet above the sea, and remarkable for a temple reported to be endowed with the revenues of 700 Tillages, and visited annually by 50,000 Hindoo pilgrims.— II. a peak of the Hunalaya, 17 m. W. the town, and 23,441 feet in height. Lat. 30° 42' N., Ion. 79° 15' E. Bhag, or Bagh, a town of Beloochistan, prov. Cutch-Gundava, at the S. entrsmce of the Bolan- pass, 60 m. N.W. Shikarpoor (Soinde). Lat. 28° 56' N., Ion. 67° 54' E. It is enclosed by a mud wall, has 2,000 mud houses, a large bazaar, some transit trade, and a manuf. of gunpowder from sulphur, procured in an adjacent mine. BuAMO, or Bhanmo, the largest town of Bur- mah, next to its cap. and Rangoon, and the prin- cipal mart of its trade with China, on the Irra- wadi, 40 m. W. the Chinese frontier, and 180 m. N.N.E. Ava. It is enclosed by a stockade, and better built than most Burmese towns. It com- prises 2,000 houses, many of brick, inhabited by Chinese, and around it are many populous viUs. Woollen, cotton, and silk goods, are imported from China by winter caravans ; and the Shan tribes, who resort to the town, exchange their native produce for large quantities of salt, rice, and gnapee (a sance made of dried fish). The government revenue of the dist. is said to amount to about 30,000Z. annually. — Old Bhamo, the ori- ginal Shan town, is 2 days* journey further up the Tapan, the nearest tributary of the Irrawadi. Bhaspooka, a town of Hindostan, 46 m. S.S.W. Kotah. — II. a town of British India, presid. Ben- gal, dist. and 65 m. S.W. Cuttack. . Bhatgons, a decayed city of Nepaul, 9 m. X.S.E. Khatmandoo. It is the favourite resi- dence of the Nepaul brahmins, and has a palace and some other tolerably well built edifices. Bhatneek, or Bhdtneek, a town of British India, in the N.E. quarter of Ajmeer, prov. of the presid. of Bengal, and the modem cap. of the Bhatty country, 185 m. W.N.W. Delhi. Lat. 29° 36' N., Ion. 74° 12' E. The inhabitants of this dist. were originally shepherds, and are a wild, plundering people. They profess the Mo- hammedan fali£. Bhavani-Kudai., a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. & 58 m. N.E. Coimbatoor, at the confl. of the Bhavani and Cavery rivers. Here are famous temples of Vishnu and Siva. Bhawlpoob, or Daodpooxka, an independent state of N.W. Hindostan, between lat. 28° and 30° N., and Ion. 60° and 74° E., having N.W. the Ghara (Sutleje) and Indus rivers, separating it from the Punjab, E. and S.E. the Bicanere territory, S. Jessulmere, and S.W. Scinde. Esti- mated area 22,000 sq. m., and pop. 250,000, mostly Jets, with some Hindoos, Beloochees, and Afghans of a bulky, strong make, and dark com- jjlexion. Surface level, and chiefly desert, ex- cept along the Ghara, where is a strip of terri- tory, about 10 m. in width, of high fertility, pro- ducing rice, wheat, maize, indigo, sugar, opmm, and the finest fruits. Cattle, wild hogs, game, and poultry, are plentiful. Exports consist of raw cotton, sugar, indigo, hides, ghee, and various provisions, with drags, dye-stufts, wool, & coarse cotton cloths. Principal imports, the manufd. goods of Britain and Hindostan. Annual public revenue about 150,000t The rajah maintains a standing army of nearly 7,000 men, with 6 field - pieces; and he can raise an irregular force of 20,000 men. His adiierenoe to the British, in the late Afghan war, was rewarded, in 1843, by the annexation to his dominions of some districts in N. Scinde. Principal towns, Bhawlpoor, Ahmed- poor, Ooch, & Khanpoor. — Bhawlpoor, the cap. of the above state, on a branch of the Ghara, oc on a route from India to Afghanistan, 140 m. N.W. Bekanan. Lat. 29° 26' N., Ion. 71° 37' E. Pop. about 20,000. It is enclosed by gardens, & by a mud wall 4 m. in circumference. Houses meanly constructed of brick, and the khan's re- sidence a very plain building. Hindoo weavers are numerous. Bhawlpoor is famous for its scarfs and turbans, manufd. by Hindoos; and chintzes, and other cotton goods are woven here, to the estimated annual value of about 52,0002. It is also an entrep6t for European and Indian goods, exported hence to Balkh, Bokhara, and even to Astrakhan. Bheeb, a town of India, Deccan, Nizam's dom., cap. dist. and 70 m. S.S.E. Arungabad. Bhind, and Bhihduk, towns of Hindostan, the former, dom. and 46 m. N.E. Gwalior; the latter, dom. and 34 m. E.S.E. Odeypoor. Bhibjan, Beebjooh, or Mihbjan, one of the most E. towns of the Persian dom. in the desert, 180 m. S. Meshed. It comprises from 4,000 to 5,000 brick houses, several caravanserais, mosques and baths, a citadel, and a governor's palace. It has a local repute for the excellence of its carpets ; but its inhabitants bear a bad reputa- tion for treachery and dishonesty. Bhobaneseb (Bhavaneswara), a ruined town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. and 16 m. S. Cuttack. It has numerous remains of temples and sculptured figures, and a tower 180 feet in height, supposed to date from the 7th century. Bhooj, a strongly fortified city of Hindostan, cap. of Cutch, and in a plain near its centre, 35 m. N. the Gulf of Cutch. Lat. 23° 15' N., Ion. 69° 52' E. Pop. 30,000. (?) Its white buildings, intermixed with date groves, render it externally imposing ; and its houses are mostly built within strong walled enclosures, each presenting the appearance of a separate fort. It has a castel- lated palace, ornamented with enamelled domes, numerous temples, a mausoleum, and other pub- lic buildings, — the whole enclosed by a thick and high stone wall, flanked with towers, and fur- nished with artillery. The hill Bhoojan, near it, is also fortified, and has a temple to the Nag, or cobra-de-capella. Bhooj is renowned in India for its manufactures in gold and silver. Bhoong-Baba, a dist. of Scinde, lat. 28° N., Ion. 69° E., comprising 15 viUs., yielding an annual rev. of about 60,000 rupees, and which, in 1843, was transferred by the British to the rajah of Bhawlpoor. Bhopaui., or Bopahl, a state of Hindostan, tributary to the British, mostly between lat. 22° 30' and 23° 30' N., & Ion. 77° & 79° E., having N. & W. the Gwalior dom., E. Beng. presid., & the Nerbudda forms its boundary on the S. Estim. area 6,772 sq. m. Surface uneven, and traversed by the Vindhyan mntns. Soil fertile and well watered ; the country prosperous and tranquil. Public rev. estimated at nearly 180,000?. annually. Principal towns, Bhopaui, Ashtah, and Baree. — Bhopaui, the cap. of the above state, 105 m, E. Oojein, is enclosed by a dilapidated stone wall, outside of which are some large pools, a fort and a decayed suburb. Bhotan, or Bhootan. [Bootan.] Bhowanipoob, a village or sta. of British In- dia, presid. Bengal, dist. & 96 m. W. Dinagepoor. BHO 15h 'fere a great annual fair is held, from April 7 to 17, at which 100,000 persons often assemble.— Bhowany is a town, Rajpootana, 80 m. W. Delhi, which was taken by the British in 1809. Bhowitoggbb, a seaport town of British India, presid. Bombay, dist. Ahmedabad, on the W. side of the Gulf of Cambay, in which it is one of the chief ports, 61 m. S.W. Cambay. Under its na- tive princes it had formerly a mint, expressly for the coinage of counterfeit money I Bhcjeb, a petty state of Hindostan, situated between the Sutleje and Jumna, with a fort. Bhurtpooe, a state of Hindostan, tributary to the British, between lat. 26° 30' and 27° 30' N., and Ion. 77° and 78° E., having N. and N.E. the presid. Bengal (Upp. provs.), S.E. and S. the Gwalior dom., and W. the Macherry dom. Area 1,946 sq. m. Pop. uncertain. Surface well watered ; products, cotton, com, sugar, and salt from brine-springs. Principal towns, Bhurtpoor and Deeg. — Bhartpoor, or Bharatpura, the cap. of the above state, 33 m. W. Agra. It is said to be 8 m. in circuit ; & it was formerly so strongly fortified that Lord Lake lost 3,100 men under its walls before its capitulation to his troops in 1806. It was again captured by the British in 1826, & its defensive works have been mostly demolished. BiA, a vill. of Hungary, co. Pesth, 10 m. S.W. Ofen, with a Reformed church. Pop. 1,422. BiAPKA (BioHT of), an inlet of the Atlantic, on the W. coast of Africa, between Cape For- mosa and Cape Lopez, withm Ion. 6° and 10° E., & containing the islands of Fernando Po, Prince, & St Thomas. It receives the Cameroons, Ma- limba, Mooney, and Old Calabar rivers, and all those watering the E. part of the Niger delta. Of Biafra kingdom, E. of the bight, little is known. BiAoio (S.), a town of Naples, prov. Calabria, TJIt. II., dist. and 3 m. W. Nioastro. Pop. 8,000. B1AI.A, a town of Austrian Galicia, ciro. ■Wadowicz, 43 m. W.S.W. Cracow, on the Biala, across which a stone bridge connects it with Bielitz, in Moravia. Pop. 4,000, who manuf. liaen cloths II. a town of Poland, prov. Pod- lachia, on an alH. of the Bug, 37 m. E.S.E. Sied- lec. Pop. 3,600. — Also several vills. in Galicia. BiAXLA, a small town of E. Prussia, reg. and 68 m. S. Gumbinnen. Pop. 1,120. BiAtTSTOK (Belostok), 3, prov. of European Russia, and formerly a part of Poland, between lat. 52° and 64° N., & Ion. 22° and 24° E., having E. the gov. Grodno, and on other sides the kgdm. of Poland. Area 3,424 sq. m. Pop. (1842) 265,944. Surface flat and fertile. Forests ex- tensive and valuable. Principal rivers, the Bug, Narew, and Bober. Large quantities of wheat, rye, &c., are raised, and sent to Danzig, with flax, hemp, hops, and timber. In 1837, here were 33 woollen cloth factories, besides some manufs. of hats, leather, soap, tallow, &c. Public rev. in 1837, 1,625,032 roubles (264,060Z.) It was ceded to Russia by the treaty of Tilsit, in 1807. Principal towns and seats ot commerce, Bialy- stok, and Rnyzyn. Bialystoh, the fortified cap. above prov., on the Bialy, an affluent of the Narew, 45 m. S."W. Grodno. Lat. 53° 7' 36' N., Ion. 23° 15' E. Pop. 8,218. It is well built, and handsome ; its chief edifice is the castle of Count Branicki, which has been entitled the " Versailles of Poland." BiANA, a town of Hindostan, Bhurtpoor dom,, 64 m. S.W. Agra, has num. stone houses, with bazaar, at the toot of a hill, covered with ruins. BiANCAviLiA, a town of Sicily, intend. & 14 m. N.W. Catania, on the declivity of Mount Etna. Exports grain, cotton, and silk. Pop. 6,870. Bianco (Cape), several headlands in the Me- diterranean, the principal in Sicily, 19 m. W.N.W. Girgenti. — Bianco is the name of some vills. in Italy, and the Ionian islands ; of a town in the kingdom of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. I., 15 m. S.S.W. Gerace. Pop. 1,300. And of a canal which passes through the city of Adria. BiANDBATE, avill. of Piedmont, cap. mandara., prov. and 8 m. W. Novara. Pop. 1,124. BiAB, a town of Spain, prov. and 30 ra. N.W. Alicante, with a castle and remains of fortifica- tions. Pop. 2,963. It is celebrated for its honey. BiABBiTz, a marit. vill. of France, dep. B. Pyrfo^es, arrond. & 5m. S.W. Bayonne,with well- frequented baths & curious grottoes. Pop. 1,892. BiASCA, a town of Switzerl., cant. Tessin, cap. dist. of Riviera, 9 m. N. Bellinzona, with a very ancient church. Pop. 1,912. In 1612 it was nearly destroyed by an inundation of the Blegno. Bibb, a co., U. S., N. America, in centre of Georgia. Area 450 sq. m. Pop. 9,802, of whom 4,420 are slaves. — II. co. in centre of Alabama. Area 800 sq.m. P. 8,248, ofwhom 2,023 are slaves. BiBBiENA, a vill. of Tuscany, prov. and 16 m. N.N.W. Arezzo, on the Amo. Pop. 1,600. BiBBOKA, a small town of Tuscany, prov. Pisa, 6 m. S.E. Cecina. There is a fort of same name on the Mediterranean, Sj m. distant S.W.ward. BiBEBACH, a walled town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Danube, on the Riss, 23 m. S.S.W. Ulm. Pop. 4,800, engaged in weaving of linen & mixed fabrics, and in bleaching, tanning, & for dressing. — II. a vill. of Baden, circ. Midd. Rhine, on the Kinzig, 10 m. S.S.E. Ofifenburg. Pop. 1,207. BiBiANA, a vill. of Piedmont, at the entrance to the valley of Lucerna, prov. Pinerolo. P. 2,850. BiBLis, a vill. of Hessen-Dannstadt, prov. Starkenburg, 9 m. N.W. Heppenheim. Pop. 2,050. BiBUBT, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 3} m. N.W. Faffford. Area 6,300 ac. Pop. 1,077. BiCANEBE, or Bakanaib, a Rajpoot state of Hindostan, tributary to the British, mostly be- tween lat. 27° and 29° N., and Ion. 72° and 76° E., having N. the Bhatty country, E. the presid. Bengal (TTpp. provs.), S. the Joudpoor and Jey- poor doms., and W. Bhawlpoor. Estimated area 18,060 sq. m. Pop. uncertain. It is comprised in the Indian desert. Surface elevated, but flat and sandy, and the crops are precarious. Indian pulses are almost the only article's raised ; and rice is supplied from Lahore, wheat from Jey- poor, and copps'', spices, and coarse cloths from Jesselmere. Other imports are salt, sugar, opium, and indigo. Horses and bullocks are almost the only exports. Principal towns, Bicanere, and Chooroo Bicanere, a fortified town, cap. above state, 240 m.W.S.W. Delhi, is enclosed by a strong wall, flanked with towers, within which are a num- ber of mudhouses painted red, some lofty white buildings, temples, & a pretty extensive citadel. On its N. side is a wooded valley; but elsewhere all around is an arid desert. BicoABi, a town of Naples, prov. Capitanata, cap. cant., 18 m. W.S.W. Foggia. Pop. 3,400. BicESTEB, a mkt. town and pa. of England, CO. and 11 m. N.N.E. Oxford. Area of pa. 2,580 ac. Pop. of do. 3,022. It is neatly built, and its large church, erected in 1400, contains some curious sculptures. It has two endowed schools, & a small lace manufacture. Its mkts. & cattle fairs are well attended ; it is noted for excellent ale. Mkt. Friday ; fairs, Friday in Easter week, Whit-Monday, 1st Friday in June, Aug. 5, Oct. 10, and December 17. Races in September. BioStbe, a hamlet of France. [Gentillv.] BiCHANA, a considerable town, of Abyssinia BIC 159 BIE Amhara, cap. of a chiefeliip, 160 m. S.S.E. Gon- dax. It is enclosed by ruinous walls, and meanly built ; it is the seat of a large weekly mai'ket. BiCKENHiLi., a pa. of England, co. Warwick, 4:Jm. S.S.W. Coleshill. Area 2,810 ac. Pop. 774. BiCREB, a pa. of England, oo. Lincoln, 9J m. E.N.E. Folkingham. Area 3,720 ac. Pop. 820. BicKEKSTATFB, a tnshp. of England, co. Lan- caster, pa. and 3 m. S.E. Ormskirk. Pop. 1,579. BiCKiNOTOs, sevl. pas. of Engl. — I. co. Devon, 3im.N.E.Ashburton. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 374 n. {High), in same co., 6 m. N.N.E. Great Torring- ton. Ac. 390. Pop. K)6. [Abbots-Biokington.] BiCKLEiGH, two pas. Of England, co. Devon. — I. at the confl. of the Exe and Dart, 3 m. S.W. Tiverton. Area 1,690 ac. Pop. 362. The cele- brated Bamij'lde Moore Carew, who became " king of the gypsies," was the son of a rector of this pa., where he was born in 1693. — II. 6 m. N.N.E. Plymouth. Area 2,980 ac. Pop. 469. Bicknollek, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 12 m. "W.N.W. Bridgewater. Area 1,370 ac. Pop. 345. Near the church are the remains of some anc. fortifications, and Koman coins have frequently been found in the vicinity. BicitNOB, several pas. of England. — I. co. Kent, lathe Aylesford, 4J m. S.W. Milton. Area 500 ac. Pop. 46. — II. (English), co. Glo'ster, on the Wye, 3 m.N.Colford. Area 2,440 ac. Pop. 676. The church stands within the fosse of an anc. fortifica- tion. In the vicinity are many fine cider orchards. — ^in. (WdsK), CO. Monmouth, almost encircled by the Wye, 4J m. S.S.W. Koss. Ac. 960. Pop. 74. BicTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, on the coast, 3 m. W.S.W. Sidmouth. Ac. 1,180. Pop. 198. BrDACEE, a comm. & town of France, dep. B. Pyr&^es, cap. cant., on the Bidouze, 17 m. E. Bayonne. Pop. (with comm.) 2,722. BiDAssoA, a small river forming part of the bonndary between France and Spain. It rises in Spain, and flowing S.W. and N., enters the Bay of Biscay at Fuenterrabia. On an isl. in its month the treaty of the Pyr&fes was concluded in 1669. BiDBOBOUGH, a pa. of England, co. Kent, lathe Ajlesford,3m.S.W.Tnnbridge. Ac. 1,360. P. 260. BinnEFOBD, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. America, Maine, on the Sacco, 17 m. S. Portland. P. 2,674. BiDDENBEN, a pa. of England, co. Kent, lathe Scray, 5 m. N.N.E. Cranbrook. Area 7,110 ac. Pop. 1^486. Fair 8th November. BiDDENHAM, 3, pa. of England, co. and 2 m. W. Bedford. Area 1,760 ac. Pop. 345. BinDESTONE, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 4 m. W. Chippenham. Area 2,530 ac. Pop. 452. BiDDisHAM, apa. of Engl., CO. Somerset, on the Axe,3im.W.S.W.Axbridge. Ac. 610. Pop. 146. •BiDDLESDOK, Or BiTTLESDEN, a pa. of Engl., CO. Bucks, 3m. N.E.Bra«kley. Area 1,630 ac P. 169. BiDBULPH, a pa of England, co. Stafford, 6 m. W.N. W. Leek. Area 5,630 ac. Pop. 2,314, em- ployed in ironworks, collieries, potteries, and cotton manufs. In the pa. are an ancient circle of upright stones, termed the Bredstones, and several paved artificial caves. Beoefoei), a munic. bor., seaport, mkt.-town, and pa. of England, co. Devon, on the Torridge, about IJ m. above its influx into the estuary of the Taw, 8 m. S.W. Barnstaple. Area of pa. 4,510 ac. ; pop. of do., 6,211. The town consists mostly of old brick houses, with timber frame- work. It has a stone bridge of 24 arches, built in 14th century, maintained by a bridge-estate, producing 400Z. per annum, a church, grammar school, neat town-hall, union workhouse, an hos- pital for aged poor, an assembly room, with ma- nufactures of ropes, sails, and earthenware, tan- yards, and docks for shipbuilding. Chief impts., timber from Canada and the Baltic, coals and colonial produce ; exports, sails & cordage, oak- bark to Ireland, earthenware to Wales, & com & flour to Bristol. Keg. shipping (1847), including numerous boats engaged in the coast fishery, 149 vessels, aggregate burden 11,805 tons. Vessels entered, 25,930 tons. Vessels cleared, 12,975 tons. Customs rev. 6,046?. The spacious quay near the centre of the town is at full tides accessible to vessels of 500 tons ; and about 2 J m. above the bridge, the Torrington canal joins the river. Mkts., Tues. & Sat. Fairs, July 14, July 18, Nov. 13. Corp. rev. (1846-7) 363Z. The trade of Bideford was formerly very extensive ; its imports of Spanish wool and Virginian tobacco being ex- ceeded only by those of London, in the early part of last century. Its importance as a commercial town has greatly declined; but many opulent merchants still reside in the vicinity. Near it is the watering-place Appledore. BiBFOBD, or BiTFOBD, a pa. of England, co. Warwick, on the Avon, 3J m. S.E. Alcester. Area 3,240 ac. Pop. 1,567. BiDGHiKLi, a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 17 m. N. Sataliah, said to comprise 1,000 houses. BiDJEESHOK (Hind. Vijayaghar), a decayed for- tress, Brit. India, presid. Bengal, dist. Hirzapoor, 47 m. S. Benares, formerly a stronghold of the rajahs of that city. Taken by the British in 1781. BmscHow New (Bohem. Siczow), a town of Bohemia, in the circ. of same name, 50 m. E.N.E. Prague. Pop. 3,831, comprising many Jews, who have an active trade in cattle. BiBSTONE, a pa. of Engl., co. Chester, on the Mersey, 8 m.N.N.W. Great Neston. Area 4,260 ac. Pop., exclusive of Birkenhead, 1,013. A light- house in this pa. belongs to the corp. of Liver- pool. Lat. 53° 24' N., Ion. 3° 4' W. BiEBBicH, or BiBEBicH, a village of W. Ger- many, duchy Nassau, on r. b. of the Rhine, at the terminus of the Taunus railway, with a hand- some new quay, and commodious warehouses, 3J m. S. Wiesbaden. Pop., with Mosbach, 2,882. Its ducal residence is the finest palace on the Rhine. BiEcz, a town of Austr. Poland, Galicia, circ. and 11 m. W. Jaslo, on the Koppa. Pop. 1 ,920. BiEDENKOPF, a town of Germany, Hessen Darmstadt, prov. Upp. Hessen, on the Lahn, 24 m. N.N.W. Giessen. Pop. 8,200, with an active commerce, and extensive manufs. of cloth. BiEL, a town of Switzerland. [Bienne.] BiELAU, 4 contiguous vills. of Prussian Silesia, reg. Breslau, in the circle Reichenbach, with an aggregate pop. of 6,996, in all of which woollen and linen weaving is the chief branch of industry. BiEiAiA, a large river of Russia, gov. Oren- burg, rises N.E. Ourlask, flows S.W., N., and N.W., and joins the Kama 15 m. N.E. Menzelinsk, after a winding course of nearly 600 m. — II. a vill., gov. and 44 m. S.S.W. Kiev, where, and at Alexandria in the -vicinity, are magnificent man- sions of the Countess Branicki. Bielefeld, a walled town of Prussian West- phalia, cap. circ, reg. and 26 m. S.W. Mlnden, on the Minden and Cologne railway. Pop. 6,955. It is the centre of the Westphalian linen trade, & has extensive bleaching-grounds, also manufs. of woollen stuffs, thread, leather, soap, tobacco, and meerschaum pipes. The castle of Sparen- berg, S. of the town, now serves for a prison. Bielev (Russ. Bjelew), a town of Russia, gov. and 64 ra. S.W. Tula, cap. circ, on 1. b. of the Olca. Pop. 7,000. It has manufs. of soap, leather, and hardwares, and a considerable trade, it being, next to Tula, the largest town in the government. BIE ICO BiF.i.soKOD (Russ. Bjelgorod, " vhite town"), a town of Russia, gov. and 73 m. S. Koursk, on the Donetz. Pop. 8,000. It consists of an old town, a new town, and three suburbs ; and is ir- j-egular and meanly built. It owes its name to a chalk hill in its immediate vicinity. BiELiTZ, a town of Silesia, circ. and 18 m. N.E. Teschen, on 1. b. of the Biala river, across which a stone bridge connects it with the town Biala, in Austr. GalUcia. Pop. 6,000, who carry on an extensive trade in fine woollen cloths, and cassimeres. It has a castle, hospital, and school ; and is the seat of a Protestant consistory. BiELLi, a town of Piedmont, cap. prov. of same name, on the Cervo, gov. and 38 m. N.E. Turin. Pop. (1838) 8,677. It has several edu- cational establishments, and a few manufs. of paper, woollen stuffs, and hats. BiELOi,atown of Russia, gov. & 70 m. N.N.E. .Smolensk, cap. circ, on the Obscbtscha, an affl, of the Biina. Pop. 3,476 This is the name of several other small towns of Russia, and an island in the Arctic Ocean, gov. Tobolsk. BiELo-OzEKo ("the white lake"), a lake of Russia, gov. Novgorod, about lat. 60° 10' N., & Ion. 37° 30' E. Length, 25 m. ; breadth 20 m. It is very deep, and contains a great quantity of fish. Its waters flow to the Volga by the Sheltsna river, and it communicates by canals with the Onega, Sukona, and Dwina. BiELOFOL (Russ. Bjelopoli), a town of Russia, gov. & 106 m. N.W. Kharhov, on the Vira. Pop. 9,000, who distil spirits, & carry on an active gene- ral trade. — ^11. a town of European Turkey, Herze- govina, 28 m. S.W. Novi-Bazar. Pop. 3,000. BiELOZEBSK, two towns of Russia. — I. gov. & 250 m. E.N.E. Novgorod, cap. circ, on the S. -shore of the Bielo-Ozero. Pop. 3,090. It is built mostly of "wood, and has an active trade with the S. provs. in pitch, tallow, cattle, & com. — II. gov. and 200 m. S.W. Tobolsk, on the Tobol. BiELSK, a town of Russian Poland, prov. & 25 m. S. Bialystok. Pop. 2,400. It is well built, has a fine custom-house, and until 1795 was the cap. of a palatinate. — II. a vill. of Poland, prov. and 9 m. N,N.E. Flock. BiENNE (Lake of), Switzerland, cant, and 16 m. N.W. Bern, and 3 m. N.E. the lake of Neu- chatel. Length 10 m. ; breadth 1 to 3 m. Elev. above the sea, 1,419 ft. ; greatest depth, 400 ft. It is traversed by the river Thiele, which joins the Aar, 4 m. E. Bienne. Its shores, though pleasing, are not of striking beauty, and its chief mterest arises from its containing the island St. Pierre, the residence of Rousseau in 1765. Bienne (Germ. BieT) a town of Switzerland, cant. & 17 m. N.W. Bern, at the N. extremity of the above lake. Pop. 4,248, mostly Protestants. It is enclosed by old walls ; and has a high school, and several miUs. For some years past the in- dustry & commerce of Bienne have been rapidly on the increase. In 1848 there were upwards of . 150 watchmakers, while in 1844 there was not one. Num. Roman coins have been found in its vicinity. Bientina, a town of Tuscany, prov. and 11 m. E. Pisa. Pop. 2,209.— The Lake of Bientina, N. of the town, and partly in the duchy Lucca, is 6 m. in length and 2 m. in breadth, and discharges its waters S.ward into the river Arno. BiENVENiDA, a town of Spain, prov. and 48 m. S.E. Badajoz. Pop. 3,280. Linen weaving. BiBNViLLEKS, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arrond. Arras. Pop. 1,187. BiERLBT (Nobth), a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, West Riding, pa. and 5 m. S.E. Bradford. Pop. 9,512, partly employed in quarries and coal-pits. BiEBTON, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, IJ m. N.E. Aylesbury. Area 2,470 ac. Pop. 60S. BiEBVUET, a small town of the Netherl'ds, prov. Zeeland, 13 m. E.N.E. Sluis. Pop. 1,675. De- manding notice chiefly as the birth-place of Wil- liam Beukels, the reputed inventor of the art of curing herrings, to whom, as founder of a source of national wealth, a monument was erected by Charles v. An inundation, which in 1377 sub- merged 19 villages, detached Biervliet from the continent, and its site is still insular. BiES-BoscH, a marshy lake of the Netherlands, forming the E. extension of the branch of the Maas, called Holland's Diep, between the provs. S. Holland and N. Brabant. It is very shallow, & contains numerous islands. This lake was formed 19th Nov. 1421, by an inundation which is said to have submerged 72 vills. and 100,000 inhabitants. BiESHiEM, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Bhin, arrond. Colmar. Pop. 1,762. BiEXioHEiM, a town of Wiirtemberg. circ. Neckar, on the Enz, 13 m. N.N.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 2,920.-11. a viU. of Baden, ch-c. Middle Rhine, 10 m. S.W. Carlsruhe. Pop. 1,482. BievSne, a comm. & town of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arrond. & 25 m. N.E. Toumai. P. 3,270. BiftvBES, a comm. & vill. of France on the Bievre, an affl. of the Seine, 5 m. S.E. Versailles. P. 1,142. BiFEBNO, a river of Naples, prov. Sannio, rises in the Apennines, flows N.E., and enters the Adri- atic 3 m. S.E. Termoli. Length 40 m. BieA, a town of Asia Minor, pash. Anatolia, cap. sanj., on the Bokli, 18 m. S.S.W. its month in the Sea of Marmara, and 42 m. N.E Adramyti. BisBiiBY, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, on Bigbury bay,3Jm. S.Modbury. Area 4,160 ac. Pop. 652. BiaBT,a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 31 m. E. Glandford Bridge. Area 1,040 ac. Pop. 245. BiOGA, one of the Shetland isls. in Tell Sd., Scotl. BiGQAK, a town and pa. of Scotland, co. and 11 m. E.S.E. Lanark. Pop. of pa. 1,865 ; of town 1,396. It consists mostly of one long and wide street, and has an elegant par. church (anciently collegiate and well endowed), dissenting chapel, Commercial Bank agency, Savings Bank, & sub- scription libraries. Many of the inhabitants are employed in cotton-weaving for Glasgow houses. Some tumuli here mark the scene of abattle fought between the Scots & English in the time of Edw. ii. Biggleswade, a market town and pa. of Eng- land, CO. and 9i m. E.S.E. Bedford, on the navig- able river Ivel. Area of pa. 4,220 ac, much of which is laid out in market gardens for the, sup- ply of the London markets. Pop. 3,807. The town is neatly built of bricks, and has a church, formerly collegiate, erected about 1230, 2 well endowed parish schools, a union workhouse, and a small manuf. of thread lace. Market Wednes- day, which is still one of the largest in England for com. Fairs, Feb. 14, Sat. in Easter week,Whit- monday, Aug. 2, Nov. 8. Polling place for the co. Big Flats, a township of United States, North America, New York, 204 m. S.W. Albany, on the New York and Erie railway. Pop. 1,371. Big Hoen, a navigable river of North America, W. territory, rises in the Rocky Mountains about lat. 42° SC N., and flows N.E. to the Yellow Stone river \ length about 260 m. Bighton, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 2 m. N.N.E. Alresford. Area 1,680 ac Pop. 284. Bignok, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, rape Arun- del, 4^ m. S.E. Petworth. Ac. 1,180. Pop. 210. BiGOBBE, an old subdivision of S.W. France, prov. Gascogne, now forming part of the dep. H. Pyrenees. [BAONi:BES-BN-BiaoRRE.J Big Sandy RivEn, U. S., North America, rises B 1 H 101 iu Virginia, flows N.W., & joins the Ohio atCat- lettsburg, after having for nearly 200 m. formed tile boundary between Virginia and Kentucky. BiHACH or BiHAOz, a fortifd. town, & one of the most important strongholds in European Turkey, Croatia, on an island in the Unna, near the Dal- matian frontier, 65 m.W. Banyaluka. Pop. 3,000. BiHAS, a town of Hungaiy, beyond the Theiss, 00. Bihar, 8 m. N. Gross-Wardein. Pop. 2,440. BiJANAGDK {Vyayanagara, "the city of tri- umph"), a decayed and deserted, but once famous city of S. India, presid. JIadras, dist. and 30 m. N.W. Bellary, on the Toombnddra, which sepa- rates it from Annagoondy. Lat. 15° 14' N., Ion. 76° 37' E. It stands in a plam encumbered with granite rocks, which intereperse all its thorough- fares, Sc have been sculptured into a variety of forms. The city, 8 m. in oirc, is enclosed by the river and other natural baiTiers, or by strong walls. Principal edifices, the temples of Wittoba Mahadeva, Siva, Krishna, Ganesa, and Eama, the residence of the riyah, the remains of four palaces in an inner city, and some singu- lar temples and sculptures on the rocks in the Toombnddra — all granite edifices. Bijanagurwas founded in 1336, and in the 16th century was the cap. of an extensive Hindoo kingdom, which was destroyed, and its cap. sacked by the Mohamme- dans of the Deccan in 1564. BuAWAR, a state of Hindostan, Bundelcund. with a cap. of same name, 76 m. S.E. Jhansi. Area 900 sq. m. Pop. 90,000. Public revenue 3S,000t Armed force 1,000 men. BuBAHAB, or ViGiPABA, the largest town of Cashmere, next to its cap., 25 m. S.E. the city of Cashmere on the Jailnm, here crossed by a re- markable timber bridge, 25 m. S.E. Serinagar. Lat. 33° 47' N., Ion. 76° 4' E. BijxA, a petty state of Hindostan, Bundelcund. Area 27 sq. m. Pop. 2,800. Annual revenue l,500i. Aimed force about 260 men. BuKEB, or Khungtaohaut, a town of Hin- dostan, cap. of a rajahship, jointly tributary to the British and to Bootan, 26 m. N.N.E. Goalpara (Assam). It consists of a fort, some temples, and a number of thatched huts. Bosk, or Busk, a fortified town of Siberia, gov. and 270 m. S. Tomsk, cap. dist. at the confl. of the Bia and Catounia. Pop. 3,500. Bilbao, a city and princip. port of the N. of Spain, cap. prov. Vizcaya (Biscay), on the Ner- vion, 6 m. from its mouth at Portugalete, and 28 m. N. Vitoria. Lat. 43° 14' 3' N., Ion. 2° 66' 5' W. Pop. (1845) 11,900. It is enclosed by lofty mountains, and is well built. A fine promenade borders the river, which is here crossed by a new iron supension bridge and an old stone bridge of three arches ; convents and monasteries are nu- merous ; it has also a cathedral, a large new hospital, town-hall, arsenal, and pubUc slaughter- house. Bilbao has superior schools, supported by its consnlado or tribunal of commerce, and a large pnbUc cemetery. Princip. manufs. hard- wares, anchors, leather, paper, hats, tobacco, and earthenware ; there are large rope-walks & docks for building merchant- vessels, with iron & copper mines in the vicinity. Exports comprise wool, iron, fish, and finiite. Princip. imports, cotton and woollen fabrics, and colonial produce. Bil- bao was founded in 1300 ; at the end of the 16th century it became the seat of the famous consnlado, originally established at Burgos, and having the highest authority in Spain as a commercial tri- bunal. It was the scene of frequent contests in the late Cariist wars, and Zumalacarregui re- ceived his death- wound here, Juno 10, ] 836. BIL BiLBonouGit, a pa. of England, co. and 3i m. W.N.W. Nottingham. Area 1,090 ac. Pop. 267. BiLBBOUGii, a pa. of England, co. and ainsty York, 4 m. N.E. Tadcaster. Area 1,410 acres. Pop. 216. The parliamentary general, Lord Fair- fax, is buried in the church. BiLBESTONE, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, llj m. W.N.W. Ipswich. Area 1,420 ao. Pop. 867. Fairs, Ash Wednesday and Holy Thursday. BiLooRAT, a town of Poland, gov. and' 47 m. S.S.W. Lublin, on the Lada. Pop. 1,800. It has several well-fi-equented annual fairs. BiLiARSK, a vill. of Russia, gov. and 68 m. S.E. Kazan. Pop. 2,500. Near it are extensive ruins, supposed to mai'k Biliar, a consid. Tatar city. BiLiN, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 17 m. W. Leitmeritz, on the Bila. Pop. 3,100. It has two castles, & celeb. & much frequented min. springs, the acidulated waters of which form an article of export to the extent of 500,000 jars yearly. BitiNBAEvsK, a mining town of Russia, gov. Perm, in the Ural mntns., 30 m. W. Jekaterine- burg. It has extensive iron-works. BiLiRAN, one of the Philippine isls., N. Leyte. Lat. 11° 27' N., Ion. 124° 30' E. BiLLERBECK, a Small town of Pruss. West- phalia, reg. and 15 m. W.N.W. Munster. Pop. 1,440, engaged in linen weaving and bleaching. — II. or Friedrichshuld, a vill. prov. Pomerania, reg. Coslin, 9 m. N.N.E. Rummelsberg. BiLLEKicA, a tnshp., U. S., N. America, Mas- sachusetts, 18 m. N.W. Boston. Pop. 1,632. It is intersected by the Boston and Lowell railway. BiLLERicAT, a mkt. town and chapelry of Eng- land, CO. Essex, pa. Great Burstead, 24 m. E.N.E. London, and 3 m. S.E. the E. Counties railway. Pop. 1,284. It has an anc. brick chapel, a union workhouse, and manufs. of sUk braid and lace. Mkt. Tuesd. Fairs, August 2, and October 6- Polling-place for S. Essex. BiLLESDON, a pa. of England, co. and 8| m. E. Leicester. Area 4,430 ac. Pop. 878. Fairs April 23, & July 25. It was a Roman station ; has sev. small charities, & is the head of a poor-law union. BiLLESLEv, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 3im. W.N.W. Stratford-on-Avon. Area 760 ac. P. 31. BiLLiEBS, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Morbihan, arrond. and 26 m. S.E. Vannes, with a small port on the Vilaine. Pop. 1,086. BiLLiGHEiM, a mkt. town of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Klingbach, 4 m. S.S.W. Landau. Pop. 1,760, It has Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, and some manufs. of hosiery, &c. — II. grand duchy Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, E. Mossbach. Billing, two pas. of Engl., co. Northampton.— I. {Great), 4 m. N.E. Northampton. Area 1,290 ac. Pop. 401. — II. (Little), on the Nen, 3J m. E.N.E. Northampton. Area 890 ac. Pop. 101. BiLLiNGBOROUGH, a pa. of England, co. Lin- coln, 3 m. E. Folkingham. Area 2,020 ac. P. 999. BiLLiNGE, a chapelry of England, co. Lanca- ster, pa. and 6J m. S.W. Wigan. Pop. 1,550.-11. S. Higher-End isntovnisbipa^oiumg. Pop. 713. BiLLiNQFOBD, two pas. of Eugl., CO. Norfollc, IJ m. E. Scole. Area 1,110 ac. Pop. 219.— II. 4i m. N.N.E. East-Dereham. Area 1,650 ac. P. 363 BiLLiNOHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Durham, ward & 3 m. N.N.E. Stockton. Area 2,720 ac. P.1,663. It has a sta. on the Hartlepool & Stockton railw. BiLLiNGHAT,apa. of England, co. Lincoln, 8 m. N.E. Sleaford. Area 7,630 ac. Pop. 2,095. BiLLiNGSHURST, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, rape Arundel, containing two hamlets of same name, 6 m. S.W. Horsham. Area 6,830 ac Pop. 1,439. Fairs Whitmonday, and Nov. 8. BiLLiNGSLEV, a pa, of England, co. Salop, 6 m. L BIL 162 BIN S.S.W. Bridgenoi-th. Area 1,660 ao. Pop. 149. There are large collieries in this parish. BiLLiNOTON, a ohapelry of England, co. Lan- caster, pa. and 6J m. N.N.E. Blackburn. Pop. 988, mostly employed in cotton-weaving. Bir.LiTON, an isl. of the Dutch E. Indies, inter- mediate between Sumatra and Borneo. Lat. of hill on N.W. part, 3° 13' S., Ion. 108° 7' B. Area estim. at 1,150 sq. m. Pop. 6,000. It is surrounded by rooks and islets, and is rich in U'on ore and valuable timber ; it does not pro- duce rice enough for home consumption; but about 25 boats go from it annually to Singapore with trepang, bird's nests, seaweed, tortoise-shell, and wax. — Billiton-passage, between tliis isl. and Borneo, ia about 130 m. across. ' BiLLO0K.LT or BiLiocKBY, a pa. of Engl., CO. Noi#)llf, 2i m. N.E. Acle. Area 260 ac. Pop. 71. BiLLOM, a comm. and town of France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, cap. cant., on a hill, 14 m. E.S.E. Clermont. Pop. (1846) 3,265. It has a comm. college, and some manufs. of fine eaxthenwares, called the " pottery of Bretagne." It is considered the oldest town of Auvergne. Billy, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Antrim, 8 m. N.E. Coleraine. Area 17,330 ao. Pop. 7,277. BiLMA, a town of central Africa, Nigritia, near lat. 18° 40' N., Ion. 14° E., on the route from Fez- zan to Lake Tchad. It is said to hare abun- dant suppUes of water. BiLNET, two pas. of England, co. Norfolk. — I. (East), 4J m. N.N.W. East Dereham Area 670 ac. Pop. 218 II. (West), 7 m. S.E. King's Lynn. Area 2,750 ac. Pop. 298. BiLSA, Silvesa, a town of Hindostan, dom. and 183 m. S. Gwalior, on the Betwah. It is encld. by a stone wall, & in 1820 had 5,000 houses. Excellent tobacco is grown in the vicinity ; in 1834, Bilsa dist. yielded an annual revenue of 32,600?. BiLSBT, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 1 m. E.N.E. Alford. Area 2,960 ac. Pop. 684. BiLSDALE, a tnshp. of England, co. York, N. Riding, pa. & 12 m. N.N.W. Helmsley. Pop. 738. BiLSEN, a town of Belgium, prov. Limbourg, cap. cant., 8 m. S.E. Hasselt, on the Demer. Pop. 3,085. Manufs. of cutlery & earthenwares. BiLsiNGTOif, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 6 m. S.S.E. Ashford. Area 2,800 ac. Pop. 385. BiLSTHOBPE, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 4J m. S. Ollerton. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 244. BiLSTOH, a mkt. town and chapefry of Engl., CO. Stafford, pa. and 2J m. S.E. Wolverhampton, and within IJ m. from the WillenliaU station on the Liverpool and Birmingham railway. Pop. 20,181. It is very irregularly built, but has many good residences, a handsome chapel of ease erect- ed in 1830, & another episcopal chapel. Coal and ironstone abound in the vicinity, and its chf. manufs. consist of iron castings for machinery, tin-plate goods, nails, wire, and screws. Among its numerous schools is one founded in 1833, and endowed with 2,000i. for the benefit of orphans left destitute by the cholera, which raged here in 1832 with frightful violence. Mkts. Monday and Saturday, Fairs Whitmonday, & Mond. before the Birmingham Michaelmas fair. Bilston forms a part of the pari. bor. of Wolverhampton. At Bradley, a small adjoining vill., a coal bed has been burning for half a century. BiLTON, a pa. of England, co. Warwick, li m; S.W. Rugby. Area 1,320 ao. Pop. 623. Cha- rities amount to about 901. per annum. Here Addison resided after his marriage with the Countess of Warwick. — ^11. a pa., co. and ainsty York, 5 m. E.N.E. Wetherby. Area 1,460 ac. P. 881 ni.(inth Harrogate), a cliply., sanieco., W. Biding, pa. and 2 m. W. Knaresboro'. Pop. 3,372. With 5 daily schools. .„.,,. BiMA, a seaport town of the Dutch B. Indies, cap. state of same name, in the isl. Sumbawa, on a bay of its N. coast, 100 m. E. Sumbawa. It is the residence of the sultan, and of a Dutch agent. Chf. expts. timber, and valuable horses. BiMBEB, a town of the Punjab, on an afB. of the Chenab, 100 m. N. Lahore. It consists of about 1,000 low and flat-roofed houses. BiMBiA, a riv. of W. Afi-ica, enters the Bight of Biafra, W. of the Cameroons riv. On its banks are many populous vills., under the rule of a chief who, in 1833, placed himself under Brit, protection. BiMiNi, a small group of isls. surrounded by reef3,in the Bahama archip., E. of Cape Florida. BiMLiPATAM, Bhimalapatana, a seaport town of Brit. India, presid. Madras, dist. and 17 m. E.N.E. Vizagapatam, on the Bay of Bengal. It has a brisk coasting trade. BiNAE, a town of Persia, prov. Azerbijan, on the Sofi Chai, a tribut. of Lake Urumiyah, on the W. side of the lake, and 65 m. S.S.W. Tabriz. It is of modern origin, & has about 1,500 houses, clean streets, several good caravanseries, and an abundance of water. Around it are numerous orchards and vineyards ; and it j-ields to its chief an ann. rev. of 4,000 tomans, and a contingent of 400 men to the army of Azerbijan. BiNABOLA, BuEABOLA, or TWELVE Piss, a lofty mntn. range of Ireland, Connaught co., Galway, barony & 6 m. N.E.Ballinahinch; the culm, point, Knockannahiggen, is 2,400 feet above the sea. BiNACBE, or Benacbe, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 6 m. N.E. Southwold. Area 1,660 ac., including a pond of about 100 ac. Pop. 194. In 1786, a stone vessel containing 900 silver Roman coins was found in this parish. BiNAsco, a town and fortress of N. Italy, Lom- bardy, deleg. and 11 m. N.W. Pavia. Pop. 6,000. Bin-bib-Kiltss£h, some ruins in Asia Minor, pash. Karamania, 20 miles N.N.W. Karaman, consisting of anc. tombs, portions of early By- zantine churches, supposed to be the remains of Lystra, where the cripple was healed by St. Paul. BiNBBOOKE, a vill. and formerly a mlrt. town of England, co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, comprising 2 pas. on the Aaklam, 7 m. N.E. Market-Raisen. Area 6,070 ac. Pop. 1,187. Binbrooke is noted for an eel fishery, and large rabbit warrens. BiscHE, a town of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, cap. cant., on the Haine, and on a branch of the Mons canal, 10 m. E.S.E. Mons. Pop. (1842) 6,236. It has manufe. of cutlery & hardwares, & a considerable trade in lace, paper,marble,& coal. BiNCHESTER, a tushp. of England, co. Durham, ward Darlington, pa. St. Andrew- Auckland, IJ m. N.N.E. Bishop-Auckland. Pop. 43. It is sup- posed to have been the 'RamaaBinomum : various Roman antiquities have been discovered in the pa. BiNOOMBE, a parish of England, co. Dorset, 4 m. S.S.W. Dorchester. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 170. On the neighbouring downs are many burrows. BiNDRABum), Yrindavana, a considerable town of British India, presid. Bengal, upper prov., on the Jumna, dist. & 40 m. N.N.W. Agra. It has several sacred pools and caves, and numerous temples of Krishna, one of which is among the most massive works of Hindoo architecture. BiNEGAB, a parish of England, co. Somerset, 3} m. N. Shepton-Mallet. Area 680 ac. Pop. 338. A large fair is held here in Whitsunday week. BiNFiELD, a parish of England, co. Berks, in Windsor Forest, 3 m. N.E. Wokingham. Area 8,530 ac. Pop. 1,242. Pope's father resided here, and the tree is still shown under which the BIN 163 Bia poet is said to have written a considerable part of his " Windsor Forest." BiNGEN, a town of Germany, grand duchy Hessen-Darmstadt, prov. Kheiuhcssen, on the 1. h. of the Rhine, at the influx, and on rt. b. of the Nahe, 17 m. W. Mentz. Pop. 4,a00, who mauuf. leather, & raise superior wines. It owes its origin to the Roman castle or klopp of Drusus. Near it, the Rhme, brealdng through a mntn. Cham, narrows to form the Bingerloch, a dan- gerous rapid at low water; in the neighbour- hood are Riidesheim, the castle of Ehrenfels, & chapel of St. Roch ; and on an isl. in the Rhine is the Mansethurm (mouse-tower), a structure erected for a toll-house in the 13th century. BiNGENHEiM, amlittown, Hessen-Darmstadt, prov. Oberhessen, 16 m. N. Hanau. Pop. 700. HnroHAM, a m]rt.-town and pa. of England, in the rich vale of Belvou-, co. & SJ m. E. Notting- ham. Area of pa., 2,930. Pop. 1,998. Mkts. Th. Fairs, Feb. 9th to 12th, 1st Thurs. in Mav, Whit- Thurs., May 31, Nov. 8 and 9. It is a" polling- place for the S. division of the county. BiNQHAMPTON, a vill., U. S., N. America, New Tork, cap. co. Broome, Chenango, and Susque- hanna, 115 m. S.W. Albany. Pop. 2,800. It has various mann&., and a large export of timber. BiNGHAMSTOWN, Or Saieen, a marit. vil). of Ireland, Connanght, co. Mayo, on the "W. side of Blacksod Bay, 2} m. S.S.W. Belmnllet. Pop. 436, engaged in f&hing. Exports, corn and potatoes. B1N01.EY, a mkt. town and pa. of England, co. Tork, W. Riding, on the Aire, and the Leeds & Liverpool canal, IS m. "W.N.W. Leeds. Area of pa. 13,180 ac. Pop. 11,850. It has a neat church, a grammar school founded in the time of Henry Till. (rev. 470/. per annum), a coui*t-house, sev. charities, niunerous worsted, yam, cotton, and paper mann&., and some trade in malt. In 1838, here were 5 cotton and 18 worsted mills, employ- ing together 1,778 hands. Mkts. Tuesday. Fairs, January 26th, and August 25th to 27th. BiNHAM, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3 J m. N.E. New Walsingham. Area 2,200 ac. Pop. 602. The church, after the conquest, formed part of a Benedictine monastery, subordinate to St. Albans ; and its "W. front is a fine specimen of the early English style. BiNic, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. C6tes- dn-Nord, arrond. and 7 m. N.N.W. St Brieuc. P. 1,828. Important fisheries & ship-build, yds. BiNiET, a pa. of England, co. Warwick, 2J m. E. Coventry. Area 2,470 ac. Pop. 233. BiNSET, a pa. of England, co. and 2 m. N.W. Oxford, on the Isis. Area 470 ac. Pop. 61. BiNSTEAD, a pa. of Engl., Isle of Wight, on its N. coast, 6im. E.N.E. Newport. Area 1,140 ac. Pop. 278. Here are the remains of an abbey founded in 1132. — II. a pa., co. Sussex, rape and 2 m. S.W. Arundel. Area 1,010 ac. Pop. 111. BiKSTED, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 4 m. N.E. Alton. Area 7,060 ac. Pop. 1,065. BiNTANG, an isl. of the Dutch E. Indies. Lat. 1° 6' N., Ion. 104° 29' E., 40 m. S.E. Singapore. Area 600 sq. m. Pop. with the small isls. in its vicinity, 13,000. It is estun. that 70,000 piculs of gambeer (an astringent gum) are annually pro- cured here, which article, with pepper, and rice, are the chf. exports from Bhio, on its S.W. coast. BiNTENNE, an inland town of Ceylon, on the Mahavillagunga, 80 m. E. Kandy. BiNTON,apa. of Engl., CO. Warwick, on the Avon, SJm.W. by S.Stratford. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 269. BiNTEEE, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 5J m. N.W. Reepham. Area 2,120 ac. Pop. 409. BiOBio, a riv. of Chile, rises in the Andes, flows generally W.N.W., forming the vboundary between the prov. Concepcion and independent Araucania, & enters the Pacific at Concepcion, after a course estim. at 200 m. BioGLio, a vill. of Piedmont, div. Turin, prov. and 5 m. E.N.E. Biella. Pop., with comm., 2,227. BioBNEBOKO, a seaport town of Finland, laen Abo, on the Kumo, at its mouth, in the Gulf of Bothnia, 60 m. N.N.W. Abo. Pop. ^667. It is pretty well built, and has some ship-building, & an export trade in timber, pitch, tar, and fish. BioT, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Var, cant, and 3 m. N.N.W. Antibes. Pop. 1,267. BiouL, a town of Belgium, prov. Namnr, 8 m. N.W. Dinant, with a castle. Pop. 913. Bin (pron. Beer), Turkish Sireh-jik, anc. Birtha), a walled town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 120 m. S.W. Diarbekir, on the Euphrates, where it approaches nearest to the Mediterra- nean, 116 m. N.E. Antiooh. Lat. 37° 3' N., Ion. 38° E. It has from 1,800 to 2,000 houses, the in- habitants Turks, with a citadel on a steep rock, & several mosques. Here it was lately proposed to commence the steam navigation of the Euphrates downwards to the Persian Gulf. Many other small towns in Arabia, &c., have the prefix Bir, meaning " a well," and it is the name of a riv. in Abyssinia, tributary to the Abai. Bibbeck-Fells, a dist. of England, co. West- moreland, comprising pts. of the pas. of Crosby- Ravensworth, Orton, and Shap, BiBBHOOM, or Beekbhoom, (Yirabhumi, "the land of heroes,") a dist. British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, enclosed by the dists. Bhaugul- pore, Moorshedabad, Nuddea, Burdwan, Ram- ghur, & Bancoorah. Area 3,300 sq. m. Estun. pop. 1,680,600. Coal and iron mines are wrought in this dist. Land rev. (1839-40) 74,432Z. ; total rev. 82,242Z. ; expenditure 19,723Z. BiBCH, sev. pas. of England. — I. co. Essex, 5 m. S.W. Colchester. Area 2,940 ac. Pop. 794. Some remains of an old castle are here visible. —II. (Little), CO. and 6J m. E.S.E. Hereford. Area 930 ac. Pop. 376.— III. {Much), co. & 6 m. S. Hereford. Area 1,330 ac. Pop. 484. BiBCHAM, three pas. of England, co. Norfolk. — I. (Great), 7 m. S.S.W. Bumham-Westgate. Area 3,630 ac. Pop. 611.— II. (Newton), 6^ m. S.S.W. Bumham-Westgate. Area 1,160 acres. Pop. 107.— III. (TofU), adjommg Gt. Bircham. Area 1,450 ac. Pop. 142. BiKCHAHGEK, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, IJ m. S.S.W. Stanstead Mt. Fitchet. Ac. 1,160. P. 386. BiBCHiNQTOif, a seaport vill. and pa. of Engl., and a member of the cinque port of Dover, co. Kent, Isle of Thanet, 3i m. W.S.W. Margate. Area 1,760 ac. Pop. 874. In the church are many anc. monuments. Here are several dis- sentmg chapels, an endowed, & 2 other schools. BiECHOiT, a pa. of England, co. Kent, lathe Shepway, 4 m. E. by S. Ashford. Area 310 ac. Pop. 37. Its church has been long in ruins. BiBCHOVEB, a chapelry of England, co. Derby, 5 m. W.N.W. Matlock, whence numerous visiters repair to visit its famous rooking-stone. Pop. 77. BiBCBBOOK, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 7 m. N.W. Castle-Hedinghem. Area 2,640 ac, P. 667. BiBDHAM, a pa. of Engl., 00. Sussex, rape & 3i m. W.S.W. Chichester. Area 1,930 ac. Pop. 60^ Bird Island, one of the Sandwich isls,, N. Pa- cific Ocean. — II. one of the Low isls., Pacific, near the middle of the group Bird Islands, S. Africa, Cape Colony, are in Algoa Bay. BiEDiNBOBY, a pa. of England, co. Warwick, 4J m. N.N.E. Southam. Area 1,180 ac. Poi>. 201. BiRPSAi,!,, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Biding, BIR 164 6^ m. S.S.E. New-Malton. Area 3,630 ac. Pop. 267. The birth pi. of Burton, the puritan divine. BiRiociOHE, a town of Russia, on 1. b. of the Sosna, gov. & 76 m. S.S.W. Voronej. Pop. 5,461. It is encircled by an earth rampart and ditch, and has numerous churches, & four annual fairs. BiBKBT, a pa. of England, co. York, N. Riding, 5} m. N.W. Northallerton. Ac. 3,400. Pop. 256. BiEKEHFELD, a principality of W. Germany, bielonging to Oldenburg, but detached from the rest of that duchy, W. of the Rhine, & enclosed by Rhenish Prussia and Meissenheim. Area 143 sq. m. Pop. (1840) 28,669. Surface moun- tainous and well-wooded. Princip. riv. the Nahe, an affl. of the Rhine. Chf. products, cattle, iron, flax, hemp, & oil seeds. It is divided into 3 amts, Birkenfeld, Oberstein, & Nohfelden, & was ceded to Oldenburg, by the treaty of Vienna, in 1815. Birkenfeld, a town of Germany, cap. above Principality, near the Nahe, 25 m. E.S.E. Treves, 'op. with adjoining vill. of Eckiveiler, 2,385, who manufactore linen and woollen fabrics, & leather. It has superior schools, and large cattle fairs. Near it is the old fortress of Burg, anc. residence ofthecounts-palatineofBirkenfeld-Zweibriicken. Birkenhead, a new and thriving town and tnshp. of England, co. Chester, pa. Bidstone, on the estuary of the Mersey, immediately opposite Liverpool, and 15 m. N.N.W. Chester, with which it communicates by railway. Pop. (1841) 8,223, and so rapidly increasing that it is now. esti- mated to have 20,000 inhabitants. It has wholly risen up since the formation of ship-building docks in 1824, on Wallasey-pool, immediately on its N.W. side ; and in 1844, a series of magniii- cient docks were begun on the side of the Mer- sey, of which the Woodside basin, and another, were completed and opened in April 1847. Be- sides many spacious streets and dwellings, there are a large square, several handsome churches, a good mkt. house, 430 ft. in length, and 130 ft. in breadth, a public slaughter-house, pier in the Mersey, and a park of 120 acres, and in its vi- cinity are numerous villas, many of which are the residences of Birkenhead and Liverpool mer- chants. Here are also the remains of an anc. priory, on a rock projecting into the Mersey. Polling-place for S. Cheshire. BiBKET, the name of several lakes and places in Egypt, S-el-Hajji, or the " lake of pilgrims," being a small lake 10 m. N.E. Cairo, on the banks of which the pilp;rims to Mecca, by way of Snez, assemble on their departure thither, and separate on their return. — B.-el-Keroun is the modern name of Lake Uoeris, which See. Birk-Fell, a mntn. of England, co. Cumber- land, on S. side of Ulleswater, 5 m, N. Ambleside. BiRKiN,apa. of Engl., co. Tork, W. Riding, 3J m. N.E. Ferrybridge. Area 6,890 ac. Pop. 921. BiRLET, a pa. of England, co. Hereford, 3^ m. E.N.E. Weobley. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 172. BiRLiNO, a pa. of England, co. Kent, lathe Aylesford, on the Medway, 6J m. N.W. Maid- stone. Area 2,240 ac. Pop. 611. Birling-place, ano. residence of the NeviUs, is now a farm-house. BiBLiNaHAM,a pa.,Engl., co. Worcester, on the Avon, 2^ m. S.S.W. Pershore. Ac. 1,460. P. 390. BiRMAH, or the Birman Empire. [Bormah.] BiRMENSDORF, a vill. of Switz'd., cant. Aargau, circ. Baden, with min. springs & baths. Pop. 897. Birmingham, a pari, and municipal bor., one of the principal manufacturing towns of England, near its centre, co. and 17 m. N.W. Warwick, 100 m. N.TV. London, and 78J m. S.E. Liverpool. Area of borough, which includes the adjacent townshps, Aston, Eflgbaston, &c., 18,780 acres. BIR Pop. in 1690, 4,000; in 1801, 60,822; in 1841, 182,922. The town, on the river Rea, occupies the E. declivity of three undulating hills, and from the S.E. presents to view a mass of red brick houses, interspersed with several lofty church spires, and a vast number of tall chimneys be- longing to its factories. Its lower part consists of unprepossessing streets, old houses, and work- shops; but its upper portions comprise many broad streets and good residences. In its centre is a handsome quarter, rivalling in appearance the best parts of the metropolis, and containing the town-hall, Edward vi.'s grammar school, St Philip's and Christ's churches. Queen's college, theatre, and other princip. edifices. The uneven ground on which ffirmingham is built, facilitates its drainage, and thus contributes to its salubrity. It is also well lighted with gas, and paved, though many parts of the town are ill furnished with foot- paths. The superb town-hall, one of the finest edi- fices in Engl., occupies a commanding site, & is in classic style ; it is fi'onted with marble, and has a saloon 145 feet in length, 65 feet in breadth, & the same in height; it can accommodate 8,000 persons (or 4,000 seated), & contains a fine organ, some pipes in which are said to be the largest in Europe : in this hall the triennial musical festivals are held. The theatre, erected in 1821, at a cost of 14,000?., and having a front in the Ionic order, is a handsome building, and one of the most com- modious of its class out of the metropolis. The free grammar school, founded in 1652, is a richly decorated Gothic edifice (174 feet by 125 feet), rebuilt in 1834 by Mr Barry, at a cost of nearly 60,000?. ; it has a revenue, now probably amount- ing to 11,000?. a-year, and 10 exhibitions of 60?. per annum for four years, to any college at Ox- ford or Cambridge. In 1847, the different classes were attended by 1,200 pupils. Queen's College, lately established, and munificently endowed by private benefactions, is in connection with the University of London, and regulated on the old collegiate system ; attached to it are a flourishing medical school & Queen's hospital, also recently founded. Birmingham originally consisted of but on e pa. ; it is now divided into five — St Martin, St Philip, St Thomas, St George, & All Saints. St Martin's church, in the Bull-ring, lower part of the town, was built in the 8th century. It was origi- nally of stone, & is now encased in brick. There are several other chapels belonging to the esta- blishment. These parishes were formerly within the archbishopric ot Lichfield and Coventry, but were transferred by the church commissioners to the diocese of Worcester. Dissenting chapels comprise those of Independents, Friends, Metho- dists, Swedenborgians, Roman Catholics, and Unitarians (the last a numerous sect in Birming- ham); and here is a Jews' synagogue. Other principal buildings are — a large general hospital, general dispensary, athenaeum, large mkt.-house, Roman Catholic cathedral, a vast brick edifice ; the barracks, and railway station, which last is a general point of junction of railways from London, Liverpool, Derby, Worcester, &c. Public insti- tutions comprise a society of arts, with a drawing academy, and annual exhibition of paintings; public library, with 27,000 vols. ; philosophic and mechanics' institutions, a blue-coat school (annual revenue 2,600?.) i Springhill college, for Indepen- dents & Baptists; national & proprietary schools, & a great variety of other educational establish- ments ; deaf & dumb, & magdalen asylums ; eye & ear, & lying-in infirmaries ; a botanic garden, horticultural and statistical societies, and a public cemetery company. The town has extensive BIR 165 BIS taths, and a place of amusement termed " Vaux- yiall." Birmingham has made most rapid pro- gress in manufacturing industry within the present century. Its manufactures comprise almost every description of iron and steel goods, brass and iron founding, saddlery, fire-arms, cut- lery, gold, silver, plated, bronze, or-molu, and japanned iviires ; papier-m&che goods, toys, jew- ellery, electro-plated goods, buttons, steel-pens, glass, tools, steam-engines, and all kinds of ma- chinery. In 1849, the steam-engines employed In its factories, were supposed to have an aggre- gate power of 5,400 horses, and to consume 377 tons of coals daily, and the annual value of ma- nufactures has been estimated at 4,000,OOOZ. Among the most interesting manufacturing es- tablishments, is the steam-engine factory at Soho, the largest in the world, and with which the name of the celebrated Watt is associated. Wages are higher in Birmingham than in most of the manufocturing towns of the North of England ; and the condition of its artisans is in favourable contrast to that exhibited at many other places, both as to health and prosperity. It is computed that 20,000 families are employed in trade, manufactures, and handicraft; and a few years ago, upwards of 40,000 of its inhabi- tants were members of friendly societies. The immense coal and iron beds of the district by which Birmingham is surrounded, may be viewed as the main souree of its manufacturing prosperity, which has also been greatly aided by canals, com- monicating with the Thames, Severn, Mersey, Trent, and Humber, and more recently by rail- ways, which bring the metropolis, and all the great towns of the N. of England, within a few hours' journey. The London and Birmingham railw. was commenced in 1834, and completed in 1838, at an expense of 5J millions sterling ; and by means of the Grand Junction railw., Birming- ham has commnnication with Warrington, Staf- ford, Manchester, and Liverpool. Mkts. Mond., Thursd., and Sat. Fairs, Thursd., Frid., & Sat. of Whitsun. week, and on the three same days nearest to 29th Sept. By its charter of incorpo- ration, dated 1838, Birmingham is divided into 16 wards, and governed by a mayor and recor- der, 16 aldermen, and 48 common couneilmen. Corp. rev. (1846-7), 82,267?. It has a bor. court of quarter sessions, and a town court of requests. Assessed taxes (1846-7), 26,075?. ; poor-rates (1837), 39,6.58?. Since the Reform Act it has sent two mems. to H. of C. Beg. elects. (1843), 6,129. This town is supposed to have been a place where arms were mannfd- in the time 'of the anc. Bri- tons ; its high commerc. importance dates, how- ever, only from the 17th century. In 1791, a dis- graceftil riot took place here, in which the library of Dr Priestley was burnt by the mob, with other property, to the total amount of 60,000?. ; and in 1839, the Bull-ring was the scene of a Chartist outbreak. — Near it are Hagley, the seat of Lord Lyttleton ; Enville, the seat of tlie Earl of Stam- ford ; and numerous elegant villas, the residences of wealthy manufacturers. BiENAM, a mntn. of Scotland, co. and 12 m. N.W. Perth, & about an equal distance W.N.W. Dunsinnan. It was anciently included in a royal forest, which Shakespeare has immortalized as " Bimam Wood," in his tragedy of Macbeth. BiRNBAOM (Polish Miedzyehorl), a town of Pruss. Poland, reg. and 44 m. W.N.W Posen, cap. circ, on the Warta. Pop. 2,637, who ma- nufacture woollen cloths and yam. BiKNEE (Old), a large town of Central Africn, Bornou, of which it was formerly the cap., on the Yeou, 70 m'. W. ICouka. Pop. estim. at 10,000. It covers a spaoe of several sq. m., is enclosed by remains of substantial walls, & is the seat of extens. markets. — New Bimee is a town 20 m. S. Kouka. BiRNiE,apa, of Scotland, co. and 35 m. S.S.W. Elgin. Pop. 407. Here is an old Saxon church. BiRON, a comm. and town of France, dep. Dor- dogne, arrond. and 22 m. S.E. Bergerac. Pop. 1,124. It was formerly fortified, and its magnifi- cent chateau contains the tomb of the Mareschal de Biron, beheaded in 1602. Birr, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Aargau, 3 m. S. Brugg. Here Pestalozzi commenced his cele- brated system of education in 1768. Birr, or Pabsons'-Town, a mld.-town of Ire- land, in pa. of same name, 62J m. W.S.W. Dub- lin, CO. Leinster. Pop. of town 6,336, of parish, 9,567. A well-built town, with castle belonging to the Earl of Rosse, under whose proprietorship the modern town has risen into its present pros- perous state. It was known under the name of Biorra, in the 6th century ; and in the 9th was the stronghold of the O'Carrols. In 1620, Sir W. Parsons, ancestor of Lord RoUe, received a grant of the tn. & adjoining estate from James i. BiRRESBOBN, a ham. of Rhenish Prassia, reg. Treves, circ. Priim. Well frequentedmin. springs ; near it is the acidulated spring of Brudeldreis. BiESAT and Harrat, a pa. of Scotland, 14 m. N.W. Kirkwall, Orlaiey isls., formerly 3 pas., now united. Pop. 2,406, some of whom go annually to the Greenland and Davis' Strait fisheries. BiRSE, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, on the Dee, 2 m. S.E. Aboyne. Pop. 1,296.— A small river of Switzerland, cant. Bern, has this name. BiBSK, an anc. town of Russia, gov. Orenburg, cap. circ, on the Bielaia, 60 m. N.W. Ufa. Pop. 3,500. It was formerly fortified ; and has some manufs. of silk, woollen, and cotton fabrics. BiBSTALL, a pa. of England, co. York, W. Bid- ing, near the York and N. Midland railway, 7 m. S.W. Leeds. Area 13,180 ac. Pop. 29,723, mostly dependent on its woollen and worsted manufs., for which there were, in 1838, 4l mills, employing together 2,092 hands, besides a cotton & two sillc factories. Coal and iron mines gave employment to 600 persons at the above date. The church, built in the reign of Henry tiii., has lately been enlarged ; and a new Gothic chapel was recently erected at Birkenshaw. Birstall is a polling-place for the W. Biding of the co. At Fieldherd, in this CO., Dr Priestley was born in 1733. BiESTMOETON, a pa. of England, co. Worces- ter, 4Jm. S.W. TJpton-on-Severn. Area 1,410 ac. Pop. 313. It has an anc. moated manor-house. BiRTLE, a tnshp. of England, co. Lancaster, pa. Middleton, 2J m. N.E. Bury.' Pop. 1,763. BiRTLET, a chapelry of England, co. Durham, pa. Chester-le-Street, 6 m. S.S.E. Gateshead. Pop. 1,769, chiefly engaged in raising coal. BiRZE, a town of Russia, gov. Vilna, N.W. Po- nievieje, with a castle of the princes RadzivUl. BiSAOOiA, a town of Naples, prov. Prinoip. TJIt., built on akU, 30 ra. E.N.E. Avellino. Pop. 6,700. BisACQuiNO, or BusACcniNO, a town of Sicily, 27 m. S. Palermo ; with an extensive trade in grain, oil, and lint. Pop. 8,000. BiSAGNO, a fertile and hig;hly cultivated district in the vicinity of Genoa ; gives name to the river which, passing the E. walls of the city, falls into tlie Mediterranean near the lazaretto. BisAMBERGt, a vill. of Lower Austria, ]J m. S.E. Komeuburg. Pop. 642 — The Bisamberg, a hill in its vicinity, is 1,189 feet in elevation. BisANO, an island, Asiatic archipelago, off the N.E. extremity of Celebes. Circum. 20 miles. BIS 1C6 Bisbal-(La), a town of Spain, prov. and 10 m. E. Gerona, with a bridge on tlie Adaro. P. 3,110. BiSBBOOKE, a pa. of England, co. Kutland, IJ m. E. Uppingham. Area 720 ac. Pop. 211. BisoABA, a town of Algeria, cap. dist. Zaab, S. of Mt. Atlas, and on the Kantara, 205 m. S.E. Algiers. Occupied by the French since 1844. Bjscabi, a town of Sicily, intend, and 45 m. W. Syracuse, on the Dirillo. Pop. 2,700. Bisoabbosse, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Landes, 8 m. N."W. Parentis-en-Bom. P. 1,551. Biscathobpe, a pa. and vill. of England, co. Lincoln, 7i m. N.N.E. Wragby. Ac. 1,050. P. 63. Biscay (Spanish Vi«caj/a), a prov. of N. Spain, one of the 3 Basque provs., bounded N. by the Bay of Biscay, S. by the prov. Alava, E. by Gui- puzcoa, and W. by Santander. Area 1,200 sq. m. Pop. (1838) 111,433. Cap. Bilbao. Under the name Biscay,are sometimes comprehended the 3Basque provs., Biscay, Guipuzcoa, and Alava. [Basque.] Biscay, a town of New Mexico. [DnBAuao.] Biscay (Bay op), Fr. Golfe de Gascogne, Aquitamcus Sinus, — a vast bay or gulf formed by the Atlantic, and extending between Ouessant isl., on the W. coast of France, & Cape Ortega! on the N. coast of Spain. It receives the waters of the Loire, Charente, Gironde, and Adour. Its principal ports are Lorient, Nantes, La Ro- chelle Rochefort, Bordeaux, and Bayonne, in France. Passages, San Sebastian, Bilbao, San- tander, and Gihon, in Spain. Chief isls. Belle- isle, R^, and Oleron, on the coast of France. Its N. and S. coasts are bold and rocky ; but on the E., from the mouth of the Gironde to the Adour, the coast is composed of sand downs, & inter- rupted by numerous lagoons. The depth varies from 20 fath. on the W. of France, to 200 fath. on the N. of Spain. Navigation is much Impeded by the heavy seas produced by N.W. winds, and by a current {RenneFs) which sets in from the Atlantic, and sweeping round the N. coast of Spain, runs N. and N.W. along the W. coast of France, and enters the Irish channel. BiscEGLiA, a fortified seaport town of Naples, prov. Bari, on the Adriatic, 21 m. W.N.W. Bari. Pop. 13,500. It has a cathedral, numerous churches, convents, and public reservoirs, a dio- cesan school, and theatre. Its port admits only small vessels, and its trade is insignificant. BiscHHEiM, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Bas-Rhin, arrond. and 2 m. N. Strasbourg, cant. Schilitig'heun. Pop. (1846) 2,929. BiscHOFSBUBG, a towu of E. Prussia, on the Dimmer, reg. and 60 m. S.S.E. Konigsberg. Pop. 2,450, who manufacture linen yam and fabrics. BisoHOFSHEiM, scvcral small towns iu Ger- many, &c. — I. {B. on the Tauber), Baden, ch-o. Lower Rhine, 19 m. S.W. Wiirtzburg. Pop. 2,338. — II. {am Rhdn), Baden, circ. Midd. Rhine, 19 m. S.W. Rastadt. Pop. 1,744 III, {Vor der RhSn), Bavaria, circ. Franconia, 40 m. N.E.Wiirtzbnrg. Pop. 1,830.— IV. France, dep. Bas-Rhin, 1} m. N. Oberchenheim. Pop. 1,661., Bischofs-Laak, a town of lUyria/ Carniola gov. and 15 m. N.E. Laybach. Pop. 1,850. BiscHOFSSTEiN, a towu of E. Prussia, reg. and 46 m. S.S.E. Konigsberg. Pop. 2,836, who ma- nuf. hosiery, leather, & woollen & linen fabrics. BiscHOFSWEBDA, a towu of the kgdm. of Saxony, on railw. from Dresden to Bautzen, circ. and 20 m. E.N.E. Dresden. Pop. 2,486, who manuf. linen and woollen fabrics. — Bischqfttoer- der (Polish, Bishupiecz), is a small town of W. Prussia, reg. and 26 m. S.E. Marienwerder. BiscHOFSzEiL, a town of Switzerland, cant. Thurgau, on the Sitter, near its mouth iu tlie Thur, 11 ra. S.S.E. Constance. Pop. ^2,000, mostly engaged in cotton weaving and dyemg. BisoHOF-TEiNiTZ, Or Teinitz, 3, towu ot Bo- hemia, cue. Klattau, 25 m. S.W. Pilsen. Pop. 2,200. It has a noble castle and park ; manuts. of lace and linens, and glass-works. Bischwillee, a town of France, dep. Bas- Rhin, cap. cant., on the Moder, 14 m. N. Stras- bourg. Pop. (1846) 6,242. Manufs. of coarse woollen and^ linen cloths, gloves, and earthen- wares. It has also trade in leather, beer, and agricultural produce. In its environs is the rich iron mine of Mittelhardt. Bischwiller was for- merly fortified, but dismantled in 1706. BisENTi, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo Ult., cap. cant., 14 m. S.E. T6ramo. Pop. 2,500. BisENZ, a town of Moravia, circ. and 11 m. S.W. Hradiseh. Pop. 2,650. It has a fine castle and gardens ; and grows excellent wines. BisHAM (Moktaoue), a pa. of England, co. Berks, on the Tfhames, 3J m. N.W. Maidenhead. Area 2,520 ac. Pop. 659, partly engaged in a large manuf. of sheet copper. Its manor-house is a portion of an anc. priory, in which the great Earl of Warwick, "the king-maker," and his brother, Lord Montague, were buried. BisHAMPTON, a pa. of England, co. Worcester, 4Jm. N.N.E. Pershore. Area 2,140 ac. Pop. 410. BisHOP-AnCKLANi), a t. of Engl. [Accklahd.] BisEOP and Clebks, two groups of rocky islets. — I. in St. George's Channel, off the coast of Pembrokeshire, Wales, about 5 m. W. St. David's. — IL in the S. Pacific Ocean, S.W. of New Zea- land. Lat. 56° 16' S., Ion. 69° E. BisHOPSBOUBNE, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, lathe St. Augustine, 4 m. S.S.E. Canterbury. Area 1,860 ac. P. 334. In the church is a bust of Rich. Hooker, who died rector of the parish in 1600. Bishop's Camhings, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 3 m. N.E. Devizes. Area 10,290 ac. Pop. 3,843. Bishop's Castle, a munic. bor., nikt.-towii, and pa. of England, co. Salop, 18J m. S.S.W. Shrewsbury. Area of pa. 6,000 ac. Pop. 1,781. The town, on a hill, near the river Clunn, is re- markably clean, and has an interesting chnrch in the Norman style, a free school, a handsome town-hall, market-ho., & some remains of a former castle of the bishops of Hereford, on the site of which is now the Castle inn. Mkt. (for corn, &c.), Frid. Cattle fairs (a good deal resorted to by the Welsh), Fridays before Feb. 13 and Mar. 15, 1st Friday after May-day, July 5, Sept 9, Nov. 13. Until the Reform Act it sent 2 mems. to the H. of C. It is now a polling-pl. for S. Shropshire. Bishop's Fonthiil, apa. of Engl., co. Wilts. 2 m. E. of N. Hindon. Area 2,040 ac. Pop. 207. Bishop's Fbome, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 4i m. S.S.E. Bromyard. Area 4,650 ac. P. 1,079. Bishop's Hull, apa. of England, co. Somerset, 1} m. W. Taunton. Area 1,670 ac. Pop. 1,263. Bishop's Lybiabd, apa. of Engl.,co. Somerset, 4 m. N.W. Taunton. Area 3,030 ac. Pop. 1,296. Bishop's Middlehah, a pa. and township of England, co. palatine of Durham, 8 m. S.S.E. Durham. Area 6,940 ac. Pop. 1,434. Bishop's Nvmptok, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 3 m. E.S.E. of South Molten. Area 10,000 ac. Pop. 1,326. Bishop's Stortfobd, a pa. and town of Eng- land, CO. and 10 m. E.N.E. Hertford, on the E. Co. railway. Area 3,080 ac. Pop. 4,681. The town, situated in a fertile valley on the riv. Stort consists of 4 streets, with elegant church, town- house, methodist, independent, & quaker chapels and 2 daily schools. Chief trade gi-ain and malt' Mkt. day Thursday. Polling station for county! BIS 167 BIT BisHOP's-SuTTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 1,^ m. S.E. New Alresford. Area 3,510 ac. Pop. 617". Bishop's Tachbkook, a pa. of England, co. & 2 j m. S.E. Warwick. Area 8,950 ac. Pop. 723. Bishop's Tawtom, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 2i m. S.S.E. Barnstaple. Area 4,710 ac. Pop. 1,827. Bishop's Teignxon, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 4 m.E.N.E. Newton-Bushel. Ac. 3,860. P. 992. BiSHOPSTOKE, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 5 m. 'W.N.W.. Bishop's Waltham. Area 1,910 ac. Pop. 1,137. It has a station on the S. W. railw. BiSHOPSTOKE, sev. pas. of England & Wales.— I. S. Wales, CO. Glamorgan, 6 m. S.W. Swansea. Pop. 491.-11. England, co. and 6J m. W.N.W. Hereford. Area 840 ac. Pop. 304. Here is a hospital for poor females ; rev. (1836) 43^ — III. eo. Snssex, rape Pevensey, 2 miles N.N.W. Sea- ford. Area 1,820 ac. Pop. 288 IV. co. Wilts, 3i m. S. Wilton. Area 2,730 ac. Pop. 569.— V. in same co., 5J m. E. Swindon. Area 3,330 ac. Pop. 704. Ann, rev. of charities about 70?. BisHOPSTROw, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, If m. S.E. Warminster. Area 980 ac. Pop. 296. Bishop's Waitham, a pa. and town of Engl., CO. and 10 m. E.N.E. Southampton. Area 5,020 ac. Pop. 2,193. The anc. palace of the Bishop of Winchester stands on the S.W. side of the town. BisHOPTHOBPE, a pa. of Engl., co. & ainstj York, on the Onse, 3^ m. S.S.W. York. Area 760 ac. Pop. 404. The palace here has been the residence of the Archbishop of York since the destruction of Cawood castle in the parliamentary war. Bishopton, a parish of England, co. Durham, ward and 5 m. W.N.W. Stockton-on-Tees. Area 5,100 ac. Pop. 473.— II. a vill. of Scotland, co. Kenfrew, 8 m. E.S.E. Greenock, on the Glasgow & Greenock railw., which passes tJirough Bishop- ton ridge by a tunnel 2,300 yards in length. Bishop WEARMonTH, a pa. of England, co. palatine of Durham, and forming the S. part of the town of Sunderland. Area 8,880 ac. Pop. 27,092. The celeb. Archdeacon Paley had a liv- ing and resided here. [Sdkderland.] Bishop Wimon, a pa. of Engl., E. Riding of Torksh., 4^ m. N. Pocklmgton. Ac. 2,280. P. 722. Bishton, or Bishopston, a pa. of Engl., co. Monmouth, 3^ m. S.E. Caerleon. Ac.1,850. P.187. BisiGNANO, Begidi/jB, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Citra, 16 m. N. Cosenza. Pop. 3,200. It has a castle on a lofty height, a cathedral, several churches, a diocesan school, & some trade in silk. BisLEr, a mkt. town and pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, on the Glo'ster and Bristol railway, S\ m. E.N.E. Stroud. Area of pa. 7,980 ac. Pop. 6,339. It has an elegant church, an endowed free school, charities producing about S&l. per annnm, and eonsidble. manufs. of woollens. Mkt. Thnrsd. FairsMay4, andNov. 12. The common of 1,200 ac., given to the poor of Bisley by Roger Mortimer, Earl of March, in reign of Edward iii., has been in great part enclosed. — II. a pa. co. Surrey, 4 m. S.E. Bagshot. Ac. 788. Pop. 321. BiSHABE, a town oif Pruss. Saxony, reg. & 37 m. N.Magdeburg, with yearly markets. P. 1,600. Bisphah, a pa. of Engl., co. Lancaster, on the coast, 2 m. N.W. Poulton. Ac. 3,490. P. 2,339. It has a day school endowed with 70^. per annum. — Also a tnshp., parish of Crotson, same county. Bissagos, or Bijooj a Ists., an archip. off the W. coast of Africa, consisting of 16 large and nume- rous small isls., between lat. 10° 2' and 11° 42' N., and Ion. 16° and 17° W. The isls. ajipear to be densely peopled, but the natives are of a savage negro race, and little is known of the interior ; they contain many fine ports. Chief produce rice and fruit, and many cattle arc reared. BissAO, an isl. and Portuguese settlement of W. Africa, Senegambia, one of the Bissagos group, opposite the delta of the Jeba riv. Lat. of the fort, 11° 61' N., Ion. 15° 37' 6' W. Pop. 8,000. This isl. " is the great stronghold of the Portu- guese slave trade," and nearly all its European inhabs. are concerned in the infamous trafftc. It has also a considerable trade in hides, rice, wax, and Gambia produce, & imports from Bathurst from 15,000?. to 20,000/. worth of British manufac- tured goods annually. BissiNGEN, a town of Bavaria, circ. Midd. Fran- conia, 41 m. S. Anspach. Pop. 1,830, who manuf, Unen and woollen cloths, and wooden wares. Several vills. WUrtemberg, the principal, 19 m. S.E. Stuttgart, with 1,720 inhabs., has this name. BissoLEE, two towns of India. [Bisdli.] BissDNPooR, Vishnapura, an ancient town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. Bancoorah, 77 m. W.N.W. Calcutta, on the route to Benares. Bistagno, a town of Piedmont, prov. Acqui, 21 m. S.S.W. Alessandria, cap. mand. P. 2,000. Bistam, or BosTAM, a town of Persia, prov. Khorassan, 40 m. S.E. Astrabad. BisTBiTz, a river of Transylvania, rises in the Bistritz mntn., and joins the Szamos after a W. course of about 50 m. — II. A riv. which rises at the E. extremity of Hungary, flows S.E. through Bukovina and Moldavia, joins the Sereth near Baku, after a course of about 110 m., & is named the " Golden Bistritz" from its auriferous sands. III. — Two rivs. of Galicia, tribut. to the Dniestr. Bistritz, a fortified town of Transylvafiia, Saxon-land, on the Bistritz riv., 50 m. N.E. Klau- senhurg. Pop. 6,600. It has several cliurches, a gymnasium, grammar schools, and a consider- able trade in cattle II. a town of Moldavia, on the "golden" Bistritz, 60 m. W.S.W. Jassy Also sevl. vills. in Moravia, Bohemia, and Illyria. BisuLi, or BissoLEE, Visavili, a town of Brit. India, Punjab, on the Ravee, 95 m. N.E. Lahore. It has a large bazaar, and a vast palace, regarded by Vigne as the finest of its kind in the east, and resembling a European feudal mansion. — II. A town, presid. Bengal, dist. and 31 m. W. Bareily. BisuTUN {Baghutane, " the place of gardens"), a ruined town of Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, dist. and 21 m. E. Kirmanshah. Here are some re- mains of Sasaanian buildings, Greek inscriptions, and traces of works ascribed to Semiramis. BiswAH, a small town of British India, Oude territory, 43 m. N. of Lucknow. Bitbxjrg, atown of Rhenish Prussia, cap. circ, 17 m. N.W. Treves. Pop. 2,040. It is supposed to be the anc. Bisda-Yicus, and near it many Roman antiquities have been discovered. Bitche, a town and fortress of France, dep. Moselle, cap. cant.,in apass of the Vosges,arrond. and 16 m. E.S.E. Sarreguemines. Pop. 3,131. The fort, on an isolated rock in the middle of the town, is well supplied with water, defended by 80 cannons, & is regarded as next to impregnable. The town, near a lake, has manufactures of paper and porcefain, and near it are large glass-works. Bitcheield, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 2J m. N. by W. Corby. Area 1,640 ac. Pop. 160. BiTETTo, a town of Naples, with a cathedral, prov. and 10 m. S.W. Bari. Pop. 3,300. BrrLis, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. and C. m. W. Van, on the W. side of Lake Van, and 6,166 feet above the sea level. Pop. consists of 2,000 Moham. and 1,000 Armenian families. It is ir- regularly built, in a wide ravine smTOunded by limestone hills, nearly 2,000 ft. above the valley ; and its stone-built houses give it the appearance of a European town. It contains 3 mosques & BIT 168 about 12 convents; some baths and cai'avanserais, and an old castle, supposed to date from the 4tb century. It has manufB. of cotton cloths, cele- brated for their bright red dye ; also fire-arms and silver articles ; and it exports tobacco • of superior quality to Erzeroum and Constantinople. Near it the army of Solyman the Magnificent was signally defeated by the Persians, a.d. 1654. BiTONTO, Bitun&.m, a town of Naples, prov. andlOm.W.S.W.Bari. Pop. 14,370. It is hand- somely built and thriving, & has a fine cathedral. Excellent wine is raised in its vicinity. BiTEiTTO, a town of Naples, prov. and 6J m. ■W.S.W. Bari. Pop. 2,300. Commerce in wine. BiTSCHWiLLEB, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Rhin, 18 m. N.N.E. Belfort, on the Thu- ren. Pop. (1846) 2,847. It has exten. iron found- ries, manufs. of machinery, and cotton spinning. BiTTADON, a pa. of England, co. Devon, SJ m. N.W. Barnstaple. Area 5,100 ac. Pop. 78. BiTTERFEi,!), a wollcd town of Pmss. Saxony, reg. Merseburg, cap. circ, on 1. b. of the Mulde, 18 m. N.E. Halle. Pop. 3,959. It has manuis. of woollen cloth and earthenware, and was founded by a colony of Flemings in the 12th century. BiTTESCH (Gboss), a town of Moravia, 20 m. W.N.W. Briinn. Pop. 1,602.-11. {Klein), a vill. of Moravia, 10 m. N.W. Briinn. BiTTi, a vill. of the isl. Sardinia, div. Sassari, cap. mand., 58 m. S.E. Sassari. Pop. 2,686. BiTTEKLET, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 4 m. N.N.E. Ludlow. Area 5,610 ac. Pop. 1,098. Th^ church is a fine struct., & in the churchyard is a richly sculp, cross. Ann. rev. of charities 59Z. Cleehill, in the pa., abounds in coal and ironstone, in raising which the pop. is employed. BiTTESWELL, 3. pa. of England, co. Leicester, 1 m. N.W. Lutterworth. Area 2,630 ac. Pop. 495. BiTTON, a pa. of England, co. Glos'ter, on the Avon, 6 m. S.E. Bristol. Area 7,520 ac. Pop. 9,338, employed in coal & iron mines & quarries. BiTTOOB, a town of British India, province of Allahabad, presid. Bengal, on the Ganges, 9 m. N.W. Cawnpore, to which place the British civil station was removed in 1820. Bix, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, 4 m. N.N.W. Henley-on-Thames. Area 3,130 ac. Pop. 427. BixLET, a pa. of England, co. Noriblk, 2J m. S.S.E. Norwich. Area 760 ac. Pop. 110. Bix- ley hall is the seat of the Earl of Roseberry. "Biviebe, Biveki, or Lentini, a lake of Sicily, intend. Syracuse, 17 m. W.N.W. Agosta. In win- ter it is about 19 m. in circ, but much of it is in summer a mere marsh. Its proprietor, the Prince of Butera, derives a considerable revenue by farm- ing out its fisheries of eels, mullet, &c., in which from 50 to 60 boats are usually employed. Bivio, a vill. of Switzerland. [Stjllla.] BivoNA, a town of Sicily, cap. district, intend, and 21 m. N.N.W. Girgenti. Pop. 2,382. BizE, two vills. of France. — I. dep. Aude, 11 m. N.W. Narbonne. Pop. 1,166.-11. (B.-Nistos), dep. Hautes Pyr^n^es. Pop. (with comm.) 3,419. BizEBTA, or Benzebta (Hippo Zaritus), the most northern town of Africa, and a fortfd. sea- port of Tunis, at the head of a gulf of the Medi- terranean, and at the mouth of a lagoon, 38 m. N.W. Tunis. Pop. 8,000. (?) It is about 1 m. in circ, and defended by two castles, but com- manded by adjacent heights. Though its port now admits only small vessels, it was formerly one of the best in the Mediterranean. Bj, names of places in Russia, &c., beginning with these letters, are referred to Bi. Bi.ABV, a pa. of England, co. and 4J m. W.S.W. Leicester, on Midi. Cos. Bailw. Ac. 3,300. P. 1,896. Black, a tnshp. of U. S., N. Amer., Indiana, CO. Posey. Pop. 2,626 ; has 10 schools. Br-ACKANTON, 3, pa. of England, co. Devon, 5 m. W. Dartmouth. Area 5,860 ac. Pop. 1,449. Blackbokottgh, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 6 m. E.N.E. Cullompton. Area included in parish of Kentisbebe. Pop. 112. Black-Beook, a tnshp. of U. S., N. Amer., N. York, 20 m. S.W. Plattsburg. Pop. 1,064. Blackbuen, a pari, bor., mkt-town, and pa. of England, co. Lancaster, 22 m. N.N.W. Manches- ter. Area of pa. 45,620 ac Inhab. houses m do., 6,229. Pop. of do., 71,711 ; do., of bor. 36,629. It stands in a barren district, and is irregu- larly built. The church was rebuilt in a mag- nificent style in 1819, at a cost of 26,O0OZ. ; and in the parish are 22 perpetual curacies. Here are numerous dissenting chapels, a grammar- school founded in the reign of Elizabeth, and having an annual rev. of about 120Z. ; numerous other schools in which upwards of 6,000 children are educated ; an Independents' theological aca- demy, a cloth-hall, theatre, lying-in-hospital, hor- ticultural society, assembly-rooms, and several banks. Blackburn is the seat of flourishing manufs. of cotton goods (especially of the coarser kinds of calicoes and muslins), which in 1831 em-- ployed 15,000 spinners and weavers ; and the an- nual value of which fabrics has been more re- cently estimated at nearly 3,000,000/. The abund- ance of coal in the vicinity, and the proximity of the London and Liverpool Canal, have greatly contributed to its commercial importance, and it communics. by railw. with Bolton, Bury, Man- chester, &c. Mkts., Wed. and Sat. Fairs, Easter Mon. and Tu., 12th of May, and 17th of Oct. The town is governed by the co. magistrates, who hold petty-sessions here. Since the Reform Act it has sent 2 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1846) 1,121. Assessed taxes (1847) 2,4671. James Hargreaves, the inventor of the spinning-jenny, was a native of Blackburn. Bl AOKBUETOS, a pa of England, co. Oxford, SJ m. S.S.E. Burford. Area 1,300 ac. Pop. 331. BLACKFOBn, a pa., England, co. Somerset, 4 ra. W.N.W. Wincanton. Area 680 ac. Pop. 178. — II. a pa. of Scotl., co. Perth, with a vill., 8 m. N.E.Dunblane. Pop. 1,782. In it are freestone quarries, and the ruined castle of Tullibardine. Blackfoeb, a co., U. S., N. Amer., N.E. part of Indiana. Area 182 sq. m. Pop. 1,226. Chief town same name. Black Foeest (Germ. Sehwarzwald), a moun- tainous region of S.W. Germany, in the grand duchy of Baden, and the W. of Wiirtemberg, be- tween lat. 47° 30' & 49° 30' N., & Ion. 7° 40' & 9° E., separating the basins of the Rhine & Neckar. It is remarkable for its extensive forests, and its mines of silver, copper, zinc, lead, and iron ; in many places it is 3,700 ft. above the sea, & the Feldberg, 4675 feet in elev., is the loftiest moun- tain in W. Germany. The Danube, Neckar, Kinzig, Murg, Elz, &c., rise in this region ; and in it are the towns, Neustadt, Hornberg, Freu- denstadt, Altensteig, Bretten, Eppingen, &c., be- sides numerous vills. ; the iidiabs. of which are mainly engaged in rearing live stock, trading in timber, manufacturing wooden clocks, toys, & woollen fabrics. Sehwarzwald (Black Forest), is one of the 4 circles of the kgdm. of Wiirtemberg. Black Head, the name of several capes of the United Kingdom.— I. England, co. Cornwall, E. Lizard point. Lat. 60° N., Ion. 6° 7' w II Ireland, Ulster, co. Antrim, N. the entrance of Belfast ;I^ough. Lat. 54° 46' N., Ion. ,5° 42' W 111. Munster, co. Clare, S. side of Galway bav BL A IGD BL A. Lat. 53° 9' N., Ion. 9° 16' W.— IV. Scotland, co. Wigtown, 6 m, W.S.W. Stranraer. Blxckheath, an open conunon in England, CO. Kent, lathe Sutton-at-Hone, 5 m. S.E. Lon- don, and mostly in the pa. of Greenwich, and ad- joining its park. It is bordered by numerous handsome villas and rows of houses ; and on it are two episcopal chapels and Jlorden college ; the last named, founded for decayed merchants by Sir J. Morden, Bart., in 1695, has an annual revenue of about 6,000/., and supports a chap- lain and 30 brethren above 50 years of age. Blackheath is crossed by the Roman Watling Street ; on it various sepulchres and other re- mains of the middle ages have been discovered ; and it was the scene of several insurrectionary movements, including those of Wat Tyler and Cade. It is now a favourite place of holiday re- sort for the inhabitants of the metropolis, and fairs are held here. May 12 and October 11.— II. A large elev. tract of heath land in co. Surrey, from 3 to 5 m. S.E. Guildford, has the same name. Blacklet, or Blarelv, a chapelry of Eng- land, CO. Lancaster, pa. and 4 m. N. Manchester. Area 1,840 ac. Pop. 3,202. Some of the largest dye-works in England are established here. Blackiow-Hili., Engl., is in the co. & IJ m. N. Warwick. A stone cross here marks the spot where Piers Gaveston, the favourite of Edward II., was beheaded by the barons in 1312. Blackm.abstone, apa. of Engl. [Dtmchubch.] Blackmobe, a pa. of Eng^nd, co. Essex, 3| m. W.N.W. Ingatestone. Area 1,990 ac. Pop. 709. Blackness, a vill. and seaport of Scotland, co. Linlithgow, on the Firth of Forth, 14 m. W.N.W. Edinburgh. Pop. 107. A castle here, garri- soned by a small force, was anciently the Roman fort at the E. extremity of the wall of Antoninus. Blacrpool, a vill. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Bispham, on the coast, 4 m. S.W. Ponlton. Pop. 1,.304, including 590 visitors. It is a sea-bathing station, and lias a theatre, library, and newsroom, and it communicates by a branch with the Pres- ton and Wyre railway. BLACKitoCK, a town of Ireland, Leinster, co. and 4 m. S.E. Dublin, on the Dublin and King- stown railway, & on the S. shore of Dublin bay. Pop. 2,.372. It is a place of summer resort for bathing. — Several vills. of Ireland liave this name. — I. CO. Louth, at the head of a small bay, about 2J m. S.E. Dundalk. Pop. 607. It also is re- sorted to for summer bathing. — II. Munster, co. and 3 ra. E. Cork, on the estuary of the Lee. Pop. 303. It comprises many handsome villas, among which is Castle-Mahon, the residence of Lady Chatterton; a nunnery, Blackrock castle, and many other Antique ediiices. Black Rock, a twnshp. U. S., N. Amer., New York, CO. Erie, on the Niagara r., 2 m. below Buf- falo, with which town it is connec. by a railway. Pop. 1,800, empld. in various manufs. It has a harbour, and a ferry to Waterloo in Canada. Blackeod, a chapelry of England, co. Lan- caster, pa. Bolton, near the Wigan and Preston railway, 4J m. S.E. Chorley. Pop. 2,615. Its grammar school has upwards of 100 pupils, — 3 exhibitions (of 601., 701., and 801.) to Pembroke Coll., Camb., and an annual revenue of 140Z. Black-Rivek, a riv. of Jamaica, co. Cornwall, pa. St. Elizabeth; after a very tortuous S.ward course of 33 m. it enters Black-river bay, in the Caribbean sea. At its month is Black-river vil- lage, for 25 m. above which it is navigable for boats. — II. a small river of Ireland, tributary to the Suir.— III. a riv., U. S., N. Amer., N. York, rises in co. Herkimer, & after a course of 100 m. falls into Lake Ontario lY. in Arkansas, is a considerable affluent of the White-river. Sev. small rivers in the U. S. have the same name. Black, or Ecxine Sea, Pontus Euxinus, a great inland sea between Europe and Asia, with- in the parallels of lat. 40° 45' & 46° 45' N., and extending from Ion. 27° 30' to 41° 50' E. ; ex- treme length 700 m., greatest breadth 380 m. It is surrounded by the countries of Russia, Ar- menia, and Asiatic and European Turkey, and communicates by the strait of Tenikale with the sea of Azov on the N.E., and by the Bosporus, with the sea of Marmara in the S.W. The shores of the Euxine are bold and liigh on the N.E., E., and S. W., but flat on the N. and N.W. ; its depth varies from 4 to 48 fathoms near its shores, but in the middle no soundings have been obtained at 160 fathoms. The water contains l-7th less salt than the ocean, .and is so fresh that it freezes very easily. It has numerous small ports ; but the only gulf of importance is that of Kerkinit, between the Crimea and the continent of Russia. There are several islands near the mouth of the Danube, but few rocks or shoals — the largest of these. Serpent island, is furnished with a lighthouse. The chief affluents of the Euxine are the Danube, Dniester, Bug, Dnieper, the Don (by the sea of Azov and the strait of Yenikale), & the Kuban in Europe ; & the Kizil- Irmak and Sakara in Asia. It is calculated that the Black Sea receives one-third of the run- ning waters of Europe, and in consequence of this immense influx, it is believed that a current flows constantly to the Mediterranean ; but recent in- vestigation shows that this, as well as the opin- ion that the sea of Marmara is lower than the Euxine, is founded in error {Homm. de Hell. Bulletin Soc. de Geog., 1848.) The Black Sea has no tide ; it is liable to frequent storms, such as are generally met with in great lakes and in- closed seas ; but its navigation is so far from being very dangerous, as formerly represented, that probably no sea of equal extent is more safe. It is traversed regularly by steam-packets between Constantinople and the mouths of the Danube, and betw. the principal ports of Russia. Blacksod Bay, an extens. inlet on the coast of Irel., CO. Mayo. Lat. of entr. 64° 5' N., Ion. 10° W. Blackstaiks, amntn. range of Ireland, forming part of the boundary betw. cos. Carlow & Wex- ford. Mt. Leinster, 2,610 ft., is the highest peak. Blaokstone .Edge, arange of high hills, most- ly moorland, forming part of "the Backbone of England,? cos. York and Lancaster, 6 m. E.N.E. Rochdale. A stone dividing the cos. of York & Lancaster stands on the summit of these hUls. Blacktail, a large shoal off the English coast, CO. Essex, in the estuary of the Thames, below Canvey Island. A beacon has been placed on it. Blacktoft, a pa. of England, co. York, E. Riding, near the confl. of the Ouse and Trent, 7 m. E.S.E. Howden. Area 2,730 ac. Pop. 605. Blackwall, a suburb of the English metropo- lis, CO. Middlesex, pa. Poplar, at the confl. of the Lee & the Thames, 4 m. E.S.E. St. Paul's. Pop. with pa. 20,242. Here are the E. and W. India docks, and numerous yards for ship-building. A railway, 3J m. in length, connects Blackwall with the city of London, and is raised above the streets on a brick viaduct, the trains being pro- pelled by locomotive engines. By this route many passengers now proceed to embark in steamers at Blawcwall instead of London Bridge, and thus avoid the dangers & delay of the "Pool." BLACK-WARKion, a riv. of U. S., N. America, rise.i in N. Alabama, and after a S.ward course BLA 170 of 180 m. joins the Tombigbee. It is navigable for steain-boats upward to Tuscaloosa. Blaokwateb, two rivs. of Ireld I. Munster, CO. Cork, rises about 16 m. N.E. Killarney, flows at first S.ward, but afterwards E. to Cappoquin, where it abruptly turns again S.ward, and enters the sea at Toughal, after a course estimated at 100 m. The tide rises in it to Cappoquin, to which town it is navigable ; and besides which, Mallow, Fermoy, Lismore, and Toughal are on its banks. Affls. the Bundalo, Awbeg, Funcheon, and Bride. — II. Ulster, cos. Tyrone and Armagh, falls into Lougli-Neagh at its S.W. corner. Cale- don and Charlemont are the principal towns on its banks, at which last it receives the Ulster Canal. Blackwater is the name of several smaller rivs. in Ireland & also in England I. co. Essex, rises near Saffron-Walden, flows S.E.ward, and, after uniting with the Chelmer, falls into the arm of the N. Sea called Blackwater Bay — II. co. Dorset, rises near Cranbrook, & is tribut. to the Stour. — III. CO. Hants, and forming a part of the boundary between that co. and Berks, joins the Iioddon, 5J m. S.W. 'Wokingham. Blackwater, a neat vill. of Engl., co. Hants, at its N.E. extremity on the Blackwater riv., 3 m. N.N.W. the Famboro' station of the S. "W. railway.- — Two tnshps. of Ireland respectively, co. and 6 m. N.W. Armagh, and co. and 9 m. N.E. ■Wexford, have this name. Blackwatektown, a vill. of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Armagh, on the Blackwater riv., here com- municating with the Ulster canal, 2i m. S.S.W. Moy. Pop. 369. Here was a fort famous in the rebellion of O'Niell in the 16th century. Blackvcell, a pa. of England, co. Derby, 8 m. N.E.Alfreton. Ac. 1,700. Pop. 4:77.— Sev. tnshps., cos. Durham & Cumberl., have this name. — Also a hamlet, co. Worcester, with a sta. on the Bristol and Birmingham railway, 2 m. N. Bromsgrove BjDACKVf ell's Island, an isl. of the U. S., N. Amer., in the East Kiver, opposite New York, is the seat of the penitentiary & of a lunatic asylum. Blackwood Kivek, W. Australia, cos. Dur- ham and Nelson, flows successively W. and S., & enters the Hardy inlet, 6 m. N.E. Augusta, in lat. 34° 14' S., Ion. 115° 12' E. It traverses awell- wooded and good grazing country, and is navig- able for boats to 25 m. fi'om the sea. Bladen, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer., in S. part of N. Carolina. Area 1,200 sq. m. Pop. 8,022. Bladen, a vill. of Pruss. Silesia, reg. Oppeln, circ. Leobschijtz, with a castle and 1,071 inhabs. Bladensbceg, a vill. of the U. S., N. Amer., Maryland, 7 m. N.E. 'Washington, on 1. b. of the Potomac. A victory was gained here by the British over the Americans, 24th August 1814. Bladon, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 1 J m. S. Woodstock. Area 1,350 ac. Pop. 687. An alms- house for poor women here, was in 1798 endowed by the Duchess of Marlboro' with 3,000Z. consols. Blaen-Honddaw, a hamlet of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, pa. Cadoxton, 3 m. N.N.W. Neath Pop. 1,156, partly employed in copper mines. Blaen-Pobth, a pa. of S. AVales, co. and 6 m. E.N.E. Cardigan. Pop. 752. Blagdon, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 5 m. N.E. Axbridge. Area 2,520 ac. Pop. 1,178. Teasel is extensively grown in this parish. Blaqnac, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Garonne, 2 m. N.N.W. Toulouse. Pop. 1,638. Blain, a comm. & town of France, dep. Loire Inf., cap. cant., 20 m. N.N.W. Nantes, on the Isac. Pop. with comm. 6,441 : ruins of ancient castle, foi-merly a strong fortress. Blainville is the name of numerous comms. in France ; the prmcipal in dep. Manche, with a vill. 6 m.W. Coutances. Pop. 1,770. Blaib-Athol, or ATHOLL,a largepa. of Scot- land, CO. Perth, and comprismg all its N. part, with a vill., 30 m. N.W. Perth. Estimated area 312 sq. m. Pop. 2,231. In it are the mntns. Benygloe (3,725 feet),&Bendearg (3,650 ft. elev.), with the pass of Killiecrankie, Athol forest, and Blaff-Athol castle, the seat of the Duke of Athol. Blaib-Gowbie, a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth, with a vill. on the Ericht, 16 m. N.N.E. Perfli. Pop. 3,471, employed in weaving and spinning yarn. It has 5 annual fairs for horses and cattle. Blaiksville, a tnshp., U. S.,N. Amer., Penn- sylvania, 171 m. W.N.W. Harrisburg. Pop. 990. Blaisdon, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 4 m. N. Newnham. Area 760 ac. Pop. 264. Blaise (St.), a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 3 m. N.E. Neuchatel, on N. b. of the lake, produces esteemed wine. Pop. 1,000. Near it is Mont- mirail, a community of Moravian brothers. Blaisois, a former div. of France in OrManais, of which Blois was cap., now comprised in, and forming a great part of the dep. Loire-et-Cher. BtAisoN, a comm. and town of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, arrond. and 10 m. 8.E. Angers, on the 1. b. of the Loire. Pop. 1,142. Blablelet, a small seaport of the U. S., N. Amer., Alabama, cap. co. Baldwin, on the Ten. saw riv., opposite Mobile. Its harbour admits ves- sels drawing 11 feet of water. Blakemeee, a pa. of England, co. and 9J m. W. Hereford. Area 1,080 ac. Pop. 183. Blakemobe (or White Habt) Fobbst, Engl., CO. Dorset, is a large tract, comprising several hundreds in the N. and W. parts of the county. Blakenet, a seaport and pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 7 m. E. Wells. Area of pa. 1,630 ac. Pop. 1,021. It has an anc. church, and some fine remains of antiquity, completed a.d. 1.321. Its harbour affords good shelter ; and about 54 ves- sels, averaging 60 tons each, belonged to the port in 1833. Customs rev. (1846) 1,350?. 10s.— II. a chapelry, pa. Awre, co. and 12^ m. W.S.W. Glo'- ster. Pop. returned with pa. Fau-s, 12th May and 12th November. Blakenham, two pas. of Engl. — ^I. {Cfreat), co. Suffolk, 3 m. S.E. Needham. Ac. 1,850. P.180.— II. {Little), 4. m. S.E. Needham. Ac. 260. P. 191. Blakesley, a pa. of England, co. Northamp- ton, 4 m. W.N.W. Towcester. Area 2,840 ac. Pop. 830. A free school, founded here in 1669, has a rev. of 852. per ann. Blakesley Hall is said to have been a possess, of the Knights of St John. Blamont, two comms. and towns of France — ^I. dep. Meui-the, aiTond. and 16 m. E. Lun^ville, on the Vezouze. Pop. 2,671. — II. cap. cant., dep. Doubs, arrond. and 8 m. S.S.E. Montb^liard. Pop. 698. This small place was protected by an anc. fortress, which was ruined in the wars of 1814. Blanc (Le), a comm. and vill. of France, cap. arrond., dep. Indre, on the Creuse, 32 m. W.S.W. Chateauroux. It was formerly fortified, and has wool-spinning works and tanneries. Pop. 4,770. Blanc (Mont), the most celebrated mountain of Europe. [Mont Blanc] Blanchland, a vill. & chapelry of England, co. Northumberland, pa. of Shotley, in a deep vale on the Derwent, 9 m. S.S.E. Hexham, with schools endowed by Lord Crewe, and the re- mains of an abbey founded in 1165. Blanco (Cape), the name of numerous head- lands in Africa, America, the Philippines, Greece, i and Spaing the principal, W. Afiica, Sahara, on ' the Atlantic, in lat. 20° 46' es' N., Ion. 16° 58' 6". W. BtANDFOBD-FoBUM, a muuic. bor., mkt.-town BLA 171 BLE and pa. of Euglaud, co. Doraot, ou the Stour, here crossed by 8 bridges, & near tlie ford called by the Romans Trqjectus Selaruensis, 17 m. N.E. Dorchester. Area of pa. 920 ac. Pop. 3,349. The town, in the midst of one of the finest tracts of sheep pasture in the kgdm., is very neatly and regularly built, with a church in the Grecian style. It has a handsome town-hall and neat theatre, free grammar and blue-coat schools with small endowments, alms-houses (rev. 120Z.), a charitable bequest, now yielding 300?. per ann., and a manuf. of shirt-buttons. Mlits., Saturday ; fairs, 7th Mar., 10th July, and 8th Nov. ; races in Aug. Corp. rev. (1843), 182?. PoUing-place for county. It gives the title of Marq. to the D. of Marlborough. — II. (iS( Mary's), a pa. on the opposite side of the Stour, commun. by bridge & ^ m. S. Blandford-Fomm. Ac. 420. Pop. 407. Blakdford, a tnshp. of U. S., N. Amer., Mas- sachusetts, 114 m. W.S.W. Boston. Pop. 1,427. Blokes, a seaport town of Spain, prov. & 22 m. S. Gerona, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 5,043. Blangt, a comm. & town of France, dep. Seine Inf., cap. cant., arrond. & 13 m. N.E. Neufch3,tel. Pop. 1,717. Manufi. of chemical products & paper. Jlankenberghe, a marit. town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, with a small fishing port on the Eng. Channel, 9 m. N.W. Bruges. Pop. 1,800. Bi.AintENBURe,2 towns of Germany. — I. duchy, and 37 m. S.E. Brunswick, cap. of circ, and for- merly of an indep. principality. Pop. 3,500. It is walled, and has a ducal palace. It was the resid. of" Monsieur,' aflerw. Louis xviii., from 1796 to 1798. — n. a town of Schwarzb.-Rudolstadt, on the Khine, 13 m. S.S.W. Sondershausen. P. 1,315. BiANKENBUBO, a ham. of Switzerland, cant. Berne, cap. circ. Ober-Simmenthal, 19 m. S.W. Thnn, with a fine castle, and extens. cattle fairs. Blankenese, a town of Danish dom., duchy Holstein, on the Elbe, 6 m. W. Altona, with a ferry to Cranz, in Hanover. Pop. 3,000, mostly seararing people. In summer it is a place of ho- liday resort for the inhabs. of Hamburg & Altona. Blamkenhatn, a town of Central Germany, gr. duchy, and 9 m. S.S.E. Weimar. Pop. 1,600, employed in manuf. of ginghams and porcelain. Blankenstein, a sm^ town of Prussian West- phalia, rcg. Amsberg, 24 m. N.E. Dusseldorf, on the Ruhr. Pop. 856, "who manuf. files & steel wares. Blankset (with Libtwood), a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 9^ m. N. Sleaford. Ac. 6,000. Pop. 640. BLANQTJEyoRT, two comms. & vills. of France. — I. dep. Gironde, cap. cant, and 6 m. N.W. Bor- deaux. Pop. 2,074. — 11. dep. Lot-et-Garonne, 29 m. N.N.E. Agen. Pop. 1,760. BLANQtriLLA^an isl. of Caribbean sea, belonging to Venezuela, 74 m. N.N.E. Tortuga, and having, on its W. coast, the village of Agueda. Blahtibe, a pa. of Scotland, co. Lanark, 8 m. S.E. Glasgow. Area 3,300 Scotch ac. Pop. 3,047. Here are extensive cotton-spinning and dye- works, and the ruins of a priory on the Clyde. Blanzac, a comm. & town of France, cap, cant, dep. Charente, arrond. & 12 m. S.S.W. Angou- l^me. Pop. 643. Extensive cattle market. Blawzt, a vill. of France, Saone-et-Loire, on the Canal-du-Centre, 18 m. S.E. Autun. Pop. 2,664 . Blabney, a vill. of Ireland, Munster, co. and 4 m. NiW. Cork, pa. Garrycloyne, on a rivulet of same name. Pop. 253. The beauty of its sur- rounding scenery has been rendered famous in song. It has a woollen mill and a paper factoiy, besides numerous showy buildings, now partly m ruins, — the monument of a vain attempt made, about the end of last century, to convert the vill. into a manufac. town. In its castle, formerly the property of the Earls of Clancarty, is reported to be a wonderful stone, the kissing of which has been popularly believed.to have the power of im- parting that peculiar style of eloquence termed " blarney." Fairs, Easter Mon. and Tues., June 6 and 9, Sept. 18, and Nov. 11. Blasendokf, a town of Transylvania, 18 m. N.E. Karlsburg. Pop. 4,000. [Balasfaiva.] Blasket Islands, a group of rocky islands on the W. coast of Ireland, at the entrance of Dingle Bay, largest 2 J m. in length. One of these, the isle of Tiraght, forms the most W. land in Europe. BtAsiEN (St.), a vill. of Baden, circ. Ober- Rhein, 21 m. S.E. Friburg, on the Alb. Pop. 949. It has important iron works & a manuf. of arms. Formerly a rich abbey of the Benedictines. Blasienzella, a town of Germany, Saxe-Co- burg Gotha, 20 m. S.S.W. Gotha, with a powder- mill and manufe. of iron wares. Pop. 1,330. Blaston, a pa. of England, co. Leicester, 7 m. N.E. Market-Harboro'. Area 1,300 ac. Pop. 102. Blatohington, two pas. of England, co. Sus- sex. — I. {East), rape Pevensey, 11 m. E.S.E. Brighton. Area 2,110 ac. Pop. 163. Here is a strong battery for defence of the coast. — II. {West), 2iW. N.W. Brighton. Ac. 590. Pop. 64. Blatchinwokth, a tnshp. of England) co. Lancaster, pa. and 4J ra. N.E. Rochdale, in the immed. vicinity of the Manchester & Leed^ railw. Pop. 4^456, chiefly engaged in woollen manufs. Blatheewyoke, a pa. of Engl., co. Northamp- ton, 6m. N.E. Rockingham. Ac. 2,750. Pop. 236. Blatna, a town of Bohemia, circ. Prachin, on the Uslawa, 60 m. S.W. Prague. Pop. 1,600. Blaton, a comm. and viU. of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 15 m. S.E. Toumay. Pop. 2,319. Blaubetjben, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Danube, on the Blau, 10 m. W.N.W. Ulm. Pop. 1,965, who weave and bleach hnens. It has an old Benedict, monast., and a Lutheran seminary. Blaxhail, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 6J m. S.E. Framlingham. Area 1,930 ac. Pop. 676. Blaydon, a vill. of England, co. Durham, pa. Ryton, with a station on the Newcastle and Car- lisle railw., between Gateshead and Stocksfield. BI.AYE, Blama, a comm. and fortified seaport town of France, dep. and on r. b. of the Gironde, here about 2J m. across, cap. arrond., 20 m. N.N.W. Bordeaux. Pop. (1846), 3,348. It has a strong modem citadel, in which the Duchess de Berri was imprisoned in 1833; a handsome public fountain, a theatre, hospital, agricultural society, &c., with considerable exports of wine, brandy, corn, fruits, and soap. Its harbour is defended by forts M&Aoc and Pslt^. All vessels inward bound to Bordeaux, &c., are required to anchor in the road of Blaye, and to exhibit their papers ; and many outward vessels call there to take in stores, and to complete their cargoes. Blazey (St.), a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 4 m. N.E. St Austell. Area 2,000 ac. Pop. 3,234, mostly employed as miners. Fair, Feb. 2. BtEADON, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, on the Axe, 6 m. W.N.W. Axbridge. Ac. 2,490. P. 778. Blean, a pa. of England, co. Kent, lathe St Au- gustine, 2 m. N.N.W. Canterbury. Area 6,760 ac. Pop. 606. Bleau is a centre of a poor-law union, comprising 16 pas. The ancient forest of Blean, which has now lost its privileges, was for- merly of great extent, and wild boars were hunted in it as late as the reign of Henry vi. Bi-EASBY, a pa. of England, co. Notts, on the Trent, 3 m. S.S.E. Southwell. Ac.1,660. Pop. 363. BiiEciiiNGDON, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 3J m. E.N.E. Woodstock. Ac. 2,540. Pop. 638. Bi-ECKEDE, a town of Hanover, princip. & 12 BLE 172 ELI m. E. Liinebnrg, on 1. b. of the Elbe, with a toll on the river. Pop. 1,485. Bledingxon, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, SJ m. SJ;. Stow-on-the-Wold. Ac. 1,110. Pop. 354. Bledj)-fa, or Blethvaugh, a pa. of S. Wales, CO. Radnor, in the forest of the same name, Bi m. W.S.W. Knighton. Pop. 235. BiEDLOw, a pa. of England, co. Backs, 5 m. E.S.E. Thame. Area 4,130 ac. Fop. 1,205. In the pa. are several schools for the lace manuf. Bledsoe, a co. U. S., N. America, in S.E. of Tennessee. Area 600 sq. m. Pop. 6,676, of whom 638 are slaves. Surface mountainous, watered chiefly by Sequatchie river. Blbono, a riv. of Switzerl., cant. Tessin, flows S. & joins the Tessin (or Ticino), on 1. near Biasca. It gives its name to the YalBlegno, a rich valley, which forms a dist. of the canton. Bleibach, a vill. of lUyria, circ. and 8 m. W. Villaoh, near the celeb. Bleiberg (lead mntn.), in which 1 copper and 3 lead mines are in opera- tion. It has a Catholic church, a Lutheran chapel, and 6,600 inhabitants. Bleiberg, a vill. in same circle as the above, has a Protestant chapel. The lead mines at Blei- bach are the most extensive in Austria, and yield annly.from 33,000 to 36,000 cwt. excellent metal. Bleichebode, a walled town of Pruss. Saxony, reg. Erfurt, on the Bude, at the foot of the Pockeiiberg, circ. and 10 m. S.W. Nordhausen. Pop. 2,760, engaged in weaving woollen and linen fabrics, and in bleaching hemp. 4 annual fairs. Bleistadt, a mining town of Bohemia, circ. Elbogeu, on the Voigtland, 14 m. N.N.E. Eger. Bleiswijk, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, 7 m. N. Kotterdam. Pop. 1,279. Bleking, a prov., Sweden. [CAELSCEOif a.] Blencovt, a tnshp. of England, co. Cumber- land, ward Leath, pa. Dacre, 6 m. W.N.W. Pen- rith. Pop. 64. It has a grammar school, found- ed in 1676, at which the late famous lawyer. Lord Ellenborough, was educated. Blendwobth, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 7 m. S.S.E. Petersfield. Area 3,110 ac. Pop. 280. Bl€ne.au, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Yon- ne,29m."W".S.W. Auxerre. P. 1,313. The Prince of Cond^ was here vanqd. by Turenne in 1652. Blenham, a tnshp., U. S., N. America, New Tork, CO. & 24 m. S.W. Schoharie. Pop. 2,726. Blenheim (Germ. BHndheim), a vill. of Ba- varia, circ. Swabia, 23 m. N.N.W. Augsburg, famous for the decisive victory gained near it by the English and Imperialists, under the Duke of Marlborough & Prince Eugene, over the French and Bavarians (called by the French the battle of Hochstedt), 2d. August 1704. Blenheim Pakk (formerly Woodstock Park), an extra-parochial dist. of England, co. Oxford, pa. Woodstock, on the W., 62^ m. W.N.W. London. Pop. 109. Area 2,940 ac, being the demesne attached to Blenheim house, the seat of the Duke of Marlborough. This edifice, con- structed by Vanbrugh in the reign of Q. Anne, at the cost of 500,000Z, was given by the na- tion to the first Duke of Marlborough, in honour of whose great victory, in 1704, it received its name. Tlie mansion, richly ornamented exter- nally, occupies 3 sides of a square, and its prin- cipal front extends 348 ft. from wing to wing. The interior is enriched with the most costly furniture, tapestry, sculpture, and a magnificent collection of paintings. The grounds, consider- ed the chef-a'ceuvre of the celebrated landscape gardener Brown, contain an artificial lake, foun- tain, triumphal arch, and column supporting a colossal statue of the Duke, and clusters of trees said to be arranged in the order of the troops on the field of Blenheim. The enclosed royal palace of Woodstock formerly stood m the park, and a pool is stUl pointed out which bears the name of " Rosamond's Well." Blenheim is held by the descendants of the Duke, on the tenure of presenting yearly, at Windsor, on the anni- versary of the battle, a standai-d emblazoned with 3 fleur-de-Us. . „ .^ , , Blenjo, a riv., valley, and dist. of Switzerland, cant. Ticino, cap. Kottigna. Pop. of dist. 11,000. Blenkinsop, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Northum- berland, pa. Haltwhistle, 17 m. W. Hexham. Pop. 845, engaged in large coal-works. Here is a strong square tower, the ancient stronghold of the Blenkinsops, of border celebrity. Blenneville, a small seaport town of Irel., co. Kerry, on Tralee Bay, IJ m. S.W. Tralee, where most of the exports of that t. are shipped. P. 225. Blenod-les-Todl, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Meurthe, and 5 m. S.S.W. Toul. Pop. 1,560. BLfisfi, a town of France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, cap. cant., 16 m. E.S.E. Tours. Pop. 1,972. Blessingion, a pa. and mkt. town of Ireland, CO. Wicklow, near the Liffey, 18 m. S.W. Dublin. Area 15,780 ac. Pop. 2,168; do. of town *66. It is neatly built, has a commodious church, a market-house, & police barrack. Weekly mkt., Friday. Fairs, May 12, July 5, and Nov. 12. It gave the title of Earl to the Gardner family, the widow of the last of whom was the well-knowa authoress, the late Countess of Blessington. Bletchinglt, a town and pa. of England, co. Surrey, on a branch of the London and Brighton Railway, 18 m. S. London, and 4J m. E. Beigate. Area of pa. 6,250 ac. Pop. 3,546. The town, on an eminence, commands extensive views, and has a fine church in the early English style, a school endowed in the reign of Elizabeth, and alms- houses founded in 1668. Fairs, June 22, & Nov. 2. Bletchingly returned 2 members to H. of C. until disfranchised by the Reform Act. Bletchington, a pa. of England, co. Oxford. Area 2,640 ac. Pop. 638. Bletchley, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, IJ m.W. Fenny-Stratford. Area 3,150 ac. P. 685. At its sta., the Bedford branch joins the N.W. railw. Bletherston, apa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 5 m. W.N.W. Narberth. Pop. 271. Blethvaugh, a pa. of S. Wales. [Bledd-Fa J BLETS0E,apa. of England, co. and 6 m. N.N. WI Bedford. Area 2,220 ac. Pop. 420. Bleville, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine Inf., arrond. and 2 m. N. Havre, with mineral springs. Pop. 1,160. Ble vio, a vill. of Lombardy, prov. & near Lake of Como, with numerous elegant villas. Blewbebbt, a pa. of England, co. Berks, 4 m. N.E. East Ilsley. Area 6,950 ac. Pop. 1,096. It has 2 endowed schools (joint annual rev. 600/.), and an alms-house endowed with 2711. a-year. Fair, Thursday after September 29. Blewfields, Central Amer. [Bluefields.] Buckling, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 1| m. N.W. Aylsham. Area 2,240 ac. Pop. 356. Anne Boleyn (whose family owned the manor) was bom here in 1507. Blickling-hall, the seat of Lord Suffield, is a good specimen of the EHza- bethan style, it contains alibraryof 10,000 vols., and is surrounded by a park and gardens com prising 1,000 acres, with a fine sheet of water. Blidah, or Blida, a considerable town of Al- geria, on the borders of the Metidjah plain, prov. and 30 m. S.W. Algiers. Taken by the French in 1830, and occupied by them since 1838. Pop (1846) 9,103, of whom 2,290 were Europeans. BLT 173 BL U Blibwobth, a pa. of Euslauil, co. Notts, 4J m. S.E. Mansfield. Area 6,610 ac. Pop. 1,132. Blieskastel, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Blies, 5 J m. W. Deux-Ponts. Pop. 1,874. Blioh, a frontier co. of New South Wales, having E. and S. tlie cos. Brisbane, Phillip, and Wellington, and N. and W. an unsettled district. It has no towns or vills. of importance. — Bligh's isltmds are a group of the Feejee archip.. Pacific Ocean, named after their discoverer in 1789. Blisnt-sijr-Ooche, a comm. & t. of France, dep. Cote d'Or, arr. & 9 m. N. Beaune. P. 1,254. Bliltnc?, or Blellinq, a seaport town of the isl. Bali, Malay archip., on its N. coast, with a citadel, the residence of a rajah. Blislakd, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 4 m. N.N.E. Bodmin. A.rea 6,800 ac. Pop. 688. Fair, Monday after September 22. Bliswoeth, a pa. of England, co. Northamp- ton, 4 m. N.E. Towcester, mtli a station on the Xi. and B. railway, 4 m. S.W. Northampton, and whence the branch to that town diverges. Area of pa. 1,980 ac. Pop. 882. BLiTHFiExn, with Newton, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, 3J m. N. Kugeley. Area 4,180 ac. P. 390. Block Isianu, U. S., N. Amer., near Rhode isl., in the Atlantic, Newport co., 13 m. S.S.W. Point- Judith. Length N. to S. 8 m. ; breadth 2 to 4 m. Pop. chiefly fishermen. Bi.ocKi.ET, a pa. of England, co. Worcester, enclosed by the co. of Glo'ster, 10 m. S.E. Eves- ham. Area 7,660 ac. Pop. 2,136. It has silk mills which, a few years ago, employed 215 hands. Blockiet, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, co. & 3 m. W. Philadelphia. Pop. 3,318, partly empld. in woollen & cotton manui's. Bloe.ment>aal, two vills. of the Netherlands ; one in S. Holland, 1^ m. N.N.W. Gouda ; the other in N. Holland, 2 m. N. Haarlem, with 1,500 in- habitants engaged in linen bleaching. Blofielb, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 4 m. W S.W. Aele. Area 1,990 ac. Pop. 1,112. Charities about 8il. per. annum. It has a work- house suited for a union of 32 parishes. Blois, an anc. city of France, cap. dep. Loir- et-Cher, on both sides of the Loire, and on the railw. from Orleans to Tours, 100 m. S.W. Paris, and 35 m. S.W. Orleans. Pop. (1846) 13,132. Blois is picturesquely situated on a steep slope, crowned by its ancient castle. It is an archbp.'s. see, and has a tribunal of commerce, comm. college, normal school, a diocesan seminary, bo- tanic' garden, and public library. The most re- markable edifices are the Hfltel de Ville, episcop. palace, old castle of the counts of Blois, where Lonis XII. was bom, in which the States-General of 1576 and 1588 were held, and where the Due de Guise wa.s assassinated. There is here an anc. aqueduct cut in the rock by the Romans. The magnificent dykes for the protection of the val- leys from the encroachments of the Loire, one of the most remarkable works of the kin d in Europe, commence at BloLs. It has manufs. of gloves & porcelain, and an extensive trade in wine, timber, and Orleans brandy. Blokui.la, a small rooky isl. in the Baltic, be- tween Oeland and the mainland of Sweden, and to which many northern superstitions refer. Blokztl, a marit. town of the Netherl'ds, prov. OverysseJ, with a good port, on the E. coast of the Zuiderzee, 16 m. N.N.W. Zwolle. Pop. 1,666. Blomberg, a vill. of central Germany, Lippe- Detmold, with a castle, on the Distel, 40 m. S.W. Hanover. Pop. 1,960, who ihanufacture woollens and leather. Till 1838 it belonged to the Prince of Lippe-Schaumt)urg. — II. a vill. and castle of Baden, cire. Lake, 32 m. N.W. Constance. Pop. 509. Its castle was ruined during the Swed. wars. Br,ONiE, a town of Poland, 16 m. W. Warsaw. Pop. 1,000. It is celeb, in the history of the wars between the Swedes and Poles. Blo'-Norton, or Norton Belleav, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, on the Waveney, 5 m. S. of East Harling. Area 1,400 ac. Pop. 435. Bloody-Fareland, a promontory of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Donegal, on its N.W. coast, 5 m. W.S.W. the isl. Innishoffin. Bloom, atownship of the U. S., N. Amer., Ohio, CO. Fairfield. Pop. 2,301.-11. town, Morgan CO., Ohio. Pop. 1,388 III. town, Pennsylvania, 10 m. N.E. Danville. Pop. 1,774. Bloomfield, a tnshp. of the TT. S., N. Amer., New Jersey, 4 m. N. Newark. Pop, 2,528 II. CO. Somerset, Maine, 35 m. N. Augusta. Pop. 1,093. — III. town of Hartford co., Connecticut. Pop. 986. — Several smaller townships of the United States bear the same name. Bloomino-Grove, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, 94 m. S. Albany. Pop. 2,396. Bloomington, a vill. of the XI. S., N. America, Indiana, cap. co. Monroe, 46 m. S. W. Indiano- poUs. Pop. 1,550. It is the seat of the Indiana university, founded in 1827. Blore, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, on the Dove, 3J m. N.W. Ashborne. Area 3,730 a'o. Pop. 333. The second battle between the forces of York and Lancaster was fought on BJore-heath in 1459. Blotzheim, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Haut-Rhin, 4 m. W. Huningue. Pop. 2,230. Blount, a co. of the U. S., N. America, in E part of Tennessee. Area 900 sq.m. Pop. 11,745, 945 are slaves. Chf. t., Blountsville. Pop. 400. Bloxham, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 3J m. S.W.Banbury. Area 4,240 ac. Pop. 1,54.3. It has a free school endowed with 6G61. ; and an ann. income of 213/., applied to par. purposes. Bloxholme, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 5m. N.N.W. Sleaford. Area 1,100 ac. Pop. 67. Bloxwokth, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 5J m. N.N.W. Wareham. Area 3,420 ac. Pop. 305. Bludenz, a town of the Tyrol, circ. Vorarl- berg, with a casstle of same name, on rt. b. of the Ule, 12 m. S. E. Feldkirch. Pop. 1,865. Bludowitz (Nieder, Mitter, & Ober), 3 contig. vills. of Austr. Silesia, circ. & 10 m. W. Teschen. Blttefields, or Blewfields, a riv. and town of the Mosquito territory, centr. America, the riv. entering an inlet of the Caribbean sea in lat. 12° N., Ion. 83° W., after an E.ward course of several hundred miles, for the last 80 m. of which it is navig. At its mouth is the town on a com- manding height, with agoodharb., & the modern residence of the king of the Mosquito country. Blue-Hill, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Maine, 75 m. E. Augusta. Pop. 1891. Blue Mountains, arange in E. Australia, New South Wales, cos. Cork and Westmoreland, be- tween lat. 33° and 34° S., and Ion. 150° and 151° E., and in which originates several of the rivs. flowing into Broken Bay, as well as some affls. of the Macquarrie riv. A road made by convict labour, across the mountains N.ward, in some places reaches to 3,400 ft. in height above the sea. — A range in Jamaica has the same name. Blue Pits, Engl., co. Lancaster, a station on the Leeds and Manoh. railway, 2 m. S. Rochdale. Blue-Ridoe, or South AIountains, U. S., N. Amer., the eastern range of the Alleghany moun- tains, branching ofi^ from the main range in N. Carolina, and stretchhig across Virginia to the Hudson river, New York. Elev. of the loftiest peak nearly 4,000 feet. BLU 174 BOC Blue-Stack Mountain, Ireland, Ulster, co. Donegal, near Glenties, elevation 2,213 feet. Blumenstein, a vill. of Switzerl.", finely sit. at the foot of the Stockhom, cant. Bern, 6 m. W. Thun, with min. springs & well-frequented baths. Bi,nMENTHAL,avill. of Hanover, duchy & 11 m. N.W. Bremen, near rt. b. of the WeserjWith a small port. Also other vills. in Germany. Blundestok, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 3J m. N.W. Lowestoft. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 392. Blunham, a pa. of Engl., co. Bedf., on the Ivel, 6 m. N.N.W. Biggleswade. Ac. 3,300. Pop. 1,060. BtuifSDON (St Andrew), a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 4 m. W.S.W. Highworth. Area 1,420 ac. Pop. 79. — Broad Blunsdon is a chapelry in the pa., and 3i m. S.W. Highworth. Pop. 848. Bluntisham, a pa. of England, co. Hunting- don, on the Ouse, 4J m. N.E. St. Ives. Area 2,410 ac. Pop. 1,457. Charities lOBl. per annum. Blubton, a chapelry of Engl., co. Staflford, pa. Trentham, 5m. B.S.E. Newe.-under-Lyne. P. 86T. Bltbobough, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 8 m. N.E. Gainsborough. Area 3,080 ac. Pop. 197. Blvmhill, a pa. of England, co. Stafford, 6 m. ■W.N.W. Brewood. Area 2,190 ac. Pop. 633. Bltth, a pa. of England, cos. York and Notts, 6 m. N.W. East Retford. Area 17,070 ac, much of which is so carefully laid out and culti- vated as to resemble a garden. Pop. including the town of Bawtry, 3,488. The vill., formerly a market town, has a very fine old church. Fairs, Holy Thursday and October 20. — II. a seaport town, CO. Northumberland, Castle ward, pa. Earsdon, on the Blythe river, at its mouth, 8 m. E.S.E. Morpeth. Pop. 1,921. It has an ex- cellent harbour for vessels of moderate burden, a lighthouse in lat. 55° V N., Ion. 1° 30' 2' W., a dry dock, a custom-house, dependent on New- castle, and considerable exports of coal, iron, and salt. About 100 vessels belong to its port. Blvthburoh, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, on the Blythe riv., here navig., 5 m. W. Southwold. Area 3,690 ac. Pop. 837. It has an ancient chapel, & remains of a priory. Fair, April 6. Blythe, several small rivers of England. — I. CO. Sufiblk, rises near Laxford, flows E.ward and enters the N. Sea near Southwold. On it are the towns Blythburgh and HaJesworth, to which it is navigable, a distance of 8 m. from the sea. — II. CO. Northimiberland, flows through Stan- nington vale into the N. Sea at Blyth. — III. An aflluent of the Tame, co. Warwick. Blvthfobd, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 2i m. E.S.E. HaJesworth. Area 1,240 ac. Pop. 223. Blyton, apa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 4 m. N.E. Gainsborough. Area 2,830 ac. Pop. 647. Bnin, a town of Prussian Poland, prov. Posen, circ. and 10 m. N.E. Schrimm. Pop. 1,210. Boa Island, in Ireland, Ulster, co. Fermanagh, is the largest island in Lough Erne. Ac. 1,400. BoAD, a large fenced vill. of British India, presid. Bengal, prov. Orissa, on the Mahanuddy, 103 m. W.N.W. Cuttack, commanding the prin- cipal pass between that town and Nagpoor. The surrounding dist. is a large zemindary, densely wooded and thickly inhabited. BoADiLLA DE RiosEco, a town of Spain, prov. and 26 m. N.N.W. Palencia. Pop. 960. Boakhunt, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 2 m. N.H.E. Fareham. Area 1,850 ac. Pop. 232. Boabstall, a pa. of England. [Bobstall.] BoAvisTA, or Bonavista, an island of Africa, the most E., and next to Santiago the largest of the Cape Verd islands. Lat. of N.W. point 16° 13' 18" N., Ion. 22° 66' 24' W. It is of a pentagonal form, and about 20 m. in length. The surface is flat, with two basaltic peaks in the centre ; soil suitable for the production of cotton and the co- coa-tree, but cultivation is neglected, the pop. being chiefly occupied in the manuf. of salt, which forms the principal source of wealth. This island has 3 ports for large vessels; Porto SaX Key on the W., Porto do Norte on N.E., and Porto Curralinho on the S.E . Pop. (1845) 4,395. Chief towns Rabil the cap., and Porto Sal Key. Bobbing, a pa. of England, co. Kent, lathe of Soray, 1 m. N.W. Milton. Area 1,040 ac. Pop. 404. Bobbing-court, now a ruin, was the residence of the Savage family, whose monuments are in the church. Titus Gates, the discoverer of the Popish plot, was vicar of this parish. BoBBiNGTON, apa.of Eugl., cos. Salop & Staf- ford, 8J m. S.W. Wolverhampton. Area 2,320 ac. Pop. 418. Hasendow. school, 1,400?. per ann. BoBBiNawoBTH, apa. of Engl., co. Essex, 2m. N.W. Chipping-Ongar. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 357. BoBBio, a town of the Sardinian states, div. Genoa, cap. prov., on the Trebbia, 39 m. E.S.E. Alessandria. Pop. (1838) with comm. 3,743. BoBEB, a river of Prussian Silesia, rises on the Bohemian frontier, and after a N.N.W. course of about 115 m., joins the Oder at Crossen. Chf. affluent the Queiss on left. The towns of Land- shut, Hirschberg, Lowenberg, Bnnzlan, Sprottan, Sagan, Naumburg, and Bobersberg are on its banks. — Bohr is the name of a navigable river of Poland, tributary to the Narew. BoBEBSBEBO, atown of Prussia, prov. Bran- denburg, reg. Frankfort, circ. and 7 m. S. Cros- sen, on the Bober. Pop. 1,460. BoBLA, or PiBATE IsLE, a Small island of Afri- ca, in the bay of Amboises, off the coast of Gui- nea. It is the rems. of a once large isl., & con- tinues to decrease by action of the waves. Shores abrupt & difficult of access, but densely populated. BoBiLEE, or BoBiLLT, a strongly fortfd. town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. Ganjam, 36 m. W.N.W. Cicacole. BoBiNGEN, a vill. of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, 36 m. W.N.W. Miinchen. Pop. 1,403, partly engag- ed in brewing and refining nitre. BoBLraoEN, atown of Wiirtemberg, circ. Nec- kar, 11 m. S.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 3,300, who ma- nuf. woollen cloths, vinegar, & chemical products. BoBBKA, or BoBEBKA, a towu of Austrian Po- land, Galicia, circ. Brzezany, 21 m. S.E. Lemberg. Pop. 2,700, including many Jews. It has a cas- tle, a high school, and linen manufactures. BoEEOv, a town of Russia, cap. dist., gov. and 60 m. S.E. Voronej, cap. circ, on the Biting. Pop. 4,865. It derives its name from the beavers (hdbry), which formerly abounded in its vicinity. BoBBUisK, a town of Russia, gov. and 88 m. S.E. Minsk, on r. b. of the Berezina. Pop. 6,500. It has sev. churches, & a high school : it was for- merly fortified, and ineffectually besieged by the French in 1812. Sta. for steam-packets on the riv. Boca (" mouth"), a term applied to numerous straits and rivers. — 1. (B. Chica), the Channel, 28 m. below, and leading to the port of Carta- gena, New Granada. — II. (de Navios), the S. and largest mouth of the Orinoco river, S. America. —III. (Grande), a bay of the Carib. Sea, Central America, Costa-Rica, at the mouth of the Zncar river. — IV. {del Toro), Cai'ib. Sea, Costa Rica. Lat. 9° 20' N., Ion. 82' W. Boca (or Bocua) Tighis, or the " Bogue," the entrance to the Canton river, China, about lat 22° 45' N., Ion. 113° 35' E. All the estuary of the riv. S.ward of this is balled the " Outer Waters." The Bogue has on its E. side the isls. Anmighoy and Chuenpee, and on the W. Ty-cock-tow isl. ; BOC in its centre are the rooky islets N. and S. Wan- tung, all of which are strongly fortifd. The Bogue forts were captured by the British, Feb. 26, 1841. BocAOE (Le), an old dist. of France, Normandy, of which Vire was the cap. It is now included in the dep. Calvados. — II. part of the dep. La Vendfe, so called on account of the great quan- tity of wood ivith which it is covered. BocAiBENT, a town of Spain, prov. and 30 m. N.N."W. Alicante. Pop. 4,070. Mannis. of cloth and paper, and brandy distilleries. BoccA-Di-FiLCO, a vill. of Sicily, prov. & near Palermo, with a rich botanic garden. Pop. 4,000. BoccHETTA (Mt.), ouc of the W. Apennines, tra- versed by the road from Genoa to Novi, now much improved, and passable for carriages. The sum- mit of the pass is 2,556 feet above level of the sea. BoccHioLiBRO, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Cit., 12 m. S.S.E. Rossano. Pop. 2,200. BocHxiA, a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, cap. circ, 25 m. E.S.E. Cracow. Pop. 5,300. It has several churches, a gynmasium, and mines of rock salt, which employ 500 miners, and yield an- nually 250,000 cwt. of salt. Pop. of circ. 178,760. BocHOLD, a town of Prussian WestphaUa, reg. and 44 m. W. Miinster, circ. Borken, on the Aa. Pop. 4,271, with a castle, and mannfs. of cotton, woollen, and sUk fabrics, hosiery, and brandy. There are extensive iron works in its vicinity. — II. a vill. of Belg., Limbourg, 2i m. N.W. Bree. BocHUM, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. Amsberg, cap. circ, 26 m. N.E. Dusseldorf. Pop. 4,290. It is the seat of a mining court, and has ma- nnfs. of woollen cloths, cassimeres, and hardwares. BocKAU, a town of Saxony, circ. Zwickan, 4m W.N.W. Schwarzenberg. Pop. 1,700. Extens. chemical mannfs. and mines of cobalt and silver. BocKENEM, a town of Hanover, landr. and 16 m. S.S.E. Hildesheim. Pop. 2,457, who manu- fectnre linen fabrics and yam, tobacco & potash. BocKENUEiM, a town of H.-Cassel, circ. Han- an, 3 m. N.W. Frankfurt. Pop. 3,300. It has manufs. of piano-fortes, snuff-boxes, jewellery, & iron- ware. It was separated from Bergen in 1832. BocKFLCss, a town of Lower Austria, with a castle, 15 m. N.W. Marchegg. Pop. 1,490. BocKiKG, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 2 m. N. Braintree. Area 3,800. Pop. 3,437, employed in manufs. of silk and crape, and in com and fulling mills. It has a large church, built in the 14th century, an alms-house, rev. 80Z. per annum, and an hospital for a master and six poor people, founded in the reign of Henry vi. BooKXETON, a pa. of England, cos. Hereford & Worcester, 5 m. S. Senbury. Ac. 3,300. Pop. 358. BocoGXANo, a comm. and vUl. of the isl. of Cor- sica, cap. cant. 20J m. N.E. Aiaccio. Pop. 2,631. BocoNNOc, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 4 m. E.N.E. Lostwithiel. Area 2,230 ac. Pop. 312 W. Pitt, E. of Chatham, was bom here in 1708. BoczA, a town of Hungarj', co. Liptau, 11 m. 5 E. Werbicze. Pop. 1,220. Its once important gold mines are rendered useless by inundations. BoDMNGTOw, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 4 m. W.N.W. Cheltenham. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 414. — II. {Lower 4" Upper), co. Northampton, 9 m; S.W. Daventry. Area 3,770 ac. Pop, 675. BoDEDEBN, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Anglesey, 6 m. E.S.E. Holyhead. Pop. 1,085. Numerous cattle-fairs are held here between March & Oct. Bodega, a port and settlement of N.W. Ame- rica, ITpp. California, on the Pacific, 90 m. N. San Francisco, in lat. 38° 20^ N., Ion. 123° W. This settlement was formed by the Russians in 1812, who erected a stockaded fort, &c., now ceded to a Swiss trader, who has established himself in a 175 B O E ferm, which he calls " New Helvetia," on the banks of the Sacramento river. BoDEGBAVEN, a vUl. of S. Holland, on the Old Rhine, 12 m. S.E. Leyden. Pop. with pa. 2,120. BoDENHAM, a pa. of England, co. and 7 m. N.N.E. Hereford. Area 5,560 ac. Pop. 1,017. It has an endowment for poor housekeepers. BoDENSTADT, a town of Moravia, circ. Prerau, 19 m. E.N.E. Olmiitz. Pop. 1,200. Boden-See, Germany. [Constance (Lake of).] BoDENswEiEB, a vill. of Baden, circ. Midd. Rhine, 4J m. S.S.W. Bischofsheim. Pop. 1,050. BoDENWEBDEK, awalled town of Hanover, prin- cip. Calenberg, on an isl. in the Weser, enclosed by the territ. of Brunswick, 12 m. S.E. Hameln. Pop. 1,486. Cotton-spinning & trade in timber. BoDEWBm, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Anglesey, hund. of Twr Celyn, 2J m. S.W. Amlwch. Pop. 32. BoDFABT, or BoDVABi, a pa. of N. Wales, cos. Flint and Denbigh, 4 m. N.E. Denbigh. Pop. 945. It was a Roman sta., & has Roman antiquities. BoDFUAN, or BoDVEAN, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Carnarvon, 2^ m. S.S.E. Nevin. Pop. 365. BoDHAM, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 2i m. E. Holt. Area, 1,680 ao. Pop. 292. BoDiHAM, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, rape Hastings, on the Rother, 7 m. N.N.E. Battle. Area 1,480 ac. Pop. 377. Bodiham castle, built in the 13th century, is a magnificent ruin, sur- rounded by a moat, and its great entrance de- fended by an iron portcullis, still entire. BoDMANN, JBodami Castrum, a vill. of Baden, circ. Lake, on lake Constance, at the mouth of the Stockach. Pop. 881, with ruins of an anc. royal castle, former resid. of the lieutenants of the Carlovingian kings, which gave to the lake of Constance the name Bodman-see, or Boden-see. Bodmin, a pari, and munic. bor., town, and pa. of England, cap. co. Cornwall, 232 m. W.SW. London, and 26 m. N.N.W. Plymouth. Area of pa. 6,310 ac. Pop. of do. 4,643 ; of bor., which comprises 3 other pas., 5,901. The town consists of a long street, in a hollow betw. two hills. Church spacious ; and rebuilt about 1472. It has a grammar school founded by Queen Elizabeth, a mayoralty-house, a court-house, in which are held the co. assizes and bor. sessions ; a co. jail and house of correction, co. lunatic asylum, a good mkt.-house, and a com market, formerly the re- fectory of a priory, originally founded by British monks about a.d. 618. Chief manuf. is of shoes. Mkt. Sat. Fairs, Jan. 25, Sat. before Palm Sun- day, Tuesd. and Wed. before Whitsunday, and Dec. 6. Races annually. Corp. rev. (1846-7) S521, 8s. It is the centre of a poor-law union, and the place of election for the E. division of the co. It sends 2 members to H. of C. Reg. electors (1846) 401. A railway from Wade-bridge, 14J m. in length, connects the town with the Bristol Channel. Bodmin was at one time the seat of the bishopric of Cornwall ; of which it is now one of thestannary towns. Assessed taxes (1847) 753M7*. BoDNET, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 5J m. W.S.W. Walton. Area 2,590 ac. Pop. 98. BoDOE, a small seaport town of Norway, stift Nordland, on the mainland, nearly opposite the S. extremity of the Loffoden islands. Pop. 277. Bodrooh-Kebesztub, a town of Hungary, co. Zemplin, on the Bodrogh, a tributary of the Theiss, 3 m, N.W. Tokay. Pop. 4,500, mostly Magyars. It has sev. churches, a synagogue, & trade in cattle & wine, & 4 large annual fairs. The Tokay wines are raised in its vicinity. BoDWBOG, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Anglesey, lOJ m. E.S.E. Holyhead. Pop. 368. Boen, a comm. and town of France, dep. Loire, BOE 170 BOli cap. cant., 9 m. N.N.W. Montbrison. Pop. 1,624. Manufs. of paper and trade in wine. BoEO, Cape, Zilybteum Prom, the most W. point of Sicily, intend, and 18 m. S.S.W. Trapani, lat. 37° 48' lO"" N., Ion. 12° 25' 10" E. Br many years its trade has been uniformly increasing. The imports from China are greater than at either of the other presids., & consist of raw silk, sugar, and sugar-candy, silk piece goods, treasure, &c., whicl^ last, in 1843-4, was imported to the amount of 2,743,810?. Imports from Great Britain are cotton & woollen stuffs, cotton yarn, hardwares, copper, iron, lead, glass, apparel, furs, wine, beer; amongst the other articles imported are ivory, spices, coffee, and the produce generally of Persia, Arabia, and the Malay archipelago. Total value of the imports in 1843-4, 8,992,212?., of which piece goods amounted to 1,436,084?., metals 614,697?., and cotton 417,156?. Value of exports in do., 8,742,237?., including cotton to the value of 2,105,816?. ; of which, goods amounting to 3,667,667?. went to China, & others to 1,704^624?. were shipped for Great Britain. In the same year 377 vessels, aggreg. burden 168,882 tons en- tered the port, of which 360, burden 164,934 tons, were under the British flag. In 1834, the aggregate value of imports was 3,663,319?. In 1837 a steam navigation was commenced between Bombay and Suez ; three steamers were at first employed, which the war in 1843 increased to 8 ; and a regular monthly passage is now made from London to India, under the arrangements of the Oriental Steam Navigation Company. — Bombay Island, on which the city is built, is 8 m. in length, & 3 in breadth, and is formed of two ranges of greenstone, connected in the middle by san£tone strata. The interior lies low, and was at one time liable to be flodded by the tide, but an em- bankment was erected to keep out the sea. Bombay, a township of U. S., N. Amer., New York, 16 m. N.E. Malone. Pop. 1,446. BoM-FiM,sev. towns & vills. of Brazil I. prov. and 95 m. S.E. Goyaz II. prov. and 66 m. W. Rio de Janeiro ; others in provs. Minas, Geraes, Maranhao, and Bahia. Bom- Jakdim, a town of Brazil, prov. & 210 m. S. Ceara, dist. Crato. Pop. 6,000, halfof whom are Indians. — II. a vill., prov. Bahla, dist. S. Amara. Pop. 1,200. BoMMEL (Dutch, Zali Bommel), a town of the Netherlands, prov. Guelderland, on 1. b. of the Waal, 26 m. E. Dort. Pop. (1840) 3,600. It was formerly an important fortified place, but its port is now greatly obstructed by shoals. — II. den Bommel, a viU. S. Holland, isl. Overflakkee, 7 m. W. Willemstadt. Pop. 1,199. BoMMEL-FioKD, a Strait betw. the isls. Storen and Bommel-Oe, on the W. coast of Norwav. Lat. 69° 40' N., Ion. 5° 20' E. BoMMELWAiED,anisl.oftheNetherlands,prov. Guelderland, 3 m.E. Bommel, onwhichisthe for- tress of Loevenstein, the place of Grotius' impris. BoMST, a town of Prussian Poland, cap. circ, reg. and 48 m. W.S.W. Posen. Pop. 2,250, who manufacture coarse woollens. BoM-SuocEsso, or Ibitukuna, a vill. of Brazil, prov. Minas-Geraes, 250 m. N.E. ViUa Rica. Bona, a fortified seaport town of Algeria, prov. and 86 m. N.E. Constantino, on a bay of the Mediterranean, near the mouth of the Seboos Lat. of the hospital, 36° 63' 68' N., Ion 7° 46' 6' E. Pop. (1847) 9,799, of whom 6,000 are Euro- peans. It is neaa-ly 2 m. in circumference and is surrounded by a wall with square turrets and BON 183 BON four gates: fort Cigogne is its ohief defence. Streets narrow and croolced ; but Bona lias greatly improved since possessed by the French, and has many new squares, markets, bazaars, shops, caf^s, reading-rooms, a theatre, &c. ; ma- nufs. of native clotliin^, tapestry, and saddlery, and an excellent trade m corn, wool, hides, wax, and coral. Beyond a swamp S. of Bona, are the ruins ofHippo-regiits^ once the see of St Augustine, but destroyed by tlie caliph Othman. Bona has regular st«am communication with Mai'seille & Cette, m France, and Algiers & Tunis, m Africa. BoN-AiRE, an isl., W. Indies. [Buen-Avre.] BoNA-BoNA, one of the Society Isls., Pacific Ocean, 200 m. N.W. Tahiti. Pop. in 1828, 1,800. Bon (Cape), a headland of N. Africa, in the Mediten-anean, state and 58 m. N.E. Tunis. Lat. (of tower) 37° 4' 20' N., Ion. 10° 53' 35' E. BosATi, a town of Naples, prov. Princip. Citra, near the gulf & 3 m. N.E. Policastro. Pop. 3,038. BONATENTUKA, S. AmCr. [BUENAVENTUBA.] BoNAvisTA, a bay, cape, and station on the E. coast of Newfoundland, the bay between lat. 48° 42' N., and Ion. 63° 8' W. BoNBT, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 5J m. N. Glandford Bridge. Area 2,900 ac. Pop. 386. BoNCHUBCH, a pa. of Isle of Wight, on its S.E. coast, 8^ m. S.E. Newport. Area 150 ac. Pop. 302. It is noted for picturesque beauty. BoxDEifo, Padinum, a town of N. Italy, Pon- tif. States, 11 m. W.N.W. Ferrara. Pop. 3,160. BoNB, a CO. of U. S., N. Amer., Illinois. P. 5,060. BoiTDon, a Uttle known country of W. Africa, between lat. 14° & 15° N., and Ion. 11° & 13° "W. Climate healthy. Surface elevated and well-wa- tered ; the rivs. are tributs. of the Gambia and Senega], and the Falem^ forms the E. boundary. Soil very fertile, and vegetation dense ; but the country would seem to be poor in metals, gold- dust and iron being imported. Cattle are a prin- cipal source of weSth, and with corn, gums, and cotton cloths, form the chf. expts. Bondou has a transit trade in slaves, salt, iron, butter, and gold-dust. The pop., which is said to be very dense, is supposed to be of Arabic origin, and is mostly Mohammedan. Government monarchi- cal. Principal town, Bulibani. BoNDUEs, a comm. and town of France, dep. Nord, arrond. and 6 m. N. Lille. Pop. 2,841. BoNBT, a comm. & vUl. of France, dep. Seine, 7 m. E.N.E. Paris, near the forest of Bondy,with numerous country residences. Pop. 2,385. BoNEFEO, a town of Naples, prov. Molise, dis- trict and 6^ m. S.S.E. Larino. Pop. 8,700. BoKe, or Pono, prov. of Burmah. [Pong.] BoNHiLL, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 3 m. N. Dumbarton. Pop. 6,682, mostly employed in the bleaching and printfields of the Leven valley. The vilL of Alexandria is in this pa. Smollett was bom at Bonhill mansion-house in 1721. BoNnoMME, a tnshp. of II. S,, N. Amer., Mis- souri, CO. St. Louis. Pop. 2,616. — II. {B./emme), Howard co. Pop. 988. BoNHOMME, Col bu. [Col du Bonhomme.] BoNi, or BoNT, an indep. state of the isl. Ce- lebes, S. Pacific, on E. coast of the W. penins, and on the bay of Boni, between lat. 4° 20' and 5° 20' S., and Ion. 119° 36' and 120° 30' E,, with a town of same name near its N.E. extremity. This state, though of recent origin, is the most powerful in Celebes. The king is chosen by 12 rajahs. — The Gulf of Boni, called also Bughis Bay, is about 200 m. in length, by from 40 to 80 m. in breadth, and separates the two S. penin- sulas of Celebes. Bonifacio, a fortifd. seaport town of Corsica, cap. cant,, on a small penins. in the strait of same name, 44 m. S.S.E. Ajaccio. Pop. (1846) 3,120. It has a secure harbour, and a considerable trade. The Strait of Sonifacio, betw. Corsica and Sar- dinia, is 7 m. across in its narrowest part. BoNiFATi, a town of Naples, prov. Calabria Citra, 28 m. N.W. Cosenza. Pop. 2,300. BoNiLLA and Bonillo, two towns of Spain, the former, prov. and 28 m. W.N.W. AvUa, with 1,700 mhabs. ; the latter, prov. & 34 m. W.N.W. Albacete. Pop. 5,980. Celeb, ann. fair in Sept. Bonin, or Arzobispo Islands, in N. Pacific, betw. lat. 26° 30' and 27° 44' N., and Ion. 142° & 143° E., consist of three groups, the most north- erly, called Parry Isls., and the most southerly, Baily Isls. The principal of the central group are Peel and Kater Isls., at the former of which some English and other Europeans concerned in the whale fishery are settled, as well as some na- tives of the Sandwich Isles. BoNiN-SiMA, a group of small isls. in the Pa- cific Ocean, archip. of Magellan, lat. 27° N., Ion. 141° 20' E., inhabited by a colony of Japanese. BoNisTALLO, a dist. and vill. of the grand duchy of Tuscany, 3 m. E. Carmignano, with a grand ducal villa and priory. Pop. 1,425. BoifiTO, a town of Naples, prov. Princip. Cit. 6 m. S.W. Ariano. Pop. 3,700. BoNMAHOif, or BuNMAEON, amarlt. vill. of Ire- laud, Munster, co. and 14 m. S.W. Waterford, at the mouth of the Mahon. Pop. 1,771. Near it are the copper mines of Knockmahon. BoNir, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 4J m. N. Fribourg, on r. b. of the Sarine, with mineral springs and baths, formerly much frequented. Bonn, Bona, a town of Bhenish Prussia, on 1. b. of the Rhine, cap. circ. and 15 m. S.S.E. Co- logne, with which it communicates by the river & by a railway, opened Feb. 1844. Pop., exclusive of students & the garrison, 14,369. Bonn is the seat of a celeb, university, founded in 1818, and occupying an old castle of the electors of Co- logne. It has a librarj; of 100,000 vols., with a museum of Rhenish antiquities. In 1844, it was attended by 714 students. Connected with the university there is an observatory, a rich botanic garden and museum of natural history, with an extensive collection of minerals, and a school of agriculture, with an experimental farm, at the ch&teau of Popplesdorf. Bonn is the seat of a superior mining court, and has an active com- merce, and manufs. of cotton, silk, and tobacco. It is a very ancient town, and has a venerable ca- thedral & town-ho. : it has also a riding-school, & many private educational estabs. Its environs are very beautiful, and the hdtels for the accom- modation of tourists are on a scale of great mag- nificence. Beethoven was born here, and a sta- tue is erected to his memory in the market- place. H. R. H. Pr. Albert was a student at Bonn. BoNNAT, a comm. & town of France, dep. Creuse, cap. cant, and 11 m. N. Gueret. Pop. 2,702. )Bonnet-le-Chateao (St.), a comm. & town of France, dep. Loire, 13 m, S, Montbrison, Pop. (1846-7) 2,036. — There are numerous conuns. & viUs. in France of the name of St Bonnet, BoNNETABLE, a comm, and town of France, dep, Sarthe, cap. cant., on the Dive, 16 m. N.E, Le Mans. Pop. (1846) 3,247, employed in cotton & woollen manufs. Ruins of a castle of the 16th cent. BoNNEVAL, a comm. and town of France, dep. Eure-et-Loir, on the Loir, here crossed by nume- rous bridges, 19 m. S.S.W. Chartres. Pop. 1,780. Bonneville, Bonnopolis, a town of Savoy, cap. prov., circ. Faueigny, on r. b. of the Arve, 15 m. E.S.E. Geneva. Pop. 1,620. Near the fine bridge BON 184 across the Arve, in its vicinity, is a column 95 ft. in height, surm. by a statue of Charles of Savoy. BoNMiEKES & BoNNiEcx, two vills. of France. — I. dep. Seine-et-Oise, cap. cant., on the Paris & Havre railway, 43 m. E.N.E. Paris. — II. dep. Vaiicluse, cap. cant. & 6 m. S.W. Apt. Pop. 1,266. BoKNiNGHEiM, a town of WiSrtembei'g, circ. Neckar, 19 m. N.N.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 2,270. It has a royal resid., and a manuf. of writing-quills. BoNNiNQTON, a pa. of England, co. Kent, lathe Shepway, 6i m. S.S.E. Ashford. Ac. 4,310. P. 155. Bonny, a town of France, dep. Loiret, on rt. b. of the Loire, 12 m. S.E. Gien. Pop. 1,608. BoKNT RiTER, one of the arms of the Niger, at its delta between the Old and New Calabar rivs., enters the Atlantic (Bight of Biafra), about lat. 4° 30' N., and Ion. 7° IC E. Bonny-town is on the E. bank, near its mouth. The country around this riv. is an uncultivated swamp, little above the level of the ocean, and very unhealthy. The slave trade, which has long been very extensively car- ried on from the Bonny, is said to have been di- minished of late, in proportion to the increase of trade in palm-oil. Bono, a vill. of isl. Sardinia, prov. Nuoro, cap. dist., on the Tirsi, 44 m. S.E. Sassari. Pop. 3,080. BoNOA, an isl. of the Malay archip., with a Dutch trading station, 12 m. N.AV. Coram. BoNOBvA, a vill. of the isl. Sardinia, cap. mand., div. and 28 m. S.S.E Sassari. Pop. 4,572. BoHTESHAi,L, Or BoNSAiL, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, on the Derwent, 1} m. S.W. Matlock. Area 2,750 ac. Pop. 1,496. Lead & zinc mines are wrought in this pa. School, with ann. rev. of 1001. BoNTHAiN, a seaport town of the isl. Celebes, at the S. extremity of the W. peninsula, with a Dutch fort and good harbour, 35 m. S.E. Macas- sar. Lat. 6° 27' N., Ion. 119° 63' E. Near it is the grand cascade of Sapho. BoNviLSTON, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, 8 m. W.S.W. Cardiff. Pop. 282. Boo Islands, a small group, Asiatic archip., 65 m. S.E. Gilolo. Inhabited and fertile. BooDROOH, or Bodbun (prob. the anc. Hali- ixmiassus), a seaport town of Asia Minor, Ana- toUa, on the N. shore of the Gulf of Kos, 96 m. S. Smyrna. Lat. 37° 2' 21' N., Ion. 27° 25' 18' E. Pop. 11,000 (?). It stands on a declivity facing a deep bay, and has a small but good har- bour frequented by Turkish cruisers, & in which .ships of war are built. Streets narrow and dirty ; bazaars poor ; houses of stone, and interspersed with gardens. Principal edifices, a castle, built by the knights of Rhodes, and still in tolerable repair ; a governor's residence, & some mosques ; with a ruined amphitheatre and other extensive remains of antiquity II. (anc. Sagalasms), a ruined city, Anatolia, 8 m. S. Isbarta, the remains of which comprise 7 or 8 temples, a theatre, &c. BooJNOOED, a consid. town of Persia, prov. Khorassan, 160 m. E.N.E. Astrabad, & the res. of a Koord chieftain. Lat. 37° 28' N., Ion. 67° 15' E. BooKHAM, two contiguous pas. of England, co. Surrey.— I. (Great), 2 m. S.W. Leatherhead. Area 3,170 ac. Pop. 963. Fair, Old Michaehnas Day — II. (Little), 2i m. S.W. Leatherhead. Area 950 ac. Pop. 237. It has an endowment of 651. per ann., for benefit of the clergyman & the poor. BooLET, a town of Guinea, dom. and 65 m. S.W. Benin, on the S. side of Benin riv., at its mouth. Lat. about 6° 44' N., and Ion. 6° 6' E. BooLUNDSHAiitjR, Or BoLVNDSHrHUR, a dist. of British India, presid. Bengal, tipper provs. enclosed by the dists. Delhi, Mecrut, Moradabad, and Alighur. Area 1,858 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 446,.358. Land rev. (1829) 83,93U. Boom, a comm. and town of Belgium, prov. & 10 m. S. Antwerp, with a small port on the Ru- pel. Pop. 6,223. It has an active trade, and the most extensive brick and tile works in the kgdm. BooNDEE, or BuNDi, a state of Hindostan, tri- butary to the British, in Bajpootana, betw. lat. 25° and 26° N., and about Ion. 76° E. Area 2,290 sq. m. Principal towns Boondee and Patun. BooNDEE, a city of Hindostan, c£^. above state, 88 m. S.E. Ajmere. It consists of a new and an old town, the former enclosed by a high stone wall, & having a noble high street, stone houses, a palace, and numerous temples, fountains, and sculptures. Old Boondee, W. of the foregoing, is large but decaying. The mntn. passes N. of the city are ornamented with gateways, sculptures, and other architectural works. BooNE, a CO. of the IT. S., N. America, in N. of Kentucky. Area 300 square m. Pop. 10,034, of whom 2,183 are slaves. Surface uneven. Soil productive. — II. A co., centre of Indiana. Area 408 sq. m. Pop. 8,121. Surface level, and soil fertile. — III. co. Ilhnois. Area 400 sq. m. Pop. 1,705. — IV. CO. centre of Missouri. Area 690 sq. m. Pop. 13,561, of whom 3,008 are slaves.— V. A township of Indiana, Harrison co. Pop. 2,058. —VI. a tnshp. co. Warrick. Pop. 1,722. BooNEViiLB, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., N. York, on Black river canal, 25 m. N. Utica. Pop. 6,516.^ — II. a city or town, Missouri, cap. CO. Cooper, on the Missouri, 43 m. N.W. Jeffer- son. Pop. 2,581. It has a handsome court-ho., and an expt. trade in cattle and provisions. BooBHANPOOB, Barfumpuru, a city of India, Gwalior dom., on the Taptee, 130 m. S.S.E. Oojein. It is one of the largest and best built cities of the Deccau ; houses mostly of brick & tiled ; streets wide & regular, and water is distributed through it by conduits. Principal building, a fine mosque, in a style peculiar to this part of India. Many hundred dwellings here are tenanted by Bohrahs, a Mohammedan sect of Arab descent, and who have the largest share of the trade. The vicinity is celebrated for its delicious grapes. Govern- ment contribution of city in 1833, 45,000 rupees. This city was the anc. cap. of Candeish, and on the river bank are ruins of anc. palace and fort. BooELOs, a lake of lower Egjrpt. [Bodblos.] BooBO, an island of the Asiatic archip., mostly between b,t. 3° and 4° S., and Ion. 126° and 127° E., 50 m. W. Ceram. Estim. area 1,970 sq. m., and pop. 60,000. It is mntnons., well watered, & fertile ; producing rice, sago, fruits, dye-woods, & the best cajeput oil, and abounds with deer and babyrussa hogs. At its E. end is a Dutch sta- tion termed Fort Defence ; and on its N. side is Cajeli Bay, with a good anchorage, and where ■ plentiful supplies of provisions are procurable. BooROJiBD, atown of Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 90 m. S.S.E. Hamadan, in a fertile valley, & said to have 12,000 inhabitants. BoosNAH, a town of British India, presid. Ben- gal, dist. Jessore, 102 m. N.E. Calcutta. BooTAN, or Bhotan, a country of N. Hindo- stan, partly independent, but according to recent information, partly also dependent on Tibet, between lat. 26° 30' and 28° 30' N., Ion. 88° 30' and 94° E., havmgW. Sikkun, S. and E. Bengal and Assam, and N. the main chain of the Himalaya, which here rises to 26,000 ft in elevation. Total area has been loosely estim at 64,500 sq.m. Pop. 1,600,000 (?). Surface wholly mntnous, with a genera] slope S.ward ; and this region differs from most others, in its lower hill ranges having but a scanty vegetation, while its tiaosit forests are from 8,000 to 10,000 feet above BOO 185 BOR the sea. Among its principal products are oak, pine, and other timber, rattans, numerous fruits, and esculent Teeetables. Some wheat, barley, rice, maize, and buckwheat are raised in terraces along the hill sides ; but supplies of grain, as also of sugar and tobacco, come mostly from Bengal, in return for native cloths, rock-salt, rhubaj-b, jabrung spice, a few Tibet goods, & mules & ponies of an excellent breed. Except potter's clay, iron appears to be the only mineral raised, tnough Bootan is reported to be rich in copper & other metals. Cht. mannfs. are of woven goods, paper, a species of satin from bark, tobacco-pouches, gunpowder, arms, »fe hardwares. Princip. trade is with Bengal ; from Tibet, however, some silks and rich tea are imported. Travellers in Bootan have remarked the great number of its castellated strongholds, and praise the ingenuity & solidity of its suspension and wooden bridges. Towns are few ; the principal are Tassisudon, & Punak- ka, alternately the residences of tlie Deb-rajah. This functionary, who is also the principal mer- chant in the country, exercises all the actual sovereignty ; the Dharma-rajah, or nominal so- vereign, consid. to have divine attributes, being vested with none of the civil power. The govern- ment appears, from the report of Capt. Pember- ton, who recently visited Bootan, to be about as bad as possible, rapacity & immorality prevailing thronghont nearly all ranks of the community. The state religion is Buddhism, & Bootan swarms with priests, ttie monastic endowments absorbing a, large part of the national property. The cus- tom of polyandry, probably peculiar to the countries of the Himalava, is here prevalent; but polygamy also prevails, & to these causes, the com- parative thinness of the pop. has been attributed. BooTEBSTOwN, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, with a vill., CO. and 3} m. S.E. Dublin. Pop. 3,318. BooTHAUK, a fortified vill. of Afghanistan, 12 m. E. Cabool. Here commences the series of defiles between Cabool and JelaJabad, and here also were begun the guerilla attacks of the Af- ghans, by which the British troops, under Genl. Elphinstone, were destroyed in 1842. The pass of Boothauk is 5 m. long, and in narrowest parts 50 yards wide, hemmed in by perpendicular cU6Fs 500 feet high. Booths AT, a maritime tnshp. of the U. States, Slaine, co. Lincoln, on the Atlantic, with a good harbour, 40 m. S.E. Augusta. Pop. 2,631. BoOTHBT, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 10 m. N.N.W. Sleaford. Area 2,850 ac. Pop. 214. Boothbt-Pagnei,!., a pa. of England, co. Lin- coln, 5m. S.E. Grantham. Area 2,660 ac. P. 132. Boothia Felix, an insular portion of British North America, extending into the Arctic Ocean, - between lat. 69° and 76° N., and Ion. 92° and 97° W., so named in honour of Sir Felix Booth. It was discovered by Capt. James Ross, who here determined the position of the magnetic pole. — Boothia Gulf, on its E. side, a S.ward continua- tion of Prince Regent Inlet, separates it from Cockbum isl., and Melville peninsula. Booths, two contiguous tnshps. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Whalley. — L {Higher),iim. S.S.W. Burnley. Pop. 3,652, empld. in cotton factories. —II. {Lower), 3J m. S.W. Burnley. Pop. 2,464. BoOTLE, a pa. and mlrt. town of England, co. Cumberland, ward Allerdale, on the Irish Sea, 6 m. S.S.E. Bavenglass. Area of pa. 6,570 ac. Pop. 696. In the -vicinity are the Comey and Bootle falls, and Black^comb mntn., elev. 1,919 feet. Com, pork, and bacon are shhiyed hence to Liverpool. Mkt. Wednesday. Fairs, April 6, and Sept. 24. Polling-place for W. Cumber- land. — II. a tnshp., CO. Lancaster, pa. Walton-on. the-hill, at the mouth of the Mersey, 3 m. N Liverpool, by the residents of which town it is much resorted to for sea-bathing. Pop. 1,862. BooTON, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 6 m. S.W. Aylsham. Area 1,030 ae. Pop. 241. BoOTON, an island of the Asiatic archipelago, lat. 6° S., Ion. 123° E., and S.E. of the isl, Celebes. Estimated area 1,800 sq. m. The island is elev. and fertile in rice, maize, and tropical fruits. The Dutch formerly sent an officer here annually to destroy the clove trees, so as to secure their monopoly of the clove trade. The town Booton is at tne S.W. extremity of the isl. The Strait of Booton, from 15 to 20 m. in width, separates mis island from Pangaosani and Celebes. BopAUL, a state & city Hindostan [Bhopahl.] BoPFiNQEN, a town of Wurtemberg, circ. Jaxt, on the Eger, 7 m. N. Neresheim. Pop. 1,560. BoppABn, or Boppaet {Bodobigaj, a walled town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 9 m. S. Coblenz, on 1. b. of the Rhine. Pop. 3,680. It owed its origin to a fort built by Drusus. Streets narrow, and houses antiquated. It has two fine Gothic churches, a female seminary, 2 hydro- pathic establishments, one of which occupies the former nunnery of Marienkloster, and manufs. of cotton cloths and yam, and an active transit- trade. In the middle ages it was the seat of many imperial diets. Bobaholm, an uninhab. isl., Orkney, pa. Rendal. Boras, a town of Sweden, Isen and 50 m. S.E, Wenersborg. Pop 2,328, who mannf. linens. Borba, a vill. 01 Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, 17 m. W.S.W. Elvas. Pop. 3,600.-11. a town of Brazil, prov. Para, on rt. b. of the Madeira, 95 m. S.S.W. Barra-do-Bio-Negro. BoKCETTE, a town of Prussia. [BrETSOHEin.] BoEDEACX, Burdigala, a city in the S.W. of France, cap. dep. Gironde, on left bank of the Garonne, 60 m. from its mouth, in the Atlantic. Lat. 44° 50' 19' N., Ion. 0° 34' 32' W. Pop. (1846) 120,203. It communicates by railway with the port of La Teste, and by another (in course of construction) with Paris. It is an arch- bishop's see, the seat of a national court, and of a university academy; cap. of the 11th military division, and has a tribunal of commerce, an ex- change, and a banli with a cap. of 300,000 francs, a secondary school of medicine, college, nor- mal school, school of navigation, and a mint. Bordeaux is one of the most flourishing cities of Europe in point of industry, commerce, and the cultivation of the arts and sciences. In the old part of the city the streets- are crooked and narrow, but the new quarters, especially the rue Chapeau Rouge, the allies de Tourny ; and the many public edifices are of great beauty and elegance. Situated on a navigable river, in this part about 2,600 ft. broad, and from 60 to 90 feet deep, which puts it in communication on one side with the ocean, and on the other with the Medi- terranean, by the Canal du Midi, it has become the first port in the South of France. Its basin, formed by the Garonne, is capable of containing 1,200 ships of any size, and is accessible even for ships of 600 tons at all times of the tide ; it has docks & building yards for every size of vessels, even for ships of the line. It is the entrepdt of prohibited goods ; and has manufs. of all Eindsj especially tobacco, vinegar, nitric acid, liqueurs, and chemical products ; sugar and saltpetre re- fineries, numerous distilleries, cotton and woollen spinning, and manufs. of printed calicoes, & iron foundries. Its commerce extends to all parts of the world. Itsprincipal expts. are wines, brandy BOR 186 BOB and fruits ; chief imports, colonial mercliandise, cotton goods, iron, coal, and building timber. Keg. shipping (1841), 68,566 tons. Foreign shipping to the amount of 103,461 tons entered, and 101,719 tons, of which 31,092 were British, sailed from the port in 1842. The principal mer- chants are engaged in the wine trade, nearly the half of the best sorts of wine are sentto England, since little of the finest Medoc is used in France ; Paris takes only the second, third, and fourth- rate wines. Before the revolution the annual export of wine amounted to 100,000 hogsheads ; in 1827 the amount was 54,492. The principal fruits exptd. fi-om Bordeaux, are plums & almonds. Among the most remarkable pubUc edifices of Bor- deaux, are the remains of the palace of Gallienus, the cathedral, a fine Gothic structure, the church of the Feuillants, which contains the tomb of Mon- taigne ; the great theatre built by Louis xvi., one of the finest in Europe, seated for 4,000 persons ; the exchange, the Palais Royal, fonnerly the archiepiscopal palace ; the H6tel de la Marine, the triumphal arch of the port Bourgogne, and espe- cially the magnificient bridge across the Garonne, which consists of 17 arches, and is 1,696 feet in length. Under the name of Burdigala, tliis was a rich and important place at the time of the conquest of the country by the Romans, who made it the cap. of the 2d Aquitania, and it was embellished by the emperors. The wines of Bor- deaux were celebrated as early as the 4th century. The city was sacked by the Visigoths, who were driven from it by Clovis. It was ravaged by the Saracens and Normans in the 8th and 9th cents., and came into the possession of the dukes of Gasoony in 911. In 1152 it passed, by the mar- riage of Henry Plantagenet with Eleonore of Gnienne, under the dominion of England ; since 1453 it has belonged to France. Among the many distinguished men who were born in this city and its vicinity, may be noticed the poet Ausonius, Montaigne, Montesquieu, the Black Prince, Richard ii. of England, and Pope Cle- ment v., the morahst Berquin, and the painter Carle Vernet. BoKDELAis, an old subdiv. of France, formed of the coast-line of theprov. Guyenne, and of which Bordeaux was the cap : it now forms the greater part of the dep. Gironde, & a portion of Landes. BoKDEN, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, lathe Scray, 1 m. W. Sittingboume. Area 2,010 ac. Pop 860. BoKDENTOww, a t., U. S., N.Amer., N. Jersey, on the Delaware, 7 m. S.E. Trenton. Pop. about 1,800. Joseph Bonaparte built a handsome resi- dence and long resided here. The town is a fa- vourite resort of the citizens of Philadelphia during the summer season. The Camden and Amboy railway passes through Bordentown by a viaduct beneath its streets. BoBniiBES, a vill. of France, dep. H. Pyrdn^es, cap. cant., 29 m. S.S.E. Tarbes. Pop. 1,631. — Les Sordes is a small town of France, dep. Ariege, 12 m. W. Pamiers. Pop. of comm. 1,331. BoRDBSHOLM, a vill. of Denmark, Holstein, on the Kiel and Altona railway, 12 m. S.S.W. Kiel. BoKDEBLEY, a chapclry of England, pa. of Aston, in the town of Birmingham. BoKEE, a fortd. town of Afghanistan, prov. of Sewestan, on the route from Dera Ghazee Khan to Candahar. Lat. 30° 65' N., Ion. 68° 35' E. BoKEHAM, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 3J m. N.E. Chelmsford. Area 8,820 ac. Pop. 1,064. Newhall, in tliis pa., built in reign of Henry vii., and successively the abode of princess Mary, Villiers,Duke of Buckingham, Cromwell, and the Duke of Albemarle, is now occupied as a nunnery. BoREH\y, a small fertile isl. of the Hebrides Im. N. North Uist.— II. an isl., 2 m. N. St. Kilda. BoBGENTKEiCH, a tn. of Prussian Westphalia, reg. Mmden, 21 m. N.N.W. Cassel. Pop. 1,820. BoBGHETTO, the uamc pf several towns and vills. of Italy. — I. Lombardy, deleg. and 7 m. S Lodi. Pop. 2,200.-11. deleg. Verona, on the Mincio, 15 m. S.W. Verona. Pop. 2,500. It has a castle and a vast fortified causeway. — III. Sard, dom., div. and 43 m. E.S.E. Genoa. Pop. 1,500. BoEGHOLM, a town of Sweden, cap. isl. Oeland, with a harb. on the E. coast, 25 m. N.E. Kalmar. BoBGHOLZ, a vill. of Prussian "Westphalia, reg, and 66 m. S.E. Minden, on the Bever. Pop. 1,270. BoBGHOLZHAusEN, a town of Prussian West- phalia, reg. & 30 m. W.S.W. Minden. Pop. 1,890. BoEGiA, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. TUt. II., cap. cant., 6J m. S.W. Catanzaro. Pop. 3,300. It was almost wholly destroyed by an earthquake in 1783. In its vicinity excellent wine is produced. BoBGHE (Lake), a lagoon or inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, U. S., N. Amer., Louisiana, 10 m. E. New Orleans, commun. N.W. with Lake Pont- cliartrain. Length E. to W. 40 m. ; breadth 13 m. BoEGO, a seaport town of Finland, ten. Nyland, on a bay of the Gulf of Finland, 124 m. E. Abo. Pop. 2,038. It is a bishop's see, and has a high school, and manufs. of sail-cloth and tobacco. — II. a vill., Austrian empire, Tyrol, circ. Roveredo, on the Brenta. Pop. 2,000. There are vills. of same name in Cephalonia, Greece, and Corscia. BoEGO ("town"), is a prefix to the names of many places in Italy I. (B. a Buggiano) Tus- cany, prov. and 27^ m. W.N.W. Florence. Pop. 1,677 II. (JB. Mozzano) Lucca, cap. dist. on. 1. b. of the Serchio, 6 m. N.N.E. Lucca. Pop. 741. — III. (B. forte) Lombardy, deleg. and 7 m. S. Mantua, on 1. b. of the Po. Pop. 3,600.-r-IV. {B. Lavezzano) Piedmont, prov. and 8 m. S.S.E. Novara. Pop. 2,170 V. (B. Masino) Piedmont, prov. Ivrea, cap. mand. Pop. 2,066 VI. {B. Nuovo) Piacenza, 4 m. N.E. Lucca. Pop. 2,830. — VII. Parma, 13 m. W.S.W. Piacenza. Pop. 1,200.— VIII. (JB. San Dalmazzo) Piedmont, prov. Coni, cap. mand., 6 m. S.W. Coni. Pop. 3,600. — ^IX. {Sesiaj, Sard, dom., prov. Novara, cap. mand., 25 m. N.W. Novara. Pop. 3,000. — X. (B. San Lorenzo) Tuscany, on 1. b. of the Sieve, in a fertile dist., 14 m. N.E. Florence. Pop. 3,230. BoEGOMANEEO, a Walled town of Piedmont, prov. and 20 m. N.N.W. Novara, cap. mand., near the Agogna. Pop. 7,096. It is well buijt, and has a comm. college and four annual fairs. BoEGO San Dohino, a walled town of N. Italy, duchy, and 14 m. N.W. of Parma, cap. dist. on the Stirone. Pop. 4,000. Principal buildings, a re- markable cathedra] and the town-hall. Manu- factures of silk and Unen fabrics. BoKGO San Sepolceo, a town of Tuscanv, prov. Florence, on the Tiber, 16 m. N.E. Arezzo. Pop. (1840) 4,297. It was formerly fortified and has still a strong citadel. Its cathedral, & numer- ous churches are adorned with fine works of art. Borgo is also the prefix of the following towns : (B. Tare), Panna, cap. cant., on the Taro, 36 m. S.W. Parma.— II. {B. Tieino), Sard, dom., div. and prov. Novara, cap. mand., 27 m. N. No- vai-a. Pop. 1,851. — III. (Vercelli), div. Novara, prov. and 3 m. N.E. Vercelli. Pop. 2,586. BoEGOo, or BoEQOu, a kingdom of Africa, Soudan, W. of the Quorra, about lat. 10° N., Ion. 4° E. Principal towns, Boussa, Kiama, and Ni- ki. — II. a kingdom of Africa, E. Soudan, cap Wara, about 440 m. E. Lake Tchad. BoEGBE, amarit. pa. of Scotland, stewartry and 3 m. S.W. Kirkcudbright. POp. 1,117, In it are BOR 187 BO 11 the remains of Kirk Andrew & Senwick churches, Plunton castle, and the tower of Balmangan. BoKiNAQE, a small dist. of Belgium, prov. Harnaut, important for its coal mines, which oc- cupy nearly the entire extent. It comprises the comms. Jemmapes, Quaregnon, Horuu, Wasmes, Patui-age, Frameries, &c. Pop. about 32,000. BoBissoGLEBSK, two towns of Russia. — I. gov. and 100 m. S.S. E. Tambov, cap. cu-c, on 1. b. of the Vorona. Pop. 2,600. — II. gov. and 23 m. N.W.Tai'oslavl, onrt. b. of the Wolga. Pop. 4,000. BoKissoT, a towQ of Russia, ^ov. and 38 m. N.E. Minsk, on 1. b. of the Berezma. Near this, at the vill. of Studienka, the disastrous passage of the Berezina was effected by the French army, 26th and 27th November 1812.— JSompo^ is a market town of Russia, gov. Tehemigov. BoKJA, a town of Spain, Aragon, prov. and 39 m. W.N.W. Zaragoza. Pop. 3,242.-11. a town, S. Amer., Ecuador, on the Amazon, E. Santiago. BoBJAS, an anc. town of Spain, prov. & 10 m. E.S.E. Lerida. Pop. 2,019. It has no manufs. BoKKEN, two towns of Germany I. Prassian Westphalia, reg. and 34 m. W.S.W. Miinster, on the Aa. Pop. 3,000, who manuf. linen fabrics and chicory II. a town of Hesseu-Cassel, prov. Lower Hessen, 20 m. S.S.W. Cassel. Pop. 1,373. BoBKAL, or Bebkei., a river of Rhenish Prus- sia and the Netherlands, flows W. through the prov. Gelderland, & joins the Tssel, at Zutphen, which town it divides into two parts ; length 60 m Borhulo is a fortified town on its left bank in Gelderland, 15 m. E. Zutphen. Pop. 1,200. BoBKUM, an island in the North Sea, belong- ing to Hanover, landr. Anrich, at the mouth of the Ems, 26 m. N.W. Emden. Lat. of hght- house, 53° 35' N., Ion. 6° 41' E. Pop. 485. The island is low, & divided into two parts by a narrow channel ; length 6 m., average breadth 2 miles. BOBI.E7, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex. 2 J m. N.W. Sudbnry. Area 730 ac. Pop. 188. The church contains monuments of the Waldegrave family. BoRMEs, a conun. and vill. of France, dep. Var, 20 m. E.N.E. Toulon. Pop. 1,699. BoBMroA, a river of Piedmont, rises in prov. Acqni, and joins the Tanaro, 1^ m. B. Alessan- dria, after a N.E. course of 28 miles. BoEMio (Germ. Worms), a town of N. Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 29 m. N.E. Sondrio, near 1. b. of the Adda. Pop. 1,200. N. of Bormio, at Molina, on the Adda, are the ancient and cele- brated salt baths called Bagtd di Bormio (temp. W 6' Fahr.), still much frequented. BoBNA, a town of Saxony, cire. and 16 m. 8.S.E. Leipzig. Pop. .3,804. It has manufs. of woollen cloths and earthenwares. BoBSANB, 2 towns of Savoy. — I, {Grand), prov. Faneigny, 11 m. E. Annecy. P. 2,500.-11, {Petit), same prov., 5 m. S. Bonneville. Pop. 2,000. BoBSE, a small river of England, co. Warwick, which joins the Tame near Tamworth. BoBKE, a vilL of the Netherlands, prov. Over Yssel, 4 m. N.E. Delden. Pop. 2,600. BoBNEO (native name Pulo-Kalamantin), an isl. of Malaysia, near the centre of the Eastern Archi- pelago, in the Pacific Ocean, sittiated between hi. 7° 4' N., and 4° 10' S., and Ion. 108° 50' and 119° 20' B., divided by the equator into 2 nearly equal portions, and bounded N. and W. by the China Sea, S. by the Sea of Java, and E. by the Sea of Celebes and the Strait of Macassar. Bor- neo is, next to Australia, the largest isl. on the globe. It is of a compact form, and has few great indentations of the sea, but many extensive bays and creeks. Length 800 m., breadth 700 m. Estimated area 300,000 sq. m. The pop. has been very variously estimated ; it appears to be on the whole but thinly inhabited, 3,000,000 being the probable number, which would allow about 10 f>ersoiis per sq. m. The shores are in general ow and often marshy, they are surrounded by numerous islets and rocks. Little is known of the interior except in the dist. of Banjermassin, on the S.E., & a portion of Borneo proper on the N. From recent Dutch authorities & the map of the Baron Melville de Carnbee (1848), it appears that two nearly parallel ranges of mntns. run through the isl. from S.W. to N.E., between which are extensive and well-watered plains. The W.most of these chains rises in the territory of Sarawak, with an elevation of about 3,280 ft., and gradually increases in elevation till it terminates near the N. coast in Mt. Kini Balu, 13,698 ft. in elevation ; the second range, which crosses the equator, in about Ion. 113° E., appears to be muchlower than the former : a cross range leaves the first chain about lat. 2° N., and running S.E. extends through Banjermassin. The chief rivers are, on the N. and W. coast, the Borneo or Brunai, on which is situated the cap. of the isl., and which opens into a bay of same name, in lat. 5° N. The Seriboe which falls into the China Sea, in lat. 2° 10' N. The Batang-lopar, a magnificent river, the mouth of which, 4 m. wide, is in lat. 1° 30' N. ; on its 1. b., 35 m. from its mouth, is the town of Patusen, which was strongly fortified and held by a band of pirates, but was destroyed by the expedition under Mr Brooke in 1846. The Moro- taba or Sarawak, which flows N.E. & N. nearly through the centre of the territory of same name. The Pontianak, formed by the junction of numer- ous streams, rises about Ion. 112° 30', and reaches the sea in Ion. 109° IS' on the equator. The Majak opens into a wide estuary in lat. 0° 50' S. On the S. are the Pembuan, Sampet, and Mendawa, in districts of same names, between Ion. 112° and 113° 30' E. The Kahajan and Mu- rong, or rivers of the Great and Little Dyaks, & the Banjer or Barito, which rises in the central mntns., lat. 0° 30' N., flows first E. and then S., with a very winding course, and reaches the Java Sea by a wide estuary, in lat. 3° 30' S.,lon. 114°35' E., about 12 m. S. the town of Banjermassin, of which territory it forms the W. boundary. On the E. coast the Koetei forms a wide delta betw. lat. 0° 20' and 1° S., and the Berou reaches the sea by several branches, about lat. 2° N. Most of these rivers are navigable, and, in so far as yet known, their banks are thickly peopled. The only known lake of importance is that of Kini Balu, S.E. of the mntn. of same name, the centre of which is in lat. 6° 40' N., Ion. 117° E. : it is about 86 m. long, and 30 m. broad. The climate is tropical in the interior, but on the N. coast it is quite European. Mineral riches are very valuable: they comprise gold, silver, dia- monds, antimony ore, tin, iron, & coal. The chief diamond mines are those of Landak, in the Chi- nese territory, 50 m. N.E. Pontianak, on river of that name, where, 300 years ago, one of the largest known diamonds, weighing 867 carats, was found. The gold of Sambas yields half a million sterUng annually. Excellent coal is worked in several places, especially in Borneo-Proper and Banjer- massin, & rich iron mines were discov. in the S.E. angle of the isl. in 1848. The soil is perhaps the most fertile in the world. The forests furnish val- uable timber, &, in common with many other isls. of the Archip., the gutta-percha or gutta-t6ban tree, the concrete juice of which is now exten- sively employed in manufactures. Among the vegetable productions are maize, rice, yams, ba- BOR 188 BOU tatas, cocoa-nut, betel, tobacco, cotton, sugar- cane, pepper, and other spices and tropical fruits. The animals which have been observed comprise the elephant, rliinoceroa, and leopard ; the ox, wild hog, and deer and horses ; numerous species of monkeys inhabit every part of the island ; among these the orang-outang is conspicuous. The Dyaks are the aborigines of Borneo ; they are divided into numerous distinct tribes, the chief being those of the interior, or hill Dyaks, and the Dyaks of the coast, many of whom are daring pirates, and cannibalism exists among many of the tribes. The Dyaks of the N. coast have been conquered by the Malays, and are treated by them with great cruelty ; those of the interior of the prov. of Banjermassin, are an independent race, who maintain themselves by the cultivation of rice, by the collection of gold dust, and by traf- fic ; they have no towns, but dwell in small Aam- pongs of from four to ten huts ; they have no written language nor religious ceremonies, but are extremely superstitious, and offer human sa- crifices at their festivals. The Malay inhabitants have adopted some European customs, and, in the opinion of Sir J. Brooke, are capable of a great degree of civilization. The Chinese, who have long settled on the W. and S. coasts, are indus- trious and active, and the Dutch, who claim a large interest in the soil of Borneo, carry on an active trade with China and Singapore. Borneo is divided into many separate states, governed by native chiefs; the best known of these are Brunai or Borneo Proper, wliich extends over the level space on the N. coast, the sultan of wliich is now placed under the superintendence of Sir James Brooke. Sambas, Pontianak, Sim- pang, and Matan, on the W. coast, Banjermassin on the S., and the territory of the sultan of Soo- loo on the E. Off the N. coast of the island, and about 30 m. N.E. Brunai, is the island of La- buan, now belonging to Britain [Labuan], and on the N. coast, near the N.W. part of the island, is the territory of Sarawak, extending be- tween lat. 1° and 2° N., and Ion. 109° W and 110° 45' E., bounded W. & S. by the mntns. of Krim- bang, and watered by the river Sarawak, and nu- merous tributaries. Tliis territory enjoys an ex- cellent climate, is rich in mineral and agricultu- ral products, and is admirably situated for trade. The capital is Sarawak (formerly called Knchin), Pop. (1848) estim. at 12,000, including 150 Chi- nese. Under the government of Sir James Brooke, the inhabs. of this part of Borneo have com- menced a hopeful career of civilization ; an Eng- lish church mission has been established, and a native school built at the town of Sarawak, which, previous to his visit, comprised only a few mud fajuses, and about 1,500 inhabitants. The authority of the Dutch extends over a freat portion of the island, which they divide po- tically into the residency of the W. coast, cap. Pontianak, and the residency of the S. and E. coasts, cap. Banjermassin. By a decree of the governor -general of the Netherlands East Indies, dated 28th February 1846, these possessions are henceforth to form a special government. [Ban- JEBMASsiN-PoNTiANAK.] Bomeo was discov. by the Portuguese in 1621. The English and Portu- guese sev. times attemptedto found establishments on its coasts without success. The Dutch had ex- tens, commerc. relations with the W. coast, where they had factories at Soekadana & PonManak, at the commencement of the 17th centjjry ; part of the W. coast was ceded to them by the king of Bantam, in 1780, and they founde4 the establish- ment of Pontianak in 1823. The sovereignty of the S. coast was ceded to the Dutch by the sultan of Banjermassin in 1787 : but the most import- ant event in the recent history of Bomeo, and one likely to lead to the most. beneficial results as regards civilization and commerce, is the en- terprize of Sir James Brooke, who first visited the isl. in 1839, & has since been actively engaged in the suppression of piracy, the administration of justice, and the encouragement of commerce and manufactures. BOBNEO, or Bbauni, cap. prov. of same name, near the N. coast of the island of Bomeo, and on 1. b. of the riv. Brauni, in lat. 62° 30' N., Ion. 114° 62' E. It is built on piles in the river, and defended by batteries. Pop. (1848) 22,000. (?) BoRNHOiM, an island in the Baltic, belonging to Denmark, stift. Seeland, off the S. coast of Sweden, between lat. 64° 59' and 65° 18' N., and Ion. 11° 42' and 15° 10' E. Area with 3 small islands, Christiansoe, Fredericksholm, and Gra- sholm, 230 square m. Pop. 26,600. Surface in general mountainous ; shores steep and rocky ; highest point, Kytterknagten mntn., 606 ft., near centre of the island. It yields a good building- stone, blue marble, potters' clay, and coal. Oats, flax, and hemp, are raised; timber is scarce. Fish are taken in vast quantities on its shores. Prin- cipal manufe., tiles, bricks, pottery, wooden clocks, and linens. Chief towns. Bonne, the cap. (pop. 4,300), Hasle, Svanike, Nexoe, and Aakirkeby. BoRNOs, a town of Spain, Andalucia, prov. and 34 m. N.E. Cadiz, on the Guadalete. Pop. 4^826. BoRNon ( native Kanowrd), a country of cen- tral Africa, Soudan, between lat. 10° and 16° N., and Ion. 12° and 18° E., having N. Kanem and Sahara, E. Lake Tchad and Begharmi, S. Man- dara, and W. Houssa. Lake Tchad appears to receive all the waters of Bomou ; the chief rivs. are the Shary from the Mountains of Mandara, & the Teou from those of Houssa. Climate exces- sive ; temperature in summer (March to June) 104° to 107° Fahr. The dry season is from April to October, and the rainy season during re- mainder of the year. Surface level and fertile ; annually inundated; chief products millet, bar- ley, beans, maize, cotton and indigo ; trees are scarce, and it has no fruit or edible roots. Min- erals are unknown. The principal wealth of the inhabitants is in slaves and cattle ; and the horses of Bornou are greatly prized in the mar- kets of Soudan. Chief exports slaves, gold-dust, & civet. The mass of the people (Kanowrj') are negroes, professing feticism, divided in tribes, and spealcing different idioms. The dominant race (Shouas) are of Arab descent and Moham- medans. Principal towns, Kouka, the residence of the sovereign, Engornou, Deegoa, Old and New Bimie, and Affagay, several of which are populous, well-built, and enclosed by walls. BoKOBiNO, a vill. of Russia, gov. and 75 m. W.S.W. Moscow, on the Kologa, an affluent of the Moskwa, celebrated for the great victory gained by the French over the Russians, 7th September 1812, and called the battle of Moskwa. — Nem Borodino is a recently founded settl. of exiles in Siberia, near Krasnoyarsk, gov. Yenisiesk, BoBoojiBn, a town of Persia, prov. Irak- Ajmi, on the Ab-ZaJ, 90 m. S.S.E. Hamadari. Pop. 12,000. It has a castle and several mosques. BoBouoH, a viU. of S. Wales, oo. Carmarthen, pa. Llanelly, 14 m. S.E. Cai-marthen. Pop. 6,846, chiefly coal-miners and sailors. BoBOTiGHBBiDQE, 3, market town and chapelr>- of England, co. Tork,W. Riding, pa. Aldborougli, on the riv. Ure, here navig. & crossed by astone bridge, 17 m. N.W. York. Pop. 1,024. It has BOR BOS a small church, a handsome market cross, & three branch banks. Market, Saturday. Fairs, April 27 and 28, June 22 and 23, and October 23. Races held annually. Before being disfranchised by the Reform Act, it sent two members to H. of C. Many Roman and British antiquities have been found here, the most curious of which are the three rude stone obelisks called the "Devil's Arrows," about J m. S. the town. This was an- ciently a fomous druidical meeting place. The town communicates by a branch with the Great N. of England railway. BoBOTiTCHi, the name of several towns of Rus- sia — I. gov. and 96 m. E.S.E. Novgorod, cap. circ, on the Msta, near the rapids of Borovitskie. Pop. 4,000, who carry on an active trade in salt, coal and limestone. — 11. gov. and 72 m. N.E. Tchemigov. — III. gov. and 46 m. E.N.E. Pskov. BoRovsK, a town of Russia, gov. and 50 m. N.N.E. Kaluga, on the Protva, cap. dist. Pop. 5,000. It has manufe. of sail-cloth and leather ; and its onions, garlic, &c., are in great repute. Near it is a rich convent, founded in 1444. BoBBioL, a town of Spain, Valencia, prov. and 4 m. N.N.W. Castellou de la Plana. Pop. 2,069. BoBBis, or Bubbis-Idbone, a vill. of Ireland, CO. and 16 m. S. Carlow. Pop. 950. In it isBorris castle, the seat of Thomas E^vanagh, Esq. Boebis-dt-Ossoby, a mkt. town of Ireland, Leinster, Queen's co., 7 m. E.S.E. Koscrea. Pop. 821. It was formerly a military position of some strength, and has a neat court-house. BoBBisLEAGH, a pa. of Irel., Munster, co. Tip- perary, 3i m. S.E. Thurles. Ac. 10,940. P. 3,372. Bobbis-0'-B1ahe, a town and pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Tipperary, 12 m. S.W. Parsonstown. Area of pa. 5,128 ac. P. 3,176 ; do. of town, 1,625. Bobbi3-0'-Lea»h, a small town of Ireland, Munster, co. Tipperary, in a picturesque district, 6 m. S.S.W. Templemore. Pop. 1,438. Bobbomean Islands, a group of 4 small isls. of Sard, dom., prov. Pallanza, in the bay of Tosa, forming the W. arm of the Lago Maggiore. The N.most is Isola S. Giovanni or Isolino, which is occupied by gardens and fertile fields. — II. Isola Madre the largest, covered with orange & citron trees, and gardens of exotic plants III. Isola Superiore or I. del Pescatori, inhabited by fisher- men, and containing the small church of the isls., and lastly, the Isola Sella, the most celebrated of the group. This isl., which was formerly a barren & sterile rock, was, in 1671, transformed into a delicious garden, rising in 10 terraces, in the form of an amphitheatre, and enclosing a magnif. palace. The garden contains fine speci- mens of the most interesting tropical plants, & the palace is adorned with paintings and statues. The family of Count Borromeo have been pro- prietors of these isls. since the 13th century. Bobeowdale, a chplry. of Engl., co. Cumber- land, ward Allerdale-above-Derwent, pa. Cross- thwaite, 7 m. S.S.W. Keswick. Pop. 369. Here is the famous mine, whence is obtamed the finest black-lead or plumbago in the world. It is opened only once a year, enough ofproduce being then extracted to supply the London market for that period. The annual sale averages about 3000Z. The picturesque scenery of Borrowdale attracts many tourists. Sheep fair in Sept. BoBBOwsTODNNESs, or Bo'ness, a burgh of barony, seaport, and pa. of Scotland, co. Lin- lithgow, on a low peninsula in the Firth of Forth, 17 m. W.N.W. Edinburgh. Pop. 2,347. Streets narrow, houses low and old fashioned. The har- bour is safe, and some ship-building, and trade in coal and salt from the vicinity, are carried on : the town has also distilleries and mannfs. of earthenware, soap, and vitriol, lu 1844, 100 vessels, aggreg. burden 6,636 tons, belonged to this port. Customs rev. (1846) \,866l. Reg. ship- ping (1847) 5,944 tons. The coal mines of the pa. extend under the bed of the Forth so as al- most to meet those of Culross from the opposite side. Near Bo'ness is Kinniel house, long the residence of the philosopher Dugald Stewart. BoESA, a vill. of Hungary, co. Marmaros, 47 m. S.E.Szigeth, onthe Vise. Pop. 3,478. Silver & copper mines and foundries in its vicinity. BoBSNA, or BoBZNA, a town of Russia, gov. & 46 m. E.S.E. Tchemigov. Pop. 1,200. BoESOD, or BoBSOHOD (Gespansohaft), an administrative prov. of Hungary, circ. on this side the Theiss ; cap. Miskolcz. The dist. ex- tends on both sides of the riv. Sajo, and is one of the most fertile in the kgdm. Chief products grain, wine and fruits ; cattle are extens. reared, and its commerce is important. P. (1840) 183,184. BoRSTAiL, or BoABSTALL, a pa. of England, co. Buclcs, 6 m. S.S.E. Bicester. Area 3,080 ac. Pop. 252. The chapel contains monuments of the Aubrey family. The pa. is said to take its name from a wild boar slain here in Saxon times. In the civil war Borstall house was garrisoned for Idng Charles i., and taken by Fair&x in 1646. BoBT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cor. r6ze, cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Dordogne, 14 m. S.S.E. Ussel. Pop. 1,685. It has an active trade in horses and cattle. Birth-place of Marmontel. BoETHWioK, a pa. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, on Edin. & Hawick railw., 12 m. S.E. Edin., con- taining 6 vills. P. 1617. Borthwick castle, a strong fortress built in 16th cent., was famous in the civil wars of both the succeeding cent. Principal Robertson was born in the manse of Borthwick. BoETiGAiii, a viU. of Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, div. and 40 m. S.E. Sassari. Pop. 2,920. BoBisTHENES, a rfv. of Bussia. [Dniepee.] BOEZONASCA, a vill. of Sardinian sta., cap. mand., prov. and 10 m. N.N.E. Chiavari. Pop. 4,810. Manufs. of cloths. BosA, a seaport town of the isl. Sardinia, div. & 30 m. S. Sassari, cap. mand., at the mouth of the Termo, on the W. coast. Pop. 6,260. It is a bishop's see, and is well built and paved, having a cathedral and a diocesan school. Its harbour is safe, being sheltered by the island of Bosa. BosBUET, a pa. of England, co. Hereford, 4 m. N.N.W. Ledbury. Area 6,200 ac. Pop. 1,137. BosoASTLE, a small marit. and market town of England, co. Cornwall, pas. Forrabury & Minster, on the Bristol channel, in a deep vale, 2 m. S.E. Bossiney. Pop. 807. Mkt. Thursday. Fairs, Aug. 6, and Nov. 22. Its auo. chapel is in ruins. BosoAWES, atnshp. of the IT. S., N. Amer., New Hampshire, 9 m. N. W. Concord. Pop. 1,966. BosoAWEN Island, a small isl, of the Pacific O., Navig. group. Lat. 16° 60' S., Ion. 173° 35' W. Bosoo, a town of Piedmont, prov. and 7 m. S.S.E. Alessandria. Pop. with dist. 3,460. — II. (Tre-case), a town of Naples, Castellamare, on the S. declivity of Mt. Vesuvius. Pop. 8,600. It has a royal manuf. of arms and gunpowder. BosoOBEL, an extra-paroch. liberty of Engl., CO. Salop, 6 m. E.N.E. Shiffnall. Pop. 18. The manor-ho. here was the retreat of King Charles II. after the battle of Worcester, 3d September 1661. For greater security, the king passed the next day concealed in a thick oak tree which grew near ; from an acorn of which the present " Koyal oak" at Boscobel, has sprung. BosooMBE, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 4 m. S.E. Amesbury. Area 2,000 ac. Pop. 166. BOS 190 iJUS BosDABRos, a comm. and vUl. of France, dep. B. Pyr^ndes, arrond. & cant. Pan. Pop. 1,933. BosHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, rape & 3J m. W.S. W. Chichester, on an arm of its harb., & on the Brighton & S. Coast railway. Area 3,860 ac. Pop. 1,091. In Saxon times it was a place of more consequence ; and the colossal head of a Saxon idol has been found in its churchyard. BoSHESTON, a pa. of S. Wales, co. an& 4J m. S.S.W. Pembroke. Pop. 226. A cave here com- municates with the sea, the waters of which some- times rush in with such violence as to project a column of foam more than 30 ft. above its mouth. BosjEAN, a comm. and viU. of France, dep. Sa^ne-et-Loire, arrond. Louhaus. Pop. 1,015. Bosjesman's, Boschman's, or Bushmen's CoBNTBT, a region of S. Africa, N. of the colo- nial territory of the Cape of Good Hope. The inhabitants, a race of Hottentots, are the most diminutive and savage of these regions. BosKoop, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, 9 m. S.E. Leyden. Pop. 1,884. B0SK.0WITZ, a town of Austria, Moravia, circ. and 21 m. N.N.E. Brunn. Pop. 2,962. It has a noble residence, and manufs. of Prussian blue, alum, vitriol, glass, potash, and hqueurs. BosMiTCH, a riv. and village of Persia, prov. Azerbijan ; the riv., an affl. of that which passes Tabriz ; & the vill. on its bank, 12 m. E. Tabriz. Bosha, a riv. of European Turkey, Bosnia, to which it gives its name ; after a tortuous N.ward course of about 150 m., joins the Save, 24 m. B. Brod. Greatest breadth about 400 ft. Principal affls. the Laschra, Krivaga, and Spressa. The towns Jepee, Maglai, and Doboi, are on its banks. BosNA Serai, Sebaio, or Seeaievo, a town of European Turkey, cap. of the prov. of Bosnia, on the Migliazza, an alH. of the Bosna, 122 m. S.W. Belgrad. Pop. 40,000 (?). It is defended by a strong citadel, and was formerly surrounded by walls, now in ruins ; it is the seat of many of the chief authorities of the prov. ; has manufe. of fire-arms, jewellery, leather and woollen goods, and is the principal entrep6t for the commerce of Turkey, Dalmatia, Croatia, and S. Germany. In the vicinity are extensive iron mines, and tlie mineral baths of Seraieosko. The town derives its name from an old palace {Serai) built by Mo- hammed II., and the inhabitants enjoy a muni- cipal administration, nearly independent of the pacha, who resides at Travnik. Bosnia, a prov. of European Turkey, compris- ing Bosnia Proper, Turkish Croatia, and Herze- govina, situated at the extreme W. part of the empire, between lat. 42° 30', and 45° 16' N., bounded N. and W. by the provs. of Austria, S. by Montenegro and Albania, and E. by Servia. Area cstun. at 18,800 sq. m., and pop. at 900,000. Surface almost wholly mntnons., is traversed by the chain of the Dinaric Alps, and covered by its contreforts, and those of the Julian Alps, rising in many places upwards of 6,000 ft. A great part of it is situated in the basin of the Danube, & watered by the Save and its affls., the Verba, Bosna, and Drin. The S. portion (Herzegovina), is watered by the Narenta, an affl. of the Medi- terranean. The soil is in general ill suited for cultivation, except in the vSley of the Save. On the N. slopes of the Dinaric Alps are extensive forests, yielding valuable timber, and the pastu- rage is excellent. Wheat, barley, and maize, are raised in sufficient quantity for home consump- tion, and in the S. districts, flax, tobacco, wines, and olives. Fruits are cultivated in great abund- ance, especially prunes, of which a species of wine is prepared. The rearing of cattle is an unportant branch of agriculture; the horses are of an excellent breed, and the sheep fur- nish a celebrated kind of wool. Croatia is re- nowned for its honey. The mntns. contain gold mines, which were worked by the Romans, and mines of silver and mercury; but the govern- ment permits only the mining of iron, and that of lead in one or two places. Manuf. industry is lunited to fire-arms, leather, woollen and cotton stuffs, and gunpowder. Chief exports, leather, hides, wool, goats' hair, honey, cattle, timber, & mineral waters : unpoi'ts, colonial produce, silks, paper, salt, oil, and dried fruits. Transit trade considerable between Turkey and the Austrian States. The roads are very bad, and in general only practicable for beasts of burden. The Bos- niaks are of Sclavonian origin, and a good many belong to the Greek church. As a frontier pro- vince, Bosnia is one of the most important in the empire ; it has a great number of fortifications. Previous to 640 it was governed by independent princes, called Bans or Waiwodes, who became vassals to Hungary. The Turks rendered it tri- butary in 1463, and it was united to the empire by Soliman 11. in 1622. BosFHOBus (properly Bosporus), or the Chan- nel OP Constantinople, Bosporus Thracius, a celeb, strait of Turkey, which separates Europe and Asia, and connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara. Length N.E. to S.W. about 17 m., breadth varies from J m. to 2 m. Shores generally elevated and very picturesque ; on them are the town of Scutari, the casUes of Europe and Asia, Buyukder^ Therapia, Pera, the city of Constantinople, and numerous villas. One of its chief gulfs is the harbour of Constantinople, or the " golden horn." — II. Cimmerian Bosporus, an inlet of the Black Sea, is safe, being deep, and without shoals. [Tenikale (Strait of).T BossALi, a pa. of England, co. York, N. Biding, 9 m. N.E. York. Area 9,820 ac. Pop. 1,184. BossiNET, with Teevena, a disfranch. pari, bor. of England, consisting of two small vills. on the N. coast of Cornwall, pa. Tintagel, 4 m. N. W. Camelford. Pop. 306. Fair, Mond. after Oct. 10. Bossdt-les-Waloodet, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. & 14 m. S. Charleroi. Pop. 681. Near this the French gained avictory over the Austrians in 1792. BosTAU (El), Comana, a town of Asiatic Tur- key, pash. and 40 m. N.W. Marash, on the Sihoon (Sarus), and on the N. side of Mt. Taurus. Pop. from 8,000 to 9,000. It has several mosques, with a considerable trade in wheat, and is said to have about forty dependent villages. Boston, a pari, and munic. bor., seaport town and pa. of England, co. Lincoln, pts. Holland, in a rich agricultural district, on the estuary of the Witham, 6 m. from the sea, & 28 m. S.E. Lincoln. Area of pa. 6,220 ac. Pop. 14,618. The town is divided into two nearly equal parts by the Witham, here crossed by an iron bridge of one arch, 86 feet in span ; it is well built, paved, and lighted, and abundantly supphed with good water. Its pa. church, built in 1309, is the largest without aisles in the kingdom ; length 291 ft. ; breadth 99 ft. The tower, 291 feet in height, resembles that of Antwerp cathedral, and forms a landmark visible 40 mT distant. Boston has a grammar school founded in 1654, blue-coat and numerous other schools, a town-hall, formerly belonging t6 a religions guild, a union poor-house, house of correction, borough gaol, custom-house, large market house & vauxhall, with assembly rooms, 3 public libraries, several banks, manufe. of sail- cloth, canvass, and sacking, 2 or 3 iron foundries. BOS 191 BOS and some shipyards. Owingf to neglect in keep- ing the river clesir, the trade became nearly ex- tinct in the last century, but recent improve- ments now enable vessels of 300 tons to unload in the town, whence the navigation is continued to Lincoln by small steamers and barges. Chief imports, Baltic produce, with coal and manufac- tured goods coastwise. Chief exports, oats, wool, and woad, which last is extensively produced in the vicinity. Reg. shipping of port (1847), 186 vessels ; aggregate burden, 8,768 tons. Customs rev. 40,064?. 9s. Mkts. (chiefly for fish, poultry, com, and wool). Wed. & Sat. Large cattle fairs, May 4 and 6, Aug. 5, Dec. 11. Horse fair, Nov. 20 to 23. Corp. rev. (1846) 4,884?. Boston sends 2 members to H. of C. Keg. electors (1846) 1,083. It is also a polling-place for the Holland division of the CO. In the reign of Edward iii., and sub- sequently, Boston was one of the principal com- mercial ports of England. Fox, the biographer of the martyrs, was born here in 1517. The town gives the title of Viscount to the Irby family. Boston, a viB. of Engl., co. York, N. Riding, pa. Bramham, on the Wharfe, 4 m. W.N.W. Tadcas- ter. Pop. returned with pa. Has a saline spring, & the beauty of its vicinity attracts many visitors. Boston, the second commercial city and sea- port of the IT. States, North America, cap. state Massachusetts, co. Suffolk, at the W. extremity of Massachtisetts Bay, 207 m. E.N.E. New York. Lat. of State-house, 42° 21' 23' N., Ion. 71° 4' 9^ "W. Pop. (in 1800) 24,937, (in 1840) 93,383, (in 1850) 138,788, exclusive of the suburbs of Charles- ton, Dorchester, &c., with which it communicates Dy several long wooden bridges. The city pro- per is mostly built on a peninsula, 3 m. in length by 1 in breadth, and connected with the main- l^d by a narrow isthmus. Its streets, lined with houses of deep red brick, are irregularly laid out on an uneven surface, yet they generally present a clean, handsome appearance. The quays are very extensive ; and the common, con- sistmg of nearly 50 acres, forms a beautiful pro- menade. Chief edifices, the state-house on Beaeon-hil], the city-hall, Faneuil-hall, in which pnbUc meetings are held, Faneuil-hall market 536 ft. in length, the Massachusetts hospital, custom-house, co. gaol, houses of industry and correction, Tremont-house hotel, 2 theatres, an athenaeum, with a picture gallery and a library of 30,000 vols., an Odeon, and about 100 churches of different sects, several of which are good specimens of architecture. Here are the medi- cal branch of Harvard university, numerous su- perior schools, & literary, scientific, & charitable institutions, banks and insurance companies. About one-fourth of the population attend schools throughout the year. In 1842, 30 newspapers were published in Boston, 8 of which were daily. The harbour is one of the most commodious in the world, vessels of the largest class aj)proaching the quays ; and the bay (which has at its entrance a revolving light 65 ft, in height) is studded with numerous elevated islets, which protect the port from the winds, and furnish convenient sites for forts and fortresses. The city is connected with Worcester, Providence, Lowell, Maine, and other parts of the interior by railways, canals, and navigable rivers, and several British steam- ships form a packet line between Boston and Liverpool, callmg at Halifax, Nova Scotia. Bos- ton is not only the port of the manufacturing region of the U. States, but the great emporium of New England. Imports consist of flour, grain, cotton, staves, coal, tobacco, rice, from most of the states of the Union, and of most kinds of European manufs,, wines, brandies, E. and W. Indian produce, from abroad. The chief exports ore beef, pork, lard, salted fish, ice, and manufactm'ed goods, as woollens, cottons, paper, boots, and shoes, cordage, hardware, fur- niture, in the production of which Massachusetts excels all the other states. Value of foreign imports into Massachusetts, in 1841, 20,318,003 dollars. Exports only 11,847,343 dollars ; but the exports to the Southern JJ. S. greatly exceed the imports thence, & leave the general balance of trade in favour of Boston. New York alone is sup- posed to be at all times its debtor to the amount of 5,000,000 dollars. In 1843 the imports comprised coffee, 18,600,000 lbs. ; cotton, 119,670 bales ;hides, 310,800; grain, 2,075,000bush.; flour, 123,506 barl.; brown sugai-, 23,655,160 lbs. This city enjoys the largest share of the U. States' trade with India and China. Reg. shipping of port (1841), 227,608 tons, of which 60,759 were employed in the coast- ing trade, and 7,846 in fisheries. Customs rev, 3,242,189 dolls. Boston, in 1821, adopted a city municipality, and is governed by a mayor, alder- men, and common council chosen annually. The town was founded in 1630, and named after the English town, whence many of its inhabitants had emigrated. The American revolution commenced in Boston, which town took the lead in opposing the taxation of the colonies. In 1776 the Brit, army, 10,000 strong, had possession of the town, but were compelled to withdraw in March 1776. Its inhabitant have since been pre-eminently distinguished amongst their co.-citizens of the U. States for their success in the cultivation of science and literature, as well as their untiring application to commercial pursuits. Dr Benja- min Franklin was bom here in 1706, and John Hancock, first President of the American Con- gress, was a citizen of Boston. — II. a town, New York, 22 m. S.W. Buffalo. Pop. 1,745. Boswell's (St.), a pa. of Scotland, co. Rox- burgh, on the rt. b. of the Tweed, contains the vill. Lessudden, 8J m. W.S.W. Kelso. Area of pa. 2,600 ac. Pop. 747. St. Boswell's fair, July 18th, is the largest in S. of Scotland for sheep ; & formerly, property valued at from 8,000?. to 10,000?., was annually sold on the occasion. BoswoBTH, two pas. of England, co. Leicester. — I. (Husbands), 6 m. W.S.W. Market Harboro'. Area 3,870 ac. Pop. 953. Charities 94?. per annum. Fair 16th Oct. — II. {Market), a mkt. town and pa., near the Ashby Canal, llj m. S.W. Leicester. Area of pa. 8,040 ac. Pop. 2,539, partly employed in the knitting of worsted stock- ings. It is neatly built on an eminence ; and has an interesting church, several small charities, and a gram, school endowed by Sir W. W. Dixie, Bart., in 1692. This institu., in which Dr Samuel Johnson was once an usher, has 2 fellowships of 30?., and 4 scholarships of 10?. each, in Emanuel College, Cambridge; but its affairs have been long in chancery, during which time, tuition has been suspended. Mkts. Wednesday. Fairs May 8, and July 10. Bosworth is the head of a poor- law union. On a moss in the vicinity, on the 22d of August 1485, was fought the decisive battle which terminated the wars of the Roses, with the life of Richard iii. (the only English monarch slain in battle since the conquest). A well is still shown at which Richard is reported to have drank during the battle ; also an eminence, called Crownhill, where Lord Stanley placed the croivu upon the head of the victor, Henry vii. BoszoBMENT, two towns of Hungary. — I. co. Bihar, ciro, & 18m. N.W. Grosswardein. P. 17,000. —II. CO. Szabolcz, cap. of the Haiduck dist., 11 m. B O T 192 N.W. Debreoin, with Protestant & United Greek Churches, and the district court-houses. Botany Bat, a bay of the Pacific Ocean, on the E. coast of Australia, New South Wales, co. Cumberland, 6 m. S. Sydney, about 6 m. in length and breadth. Lat. 34° S., Ion. 151° 15' E. It was discovered by Captain Cook in 1770, & de- rived its name from the variety of new plants then observed on its shores. It became an Eng- lish penal colony in 1787. On its coast is a column erected in 1825, to the memory of the French navigator, La-Perouse. [Sidney.] BoTCHKA, a vill. of Asiatic Turkey, pash. Tre- bizond, on the Joruk, 30 m. S. Batum, and com- prising from 80 to 100 large and partially stone- built houses. Its inhabs. make bricks and earthen jars, and carry on a transit trade by the river. BoTEL Tobago, an isl. in the China Sea, 46 m. S.E. Formosa. Lat. of S.E. point, 22° 1' 40' N., Ion. 121° 39' 45' E. S. of it is the isl., Little-Botel. BoTESDALE, a mkt. town and pa. of England, CO. Suffolk, 7 m. "W.N.W. Eye. Area of parish 540 ac. Pop. 633. In the chapel are deposited the remains of Sir Nicholas Bacon, and Lord Chf. Justice Holt. The grammar school founded here by the former in 1576, has 6 exhibs. to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Market, Thurs. Fair, Holy Thurs. Polling-place for W. Suffolk. BoTETOUET, a CO. of the U. States, N. America, in middle of Virginia, W. of Blue Ridge mntus. Area 1,000 sq. m. Pop. 11,679, of whom 2,925 are slaves. Surf. elev. ; in some places mountainous. BoTHALL, a pa. of England, co. Northumber- land, ward and 3 m. E. Morpeth, on the Wans- beok. Area 16,130 ac. Pop. 800. In the church Is an altar-tomb of the Ogle family, of whose anc. seat, Bothall castle, here are still some remains. BoTHAMSALL, 3. pa. of England, co. Notts, 4^ m. N.W. Tuxford. Area 1,630 ac. Pop. 325. BoTHENHAMPioN, a pa. of England, in the union of Bridport, co. Dorset, 1 m. S.S.E. Brid- port. Area 600 ac. Pop. 533. BoTHKENNAH, a pa. of Scotl., CO. & 8 m. S.E. Stirling. Pop. 849. Land level & highly cultiv. BoTHNANe, a vill. of Wiirtemberg, circ. Nec- kar, 1 m. W. Stuttgart. Pop. 1,130. Bothnia (Botten), a country of E. Europe, N. and "W. of the Gulf of Bothnia, formerly belong- ing entirely to Sweden, but now divided into Russian Bothnia, E. of the Tornea, comprised in the Russian gov. of Finland, & Swedish Bothnia, which forms the governments of Pitea & TJmea. Bothnia (Gulf of), Swedish Botten Wihen, a gulf of Eur. foi-ming the N. part of the Baltic Sea,betw.lat. 60° & 66° N., & Ion. 17° & 26° 36' E., from the Aland isls. to Tornea, having E. Finland, & W. Sweden. Length 400 m. ; average breadth about 100 m. Its average depth is not greater than that of the Baltic generally, but it has fewer shoals and better harbours than are met with in most parts of that sea. It receives nearly all the great rivers of Sweden and Finland. On its shores are the towns Abo, Vasa, Uleaborg, Tor- nea, Pitea, Umea, Hernosand, and Gefle. BoTHWELL, a pa. of Scotland, co. Lanark, with a vill. on the Clyde, 8^ m. S.E. Glasgow. Pop. of pa. 11,175. In it are extensive collieries and iron works (the income of which has been estimated at 160,000?. a year), with freestone quarries, the noble remains of Bothwell castle, Bothwell bridge, the scene of an action between the covenanters and the royal forces in 1679, & a new church with a tower, 120 feet in height. BoTLET, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 4 m. S.S.W. Bishop's Waltham, & with station on the South Western railway, 77J m. S.W. London, BOU Area 3,090 ac. Pop. 904. Fairs, February 20th, May 28th, July 23d, Aug. 20th and Nov. 13th. BoTRiPHNiE, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 23 m. S.W. Banff. Pop. 714. A fertile valley water- ed by the Isla. BoTSOBHEL, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Finisterre, arrond. Morlaix. Pop. 1,645. BoTTESFOED, two pas. of England, — I. co. Leicester, in the vale of Belvoir, 7^ m. W.N.W. Grantham. Area 5,010 ac. Pop. 1,376. It has an endowed school, an hospital for poor men, founded by Roger, Earl of Rutland, in 1612, one for 6 widows (rev. 132?. per annum), and other charities to 78?. per ann. The church is the burying place of the Manners' family. — II. co. Lincoln, 7 m.W.Glandford Bridge. Ac. 8,210. P. 1,688. BoTTisHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Cambridge, 6i m.W.S.W. Newmarket. Area 4,700 ac. P. 1,497. Its church contains a monument of the 14th cent., and here are remains of an Augustine prioiy. BoTTWAE (Geeat), a town of Wiirtemberg,', circ. Neckar, 16 m. N.N.E. Stuttgart. Pop. 2,649. i — Little Bottwar, a vill. S. the former. Pop. 1,031. BoTTWNoa, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Carnarvon, 7^ m. W.S.W. Pwllheli. Pop. 191. A daily school here is endowed with 170?. per annum. BoTuscHANT, a town of Moldavia, cap. dist., 59 m. N.N.W. Jassy. Pop. 4,000. Extens. fairs. BoTusFLEMiNG, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 3 m. N.N.W. Saltash. Area 1,290 ac. Pop. 260. BoTZEN (Italian Bolzano), Pons Drusi, a town of the Tyrol, cap. circ. at the confluence of the Talfer and the Eisach, cap. cant., 32 m. N.N.E. Trent. Pop. 9,000. Itis built in the Italian style, 6 has a gymnasium ; it is protected from sudden inundations of the riv. by a strong dyke nearly 2 m. in length. Its inhabitants manuf. linen & silk fabrics, sUk twist, hosiery, leather, &c. ; they carry on an active transit trade between the countries N. & S. of the Alps. Near it is the castle of Tyrol, which gave its name to the district. BoTZLiNGEN, a hamlet of Switzerland, cant. Uri, on rt. b. of the Reuss, 3 m. S. Altorf, and the place of the annual cantonal assembly. BoDAFLE, a comm. and vUl. of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 14m. N.W.Versailles. Pop. 1,092. BonATE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Loire -Inf., 8 m. S.W. Nantes. Pop. 1,297. Bouofi, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Ome, 7 m. S.W. Argentan, with iron works. P. 1,633. BoncHAiN, a small strongly fortfd. frontier town of France, dep. Nord, cap. cant, on the Scheldt, 12 m. S.E. Douai. Pop. 1,183, who refine salt, and manuf. beet-root sugar. It was taken by the D. of Marlborough in 1711 ;re-ta]ien by the French in 1712, & ceded to France by the treaty of Utrecht. BoucHEMAiNE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, arr. & cant. Angers, on rt. b. of the Loire, at the mouth of the Maine. Pop. 1,333. Bodches-du-Rh6ne, a marit. dep. of the S.E. of France, formed of a part of Provence, cap. Marseille. Pop. (1846) 413,918. It is divided into three communal arronds., Marseille, Aix, and Aries; 27 cantons and 106 comms. The chief rivers and canals are the Rhfine, which separates into several branches between Aries and the sea, forming a kind of delta called He de la Camargue ; the Durance, affluent of the Rh6ne ; the navig- able canal of Aries and Boucs, the canal from the Durance to Marseille (unfinished), and the canal of Craponne; the principal marshes are the Slangs de BerrCj and de Valcares. There are numerous small islands, the chief of which are Pomegue and Ratoneau, opposite Marseille. Climate dry and warm ; surface interspersed with mountains, and bordered S. by marshes which BOU 193 BOU are generally dry, and very fertUe in some parts. The plain of Crau, stony and sterile, extends S.W. to the left of the Delta. The corn raised is insufficient for consumption ; but wine is ex- ported, and silk, almonds, olives, figs, and dried grapes, are important products. Cattle, horses, and sheep are extensively reared, and the tun- ny fishei'y is considerable. The dep. contains marble quarries, salt marshes, and mineral waters, and has an active export and import trade with the Levant, Africa, and Italy ; it has celebrated manufe. of white soap, olive oil, chemical pro- ducts, essences, and perfumes ; brandy distU- leries, sugar and sulphur refineries Bouches was the prefix to the names of several deps. of the French empu-e under Napoleon I. B. de V Elbe composed the territory of Hamburg, with parts of Luxembourg, Holstein, Hanover, and Brunswick, cap. Hamburg. — II. B. deV Escaut, the prov. Zeelaud, cap. Middleburg.— III. B. de F Yssel, the prov. Over Tssel, cap. ZwoUe. — IV. B, du Shin, the £. part of Dutch Brabant, cap. Bois-le- Dne. — V. B. du Weser, the territory of Bremen & parts of Oldenburg and Hanover, cap. Bremen. BoncHET (Le), a hamlet of France, dep. Seine- et-Oise, arrond. and 7 m. S.W. Corbeil. The celebrated Dnquesne, Marquis of Bouchet, was interred in a field near his castle in this vicinity. BoucHOux P^Es), a eomm. and vill. of France, dep. Jnra, 6J m. S.S.W. St.Claude. Pop. 2,119. BouDBY, Baudria, a vill. of Swltzerl., cant, and 5 m. S W. Nenchatel, on the Reuss. Pop. 1,430, Boufi, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Ajsne, arrond. Vervins, cant. Nouvion. Pop. 1,434. BocExiEKE (La), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. ne-et-Villaine, 12 m. E.N.E. Rennes. P. 2,016. BouTiRrK, a vill. of Algeria, with an extensive market, 15 m. S. Algiers. Pop. 1,600. It is an im- port. French military sta. on the route to Oran. BoTJmoni.x, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. Hainant, arrond. and 4 m. £. Charleroi, with manois. of pottery and iron foundries. Pop. 1,027. BonGAiirni,LE, a bay, island, and strait, so de- signated from the French navigator of that name. — L (Bay), S. America, Pat^onia, in the strait of Magellan. Lat. 53° 25' S., Ion. 7° 13' "W II. (Iiland), Salomon group. Pacific, betw. lat. 5° 30' 6 7° 2' S. ; about Ion. 156° E. It is mntns., well wooded, & populous. — III. (Strait), between the island Espiritu Santo & MallicoUo, New Hebrides. BouaHBOOD, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Radnor, on the Wye, 7 m. W.S.W. Hay. Pop. 322. The woody glen of the Machwy in this parish is great- ly famed for its picturesque scenery. BouoHTOir, numerous pas. of England. — I. co. Norfolk, IJ m N. Stoke-Ferry. Area 1,500 ac. Pop. 209. — II. CO. and Si m. N.Northampton. Area 1,850 ac. Pop. 389.— III. co. Notts, 2 m. N.E. Ollerton. Area 1,630 ac. Pop. 309.— IV. (Aluph), CO. Kent, lathe Scray, 4 m. N.N.E. Ash- ford. Area 2,200 ac. Pop. 624. Fair, Monday after June 29 V. (Great), a township, co. and 1 m. E. Chester. Pop. 949.— VI. (Malherb), a pa., CO. Kent, lathe Ashford, 9 m. E.S.E. Maid- stone. Area 2,690 ac. Pop. 612. Wotton was bom 1568, at the hall here, and the church con- tains monuments to the family. — VII. (Monchel- tea), same co. and lathe, 4 m. 8.E. Maidstone. Area 1,740 ac. Pop. 1,106. Here are large quar- ries of ragstone. — VIII. (Under Blean), 8 m. S.E. Faversham. Area 2,390 ac. Pop. 1,373. BouQiAH (French Bougie), a fortified marit. town of Algeria, prov. and 113 m. E. Algiers, on a bay of the same name in the Mediterranean. It has no harbour, but secure anchorage at the mouth of the Aduse. Pop, (1847) 731, of whom 500 were Europeans. It has an extensive trade in oil & wax, & it gave its name to the wax candles, (bougie) for the manuf. of which it has long been celebrated. It was in ancient times an impor- tant town, and has extensive ruins. The French took possession of it in 1833. [Bugiah.] BouaivAi, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 4 m. N. Versailles. Pop. 1,067. BouGUENAis, a comm. & town of France, dep. Loire-Inf., 4 m. S.W. Nantes. Pop. 3,287. BouiLLANTE, a town of the French colony of Guadeloupe, Antilles, on the W. coast of the island, 8 m. N.N.W. Basse-Terre, so called from the hot mineral springs in its vicinity. Pop. 2,067, of whom 1,654 are slaves. BoDiLLABGUES, a oomm. and vill. of France, dep. Gard, arrond. & cant. NSsmes. Pop. 1,718. BouiLLE (La), a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-Inf., arrond. and 10 m. S.W. Rouen, on 1. b. of the Seine. Pop. 1,772. It is a packet station for Rouen. In its vicinity is a quarry with curious stallactite grottos. Bouill£-Lobet, a comm. and vill. of France, dep.Deux-Sevres,8m. N.N.W. Thenars. P. 1,088. Bouillon, a fortfd. t. of Belgium, prov. Lux- embourg, cap. cant, on the Semoy, 16 m. W.S.W. Neufchateau. Pop. (1842) 2,703, who manuf. woollen stuffs. It was the cap. of the duchy of the same name, possessed by Godfrey of Bouil- lon, the famous leader of the first crusade. BoniN, an island and comm. off the W. coast of France, dep. Vendue, from which it is separ- ated by a narrow channel, 22 m. S.W. Nantes. Area 3 square leagues. Pop. 1,266. It has rich salt works, and produces excellent grain. The vill. of same name has a good port. BoOTNSK, a town of Russia, cap. dist., gov. and 68 m. N.N. W. Simbirsk, on the Carta. Pop. 3,168. BouLAO, BooLAK, Or Bdlak, a town of Egypt, on rt. b. of the Nile, at the divergence of its Pelu- siac branch, 1 m. N. W. Cairo, of which it forms a suburb, and opposite the island of same name. It is the port of Cairo, and at which all the ships na- vigating the Nile, discharge their cargoes. It was burned by the French in 1799, and rebuilt by Mehemed All, who has estab, a large cotton spinning, weaving, & printing work, a school of engineering, which has 180 pupils, and a printing press, from which issue a weekly newspaper in Arabic, and treatises for the use of the students of the Pacha's colleges. Around it are numerous country residences of Egyptian grandees. Boulat, a comm. and town of France, dep. Moselle, arrond. and 15 m. E.N.E. Metz, on the Kultzbach. Pop. (1846) 2,894. It has manuft. of glue, hard-ware, and chemical products. BouLGE, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 3 m. N.N.W. Woodbridge. Area 700 ac. Pop. 45. Boulogne-Sue-Meb, Gesoriacum, a fortified seaport town of France, cap. arrond., dep. Pas de Calais, on the English Channel at the mouth of the Lianne, and at the head of the railway from Amiens to Boulogne, 139 m. N.N.W. Paris, & 19 m. S.W. Calais. Lat. (of the column) 60° 44' 32' N., Ion. 1° 36' 16' E. Pop. (1846) 29,741 (in 1831, 20,856), of whom a great number are English residents. It is divided into the Upper and Lower towns. The first on a hill, whence the English coast is distinctly visible, is well, though irregularly built, and has 2 sciuares or- namented with fountains, a feudal citadel and ramparts, a modern cathedral, an episcopal palace, a town-hall, and a house in which Le Sage, the author of Gil Bias, lived and died. The Lower, or new town, stretching from the Upper town to the sea, is newly and regularly built BOU 194 and more populous. It has fine public baths, . with ball and concert rooms, a comm. college, j a theatre, a museum, including a Ubrary of 23,000 vols., an hospital, custom-house and barracks. Boulogne has also 2 English churches, several excellent hotels, a great number of boarding schools (both French and English), a school of navigation, tribunal of commerce, societies of agriculture, commerce, & arts: manufs. of coarse woollens, sail cloth, cordage, bottle glass, and earthenware. In its vicinity are important marble quarries. Its fisheries are very extensive, and furnish the chief supply of fish for the Paris markets ; but the town is mainly indebted for its prosperity to its English resiclents, who, since the peace, have resorted thither in great numbers, particularly during the summer. Steamers make the passage to Dover in 3} hours, and to London in about 12 hours ; and the number of passengers who disembarked here annually, prior to 1848, exceeded 50,000. The port is not very easy of access, being formed by two wooden piers stretching out only to low-water mark, but the tide rises upwards of 16 ft., and ships find pretty good anchorage about J m. from the harbour. It was on the heights of Boulogne that the Emperor Caligula, a.d. 40, encamped an army of 100,000 men for the fruitless purpose of invading Britain, and here also, in 1804, nearly 18 centuries later, the Emperor Napoleon assembled an army of 180,000 men and a flotilla of 2,400 transports with the same design. The Colonne Napoleon, a column 164 feet high, nearly 1 mile from the town, com- memorates the latter futile attempt. BoTn.ooNE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Garonne, 44 m. S.'W. Toulouse, cap. cant. Pop. 1,597. Ctdef trade in salted poultry, grain, and chesnuts. — II. a conun. & town dep. Seine, arrond. S. Denis, between the rt. b. of the Seine and a wood which separates it from the new walls, 4J m. W. Paris. Pop. (1846) 6,932. The wood to which the town gives its name, Bois de Boulogne, is the finest promenade in the environs of Paris. It formerly contained the abbey of Long-Champs, a celebrated place of pilgrimage. BonLoiBE, a comm. and town of France, dep. Sarthe, cap. cant., 15 m. E. Le Mans. Pop. 2,094. BoHLONNAis, a former division of France, in the prov. Picardy, of which the cap. was Bou- logne, now comprised in the depart. Pas de Calais. BocLSTON, orBniLSTON, ana. of S.Wales, co. Pembroke, 6 m. S.E. Haversford-West. P. 319. BouLTHAM, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 2J m. S.S.W. Lmcohi. Area 1,210 ac. Pop. 72. . BouHTi ISLAHDs, a Small group, S. Pacific Oc, S.E. New Zealand. Lat. 47° 44' S.,lon. 90° 7' W. Bourbon, an isl. of the Mascarene group, -In- dian O., forming a French colony, cap. St. Denis, in lat. 20° 51' 43' S., Ion. 55° 30' 16' E. Length 38 m. ; breadth 28 m. Pop. (1847) 108,000, of whom 65,000 were slaves. The island is of vol- canic origin, and of an elhptical form. It is tra- versed from N. to S. by a chain of mntns. which divides it into two portions, differing in forma- tion, climate, and productions; these are on the E. partie du vent (windward) and W. partie sous le vent (leeward) side. The chief summits are the Piton de Neiges, an extinct volcano, 10,100 ft., Grand Benard 9,500 ft., Cimandef 7,300 ft., and Piton de la Fournaise, an active volcano, 7,218 ft. above the level of the sea. There are no ex- tensive plains, but the mntns. which cover the entire surface are separated by narrow valleys ; it is watered by numerous streams, all of which are rapid and none navigable. The climate has recently undergone a, great change. Bourbon, which long enjoyed the reputation of being the most healthy spot of the colonial world— an in- sular paradise— is now visited by the bloody flux and the typhoid fever of Bourbon, which at- tacks every European after a residence of 4 or 6 years. Neither earthquakes, yellow fever, nor poisonous serpents are known in the island. The heat is not excessive ; mean temp, at St. Denis 77° ]?ahr. Annual average of rain 128 in. Yearly mean of wind 309 days E., 56 days W. Winter, 1st May to 1st October ; rainy season, 1st Nov. to 30th April. The prevailing wmds drive the rain clouds to the E. side of the island, and often originate the most terrific hurricanes ; on such occasions the waves, usually 3 to 4 ft., rise to 50 or 60 ft. in height, and rage with mcaleul- able power, the sky assumes a copper colour, the temp, rises to its maximum intensity, the barom. sinks to its lowest point, rain falls in torrents, & the wind blows with resistless force, — ^men, ani- mals, trees, and even houses are overturned. Bourbon has no port, & its anchorage is insecure. In 1843-4, 11 large vessels were wrecked near its shores. The soil is very fertile in the vicinity of the coast. The chief products are sugar, coffee, cloves, maize, rice, and tobacco. The com raised is insufiicient for consumption, it is only used by Europeans, and manioc is the chief food of the slaves. Principal exports, sugar, coffee, cloves, dye-woods, and saltpetre; imports wheat, oil, wine, cattle, timber, salt, glass, and manufactured goods. Bourbon was discovered in 1545 by the Portuguese, who called it Mascarenhas, from the name of their chief. The French, who formed a colony in 1655, named it Bourbon, which, under the empire, was changed to ile Bonaparte. It was occupied by the English in 1810, and restored to France in 1814. The island is divided into the arronds. St. Denis, comprising the great natural division called the "partie du vent," & the arrond. St. Paul, comprising the '^partie sous le vent" BotiBBON, seversu small towns of France.— I. Zaney, dep. Sa6ne-et-Loire, cap. cant., 26 m. W.N.W. CharoUes. Pop. 2,848. It has remains of Roman antiquities, mineral springs and baths. — II. (i' Archamtault), dep. AHier, cap. cant, 13 m. W. Moulins. Pop. 1,615. It has mineral springs, well frequented baths (temp. 140° Fahr.), and remains of the anc. castle of the Bourbons, built in the 13th century. It was formerly cap. of the seigniory of Bourbon, the lords of which originated the reigning families of that name. BouBBON, a CO., U. S., N. Amer., N.E. part of Kentucky. Soil very fertile. Area 226 sq. m. Pop. 14,478, of whom 6,325 are slaves. BonRBON- Vendue, or NAPOLEON-VENcfiE, for- merly La Boche-Sur-Yon, a town of W. France, cap. dep. Vendfe, on the Ton, 40 m. S. Nantes. Pop. (1846) 5,280. Streets broad and well laid out ; but the town is duU and has little trade. Chief buildings, pa. church, town-hall, prefecture, and barracks. It has an hospital, small theatre, library of 6,000 vols., a college, normal school, and a society of agriculture, arts, and sciences. La Roche-Sur-Yon had only 800 inhabs. when Napoleon grantedlarge sums for its improvement and gave it his name, which was changed after the restoration to that of Bourbon Vendue. BouBBONNAis, an old prov. in -the centre of France, now forming the dep. Allier and a part of Cher ; its cap. was Moulins. This prov. was confiscated to the crown in 1631, under Francis i. BonKBONSE-LES-BAiNS, AqucB Borvonis, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Mame, cap. cant., arrond. and 20 m. E.N.E. Langres, at the confl. of the Borne a.nd Aspanoe. Pop. (1846) BOD 19S BOU 3,683. It has some fine promenades and fonn- tjiins, and 2 ma^fniflcent establishments connected with its saline hot springs, which were known to the Romiuis. To one of these establishments are attached numerous public baths & saloons ; to the 2d a vast military hospital with 540 beds. The waters have a temp, varying from 122° to 150° Fain-., and between May and Oct. the num- ber of visitors averages 800, exclusive of military. BoUBBOULE (La), a hamlet of France, dep. Puy de Dome, arrond. and 22 m. S.W. Clermont, on the Dordogne, with mineral springs and well frequented baths. Pop. 106. BouRBOUBG-viLLE, a comm. and town of France, dep. Nord, aiToud. and 9 m. S.W. Dun- kerque, cap. cant., on canal of same name, which connects Dunkerque to the Aa. Pop. 2,438. It was formerly fortfeed, and has manufs. of soap, chemical products, and beet root sugar. — II. B. Campagne, a vill. in the above cant. Pop. 2,040. BonKBRiAC, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, cap. cant., arrond. & 6 m. S.S.W. Guingamp. Pop. 3,613. BomtDEAnx, a comm. & town of France, dep. Drdme, cap. cant., 26 m. S.S.E. Valence. P. 1,281. BouRDEiiiES, a comm. and town of France, dep. Dordogne, arrond. & 11 m. N.E. P^rigueux, on rt. b. of the Dronne. Pop. 1,638. BonBO, numerous towns & vills. of France. — I. B. en-Bresse, cap. dep. A in, 20 m. E.S.E. Macon, on the Keyssousse. Pop. (1846) 8,863. It has a conun. college, normalschool, a pyramidal monu- ment in honour of Genl. Joubert ; a magnificent hospital, church founded by Margaret of Austria, and containing her tomb, a library of 19,000 vols., and a botanic garden. Commerce considerable in grainy hides, cattle, and poiiltry. It is the birtii-plaee of the astronomer LaJande. — II. B. (Le), comm. and vill. dep Vendee, arrond. Bour- bon Vendee. Pop. 1,7&. — III. B. sur Gironde, dep. Gironde,cap. cant.,onrt. b. of the Dordogne, 14 m. N. Bordeaux, with extens. quarries, from which Bordeaux is almost entirely buUt. Pop. 1^56. — IV. B. Zastic, dep. Puy-de-D6me, ar- rond. and 26 m. W.S.W. Clermont. Pop. 2,707. — ^V. B. la Rei-m, dep. Seine, 6 m. S.W. Paris, with an extensive cattle market ; near it is a country palace which was inhabited by Henry rv. Pop. 1,435.— VI. B. Us Valence (Le), dep. Drdme, J m. N. Valence, of which it forms a suburb on 1. b. of the Khone. Pop. 2,820.— Vn. B. Argental, dep. Loire, cap. cant., 32 m. S.E. Montbrison. Pop. 1,685 VIII. B. cCOysans, dep. Isere, cap. cant., on the Bomanche, 18 m. S.E. Grenoble. Pop. 1,64-3. There are lead mines in its vicinity. — IX. B. du Peage, dep. Dr6me, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the IsJxe, opp. St Romans, with dye works and manufs. of silks. Pop. 3,360.— X. B. St. Andeol, dep. Ardfeche, cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Kh6ne, arrond. and 35 m. S. Privas. Pop. 3,751. BotrBS (Grand), or Maeigot, a town of the French Antilles, cap. and on W. side of the isl. Marie-Galante. It is the residence of a military commandant. Pop. 1,889, of whom 796 are slaves. BouKS (Petit), a town of the French Antilles, in the isl. Guadeloupe, 5 m. W.S.W. Pointe-t- Pitre. Pop. 3,318, of whom 2,783 are slaves. BouRO (Le), or Bhro, Germ. Burgthal, a vill. of Switzerland, caiit. Bern., 10 m. S.W. Basle, at the foot of the Blauerberg, with sulphur springs and baths, well frequented. BonBOACHABD, a comm. and town of France, dep. Eure, arrond. and 13 m. E. Pont-Audmeer. Pop. 1,216. In its vicinity is an excellent agri- cultural establishment. Manufs. cloth and paper. BouKGAKEUF, a comm. and town of France, cap. arrond., dep. Creuse, 20 ra, W. Aubusson, on the Thorion. Pop. 2,480. Bodrgas, a town, Europ. Turkey. [Burohaz.] BoDRGES, Avaricum, a city in the centre ot France, cap. dep. Cher, 123 m. S. Paris, on the canal du Berry, and on the railway du Centre, at the junction of the Auron, the Y^vrette, the Langis, and the Moudon, which form the Eure. Pop. (1846) 18,25.5. It is a very anc. town, & was formerly fortified ; it is ill built, and thinly popu- lated. It has a royal college, a normal school, and public library of 26,000 vols., a magnificent cathedral, larger than Notre Dame at Paris, and considered one of the finest structures in Europe ! a noble H6tel de Ville, formerly residence of Jacques Coeur. It has manufs. of cloth and cutlery, and commerce in grain, hemp, and the porcelain of Foecy. It is the birth-place of Louis XI., of Jacques Coeur, the celebrated finan- cier of Charles vii., and of Bourdaloue. Bourges, anciently one of the finest and strongest cities of Gaul, was taken & nearly all its inhabitants mas- sacred by Csesar ; afterwards cap. of Berry, and celeb, in the middle ages for the number of car- nivals held in it ; & it was to Bourges that Charles VII. retired at the commencement of his reign. BouKGET, a small town of Savoy, 7 m. W.N. W. Chambery, with which it is connected by rail- way, at the S. extremity of the beautiful Lake of Bonrget, having 1,200 inhabitants, and some Roman antiquities. — The LaJie of Bourget, or ChdUllon, 11 m. in length S. to. N., by 2 m, across, discharges its surplus waters into the Rhone by the canal of Savifere, and has on its E. bank the town Aix-le-Bains. Bodrgneuf-en-Betz, a small seaport town of France, dep. Loire Inf., cap. cant., 21 m. S.W. Nantes. Pop. 2,689. It exports salt, oysters, brandy, and agricultural produce. BouBGOGNE (English Burgundy), an old prov. of France, of which the cap. was Dijon, now forming the deps. CSte-d'Or, Sa6ne-et-Loire, Ain, and part of Tonne. The Burgundians formed a powerful state here in 413, and the king- dom which derived its name from them, existed under the domination of the Franks. At the dismemberment of the Empire of Charlemagne in 879, the N. part formed the duchy of Burgun- dy, and the S. the kingdom of Provence, which last in 933 composed the kingdom of Aries. It was united to the Germanic Empire in 1033, and afterwards passed into the house of the Dukes of Burgundy, at the death of the last of whom, Charles the Bold, in 1477, the Duchy was united to the crown of France. The Canal of Burgundy unites the Tonne to the Sadne, and passes St. Florentin, Tonnere, Montbard, Pouilly and Dijon ; near Pouilly is a tunnel 9,350 ft. in length. BouRGOiN, Bergusium, a comm. and town of France, dep. Isfere, cap. cant, on the Bourbre, 7 m.W.La-Tour-du-Pin. Pop. 3,337. It has ma- nufactures of calicoes, beet-root, sugar, & paper. BoHRO St. Madrice, a town of Savoy, prov. Tarantasia, on the Iserc, 13 m. N.E. Moutiers, near the little St. Bernard pass. Pop. 3,300. It has large annual fairs, and is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Bergintrum. BouiiGDEiL, Burgolium, a comm. and town of France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, cap. cant., 27 m. W.S.W. Tours. Pop. 1,729. Trade in wine. BouuLON, a comm. and vill. of France, dep.- Pas de Calais, arrond. Arras. Pop. 1,616. BoURLOs, or BooBLOS, a lagoon of Lower Egypt, in the Delta of the Nile, about 6 m. E. Rosetta. Length, W. to E., 38 m. ; average breadth 17 m. A narrow tongue of land separates BOU 196 it from the Mediterranean, with which it commu- nicates by a single channel. It is connected with the Nile by several canals ; but is shallow, marshy, and navigable only along its N. shore. BouKMONT, a coram. & town of France, dcp. H. Marne, cap. cant., near rt. b. of the Meuse, arrond. and 22 m. E.N.E. Chaumont, with 1,118 mhabs., a comm. college, and trade in agric. produce. BouBN, a pa. of England, co. Cambridge, 2 m. S.S.E. Caxton. Area 4,073 ac. Pop. 909. BouRNABAT, a vill. of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 4 m. N.E. Smyrna, at the head of its gulf. It is a favourite suburb of the merchants and consuls of Smyrna, most of whom have country houses here. BouitNE, a mkt.-town and pa. of Eilglaud, co. Lincoln, pts. Kesteven, near the Fens, 34 m. S.S.E. Lincoln. Area of pa. 8,190 ac. Pop. 3,361. It has a fine Gothic church, with 2 towers, a handsome town-hall, an endowed school, an hospital & alms- house, a union workhouse, a branch bank, seve- ral large tan-yards, and some trade in wool and malt, racilitated by a canal to Boston. Market Sat. Fairs, Sept. 30 and Oct. 29. Polling-place for pts. of Kesteven. The great Lord Burleigh was bom here in 1520, and the unfortunate Dr Dodd in 1729. Many Roman coins found. Bourne (East) — [Eastbourne.] — I. Soume St Mary, a pa. of England, co.tHants, 3 m. N.W. "Whitchurch. Area 6,640 ac. Pop. 1,151.-11. (West), CO. Sussex, rape and 7 m. W.N.W. Chi- chester. Area 4,230 ac. Pop. 2,093. BouBHET, or Bourchin, a pa. of Ireland, Muuster, co. Tipperary, 4 m. S.W. Koscrea. Area 12,981 ac. Pop. 4,620. BptiRS-MooB, atnshp., Engl., co. Durham, ward Easington, 2 m. N. Houghton-le-Spring. P. 891. Bouko, or Boeroe, one of the Molucca isls. W. of the isl. Ceram, lat. 3° 30' S., Ion. 126° 35' E, length about 85 m., mean breadth 35 m. Pop. , 30,000 (?). Very fertile, but interior little known. Chf. town Cajeli, finely situated on the E. coast, with a Dutch fort, built 1785. Pop. 1,800. BocBTANOE, a small town & strong fortress of the Netherl'ds, in the vast morass of same name, i31 m. S.E. Groningen, on the Hanoverian fron- tier. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1593, and again by the French in 1796. , BouBTH, a comm. and town of France, dep. Eure, 27 m. S.W. Evreux. P. 1,946, manufs. pins. BouBiiE, a pa. of Scotl., oo. and 16 m. N.W. Aberdeen. Area 4,000 ac. Pop. 469. In this pa. is an old entrenchment called " Cummin's "eamp. BouBTON, several pas., &c., England. — I. a chapelry, co. Dorset, pa. Gillingham, 8J m. S.W. Mere. Pop. 901. — ^11. (On Dunsmoor), co War- , wick, 3i m. W.S.W. Dunchurch. Area 2,520 ae. Pop. 390.— III. (Onr-hiU), co. Gloucester, 2 m. W. Moreton. Area 2,960 ac. Pop. 642.— IV. (On^the-Water), same Co., on the Koman fo33-way, 3^ m. S,S.W. Storr-on-the-Wold. Area 2,290 ac. Pop. 943. Some curious Roman antiquities have been discovered here. BocssA, a large town of Central Africa, W. Soudan, cap. a principal of same name, on an island in the Niger. About lat. 10° 14' N., Ion. 6° 20' E. Pop. variously estimated from 10,000 to 18,000. It spreads over a wide space enclosed by a well-built wall. Here Mungo Park met his death. BoussAO, a comm. and town of France, dep. Creuse, cap. arrond., ona stecD rock, 20 m. N.E. Qu&et. Pop. 995. It is crowned by an ancient castle, and surrounded by decayed walls. BoussiiiRES, a vill. of France, cap. cant., dep. Doubs, arrond. and 9 m. S.W. Besangon, near 1. b, of the Doubs. In its vicinity is the celebrated gprotto of Osselle, composed ot a long series of eaves remarkable for beautiful stalactites and the number of fossil bones it contains. BoussoiE Stbait is the channel which connects the Sea of Okhotsk with the Pacific, in the centre of the Kurile islands. Lat. 46° 30' N. Boussu, a coram, and town of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, cap. cant., arrond. and 7 m. W. Mons; on the Haine. Pop. 2,984. Exports coal. BouTONNE, a river of France, deps. Deux- Sfevres, and Charente Inf., joins the Charente, 8 m. E. Roehefort, after a S.W. course of 65 ra. It is navigable during part of the year from St. Jean de Angely, the chief town on its banks. BouviGNES, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. and 14 m. S. Namur, on 1. b. of the Maese. It has iron works, & manuf. of tobacco. It was formerly fortifd., & taken by the French in 1564. BouviNES, a vill. of France, dep, Nord, 6 m. S.E. Lille, celeb, for the victory gained by Philip Augustus over the Emperor Otho, in 1214. Bouxvu-LEB (Germ. Buehsmller), a comm. and town of France, cap. cant., dep. Bas.-Rhin, on the Moder, arrond. and 15 m. N.E. Saveme. Pop. (1846) 3,951. It has a conununal college, a fine gothio castle ; mines of alum, manufe. of che- mical products and metal buttons. BouzoNviLiE, a comm. and town of France, dep. Moselle, arrond. and 18 m. E.S.E. Thion- ville, on the Nied, with tanneries sind manufs. of glue and nails. Pop. (1846) 1,680. BorzouLOUK, a town of Russia, gov. and 145 m. N.W. Orenburg, on 1. b. of the Samara. It was formerly fortifd., & has manufs. of cotton & silk. BovA, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. I., 18 m. E.S.E. Reggio. Pop. 2,500. It was nearly destroyed by the earthquake of 1 783, but is rebuilt in a superior style, and has a cathed. & hospital. BovENDBN, a town of Hanover, landr. Hildes- heim, prinoip. and 4 m. N. Gottingen, near the Leine. Pop. 1,800, who manuf. linens and yam. Near it is the ruined fortress of Plesse. BovEVAGH, a pa. of Ireld., Ulster, co. London- derry, 4^ m. N.N.W. Dnngiven. Area 19,636 ac. Pop. 5,174. Botes, a town of Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, cap. mand., 4 m. S. Cuneo. Pop. (1839) 8,709.-11. a comm. and vill., France, dep. Somme, on the Rail- way du Nord, 4 m. S. Amiens. Pop. 1,690. BovET, two pas. of England, co Devon. — I. (North), 13 m. W.S.W. Exeter. Area 6,600 ac. Pop. 660. Fair, Monday after Midsummer day. It has extensive tin mines IL (South, or B. Traeey), 3J m. S.W. Chudleigh. Area 6,480 ac. Pop. 1,823, mostly employed in potteries. Fairs, Easter Mon., Holy Thurs., 1st Thurs. in July, and in Nov. It formerly comprised a market town, and sends large quantities of clay to Teign- mouth for export to the Staffordshire potteries. BoviNA, a township of U. S., N. America, New York, 76 m. S.S.W. Albany. Pop. 1,403. BoviHGDON, a ehapelry of Engl., co. Hants, pa. Hemel-Hempstead, 3} m. W.N.W. King's Langley. Area 4,160 ac. Pop. 1,072. BoviNO, Vibinum, a fortifd. town of Naples, prov. Capitanata, 18 m. S.S.W. Foggia. Pop. 5,200. It has many religious edifices. Here the imperialists defeated the Spaniards in 1734. BovoLENTA and Bovolone, 2 vDls. of N. Italy, gov. Venice. — I. deleg. and 10' m. S.S.E. Padua. Pop. 2,800.-11. deleg. and 13 m. S.S.E. Verona. Bow, or Stratford-le-Bow, a pa. of Engl., CO. Middlesex, forming an E. suburb of the metropolis, on the Lea, 4 m. E.N.E. St. Paul's. Area 630 ac. Pop. 4,626. The church is a curious specimen of the era of Henry ii. A school founded here in 1701, has a rev. of about BO\r 197 BOY 6001. per annum. — II. (or Nymet TVaey), a pa. Devonshire,7J m.W. Crediton. Ac. 2,740. P. 973. Bow or Harp IsLi.ND, an isl. of the Low Archip., Pacific O. Lat. N.E. point, 18° 6' 18' S., Ion. 140° 51' 15' W. It is of coral formation, 30 m. in length by 5 m. in breadth, and bow-shaped, whence its name. Discov. by Bougainville, 1768. BowDEN, 2 pas. of Engl. — I. (Great), co. Lei- cester, Ij m. N.E. Market-Harborough. Area 3,1 20 ac. Pop. 3,698.-11. [Little), co. Northamp- ton, separated from the co. Leicester by tlie Wellaud, 1 m. S.E. Mkt.-Harboro'. Area 2,110 ac. Pop. 439. BowDEN, a pa. of Scot!., co. Roxburgh, 11 m. W.S.W Kelso. Area 6,700 ac. Pop. 857. The Eildon hills, elev. 1,864 ft., form pai't of the boun- daries of this parish on the S. Bowden's EneE, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Derby, pa. & 1 m. N.N.E. Chapel-en-le-Frith. P. 1,021. BownoiN, a tnshp. II. S., N. Amer., Maine, 18 m. S.S.W. Augusta. Pop. 2,073. BowDOiNHAM, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., on the Kennebec, 21 m. S.W. Augusta. Pop. 2,402, partly employed in ship-building. BowDON, a pa. of England, co. Chester, 6 m. E.N.E. Nether- Knntsford. Ac. 18,870. P. 9,373. BowEB, a pa. of Scutl., co. Caithness, pa. and 11 m. S.E. Thurso. Pop. 1,689. It has both Norse and Celtic antiqs., and in it some large fossil remains of deer have been discovered. Bower-Chalk, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 7 m. S.S.W. Wilton. Area 3,120 ac. Pop. 447. BowEBS-GiFFOEB, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 4 m. W.S.W Kayleigh. Ac. 2,230. Pop. 249. Bowes, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. riding, on the Greta, 4 m. S.W. Barnard-castle. Area 18,440 ac. Pop. 850. It has a grammar school founded in 1693, & since endowed with a scholar- ship at Cambr. ; present rev. 258/. On the edge of Stanmore, a mntnous. waste in this pa., are the ruins of a castle, built by Alan, E. of Kichmond, soon after the conquest ; and over the Greta is a natural bridge formed by the riv. in a lime- stone rock, with a span of 16 feet. BowFELL, a mntn. of Engl., co. Westm'ld., 8 m. W.N.W. Ambleside. Elev. 2,911 ft. BowLAKB-FoEEST, Engl., cos. Tork (W. Bid- ing), Lancas., & pas. Slaidbum & Whalley, 10 m. N.W. Clitheroe, has an area of 25,700 ac., the greater part of which has been enclosed. Pop. 784. The distinction of chief forester has long been held by the Parkers of Brownsholme-hall. BowLDfG, a tnshp. of Eng)., co. Tork, W. Bid- ing, pa. and 1} m. S.W. Bradford. Pop. 8,918, chfly. empl'd in quarries, mines, and iron works. Bowling-Gbeew, a vill., D. S., N. Amer., Ken- tucky, cap. CO. Warren, 144 m. S.W. Frankfort. Pop. 1,400. — Sev. other U. S. vills. have this name. BowMOBE, a seaport vill. of Scotl., co. Argyle, on Lochindaal, the great inlet of the isl. Islay, 11 m. S.W. Port-Askaig. Pop. 4,026. It has a pa. church, some trade, a land-locked barb. & pier. BowNESs, a pa. of Engl., co. & ward. Cumber- land, on Solway Firth, 12 m. W.N.W. Carlisle. Area 10,830 ac. Pop. 1,488 II. a vill. co. West- moreland, Ward Kendal, pa. and on E. bank of the lake of Windermere, 7J m. W.N.W. Kirkby- Kendal. Pop. returned with pa. It has a few fishing, and numerous pleasure boats; a busy mkt. on Wednesday for fish and charcoal; a church containing some beautiful stained glass brov^ht from Fumess Abbey ; 2 good inns, and lodgings, for the accomm. of'^summer visiters. Box, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, in a fine valley, 7 m. W.S.W. Chippenham. Area 4,130 ac. Pop, 2,274. Endovrod school, rev. BOl. At Boxhill m this pa., the Gt. Western Kailway passes through a freestone formation, by a tunnel Ij m. in length. Various Roman antiqs. have been found in pa. BoxBERO, a small town of Baden, cap. dist. circ. Lower Rhine, 19 m. S.S.E. Wertheim. P. 670. BoxFonn, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Berks, 4 m. N.W. Newbury. Area 2,880 ac. Pop. 612. —II. CO. Suffolk, 13 m. S.W. Ipswich. Area 2,450 ac. Pop. 1,121. It has a large church, a gram- mar school, & charities producing about 100?. per annum. Fairs, Easter Monday & December 21. BoxGBOVE, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, rape and 31 m. E.N.E. Chichester. Area 3,410 ac. Fop. 736. Here are almshouses and a school, endowed in 1740 by the Countess of Derby. The church belonged to an anc. Benedictine priory. Box-HiLL, in Engl., co. Surrey, pa. and 2 m. N.E. Dorking ; forms part of the range of North- downs, and is remarkable for a flourishing wood of box trees on and around its summit, and for the extensive prospect which it commands. BoxLET, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, lathe Ayles- ford, 2 m. N.N.E. Maidstone. Area including Pinnenden heath, 6,670 ac. Pop. 1,398. It has extensive paper mills, hop grounds, a woollen inill, and some remains of a famous abbey found- ed in 1146 by William de Ipre, Earl of Kent. BoxMEEB, a vill. of the Netherl'ds, prov. N., Brabant, cap. cant., 28 m. E.S.E. Bois-Ie-Dnc, near 1. b. of the Maese. Pop. 2,002. BoxTEt, a vill. of the Netherl'ds, prov. N. Bra- bant, on 1. b. of the Dommel, cap. cant., 6 ni. ^. Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 4,013. Here the French de- feated the Anglo-Dutch army in 1794. BoxMOOB, a station on the London and Bir- mingham railway, England, co. Herts, 24J m. W.N.W. London, with a commodious inn. BoxTED, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Essex, on the Stour, 2 m. S.E. Neyland. Area 3,120 ac. Pop. 856.— II. CO. Suffolk, 5 m. N.E. Clare. Area 1,580 ac. Pop. 200. Fair Whit-Monday. BoxwELL, with Leigteeton, a pa. of Engl., CO. Glo'ster, 3} m. E.S.E. Woolton-under-Edge. Area 2,210 ae. Pop. 334. ' BoxwOBTH, a pa. of Engl., co. Cambridge, 5J m. N.N.E. Caxton. Area 2,000 ac. Pop. 326. BoTACA, a vill. of the repub. New Granada, S. Amer., dep. Boyaoa, 5 m. S. Tunja, celeb, for the victory gained by Bolivar ova- the Spaniards, 7th Aug. 1819, which secured the independence of Colombia. The dep. Boyaca extends between the plain of Bogota & the borders of Venezuela, comprising the whole of the E. Andes, and di- vided into the provs. Pamplona, Socorro, Tunja, and Cazanare ; cap. Tunja. It is watered by the Magdalena, which forms its W. border, the Sogamozo, Zulia, Cazanare, and Meta ; & expts. wheat, cacao, cotton, coffee, tobacco, & indigo. BovANA, a bay and town on the N.W. coast of Madagascar, about 70 m. E. Cape St Andrew. BoTANAOH, or BovODif AOH, a pa. of Irel., Con- naught, CO. Galway, 6J m. E.N.E. Dunamore. Area 16,832 ac. Pop. 5,288. BovDTON, a town of U. S., N. Amer., Virgima CO., 78 m. S.S.W. Richmond. Pop. 600. BoYD-TowN, N. S. Wales. [Twofold Bay.] BovLE, a barony of Ireland, co. Roscommon, now divided into barony of Boyle in N., and French Park on S. Length of anc. barony, 25 m. ; breadth, 9 m. ; area 94,283 Irish ac, of which 65,137 are arable, 25,548 are bog, & 3,598 waste. In the N. arc sandstone and coal, in S. limestone. — II. a town and pa. in the above barony, on both sides of the river Boyle, here crossed by an old and a new one-arphed bridge, 8 m. N.W. Carrick-on-Shannon. Area of pa.. BOY 198 BRA 20,737 ao. Pop. oi do., 12,591 ; of town, 8,23S. It is a wretched plaee, partially built of limestone. Chief buildings, the old and new sessions-houses, bridewell, dispensaiy, barracks, pa. church, large R, Cath, chapel, and the remains of a fine Cister- cian abbey, founded in the 12th century. It has some manufs. of coarse woollens, considerable mkts. for grain, butter, and flax, on Mon. & Sat., and 9 annual fairs. It is the head of a poor-law union, has general sessions every 9 months, a court of record, and a seneschal court. The riv. Boyle rises in Lough Gara, flows through Lough Key .and some minor lakes, and joins the Shannon, 1 m. N.W. Carrick, after an E. course of 13 miles. BoYLSTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, 7J m. S. Ashbome. Area 1,360 ac. Pop. 343. BoTNDiE, a marit. pa. of Scotl., co. and 3 m. W. Banff, on Moray Firth. Pop. 1,601, mostly engaged in fishing. In it are the ruins of Boyne castle, and a chalybeate spring in high repute. BoTNE, a riv. of Ireld, Leinster, Kildare, King's, Meath, and Louth cos., rises in the Bog of Allen, near Carbery, and flows generally N.E. by Trim and Navan to Drogheda, about 4 m. below which it enters the Irish Sea. It is navigable for barges of 70 tons to Navan, 19 m. from the sea; and, at high water, for vessels of 200 tons to Drogheda. Aboiit 2j m. W. the last named town, a lofty obehsk marks the spot where the forces of Wm. III., on the 1st July 1690, gained the great victonr over those of James ii., so well known in British history as the " battle of the Boyne." Boyne, a river, E. Australia, entering Hervey's Bay, in lat. 24° 30' S., Ion. 162° E. BoYNTON,apa Engl., co. Tork,E. Riding, 2J m. W.N.W. Bridlington. Area 2,690 ac. Pop. 100. BorsTOTvN, or Baltibots, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. "Wicklow, 2} m. S. W. Blessington. Area 26,134 ac. Pop. 3,644. BoYXON, several pas. of Engl. — I. cos. Corn- wall and Devon, 4J m. N.N.W. Launceston. Area 6,120 ac. Pop. 600. Fair Aug. 18.— II. CO. Suffolk, 7 m. E.S.E. Woodbridge. Area 1,890 ac. Pop. 239. It has well endowed alms-houses. — III. CO. Wilts, 6 m. E.S.E. Warminster. Area 4,580 ac Pop. 360. [Beighton.] BozBAT, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 6 m. S. Wellingborough. Area 2,400 ac. Pop. 845. BozBAH, or Bostra, a ruined town of Syria, pash. & 76 m. S.S.E. Damascus. It is mentioned in Scripture as a chief town of the Edomites, & also as in possession of the Moabites. It after- wards became the see of a Christian archbishopric, and latterly the chief seat of the Nestorians. The remaining walls, castle, large reservoir, and other ruins, are Saracenic. It is sit. in the open plains, and is the last inhabited place in the S.E. extremity of the Hauran. It scarcely now con- tains a dozen families. BozEAH, a township, U. S., N. Amer., Con- necticut, 33 m. E.S.E. Hartford. Pop. 1,067. BozzoLO, a fortfd. town of N. Italy, Lombardy, deleg. and 16 m. W.S.W. Mantua. Pop. 4,900. Bba, a town of Piedmont, prov. Alba, on rt. b. of the Stura, 26 m. S.E. Cuneo. Pop. (1839) 11,406. It has a gymnasium, foundries of metal, manufactures of silk, and a large trade in com, cattle, and wine. Near it is the village Pol- lenzo, ancient PoUentia. Bbaake, a vill. of N. Germany, duchy and 17 m. N.E. Oldenburg, with a harb. on rt. b, of the Weser, and ship building yards. Pop. 1,397. , Bbabant, an old duchy of the Netn'ds., wliich formed part of the ciro. of Burgundy in the Ger- man Empire. After the truce m 1609, it was div. ij(to Spaiiish Brabant, now forming the provs. S. Brabant & Antwerp in Belgium, & Dutch, or North Brabant, which still belongs to Holland. Bbabani, Nobth (Dutch Noord Braiavd), a prov. in the S. of Netherl'ds, cap. Bois-le-Due, situated between lat. 61° 13' and 61° 50' N., and Ion. 4° 12' and 6° 68' E., bounded N. by the Maese, Hollands, Diep, and Gelderland, W. Zeeland, S. Belgium, & E. Limberg. Area 2,000 sq. m. Pop. (1844) 402,363, mostly Roman Catholics ; pop. in 1826, 328,026. Chf. rivs. the Maese, Dommel, Aa, Donge, and Dintel. The country is nnifom". ly flat, marshy in some places, soil in general in- fertile, and wood rare. Chf. products, rye, oats, wheat, lint, and fruits. The rearing of cattle and sheep is the principal branch of rural industry. Manufs. comprise woollen, linen, and cotton fab- rics, leather and earthenware. Bbabant, South (Dutch ZuidBrahand, before the separation of the kgdm. of the Netherl'ds), a prov. of Belgium, near its centre, cap. Brussels, —situated betw. lat. 50° 32' & 61° 3' N., & Ion. 4° and 6° 10' E., and surrounded by the provs. Antwerp, Limbourg, Liege, Namur, Hainaut, & E. Flanders. Area 1,290 sq. m. Pop. (1845) 676,406 ; pop. in 1829, 656,146. Surface hilly, only in the S. well watered, and generally fertile. Princip. rivs. the Sonne, Dyle, and Demer. Chief products, corn and oil seed, flax, hemp, and hops. Woods extensive, & include the forest of Soignies. Cattle and sheep numerous. Iron and stone abundant. Principal manufs. cotton and linen fabrics, lace, leather, woollen cloth, soap, and chemical products. This prov. is intersected by several important canals and railws. It is sub- divided into 3 arronds., Brussels, Louv^, and Nivelles. S. of Brussels is the field of Waterloo. Bbabobbne, a pa. of England, co. Kent, lathe Shepway,5Jm.E.Ashford. Area 3,640 ae. P. 889. Beacadalb, a marit. pa. of Scotland, co. Inver. ness, comprising a great part of the S.W. coast of the isl. Skye, with some small isls. Pop. 1,824. Beacoiano, a town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., 17 m. N.W. Rome. Pop. 1,380. It is sit. on the W. shore of the lake of same name, which is 22 m. in circumf., and gives rise to the Arrone (anc. Aro). In its vicinity are thermal springs and baths, & the fine old castle of the Dukes of Bracciano. BBACEBOEOueH, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 3i m. W.N. W. Market-Deeping. Ac. 2,230. P. 231. BBACEBBinaE, a pa. of Engl., co. and 2 m. S.S.W. Lincoln. Within city liberty, pop. 127. Beacebt, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, SJ m. W.N.W. FoUdngham. Area 970 ac. Pop. 155. Beace-meoi., a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, IJ m. S. Shrewsbury, within the area of wliich bor. it is included. Pop. 1,195. Beacewell, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Rid- ing, 8 m. W. by S. Skipton. Ac. 1,920. P. 153. Beaohelen, a vill. of Rhen. Pruss.,reg. Aachen, 9 m. N.W. JuUers. Pop. 2,146. Paper mills. Bbacigliano, a town of Naples, prov. Princip. Citra, lOi m. N. Salerno. Pop. 3,000. Beackley, a mkt.-town and pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, on the Ouse, here crossed by a bridge, 8J m. E.S.E. Banbury. Area of pa. 2,790 ac. Pop. 2,121. Houses mostly of un- hewn stone. It has 2 anc. churches, a handsome town-hall, an endowed school, some alms-houses, and a union work-ho., with manufs. of shoes and bobbin-lace. It is the head of a poor-law union. Mkts., Wed. Fairs, Wed. after Feb. 26, April 19, June 22, Oct. 11, and Dec. 11. Until £s- franch. by the Reform Bill, it sent 2 mems. to H. of C. In the middle ages, tournaments were often held at Braokley. Dr Clarke, the cele- brated traveller, was born here in 1767. BRA 199 BRA Bracken, a co. U. S., N. Amer., in N.E. Ken- tucky, on Ohio Riv. Area 220 sq. m. Pop. 7,053, of whom 819 are slaves. Bkackenheim, a town of 'Wiirtemberg, ciro. Neckar, 21 m. N-N-W. Stuttgart, on the Zaber. Pop. 1,520. Has a Latin school and anc. castle. Bbaoon-Ash, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 7 m. S.S.W. Norwich. Area 950 ac. Pop. 293. Bradano, Bradanus, a riv. of Naples, prov. Basilicata, rises in the Apennines, flows S.E., 60 m., and enters the Gulf of Taranto on the N.W. Bkadborne, a pa. of Engl, co. Derby, 4^ m. N.N.E. Ashborne. Area 6,400 ac. Pop. 1,303. Beadden, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 3 m. W. Towcester. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 171. Bradesham, 3 pas. of Engl. — I. co. Bucks, 3 J m. N.N.W. High Wycombe. Area 830 ac. Pop. 226.— II. {East), co. Norfolk, 5 m. S.W. East- Dereham. Area 2,120 ac. Pop. 368.— III. (We**). 6 m. W.S.W. East Dereham. Ac. 1,790. P. 364. Bradkston, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 4 m. "W.S.W. Acle. Area 630 ac. Pop. 126. Bbaspield, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Berlts, 7 m. W. Reading. Area 4,270 ac. Pop. 1,042. It has a union work-ho., and a large school of industry. — II. co. Essex, on the Stour, 3 m. E.S.E. Macningtree. Area 2,270 ac. Pop. 995. —III. CO. Norfolk, 2 m. N.N.W. North "Walsham. Area 630 ac. Pop. 195.— IV. St. George, co. Suf- folk, 4J m. S.E. Bury-St^Edmunds. Area 2,090 ac. Pop. 479 V. {Cmnbust), 5 m. S.E. Bury-St- Edmunds. Area590ac. Pop.192 Yl.{StClare), CO. Suffolk, 6i m. S.E. Bury. Area 1,190 ac. Pop. 240 — Yil. a chph-y., co. York, W. Riding, pa. Ecclesfleld, 7 m. N.N.AV. Sheffield. Pop. 6,318. Fairs, June 17, 18, and Dec. 9, 10, chiefly for hogs. It has several endowed schools. Bradford, a pari, bor., mkt., and pa. of Engl., CO. York, "W. Biding, on an affl. of the Aire, and branch of the Leeds & Liverpool canal, 8 m. W. Leeds, on the Leeds railway. Area of pa. 33,710 ac. Pop. of do. 105,257. Area of pari, borough, comprising the tnshps. Bradford, Manningham, Bowling, and Horton, 6,230 ac. Pop. of do. 66,508. The town, built entirely of stone, has streets mostly narrow, but well paved & lighted. Princip. bnildgs., the pa. church, erected in the reign of Henry vi. ; a grammar school, founded in the reign of Edward vi., having a good library, and sending candidates for exhibs. to Queen's Coll., Oxfd. ; a handsome exchange, cloth-hall, court-ho., jail, mechanics' institute, sev. banks, numerous schools, charitable institutions, & places of relig. worship ; and in the vicinity, colleges for Bapti^, Independents, and Wesleyans. Brad- ford is now the princip. seat of the worsted yam and stuff manulactures in Engl., and the great mart for the long wools used in these fabrics. In 1838 it had 142 worsted, 9 woollen, and 2 cot- ton mills, employing together 11,676 hands. In the same year there were in the town upwards of 1,500 power looms, each producing 3 to 4 pieces per week. Its rapid advance is mainly attribu- table to its central position in the great manufg. district of Yorkshire, and to the abundance of coal and iron in its immediate vicinity. [Bowi- ING and Low Moor.] The Leeds and Liverpool canal connects it with both the Irish and North Seas. IVIkt., Thurs. Fairs, Mar. 3, 4, July 17 to 19, and Dec. 9 to 11. Bradford is gov'd. by 2 constables. Since the Reform Act, its poor law union comprises 61 sq. m. Bradford has sent 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1842-3), 1,722. Poll- ing-place for W. Riding of Yorkshire. In this town, temperance societies are said to have been first established. Every 7th year a popular fes- tival is celebrated here, in honour of St Blase, the reputed inventor of wool-combing. Beadforb (Great), a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., CO Wilts, on the Avon, and the Kennet & Avon canal, 6 m. E.S.E. Bath, and 29 m. N.W. Salisbury. Area of jia. 11,740. Pop. of do. 10,663; of town, 3,836. It is separated into 2 parts by the Avon, here crossed by 2 bridges. Streets mostly narrow ; houses entirely of stone. The churcn is a fine ancient edifice, & there are nu- merous independent chapels. Bradford has 2 endowed schools and ahns-houses, a union work- ho., 2 branch banks, and manufs. of fine woollen cloths and kerseymeres, which have flourished since the time of Henry viii., and some stone quarries. Mitt., Sat. Fairs, Trinity Mon., and the day after St Bartholomew. Bradford, several pas. of Engl., co. Devon, on the Torridge, 7^ m. N.W. Hatherleigh. Area 3,670 ac. Pop. 630 II. co. Somerset, 3J m, W.S.W. Taunton. Area 1,710 ac. Pop. 550.- IIL {Mbas), CO. Dorset, 3J m. S.W. Sherborne. Area 1,810 ac. Pop. 662. — IV. {Peoerell), in same CO., 3 m. N N.W. Dorchester. Area 2,700 ac. Pop. 355 — V. a tnshp., co. York, W. Riding, pa. Wilton, 2 m. N. Clitheroe. Pop. 366. Bradford, a co. U. S., N. Amer., in N.E. part of Pennsylvania. Area 1,200 sq. m. Pop. 32,769. Surface mntnous., but soil fertile on the Susque- hanna. Coal found near the chief town Towanda. — II. a tnshp. Massachs., on the Merrimac, here crossed by a bridge 650 ft. in length, 35 m. N. Boston. Pop. 2,222. It has manufs. of boots & shoes. — III. a town. Orange co., Vermont. Pop. 1,655. — IV. Merrimac co.. New Hampshire, 25 m. W. Concord. Pop. 1,331. — V. a town Steuben, CO., N.York. Pop. 1,547. — ^VI. a town, Penoboscot CO., Maine. Pop. 1,000. Bradgate, an extra-parochial liberty of Engl., CO. and 5 m. N.W. Leicester. It has ruins o? a noble mansion, in which the unfortunate Lady Jane Grey was born, a. d. 1637. Brading, a marit. town and pa. near the E. extremity of the Isle of Wight, Engl., co. Hants, 7 m. E.S.E. Newport. Area of pa. 7,350 ac. Pop. 2,701. The town is at the head of Brading harb., a shallow inlet occupying nearly 900 ac, and abounding in oysters and other fish. It has a charter of corporation from Edwd. vi., a church said to have been built in 704, a town hall, and a quay accessible to small vessels at high water. Fairs, May 12, and Oct. 2. Bradley, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Derby, 3J m. E. Ashborne. Area 1,860 ac. Pop. 271. — II. CO. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, 2 J m. S.W. Great Grimsby. Area 1,460 ac. Pop. 106. — III. co. Hants, 6 J m. W.N. W. Alton. Area 670 ac. Pop. 125.— IV. CO. Stafford, SJ m. N.W. Penkridge. Area 4,690 ac. It has a grammar school, rev. 1301. per annum. In the vicinity is an ignited bed of coal which has burnt for 60 years, in spite of many attempts at its extinction V. {Great}, CO. Suffolk, 8 m. N.W. Clare. Area 2,280 ac. Pop. 844.— VI. {Little), same co., 7^ m. N.W. Clare. Area 890 ac. Pop. 33 VII. {In the Moors), CO. Stafford, 3^ m. E.S.E. Cheadle. Area 570 ac. Pop. 72 VIII. {North), co. Wilts, 2 m. S. Trowbridge. Area 8,020 ac. Pop. 2,427 IX. {West), CO. Somerset, 4 m. E.S.E. Glaston- bury. Area 300 ac. Pop. 116. Bradley, a co, TJ. S., N. Amer., in S.E. part of Tennessee, watered by Heawassec riv. & branches. Surf, mntous., but fertile onbanta of rivs. P. 7,385. Bbadmore, a pa. of England, co. and 6i m. S. Nottingham. Area 1,660 ac. Pop. 416. Bradnincii, or Braines, an old bor. town and BRA 200 BBA pa. of England, co. Devon, near the Exeter and Bristol railway, SJ m. N.N.E. Exeter. Area of borough and pa. 4,320 ac. Pop. 1,714. The town, pleasantly situated on an eminence, con- sists mostly of neat thatched houses. It has an ancient church, a guildhall with a jail beneath, Bev. paper mills, & some manufs. of woollen stuffs, which have, however, much declined. Fairs, May 6, Oct. 2. Corp. rev. about 64/. per annum. BKAI50^f, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 2J m. N. Uminster. Area 630 ae. Pop. 41. Bbadpole, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 1 m. N.E. Bridport. Area 990 ac. Pop. 1,337. BiiAi>SBERQ,anadministrative pror. in the S. of Norway. Area 6,650 sq. m. Pop. (1845) 64,090. Beabshaw, a chplry. of England, CO. Lancaster, pa. and 3 m. N.E. Bolton. Pop. 827, partly em- ployed in bleaching works. Bradshaw-haU was the residence of John Bradshaw, who presided at the trial of Charles i. Bbabshaw-Edge, atownsh. of Engl., co. Derby, pa. & li m. W. Chapel-en-le-Frith. Pop. 1,850. Bbadsxone, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, on the Tamar,4m.S.E. Launceston. Ac. 1,300. P. 166. BBAswELii, several pas. of Engl.— I. co. Bucks, 3 m. E. by S. Stony-Stratford. Area 790 ac. Pop. 381. — II. CO. Essex, on the Blackwater, 2 m. W. Coggleshall. Area 3,310 ac. Pop. 293 III. CO. Suffolk, 2i m. S.W. Great Tarmonth. Area 1,640 ac. Pop. 270.— IV. {Next the Sea), co. Essex, on the estuary of the Blackwater riv., 10 m. E. Maldon. Area 3,870 ac. Pop. 1,034. Fair, June 24 V. a hamlet, co. Derby, pa. Hope, 3J m. N.N.E. Tidswell. Pop. 1,273, mostly empld. in lead mines & smelting works, but partly in a cot- ton factory. In this pa. is a fine stalactitic cavern. Bbadvtokthv, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 6J m. N.W. Holsworthy. Ac. 12,220. Pop. 1,081. Bbaekel, a town of N. Germany, Brunswick, prov. and 14 m. S.W. Holzminden, at the junct. of the Brucht and Nethe. Pop. 2,700. Braemab, Scotl., 00. Aberdeen, forms part of the dist. Marr, now united to Crathy pa., has a Till, called the Castle-town, 51 m. W.S.W. Aber- deen. It consists mostly of high mntns., inclosing the valley of the Dee. The anc. royal forest contains an immense quantity of fir & birch trees. Inveroauld ho. & Marr lodge are sit. on the Dee. Bbafferton, a pa. of England, co.Tork, N. Bid- ing, 4 m. N.E. Boroughbridge. Ac. 1,990. P. 873. Bbaffibid-on-the-Gbeen, apa. of Engl., co. and 41 m. S.E. Northampton. Ac. 1,980. P. 428. Bbaqa, Braccara Augusta, a city of Portugal, cap. prov. Minho, 35 m. N.E. Porto. Pop. 17,000. It is surrounded by old walls, and defended by a fortress ; & is the seat of an archbishop, who is primate of Portugal. It has a rich cathed,, arch- bip. palace, hospital, sev. schools, many fountains, & some Roman ruins. It has manufs. of fire arms, jewellery, cutlery & hats. In its vicinity is the ce- leb, sanctuary of Jesus do JWonte, visited by numrs. pilgrims. Braga was created an archbpc. in 92. BBAQANgA, a town of Portugal, prov. Tras-os- Montes, near the N.E. ii'ontier, cap. Comarca, on the Ferrenza, 26 m. N.W. Miranda. Pop. 6,000. It is partially fortified, has a citadel, a college, & manui^. of velvet and other silk fabrics, and had formerly some silver mines. The ancestors of the present reigning families of Portugal and of Brazil were Dukes of Braganja, until called to the Portuguese throne in 1640. Bbaqanca, a seaport town of Brazil, prov. and 120 m. N.E. Pard, on 1. b. of the Caite, on which it has a harbour. P. (1840) 6,000.-11. a t. of Brazil, prov. & 65 m. N.E. San Paulo. P. (1840) 10,000. . BRAitE, or Bbaa, a riv. of Prussia, prov. Posen, flows south and joins the Vistula on 1. above For- don. It is connect, with the Netze by the canal of Bromberg, and thus unites the Oder & Vistula. Beageenaes, a town of Norway, with a small port at the mouth of the Drammen, opposite Stromso, 21 m. S.W. Christiania. Bkahestab, a seaport town of Kuss. Finland, ten and 36 m. S.W. Dleaborg, on the Gulf of Bothnia. Trade in pitch and tar. Pop. 1,160. Beahilov, or Beailoff (Turk. Ibrahil), a town and the prmcipal port of Wallachia, on 1. b. of the Danube; 103 m. N.E. Bucharest. Pop. in 1838 estim. at 6,000. It appears to be rapid- ly increasing in importance. Its warehouses are extensive, and its barb, is securely sheltered by a small isl. Most part of the exported produce of Wallachia is shipped here, & in 1840, 678 vessels with cargoes to the value of 103,876/. entered ; & 649 vessels, invoice value of cargoes 349,575/., left the port. The trade is chfly. conducted by Greeks. Brahmaputba (" tlie son of Brahma," vulg. Buebampooteb), one of the great rivs. of S. Asia, and forming the proper E. boundary of Hindo- stan. It is supposed to take its origin in Tibet, on the N. side of the Himalaya mntn., about lat. 30° 30' N., Ion. 82° E., although some other con- jectures would make its source still farther to the E., about Ion. 97° E. After an E.ward course to about Ion. 95°, it bends S.ward, and breaks through the Himalaya into upper Assam, where it is joined by the Dlhing and Dihong, £viding Into two branches, so wide apart as to encircle the isl. Maguli, 50 m. long. The united branch again separates and encloses a larger isl. Kallung, 75 m. in length. It has now a W.ward course throughout Assam to Ion. 90°, where it again bends S.ward, and after traversing the Bengal dists. Rungpoor, Mymunsing, Dacca, and Tiperah, it joins the Bay of Bengal, in lat. 22° 60' N., Ion. 90° 40' E. by an estuary 20 m. in width, in con- junction with the E. and largest arm of the Ganges. Where the Brahmaputra enters the plains of Bengal near GoaJpara, it is about 1,200 yards wide, and very rapid. At about 25° N. lat., a large branch, the Jena, umtes it with the Ganges. Its entire course is estim. at 1,600 m. Princip. tributs. in Bengal, the Soor- mah, Barak, Goomty, Teesta, Megna, the name of which last it assumes after their junc- tion. In Assam, it receives at least 60afflts., and encloses many large isls. Its current is so violent as generally to unfit it for navigation. It inundates the country S. of the Himalaya from April to Sept., discharging into the sea a greater quantity of water than the Ganges. Its banks, considered mostly jungle and marsh lands, are often quite destitute of tracks. Beaii.es, a pa. of Engl., co., Warwick, 4J m. S.E. Shipston.on-Stour. Ac. 5,220. Pop. 1,284. Fairs, Easter Tuesday. The pa. school, founded in the reign of Elizabeth, has a rev. of 64/. per. an. Bbailoff, a town of Wallachia. [Brahilov.] Braiisford, a pa. of Engl., co. and 7 m. W.N.W. Derby. Area 6,200 ac. Pop. 766. Braine-ie-Comte, a town of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on the Brussels and Valenciennes rail- way, 13i m. N.N.E. Mons. Pop. 4,507, partly engaged in raising flax and spinning linen yam, Braine-la-Leude, a vill. of Belgium, prov. Brabant, 12 m. S. Brussels, with manufs. of cot- ton cloths and starch. Pop. 2,771. Bbaibbs, a town of England. [Bradninch.] Braintfield, or Bramfield, a pa. of England, CO. and 3 m. N.W. Hertford. Area 1,540 ac. Pop. 201. The living is said to have been the first held by Thomas a Becket. BRA 201 BRA Braintrek, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. Essex, 8i m. E. Dunmow. Area of pa. 2,600 ac. Pop. 3,670. The town, on an eminence, near the river Blacljwater and adjoining the vill. of Booking, has a spacious gothic cliurcn, several chapels ; an endowed school, in which the natu- ralkt Ray was educated, a charity fund bequeath- ed in the reign of Chaiies i., and now producing 350/. per annum ; other charities yielding about 130Z. per annum ; and manufs. of silk, straw-plait, and crape. Market, Wednesday. Fairs, May 8, Oct. 2 & 3. Polling place for N.Essex. It is the head of a poor-law union, comprising 14 parishes. Braintree, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Slassachusetts, 10 m. S.S.E. Boston. Fop. 2,168. It has some vessels employed in the coasting trade and in fisheries. — II. a township, Vermont, 23 m. S. Montpeher. Pop. 1,232. Bruntrem, a township of the TJ. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, 13m. N.N.W. Harrisburg. P. 1,355. Braiseworth, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 2 m. S.S.W. Eye. Area 1,400 ac. Pop. 151. BRAiTrnvEtL, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Rid- ing, 7 m. S.S.W. Doncaster. Ac. 2,990. P. 800. Bbaeei:, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 42 m. S.S.E. Minden. Pop. 2,820. Bbakel (Neder), a town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arrond. and 8 m. S.E. Audenarde. Pop. 3,807. Nmnrs. breweries. Op Brahel, a vill. 1 m. S.W. N. Brakel. Pop. 2,300, & manufe. of cloth. Bbalin, at. of Pruss. Silesia, circ. & 39 m. E.N.E. Breslan. Cnstom-bo., manuf. of cloths. P. 1,470. Brambach, a town of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, in a gorge of the Erzgebirge, near the Bohemian frontier, IX m. N. Eger. Pop. 1,200. Custom-ho. Bbahber, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, rape Bramber, on the Adur, \ m. S.E. Steyning. Area 870 ac. Pop. 138. Here are the remains of a Saxon castle ; the church is a fine specimen of Norman architecture. Bramber returned 2 mems. to H. of C. until disfranchised by the Reform Act. Bbaucote, a pa. of Engl., co. & 4} m. W.S.W. Nottmgham. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 732. Bbamdean^ a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 3| m. S.E. New Alresford. Area 1,360 ac. Pop. 225. Bbamebton, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 5 m. S.E.Norwich. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 229. BBAUFIEI.D, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 2^ m. S. HaJesworth. Area 2,050 ac. Pop. 746. Bbahfobd, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 3^ m. N.W. Ipswich. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 881. Bbamhali., a tnshp. of England, co. Chester, pa. and 3 m. S. Stockport. Pop. 1,396. Bbamham, a pa. of Engl., co.York, W. Riding, 4 m. S.S.E. Wetherby. Area 5,260 ac. Pop. 2,760. Bramham hall is the seat of G. L. Fox, Esq. Bbamlet, several pas., &c., of Engl I. co. Bants, 4 m. N. Basingstoke. Ac. 2,350. P. 428. —II. CO. Surrey, 3 m. S.E. Guildford. Ac. 4,420. Pop. 970. — III. a chplry., co. Tork, W. Riding, pa. and 3^ m. W.N.W. Leeds. Pop. 8,876, mostly engaged in the manufacture of woollen cloth. Bbampfobd-Speke, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 4 m. N. Exeter. Area 670 ac. Pop. 393. Bbamptok, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. Cumberland, ward Eskdale, near the Carlisle & Newcastle railway, 8^ m. E.N.E, Carlisle. Area of pa. 16,970 ac. Pop. 3,304. The town, in a deep narrow vale, has a town-hall, a grammar school, an hospt. for 12 poor people, founded by Edward, Earl of Carlisle, in 1688, an union work- ho. for 14 pas., 2 laage breweries, & considerable manufs. of checks and ginghams. Mkt. Wed. Fairs Wed. after Whitsunday, and last Wed. in Aug. Polling-place for E. Cumb. About 2 m. S. is Naworth cajstle, the seat of the E. of Carlisle. Beampton, several pas. of Engl. — I. oo. Der. by, 3 m. W.N.W. Chesterfield. Area 8,820 ac. Pop. 3,937. Charities about 901. per ann. Coal and iron are found in this pa., which has also large manufs. of earthenware and extensive bleachinf; grounds. — II. oo. & 2 m. W. Huntingdon. Area 3,640 ac. Pop. 1,164.-111. co. Norfolk, 2 m. S.E. Aylsham. Area 630 ac. Pop. 263 IV. co. Northampton, 3 m. E. Mkt. Harboro*. Area 2,290 ac. Pop. 104.— V. CO. Suffolk, 4J m. N.E. Halesworth. Area 1,800 ac. Pop. 322. Chari- ties 66/. per ann. — VI. {Abbots), co. Hereford, on the Wye, IJ m. N. Ross. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 197.— Vm. (Bryan), partly in S.Wales, co. Rad- nor, and partly in England, co. Hereford, 6 m. E. Knighton. Area 3,190 ac. Pop. 419. Fair June 22. Some remains of a Norman castle destroyed in the Parliamentary war, still exist here. — IX. (Chapel), CO. and 6 m. N.N.W. Northampton. Area 1,330 ac. Pop. 229.— X. (Church), 4 m. N.N.W. Northampton. Area 1,100 ac. Pop. 169. Bramsohe, a town of Hanover, 10 m. N.N.W. Osnabriick, on the Haase. Pop. 1,550. Bramshall, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, 2 m. W. Uttoxter. Area 1,310 ac. Pop. 170. Beamshaw, a pa. of Engl., cos. Wilts & Hants, 6 m. N.N.W. Lyndhurst. Area 2,760 ac. P. 793. Bbamshot, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 4 m. W, Haslemere. Area 6,190 ac. Pop. 1,313. Bramstedt, a town of Denmark, Holstein, 26 m. N. Hamburg, on the Bramane, with sulphur springs and baths. Pop. 1,700. Bramwith, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Biding, 5 m. S.W. Thorne. Area 1,200 ac. Pop. 251. Bban, a river of Scotland, co. Perth, rises in Loch Freuchie, and joins the Tay near Dunkeld, after a N.E. course of about 14 m. through a highly picturesque region. Bbancaleone, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. II., 23 m. S.S.W. Gerace. It was partially destroyed by the earthquake of 1783. Bbakcasteb, or Bbanchesteb, Brannodu- num, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, with a quay on the North sea, 4 m. W.N.W. Bumham-West- gate. Area 3,340 ac. Pop. 913. Bbancepeith, a pa. of Engl., co. & 4 m. S.W. Durham, ward Darlington. Area 21,850 ac. Pop. 2,151. The church has some monts. to the Nevills, Earls of Westmoreland, on site of whose fortress stands the noble castle of Brancepeith. Branch, a co. & town, TJ. S., N. Amer., in S. part of Michigan. Area 528 sq. m. Pop. 5,715. Beanohiee (St), a town of Switzerl., cant. Valais, 4J m. S.E. Martigny, on 1. b. of the Dranse, and on route of the Great St Bernard, with ruins of anc. fortresses of St John and Etiez. Beanco, one of the Cape Verdisls.,S. St Lucia. It is small, lofty, rugged and uninhabited. A long sandy spit stretches from its S.E. side. Beanco (Bio), a river of Brazil, rises in the Parime mntns., and flows S. 400 m. to the Rio Negro, which it joins near lat. 1° 20' S. Beancouet, a oomm. and vill. of France, dep. Aisne, arrond. St Quentin. Pop. 1,617. Brand, a town of Saxony, circ. and 23 m. S.W. Dresden. Pop. 2,150, employed in mining, and in manuf. of trinkets, lace, and wooden utensils. Bbandeis, a town of Bohemia, circ. Kaurzim, on 1. b. of the Elbe, 13 m. E.N.E. Prague. Pop. 2,500.-11. B.-am-Mler, circ. and 28 m. S.E. Koniggriitz, on the Stille-Adler. Pop. 1,772. Beandenbdeo, a prov. of Prussia, in the centre of the kinpd., of which it formed the nucleus, cap. Berlin — situated between lat. 61° 25' and 63° 34' N., and Ion. 11° 26' and 16° 10' E., bounded N. by Mecklenburg, N.E. Pomerania, E. West Prussia BRA 202 BKA and Posen, S. Silesia and the kingdom of Saxony, W. the province of Saxony and Hanover. Area 16,781 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 2,066,993. Pop. in 1837, 1,694,042. Surface ahuost uniformly flat & sandy, but rich in lakes. It is situated in the basins of the Elbe and the Oder, and watered by these rivers and numerous affluents, among which tlie Warthe, Netze, Bober, Neisse, Finow, and Welse, affls. of the Oder ; and the Havel, Spree, Dosse, and Elde, affls. of the Elbe, are navigable ; & the 2 princip. rivers are connected by several canals. Soil infertile. Chf. .crops buckwheat, rye, potatoes, hemp, flax, tobacco, and hops. Sheep are extensively reared, and wool is an important product. The princip. mineral prod, are iron, gypsum, alum, and vitriol. There are numrs. mineral springs and baths. The manufs., in great variety, are carried on in the principal towns, and the prov. has many breweries, distil- leries, tanneries, potash, charcoal, lime, and sul- phur works. Trade is fecilitated by numerous canals, excellent post roads and railways from the cap., in aJl directions. Brandenburg possesses the most celeb, estabs. for public instruction in the kingdom. It is divided into the 2 regencies of Potsdam and Frankfurt. BnAHDENBrBS, a town of Prussia, in the prov. of same name, reg. Potsdam, cap. circ. West Havelland, on the Havel, and on the Berlin and Magdeburg railw., 37 m. W.S.W. Berlin. Pop. (1846) 16,210. It is encl'd. by walls, and divided by the riv. into an old and new town ; between which, on an isl., is the quarter called " Venice," having a cathed. of the 14th century, a castle, St Catherine's church, and a council-ho., which de- serve notice for their antiquity and works of art. Brandenb. has a school for the noblesse of the Mark of Brandenburg {Ritter Ahademie), many charitable foundations, a college, and a pubUo library ; in the mkt.-place is the Jlolandsaule, a column formed of a single block of stone, 18 feet in height. It is the seat of several high tribunals, and has manufs. of woollens, linens, hosiery, and paper ; breweries, tanneries, boat-building, & an active commerce by land and water. — II. a vill. of E. Prussia, reg. and 13 m. S.W. Konigsberg. Pop. 985. — III. (New), a town of Mecklenburg, Strelitz, near the N. shore of Toilensee lake, at the outlet of river of same name, 18 m. N.N.E. Strehtz. Pop. 6,003. It is enclosed by walls, and has a grand-ducal palace, a gramm. school, and manufs. of woollen, cotton, and damask goods, spirits, leather, paper, and chemical products. BBABDEHBUBa (Mark of), an old state of Ger- many, in the circle of Upper Saxony, divided into 2 parts — the electoral and the new mark; it is now comprised in the Pruss. prov. of Brandenburg, and part of the prov. of Saxony. The margraves of Brandenburg having joined to the electorate, the duchy of Prussia and some other possessions, the great elector, Fred, iii., declared himself king of Prussia, under the name of Fred, i., in 1701. Beandeston, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 3 m. S.E. Keepham. Ac. 580. P. 137.— II. a pa., co. Suffolk, 3 m. S.W. Framlingham. Ac. 1,060. P. 656. Bkandhop, a vill. of Austria, Styria, on the N. declivity of the Seeberg, 9 m. S. Mariazell, the principal residence of the Archduke John {Vicar of the German empire), and, since 1818, the scene of his patriotic exertions. Bbandon, a mkt.-town and pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, on the Little Ouse, or Brandon riv., & with a station on the Ely and Norwich railw., 70 m. N.N.E. London. Pop. 2,002. It has an endow- ed gramm. school, an alms-ho., & other charities, with an aggreg. rev. of 117?. per annum; large rabbit warrens, for supplying the London mkt., and a manuf. of gun-flints, considered superior to any other in Europe, but which, owing to the use of percussion caps, has neatly declined. The mkt. on Friday is almost discontinued. Fairs, Feb. 14, June 11, Nov. 11. Brandon, whence the dukes of Suffolk formerly took one of their titles, now gives the English title of duke to the house of Hamilton II. {Little), a pa., co. Norfolk, 6 m. N.N.W. Wymondham. Area 1,010 ac. Pop. 222. — III. a hamlet, co. Warwick, with a sta. on the Lond. & Birming. railw., 6 m. S.E. Coventry. Bbandon, 'a mntn., headld., bay, and vill. of Ireld., Munster, co. Kerry. The nmtn., 22 m. W. Tralee, is 3,126 ft. in elevation, and termi- nates N.E. in the headld., which forms the W. hmit of Brandon-bay, an arm of Tralee-bay. The vill., a fishing and coast-guard station is on the W. side of Brandon-bay, 10 m. N.E. Dingle. Bbanbon, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Vermont, 40 m. S.W. MontpeUer. Pop. 2,194. BRANDSBrBTOK, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Riding, 8 m. N.E. Beverley. Area 3,140 ae. Pop. 718. Fair, May 16. The manor was be- queathed in 1601 by Lady Dacre, for the bene- fit of 20 aged single persons in Emanuel coll., Westminster. Brandt, a tnshp., U S., N. Amer., New York, on Lake Erie, 20 m. S.S.W. Buffalo. Pop. 1,088. Bbandtwine Creek, a riv., U. S., N. America, rises in Pennsylvania, & after a S.E.ward course of 36 m., joins the Delaware riv,, and forms the fort of Wilmington (Delaware). It is navigable to creek Brandy wine. — The battle ofBrandywine, betw. the British and Americans, was fought at Chadd's Ford, Sept. 11th, 1777, and terminated in the retreat of the American forces. — II. a town of Chester, co. Pennsylv. Pop. 1,672 III. a town of New Cart, co. Delaware. Pop. 3,387. Bbahfobd, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Connect., on Long Isl. Sound, 7 m. E. Newhaven. P. 1,322. Bbanna, a vill. of Bohemia, circ. Bidschow, 2} m. E. Starkenbach, celeb, for producing the finest thread and lace in the kingdom. Pop. 1,937. Bbansbt, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Riding, 6 m. E.N.E. Easingwold. Area 2,700 ac. P. 304. Bbansoombe a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, on the S.coast,4Jm.E. Sidmouth. Ac. 1,750. Pop. 966. Bransk, a town of Russia, prov. and 31 m. S.S.W. Bialystok, on the Nourtschek. Pop. 1,360. Beanston, 2 pas. of Engl. — I. co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, 4 m. S.E. Ljncoto, & within the Hberty of that city. Pop. 1,122. — II. co. Leicester, 8 m. N.N.E. Melton-Mowbray. Ac. 960. Pop. 333. Beantham, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, on the navigable riv. Stour, 7 m. S.S.W. Ipswidi. Area 1,940 ae. Pop. 404. Bbantinqham, a pa. of England, co. York, E. Riding, IJm. S.S.E. South-Cave. Ac. 3,040. P. 636. BbantOme, a town of France, dep. Dordogne, cap. cant., on the Dronne, 12 m. N. Perigueux. P. 1,413. It had formerly an abbey of the Benedic- tines, of which the historian Brantome was abbot. The truffles of its vicinity are in high repute. Brakxholm, or Bbanksome, the ancient seat of the Dulces of Buccleugh, Scotland, co. Rox- burgh, on the Teviot, pa. and 3 m. S.W. Hawick. It has especially acquired renown as the scene of Sir Walter Scott's " Lay of the Last Minstrel ; " but the only relict of the original castle is a square tower connected with the modem edifice. Bbanxtoh, a pa. of England, co Northumber- land, ward Glendale, 9 m. N.W. Wooler. Area 1,120 ac. Pop. 261. In this pa. is a monumental pillar commemorative of the battle of Flodden fought Sept. 19,1513. ' BRA 203 BKA Bhasher Falls, a vill. U. S., N. America, N. York, CO. St. Lawrence, on Deer riv. Pop. 2,118. Bkaslaf, a town of Russia, gov. Wilna, dist and 20 m. N.E. Vidze. Braspakt, a comm. & town of Fi-anoe, dep. Fi- nistferre, arrond. & 9 m. N.E. Chateaulin. P. 2,610. Brass, a riv. & town of Africa, Guinea, the riv. being one of the arms of the Niger at its delta, and the town on this arm in lat. 4° 35' N., Ion. 6° 16' 2' E. The slave trade here is mostly carried on by agents from Brazil and the Havanna. Bkassac, several vills. of France I. dep. Tarn, cap. cant., 12 m. E. Castres. Pop. 1,301 II. Puy-de-D6me, 9} m. S.S.E. Issoire, on the Allier, with extensive mines and exports of coal. Pop. 2,017. — HI. Dordogne, arr. Riberac. Pop. 1,910. Bkasschaet, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. and 7 m. N.E. Antwerp. P. 2,222. Brasslngton, a chplry. of Engl., co. Derby, pa. Bradborne, 3i m. N.W. Wirksworth. Pop. 776. Bkasted, a pa. of England, co. Kent, lathe Sutton-at-Hone, 4 m. W.N.W. Seven-Oaks. Area 4,630 ac. Pop. 1,130. Charities amount to about SOI. per anniun. Fair on Ascension day. Bk.\that, a small riv. of England, co. West- morland. It flows through Great Langdale, and joins the Rothay near its mth. in L. Windermere. Bratxlebobodgh, atownship, U. S., N. Amer., Vermont, on the Connecticut river, 66 m. E. Albany. Pop. 2,624. It has a paper miE and large printing establishment. Bkattlebv, a pa. of Engl., oo. & 7 m. N.N.W. Lincoln, pts. Lmdsey. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 168. Bkatton, a chplry. of England, co. WUts, pa. and 3 m. N.E. Westbnry. Pop. 729, partly en- gaged in woollen factories. Here is a large in- trenchment supposed to be Danish. Bbatton, three pas. of Engl. — I. (Cloeelly), co. Devon, 8 m. "W.S.W. Oakhampton. Area 8,200 ac. Pop. 870. — II. {Fleming), same co., 6| m. E.N.E. Barnstaple. Area 4,370 ac. Pop. 708. — III. (Seymour), co. Somerset, 2^ m. N.W. Win- canton. Area 1,170 ac. Pop. 103. Bbatz, a town of E. Prussia, prov. Posen, circ. & 10 m. S.S.E. Meseritz, on the Obra. P. 1,410. Beatzlaf (Polish Braclaw), a fortiiied town of Buss. Poland, gov. Podolia, cap. dist. on the Bug, 92 m. E.N.E. Blamenietz. Pop, 2,600. Beaxzkoi, a town of Siberia, gov. and 260 m. N.W. Irlmtsk, at the confluence of the Oka and Angara. Lat. 55° 34' N. ; Ion. 101° 47' E. Bbadbach, a town of Germany, cant, and 7 m. W.S.W. Nassau, on r. b. of the Rhine. Pop. 1,507. In its vicinity are silver & copper mines, the mineral springs of Dinkhold, the castle of Maxburg, and the old fortress of Philipsburg. Bbaushih, a pa. of England, co. Herts, 7} m. N.N.E. Ware. 'Area 4,.300ac. Pop. 1,358. Fair, Whit-Monday. It has numerous small charities. Bbaunau, a frontier town of Upp. Austr., circ. Upp. Inn, 57 m. W. Linz, at the junot. of the Salza and the Inn. Pop. 2,000, employed in woollen weaving and brewing. It was held by Napoleon in 1805 and 1808. — ^11. a town of Bohemia, circ. and 33 m. N.E. Koniggratz. Pop. with suburbs 3,100, engaged in manufs. of cotton and linen fabrics, linen yam, & aqua^fortis, & with extens. bleachmg works. It h3& a gymnasium, and a richly endowed Benedictine abbey. BEAtrHCEWELL, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 4^ m. N.N.W. Sleaford. Area 3,470 ac. Pop. 125. Bbaukfels, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 37 m. E.N.E. Coblenz, with a pop. of 1,472, a castle, the resid. of the prince of Solms-Braunfels, a ma- nuf. of fire engines, & 4 yearly markets. Beaunhihschen, a vill, of Lower Austria, circle and near Vienna, with several manufs. and extensive general trade. Pop. 2,760. BRAtiNLiNaEN, a town of Baden, circ. Lake, 29 m. E.S.E. Friburg, on the Bregach. Pop. 1,572. Bbaunsbaoh, a town of Wurtemberg, circ. Jaxt, 6 m. S.E. Kvinzelsau, on r. b. of the Kooher, with an old castle. Pop. 1,000. Beauksbeeg, a town of E. Prussia, reg. & 35 m. S. W. Konigsberg, cap. circ, on the Passargc, near its mouth in the Frische Hafi'. Pop. 8,360. It is the resid. of the bishop of Ermeland, with a theol. seminary for the education of R. Cath. clergymen, and manufs. of woollen cloth and yarn, and a trade in corn & timber II. a town of Moravia, circ. & 38 m. N.E. Prerau. Pop. 2,787. Braunschweig, Germany. [Bbcnswick.] Bkaunsdorf, a vill. of Saxony, circ. Dresden, 44 m. W.N.W. Freiberg, with an orphan hospital, a ho. of correction and silver mines. Pop. 1,834. Bbausseifen, a town of Moravia, circ. and 20 m. N-N.E. Ohniitz. Pop. 2,062. Iron mines. Beadnston, two pas. of England. — I, co. Nor- thampton, 3 m. N.W. Daventry. Area 3,930 ac. Pop. 1,469. Charities have an aggreg. income of 296Z. per annum. The Oxford and Grand Junction canals unite in this pa. — II. co. Rutld., 2 m. W.S.W. Oakham. Area 3,250 ac. Pop. 443. Bkaunton, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 5 m. W.N.W. Barnstaple. Area 7,010 ac. Pop. 2,274. It has a school endowed with 601. per annum. Beava, an isl. of Africa, Cape Verd Archip., S.W. Fogo. Lat. 14° 49' N., Ion. 24° 45' W., about 7 m, long and 6 m. broad. Pop. (1847) estim. at 4,600. It is mntnous., and its coasts are arid, but the interior is so fertile & beautiful as to have procured for it the name of the Para- dise of the Archip. It was taken possession of by the Portuguese in 1680, when the colonists were driven from Fogo by a volcanic eruption. It is very healthy, & every where liighly cultivated, and its produce in maize and vegetables is such as to serve for the annual supply of about 50 whaling ships. The chief vill. is San J6ao Bap- tista, with a small harbour on the E. coast. Beava, a town of E. Africa, oil the coast, and 100 m. S.W. Magadoxo, with a port on the Indian ocean, and active trade with Arabia and India. Bravo del Norte (Rio). [Rio Geajsde.] Beawdt, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 7 m. E. St. David's. Pop. 767. Beaxted, two pas. of England, co. Essex. — I. (Great), 2 m. E.N.E. Witham. Area 1,240 ac. Pop. 410 II. (Little), 1 m. E. Witham. Area 1,680 ac. Pop. 126. Beaxton, a CO. IJ. S., N. Amer., in N.W. part of Virginia, watered by the Elk & Little Kanawa rivers. Pop. 2,573, 64 of whom are slaves. Bbay, a pa. of England, co. Berks, on the Thames, IJ m. E.S.E. Maidenhead. Ac. 8,900. Pop. 3,722. Jesus hospital, endowed in 1627, has 40 inmates ; patrons, the fishmongers company. Other charities produce about 2B01. per annum. In the Thames here is Monkey isl., with angling lodge fancifully decorated by the third Duke of Marlborough : but the pa. is chiefly noted for having been the living of a time-serving vicar, who, during the reigns of Henry viii., Edwd. vi., Mary and Elizabeth, repeatedly changed his reli- gion, in order, as he stated, to maintain liis prin- ciple, " to live and die vicar of Bray." Beat, a marit. town and pa. of Ireland, cos. Dublin and Wicklow, on the Bray at its mouth, 12 m. S.S.E. Dublin. Area of pa. 2,986 ac, Pop, 3,326 ; do. of town, 3,169. The town, neat- ly built, is divided into 2 parts by the riv., here crossed by an old bridge. It has several relic- BRA 204 BRA edifices, an hospital, an old castle, now converted into police barracks, a harbour for small sloops, and some manufs. of woollen and linen fabrics. The beauty of its environs renders it a favourite place of summer resort for sea-bathing. Mkts. Tues. and Sat. ; and it has ten annual fairs. — Bray-head, a promontory about IJ m. S.W. the town, rises to 807 feet above the sea. Bbat, a small dist. of France, in the old prov. of Normandy, now included in the dep. Seine In- ferieure. — II. {Sur-Seine), a comm. and town, dep. Seine-et-Marne, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Seine, 10 m. S.S.W. Provins. Pop. 1,992. Se- veral smaller places in France have this name. Bbav, a riv. of France, between deps. Sarthe & Loire-et-Cher, joins the Loire on the rt. at Soug^. Bkaybrooeb, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 8 m. S.S.E. Mkt.-Harborough. Area 3,060 ac. Pop. 314. It gives the title of baron to the Ne- ville-Griffin family, to whose ancestor, Sir N. Griffin, the church contains a curious monument. BRAtFiELD (Cold), a pa. of Engl., co. Buclis, on the Ouse, 2| m. E. Olney. Ac. 530. Pop. 83. Bkavtoft, a pa. of Engl., co Lincoln, pts. Lind- sey, 5J m. S.E. Spilsby. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 245. Bbattok, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, IJm.W.S.W. Selby. Area 10,690 ac. Pop. 1,894. Bbazet, en Plaine, a coram. & vill. of France, dep. C6te-d'-0r, arrond. Beaune. Pop. 1,836. Brazil, an extensive empire of S. America, occupying a large proportion of the eastern and central part of that country, extending between lat. 4° 30' N. and 33° S., and Ion. 35° & 70° W. Length from N. to S. about 2,600 m., greatest breadth 2,540 m. Its internal boundaries come in contact with all the different states & territ. of S. Amer., with the exception of Chile & Pata- fonia, while the Atlantic Ocean washes its shores •om its N.E. to its S. limits. The empire is di- vided into 18 provinces, 14 sit. along the shores of the ocean, & 4 in the interior, the relative pop. of which is exhibited in the following table, drawn up according to the most recent and accurate authorities of 1845. The slave pop. is enume- rated when accurate returns of them could be ob- tained separately. In some cases they are not in- cluded at all. The number of the aborigines too, is imperfectly ascertained. Provinces. Pop. CliiofCiliM. 8. Pedro do Eio GranOo, oa S. shore, arid Santa Cathnrina, Braall maritime prov. (Slaves 12,511) - . . , Sao Paulo, maritime pror., fertile Bio de Janeiro, sm^l prov. on coast (Slaves 224.850) - - Espirito Santo. oncoaBt, unfertile Sergfpe, on coast, small prov. and un- , fertile Alagoaa, small prov. on coast sugar plantations Parahiba, small prov on coast Bio Grande do Norte, do. do. Oeara, on coast, grazing aist. ■ Piauhi, grain and grazing dist. Maranhao, fertile, near the coast. (Slaves Para/ vast maritime prov, (Ind. 100,000) Mato GroBso, the most W. prov. - Qoynz, central table land - - Mmas Geraea, E. and moat elev. table- land. Gold and diamond mines 160,000 67.2ia 360,000 430,000 40.000 650,000 167.397 100,000 320,000 55,141 100,000 160,000 60,000 200,000 239,000 40,000 72,593 730,000 Porto Alegre. Deaterro. S. Paulo. Bio de Janeiro. Victoria. Bahia (San Salvador.) f Sergipe or S. I Christovao. Macayo. Becife. Parahlba. Natal. Portaleau Oeiras. Maranhao. Belem. Cuyaba. Goyaz. Ouro Preto. Total. 8,951,351 _ The surface of Brazil is about equally divided into uplands and lowlands, or valleys. Two pa- rallel mountain ranges traverse the country from N. to S., forming elevated ridges of table-land. The greatest height of the central range being from 6,000 to 7,000 ft. Several minor ranges in- tersect the country, enclosing tracts, some of which are elevated, and others low-lying plains. The N. part of Brazil consists of the greater part of the vast plain through which flows the river Amazon, and its tributaries ; & varying in width from 360 to 800 m. The rivers, lakes, and water courses are so numerous, as completely to inter- sect this great plain, the soil of which is deep & soft, and covered for the most part with dense forests. South E. of this is another plam. The principal rivs. in this direction are the Tocantins, Araguay, Parnahiba, San Francisco, Belmonte, Doce, Pararba do Sul, and Rio Grande do Sul, all of large size, but of difficult navigation, in consequence of rapids, &c. The table-land on the W. is separated from the Andes of Bolivia by a large and extens. plain, traversed by those rivs. which join to form the Madeira ; the elev. of this plain is from 1,200 to 1,500 ft. On the banks of the Iriuana, & W.ward to the N. branch of the Serra Paricis, extends a sandy and nearly barren desert, called Campos dos Parcels. From 7 lakes (Sete Lagoas) on this table-land rises the river Paraguay, which flows S.ward through a swampy country, ancj then through the great plain of Paraguay to join the Parana. The lat- ter has a course of 1,000 m., and receives the Rio Grande, the Paranhiba, Sapucahy, Pardo, and many others which flow in a S.E . direction into the Atlantic. The Uruguay flows S. through another table-land of smaller cQmensions to the plain of the Missiones. The principal lakes are Patos, an enlargement of the Rio Grande and L. Mirim. Many others of less size are in the W. provinces. The climate of the Amazon valley is of a tropical nature ; only the dry & rainy seasons are not very distinctly marked. The nights are cloudless; but in the morning clouds accumulate and continue till the afternoon, when thunder & hghtning, with torrents of rain, prevail for two hours, & all again is clear. The cumate of Central and W. Brazil is more varied, the heat in the dry season being excessive, while frosty nights are of frequent oc- currence in winter ; rain in some situations is of rare occurrence. The climate in the valley of the S.E. coast is, notwithstanding its low lat., as genial as that of Italy, being clear and serene, and refreshed by the sea breeze from the E. At Rio Janeiro the ann. mean of Fahr. Therm, is 77°- The shores of the E. coast are generally low-ly- ing, the ground rising gradually behind into the mountain region, which runs parallel to the coast. The harbours are generally good, particularly those of Rio de Janeiro and Bahia. The pop. of Brazil consists of Europeans, whites born in the country, who call themselves Brazilians ; Mulat- toes ; Mamalucoes, or offspring of whites and native Indians; Negroes; Mestizoes, or Zam- boes, mixed castes between Negroes & Indians ; and the Aborigines, or American Indians. The slave pop. consists of Negroes and mixed breeds. Of the Aborigines, a portion are in a civilized condition, who are styled Cabocloes : the rest are in a savage and unreclaimed state. There is Uttle political division of ca.stes ; and intermarriages among the different races are common. Aboriginal slavery has been legally abolished ; and the laws regarding slaves are, on the whole, not severe nor stringent. Thirty-five hoKdays in the year, besides Saturdays, are al- lowed to the slave to work for himself; and a slave can demand his liberty on paying a certain sum equal to his value. BRA 205 BRA There are in Brazil 88 titles of nobility ; but these are not hereditary. Little has been done for education throughout the empire ; schools, and even school-booKs are very deficient. The ecclesiastical establishment is also at a low ebb, and many districts are almost wholly deficient of ministers of religion. Roman Catholicism is the prevailing and recognised creed. The exercise of other religions is only tolerated within the do- mestic circle. The monastic system is greatly on the decline. The country along the coast & the banks of some of the rivs., besides some ex- tensive tracts in Minas Geraes have been brought under cultivation, but it is calculated not 1 ao. out of 150; so that by far the greater portion of the surface remains in a state of nature. The dense forests furnish almost every variety of useful and ornamental timber, more than 100 species of palms, logwood, mahogany, Brazil, and numerous other dye-woods, with sassafras, sar- sapaiilla, ipecacuanha, & a great variety of other drngs. Cocoa, caoutchouc, & manioc, are indi- genous products; maize, sugar, coffee, cotton, rice, wheat, & tobacco, have been introduced by European culture. The culture of the tea plant was, some years ago, unsuccessfully attempted by a colony of Chinese, in the prov. Sao Paulo ; the yerba mate, or Paraguay tea, is, however, an abundant product of the W. provs. The horse, ox, & sheep, derived from European stocks, have long been naturalized in the country ; and vast herds of cattle are reared on all the more open parts. Hides, horns, bones, tallow, and other animal products, form leading articles of the expt. trade. "Wild animals comprise the ja^^uar, hyena, tiger-cat, and other rapacious genera; with the tapir, wild-hog, &c., and a great variety of birds of the richest plumage : the animal as well as the vegetable products here presenting the greatest diversity. The diamond mines of Minas Geraes are the most productive at present known. Eschwege estimated the value of the diamonds produced here, from 1740 to 1822, at 3,475,537Z. Other gems, and large quantities of gold, besides silver, copper, iron, and platinum, are among the mineral products of the same prov. ; these mines are now wrought by the Anglo-Brazilian mining company, organized un- der the auspices of Don Pedro, in 1825. Manufs. are almost wholly in their infancy in Brazil, being confined to cotton weaving, tanning, and the production of goods of primary necessity ; & nearly all branches of industry are performed by slave labour. From its central position in refe- rence to the chf. commer. countries of the globe, & its very extens. line of coast, Brazil is most fa- vourably situated for trade, which, though extens. is not yet nearly commensurate with the resources of the Empire. Expts. from the N. provs, are mostly coffee, cotton, cacao, sugar, and tobacco ; from the S., hides, tallow, and other animal pro- ducts ; and from the capital and middle provs., all these, with drugs, diamonds, gold dust, dyes, rice, manioc, tapioca, spirits, rosewood, &c. Coffee is the chief staple, and, in 1838, its expt. was estim. at 778,473 bag^, & 3,178 barrels, sent principally to England & the IT. States. In the same year 14,470 barrels, 17,426 boxes, and 4,424 bags of sugar, 192,710 hides, 406,792 horns, 14,737 bags of rice, 16,118 do. of flour, 6,472 pipes of spirits, were exported ; and 527 ships, aggreg. burden 106,786 tons, cleared out of the several ports, Bio, Bahia, & Maranham, form- ing more than 3-4ths of the whole forei^ commerce, which is chiefly with Great Britain, the U. States, France, Portugal, and the other states of S. America. In 1844, the total value of imports from Great Britain, amounted to 2,413,538/., of which, cotton goods stood for 1,359,991'., other principal articles being woollen and linen goods, hardware and cutlery, iron and steel arms, brass, copper, earthenwares, butter, &c. The imports from the V. States, in 1842, amounted in value to 5,948,814 dolls., consisting mostly of flour and other provisions, and coarse cotton manufs. ; the returns were estimated at 2,601,502 dolls., mostly in coffee, sugar, & hides. Duties on impts. in the same year amounted to 12,037,840 dolls., and those on expts. to 3,422,687 do. ; the expts. and impts. averaging perhaps from 4J to 5 millions sterUng annually. The government is an hereditary limited mo- narchy ; the legislative power is vested in a se- nate of 54 members and a chamber of deputies, the latter elected by free citizens having pro- perty to 200 milreas annually. Each member of the legislative receives a salary. Parliaments are quartennial, each sitting lasting 4 months. The justices of the peace are elected by the people in each district. Trial by jury exists in both civil and criminal courts. In Rio and Bahia are superior courts with 8 judges each ; & the former city is also the seat of a supreme ju- dicial tribunal, with 12 judges appointed by the crown. Neither titles of dignity, nor seats in the upper chamber, are hereditary. The executive government is in the 6 departments of the emp., justice, foreign affairs, navy, war, and finance. Total expenditure, in 1846-6, amounted to 24,752,758 milreas (2,578,412Z.) : the revenue for the same year having been somewhat less. Pub- lic debt (1843), 13,962,477?. The standmg army, in 1844, consisted of 17,096 men, and the navy of 67 vessels, carrying 350 guns ; the latter com- prised no ships above the size ofafrigate. Brazil was first discovered by Pedro Alvares Cabral, in 1600 ; and began to be colonized by the Portuguese in 1531. In 1808, King John vi. of Portugal took up his residence in Brazil ; and, in 1815, con- stituted it a kingdom. In 1822 it declared itself an independent state ; & it obtained a constitu- tion in 1826. Rio de Janeiro is the cap. of the empire and the seat of government. Brazoria, a small but thriving town of Texas, cap. CO. same name, on the Brazos, 22 m. N.W. from its mouth. Pop. 500. A good deal of cot- ton is shipped here in coasting vessels. Bbazos db Digs, one of the largest rivers of Texas, 0. S., N. Amer., rises among the mntns. in the N.'W. part of that state; flows S.E.ward through its central region, & after a course estim. at 900m., enters the Gulf of Mexico,60m. W.S.W. Galveston, & E.N.E. Matagorda. It is navig. dur- ing freshets, for a considble. distance, but the bar at its mouth has only about 6 ft. of water. The riv. flows through an extensive plain impregnated with salt & nitre, and during the rainy season, the flooded water has a brackish taste throughout its course. Princip. affls., the Red Fork & Navoso- to. The towns, Milam, Nashville, Washington, San Felipe, Richmond, Brazoria, & Velasco are on its banks, along which also are some of the most productive cotton plantations in the world. Bbazza, an isl. of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, ciro. & 8 m. S. Spalatro. Area 170 sq. m. Pop. 15,496. Surface mntnous. & rugged, producing scarcely l-4th of the corn consumed ; but the isl. is industriously cultiv., & yields oil, figs, al- monds, saffron, & the best wine in Dalmatia. Its kids' milk & cheese are in repute, and it is famed for its honey. Principal vills. Milna and Neresi. The channel of Brazza between it & the mainland BRE 208 is &om 7 to 8 m. across, and capable of afford- ing secure anchorage for shipping. Bbeadalbase, an extens. dist. of Scotland, comprising the W, part of the co. Perth, & sur- rounded by the dists. Loohaber, Athol, Strath- earn, Monteith, Lorn, & Knapdale. Though mntnous. & rugged, being traversed by the Grampians, it has good roads and bridges. In it are Ben Lawers, Lochs Tay & Lyon, & the vills. Kenmore, Killin, & CUfton. Granite, gneiss, & schistose rooks prevail in the dist. Copper is found at Aithra, & lead at Tyndrum. The scenery of Loch Tay & other situations is high- ly picturesque. Chief proprietor, the Marquis of Breadalbane, residence, Taymouth castle. Bbeajdsall, a pa. of Engl., oo. & 2J m. N.N.E. Derby. Area 2,410 ac. Pop. 620. In the church is a monument to Dr E. Darwin. BBEi.FT, or Bbeaghwee, a pa. of Irel., Con- naught, CO. Mayo, 2J m. E.S.E. Castlebar. Area 6,266 ac Pop. 2,452. Bbbage, St., a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 2 J m. W. Helstone. Area 7,390 ac. Pop. 6,166, most- ly employed in tin mines. Bbeax, a comm. and town of France, dep. Ille- ct-Vilaine, 10 m. S."W. Rennes. Pop. 2,200. Bbeamobe, or Bbomebe, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, on the Avon, 3 m. N.N.E. Fordingbridge. Area 3,440 ac. Poi). 647. Beeabe, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, on the coast, 8i m. N.W.Axbridge. Ac. 1,330. P. 126. Bbeathill, a co. of U. S., N. Amer., in E. part of Kentucky. Area 700 sq. m. Pop. 2,195, of whom 119 are slaves. Chief town same name. BBfiAuifi, a conun. and town of France, dep. Seine-Inf., arrond. & 15 m. N.E. Havre. P. 1,300. Brecet, a comm. & town of France, dep. Manche, cap. cant., 27 m. S.W. St. L6. P. 2,172. Beeche-de-Rolahd, a defile of the Pyrenees, between France & Spain, about 11 m. S. Luz, forming a difficult passage, from 200 to 300 feet wide, in a rocky wall from 300 to 600 ft. high, sur- rounded by the rocks called Tours de Marbor^, at an elevation of 9,600 ft. above the sea. It is named from the popular tradition that Roland opened the breach by a blow of his sword. Beeoh-epa, or Bbeohva, a pa. of S. Wales, co. & 91 m. N.E. Carmarthen. Pop. 109. Bkechin, a pari. bor. & pa. of Scotl., co. For- far, on the S. Esk, 7J m. "W.N.W. Montrose, with which it common, by a branch of Northern railw. Inhab. houses of bor. 849, pop. of do. 5,903, of pa. 7,560. It stands on an abrupt decliv., & some of ite streets are very steep : but it is well-built. It was anciently created into an episcopal see by David i. in 1150. Its cathedral, founded in the 12th cent., has a spire 128 ft. in height, & now serves as the pa. church ; attach- ed to it is a remarkable round tower similar to those of Ireland, 103 ft. in height. Other edifices are various chapels, the town-ho., the publ. schools, & some remains of an anc. hospital. From 1,000 to 1,600 hands are estim. to be engaged in the mannfs. of hnens & sail cloth, and in spinning, bleaching, distilleries, & brewing, Ann. value of real property (1843) 7,960?. Corp. rev. (1841-2) 800?. Brechin unites with Montrose, &c., in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1846) 194. Mkt., Tues., & a large cattle fair on the 2d Wed. in June. On the Esk, near the town, is Brechin Castle, the seat of Lord Panmure. The historian Dr Gillies, & the Tytlers, were natives of Brechin. Beecht, a comm. & town of Belg., cap. cant, prov. & 14 m. N.E. Antwerp. Pop. 2,823, en- gaged in woollen manufs. and iron works. Bbeckenbidqe, a co. of V. S., N. Amer., in N. part of Kentucky, on the Ohio. Area 700 sq. m. Pop. 8,744, of whom 1,691 are slaves. Beeckebfeld, a town of Pruss. Westphalia, circ. Hagen, 14^ m. E. Elberfeld, with paper ma- nufactures and powder mills. Pop. 1,320. Beeckles, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 4^ m. S.S.E. Watton. Area 1,860 ac. Pop. 160. Beecoh, Beecknock, or Abeb-Hondet, a pari., munic. bor. & town of S. Wales, cap. co. Brecon, on the TTsk, at the influx of the Honddu & Tarrell, 14 m. S. Builth. Pop. of pari. bor. (consisting of 3 pas., 2 extraparochial cQsts., and Trecastle ward, 10 ro. distant) 6,701 ; do. of town & munic. bor., 5,472. It has a most pictu- resque site, & many well-built houses; chief structures, one bridge over the Usk, & 3 others across the Honddu, St. John's church, originally a part of a priory, St. David's church, a collegiate church founded by Henry viii., the old castle, an arsenal, the town & co. halls, co. jail & in- firmary, & various dissenting chapels. It has a colleg. school, an acad. for indep. ministers, alms-houses, other charities with an aggreg. an- nual income of 370?., coal & lime wharfs, and a brisk general trade, but no manufs. of impor- tance. Its public promenades are noted for beauty ; its anc. walls were demolished by the inhabs. during the last civil war. Brecon com- munics. with the Monmouth canal by the Breck- nock & Abergavenny canal, 36 m. in length, & by a railw. with Mertnyr Tydvil, 14 m. S. Mkts., Wed., Frid., & Sat. Fairs for the latter, 1st Wed. in Mar., May 14, July 6, Sept. 6, Nov. 17. It is the seat of the co. assizes, quart, sessions & petty sessions, & the place of pari, election for the CO. Corp. rev. (1837) 301?. It sends 1 mem. to H. of C, since the reign of Henry vm. Reg. electors (1846) 304. The renowned actress Mrs Siddons, was born here in 1766. Bbecknookshieb, an inl. co. of S. Wales, en- closed by the cos. Cardigan, Radnor, Carmarthen, Glamorgan, Monmouth, and Hereford. Area 512,000 ac, of which about 232,000 are cultivated. Inhab. houses (1841) 11,105. Pop. 55,603. Sur- face mostly mntnous. ; the Brecknock Beacon (the loftiest summit in S. Wales), is 2,862 ft., and Cradle mntn., 2,646 ft. above the sea. The Wye forms all the N. boundary ; other rivs. are the Usk and its affls., which water many small but fertile valleys. Agriculture rather backward. Farms mostly smaM and let by the year. Rents in the vales vary from 16s. to 21s. per ac. ; sheep- walks on the mntns. let from 3s. to 7s. Princip. products, oats, barley, wheat, wool, butter, cheese, and cattle; which are mostly sent to the neighbg. English iau-s and mkts. The breed of sheep is small but of excellent quality. The co. yields copper, lead, iron, coal, and limestone ; & on its S.most border are some large iron worfc. It has a few small manufs. of coarse woollens & worsted hosiery. Prmcipal towns, Brecon, Crickhowell, and Builth. Brecknock Is divided into 6 bunds., and 71 pas., mostly in the diocese of St. David's. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C, 1 for the co., and 1 for the bor. Brecon. Reg. elects, for co. (1846) 2,548. Ann. value of lands (1842-43) 139,224?. ; of houses, 31,401?. ; total ann. value of real property 198,472?. The Welsh language is now mostly disused except in the N. and E. parts of the co. Beeda, a strongly fortfd. town of the Nether- lands, prov. Brabant, cap. cant., in a wide marsh on the Merle, 24 m. W.S.W. Bois-le-Duc Pop (1840) 12,692. It is regularly and well built, and has ramparts planted with trees. Princip edifi ces the citadel, rebuilt by William m. of Engl BRE 207 BRE town hall, court-ho., arsenal, 4 R. Catholic & 2 protestant churches, the princip. of which latter is surmounted by a spire 862 ft. in ht., and con- tains the tomb of Count Engelbert of Nassau, a general under Charles t. Breda has a magnetic observatory, & is the seat of a commerc. tribunal ; it has a latin school, manufs. of woollen and linen fabrics, and mnsical instruments. It was taken by Prince Maurice of Nassau in 1590 ; by the Span- iards under Spinola in 1625, and by the French in 1793, and is celeb, for tlie assoc. of nobles form- ed in 1566 under the name of " the compromise of Breda ; " and for the congress of 1667 and 1746. Bbedbukt, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Chester, pa. and 2 m. E.N.E. Stockport. Pop. 3,301. Bkese, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, rape Hast- ings, 5 m. E.N.E. Battle. Area 5,700 ac. Pop. 1,151. Fair, Easter Tuesday. Bkedesburt, or Bbidenbubt, a pa., Engl., co. Hereford, 3 m. W.N.W. Bromyard. Ac. 540. P. 46. Bredevoort, a town of the Netherl'ds, prov. Gelderland, on the Bredevooter Aa, in a marshy dist., 30 m. S.E. Amheim. Pop. 900. Bbedfield, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 3 m. N. Woodbridge. Area 1,630 ac. Pop. 468. Bredgar, pa. of Engl., co. Kent, lathe Soray, 3 m. S.S.W. Sittingbower. Ac. 1,810. Pop. 540. Bbeshurst, a pa. of England, co. Kent, lathe Aylesford, 4^ m. S.E. Chatham. Ac. 400 P. 131. Bbedicot, a pa. of England, co. and 3J m. E. Worcester. Area 430 ac. Pop. 53. Bbedon, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, on the Avon, 3^ m. N.N.E. Tewkesbury. Area 6,130 ac. Pop. 1,667, partly employed by the stocking manuis. of Tewkesbury. On the top of Bredon hill, wliich commands a fine prospect, are the traces of a Roman camp. Bredon, a comm, andvill. of France, dep. Can- tal, in a vallev remarkable for its fine waterfalls, 1^ m. S.W. Murat. Pop. of comm. 2,400. Bredstedt, a vill. of Denmark, duchy Schleswig, cap. dist. near the North Sea, and24 m. W.S.W. Flensborg. Pop. 1800; and pop. of dist. 10,900. Bredwabdike, a pa. of Engl., co. and 12 m. W.N.W. Hereford, on the Wye. Area 3,890 ac. Pop. 409. Jarvis' charit. endowment in this pa., yielded in 1835, a rev. of 1,252?. 17«. On the Wye near the vill. are the ruins of Bredwardine castle., Bredv, two pas. of Engl., co. Dorset — I. (Lit- tle), 7i m. S.W. Dorchester. Area 3,220 ac. Pop. 196.— II. (Long), 8i m. -W. Dorchester. Area 3,000 ac. Pop. 340. 2 evening nat. schools. Br£e, a comm. & town of Belgium, prov. Lim- bourg, cap. cant., 18 m. W. Ruremonde. P. 1,610. Breede, a riv. of S. Africa, Cape Colony, dists. Worcester and Zwellendam, rises in the Warm- Bokkeveld, a nmtn. basin about lat. 33° 10' S., & Ion. 19° SC E., flows at first N.W.ward, breaks through the mntns. at Mostert and Hoek pass, and after a course mostly S.E.ward, enters the sea at Port Beaufort. It is the deepest and one of the largest rivs. of the colony ; but its navig. is impeded by a bar at its mouth, with only 13 ft. water at low, & 19 ft. at high spring tide. Affls. the Hex & Zondereinde ; the towns of Worcester and Zwellendam are near its banks. Beeedon-on-the Hill, a pa. of England, co. Leicester, 6 m. N.N.E. Ashby-de-la-Zouch. Area 6,410 ac. Pop. 2,62.5. BREQAaLIA (VAI..), Switzerl. [VAiBEEGAOtlA.] BBEaANgoN, a small fortfd. islet of France, dep. Var, 20 m. E. Toulon m the Bay of Hyferes. Breoekz, .Brij'areWa, a frontier town of Austria, Tyrol, cap. circ. Torarlberg, at the E. extremity of the LaJce of Constance, betw. the Swiss & Ba- varian territs., 80 m. W.N.W. Innspriick. Pop. 4,000. It has some cotton manufs., with an active transit trade ; it exports a large number of ready made wooden houses for the Alpine dists. of Swit- zerl'd, & vine poles for the vineyards on the lake. Brequo, a town of Sardinia, prov. and 20 m. N.E. Nice, cap. mand., on the Roia. Pop. (with comm.) 2,476. Near it ruins of Trivella castle. Brehar, or Bbyhee, one of the Scilly Isls., CO. Cornwall (Engl.), 30 m. W. Land's End. It is mntnous., & has some druidical remains. Pop. 121, chiefly engaged in fishing. Brehai, a comm. and town of France, dep. Manche, cap. cant., arrond. and 12 m. S.S.W. Coutances. Pop, 1,732. Brehat, a small isl. of France in the English Channel, off the coast of Brittany, dep. Cotes- du-Nord, 4 m. N. Paimpol. It has a vill. P. 1,560. Brehna, a town of Prussia, prov. Saxony, circ. Bittufeld, 12 m. N.E. Halle. Pop. 1,033. Breightmet, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. & 2 m. E. Bolton. Area 970 ac. Pop. 1,309. Breinton, a pa. of Engl., on the Wye, co. & 2} m. W.S.W. Hereford. Ac. 1,490. Pop. 362. Bbeisach (New), (Neuf Breisach), a frontier town of France, dep. Haut-Riiin, cap. cant., near 1. b. of the Rhine, 8 m. S.E. Colmar. Pop. 1,742. It is regularly built, and was strongly fortif. by Vauban. — 11. (Old), Alt Breisach, afortif. town of Germany, duchy Baden, circ. Upp. Rhine, on rt. b. of the Riiiue, immed. opp. the foregoing. Pop. 3,100. It has a handsome cathed., a college, and some transit trade. It was formerly fortified; but dismantled in 1641. Beeisgatj, an old divis. of Germany, in S.W. of Swabia. Chf. towns Freiburg, Old Breisach, & Laufenburg. It was long held by the Counts of Breisach, and was afterwards united to the doms. of Austria. It was ceded in 1806 chfly. to Baden, with a small portion to Switzerl. & Wiirtemberg. Breisig (Nieder), a town of Rhen. Prussia, reg. & 18 m. N. W. Coblenz, on 1. b. of the Rhine. Pop. \,150.—OherB., is a vill., same reg. P. 600. Breitenbach, a town of Cent. Germany, prin- cipaUty Schwarzbiu'g Sondershausen,23 m. N. Co- burg. Pop. 2,100, engaged in manufs. of porce- lain, wooden wares, & musical instruments. — II. a vill. of Hessen-Cassel, circ. Ziegenbain. — III. a vill. Switzerl., cant, and 14} m. N. Soleure. — IV. a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Bas-Rhin, arrond. Schflestadt, cant. Vill^. Pop. 1,595. Breiteneelb, a vill. of Saxony, circ. and 4 m. N. Leipzig, remarkable for 2 battles gained by the Swedes during the 30 years war ; the one, 7th Sept. 1631 ; the other, 2d Nov. 1642. The King of Sweden had his head-qrtrs. here 17th Oct. 1813. A moniunentwas erected on the battle field, 1831. Bbejo, a town of Brazil, prov. Maranhao, cap. Comarca of same name, near 1. b. of the river, and 210 m. S.W. the city of S. Luiz. Pop. 3,000. Beelade (St.), a vill. & pa. Jersey, on St. Bre- lade's bay, S.W. coast of the isl., and 1^ m. S.W. St. Aubin. Pop. 2,170. Beeme, a town of Pidemont, prov. Lomellina, 10 m. S.W. Mortara, on 1. b. of the Po. P. 1,950. Bremen, one of the 4 free cities of Germany, on both banks of the Weser, 69 m. S.W. Ham- burg. Lat. (of observatory) 53° 4' 36" N., Ion, 8° 48' 54" E. Pop. with suburbs (1846) 63,166, nearly all protestants. The city is divided by the river into the old town on the right, and the new town on the left bank. In the former the streets are narrow and crooked, and the houses are decorated in the style of the middle ages, while in the latter the streets are more regular, and the houses mod. in style. The riv. is crossed by an old & a new bridge ; the quays are extens., BRE 208 and the ramparts form agreeable promenades. The principal buildings are St. Peter's church or the Dom Kirche, the church of St. Ansgarius re- markable for its spire, upwards of 300 ft. in ht., a town-hall, a fine old gothic building which has been recently restored ; the observatory of Gi- bers, a museum with a library of 25,000 vols., a gymnasium, school of commerce and navigation, a school of design, and a public library of 20,000 vols. Bremen has an extens. foreign trade, es- pecially with N. Amer., and it is the great empo- rium of Brunswick, Hessen, and Hanover. In 1847, 229 ships of an aggreg. burden of 79,390 tons belonged to its port ; in 1813 it had 10 ships of 1 3,646 tons more than Hamburg. The greater number of German emigrants to N. Amer., have embarked at Bremen ; its shipping has been re- cently greatly on the increase, but owing to the sanding up of the riv. large ships cannot reach its harb., and Bremerhafen was built at the mth. oftheWeser fortheiraccommodation. [Bbemer- HAFEN,] The chief industry of Bremen consists in ship-building, and manufs. of woollens and cottons, paper, starch, colours, chiecory, and ci- fars ; it has also extens. sugar refineries, beer reweries, and brandy distilleries. Princip. im- ports tobacco, coffee, sugar, and other colonial products, oil, iron, tin, wines, riee, tea, cottou manufs., timber, and hemp. Chief exports linen and woollen goods, grain, oak bark, glass, smelts, and provisions. It is the birth-pl. of Olbers the astronomer, and Heeren the historian. Bremen, which was one of the principal towns of the Hanseatic league, was successively cap. of the archbishopric — then of the duchy of Bremen, & afterwards a free imperial city. It was cap. of the department of the Weser, under the empire of Napoleon, and latterly the cap. of a small re- public, governed democratically. It is connected by railway with Hanover, and has regular steam commun. with Bremerhafen, Oldenburg, & HuU. The territory of the free cit;^ of Bremen, ex- tending on both sides of the river, comprises a space of 112 sq. m., with a pop. of 72,000, and has, besides the city, the town of Bremerhafen, 2 market towns, 12 parishes, and 58 villages. Bbbmen (Dcoht of), an old duchy of Germany, in the circ. of lower Saxony ; it was first a bish- opric, then an archbishopric, afterw. secularised and ceded to Sweden in 1648. In 1719 it was sold to theD. of Brunswick. Chf. towns Verden and Stade. The town of Bremen was not com- prised in it ; it now belongs to Hanover, & forms part of the landrost Stade. Bremerhafen, a town of Germany, belonging to the republic, & 34 m. N.N.W. the city of Bre- men, in the Hanoverian territory, on the rt. b. of the estuary of the Weser, at the month of the Geeste. Pop. (1842) 2,380. This thriving port, built by Bremen in 1830, for the accommodation of large vessels connected with its trade, is occup. by a Hanoverian garrison, and guarded by the Hanoverian fort Wilhelm, recently constructed on the opposite side of the river. Bbemerlehe, a town of Hanover, cap. Amt, landr. & 36 m.W.S.W. Stade. Pop. 1,645. Bremeevohde, avill. of Hanover, landr. Stade, on the Oste, 30 m. N.N.E. Bremen. Pop. 2,481. It has extens. distilleries, paper and leather manufs., and an active commerce, being con- nected by canals with the Elbe at Stade, & the Weser near Bremen. Extensive distilleries. BREMGiBTEN, a town of Switzerl., cant. & 2 m. N. Bern, on the Aar, with a castle & some Ro- man antiqs — II. a town, cant. Aargau, on the Beuss, 14j m. E.S.E. Aarau. Pop. 1,000. Louis Philippe, ex-king of the French, lived here in re- tirement during the French revolution, till 1795. —III. a viU. of Baden, circ. Upper Rhine, 12 m. S.W. Freiburg. Pop. 661. BBEMHiLL.apa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 4m. E.N.E. Chippenham. Ac. 5,920. Pop. 1,560. The Rev. W. L. Bowles, the poet, was incumbent of this pa. Bremilham, or Coubtoh, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 2 m. S.W. Malmesbury. Ac. 300. Pop. 47. Bbbhohlet, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, lathe Ay- lesford, 4 m. N. Lamberhurst. Area 8,590 ac. Pop. 2,472. It has an anc. church & some min- eral waters sunilar to those of Tunbridge. Bbemditz, a vill. of Moravia, circ. and 2 m. N.N.W. Znaym. This was the head-quarters of the Archd. Charles during the battle of Znaym in 1809. Porcelain clay is exported from its vi- cinity for the imperial manuf. of Vienna. BRBNnoiA, a vill. of N. Italy, gov. Venice, de- leg. & 6 m. S.W. Vicenza. Pop. 3,319. Brendon, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 14J m. E. Ilfracombe. Area 9,470 ac. Pop. 271. Brenets (Les), a vill. of Switzerl., cant. & 12 m. W.N.W. Neuchatel, on rt. b. of the Donhs, which here forms a fine cascade, 85 ft. in height, & turns numerous mills. Pop. 1,400, who manuf. watches, optical instruments, lace, & hardwares. Brenne, a riv. of France, dep. C6te-d-0r, joins the Armancon, on the right near St. Remy. Bbenne (La), an old dist. of France in the provs. Touraine & Berry. The name is still pre- served in the marshy dist., between Chl.teauroux & Le Blanc, dep. Indre. Many leeches caught. Bbenneb, a mntn. of Anstria, one of the cul- minating points of the Tyrol, between the Inn, the Aicha, & the Adige, elev. 6,788 ft. The route from Innspriick to Brixen traverses this mntn. at an elevation of'4,650 feet. Bbeno, a town of Lombardy, deleg. and 35 m. N.E. Bergamo, cap. dist. on the Oglio. In its vicinity are extens. stalactite grottos. Pop. 2,466. Brent, two small rivs. of Engl I. cos. Herts & Middlesex, after a tortuous course enters the Thames at Brentford, crossed by railway viaduct. — II. CO Somerset, rises in Sherwood forest, and enters the Bristol channel near Bridgewater. Brest, sev. pas. of Engl. — I. {East), co. Som- erset, 5i m. S.W. Axbridge. Area 3,180 ac. Pop. 849. On the lofty hill called Brent-Knoll, in this pa., are traces of a Roman camp. — II. (Eleigh), co. Suffolk, 6^ m. N.E. Sudbury. Area 1,660 ac. Pop. 299. It has an ahns-ho. endowed with ^2l. per ann., & its church possesses an ex- cellent library. — III. {South), co Devon, on the Avon, 7 m. S.S.W. Ashburton. Area 10,180 ac. Pop. 1,237. In the church here are some anc. & very curious carved seats. The parish lands yield 113/. per annum. Fairs, May 12 & Oct. 10.— IV. {South), CO. Somerset, 7 m. W.S.W. Axbridge. Ac. 3,210. Pop. 1,074. [Bbent-Tor.] Beenta, Medoacus major, a navig. riv. which rises in the Tyrol, & traverses Lombardy, passing Bassano ; itfeeds the canal of Brentelle,whichjoins the Bacchiglione W. of Padua. At Dolo it supplies the Brenta Morta, or canal of Brenta, called in its lower course Brenta Magra ; the rest of the waters of the Brenta, under the name of Brenta Nova or Brentone, join the Bacchiglione & sev. canals, among which Brenta-Novissima, leaves the canal of Brenta near Mlra, & joining the riv. of same name near Brondolo, it enters the Adriatic at Porto di Brondolo, entire length 90 miles. Bbentfgbd, a market town of Engl., & the no- minal cap., CO. Middlesex, on the Thames here crossed by abridge leading to Kew, & on the Great W. railw., 7 J m. W. London. The river Brent, 8i BKE 209 B R B m. W. St. Paul's, also crossed by a bridge, divides the town into old & new Brentford, the former a chply. in the pa. of Ealing. Pop. 5,068. The latter, a separate pa. Area 230 ac. Pop. 2,174. The town consists of a long street, paved & in- differently built, & it is frequently, as sung by Thomson, " a town of mud." It has 2 well en- dowed charity schools and a union workhouse ; — its trade is facilitated by the grand junc- tion canal, which joins the Brent near Hanwell. Mkt., Tues. Fairs, 17th May & 12th September. Brentford, tliough usually considered the co. town, has nothing to distinguish it as such, ex- cept its being the place of election of the mems. of pari, for the co., the magisterial business of Middlesex being conducted at Clerkenwell. Brentikgbt, a pa. of Engl. [Wtfordby.] Brentos Bat, an inlet, N. coast of Melville isl., Australia, between Smoky Point and Point Byng. It abounds with turtle. Bbentonico, a pa.. and vill. of Austria, Tyrol, circ. & 6 J m. S.W. Koveredo, on the N. slope of MonteBaldo,withquarriesoffinemarble. P. 1,447. Bbentwood, a chply., & formerly a mkt. town of Engl., CO. Essex, pa. S. Weald, on the eastern union rajlw., 17 m. E.N.E. London. Area 730 ac. Pop. 2,362. It has an old gothic chapel, a free gram, school founded in 1537, annual, rev. 1,452^, an alms-ho., & a bnildg. in which assizes were for- merly held. Fairs, July 11, Oct. 15 & 16. Beest-Tok, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon. The pa. 4 m. N.N.W. Tavistock, has an area of 2,810 ac. Pop. 169. It has mines of manganese, & derives its name from the " Tor," a lofty spur of the Dartmoor hills, on which is its church, & which, though far inland, serves as a conspicu- ous land-mark for mariners. Bbe\'z, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Jaxt, 10 m. S.E. Heidenlieim, on the Brenz. Pop. 836. Breszett, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 4} m. K.W. Romney. Area 1,740 ac. Pop. 228. Beeock (St.), a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, on the navigable riv. Camel, here crossed by abridge of 16 arches, 1 m. W. "Wadebridge. Area 7,860 ac. Pop. 1,733. The vill. had formerly a mkt. A cromlech stands on an adjacent hill. Bbebehurst, a hamlet of Engl., co. Stafford, pa. Wolstanton, 2 m. N.N.E. Newcastle under Lyne. Pop. 1,618. Beebeton, a pa. of Engl., co. Chester, 2J m. N.N.E. Sandbach. Area 4,240 ac. Pop. 667. Bbesca, a vill. of lUyria, on the S. coast of the Isl. Veglia, in the Adriatic. Pop. 2,600. Bbescella, Brixellum, a walled town of N. Italy, Modena, gov. and 18 m. N.W. Reggio, on rt. b. of the Po. Pop. 2,000. Recently fortified. Bkescia, Brixia, a city of Italy, Lombardy, cap. prov., 60 m. E.N.E. Milan, on the Garza and on the railway (in progress) from Milan to Venice, elev. 512 ft. Pop. (1844) 34,956, exolu. of its sub- urbs, S. Nazaro, S. Allesandro, S. Eufemia, and Fiumcello. It is handsome, flourishing, & enclosed by ramparts, now dismantled. Principal buildings the newcathed.,entirely of marble, begun inl604, the old cathed., & a baptistry, both constructed during the Lombard dynasty, numerous churches richly adorned with works of art, the epis. palace, hall of justice, on the site of an anc. temple, a large theatre, the Broletto, or old palace of the republic, several good private palaces, nums. fountains, and many remains of antiquity. In a Roman edifice, excavated 1822, a fine museum of antiqs. has been deposited. It has a public library with a collection of rare MSS., a college, high school, athenaeum, and many endowed cha- nt, estabs. The arms and cutlery made here have long been considered the best in Italy. Brescia has also manufs. of silk, woollen & linen fabrics, paper and leather. Near it are large iron works and oil mills ; and its wine enjoys re- pute. A large fair is held here ann. from Aug. 6th to 18th ; & mkts. for cattle monthly. Brescia was taken by the French in 1796, and made the cap. of the dep. Mella. P. of prov. (1 844) 341,808. Beescou, a small isl. of B'rance, dep. H&ault, near the coast, with a port, and a small fort con- structed in 1589, 15 m. W.S.'VV. Cette. Pop. 20. Breslau, a city of Prussia, cap. of the prov. of Silesia, and of circ. of same name, on the Oder, at the influx of the Ohlau, and on the railw. from Berlin to Vienna, 409 ft. above the Baltic, 190 m. S.E. Berlin. Lat. (of Observatory) 61° 6' 57' N., Ion. 17° 2' 33" E. Pop. (1846) 112,200, of whom nearly 3-4th3 are Protestants. In 1811 the pop. was 63,237. It consists of an old & a new town, surrounded by planted walks, & 5 suburbs, the whole united by nums. bridges. It has many fine squares, and good publ. edifices, the latter comprise the cathed. founded in the 12th cent., St. Elizabeth's church, with a spire 364 ft. in elev., sev. other churches richly ornamented, the old town ho., built in the 14th cent., the gov.- ho., archbp's. palace, mint, exchange, barracks, and university buildings. In one of the squares is a colossal bronze statue of Bliicher. The uni- versity, transferred hither from Frankfort on the Oder in 1811, has a public library of 260,000 print- ed vols., & 2,300 MSS. ; and (in 1844) 70students. Breslau has 3 other libraries, 4 gymnasia (3 Pro- testant & 1 Catholic), an astronom. & a magnet, observatory & botanic garden, schools of industry, surgery, architecture, arts, a Roman Catholic & 3 Protestant colleges, numerous inferior schools & charitable estabs. ; and it is the seat of courts for the prov. and reg., and a mining council. It is the great emporium for the linens of Silesia, for which it has 4 annual fairs of 8 days each, & the greatest mart for wool in Germany. It has ma- nufs. of linen, woollen, cotton, & silk fabrics, lace, needles, plate, jewellery, earthenware, colours, soap, alum, starch, snuff, and sealing-wax ; and an extens. trade in mining produce, timber, flax, hemp, madder, corn, and oxen, from the S. Rus- sian provs., and in Hungarian wines and other merchandize. It has an active trade on the Oder, and communics. by railway with Berlin and Frankfort on the N., Dresden on the W., Cra- cow on the E., and Vienna in the S. It was bombarded and taken by the French, 7th Jan. 1807, and its fortress, then partly destroyed, has since been entirely razed. Bbbsle, a small riv. of France, betw. the deps. Somme, and Seine Inf , enters the Engl. Chan- nel at Tr^port, after a N.W. course of 35 m. Bresles, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Oise, 10 m. E. Beauvais. Pop. 1,824. In the 11th century it was an episcopal town. Exten- sive turf pits in its vicinity. Bkessat, or Bressa, one of the Shetland isls., E. of Mainland, from which it is sep. by Bressay Sound. Pop. 904. With Barra and Quarff it forms a pa., which, in 1841, had 1,798 inhabs. Lerwick is suppl. with peat, and the whole of Shetland with slates from this isl. — Bressay Sound is a rendezvous of the English and Dutch herring-boats and whale ships, and often affords shelter to ships of war. Bbesse, an old divis. of France, in the prov. Bourgogne, cap. Bourg, now comp. in the dep. Ain. It was obtained by exchange from Savoy in 1601. Bbesse (La), a conmi. and vill. of France, dep. Vosges, arrond. Remiremont. Pop. 2,883. B R E 210 Bki^ssinoham, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 3^ m. W. Diss. Area 2,300 ac. Pop. 647. Bkessuirb, a comm. and town of France, dep. Deux-Sevres, cap. arrond., 35 m. N. Niort. Pop. 2,320. The tower of its church is remarlt. for its elev. and antiq. Bressuire was fortified in the middle ages, and was taken from the English hy the celeb. Du Guesclin in 1373. It was nearly destroyed during the wars of La Vendee. Bbest, Brestum, a oomm. and city of France, cap. arrond., dep. Finistferre, 32 m. N.N.W. Quimper, and 310 m. W. Paris on the N. shore of a small gulf called the Road of Brest. Lat. (of observatory) 48° 23' 32' N., Ion. 4° 29' 26" W. Pop. (1846) 36,163. The pop. in 1836 was 29;773. Brest is a fortified city of the first class, and the most important military port of France. Its bay, which is capable of containing all the ships of war in Europe, communics. with the German Ocean by a strait called the " Goulet," which is defended by forts and batteries, and rendered difficult of access. Its inner harb. is one of the most secure in Europe, & could accommodate 60 ships of the line. It is protected by batteries & a citadel built on a rock, & communicates, by a canal, with the port of Nantes. Among its most important works, are 5 large basins, extensive quays, an arsenal, vast magazines, building yards, large barracks, & a prison, built on a hill, with accommodation for 4,000 delinquents. The city, built on the slopes of considerable hills, is di- vided by the port in two parts, which coromuni- cate only by boats ; that on the right is called Mecouvrance. The upper and lower parts of the town are connected by steep streets, and in some places only by stairs. Brest has many im- portant educ. establishments, a medical school, naval school, communal college, & a school of hy- drography, a public library, botanic garden and observatory. It has few manufs., and its com- merce is limited chiefly to the provisioning of the town and port. In 1648, Mary Queen of Scots landed at Brest, on her way to St Germain. It was occupied by the English in 1372, 1378, and 1397 ; and was attacked, without success, by the Spaniards in 1597, and by the English in 1694. Bketaone (Engl. Brittany), an old prov. in the N.W. of France, forming an extensive peninsula betw.theEngl. Channel & the Atlantic Oc.ean,now comprisedinthedeps.Finistferre, C5tes-dn-Nord, Morbihan, and Loire Inferieure. It was divided into Haute-Bretagne, cap. Rennes, and Basse- Bretagne, cap. Vannes. This province derives its name from the Britons, who estabUshed them- selves here, after having been driven from Britain by the Saxons, in the 5th cent. It long preserved its sovereigns, who bore, successively, the titles of Icings, counts, and dukes. It was united to France, by the marriage of Charles viii. with Anne of Bretagne, daughter of the last Duke Francis ii., in 1491. Bbetenoux, a comm. & town of France, cap. cant., dep. Lot, arrond. & 22 m. N.N.W. Figeac, on the die. Pop. 800. Bbbteuil, two comms. & towns of France I. dep. Eure, cap. cant., 16 m. S.W. Evreux, on the Iton. Pop. 1,487, engaged in extens. iron works. It has remains of a castle built by Wm. the Con- queror. — II. dep. Oise, cap. cant., on the railw. du Nord, 16 m. N.E. Beauvais. Pop. 2,474. It was formerly fortified. Manufactures of woollen fabrics. Bbetfobton, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, 3J m. E. Evesham. Area 1,630 ac. Pop. 511. BBETHEETOS,atnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster; pa. Croston, on the Douglas, 7| m. S.S.W. Pres- ton. Pop. 833. One of its publ. schools has an annual rev. of 112Z. . Bbetignv, a vill. of France, dep. Enre-et-Loir, on the Paris and Orleans railw., 6 m. S.E. Char- tres. By a treaty concluded here in 1360, betw. the French and English, the French King, John, regained his freedom, which he had lost at the battle of Poitiers, 4 years previously. Bbettbn, a town of W. Germany, Baden, circ. Midd. Rhine, 13 m. E. Carlsruhe. Pop. 3,000. Melancthon was born here, 1497. Bbettenham, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Nor- folk, 3 m. E. Thetford. Area 2,170 ac. Pop. 62. — II. CO. Suffolk, 8 m. W. Needham-Market. Area 1,660 ac. Pop. 367. Beetton (Monk), a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, pa. Royston, 2 m. N.E. Bamsley, on N. Mid. railw. Pop. 719.— II. ( West), a tnshp., 6 m. N.W. Bamsley. Pop. 664. Bbeukelen, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. & 8 m. N.N.W. Utrecht, on the Vecht & on the Amsterdam and Amhem railway. Pop. 1,599. Bbevig, a town of Norway, stift Aggershuus, 11 m. W.N.W. Laurvig, with a port on the Lan- gesunds Fiord. Pop. 1,166. Trade in iron. Bkevine (La), a pa. & viU. of Switzerl., cant, and 15 m. W. Neuchatel, in the valley of same name. Pop. 2,319, engaged in watch and lace making, and working in metals. Near it is a bed of coal, supposed to be the fossil relic of a forest swallowed up during an earthquake, Sept. 18, 1356. Beewaed (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 7 m. N.N.E. Bodmin. Area 9,180 ac. Pop. 724. Beewee, a tnshp., V. S., N. Amer., Maine, 70 m. JE.N.E. Augusta, on Penobscot riv. P. 1,736. Beewham, 2 pas. of England I. (North), co. Somerset, 2^ m. N.E. Bniton. Area 2,310 ac. Pop. 392.— II. (South), on the Brew, 2i m. E. by N. Bruton. Area 3,598 ac. Pop. 513. Bbewstee, a tnshp., TJ. S., N. Amer., Massa- chusetts, on Cape Cod Bay, 90 m. S.E. Boston. Beewood, a pa. of Engl., cos. Stafford & Salop, 4J m. S.W. Penkridge. Area 11,960 ac. P. 3,64L The noble mansion of Chillington-hall, and the former priory of " White Ladies," are in this pa. Bbezolles, a comm. and town of France, cap. cant. dep. Eure-et-Loire, arrond. and 13 m. W.S.W. Dreux. Pop 948. Commerce in grain. BEiANgoN, Brigantium, a strongly fortfd. town of France, dep. H. Alpes, cap. arrond., on r. b. of the Durance, 36 m. N.E. Gap, on tlie route of Mt. Genfevre. Pop. (1846) 1,419. It is the most ele- vated town of France, occupying a picturesque site 4,286 ft. above the sea, & surrounded by still loftier heights, bristhngwith forts which commu- nicate with each other, & with the town by a one- arched bridge, 130 ft. in length, across a deep ravine. Brianjon has some manufs. of cotton goods, cutlery, and lead pencils. BEiANgoNNAis, an old dist. of France in Haut- Dauphin^, the cap. of which was Briangon, now included in the dep. Hautes Alpes. Beiansk, a town of Russia, gov. & cap. circ, on the Desna, 70 m. W.N.W. Orel. Pop. 6,000. It has a cannon-foundry, & a manuf. of small arms. Bkiaee, Brivodurum, a town of France, dep. Loiret, cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Loire, at the head of the canal de Briare, 6 m. S.E. Gien. Pop. 2,587. The canal de Briare, connecting the Loire with the Seine at Montargis, 34i m. in length, is the oldest work of the Mud in France, having been commenced in the reign of Henrj- iv. in 1606. Bbiatbxte, a comm. and town of France dep! Tarn, on the Adou, 6 m. N.E. Lavaur P i 468' Beiavel's (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 7 m. N. Chepstow. Area 4,710 ac. Pop. l 387. BRl 211 lilll It has a small but very anc. crucit'urm ehui,'eh, & the remns. of a castle, built in the reign of Henry I., & m which forest & miners' courts are still held. Beibiesca, atown of Spain, prov. & 20m. N.E. Burgos, on tlie Oca. Pop. 2,040. Here, iu 1388, John I., king of Castile, neld a meeting of the States-Gen., at which the title of prince of Astu- rias was conferred in perpetuity on the heir-pre- sumptive of the cro^'m of Spain. Bbice (Sx), a comm. & Till, of France, dep. H. Vienne, arrond. Roeheehouart. Pop. 1,127. Briceth, a pa. of Eugl., co. Suffolk, 4J m. S.W. Needham. Area 950 ac. P. 214. Fair, 3th July. Bricherasco, a mkt.-ton-n of Piedmont, cap. mand., prov. and 5 m. S.W. Pinerolo. Pop. (with comm.) 3,421, engd. in tanning & paper-making. Bbickendos, a pa. of Engl., co. and 3 m. S. Hertford. Area 1,690 ac. Pop. 757. Brickhill, 3pas. of Engl., co. Bucks. — I. (Sow), IJ m. E. Fenny- Stratford. Area 1,380 ac. Pop. 566— II. (Great), 3 m. S.E. by E. Fenny-Stratford. Area 1,380 ac. Pop. 721. Charities, 54/. per ann. —ELI. (Little), 2 m. E.S.E. Fenny-Stratford. Area 1,360 ac. Pop. 563. Fairs, May 12, Oct. 29. This vill. was foi-merly a market and assize town. Bricquebec, a comm. and t. of France, dep. Manche, cap. cant., 8m.W.S.W.VaIognes. P.1,953. Bridb, 2 rivs. of Ireld., Mnnster. — I. cos. Cork & Waterford, rises in the Nagle mntns., & after an E.ward course of 25 m., joins the Blackwater riv., 8 m. N. YoughaJ. On it are the towns Rath- cormack & Tallow. It is navgble. for barges to Kintalloon. — ^11. co. Cork, joins the Lee, 6 m. W. Cork. Course 11 miles. Bride (St), sev. pas. of Engl. & Wales. — I. city of London, chiefly betw. Fleet Street and Black- friais' Bridge. Pop. 6,655. — II. co. Pembroke, on St Bride's Bay, 11 m. S.W. Haverford- west. Pop. 178. — III. CO. Glamorgan, 6 m. N.W. Cardiff. Pop. 129. — IT. (Major), same CO., 3 m. S.E. Bridgend. Pop. 914. — V. (Minor), same co., 2i m. N.E. Bridgend. Pop. 472.— VI. (Nether- went), CO. Monmouth, 5\ m. E.S.E. Caerleon. Area 1,190 ac Pop. 179.— VII. (Wentiloog), same co., on the Bristol Channel, 4 m. S.S.W. Newport. Area 2,180 ac. Pop. 274. Bbidb-Kibk, a pa. of Engl., co. Cumberland, ward AllerdaJe-below-Derwent, 2 m. N.N.W. Cockermouth. Area 9,270 ac. Pop. 2,112. In the church is a very curious carved font. Ebidell, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 2} m. S. Cardigan. Pop. 404. Brfde's Bat (St), is an inlet of the Irish Sea, at the W. extrem. of the co. Pembroke. Length & breadth abt. 8 m. each. At its entrance are Bamsey & Skomer isls. St David's & St Bride's are the principal places on its shores. BBiDE's-KruK, a pa. of the Isle of Man, Irish Sea, 5 m. N. Kamsey. Pop. 1,163. Bbidestowe, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 6 m. S.W. Oakhampton. Area 6,170 ac. Pop. 1,128. Bbidfoed, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 6 m. N.N.W. Chudleigh. Area 4^090 ac. Pop. 660. Bbidqe, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, lathe St Au- gustine, 3 m. S.E. Canterbury. Area 1,280 ac. Pop. 817. It has a union work-ho. for 22 parishes. Bbidgenc, amkt.-t. of S. Wales, co. Glamorg., pa. Coyty, on the Ogmore, here crossed by a stone bridge, 6 m. W.N.W. Cowbridge. Pop. incldg. Noslton & Oldcastle, 1,471. It is a straggling pi., with a t.-hall, a union work-ho., & some woollen manufs. Mkt., Sat. Fairs, Holy Thur., Nov. 17. Polling-pl. for co. A railw., 4i m. in len^h, con- nects Bridgend with the Duffryn-Llynvi line. BErDGEFOBD, 2 pas. of Engl., co. Nottingham, —I. (East), 8 m. E.N.E. Nottingham, on the Trent. Area 1,720 ac. Pop. 1,000.-11. (West), Ij m. S.S.E. Nottingham. Area 1,720 ac. Pop. 332. Bridgeham, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 3 m. S.W. East-Harlmg. Area 2,330 ac. Pop. 328. Bridgenoeth, a pari. & munio. bor., & town of Engl., CO. Salop, on the Severn, 123 m. N.W. London, and 8 m. S.E. Much-Wenlock. Anc. name Brugia, or Bruges ; supposed to have been founded by Ethelfleda, dghtr. of Alfred. Area of munic. bor. 1,600 ac. Pop. of do. 6,198 ; oft. 6,770. The town consists of an upper & lower pait, con- nected by a bridge of 6 arches. The upper town is picturesquely built on a rock, crowned by the anc. castle, & the 2 pa. churches ; between them is a Isirge public reservoir. The gram, school, founded in 1503, has a rev. of about ISOl. per ann., & 3 exhibs. to Christ Church coll. ; there are 8 daily and other schools, and 2 well en- dowed aJms-hos. for widows ; an anc. town-hall, jail, work-ho., theatre, & publ. hbrary, with some worsted & nail manuis., slips for boat building, a large mkt. for agricul. produce, & an extensive carrying trade by the Severn. Mkts., Sat. Fairs, Thurs. before Shoretide, May 1, June 30, Aug. 2, Oct. 29, Dec. 15. Kaces in Aug. Corp. rev. (1843) 1,168?. Sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1846) 838. Poll-pl. for the S. div. of the CO. Dr Percy, bp. of Dromore, born here in 1728. Beidgepobt, a seaport town of the U. S., N. Amer., Connecticut, co. Fairfield, on Long Island Sound, 48 m. S.S.W. Hartford. Pop. 4,570. It is neatly built, & has a harb. with 13 ft. water on the bar at high tide. Manufs. of carriages, sad- dlery, &c., & about 30 vessels engaged in the coasting & fishing trade. A railw. connects it with Boston & Albany, & steam-boats ply daily between it and New York. Bridgerule, a pa. of Engl., cos. Cornwall & Devon, 4im. S.E. Stratton. Ac. 4,010. Pop. 497. Beidge-Soilees, a pa. of Engl., on the Wye," CO. & 6i m. W.N.W. Hereford. Ac. 740. P. 66. Bridgetown, the cap. town of the isl. Barba- dos, on the W. coast, pa. of St. Michael's. Lat. 13° 4' N., Ion. 69° 37' W. Pop. (1844) 19,362. It stretches along the N. shore of Carlisle Bay, is well-built, & surrounded by plantations. It has a jail, council-ho., good shops, & mkt. well sup- plied with provisions. About 1 m. distant is the gov.-ho., & 2 m. S. of the town are St. Peter's barracks, with quarters for 200 men, a spacious parade ground, & complete arsenal. Bridge- town, was made a city in 1842, St. Michael's ch. is the cathed., the bhp's resid. is in the vicinity. Bridqeton, a seaport town of U. S., N. Amer., N. Jersey, co. Cumberl., on the Cohanzy, here crossed by a drawbridge, 20 m. from its entrance into Delaware Bay. It has a court-ho., jail, & extensive iron works. Numerous sloops belong to the port. Keg. burden (1840) 14,171 tons. Bbidgetown, a pa. of Irel., co. Cork, Munster, 1 m. S. Castletown-Kothe. Area 3,240 ac. Pop. 993. Also the name of several vills. in Ireland. Beidgewateb, a pari. & munic. bor., port, & pa. of Engl., CO. Somerset, on both sides of the Parret, about 7 m. from its mouth, in the Bristol Channel, 29 J m. W.S.W. Bristol, near the Bristol & Exter railw., a sta. of which is about { m. from the town. Area of pa., which is almost co-ex- tens. with the bor., 3,630 ac. Pop. of do. 10,436. The town neatly built, remarkably clean, & well supplied with water. It has an anc. gothlo oh., containing a fine altar-piece, a small grammar school & other endowed schools, an alms-ho., in- firmary, mkt.-ho., with a dome & Ionic portico, union poor-ho., jail, court-ho., & 2 or 8 banks. The quay is accessible to vessels of 200 tons, but BKI 212 BRl the entrance of the harb. is difficult, & the tide often washes into it with great violence. Impts. mostly of wine, hemp, tallow, and timber, with Welsh coals & groceries coastwise. Exports ofagricul. produce, bricks, &e. Customs rev. (1846) 6,487?. 16s. Reg. shipping of port (1847) 8,662 tons. A canal connects Bridgewater with Taunton. Mkts., Tues. & Sat. Fairs, 2d Thur. in Lent, June 24, Oct. 2 & 3, Dec. 28. Co. as- sizes once in every 2 years. Corp. rev. (1846-7) 2,263?. Bridgewater was constituted a free bor. in 1200 by King John. By the munic. act it was divided into 2 wards, with 9 councillors each, who with 6 Aldermen & a Mayor, compose the gov. body. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. elec- tors (1846) 529. It is a polling pi. for W. Som- erset, & gives title of Earl to the Egerton family. Admiral Blake was born here in 1699. Beidgewateb, sev. tnshps. of IT. S., N. Amer. —I. Vermont, 78 m. S, Montpelier. Pop. 1,303. —II. New York, 17 m. S. Utica. Pop. 1,418 III. Massachusetts, on Taunton riv., 27 m. S.S.E. Boston. Pop. 2,131. — IV. New Jersey, co. Somer- set. Pop. 3,983. Others are less important. Beidlinston, or Buelington, a pa. of Engl., CO. York, E. Riding, including the mkt. towns of Bridlington & Brifiington Quay, 6 m. W. Flam- boro' Head, & 26j m. N.N.E. Hull. Area 12,410 ac. Pop. 6,070, of whom 3,210 belonged to Bridlington, & 1,850 to B. Quay. The former consisting chfiy. of 1 long narrow street, has the rems. of a priory, btilt in the 13th or 14th cent., & now used for the pa. church. Other edifices are the town-hall, a comm. exchange, & numerous dissenting chapels. It has a grammar school, founded in 1637, sev. small charities, 2 banks, a manuf. of hats, & various mills. Mkt., Sat., for corn & cattle, &c. Fairs, Mon. before Whitsun- day & Oct. 21. - Burlington is the head of a poor- law imion, & a polling-pl. for E. Siding. It gives title of Earl to the Cavendish family. — Bridling- ton Quay, on afine bay about 1 m. S.E. the above, is well-built of brick, has many good hotels, baths, & lodging hos., and is frequented during summer for sea-bathing. Its harb. is formed by 2 handsome piers, & it has an active export trade in corn. Customs rev. (1846) 358?. lis. Reg. shipping of port (1847) 3,082 tons. Beidpoet, a pari. & munic. bor., seaport town, & pa. of Engl., CO. Dorset, on the Brit or Bride riv.,here crossed bysev. bridges, about 1 J m. from the English channel, & 16 m. N.W. Dorchester. Area of pa. 91 ac. Pop. of do. 4,787. Area of bor. 250 ac. Pop. of do. 7,166. The town consists of Sprineip. streets, & has many handsome hos., a cruciform gothic church, a town-hall, prison, mkt.-ho., branch bank, alms-ho., mechanics' in- stitute, with manufs. of sail-cloth, shoe thi'ead, lines, nets, &c., for the fisheries, & an extensive trade coastwise & to the Baltic. It is a bonding port. The harb., about 1 m. S. of the town, ad- mits vessels of 200 tons. Reg. shipping (1847) 2,197 tons. Customs rev. 2,871?. Mkt., Sat. Fairs, April 6, Holy Thur., & Oct. 11. Corp. rev. (1846-7) 423?. Bridport is divided into 2 wards, & sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1846) 633. It confers title of Viscount on the Hood family. Beidstow, a pa. of Engl. co. Hereford, on the Wye, Im. W.N. W.Ross. Ac. 1,870. P. 626. In the vicin. are the picturesque ruins of Wilton Cas. Beie, an old dist., France, which formed part of the provs. Champagne & the Ee-de-France, now comprised in the deps. Seine-et-Marne, Aisne, & Mame. Its caps, were Brie Comte-Rob. & Meaux. Beie-Comib-Robeet, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, cap. cant., near the Yfires, 11 m. N.N.W. Melun. Pop. 2,629. It was founded by Robert of France, brother of Louis VII., whence its name. It has an interest- ing church of the 13th cent., manufs. of pens, briclis, and leather ; and trade in rural produce. Beiec, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Finis- tferre, cap. cant., 7 m. W.S.W. Quimper. P. 4,481. Bkieq, a town of Pruss. Silesia, reg. and 27 m. S.E. Breslau, cap. cu-c, on 1. b. of the Oder, and on the railw. from Breslau to Oppeln. Pop. (1846) 12,150. It is well built, with fine promenades on the former ramparts, & has a gymnasium, a good library, and manufs. of linen, cotton, and woollen fabrics. It was formerly fortified, but dismantled by the French in 1807. Bhieo, a town of Switzerl., cant. Valais, on 1. b. of the Rhone, 31 m. E.N.E. Sion, at the com- mencement of the Simplon pass. It has an active transit trade. The baths at Brieger Bad, in its vicinity, were formerly much fi'equented. Betel, or Bkielle, a fortfd. seaport town of the Neth'ds., prov. S. Holland, cap. cant., on the isl. Voome, on rt b. of the Maese, at its mouth, 14J m. W. Rotterdam. Lat. (of.light-house) 51° 64' ll' N., Ion. 4° 9' 61' E. Pop. (1840) 4,504. It has many military magazines & a good harb. It was the nucleus of the Dutch repub., its cap- ture by Wilham de la Marck, on the 1st of April 1672, having been the first important event in the struggle betw. Holland & Spain. Admirals Van Tromp and De Witt, were natives of Briel. BEiEKNfi-LE-CHATEAU, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aube, cap. cant., near rt. b. of the Aube, 14 m. N.W. Bar-sur-Aube. Pop. 1,830. It takes its designation from a superb chateau built here shortly before the revolution by the last Comte de Bridnne ; but is more celebrated as the place where Napoleon received the rudiments of his mihtary education, and where, on 29th Jan. 1814, he met the Allies in a bloody battle, in which the French had the advantage. BErfNON, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Yonne, arrond. and 10 m. E. Joigny, near the canal de Bourgogne. Pop. 2,661. Bbienz, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 30. m. E.S.E. Bern, on the N. shore of laJje of same name, at the foot of the Brienzergrat mntn. Pop. 3,102. The Brienzer-see, or lake of Brienz, is formed by the riv. Aar, at the foot of the val- ley of Hasli & above the lake of Thun. Length 8 m., breadth 1| m. Surface 850 ft. above level of the sea ; depth 600 to 2,000 ft. It is entirely sur- rounded by elevated mntns; those on the S. side rise in a point over the lake, and the torrents which flow from them form several cascades, the principal of which is the fall of the Giessbach. Bbienza, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, cap. cant., 4 m. S.W. Potenza. Pop. 4,300. Beieechffe, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Whalley, 3 m. N.E. Burnley. Pop. 1,498! Bkieklt Hill,, a chplry. of Engl., co. Stafiford, pa. Kingswiuford, 2 m. N.N.E. Stourbridge. Here are extensive colleries and iron works. Beisen (Hung. Brezno-Banya), a town of N. Hungary, co. Sohl, on the Gran, 24 m. E. Neusohl. Pop. 3,767. It has a Luth. church & gymnasium. :j Beiezen, a town of Prussia, circ. Marienwer- k der, 23 m. E.S.E. Culm. Pop. 1,160. * Beiev, a comm. and town of France, dep. Moselle, cap. arrond., 14 m. N.W. Metz. Pop. 1,900, who manuf. coarse wooUen stuffs & cotton. Beiga, a vill. of the Sard, sta., prov. & 30 m. N.E. Nice, on the Livenza. Pop. 3,000. Beieuc (St.), Brioaan, a comm. and town of France, dep C6tes-du-Nord, 238 m. W S W Paris, on rt. b. of the Gouet, 2 J m. froin itsmth BRl 213 BUI in the bay of St Brieuc. Lat. (S. Michel) 48° 31' 1' N., Ion. 2° 46' 6' W. Pop. (1846) 9,398. The pop. in 1836 was 11,382. The most remarlc. ob- jects are a cathedral of the xiii. cent., a granite bridge of 3 arches over the Gouet, and a statue of Du Guesclin. It has a comm. college, public library, chamber of commerce, and a consdble. expt. trade in butter and cider. Its port is at tlie vill. of Legu4, 1 m. lower on tlie Gouet, where there is a custom-house, building yards for ships of 300 to 400 tons ; & an extens. export & import trade. It sends several vessels to the whale and seal fishing. Horse races ai-e held in July for the 5 deps. of Bretagne. St. Brieuc owes its modem name to an abbey founded in the 5th or 6th cent, by St. Brieuc, the Apostle of Bretagne. Brigs, atown of Engl. [Glandforb Bridge.] BRiGHAM.apa. of Engl., co. Cumberland, on the Derwent, the church, 2J m. W. Cockermouth, which town is in the pa. Ac. 22,680. Pop. 7,397. Bkighouse, a tnsnp. of England. [Hippeh- HOLHE.] It has a station on the Leeds & Man- chester railway, 26 m. S.W. Leeds. Bright, a pa. Ireland, co. Down, Ulster, 3 m. S.S.E. Downpatrick. Ai-ea 5,334 ac. Pop. 1,886. Bbightlixg, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, rape Hastings, 4 m. W.S.W. Robert's-bridge. Area 3,390 ac. Pop. 692. Fairs 1st Monday after Thomas-a-Becket, and July 7. Bbightlinosea, a marit. pa. of Engl., co. Es- sex, forming a penins. betw. the Colne & Bright- lingsea Creek, 7 m. S.S.E. Colchester. Area 2,890 ac. Pop. 2,055. Fairs 1st Thurs. in June, and Oct. 16, for horses. Brightlingsea is a mem- ber of the cinqne port of Sandwich. Brighton (formerly Brighthelmstone), a pari, bor., seaport town, pa., and watering-place of EngL, CO. Sussex, rape Lewes, on the Engl. Chan- nel, 47 m. S. London. Lat. of lighthouse, chain pier-head, 50° 60' N., Ion. 0° 8' W. Area of pa. 1,980 ac. Inhab. houses (1841) 8,137. Pop. in 1801, 7,339, in 1841, 46,730; do. of pari, borough 48,567. The town, sheltered on the N. and N.E. by the South-downs, extends (including Kemp- town) for 3 m. along the coast, fronted by a sea- wall abont 60 ft. in ht., which forms a magnif. promenade, and occupying declivities on both the E. and W., with a central valley, in which are the " paviHon," a palace built in an oriental style by George iv. when Pr. of Wales, the fine church of St. Peter, and the noble open space termed the Steyne. It consists almost wholly of new & elegant streets, squares, terraces, built in a style equal to the best in the metropolis. Prin- cipal structures are the suspension chain pier, extend. 1,014 ft. into the sea, St. Peter's church, containing a font reputed to have been brought from Normandy at the time of the conquest, nu- merous other churches, the co. hospital, town- hall, theatre, assembly rooms, various baths, and many excellent hotels. On the Steyne is a bron ze statue of Geo. iv. by Chautrey. There are 153 daily schools within the pa., several of which are endowed ; it has also alms-houses, & numerous medical and other charities, & is the seat of the Sussex literary & scientific institution, founded in 1836. Its fisheries employ about 150 boats, & supply large quantities of fish to the London mkts. It communicates with London by L. and Brighton railw., by the South Coast railway with Portsmouth, 44 m. distant, and with Hastings by its E. branch, & by steamers with Dieppe (France), 80 m. distant. Mkt. Thurs. Fairs, Holy Thurs., and Sept. 4th. Races ann. in Aug. Petty ees- sions twice weekly, and a daily court is held in the town hall, of co. magistrates. Bor. is govern- ed by a constable and 12 head-boroughs. Since the Reform Act, Brighton has returned 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1846) 2,776. Brighton is conjectured to have been a Roman station, & is supposed by some antiquaries to have derived its anc. name from Brichtelm, a son of Cissa, the first king of Sussex. In the time of George ii., it was a mere fishing vill., and it owed its rise to the partiality displayed for it by George iv. Brighton, several tnshps , U. S.', N. Amer. — I. Monroe CO., N. York, 3 m. E. Rochester. P. 2,336. — II. Middlesex co., Massachusetts, 5 m. W. Bos- ton. P. 1,425.— III. Beaver CO., Peunsyl. P. 902. Brightside-Bierlow, or Bierlet, a tnshp. of Engl., CO. York, W. Biding, pa. & 3 m. N.E. SheiBeld. Pop. 10,089, chiefly artisans employed by the Shefiield manufacturers. Brightwell, sev. pas. of Engl I. co. Berks, 2 m. W.N.W. Wallingford. Area 1,680 ac. Pop. 611— II. CO. Suffolk, 5i m. E. by S. Ipswich. Area 510 ac. Pop. 81.— III. {Baldwin), co. Ox- ford, 2 m. W. Watlington. Ac. 1,660. Pop. 312, Bbignais, a comm. and town of France, dep. Rhdne, arrond. and 7 m. S.S.W. Lyon, on the Garon. Pop. 1,901. Trade in cattle & wine. Brignail, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Riding, 3^ m. S.S.E. Bernard-castle. Area 1,910 ac. Pop. 190. Its beautiful scenery is noticed in Sir W. Scott's " Rokeby." Briqnano, a vill. of N. Italy, Lombardy, deleg. and 10 m. S. Bergamo. Pop. 2,400, who manuf. silk twist and linen fabrics. Brignoles, a comm. and town of France, dep. Var, cap. arrond. in a fine valley on r. b. of the Calami, 22 m. W.S.W. Draguignan. Pop. (1846) 4,707. It is well built, & has sev. squares planted and decorated with fountains, a public library, a normal school, manufs. of silk twist and leather, and a considerable trade in wines, brandy, li- queurs, olives, and prunes of superior quality. Brigown, a pa. of Irel., Munster, co.Cork, com- prising Mitchelstown (which see). Area 15,221 ac. Pop. 10,619. Bbigsle r, a pa. of Engl., CO. Lincoln, pts. Lind- sey, 5 m. S. Gt. Grimsby. Area 860 ac. Pop. 126. Brigstock, a pa. of Engl., oo. Northampton, 75. m. N.E. Kettering. Area 5,900 ac. Pop. 1,262. Fairs 26th April, Sept. 4, & Nov. 22. Brieuega, a town of Spain, New Castile, prov. and 20 m. E.N.E. Guadalajara, on the TEyuiia. Pop. 4,364. It is old, was formerly fortfd,, & has manufs. of linen and woollen fabrics. Here in 1710, the French, under the Duke de Vendome, defeated the allies under Lord Stanhope. Brill, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 6 m. N.N.W. Thame. Ac. 2,600. P. 1,449. It has schools endowedwith2,000?., bequeathed by Sir J.Aubrey, also a pa. estate of 120Z. per ann., intended for the poor. Here was]once apalace of the kings ofMeroia. Bkillet, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 6 m. N.N.E. Hay. Area 4,250 ac. Pop. 687. Brilon, a town of Pruss. Westphalia, reg. and 22 m. E. Arnsberg, cap. cire. Pop. 3,637. Its large pa. church is said to date from the time of Charlemagne. It has manufs. of linens, & near it are mines of lead, copper, zinc, and iron, Bbimfield a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 4 m. W. Tcnbury. Area 1,880 ac. Pop, 691. Brimham, a chplry. of Engl. [Habtwith.] Bbimpsfield, a pa. of Engl., co. Gloster, 6^ m. E.N.E. Palnswick. Area 2,240 ac. Pop. 417. Bbimpton, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Berks, 6 m. E.S.E. Newbury. Area 1,900 ac. P.412.— ILco. Somerset,2m. W.S.W. Yeovil, Ac, 860, P. 123. Brindiok, or Blitar, an inland town of Java, cap. dist., 70 m, S,W, Surabaya. BRI 2U BRmoisi, Brundudum, a fortif. city & seaport of Naples, prov. Otranto, cap. dist., at the head of a bay in the Adriatic, 45 m. E.N.E. Taranto. Pop. 6,200. It was anciently one of the most important marit. cities of Italy, and its chf. port for communication with Greece. It is still en- closed by walls of considTble extent; but the space within is scarcely half occupied ; its houses are mean, and its port was ruined in the 15th cent., but large vessels can anchor in its road. Brindisi is defended by a castle and batteries. In 1843 a light-ho. was erected on the Mole, in lat. 40° 39' 17" N., Ion. 17° 68' 21" E., and extens. improvements were commenced on the port in 1844. It has few remains of antiquity. Virgil died here, b. c. 19. BaiNDLE, a pa. of Engl., co. Lancaster, 4 m. W.E. Chorley. Area 2,940 ac. Pop. 1,401. It is the place of a pauper lunatic asylum. Bbinohubst, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, IJ m. W. Rockingham. Area 490 ac. Pop. 840. BBniaTON, two pas. of Engl., co. Huntingdon, 6 m. N.W. Kimbolton. Area 1,190 ac. Pop. 129 II. (Great), co. and 6 m. W.N.W. North- ampton. Ac. 4jl80. P. 795. The church contains some fine monuments of the Spencer family. The charity estate of this pa. produces 225?. per ann. Bbininqham, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 4 m. S.W. Holt. Area 1,450 ac. Pop. 243. Bbinkburh, a tnshp. of Gngl., co. Northumb., ward Coquet-dale, pa. Long-Framllngton, 9 m. N.N.W. Morpeth. Pop. 153. Here are the ruins of a priory in a situation of singular beauty, on the banks of the Coquet. Coal and limestone found in great abundance. Bbinkhill, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Lmdsey,5m. N.N.W, Spilsby. Ac. 780. Pop. 168. Brikkley, a pa. of Engl., co. Cambridge, 5J m. S. Newmarket. Area 1,500 ac. Pop. 366. Brinklow, a pa. of Engl,, co. Warwick, 5^ m. N.W.Rugby. Area 1,410 ac. Pop. 797. Bbinkwobth, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 4 m. W.N.W. Wooton-Basset. Ac. 6,470. Pop. 1,694. Bbinnington, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Chester, pa. and 2 m. N.E. Stockport. Pop. 5,3-31, em- ployed in the Stockport factories. Bbinsop, a pa. of Engl., co. and 5^ m. N.W. Hereford. Area 1,470 ac. Pop. 116. Brinton, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 4^m. S.W. Holt. Area 650 ac. Pop. 193. Briones, a town of Spain, prov. and 18 m. W.N.W. Logroiio, on 1. b. of the Ebro. P. 3,021. Brioni Islands, a group of small islands in the Adriatic, on the coast of Illyria. Brionne, JBrioma, a comm. & town of France, dep. Eure, cap. cant., on the Rille, 9 m. N.E. Bernay. Pop, 1,902. Brioude, Jinvata, a town & comm. of France, dep. H. Loire, cap. arrond., on 1. b. of the Allier, 29 m. N.W. Le Pay. Pop. (1846) 4,795. It has a fine church in the Byzantine style, founded in the 9th cent., a coramerc. college, & a public lib- rary. At Old Brioude, 3 m. S.S.E. Brioude, are the remains of abridge over the Allier, which fell in 1822, it consisted of a single arch 88 ft. Mgh, and 206 ft. in span. It was built by Marie Louise, wife of the Dauphin of Auvergne, in 1368. The Marq. de Lafayette was born at Brioude in 1757. Brisbane, a co. of E. Australia, New S. WaJes, having N. Liverpool plains, and on other sides the COS. Gloucester, Durham, Hunter, Phillip, & Bligh. The Hunter and Goulbourn rivs. form its S. boundary. — II. the cap. town of same co., on Brisbane riv., 10 m. from its mouth. It ceased to be a penal settlement in 1842, & has since had a thriving appearance, with an increasing expt. trade in wool. — Brisbane-downs are in the S. part of New S. Wales, Ion. 149° E., & between ht. 36° and 37° S., about 2,000 ft. in average ht., and well adapted for sheep walks. — Brisbane riv., CO. Brisbane, enters Moreton-bay near lat. 27° SV S., Ion. 153° 16' E, and is ascended by the tide for 50 m. from the sea. Bbiset, a pa. of England. [Bbioeth.] BBisiGEELnA, a town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., leg. and 28 m. S.W. Ravenna. Pop. 2,200. Bbislet, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 5 J m. N.W. East Dereham. Area 1,230 ac. Pop. 388. Bbislington, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 2J m. S.E. Bristol. Area 2,960 ac. Pop. 1,338. Here is a large lunatic asylum. Bbissac, a comm. and town of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, 9 m. S.E. Angers, with 1,000 inhabs., and an old castle of singular grandeur. BRissAGO,apa. & town of Switzerl., cant. Tessin, onW. b. of Lago-Maggiore, 6m. S.W. Locarno. It is finely situated, & has an active transit trade, Bbissabthe, a comm. and vill. of France, dep., Maine-et-Loire, 16 m. N.N.E. Angers, with a church, founded in the 8th or 9th century. Bbistoi., a city, seaport, and co. of Engl., sit. chiefly in Glo'stersh., & partly in Somerseteh., on the Avon, at its confl. with the Frome, & 8 m. S.E. of its embouchure in the Bristol Channel ; 11^ m. N.W. Bath, 33J m. S.S.W. Gloucester, and 118i m. W. London, with which it is connected by the Gt. W. Railw. Lat. of cathedral 51° 27' N., Ion. 2° 36' W. Area of bor., including the dist. added by the munic. act, 9,870 ac. Inhab. houses (1841) 18,907. Pop. in 1801, 39,914, and in 1841, 123,188, incldg. parliamentary boundary. Bristol extends over several hills & intermediate valleys. The old city betw. the Avon & Frome is ill-built ; and the quarters still further S. are of an inferior character, but all around these are many new streets, squares, & handsome modern residences, especially on the N. and W., in which latter direc- tion is Clifton, comprised in the city liberty. The whole city is well-paved & sewered, & plentifully supplied with water. Princip. edifices, the cathed., a beautiful structure, founded in the time of King Stephen, 175ft. in length, 128 ft. in breadth, & hav- ing a tower 140 ft. in height. Of the 19 pa. churches, the most interesting are those of St Mary Ked- cliff, completed in 1376, & considered one of the finest in Engl. ; St James', formerly collegiate ; St Stephen's, built about a.d. 1470 ; St Mark's, now the chapel of the mayor ; and the Temple Church. Dissenting places of worship are nu- merous. Other principal edifices are the guild- hall, built in the reign of Richard ii. ; the new counoil-ho., jail, and bridewell ; the exchange, a building in the Corinthian style, erected at a cost of 50,000?., & used as a com-mkt. ; the commerc. rooms ; Bristol institution, with a library & mu- seum ; the infirmary, also with a Ubrary & museum, & receiving annually 7,500 patients ; the general hospital, instituted 1832, assemblv rooms, Victoria rooms, office of the Bristol Steam-Naviga. Co., with a hall used for concerts, &c., the baths and pump-rooms at Clifton, a handsome theatre, and numerous good bridges. In 1841, there were stated to be 598 schools in the city, educating 21,864 pupils ; of which 12 were endowed institu- tions. The gramm. school, founded in 1532, has several small exhibitions, & 2 fellowships of 30?. a-year each, in St John's Coll., Oxford. Queen Ehzabeth's hospital educates 100 Doys, and has a rev. of nearly 5,000?. a-year. Colston's three schools are perhaps next in importance Alms- houses, & medical, & other benevolent institutions are very numerous; the endowed charities are B !5 1 215 B U 1 estimated at 23,000/., and it is estira. that between 12,000A & 15,000?. of voluntary contributions are distributed annly. on account of various charities. Bristol has a new proprietary college belonging to the Baptists, a school of medicine, a public library with 30,000 vols., law and medical libraries, and a mechanics' institution. It long ranked as the second commerc. emporium of Engl., but its progress has not kept pace with that of other ports, more advantageously placed as outlets of great manufacturing districts. It has, however, large iron and brass foimdries ; copper, tin, zinc, and glass works ; chemical and colour works ; sugar refineries & distilleries ; and considerable mannfe. of pins, shot, chiua, earthenwares, soap, leather, tobacco, cottons, hats, and floorcloths, with extensive estabs. for sWp-building ; and in its vicinity are large brick and coal works. The Avon at Bristol, though narrow, is deep enough for large ships, & early in the present cent., its course was turned for some distance, at a cost of 700,000?., & its old channel now forms a harb., furnished with locks & quays 6,000 ft. in length. Ships of large burden, and first-rate steamers, load & discharge cargo at Kingroad, in the month of this riv. The city retains a large share of the West India trade. Imports, consist- ing chiefly of sugar, molasses, rum, coffee, tobac- co, with wool, turpentine, hemp, timber, wine, and brandy.from N. & S. America, the Baltic, & France. Exports, consist mainly of the before- mentioned manufd. goods to foreign ports, & of colonial produce to Irel. Value of British & Irish produce exported in 1845, 216,778/. In 1845, 432 Brit. & foreign ships, aggreg. burden 96,764 tons entered ; and 243 do., burden 69,000 tons cleared out of the port. Customs rev. (1846) 911,314/. 13s. Keg. shipping (1847) 296 vessels, aggreg. btirden 38,914 tons. Bristol communics. by railw. with Birmingham and Exeter, with the Thames, &c., by the Kennet and Avon canal. It was the first port in Britain, whence reg^ilar steam communic. with the U. States was estab. ; & the " Great Britain " steam ship was built at Bristol. It has a chamber of commerce & sev. mercantile corporate bodies ; & It lately had 6 banking companies. In 1848 it was made a free port. The city is divided into 10 wards, and governed by a mayor, 16 aldermen, and 48 councillors. Its corporation has jurisdiction on the Avon from 4 m. above the city down to the sea, & along the channel to Clevedon ; also the right to license pilots for num. ports on the Bristol channel. Corp. rev. (1843) 49,176/. ; (1846-7) 48,483/. ; ex- pend. 63,300/. Mkts. daily, that on Thurs. for cattle. Fairs for horses, leather, &c., Mar. 1 & Sept. 1. Springassizes for civil causes, qtr. sessns., sheriff's & other courts are held here. Bristol belongs to Clifton & Bedminster poor-law union. Under Henry viii. it was made a bshp's see, lately uni- ted with that of Glo'ster. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1846) 11,032. It was a fortifd. city as early as the 5th cent. : in Norman times it had a castle built b^ the E. of Glo'ster, son of Henry i. In 1831 it was the scene of a violent riot, during which its episcopal palace & manjr other buUdin^s were destroyed^ Among its distinguished natives may be noticed Sebas- tian Cabot, Chatterton, Southey, & the sculptor Bayley. Bristol confers the title of Marq. on the Hervey &mily. The scenery in the vicin., especially at Hotwell saline spring, is exceedingly beautiful. Bbistol, a seaport town of V. S., N. Amer., Maine on the Atlantic, 29 m. S.S.E. Augusta. Pop. 2,945. It has numerous vessels employed in the coasting trade & fisheries. — II. a seaport, Rhode Isl., cnp. oo. with a good hiiib., on Nar- ragansett Bay, 18 m. S.E. Providence. Pop 3,490. Keg. shipping in 1840 15,890 tons— III. atnshp., Connecticut, co. & 17 m. S.W. Hurt- ford. Pop. 2,109, who manuf. clocks & buttons. —IV. New York, co. Ontario, 212 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,963.— Smaller tnshps. of this name, arc in Vermont, New Hampshire, &o. — V. a co. in S. part of Massachusetts, on coa.st of Atlantic Ocean. Area 600 sq. m. Pop. 60,164. Bristol Bat, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, Kussian Amer., between Cape Newnham and the penins. Aliashka. Lat. about 54° N., Ion. 160° W. Its discovery is assigned to Captain Cook, Bristol Channel, an arm of the Atlantic, entering between St Ann's Head on the N. and Land's End on the S., extending into the S.W. part of Great Britain, between lat. 60° & 51° 40' N., & Ion. 3° & 5° 30' W., bounded N.ward by S. Wales, & S. by the Engl. cos. Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall. At its E. extremity it terminates in the estuary of the Severn, besides which riv. it receives the Parret, Taw, Torridge, Taff, and Towy. Sandy isl., with light-house, is in the mouth of the channel, & the towns of I'.fracombe, Combe-Martin, Watchet, Swansea, Kidwelly and Tenby are on its coasts. It contains Milford haven, Carmarthen Bay, and Swansea Bay on the ■ N., and Barnstable, Porlock, and Bridgewater Bay on the S. Its tides flow rapidly upward, & meeting with the currents of the Severn, cause the phenomenon called the bore. Bkiston, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, on the Sure, 8J m. S.S.W. Holt. Area 2,450 ac. Pop. 963. Fairs, May 26, Oct. 11. Britain, or Great Britain, including Engl. & Scotl., is the largest isl. of Europe, & the prin- cipal of the group of the British Isles, bounded on the N. and E. by the German Ocean, on the S. separated fromFrance by the English Channel; bounded on the W. by the Irish Sea, and on the N.W. by the Atlantic Ocean. Its extreme length extends from lat. 60° to 68° lO' N., or about 587 m. ; its greatest breadth from Ion. 6° 46' W. to 1° 45' E., or about 360 m. In general form it is wedge-shaped, being broadest at its S. extre- mity, and narrowest at its northern. Its eastern coast forms a waving continuous & rarely broken line, but the western coast is extremely irregular, and deeply indented with many bays and arms of the sea, interspersed with numerous isls. The S.E. part of Britain is a level alluvial surface ; the centre undulating and hilly ; the western and N.western mntnous. and irregular. In the N. & W., primary strata and granite rocks prevail, in the middle districts, coal, lime, salt, & ironstone are abundant, and these are succeeded in Eng- land, on its E. and S.E. valleys, by oolite chalk and the newer geological foimations. A mntn. range, more or less elevated, extends from S. to N. of the isl., running through Cornwall, Devon- shire, Somersetshire, and thence through Wales, varying in elev. from 1,600 to 3,500 ft. Another branch extends from the Cotswold hills, Glouces- tershire, and runs through Derbyshire, Stafford- shire, Yorkshire, Cumberland, Westmoreland, & Northumberland, with elev. from 2,000 to 3,000ft. ; succeeding these are the Cheviots, the Lammer- moors, & the great Grampian range which inter- sect Scotland, & whose extreme altitude is measur- ed by Ben Nevis on the W., & Ben Maedhui on the N.E., both attaining an elev. of upwards of 4,300 ft. The most consid'hle rivs. are the Severn, Med way, Dee, Mersey, Clyde, on the W. coast; & the Thames, Trent, Humber, Tyne, Forth, Tay, & Spey on the E. coast. The principal lakes are BKl 216 BRl those of Cumberland & 'Westmoreland in Engl., and L. Lomond, Tay, Maree, &o., in Sootl. The princip. bays & estuaries are the Bristol Channel, Cardigan B., Lancaster B., the Solway Firth, Firth of Clyde on the W., & the Thames mouth, the Wash, the Humber, the Firths of Forth, Tay, Murray, and Cromarty on the E., while on the S. there are Falmouth, Plymouth, Portsmouth, and other important bays and harbours. The British Islands include Ireland, the Isle of "Wight, Anglesea, Man, the Scilly isls.,Bute, Arran, the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland isls. The cli- mate of Britain is greatly modified by its insular situation, the extremes both of summer & winter temperature being much less than that of corres- ponding latitudes on a continental surface. The mean ann. temp, is about 49° Fahr. The ex- treme summer heat seldom exceeds 80° Fahr., & the winter cold, with rare exceptions, does not extend beyond 25° to 32°. The ann. fall of rain averages about 32 inches. Most rain falls on the W. side of the isl. (from 36 to 40 inches), the E. coast being comparatively dry (25 inches), but a cold N.E. and E. wind prevails more on the E. coast, while a warm W. and S.W. blows on the W. ; from this reason, joined to the nature of the soil & elev. of the surfece, the eastern half of the isl. is more an agricultural, while the W. is more a grazing country. Though variable, the climate of Britain is found, from tables of longevity, to be one of the most salubrious in the world, while the very general cultivation and drainage of the soU have removed those maladies that originate in marsh effluvia. Within the last century the average longevity of the pop. has been greatly in- creased. In 1800 the aver, mortality in Engl. was 1 in 32, in 1847 1 in 46. The area of Brit, is 88,050 sq. m., or excluding water 55,943,680 ac, being 212 persons to the acre, including Irel. the total area is 120,562 sq. m., or 76,121,126 ac, and 224 persons to the acre. In 1710 the pop. of Engl. & Scotl. amounted to 6,116,337 ; in 1801 to 10,942,646, in 1821 the pop. of the united Isgdm. including Irel. was 21,202,966 ; in 1831, 24,410,429 ; in 1841, 27,019,558 ; & at the same ratio of increase in 1848 would amount to about 30,000,000. The in- digenous vegetn. of Brit, partakes of the character of that of the contig. parts of Europe. All the grains & grasses & the common European fruits grow in almost all districts & situations, not too elevated, & both agricul. & horticul. have been brought toagreat degree of perfection. The breeds of horses, cattle, sheep, & other useful animals are also of the best description. Of wild animals the fox, badger, wild cat, stoat, martin, otter, squir- rel, hedgehog, dormouse, mole, mouse, hare, & rabbit, are the principal. The wolf, bear, beaver, & wild ox have become extinct for sev. cents. The stag & fallow deer are still abundant in sev. localities. The great bustard & capercailzie are the only birds known to have become extinct in Britain. The bittern, eagle, & other birds of prey are becoming daily more rare. Annual amount of British mineral products : Silver, . Copper, Tin, Lewi, Iron (1815), . Colli. . . Salt, Alum, &c.. 1.^,000 lbs. Troy. 13,000 tone. 6,000 " 80,000 " 8,200.000 " a4,ooo,«oo " 45,0001. l,S0O,00O 560,000 1,000,000 18,000,000 14,000,000 1,000,000 The total amount of land under cultiv. & pasture in the united kgdm. has been roughly estim. at 48,779,000 ac, of this 22,772,000 ac. are supposed to be ann. under crop, gardens, &c.;the amount of com, after deducting seed, is estimated at 54,232,000 qrs. ; and the total value of agricul. produce, 227,771,548Z. The annual value of real property assessed to the property-tax in Great Britain in 1843 was 95,284,497?. The gross rental of Ireland (1832) amounted to 12,715,478?., forming a total of 107,999,975?. An approximate estimate of the gross annual pro- duce of Brit, manufs. makes the value 121,760,000/. In 1800 the ann. exports of British & Irish pro- duce amounted to 35,903,000?. ; the exports of foreign & colonial produce to 7,271,000?., being a total of 43,174,000?. The imports for same year amounted to 24,066,000?. In 1848 the British and Irish exports were 58,738,000?., the foreign & colonial 14,387,000?., total 72,703,000?. The impts. for same year amounted to 82,886,000?. The total number of mercantile shipping of Gt. Britain in 1848, amounted to 30,983, tonnage 3,686,387, and number of men 218,977 ; do. of Ireland 2,319 vessels ; tonnage 265,536. Durmg the last 40 years Gt. Britain has been traversed in every direction by railroads, 13,600 m. having been sanctioned by Act of Pari., & a considerable portion of this completed. The total capital autho- rised by Pari, to be raised, amounts to 320 millions. An almost instantaneous communic by electric telegraph, has also been estab. throughout a dist. of 1,767 m. Of other associated industrial companies, the investments are in mining cos., 9,978,747?. ; gas COS., 6,416,295?. ; assurance cos,, 6,000,000?. Nothing is known historically of Brit., before the invasion of Csesar, except a few obscure allusions, abt. 55, B.C. It is conjectured to have been orijn- nally peopled from the adjoining continent, first by the Celts from Gaul, and afterwards by Teutonic tribes from Germany & Scandinavia. The ori- ginal Gaelic name Albion (Albiun " white Isl."), is supposed to be derived from the appearance of its chalk cliffe. Britin formed by tlie Romans into Brittania, is conjectured to have been the name of the people, signifying a divided or se- parated nation. The Britons were at this period in a semi-barbarous state ; but warlllce, & pos- sessed of moral courage & great bravery. After the invasion of Caesar, the Romans did not return to Britain for about a century. The conquests were again resumed by Claudius, & under suc- cessive emperors & generals, especially Agricola, Antoninus Pius, Severus, Caracalla ; it was sub- dued & occupied till about a.d. 420, when it was finally abandoned by the Romans. Agricola built a wall & series of forts between the firths of Forth & Clyde, in order to bound the empire & defend it from the invasions of the Caledonians. Adrian further circumscribed the Roman bound- aries, by erecting a mud wall from the Solway Firth to the Tyne in Northumberland, & about the beginning of 3d cent., Severus built a stone wall in the same direction, portions of which still remain. It was 68 m. long, 12 ft. high, & 8 feet in thickness. There was a deep ditch on the N. side, & a road on the S., with 18 turrets & castles, at intervals, along the line. After the termina- tion of the Roman power, the conquest of the greater part of Britain was made by the Saxons, Jutes, & Angles, the latter giving their name to England ; this conquest occupied about 130 years. In 1066 the Normans made a descent on Engl. & possessed themselves of a great part of the country. In 1172 Ireland was subdued, & came under British government. In 1215 Magna Charta was obtained by the Barons. In 1283 Wales was BRI 217 BRI united to England. In 1604 the accession of James vi., united the crown of Scotl. to that of Engl. A civil war in Britain terminated in the execution of Charles i. in 1649. William in. was called to the throne after the revolution of 1688. The legislative union of Scotl. & Engl, took place in 1707. The Amer. war began in 1776 and ter- minated 1784. The Fiench revolution and war with France began in 1793, & terminated by the battle of Waterloo, June 15, 1815. The legisla- tive union of Ireland with Britain, took place in 1799. In 1829 the catholic emancipation Act was passed; & a reform of the British parlia- mentary representation was effected by the Act of 1832. The govern, of the united kgdm. is a limited monarchy. The legislative anthority is vested in the sovereign, & the pari, or Houses of Lords & Commons, the concurrence of all which estates is necessary to the enactment of new laws, or to the repeal of those aJready in force. The monarchy is hereditary, under certain limitations. The house of peers consisting of the Lords spir- itual & temporal, is at present composed of 3 princes of blood-royal, 2 archbishops, 20 dukes, 20 marquises, 117 earls, 22 viscounts, 24 Engl., & 4 Irish bshps., 198 barons, peers of Engl., with 16 Scottish & 28 Irish representative peers, — in all 454mems. The H. of C. (1849) is composed of 656 mems., of whom 143 sit as representatives of Engl. COS., 4 for the 2 univs. of Oxford & Cam- bridge, & 322 for Engl, cities & bors.,— in all 469 mems. for Engl. 15 mems. represent the Welsh COS., & 14 the cities & bors. of WaJes ; 30 mems. the COS., & 23 the cities & burghs of Scotl. ; 64 mems. the cos., and 39 for the cities & bors. of Irel., & 2 mems. sit for the univ. of Dublin. Right of voting for county mems. in Engl. & Wales, is in all freeholders possessing land inherited, or if purchased in actual occupation of the value of 40/. yearly, and of estate for life of 101. a-year imder any circumstances ; also tenants of land paying 501. rent ; and in Scotland and Ireland, in freeholders of 10/. per annum, and tenants, leaseholders, and copyholders nearly as in Engl. Bight of voting for bor. representatives, is uni- formly in occupiers of buildings with land to the value of 10/. yearly, besides certain parties pos- sessed of anc. privileges. Total constituency of Gt. Brit, in 1846-8, was counties 468,258, cities and bors. 328,686 ; Welsh cos. 37,092, bors. 9,665 ; Scotch cos. 50,351, bors. 42,943 ; Irish cos. 65,275, bors. 64,057; total 1,066,327 electors. The cabinet council for carrying on the business of the state is composed of the president of the privy council, the lord hi^h chancellor, first lord of the treasury, lord privy seal, chan- cellor of the exchequer, three secretaries of state, viz., home, foreign, and colonial affairs, the commander-in-chief of the forces, first lord of the admiralty, presids. of the boards of control (India), and of trade, sec. at war, & the paymaster-general. The courts of law and local government vary in different divisions of the empire; but each co. throughout the kingdom is governed by a lieutenant, sheriff, and other officers appointed by the crown. The episcop. form of church government, of which the sove- reign is the heaS, is the state estab. religion in England & Ireland, and the presbyterian form that of Scotland. There is, however, the most complete toleration of all other religious sects throughout the empire. The most perfect degree of personal freedom is guaranteed in Britain by the Habeas corpus act, which secures to the sus- pected prisoner a trial or liberation within a limited time, — the trial by jury, the liberty of the press, liberty of conscience, the right of franchise, & the total abolition of slavery. Each city & munic, bor. has the election of its own separate corporate officers. The colonies have each a governor ap- pointed by the crown ; & who is assisted in each of the Brit. N. Amer. colonies by a council and legislative assembly, as also in each of the W. India isls., except St Lucia & Trinidad. These two isls., and Brit. Guiana, Gibraltar, Malta, the Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, the Mauritius, and Hong Kong, are placed under a governor and council, and the orders of the sovereign in coun- cil ; the Guinea settlements, all the Australasian colonies, the Falkland isls, and St Helena are ruled by a governor, council, and British acts of pari. ; and Honduras is governed by a superin- tendent and magistrates. In 1792 the British army at home and abroad amounted to 57,252 ; in 1815 to 250,514; in 1848 to 138,769, of which 24,922 were under the pay of the E. I. Co. In 1848 the navy of Gt. Britain amounted to 671 vessels, of these 243 were in commission, incldg. 98 steamers for service of all kinds, with a power equal to 22,122 horses, 45,000 seamen and marines. About two-thirds of the public rev. of the united kingdom is derived from duties of customs and excise ; the remainder from stamps, post office, and assessed and income taxes. The annual rev., including expence of collecting from 1841 to 1848, has varied from 54 millions to 57 millions, of this sum about 28 millions are required for defraying the expenses of national debt. The national debt at the revol. in 1688, amounted to 664,263/. ; at the commenc. of the American war in 1775, it amounted to 128 millions. In 1817 it amounted to 840 millions, & in 1848 to 777 millions. The British Empire is the most powerful and extensive in the world, comprising, together with a vast extent of actual territory in all quarters of the globe, a pop. inferior in amount only to that of the Chinese Empire. Its great subdivisions, with their area and pop., may be thus estimated. Area in sq. m. P.p. a. In Europe. 6*) England, Wales, and Isls,, • "% I Scotland and Islands, M f Ireland, |- k Man and Channel Tels., Malta, Gibraltar, &o., Army and Navy, S7,819 89,600 33,446 487 16,911,757 2,620,184 8,175,124 124,040 132,377 188,468 229 b. In America. British N. America, W. Indies and Guinna, . Falldand Island, 954,000 ? 178,042 S,395 2,121,162 905,073 i. tn Africa. Cape Colony and Port Natal, Guinea Settlements, &c., . Mauritius, and other isls.. 121,490 "see 179,709 44,344 186,883 d. In Auitralasia. Australia and Colonies, Tasmania (Van Diem. Land), New Zealand, 1,060,000 P 27,000 149,869 60,216 17,000? e. In Alia. Ceylon, , ■ . - Hong Kong, Aden, &c., British India, Total of Possessions, § Protected States. 663.830 1,481,681 80,000 ? 80,821,100 3,163,780 113,076,902 I. In India, II. Ionian Islands, Total of Protected States, 483,000 ? 1,097 40,000,000? 204,266 484/197 41,204,266 Grand Total, 3,086,837 164,280,168 [See Enoland, Scotland, Ikeland, Canada, BRI 218 BRO IifDiA, &e. ; and for particular statistical details, M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary and Sup- plement.] Beitatn(New). [New Bbitaik.] BiiiTANNiA IsLANKs, a group of Small isls. in the Pacific Ocean, N.E. of New Caledonia, the largest of which (Uea) is 30 m. in length, the others are all small. Climate sajuhrious. Bbittant, a prov. of France. [Bbetagne."] BniTFOKD, apa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 2 m. S.S.E. Salisbury. Area 3,350 ac. Pop. 878. A large fair is held here, Aug. 12th. Brithdeb, chaply. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, pa. Gelli-Gaer, 10 m. N. Caerphilly. Pop. 1,835. Briton-Febbt, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glam- organ, on the Neath, near its mouth in the Bay of Swansea, 2J m. S. Neath. Pop. 718. The Earl of Jersy has a mansion in the parish. Bbittnau, a vill. of Switzerl., cant Aargau, 2 m. S. Zofingen, on the Wigger. Pop. 2,075. Britwell- Salome, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, 4:J m. S.S.E. Tetsworth. Area 730 ac. Pop. 233. BrivS, a riv. of France, dep. Loire-Inf., joins the Loire on right, above St Nazaire, length 30 m. BRivBS-LA-GAii.i.ABDE,acomm. &t. ofFrance, dep. Corrfeze, cap. arrond., in a rich plain, on the CorrSze, 14 m. S.W. Tulle. Pop. (1846) 5,983, It is buUt of stone, enclosed by planted boule- vards, has a comm. college, manufs. of woollens, muslins, silk, handkerchiefs., & cotton yarn, with bleaching works, distilleries, and an active trade in brandy, wine, chestnuts, cattle, and truffles. Beivio, a town of Lombardy, deleg. Como, cap. dist., on the Adda, 22 m. N.E. Milan. The Aus- trians defeated the French here in 1799. Beix, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Manoho, 6J m. N.W. Valognes. Pop. 3,088. Brixen (Ital. Sressanone), a fortif. town of the Tyrol, S. of the Alps, eirc. Pusterthal, 40 m. S.S.E. Innspruck, ou the route from Italy to Germany by the Brenner Pass. Pop. 3,000. It has a cathed., a bishop's palace, sevl. public schools ; and near it some iron and steel worlts. The bishopric of Brixen was a state of the Germ. Empire, secu- laxized in 1803, and united to the Tyrol. Bbixham, amkt. & seaport town of Engl., co. Devon, on the S.W. side of Torbay, 24 m. S. Exeter. Area of pa. 5,210 ac. Pop. 6,684. The toivn has an ano. church, a large national, and 19 daily schools, a good harb., subordinate to the port of Dartmouth, and about 100 vessels, empld. in the coasting trade, especially in the expts. of marble and iron ore, besides numerous boats en- gaged in fisheries. Mkts., Thurs. & Sat. Fair, Whit.-Tuesday. William iii. landed in England at Brixham, on the 5th November 1688. Beixton, several pas., &c. of Engl. — I. a suburb of the S. divis. of the metropolis, co. Surrey, pa. Lambeth, 4J m. W.S.W. St Paul's. Pop. 10,175. It is well-built & lighted ; has a handsome distr. church, many neat villas, a co.-ho. of cowection, and a charity for the maintenance of 12 respect- able females. — II. a pa., co. Devon, ou the navgble. Yealm, 2J m. S.S.E. Plympton-Earl. Area 3,060 ac. Pop. 823.— III. (or Srightstone), I. of Wight, 6 m. S.W. Newport. Area 2,700 ac. Pop. 710.— IV. {Beverill}, co. Wilts, 41 m. S. Wai-minster. Area 2,690 ac. Pop. 197. Bbixwokth, apa. of Engl., co. and 7 m. N. Northampton. Area 3,410 ac. i'op. 1,202. Fair, Whit-Monday. It has an union work-house for 33 parishes. Broach, a city & territ. of India. [Baroach.] Beoadalbin, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., co. Fulton, N. York, 42 m. N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,738. BiiOAn-CirAi.K, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts., 6J m. S.W. by S. Wilton. Ac. 8,380. P. 775. The traces of a Roman camp here extend over 6 acres. Bboadoiist, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 5 m. N.E.Exeter. Ac. 10,270. P. 2,407. Fair, May 3. Beoadoeeek, a town, IT. S., N. Amer., co. Sassex, Delaware. Pop. 2,640. BBOAnFiELD, or Bradfibld, a pa. of Engl., co. Herts, 3 m. W.N.W. Buntingford. Area 620 ac. Pop. 6. It has no church. Beoadgreen, a station on the Liverpool and Manchester railway, SJ m. E. Liverpool. Beoadhaven, a bay on the W. coast of Ireld., CO. Mayo, between Benwee & Errishead, 11 m. N.W. Bangor. Length and average breadth, 4 m., exclusive of several arms. Broadhemburt, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 5 m. N.W.Honiton. Ac. 5,950. P. 851. Fair,Dec.ll. Broadhempston, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 4 m. S.E. Ashburton. Area 2,140 ac. Pop. 747. Broad-Hintos, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 6 m. S.S.W. Swindon. Area 4,670 ac. Pop. 670. Broadkili,, a town, U. S., N. Amer., co. Sussex, Delaware. Pop. 3,741. Broadmayne, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 4 m. S.S.E. Dorchester. Area 2,540 ac. Pop. 490. Beoadoak, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 6 m. W.S.W. Liskeard. Area 3,240 ac. Pop. 303. Bboab Rivee, an arm of the sea, IJ. S., N. Amer., S. Carolina, betw. Port Royal Isl. and the mainland, 60 m. S.W. Charleston. Beoad Sound, an inlet on the E. coast of Aus- tralia, in lat. 22° 30' S., & Ion. 149° 40^ E. Length N. to. S. 50 m., breadth at entrance 22 m. Broadstaies (formerly Bra(fstoM;c), a small sea- port town of Engl , co. Kent, lathe St Augustine, pa. St Peter's, on the E. coast of the I. of Thanet, 2 m. N. Ramsgate. Pop. 1,459. It has of late become a favourite watering-place, & has many good lodging-houses, a chapel of ease, a library, warm baths, & an old pier forming a harb. acces- sible for small vessels. Its port is subordinate to that of Dover. Fairs, April 8, July 10. Broadwas, a pa. of Engl., co. and SJ m. W. Worcester. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 326. Bboadwateb, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, rape Bramber, 1 m. N. Worthing, which it includes. Ac. 2,240. Pop. 5,345. Cattle fairs, June 22, Oct. 30. The anc. Saxon church is remarkable. Beoadwav, 3 pas. of Engl. — I. co. Dorset, 3 m. N.W. Melcombe-Regis. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 498. Fair, Sept. 18.— II. co. Somerset, 2J m. N.W. llminster. Area 1,830 ac. Pop. 570. Fair, Sept 14. — III. CO. Worcester, 5J m. S.E. Evesham. Area 4,800 ac. Pop. 1,687. Beoadweli,, 2 pas. of England I. co. Gloster, 1^ m. N.N.E. Stow-on-the-Wold. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 345 — II. CO. Oxford, 6 m. S. Burford. Area 6,990 ac. Pop. 1,051. Beoad-Windsoe, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 3 m. W.N.W. Beaminster. Area 7,110 ac. Pop. 1,661. Fair, Trinity-Monday. 7 daily schools. BBOADwooD-KELLY,apa. of Engl., co. Devon, 5i m. B. by N. Hatherleigh. Ac. 2,190. P. 471. Beoadwood-Widgee, a pa. of Engl., co. De- von, 6 m. N.E. Launceston. Ac. 7,350. Pop. 923. BEonrBT, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, on the Wye, 7i m. E.N.E. Hay. Area 440 ac. Pop. 71. Beockdish, a pa. ot Engl., co. Norfolk, on the Waveney, 3i m. S.S.W. Harleston. Area 1,080 ac. Pop. 466. Beocken, or Beocksbeeg, a mntn. of Prussia, prov. Saxony, 20 m. W.S.W. Halberstadt, in the range of the Harz mntns., of which it is the cul- minating point, 3,740 ft. above the level of the sea. It is cultivated nearly to the summit, and commands an extensive prospect. This dist. is BRO 219 BRO the cradle of many popular superstitions, & the mntn. is the scene of the singular optic^Q pheno- menon called the " spectre of the Brocken." Bbockenhubst, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 4J m. N.N.W. Lymington. Area 2,980 ac. Pop. 928. BkOCKFOKD & WETHEKINOSETT, a pa. of Engl., co.Su£foUi,5m.S.S.W.Eye. Ac. 3,980. P. 1,001. BROCKHAGEN,a vill. of Pruss. Westphalia, reg. & 32 m. S.W. Jlinden. P. 2,360, with a distillery. Brockhai.1, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 4J m. E. Daventry. Area 720 ac. Pop. 59. Bbockhamfton, a na. of Engl., co. Hereford, on the Wye, 5 m. N. of Ross. Area 620 ac. Pop. 132. Near the Till, are the traces of a Rom. camp. Brocklesbt, a pa. of Engl. [Limber.] Bbocklet, a Till, of Engl., co. Kent, lathe Sutton-at-Hone, pas. Lewisham and St Paul's, Deptford, 6J m. S.E. St Paul's, London. Pop. returned with the pa. — II. a pa. co. Somerset, 8 m. N.E. Axbridge. Area 910 ac. Pop. 171. — III. CO. Suffolk, 6 m. S.S.W. Bury-St-Edmunds. Area 1,080 ac. Pop. 380. Bkockport, a town, U. S., N. Amer., Monroe CO., N. Tork, on the Erie canal. Pop. 1249. Brocktheop, or Bbookthobpe, a pa. of Engl., CO. Glo'ster, 2J m. N.W. Painswick, in Ti- cinity of Gt. W. railw. Area 1,100 ac. Pop. 169. Bkockwobth, a pa. of England, co. and i m. E.S.E. Glo'ster. Area 2,360 ac. Pop. 409. Bbod, many small towns in central and S.E. Europe. — I. (l)eutseh\ Bohemia, circ. Czaslau, on the Zasawa, 60 m. S.E. Prague. Pop. 5,221. It has a custom-house & gymnasium, with mineral baths, sUTer mines, and manufs. of woollen cloth. — II. (Bohemian), circ. Kaurzim, on the Prague and Olmiitz railw., 20 m. E. Prague. Pop. 1,600. — III. (Hungarian), MoraTia, circ. & 9 m. E.S.E. HradLsch, cap. a lordship, on rt. b. of the Olsawa. Pop. 3,381.— IV. (Turkish), a fortress of Bosnia, sanj. and 88 m. N.N.W. "fraTuik, on the SaTe. — V. {Slavoman\ military frontier, a fortress, & the head-quarters of a regiment, on the Save, de- fended by a fort, immed. opp. the foregoing town, with which it has an active traffic. Pop. 2,128. — "^^. (AMStr.-Croaiian), circ. and 23 m. N.E. Fiome, with iron mines. Pop. 1,190. Bbodick Bay, Isl. of Arran, Scotl., on E. side. Adjoining the vill. is Brodick Castle, a seat of the Cuke of Hamilton. Scenery highly picturesque. Bbodswokth, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Ridmg, 5J m. W.N.W. Doncaster. Area 3,170 ac. Pop. 467. Here is the estate & mansion vested by the late P. Thelluson, Esq., in trustees, — the revenues arising from which, are to be per- mitted to accumulate to a certain fixed period, & then to fall to the surviving male heir, but fail- ing any such existing, they are to be applied to- wards liquidating the national debt. Bbodx, a frontier town of Austrian Galicia, cap. circ. Zloczow, 58 m. E.N.E. Lemberg. Pop. (1844) 24,000, nearly all Jews. It is filthy, un- paved, & built mostly of wood ; it has, however, an imperial chamber, a commere. tribunal, Rom. CathoUc and sevl. Greek churches, three syna- gogues, a Jewish hospital; Jewish, Rom. Cath., grammar and commere. schools ; a theatre, and a castle formerly belonging to Count Potocki, on whose estate the town was built. It was made a free commere. town in 1779, and enjoys an ex- tensive trade with Russia, Poland, and Turkey. At its fairs, which are attended by a large con- course of merchants, cattle, horses, hides, tallow, and rural products generally, are exchanged for colonial produce, imported through Odessa, and manufactured goods of all descriptions. Bboek-in-Waierlakd, a vill. of the Ncthlds,, prov. North Holland, 6 m. N.E. Amsterdam. Pop. 1,407. It is celebrated for its extreme clean- liness and the scrupulous neatness of its houses. Bboolie, a comm. & smalltown of France, dep. Eure, arr. Bemay. Pop. 1,000. It has a curious old church, & the Chteau of the Due de Broglie. Bboken Bat, a fine inlet of the S. Pacific, in New South Wales, betw. cos. Northumberland & Cumberland. Lat. 33° 35' S., Ion. 151° 17' E. Shores greatly indented, whence its name. At its W. extremity it receives the Hawkesbury riv. Bbokenbobouoh, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 2 m. N.W. Mahnsbury. Area 2,590 ac. Pop. 429. Bbombebo, a town of Pruss. Poland, cap. reg., on the Brahe, prov. and 69 m. N.E. Posen. Pop. 9,600. Besides the courts for its reg., it has a gymnasium and normal school, with manufs. of cliiccory, tobacco, Pruss. blue, linen, and woollen fabrics, and an active transit trade. The Brom- berg Canal connects the Vistula with the Odei ana Elbe, by uniting the rivs. Netz and Brahe. Bbombobouoh, a pa. of Engl., co. Chester, 4J m. N.E. Gt. Weston. Area 2,250 ac. Pop. 573. Bbomeswell, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, on the Deben, 2Jm. N.E. Woodbridge. Area 3,060 ac. Pop. 200. Beomfielt), two pas. of Engl. — I. eo. Cumber- land, wards Cumberld. and AUerdale-betw.-Der- went, 5i m. W.S.W. Wigton. Area 12,850 ac. Pop. 2,312. Its grammar school, founded in 1612 has a rev. of 40Z. a year. — II. co. Salop, 2 m. W.N.W. Ludlow. Area 9,330 ac. Pop. 656. Its church is a portion of an old monastic instit. Bbomham, a pa. of Engl., on the Ouse, here crossed by a bridge, co. & 3 m. W.N.W. Bedford. Area 1,910 ac. Pop. 314.— II. co. Wilts, 4 m. N.W. Devizes. Area 3,300 ac. Pop. 1,558. The church contains monums. of the Bayntun family, who have owned the manor since the reign of Henry vi. Beomlet, a mkt. town & pa. of Engl., co. Kent, lathe Sutton-at-Hone, on the Ravensbourne, 10 m. S.E. London. Area of pa. 4,630 ac. Pop. 4,325. The town consists mostly of a single neatly built street, on the road from London to Tunbridge. It has a large church containing the monuments of sevl. bps. of Rochester, to the oc- cupiers of which see the manor has generally belonged since the 8th century, & whose palace is near the town. Bromley has a handsome and well endowed college, founded in 1666, for the resid. and support of 40 clergymen's widows ; an alms-ho., and a school with ann. endowment of 1,400Z. Mlrt. Thursd. Fairs, July 14th & Aug. 5th, chiefly for live stock. Bromley is a polling- place for the CO., & the head of a poor-law union. Bromlet, sctI. pas. of England. — I. a pa. and small town, co. and 12 m. E. Stafford. Area of pa. 8,360 ac. Pop. 1,508. It has an anc. church, a small grammar school founded in 1606, and an hospital for 6 aged men, besides other charities, yielding together about 108^. a year. Fairs Tues. before Mid-lent Sunday, May 22, Sept. 4. It is a polling-place for the N. division of the co. — II. (Great), co. Essex, 4 m. S.S.W. Manningtree. Area 3,050 ac. Pop. 738. The pa. sends 4 can- didates for 2 exhibitions in St John's college, Cambridge.— III. (King's), co. Stafford, 4J m. N. Lichfield. Area 3,370 ac. Pop. 718. It has an endowed school, an alms-ho., and other charities, to 60?. a year.— 4V. (Little), co. Essex, 2^ m. S.S.W. Manningtree. Area 2,260 ac. Pop. 426. — V. (St Leonards), co. Middlesex, 3J m. E.N.E. St. Paul's, London. Area 620 ac. Pop. 6,154. It has alms-houses under the direction of the draper's company, besides sevl. endowed schools, and other charities, and a church which once be- BRO 220 BltO longed to a nunnery, founded here in the reign of William the Conqueror. Bbompion, several places in Engl., of which the prineip. are : — I. a western suburb of the me- tropolis, CO. Middlesex, pa. Kensington, 1 m. W.S.W. Hyde-park-Comer. Pop. 9,615. It has several new and handsome squares & terraces, and is inhabited by many respectable families of moderate income.— II. a hamlet, co. Kent, lathe Aylesford, pas. Gillingham and Chatham, & en- closed within the line of Chatham fortifs. Pop. 3,727. It stands on a height above Chatham dockyard, in which estab. most of its inhabs. are engaged ; and it comprises a fine naval hospital, and large barracks belonging to the E. India Co. Fair, May 29th. — III. a chapelry, co. York, N. Riding, pa. and IJ m. N.N.E. Northallerton. Pop. 1,631, engaged in manufs. of woollens and fancy goods. Here was fought the memorable " battle of the Standard," in which the Scots were defeated by the English, a.d. 1138 IV. a pa., same co. and Riding, 8 m. W.S.W. Scarboro'. Area 10,180 ac. Pop. 1,536. It has a remark- ably fine church, & ruins of an anc. hill-fortress. — V. (JBierlow), a tnshp., co. York, W. Riding, pa. Wath-on-Dearne, 6 m. N.W. Rotherham. Pop. 1,704. It has an endowed school ; and near it are extensive iron works. — ^VI. (Patrick), a pa. and tnshp., same CO., N. Ridmg, 3^ m. W.N.W. Bedale. Area6,560ac. Pop. 1,130.— VII. (Ua?/>A), CO. Somerset, 3 m. N. Wiveliscombe. Area 2,800 ac. Pop. 492. In this pa. are some traces of a Roman camp. — VIII. (Regis), same co., on the Exe, 3J TO. N.E. Dulverton. Area 8,810 ac. Pop. 876. The pa. has a right of holding a weekly mkt. and 2 ann, fairs. The remns. of Barhnch priory, in the vicinity, now form a private mansion. Bbomsbebrow, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 3^ m. S.E. Ledbury. Area 1,760 ac. Pop 283. Bbomsebbo, a ham. of Sweden, leen and 29 m. S.W. Calmar, near the mouth of the Bromse, celeb, in history for the treaties betw. Sweden & Denmark in 1641 and 1641. BBOMsaROVE, a mkt.-town & pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, 1^ m. E. a station on the Birmingham and Bristol railway, 12J m. S.S.W. Birming- ham. Area of pa. 11,230 ac. Pop. 9,671. The town consists chiefly of a long street ; it has some good modern houses, a fine old church, with a tower and spire 189 ft. in ht., & a neat town-hall. Its gramm. school, founded by Edward vl, has 7 scholarships and 6 fellowships in Worcest. Coll., Oxford. It has various other schools & charities, producing in all about 2071. per annum ; a branch bank, large button factory, extensive manufs. of nails. It is the head of a poor-law union. Mkt., Tuesday. Fairs June 24, Oct. 1. — Bromsgrove lAchey is a hill range, N. of the town, in which rise several affls. of the Trent and the Severn. Bbomwich (Castle), a vill. of Engl., co. War- wick, pa. Aston, 3J m. W.N.W. Coleshill. P. 779. Bbomwich (West), a vill. and pa. of Engl., CO. Stafford, 2^ m. S.E. Wednesbury. Area of pa. 6,380 ac Pop. 26,121. Among its numerous places of worship is a very handsome Independent chapel. It has a branch bank, and mines of coal and iron. It is the centre of a poor-law union. Bbomtabd, a small mkt.-town & pa. of Engl., CO. and 13 m. N.E. Hereford. Area of pa. 9,310 ac. Pop. 2,927. The town, near the Frome, and in an orchard district, is old and irregularly built. It has a collegiate church in the Norman style, a grammar school, founded by Queen Eliz., alms- houses, union work-ho., and 2 branch banks. Mkt., Tuesday. Six annual fairs. Bbondoi.0, a fortfd. vill. of North. Italy, at the S. extrem. of the isl. of the Lido, 3 m. S. Chiog- gia, on 1. b. of the Brenta-Nuova, united to the Bacchiglione near its mouth in the Adriatic. It was formerly a flourishing town at the mouth of the Adige, which has changed its course. The Porto di Brondolo is a spacious but shallow bay at the mouth of the Bacchiglione. Bbongwtn, a pa. of S. Wales, co. & 7 m. E.S.E. Cardigan. Pop. 377. BEONi,avill. of Piedmont, prov. & 15 m. E.N.E. Voghera, cap. mand., near the Po. Pop. 6,000. Bbonnitza, 2 towns of Russia. — I. go v. & 13 m. E.S.E. Novgorod, on the Msta, here crossed by a large floating bridge. Its church is built on the site of a pagan temple. — II. gov. and 28 m. S.E. Moscow, cap. circ, on the Moskwa, with an im- perial stud, which in 1830 comprised 237 horses. BEONTE,atownofSicily,intend.&22m.N.N.W. Catania, at the W. foot of Mt. Etna. Pop. 9,160. It has a college, and manufs. of coarse woollens & paper. The title of Duke of Bronte, & an in- come of 6,000 oncie (S,750l.) a-year, were given to Lord Nelson by the Neapolitan govemmt. in 1799. Bbook, two pas. of Engl I. co. Kent, lathe Scray, SJ m. N.E. Ashford. Area 540 ac. Pop. 168.- — II. CO. Hants, Isle of Wight, on the coast, 7J m. W.S.W. Newport. Ac. 760. Pop. 150. Bbooke, two pas. of Engl. — ^I. co. Norfolk, 7 m. S.S.E. Norwich. Area 2,060 ac. Pop. 756 ILco. Rutland, 2 m. S.S.W. Oakham. Ac. 1,660 P. 113. Bbooke, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer., in N.W, part of Virginia. Area 1,500 sq. m. Pop. 7,948, of whom 91 are slaves. Soil fertile ; contains bituminous coal, and iron. Bbookesbt, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 6i m. W.S.W. Melton-Mowbray. Area 640. Pop. 20. Bbookfield, numerous tnshps. of the U. S., N. Amer. — I. Massachusetts, 60 m. W. Boston. Pop. 2,472.-11. Vermont, 17 m. S. Montpeher. Pop, 1,798. — III. Connecticut, co. Fairfield, on the Housatonic railw., 60 m. S.W. Hartford. P. 1,488.— IV. N. York, co. Madison, 80 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 3,696. — V. Ohio, near Lake Erie. Pop. 1,302 VI. Morgan CO., Ohio. Pop. 1,426. Bkookhaven, a tnshp. of U. S., N. Amer., New York, in Long Island. Area 216 sq. m. Pop. 7,060. It includes 12 vills., & has woollen & cot- ton factories, sev. goodharbs. on Long Isl. Sound. Bbooklahd, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, lathe Shepway, 4} m. W.N.W. New-Romney. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 462. Fair, 1st Aug. BBOOKLiNE,atownoftheD.S., N. Amer.,Mas- sachusetts, 4 m. S.W. Boston, with villas, & mkt. gardens for the supply of Boston. Pop. 1,366. Bbookltn, a city of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, cap. King's co., at the W. end of Long Isl., Immed. opposite New York, from which it is separ- ated by the E. riv., an arm of the sea | m. across. Pop. (1850) 96,850. It is finely situated on hilly ground, & is one of the handsomest towns in the union. Chf. buildings, a city-hall, jail, lyceum, city hbrary,- U. S. naval lyceum, naral hospital, about 30 churches, & sev. banks. Here are also the U. S. navy yard, occupying 40 acres, a large dock, with timber yards, distilleries, rope- walks, hat manufs. Brooklyn is the resid. of^many of the merchants of N. York, with which it has con- stant communic. by sev. steam ferries. In 1776, this place became the seat of the revolutionary war, & at that time contained only 66 houses. ^11. a town, Pennsylvania, Susquehanna co. Pop. 1,274 — ^III. a town, Ohio, Cuyahoga co. Pop. 1,409. — IV. a town, Connecticut. Pop. 1,488. Bbookswab, or Bbocrweae, a vill. of Engl., CO. Glo'ster, mostly in the pa. of St Briavell's, on the Wye, 6 m. N. Chepstow. Pop. 212. Vessels BRO 221 BIIO ascend the Wye to this place, to receive goods brought by barges down the river. Bbookville, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., Maine, on Penobscot bay, 80 m. E. Augusta. P. 1,216. — Other tnshps. ot same name are in Penn- sylvania, Indiana, &c. Broom, a pa. of Engl., co. ■Worcester, 3i m. S. Stourbridge. Area S50 ac. Pop. 129. Bboome, or Bbome, two pas. of Engl I. co. Norfolk, 2 m. N.N.E. Bungay. Area 1,470 ac. Pop. 610. Charities 681. per ann. — II. co. Suf- folli, 2 m. N. Eye. 2\.rea 1,650 ac. Pop. 328. The Marquis Cornwallis takes the title of Vis- count Brome from this place. BsooME, a CO., U. S., N. Amer., in S. part of N. York. Area 627 sq.m. Pop. 22,338. A fer- tile grazing district. — II. a tnshp. of N. York, 38 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,104. Bboomfield, three pas. of Engl. — I. co. Essex, 2J m. N. Chehusford. Area 1,980 ac. Pop. 820. Its church has a large round tower. — II. co. Kent, lathe Aylesford, 5} m. E.S.E. Maidstone. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 146. In King's wood here is a large rabbit warren. — III. co. Somerset, 5 m. N. Taunton. Ac. 4,050. P. 479. Fair 13th Nov. Bboomhill, a pa. of Engl., cos. Kent & Sussex, Im. E.S.E. Eye, now conjoined with N. Rom- net. Area 3,580 ac. Pop. 121. Bboons, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cotes-du-Nord, cap. cant., 15 m. S.W. Dinan. Pop. 2,502. Duguesclin was born in the castle of La Motte Broons, 1 m. from the town, on the site of which a mont. has been erected to his memory. Bboos, a to^vn of Transylvania, Saxon-land, with a pop. of 3,600, and a Protest, high-school. Bboquies, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Aveyron, 22 m. S. Rodez. Pop. 3,676. Bboqce (La), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Vosges, arrond. St Di^. Pop. 1,350. Bboba, a riv. of Scotl., co. Sutherland, rises on S.E. side of Benolibrick, after a S.E. course through sev. lakes, enters the Moray Firth, at the vill. Brora, 4 m. N.E. Golspie. Near vill. of Brora a partial bed of coal exists in the oolite strata. Bboselet, a mkt.-t. & pa. of Engl., co. Salop, on the Severn, 13 m. S.E. Shrewsbury. Area of pa. 1,550 ac. Pop. 4,829, engaged in raising coal and iron, and in iron-foundries, potteries, and a manuf. of tobacco-pipes. Mkt.,Wed. Fairs, last Tuesday in April, and 29th October. Bbosna, a pa. of Irel., Munster, co. Kerry, 8 m. E.S.E. Listowel. Area 11,960 ac. Pop. 2,871 — The Great and Little Brosna are two small rivs., Leinster, King's co., tributary to the Shannon. Bbothebs (The), a group of 6 or 8 rocky islets, at the entrance of the Red Sea, off the African shore, 9J m. S. Perim isl., and varying from 250 to 350 ft. in height. Lat. of the loftiest 12° 28' N., Ion. 4.3° 22' E II. 3 isolated mntns. of E. Australia, near the coast between Harrington In- let and Port Macquarrie. Beothebton, a pa. of England, co. York, W. Riding, 4 m. N.N.E. Pontefract. Area 2,120 ac. Pop. 1,744. Queen Margaret, the 2d wife of Ed- ward I., gave birth to a son here in a house, the site of which is preserved by a wall and trench. Bbotteaux (Les), a ham. of France, arrond. and comm. Lyon, of which it forms a suburb. Bbottebode, a town of Germany, Hessen- Cassel, prov. Fnlda, dist. and 7 m. N. Schmalkal- den, in the Thuringian forest. P. 2,359, partly em- pld. in iron-works, & in manufs of wooden-wares. Bbotton, a pa. of England, co. York, N. Rid- ing, 6 m. N.E. Guisborough. Area 3,660 ac. Pop. 408. Bbou, a t. of France, dep. Eure-et-Loire, cap. cant., on the Ozanne, 22 m. S.W. Chartres. Pop. 2,047, engaged in weaving serge & in iron-works. Beodage, a ham. of France, dep. Charente- Inf., in a channel opp. the I. of Oleron, 10 m. S.S.W. Rochefort. Pop. 986. In its vicinity are extensive salt marshes. It was formerly a fortifd. town, and was a flourishing seaport at the com- mencement of the 17th cent., but its harb. is filled with mud, and it is now nearly 3 m. from the sea. Bbough, a mkt. town & pa. of Engl., co. West- moreland, Eastward, 7^ m. E.S.E. Appleby. Area of pa. 22,650 ac. Pop. 1,597, partly employed in lead & coal mines. It has an old church, an en- dowed school, a branch bank, & the ruins of a castle of the Cliffords. Mkt. Thur. Fair, Thur. before WMtsun. week. On the eve of Epiphany, a singular procession takes place here, called ' the carrying of the holliug or hoes tree.' Bbougham, Brovoniacum, a pa. of Engl., co. Westmoreland, W.v? ard, on the Eden & Lowther, 2i m. S.E. Penrith. Area 6,580 ac. Pop. 611. Here are the remains of a very anc. and strong fortress of the Cliffords, supposed to be of Ro- man origin, and in the pa. is Brougham hall, the seat of Lord Brougham. Bboughshane, a town of Irel., Ulster, co. An- trun, 3J m. E.N.E. BaJlymena. Pop. 940. Fairs, June 17 and September 1. Brougiiton, numerous places in Engl, and Wales, of which the princip. are, a pa., co. Bucks, 3 m. S.S.E. Newport-PagneU. Area 1,020 ac. Pop. 249.— II. a tnshp., N. Wales, co. Denbigh, pa. Wrexham, 6 m. S.W. Holt. Pop. 1,449.-111. a pa. CO. & 5 m. N.E. Huntingdon. Area 2,950 ac. Pop. 168. — IV. a tnshp., co. Lancaster, pa. & li m. N.N.W. Manchester. Pop. 3,794.— V a pa. CO. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, 3 m. N.W. Brigg. Area 7,880 ac. Pop. 913 VI. co. Northampton, 3 m. S.W. Kettering. Area 2,660 ac. Pop. 693. —VII. CO. Oxford, 2i m. W.S.W. Banbury. Area 1,950 ac Pop. 629. Charities about 821. per ann. Here are remains of a moated castle. — VIII. CO. Salop, 7 m. N. Shrewsbury. Area 1,120 ac. Pop. 188 IX. co. Hants, 3J m. W.S.W. Stockbridge. Area 4,500 ac. Pop. 1,009. It has a school endowed with 68/. per ann. Fair, 1st Mon. in July. — X. (In-AredaU), co. York, W. Riding, 4 m. S.W. Skipton. Area 3,950 ac. Pop. 407. The vill. was plundered by the forces under prince Charles Edward in 1745 XI. (Ast- ley), CO. Leicester, 6^ m. N.N.W. Lutterworth. Area 1,930 ac. Pop. 728'.— XII. (Brant), co. Lin- coln, pts. Lindsey, on the Brant, 7| m. E. Newark. Area 4,490 ac. Pop. 660.— XIII. (Church), co. & 9J m. W.S.W. Derby. Area 2,380 ac. Pop. 652. — XIV. (In Furness), a small mkt. town and chprly., CO. Lancaster, pa. Kirkby-Ireleth, on the Duddon, 22 m. N.W. Lancaster. Pop. 1,250. Its manufs. of woollen yam have declined since the introduction of machinery, but in the adja- cent mntns. are mines of iron & copper, the pro- duce of which is exported by the riv. Duddon. Market, Frid. Fair for woollen yarn, August 1. Broughton tower is the resid. or J. G. Sawrey, Esq. — XV. (Giffbrd), a pa,, co. Wilts, on the Avon, 2 m. W. Melksham. Area 1,640 ac. Pop. 741 XVI. (Hacketi), co. & 5 m, E, Worcester, Area 490 ac. Pop. 194.— XVII. (Nether), co. Leicester, 5J m. W.N.W. Melton .Mowbray. Area 2,110 ac. Pop. 412.— XVIII. (Foggs), co. Oxford, 6 m. S.S.W. Barford. Area 360 ac. Pop. 151.— XIX, (Sulney), co. and 11 m. S,S,E. Nottingham. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 371. Beouohton, Glenholm & KiLBUOHO, a uni- ted pa. of Scotl., 00. Peebles. Area about 2,000 ac, nearly 3-4ths under pasture. Pop. 274, Fair BRO 222 BRU Oct. 1. The viJl. of Broughton is situated on the Tweed, 9 m. S.W. Peebles. Bboughtt Febkt, a vill. of Scotl., co. Forfar, pa. Monifieth, on the Firth of Tay, immediately opposite Ferry-port-on-Craig, with which it has irequent communication by a floating bridge in connexion with the Aberdeen railway. It is handsome, & greatly resorted to as abathing-pl. by the inhabs. of Dundee & Perth. Broughty Castle, on its S.E. side, was an ancient fortress, Bbohwershaven, a small marit. town of the Netherrds,prov. Zee]and,cap. cant, on the N.W. coast of the isL Schowen, near the mouth of the Maaa. Pop. 1,092. Bbowk, a CO. of the U. S., N. Amer., in S.W. part of Ohio. Area 470 sq. m. Pop. 22,715. Soil good & well watered by tribnt. of Ohio riv. — n. a 00. in "W. part of Illinois. Area 300 sq. m. Pop. 4,183. Soil fertile. — III. a co. in centre of Indiana. Area 810 sq. m. Pop. 2,368.— IV. a CO., Wisconsin, on Green Bay, W. of Lake Mi- chigan. Area 1,150 sq. m. Pop. 2,107. Surface rather wet and cold. — V. a township, Carrol, co. Ohio, on the Sandy and Beaver canal. Pop. 2,165. Also several towns in Pennsylvania, &c. Bbownsea, or Bbahksea Island, Engl., co. Dorset, IJ m. S. Poole, at the E. end of Poole harbour. Length about IJ m. ; breadth J m. Sui'&ce mostly heath. Pop. 70. Its castle, bmlt by Qn. Elizabeth to defend Poole harbour, is now the resid. of the Sturt family, who own the isl. Bbowksobeb, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 2 m. N.N.E. Rugby. Area 1,130 ac. Pop. 90. Bbownstown, a pa. of Ireland, co. Meath, 6 m. S.S.W. Slane. Ac. 1,199. Pop. 421. Copper ore is found in the parish. Bbownsville, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., co. Jefferson, New York, 5 m. W. Watertown. Pop. 3,968, of whom 1,000 inhabit the vill.— II. a vlll. Pennsylvania, co. Fayette, on the Monougahela, here crossed by a bridge, 160 m. W.S.W. Hanis- biirgh. Pop. 1,362. — Other places of same name. Bboxbouene, or Bbooksboubke, a pa. of Engl., CO. Herts, IJ m. S. Hoddesdon. Area 4,580 ac. Pop. 2,386. It has 2 endowed schools, an alms-house, and a handsome church. Bkoxbubn, a vill. of Scotland, pa. of Uphall, Linlithgowshire, 12 m. W. of Edinburgh. Bboxholme, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, 6 m. N.W.Lincoln. Ac. 1,230. P. 145. Beoxted, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 3 m. S.W. Thaxted. Area 3,110 ac. Pop. 737. Bbozas, a town of Spain, prov. & 24 m. N.W. Caceres. Pop. 3,711. It has an old castle. Bbuab, a small riv. of Scotl., co. Perth, famous for its cascades, it joins the Garry, 2 m. W.S.W. of Blair-AthoU. Bbuat, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Nord, arrond. and 3 m. from Valenciennes. Pop. 1,606. Bbuoa (La), a marit. town of Sicily, intend. Catania, on a projecting rock at the mouth of the Porcari, in the Gulf of Catania, 3 m. N. Agosta. Small vessels resort to the harb. to load wheat, tunny, building stone, and oysters. The vicinity is strewed with ruins ; supposed to mark the site of the anc. Partus Pantasius, Bbuohhausen, two towns of Hanover, co. Hoya.— I. (Alt), 5 m. W.N.W. Hoya. Pop. 947. —II. (,Neu), 9 m. W. Hoya. Pop. 463. Bbuchsal, a town of W. Gennany, Gd. Duchy Baden, circ. Middle-Rhine, on the Salzbach, on the railway from Manheim to Basel, 12 m. N.E. Carlsruhe. Pop. 7,386. It is well built, and has a fine palace, the former resid. of the prince-bp. of Spires, 3 R. Cath. and 1 Protestant church, a town-ho., gymnasium, milit. hospital, barracks, & a paper mill. Its princip. trade is in wine ; that of salt from its springs has long ago declined. Bbuck, "bridge," the name of many small towns in Germany. — I. Lower Austria, on the Leitha, 23 m. S.E. Vienna, on the Presburg rail- way. Pop. 2,834. It has a seat of Count Har- raoh, with botanic gardens, and manufs. of spinning-jennies, and gold wire.— II Styria, cap. circ, at the confl. of the Mur and Miirz, and on the Vienna and Triest railway, 25 m. N.N.W. Gratz. Pop. 1,600. It has manufs. of iron wares, and an active transit trade.— III. Prussia, prov. and 17 m. S.E. Brandenburg. Pop. 1,266.— IV. Kloster-Bruck, a vill. of Moravia, circ. and 1 m. E.S.E. Znaim, on 1. b. of the Taja, with a flue castle, formerly an abbey. — V. Bavaria, cu-c. Midd. Franconia, 2 m. S.S.W. Erlangen, on the Regnitz. Pop. 1,173. There are numerous vills. of same name in the different states of Germany. Beijckehau, a town of Bavaria, circ. Lower Franconia, on the Sinn, 36 m. N.Wiirtzburg, with a royal castle and 2 paper mills. Pop. 1,403. About 2 m. distant, in the Sinn valley, are the baths of Briickenau, frequented in summer by the Bavarian court, and where a fine pump-room (Kursaal), has been erected by the present king. The waters are chalybeate (temp. 50° Fahr.) ; the acconunodation is good ; and the situation in the midst of beech forests, & mntn. scenery, renders this the most agreeable of the Franconian water- ing-places. In its vicinity is a Franciscan convent. Beuel, a town of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, duchy and 12 m. N.E. Schwerin. Elev. 88 feet above the sea. Pop. 1,491. Bbdff, a town & pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. and 14J m. S.S.E. Limerick. Area of pa. 1,331 ao. Pop. 2,900; do. of town 1,398. It has a neat church, a large Rom. Cath. chapel, ruins of an old castle, and four annual fairs. Bbdses (Flem. Beuggb), a fortaf. city of Bel- gium, cap. prov. W. Flanders, on the railw. from Ostend to Brussels, and at the junction of the canals from Ghent to Ostend, and to Sluis, 55 m. N.W. Brussels, and 8 m. irom the German Ocean. Lat. (of the halle spire), 51° 12' SO' N., Ion. 3° 13' 44' E. Pop. (1846) 60,272. Bruges is surrounded by walls and defended by an old citadel ; it is one of the most flourishing com- mercial cities in the kingdom. It owes its name to the number of its bridges (upwards of 50) which cross its canals, and is remarkable for the many fine gothie buildings which it contains. Most of these date from the 14th cent., and are richly decorated with sculpture and paintings ; among them are the church of Notre Dame, with the tomb of Charles the bold, the oathed. of St Sauveur, palace of justice, the halle with a gothie belfry, and the finest chimes in Europe, the hospital of St John, and the Hotel de Ville. It is the seat of the bishop of W. Flanders, and has a tribunal of commerce, an athenaeum, episcopal college, theological seminary, school of surgery, academy of painting & sculpture, a publ. library, schools for blind, deaf, and dumb, cstab. 1835, an exchange, and poors-ho. for the provs. of E. and W. Flanders. Chf. industry the manuf. of lace, which is celebrated, and occupies more than a sixth part of the female population ; manufe. of linen, woollen, and cotton fabrics, cordage, to- bacco, & soap. Bruges has numi's. distilleries," breweries, tanneries, dye works, sugar and salt refineries, and ship building yards. Its docks are capable of containing 100 barges, and are sur- rounded with spacious warehouses. Princip. ex- ports lace and other manuf. goods, grain and cattle. Imports wool, cotton, dye woods wine BRU 223 BRU and colonial products. Bruges was formerly the cap. and resid. of the Counts of Flanders ; in the 13th century it was one of the most commercial cities in the world, & the richest entrep6t of the Hanseatic league ; it was long renowned for the excellence of its woollen cloths and tapestries ; it hegan to dechne at the end of the 16th cent., when the religious persecutions of PliiUp ii. ohUged its inhabs. to seek refuge in England. In 1430, Philip tlie good, Duke of Burgundy, here instituted tiie order of the golden fleece. Charles II. lived at Bruges during his exile from England. Bruges, a comm. and town of Franee, dep. B. Pyrenees, arrond. and 12 m. S S.E. Pan, with manufs. of coarse hnens. Pop. 1,894. BBUGG,orBKnoK, avill. of Switzerl., cap. circ, cant. Aargau, on rt. b. of the Aar, here crossed by a bridge (whence its name), 9 m. N.E. Aarau, near the mth. of the Reuss, surrounded by wails and defended by conical towers. Pop. 800. It is an entrepot for goods passing betw. Germany & Italy, and stands on a portion of the site of the anc. Vindonissa, some remains of which are still traceable. Near it is the ruined castle of Haps- burg, the ancestral seat of the imperial family of Austria; and the ruins of the abbey of Kiinigs- felden. Zimmerman was bom at Brugg in 1728. Bbdggen, a pa. and vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 2 m. S.W. St Gall ; near it is the magnif. bridge {Kratzaibruche), over the Sitter; it is built of stone, and is 650 ft. in length, and 96 ft. in ht — II. a vill. of Rhen. Prussia, reg. Dussel- dorf, circ. and 9 m. S.W. Kempen, with manufs. of linen, cotton, and silk goods. Pop. 677. Bbuqnato, a small anc. town of Sardinia, prov. and 7 m. N.E. Levante, on 1. b. of the Vara, with a cathed. church, & a theol. seminary. Pop. 600. Bbugciebe (La), a comm. and town of France, dep. Tarn, cap. cant., 27 m. S. Albi. Pop. 1,355. Bbuhl, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. circ. and 8 m. S.S."W. Cologne, on the railw. to Bonn. Pop. 2,020. It has a fine castle, with extensive pleasure grounds ; & it was the retreat of Cardl. Mazarin, when banished from France in 1651. — IL a vilL of Lower Austria, 10 m. S.S. W. Vienna, with a castle belonging to Prince Liechtenstein. BBTTiiiLE, St Auand, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Nord, arrond. Valenciennes. Pop. 2,021. Bbuistasd, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 3 m. E.N.E. Framlmgham. Ac. 1,330. Pop. 296. Bbuios, a comm. and town of France, dep. Sarthe, arr. & 19 m. N.N.W. La Fleche. P. 1,526. Bbumath, Brucoviagua, a town of France, dep. Bas-Rhin, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Zom, 11 m. N.N.W. Strasbourg. Pop. (1846) 3,701. Bbummen, a vill., Netherl., prov. Gelderland, on the Tssel, 14 m. N.E. Amhem. Pop. 850. Bbumow, a town of Bohemia. [Bbatjnau.] Bbumstead, or Brunstead, a pa. of Engl., co. NorfoIk,6m.E.S.E.N.-Walshain. Ac. 930. P.116. Bbdkdall, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 6 m. E. Norwich. Area 490 ac. Pop. 52. Bbumdel, a vill. of Bohemia, circ. Budweis, with mineral baths and a pilgrimage church. Bbundish, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 4 m. N.N.W. Framlingham. Area 1,380 ac. P. 525. Beuneck, a t. of Austria, Tyrol, cap. circ. 41 m. S.W. InnspruckjOn r. b. of the Rienz. P. 1,471. Bbcn£ Island, a long and irreg. isl. of Tas- mania, dist. Hobart Town, separated from Van Diemen's Land by D' Entrecasteaux Bay. Lat. 43° SO' S., 147° 30' E. Length N. to S. 32 m. ; breadth 1 to 8 m. On its E. side is Adventure B. BBtJNiQUEii, a comm. and town of France, dep. Tam-et-Garonne, 41 m. E. Montauban. Pop. 1,861. It has a ruined castle & extens. iron- works. BbUnn (Moravi Brno), a fortfd. city of the Austrian Emp., cap. gov. of Moravia and Silesia, and of a cu'c. of same name, on a declivity at the coufl. of the Schwarza and the Zwitta, 70 m. N.N.E. Vienna, and 110 m. S.W. Prague, with both of which it is connected by railway. Lat. of city-hall, 49° 11' 39' N., Ion. 16° 36' 54" E. Pop. including garrison (1842) 44,000, nearly all Roman Catholics. The city is separated by its fortiis. from several suburbs, and was formerly defended by the citadel of Spielberg, now a state prison, and that in which Silvio PelUco was confined. Streets narrow and crook- ed, but well-paved and lighted. Briinn has nu- merous fine buildings, including the cathed., St Jacob's, & other churches, the landhaus, formerly a rich Augustine-convent, the barracks, a vast pile, formerly a Jesuits' coll., the city -hall, theatre, Mai'ia school for young ladies, and the palaces of Princes Dietrichstein & Eaunitz, & other nobles, A park, called the Augarten, was opened to the public by Joseph ii. ; and in the Franzenburg quarter are public gardens, with a monument to the Emp., Francis i. Briinn is the seat of the chf. legal & milit. courts and authorities for Mo- ravia and Austr.-Silesia, of a bp.'s see, & a Pro- test, consistory. It has a pliilosophical institute, theolog., diocesan, and normal schools, a royal gymnasium, provincial, agricult., and historical soc, a valuable museum, botanic garden, public library, and a great number of educational and charit. establs. Its manufe of woollen goods arc the most extensive in the Austr. dom. ; cotton goods, silk, glass, soap, tobacco, and machinery are also extensively manuf. ; and its tanneries & leather factories are the most important in the Empire ; the city is the centre of a large trade betw. Bohemia and Austria, and the countries N. and E. of the Carpathian mntns. Brunn was occupied by the French in 1805 & 1809. It was the head-quarters of Napoleon before the battle of Austerlitz. Alihrunn, the princip. suburb, was previous to 1830 a separate market borough. Bbunn-am-Gebibge, a town of Lower Austria, circ. & 7 m. S.W. Vienna. Pop. 1,630. Esteemed wine is produced in its vicinity. Bbunnen, a vill. of Switzerl., cant, and SJ m. S.W. Schwytz, near the mouth of the Muotta, in the L. of Lucerne. Here the deputies of the 3 orig. cantons, Uri, Schwytz, & Unterwalden, laid the basis of the Helvetic republic, Dec. 9, 1315. — " The Srunnens " is the name applied to the watering places of Germany, &c., collectively. Beussbijitel, amarit. town of Denmark, duchy Holstein, on r. b. of the Elbe, near its mouth, 15 m. N.W. Gluckstadt. Pop. 1,200. BBTiNsHAijsEN, a vlll. of Hanovcr, on 1. b. of the Elbe, 16J m. N.N.E. Stade, with a small port and custom-house for the river dues. Bkunstatt, a comm. & vill. of France, dep H. Rhin, arr. Altku-ch, cant. Mulhau^en. Pop. 1,544. Beunswick (Germ. Braunschweig), Duchy or, a state of north Germany, situated (exclusive of Thedinghausen), chiefly between lat. 51° 38' & 52° 28' N., & Ion. 9° 23' and 11° 30' E. Pop. ( 1 846) 268,943, of whom 245,000 were Protestants, and the remainder Roman Catholics and Jews. Besides this, the reigning duke possesses the princip. of Ocis in Silesia, with an area of 817 sq. m., and a pop. of 90,000. The state is composed of 3 large and 6 small isolated and irregular por- tions of territory. The principal part, with the cap. city, Ues betw. Prussia and Hanover ; the 2d extends E. to W. along the S. bound, of Hanover, limited on the E. by Prussia, and W. by the Weser ; the 3d lies S.W. of the above, between BRU 224 BlilJ Prussia, Hanover, and Anhalt. The smaller por- tions lie partly in Hanover, & partly in Prussia ; but, with the exception of Thedine^hausen, they are not far distant from the capital. The whole territory has an area of 1,526 sq. m. The coun- try is mntnous. in the 2 S. portions, which are partly traversed by the ramifications of the Harz mntns. ; the Worm-Berg, 3,230 ft. in elev., is the highest point in the duchy. It is not abundantly watered; the Ocker flows N. past Brunswick; the Leine at Gandersheim, and the Weser on the extreme W. limits of the territory ; there are several small lakes in the Harz, and mineral springs at Helmstadt and Seesen. The climate is rigorous in the Harz, where harvest is a mouth later than in the rest of the territory. Agricul- ture is the chf. source of the wealth of the duchy. The valleys are in general fertile, and the princi- pal products are estim. as follows : — grass, includ- ing rye, barley and oats, 57d,000 qrs. ; seed-oil 1,200 tons, flax 4,500 tons annually, and tobacco, chiccory, hops, & fruits, are raised extensively for export. Cattle-breeding is important, great care is bestowed in the improvement of horses, for which there is a stud in Harzburg, and the sheep are of improved breeds. Timber forms a con- siderable article of export. Mining is extensively carried on in the Harz mntns. ; Its chf. products are gold, silver, lead, litharge, copper, sulphur, vitriol, and alum. The iron-works employ 9 smelting-houses and 10 furnaces; marble and alabaster are also procured. The manufs. of Brunswick are not important, and are limited chiefly to tobacco, paper, soap, sal-ammoniac, and madder, linen and woollen weaving and spinning, & the manuf. of lacquered wares, glass, and beer. Trade is active, and is much facilitat- ed by the 2 ann. fairs at Brunswick, & by railways to Hanover, Magdeburg, and Neustadt. There are few learned institutions in the duchy, the mii- versity of Helmstadt is long since given up, but there is a college at Brunswick, an anatomical school, 5 gymnasia, 2 normal schools, 22 bur- ger, 7 indust., and 435 parish schools. The lib- rary of Wolfenbiittel is celeb. Brunswick belongs with Hanover, to the German commercial union. The gov. is exercised by a hereditary duke, & based on the constitution of 1832, with a single legislative chamber, composed of 8 deputies of the nobility, 12 from the towns, 10 from the rural dists., & 13 from the genl. pop. The court of appeal at "Wolfen- buttel is the highest legal tribunal. Since 1833 the duchy has been div. into the 6 circs., Brunswick, Helmstadt, Wolfenbiittel, Blankenburg, Ganders- heim, and Holzminden. Publ. rev. for the 3 years, 1846-48, estim. at 3,768,822 dolls., besides 170,000 florins from the mediatised principality of Oels. PubHc debt (1845) 6,444,349 dollars, of which 1,725,000 dolls, was on account of railways. The reigning bouse is the elder branch of the Guelph family, of which the house of Hanover is the younger branch. Bbunswiok (Germ. Braunschweig), a city of N. Germany, cap. of the Duchy of Brunswick, on the Ocker. Lat. (spire of St Andrea's Church) 62° 16' 6' N., Ion. 10° 3' 40' E. Pop. (1846) 42,000, of whom 1,000 were Kom. Catholics, & 600 Jews. It is in general old-fashioned, but has many new streets, and is well-paved and lighted, and the former fortifications are converted into gardens and promenades. Chf. edifices, the new palace, a handsome edifice, with fine parks, built on the site of the former ducal residence, which was burned in 1830, opera-house, mint, armoury, with a museum and picture-gallery, college, 12 churches, including the cathedral & St Andrea's church, with aspire 318 ft. in elev. ; several foun- tains and monuments, one of which, 60 ft. high, commemorates the late duke who was killed at Quatre-Bras. Brunswick has many educational & charitable institutions, a considerable trade, and manufs. of woollen cloths, lacquered wares, & sealing-wax. Its 2 ann. fairs, which were formerly resorted to by many thousand merchants, are now much less important, & do not attract more than 600 or 700 visiters. It is the birthplace of the historian Meibom, the theologian Henke, and the poet Lafontaine. In the environs is the ducal palace of Kiehmond. Brunswick is connected by railway with Hanover on the W., Magdeburg on the E., and Neustadt on the S. Bbukswick, a co. U. S., N. Amer., in S. part of Virginia. Area 676 sq. m. Pop. 14,346, of whom 8,805 are slaves II. a co. in S. part of N. Carolina, on shores of Atlantic. Area 1,344 sq. m. Pop. 6,266, of whom 2,119 are slaves ^III. a tnshp., Maine, co. Cumberl'd, on the Andros- coggin, 7 m. W. Bath. Pop. 4,269. It is the seat of Bowdoin college, a well-endowed institution, with 10 professors, a library of 20,000 vols., & a medical-school, with 4 professors, various mu- seums. It has numerous sawing and corn-mills, & some woollen & cotton factories, & a consider- able trade in timber IV. New York, 10 m. N.E. Albany. Pop. 3,061. — V. a seaport, Georgia, cap. CO. Glynn,onTurtleriv.,168m.S.E.Milledgevil]«. It is a small vill., but has a spacious harbour, with 13 feet of water on the bar at lowest tides. Bbunswiok (New). [New Brdnswick.] Bkuntingthorpe, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 5 m. N.E. Lutterworth. Area 1,320 ac. P. 423. Bkunton, [Sast 4" West) two tnshps. of Engl., CO. Northumberland, Castle-ward, pa. Gosforth, ^ m. N.N.W. Newcastle. Joint pop. 377. Their mines yield coal of superior quality. Beuktect, a town of Switzerl. [Pobektexjt.] Bbubee, a pa. of Irel., Munster, co. Limerick, 4 m. N.W. Kilmalloch. Area 3,210 ac. Pop. 3,804, of whom 703 are in the vill. The Irish bards here held their half yearly meetings till 1746. Fairs, 4 times annually. Bbusa, or Bboussa, Prusa ad Olympum, a city of Asia Minor, Anatolia, cap. saiy., at the N. foot of Mt. Olympus, 57 m. S.S.E. Constantinople. Pop. probably 60,000, including about 7,000 Ar- menians, 3,000 Greeks, and 1,800 Jews. It is beautifully situated on a declivity, in a very fer- tile neighbom'hood, & has a magnif. external ap- pearance, with numerous minarets. Its houses are buUt mostly of earth or wood, & its streets narrow, but it is kept very clean by an abnn- dance of streams, & it is, upon the whole, one of the most agreeable cities in the East. It has be- tween 200 & 300 mosques, some very handsome ; large bazaars, numerous khans & colleges, sev. churches and synagogues, Armenian and other schools, & extensive suburbs. Its mineral baths have been famous in all ages ; they are of various kinds & temperatures, & mostly under cover of fine buildings. N.W. of the city are large swim- ming pools. The citadel, on a rock, near the centre of the town, is mostly of Genoese con- struction ; & the city contains various remains of antiquity. Brusa is one of the most flourish- ing commerc. emporiums in the Turkish dom. Its princip. trade is in raw silk, of which article its dist., in 1841, produced 66,970 okes; & it has also manufe. of satin, cotton cloths, carpets, tapestry, gauze, & cotton twist, with a large traf- fic in com, opium, & meerschaum clay. Princip. imports, cotton cloths & yarn, muslins, figured woollen dresses, dyed sarsanets. Paisley shawls, BRU 225 BRU from Gt. Britain, other woollens, with nankeens & cotton prints from Germany, France, Swit- zerl., glass wares from Bohemia, red caps and gold thread, from S. Europe, & cordage, butter, caviare, & iron from Russia, The trade with the interior is facilitated by caravans from Constant tinople & Smyrna ; that by the sea is carried on from the port of Moudania, on the sea of Mar- mora. Brusa was anciently the cap. of Bithynia, & after the captm-e by Orchan in 1356, it con- tinned to be the capitaJ and the burial place of the Turkish sultans, until Amurath removed his seat of empire to Adrianople. Some newly constructed gov. silk factories at Brusa, were de- stroyed by fire in 1816 ; the loss was estimated as high as 300,0002. Bbtisau, a town, Moravia, circ. & 31 m. W.N. W. Ofaniitz, on the frontier of Bohemia. Pop. 760. Celebrated for its fine flour called Briisauer Mehl. BansHFOKD, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Devon, 4i m. S.S.W. Chumleigh. Area 1,220 ae. Pop. 144. — II. CO. Somerset, 1 J m. S. Dulverton. Area 4,030 ac. Pop. 340. 2 daily schools. BBus()nE, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aveyron, arrond. and 12 m. S. St. Affrique, on the Dourdou. Pop. 1,200. Bbussels (French Braxelles), a city of Cen- tral Europe, cap. of the kgdm. of Belgium, & of the prov. of Brabant, on the Sonne, and on the railw. from Antwerp to France. Lat. (of observ- atory) 50° 51' 11' N., Ion. 4° 21' 10' E. Pop. (1845) 117,462. Altitude of observ. 190 ft. Climate temp., humid, and very variable, but healthy. Mean temp, of year 4Sf .6 ; winter 38° ; summer 64°, Fahr. It is the most important city in the king- dom, and the chief seat of public instruction and industry, the resid. of the courts, the seat of the legislative assemblies, courts of appeal, & cham- ber of commerce. Brussels is remarkable for the number & richness of its anc. buildings ; and from the elegance of its new quarters, it ranks among the finest cities of Europe. It consists of an upper or new, & a lower or old town, the former Of which is the fashionable quarter, and contains the royal palace, the gov. offices, and the finest streets & hotels ; It is well supplied with water, & has many richly sculptured fountains. Its prin- cip. squares are the Place Royale, Place de la Morimaie, with the mint, theatre, & exchange, the Place des Martyres, where the victims of the revolution of 1830 are interred, the Omnd Place in the lower town, in which is the Hdtel de Ville, a noble gothic edifice, in the grand hall of which, the abdication of Charles v. took place in 1555. The present modem edifices are the palace of the chambers, the king's palace, the palace of the fine arts, formerly resid. of the dukes of Bra- bant, & of the govs.-general of Austria, rebuUt in 1746, & now occupied by the public library & museum ; the former palace of the prince of Orange, remarkable for its interior decorations ; the church of Notre-dame-de-Bon-Secours, and that of Grand-B^gnluage, both of the 17th cent., and the theatre. The anc. buildings comprise the Hatel de Ville, one of the noblest buUd- ings of the kind in Europe, with a spire of open stone work 364 feet in height, sev. churches, in general decorated with rich sculptures & paint- ings, the finest of which is the cathed. of St. Gu- dule, built 1273, & celeb, for its painted glass, numerous statues, and a finely carved pulpit ; the church of Notre-dame-de-la-Chapelle, com- menced 1134, & that of Notre-dame-des-Victoires of the 13th cent., the Broot-Huys, or old H6tel de Ville, & sev. gates of its anc. wails. The finest promenades are the AlWe-Verte, along the canal from Brussels to the Scheldt, & the park, an ex- tens, enclosure, near the royal palace, laid out with avenues of trees, & ornamented with statues. This was the scene of the chf struggle in the re- volution of 1830. A statue to GodefVoid de Bouillon was inaugurated in 1848. 3 m, N. is the country palace of Zaeken. Brussels has nums. & excellent estabs. of public instruction, a free university founded 1834, a primary normal school, polytechnic school, an acad. of painting, sculp- ture, and engraving, a royal school of music, a school of deaf| dumb, & blind, estab. 1834, and numerous primary schools & schools of industry. Among its rich scientific and hterary estabs. is the astronomical observatory, one of the finest in Europe, & a magnet, observ., the depot-genl., for the archives of the kdgm. ; the public library con- taining 100,000 vols., & the royal library (founded 1837) 70,000 vols., & 25,000 MSS. The museum of painting, nat. history, & antiquities, & an ex- cellent botanic garden. It has an academy of belles-lettres, an exhibition of paintings, and another for the productions of national industry. Among its private collections are the hbrary of the BoUandists, 6,000 vols., & that of the geogra- phical estab. of M. Ph. Vandermaelen, founded 1830, containing 20,000 vols., & a rich collection of maps, in connexion with a school of geography, and a museum of nat. history. Brussels is the seat of the princip. banks, & of the only mint of the kingdom, and has a savings bank, and many wealthy charitable institutions; it is one of the great centres of Belgian industry, and it is still celeb, for its lace, considered the finest in the. world ; its other chief manufs. are of fine hnens, damask, silk & cotton ribbons, gold & silver em- broidery, hats, paper, machinery, jewellery, and mathematical and musical instruments. It has also estabs. for coach building & cabinet making, manufs. of chemical products, soap, porcelain, & crystal, extens. sugar refineries & breweries. It has many extens. typographical & lithographic estabs., which are chiefly employed in reprints, of works published in France. The commerce of Brussels is facilitated by a canal, which connects it with Antwerp, and admits vessels of 300 tons burden, by excellent roads, & by railws., which radiate from it in every direction. Brussels is a very anc. city ; it is beUeved to have been found- ed in the 7th cent. ; it was fortifd. in the 11th cent., & was the resid. of the Dukes of Brabant, & afterwards of the Spanish and Austrian govs.- general of the Netherls. ; its fortifs. were dis- mantled by Joseph 11. It was, under the French empire, cap. of the dep. of the Dyle ; previous to 1830, it was one of the caps, of the kingdom of the Netherlands, and alternately with the Hague, the seat of the court & of the states-general ; it is the birth-place of the physicians VesaUus & Van Helmont, and of the two painters Champaigne. Bbcton, amkt.town& pa, of Engl., oo. Somer- set, 10 m. S.S.W. Frome. Area of pa. 3,520 ac. Pop. 2,074. The town, in the valley of the Brue, consists chiefly of three streets, at the junction of which is a hexagonal mkt. cross. Its church is a highly decorated structure. The grammar school, founded in the reign of Edward vi., has an ann. rev, of 3601., of which 2002, are given to 4 exhibs, in either of the Engl, universities. An hospital for aged persons, &c., has a rev. of 1,3811 The town has sev. silk mills, and manufs. of tow, woollens, & hosiery. It is the seat of co. sessions. Mkt. Sat, Fairs, Apr, 23d, Sept, 12th. The celebrated navigator, Dampier, was born here iu 1652. Bbussow, a town of Prussia, prov. Braden- p BRU 226 bnrg, on lake of same name, circ. & 12 m. N.E. Prenzlan. Pop. 1,100. Bkcths, a tnshp.,' U. S., N. Amer., N. York, on the Erie canal, 7 m. N. Auburn. Pop. 2,044. Bbux, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 14 m. N. Saaz, on the Bila. Fop. 8,064. It has a high school, & aphilosophical institute, coal mines and mannfs. of salts from seidlitz waters. The celeb, mineral spring of Seidlitz is in its vicinity. BbutI^kes, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vosges, cap. cant., 13 m. E.N.E. Epinal. Pop. 2,276 II. {Sous Laon), a comm. and town, dep. Aisne, 3 m. S.S.E. Loan. Pop. of comm. 1,168. Bbuz, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Ille-et- Vilaine, 6 m. S.W. Kennes. Pop. 2,280. Near this the argentiferous lead mine of Pont-Pearfwas opened 1730, and abandoned 1797. Bbyasstoit, or Blajtofobd Bbtakt, a pa. of Engl., CO. Dorset, on the Stour, IJ m. W.N.W. Blandford-Fomm. Area 1,870 ac. Pop. 144. The Portman family have a fine mansion here. Bbtmbo, a tnshp. of N. Wales, co. Denbigh, pa. & 3 m. N.W. Wrexham. Pop. 1,217, empld. in extens. iron works. Offa's dyke passes here. Bbott-Cboes, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Carnarvon, 12 m. S.W. Pwllheli. Pop. 948. Bbvh- EaLWTS, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Denbigh, 5 m. N.E. Corwen. Area 8,000 ac. Pop. 449. Bbynowtn, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Badnor, 9 m. S.W. Kingston. Pop. 281 II. a pa. of Engl., CO. Monmouth, 2 m. N.W. Kagland. Area 1,660 ac. Pop. 306. It has 2 daily schools. Bbtn-Llts, or BeonLus, a pa. of S.Wales, co. Brecon, 6i m. W.S.W. of Hay. Pop. 286. Here is an anc. castle, supposed of the time of Harold. Bezesc (pron. Birshest), a town of Poland, gov. 6 94 m. W.N.W. Warsaw, on an affl. of the Vis- tula. Pop. 1,290, engaged in wooUen and hnen weaving. — II. {B. Zitewski), a fortf. t. of Russia, gov. Grodno, cap. circ, and formerly the cap. of Lithuania, on the Bug, 108 m. S. Grodno, on rt. b. of the Bug. Pop. 8,000. It has a famous Jewish synagogue, a school for nobles, and an active general trade. In 1794 it was the scene of an engagement betw. the Russians & Poles. Bezbsnioa, atown of Poland, prov. & 66 m. S.E. Kaliscz. P. 970. Birth-pl.ofDlugosz orLonginus, Bbzesnixz (Boh. Bbeznice), a town of Bo- hemia, circ. Prachin, 40 m. S.W. Prague. P. 2,016. Bbzezany, a town of Austr. Galicia, cap. circ, on the Zlota-Lipa, 64 m. S.E. Lemberg. Pop. 6,899. It has a castle, a gymnasium, & mannra. of leather, sail cloth, and linen fabrics. Brzezeity is a vill. of Poland, prov. & 12 m. S.S.E. Kaliscz. Bbzeztn, a town of Poland, gov. and 63 m. S.W. Warsaw. Pop. 3,167. Woollen manufe. Bbzozot, a town of Austr. Galicia, circ & 10 m. N.W. Sanok. Pop. 2,367. Manuf. of cloth. Bo, a comm. and town of France, dep. Eure-et- Loir, arrond. and 7 m. N.E. Dreux. Pop. 1,619. It was formerly fortified and important. BuA, an isl. of Dalmatia, circ. Spalatro, in the Adriatic, immed. opposite the town of Trau, with which it is connected by a bridge. Pop. 4,000. It produces dates, wine, olives, and asphaltum. Prmcipal vill. Santa Croce. Pop. 1,600. BuAOHE, or Gabden Islakd, an isl. of W. Au- stralia, CO. Perth, in the Indian Ocean, 6 m. from the mainland ; betw. which and the isl. is Cock- burn Sound. Length N. to S. about 6 m. ; ave- rage breadth 1 mile. Bdaoie, a Sikh state of N.W. India, under Brit, protection. Pop. 26,000. Ann. rev. estim. at 3,000Z. ; armed force 1,000 men ; and tribute payable to the British 144J. annually. - Bdaboos, a town of PortugsJ, prov. Beira, on rt b. of the Mondego, at its mouth, 24 m. W. Counbra. Pop. 800. It is defended by a fort. BuBASTis(Scripturei'i-Je«c'ESS, the most E. headland of Scotl., CO. Aberdeen, old dist. of Buchan, 2} m. S. Peter- head. It has a light-ho., lat. 67° 28' N., Ion. 1° 46' W. Elev. 130 ft., and revolving. Near this are the rocks called the " Bullers of Buchan." BnCHAEEST, BUKHABEST, Or BUKHOEEST, 3 city of S. E. Europe, cap. of Wallachia, seat of the gov. & of an archbsbp., situated in a swampy plain on the Dimbovetza. Lat. (of the English quarter) 44° 25' 39' N., Ion. 26° 6' 24' E. Pop. 60,788. It resembles a large village, the houses being surrounded with gardens ; it is ill paved, with wood, ill built, & dirty. Bukharest has 95 churches, of which there is 1 Protestant & 1 Ro- man catholic, 26 monasteries, a foundling and 6 BUG 227 BUC other hospitals, & a poor-house ; it has no palace, that of ihe WallacMan sovereigns having been burned in 1812. It has a college, which in 1837 had 456 pupils ; it has also a museum with a public library, & a central metropolitan seminary, both founded 1836, and 65 other schools, attended by 1,513 pupils. Bukharest is the entrep6t for the commerce between Austria & Turkey ; its chief trade is in grain.buildingtimber, wool, salt, & wax ; it was taken by the Russians in 1769, and by the Austrians in 1789. The treaty of peace, by which the Porte ceded to Russia, Bessarabia and part of Moldavia, was conclud. here, 28 May 1812. BucHABU, a territory of Centr. Asia. [Buk- HABIA.] BncHAU, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 13J m. E.S.E. Klbogen. Pop. 1,235. In its vicinity are manufs. of porcelain. — II. Wiirtemberg, circ. Danube, 7 m. S£. Riedlingcn. Pop. 1,830. It has a fine castle of the princes of Tour & Taxis. BucHBEBS, a market-town of lower Austria, circ. Tienna, 16 m. W. Neustadt, at the foot of the Schneeberg, in the Buchbergihale, a fine val- ley called " the Chamouni of Austria." BncHEH, a town of Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, 29 m. E.N.E. Heidelberg, with manuf. of cloth, & tanneries. Pop. 2,400. — II. a vill. and post station of Denmark, 8 m. N.N.E. Lauenburg, connected by railway with Lubeck. BncHHOLZ, a town of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, 8 m. SJB. Griinhain, on the Lehm. Fop. 2,478. It has manuf. of ribbons & lace. — II. {Franzo- tUeh, Erench Buchholz), a vill. of Prussia, reg. Potsdam, 6 m. N. Berlin. Pop. 440, a colony of French emigrants ^IIL [Wendisch), a town on the Dehme, reg. and 36 m. S.E. Potsdam. Pop. 1,000. — Also several villages in Germany. BnoHotwiTz, a town of Austria, Moravia, circ. & 6 m. W. Hradisch. Pop. 1,890. In its envi- rons are sulphur springs and baths. BuciNE, a vill. of I&y, Tuscany, cap. comm. of Potesteria, prov. & 25 m. S.E. Florence, on the Ambra. Pop. 690. BucQcoT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Pas de Calais, arrond. & 10 m. S. Arras. P. 1,561. BuczAcz, a town of Austrian Galicia, circ. & 33 m. E.N.E. Stanislawow, on the Stry, with a convent and gymnasium. Pop. 2,300. A treaty of peace between the Poles and tiie Turks was signed here in 1672. BncKBv (Long), a pa. of Engl., co. North- ampton, 6 m. N.E, Daventry. Area 3,900 ac. Pop. 2,145. BucKOEir, a pa. of Engl., co. and 4 m. S.W. Huntingdon, on the Ouse. Area 3,690 ac. Pop. 1,209. The bishops of Lincoln have owned the manor since the time of Hen. i., and possess a palace at Buckden. Charities of the pa. produce about 1202. per annum. BucKEBUBC, a town of N. Germany, cap. of the principally of Schanmb-Lippe, ontheAue, an affl. of the Weser, 6 m. E.S.E. Minden. It is well built, has 5 gates, a castle and park, gym- nasium, a normal school, and a public library. In the vicinity is the summer palace of Baum. BiJOKEN, a town of N. Germany, Hanover, comm. and 3 m. S.W. Hoya. Pop. 1,106. BucKENHAH, Or BoKEKHAM Febey, thrcc pas. of England, co. Norfolk.— I. On the Tare, here crossed by a ferry, H m. S,W. Acle, and 8 m. by railway, E. Norwich, Area 1,020 ac. Pop. 60. — IL (Little), 6 m. W.S.W. Hatton. Area 630 ac. Pop. 77. The church has been demolished. —III. (New), a small town and pa. England, co. Norfolk, 16 m. S.S.W. Norwich. Area of pa. 260 ac. Pop. 716. The church, mostly built in 1479, has a richly carved screen. Mkt. Saturday. Fairs last Sats. in May and Nov. The inhabs. have the privilege of attending all fau-s in Engl, free from toll, and are exempted from serving on juries.— IV. (Old), 3 m. S.S.E. Attleborough. Area 6,320 ac. Pop. 1,265. The pa. church formed a pai-t of an old monastery. Bcokebell, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 3 m. W. Honiton. Area 2,120 ac. Pop. 360. BncKFASTLEiGH, a pa. and formerly a mkt. town of England, co. Devon, on the Dart, 2 m. S.S.W. Ashburton. Area 6,270 ae. Pop. 2,576, partly employed in wool-combing and weaving serges, and in neighbouring marble and copper works. Cattle fairs June 29, Aug. 24. BuCKFiELD, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Maine, 32 m. W.S.W. Augusta. Pop. 1,629. BuCKHAVEN, a fishing vill. of Scotland, co. Fife, pa. Wemyss, on the Firth of Forth, 9i m. S. Cupar. Pop. 1,626, nearly all fishermen, who supply the Leith and Edinburgh mkts. with fish, and the value of whose boats, nets, &c., has been estim. at upwards of 20,0002. A new pier and harbour have been recently formed here. BroKHOBN-WESTON, 3, pa. of Engl., CO, Dor- set, 8 m. N.W. Shaftesbury. Ac. 2,080. P. 460. BccKiE, a fishing vill. of Scotl., co. & 17^ m. W. Banff, on the N. Sea. Pop. with pa, 2,342. Buckingham, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer,, in centre of Virginia, on James riv. Area 816 sq. m. Pop. 18,786, of whom 10,014 are slaves. — II, a tnshp,, Pennsylvania, co, Bucks, 104 m, N,E. Harrisburg, Pop, 2,482, most of whom are quakers. It has a well endowed academy, BccEiNGHAM, a pari, & munic, bor,,mkt, town, & pa, of Engl,, CO, Bucks, on the Ouse, and on a branch of the Grand Junction canal, 16 m. N,W, Aylesbury and 52 N,W, London, Area of pa, 6,330 ac. Pop, of do, 4,054, Pop, of pari, bor,, which comprises 8 pas,, 7,978, The town is sur- rounded by the Ouse, here crossed by 3 stone bridges, & consists mostly of small brick houses. Its church is a vicarage. It has a gram, school, founded by Edward vi,, a green coat and large national school, 2 anc, hospitals, and some other small charities, a town-hall, prison, union work- house, & in its vicinity sev. paper & corn mills. The making of bobbin lace, employs a portion of the female pop, Mkt,, Sat, 10 cattle fairs yearly It is the seat of the summer assizes and quarter sessions, Corp, rev, (1846-7), 7692. Buckmgham was made a bor. in the reign of Henry viii. It sends 2 mems. to H, of C. Reg, electors (1846^ 388, Polling place for the co. It gives the title of Duke to 3ie Grenville family, BucKiNQHAMSHiEE, an inland co. of England, having N. the co. Northampton, E. Bedf., Hertf,, and Middlesex, S. Berks, & W, Oxford. Area 472,320 ac, of which upwards of 44,000 ae. are said to be about equally divided in grass & arable land. Inhabited houses 31,807. Pop. 166,983. Surface in the N. undulating, in the S. occupied by the Chiltem hiUs (which see), & in the centre by the vale of Aylesbury, one of the most fertile tracts in Britain. The Thames forms its S, boundary, other rivers are the Thane, Ouse, and Colne. Farms aver, in size about 200 ao,, & are mostly let on short leases. Average rent in 1810, 21s. IJd, per ac. Timber, especially beech, is plentiful. The sheep of the vale of Aylesbury are noted for the weight & fineness of their fleeces. The co, sup- plies large quantities of butter, cattle, lambs, poultry, &c,, to the London mkts. Princip, man- ufs, are of paper, straw-plait, and thread lace, which last still employs many women & children, though it has greatly declined since the introdue- B0C 228 BUD tion of machinery. Ann. value of land (1843) 597,736?. ; do. of houses, 211,580?. Total annual value of real property 827,890?. Poor rates (1844-6) 42,934?. The co. is divided into 8 hun- dreds, & 206 pas., in the circ. and diocese of Ox- ford. Chf. towns. Aylesbury the cap., Bucking- ham, Marlow, & 'Wycombe, each of which sends 2 mem?, to H. of C. The co. sends 3 members. Keg. electors (1846) 6,798. The co. formed part of anc. Mercia, & some of the Roman roads tra- versed it. Here the revolution in the reign of Charles i. first commenced. The London and Birmingham & Gt. W. railw., & the Grand Junc- tion canal intersect this co. It gives the title of Earl to the Hampden family. BocKLAND, numerous pas. in Engl. — I. co. Berks, 4 m. N.N.E. Great Farringdon. Area 4,420 ac. Pop. 946.— II. co. Bucks, 4 m. E.S.E. Aylesbury. Area 1,290 ac. Pop. 637.— III. co. Glo'ster, 5 m. 'W.S. W. Chipping-Campden. Area 2,270 ac. Pop. 377.— IV. co. Hertford, 2J m. S.W. Barkway. Area 1,590 ac. Pop. 436.— V. CO. Kent, lathe St. Augustine, IJ m. N.N.W. Dover. Area 860 ac. Pop. 1,472, partly em- ployed in paper mills. — VI. same co., lathe Scray, 2J m. N.N.W. Faversham. Area 1,340 ac. Pop. 19.— VII. CO. Surrey, 2 m. W. Reigate. Area 2,040 ac. Pop. 364.— VIII. (Brewer), co. Devon, 6 m. W. Gt. Torringtou. Area 3,970 ac. Pop. 1,103. Cattle fairs, Whit. Tues. & 2d Nov. Petty sessions. — IX. (i)enhdm), co. Somerset, SJih.N.N.W.Frome. Area 1,400 ac. Pop. 516. —X. {East), CO. Devon, 4J m. W.N.W. South- Molton. Area 2,340 ac. Pop. 169.— XI. (Egg), see Ego-Bdoklani). — XII. {FiUeigh), oo. Deyon, 5^ m. N. W. Hatherleigh. Area 4,650 ac. Pop. 276.— XIII. {St. Mary), co. Somerset, 6m. W.S.W. nminster. Area 3,120 ac. Pop. 696. Fair, 21 & 22 Sept. Many Saxon & Danish, and the traces of a Roman fort, exist in this pa. — XIV. {Mcmachorum), co. Devon, 4 m. S.S.E. Tavis- tock. Area 6,910 ac. Pop. 1,411. Thevill. has a fine cruciform church, a stone cross, & several curious old houses. — XV. {In the iMoor), same co., 3^ m. N.W. Ashburton, to which its ciiracy is annexed. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 114. — XVI. (Newton), co. Dorset, 10 m. N. Dorchester. Area 6,770 ac. Pop. 914.— XVII. {Ripers), same co., 3 m. N.N.'W. Melcombe-Regis. Area 1,410 ac. Pop. 118 XVIII. {Toutsaints), co. Devon, 2 m. N.E. Kingsbridge. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 66.— XIX. {West), same co., 6} m. N.W. South- Molton. Area 2,290 ac. Pop. 275 XX. (TTes*), CO. Somerset, 2\ m. E. Wellington. Area 3,500 ac. Pop. 887. — Sev. hamlets, Engl., have the same name, one of which, co. Hants, is a considerable suburb of Portsmouth, & IJ m. N.E. that town. BncKLAMD, atown of the U. S., N. Amer., Mass- achusetts, 88 m. W.N.W. Boston. Pop. 1,084. BtroKLAiTD Island, N. Pacific Ocean, belongs to central division of the Benin Isls., which see. BucKLEBUBT, a pa. of Engl., co. Berks, 6 m. E.N.B. Newbury. Area 6,970 ac. Pop. 1,277. BuoKLESHAU, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 5 m. E.S.E. Ipswich. Area 2,310 ac. Pop. 256. BuoKMrasTEB, a pa. of Engl., co Leicester, 8^ m. E.N.E. Melton-Mowbray. Ac. 2,080. P. 697. BuoiLNALL, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, 6J m. W. Horncastle. Area 2,490 ac. Pop. 303 II. a tnshp., co. Stafford, 3 J m. E.N.E. Newoastle-under-Lyne. Pop. 638. BnCKNELL, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, 2J m. W.N.W. Bicester. Area 1,070 ac. Pop. 287. BucKNiLi, a pa. of Engl., cos. Hereford and Salop, 6 m. E.N.E. Knighton. Area 4,160 ac. Pop. 632. BucKOW, a town of Prussia, reg. & 26 m. N.W. Frankftu-t on the Stebberow. Pop. 1,336. BucKow (Neu), a town of Mecklenburg, Schwerin, duchy and 29 m. N.N.E. Schwerin, near the Baltic. Pop. 1,4B8. Books, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. of Pemi- sylvania, on the Delaware riv. Area 646 sq. m. Pop. 48,107. Soil fertile and highly cultiv.— II. a town, Ohio, Tarcarawesco co. Pop. 1,647. BucKSPOKT, a seaport and tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Maine, co. Hancock, on the riv. Penob- scot, 16 m. S. Bangor. Pop. 3,018. It is neatly built, and has a good harbour for large- vessels, and an active timber trade. BuCKwoKTH, a pa. of Engl., co. and 7 m. N.W. Huntingdon. Area 2,290 ac. Pop. 160. BnoTBtrs, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Ohio, cap. Crawford co., on the Sandusky, 60 m. N. Colum- bus. Pop. 1,634, of whom 800 are in the village. BuczAsz, or BuTSCHATSOH, a town of Austr.- Poland, GaUcia, on the Sereth, an affluent of the Dniester, 85 m. S.E. Lemberg. Pop. 2^00. BuDA, or Ofen, Slav. Sudin, a free city of the Austrian Emp., cap. of the kgdm. of Hungary, and of the circ. on this side the Danube, 130 m. S.E. Vienna, on rt. b. of the Danube, opposite Pesth, with which city it is connected by abridge of boats, the largest in Europe, and by a chain- bridge, begun 1840. Lat. (of observ.) 47° 29' 12' N., Ion. 19° 3' IC E. Pop. (1840) exclus. of mili- tary, 31,246. In 1842 the pop. of Pesth, Buda, and Alt Ofen united, was 125,000. [Alt Ofen and Pesth.] The city is situated on the slope of a hill, in the form of an amphitheatre ; in its centre is the citadel, an old fortress enclosing the royal palace, in which are preserved the insignia of Hungarian royalty, & the buildings of the central administration. The other princip. edifices are the cathedral, and the garrison-church, 2 Gothic monuments, the convents of St. Elizabeth, St. Florian, and the Capuchins, and the palaces of many of the Hungarian nobihty. Buda is the resid. of the viceroy, or palatine of Hungaiy, seat of a lieut.-generaJ of the administration of the royal treasure {Hoff-Kammer), and of a cotw- mander-general ; it has an observ. on the summit of the Blocksberg, one of the finest and best fur- nished in Europe, in connection with the univer. of Pesth. An extens. type-foundry, dependent on the same estab., a gymnasium, and sev. Ubraries. Connected with the arsenal is a cannon foimdry & powder manuf.; it has manufe. of cloth, leather, silks & velvets, on a small scale, & an extens. commerce in wine, of which about 300,000 eimers of an ex- cellent quality, resembling burgundy, is annual, ly produced in its vicinity. Buda has an excellent estab. of baths in connection with the hot sulphur springs, from which the name Ofen (Oven) is de- rived (temp. 117° 6' Fahr.). The city is very anc. & was occupied by the Romans tiU the 4th cent. It was taken by Soliman the magnificent in 162^ and retaken by Ferdinand i. kjng of Bohemia, in 1527 ; it was again taken by Soliman m 1629, and occupied by the Turks tUl 1686. Boda-Keszi, a town of Hungary, co. Pesth, 5 m. W. Buda. Pop. 2,312. Budatoon, a town, Brit. India, presid. Bengal. Budukshan, Central Asia. [Koondgqz.] BuDBROOKE, a pa. of Engl., co. & 1^ m. N.W. Warwick. Area 3,050 ac. Pop. 508. BuDDEEABAD, a stroug fort of Afghanistan, N.E. Cabool. Lat 34° 55' N., Ion. 70° 14' E. Here the British captives spared fi-om the massa- cres of 1841, were for a short tune imprisoned. Buddha-Gata, a widely spread collection of rums m British-India, presid. Bengal, prov and BUD 229 BUE about 40 m. S.W. Bahar. It is a place a good deal resorted to by pilgrims, and is supposed to liave been once the centre of the Buddhic reli- gion ; but no Buddhists now reside at or near it. BuDDBUCE. {Vadarica), a town of Brit.-India, presid. Bengal, dist. Cattaclc,40 m. S.W. Balasore. BuDE, a small vill. and seaport of Engl., co. Cornwall, on the Bristol Channel, pa. & IJ m. W. Stratton. Resid. pop. 189. It is sometimes re- sorted to as a bathing-place, and is connected by a canal with Launceston, 14 m. S.S.E. BuDEAtrx, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, on the Tamar,3i m. N.N. W.Plymouth. Ac. 2,500. P. 790. BcDEL, a vill. of the Netherl'ds, prov. N. Bra- bant, 12 m. S.E. Eyndhoven. Pop. 600. BiJBEEicH, or Blcchek, a walled-town of Rhe- nish-Prussia, reg. Cleves, onl. b. of the Rhine, opp. Wesel. Pop. 1,180. It is entirely new, the old town having been bnmed by the French in 1813. BiJDESHEiM, a vill. of Hessen-Darmstadt, prov. Rhiae, 1 m. S.E. Bingen. Pop. 800 ; also several other vills. in H. Darmstadt, & Rhen.-Prussia. BoBGEBDDGE, a town of Brftish-India, presid. Bengal, dist. 24 pergnnnahs, 10 m. S.S.W. Cal- cutta. It has a small fort. Bnnijr, a town of Austria, Bohemia, circ. & 9 m.S. Leitmeritz, on the Kleine-Eger. Pop. 1,200, of whom 240 are Jews. The anc. castle of Hasen- hurg was destroyed by the Prussians in 1769. BiTDiNGEN, a town of Germany, H.-Dramstadt, prov. tTpp. Hessen, cap. co., 28 m. S.E. Giessen. Pop. 2,750. It has 2 castles, & manufs. of linens, hosiery, and needles. Near it are salt springs. BcDissiN, a town of Saxony. [Badtzen.] BuDLEiGH (East), a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 4 m.W.S.W. Sidmouth. Area 2,490 ac. Pop. 2,319. E. & W. Budleigh are hundreds of the same co. BiTDOcK (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 1| m. W. Falmouth. Area 3,320 ac. Pop. 1,979. Bitdos-Hegt, a mntn. of Translyvania, near its E. border, lat. 46° 12' N., 7,340 ft. in elev. It is remarkable for extensive sulphur springs and caverns, which emit sulphuric exhalations, BcDKAWAB ("stronghold of Buddha") a town, PnnjabjN.W. India,nearriv. Chenaub, 107 m. l.b. of N.E. Lahore. Pop., probably 2,000, many of whom are Cashmere-shawl weavers. It has a large bazaar, and a strong fort, whence its name. Lat. 32° 63' N., Ion. 75° 28' E. ; elev. 6,000 ft. BoDBio, a coram, and town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., leg. & 12m. N.E. Bologna. P. of comm. 5,960. BuDUA, the most S. town of the Austr.-Emp., Dalmatia, circ. and 10 m. S. Cattaro, onapenins. in the Adriatic. It is surrounded with walls, and has a roadstead for small vessels, sheltered by the island St Nicolo. Pop. 780. BuDWEis, a town of Bohemia, cap. circ. on the Moldau, 77 m. S. Prague. Pop. (1846) 8,730. It is well-built, and partially fortfd. ; it has a hand- some couricil-ho., a cathed., sev. other churches, a gymnasium, pMlosophioal acad., & a high-school, with flourishing manufs. of woollen cloths, mus- lins, damaslcs, and saltpetre. A railw. connects it with Linz and Gmiinden, in Austria. BuDwiTZ (Mahrisch Budwitz), a town of Austr., Moravia, Briinn, circ. & 17 m. W.N.W. Znaim. Pop. 1,936 It has a castle and several suburbs. BtrnwoBTH, 2 pas. of Engl., co. Chester.— I. (Great), 2J ni. N.E. Northwich. Area 36,460 ac. Pop. 17,103. Charities about 120?. per annum. Fairs Feb. 13, April 5, Oct. 2.— II. (Little), 3J m. E.N.E. Tarporiey. Ac. 2,630. Pop. 699. Bdech, a riv. of France, affl. of the Durance at Sisteron, B. Alpes, rises in the den. Drome, length 63 m. Petit Buech is an aifl. of the above. BiTENAVENTDEA, a marit. vill. of N. Granada, S. Amer., dep. Cauca, cap. prov. and on the bay of Choco. It is wretchedly built, but is the port for a considerable extent of country, BuENA- Vista, a town of Mexican confed., dep. Vera Cruz, 32 m. S. Tampico. Here, in an ac- tion, on the 22d and 23d Feb. 1847, the Mexican army of Santa Anna was repulsed by a far in- ferior U. States force under Genl. Taylor. BuEN Atke, or Bon Aie, one of the Dutch W. India isls., off the coast of Colombia, 80 m. E, Curasao, Lat, 12° 20' N., Ion. 68° 27' W. Length 20 m. ; average breadth 4 m. Principal products cattle and salt. Pop. (1847) 1,966, of whom 673 were slaves. It has a vill. with a tolerable harbour. Buenos Atres, a republic of S. Amer., & the most important of the Plata confed. It extends from the Rio Negro or Cusu on the S. (Lat. 41° S.), along the Atlantic Ocean to the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, and along the whole southern shores of its estuary, and the S. banks of the Pa-. rana, as far as the Arroyo del Medio riv., which separates it from Santa F^ (about lat. 33° S.). The W. boundary extends from the mouth of the Neposta riv. in a N.E. direction, to the "W. ex- tremity of the Sierra del Vulcan. Area estim. at about 76,000 sq. m. Pop. 200,000 (?) The N. part includes a portion of the eastern Pampas, & is flat, with lakes and swamps. The S. part com- prehends the Sierra del Vulcan, the S.E. the Sierra Ventana. Prinoip. rivs. the Saldana, Salta, Quequin. Climate of N. part mild, — ice seldom occurs ; mean summer heat 90°. The N. winds prevailing here have the disagreeable character of the sirocco of Italy ; the S.W, winds or pampe- ros are hurricanes accompanied with thunder. In S. dist. the climate is colder, l3ut healthy. There is sufficient rain in general throughout both districts, but occasionally there are years of excessive and destructive droughts. The soil is fertile in many places, but there is not a thousandth part under cultiv. Cattle and their produce are the chief sources of wealth. Number of black cattle on pampas said to exceed 1 mill. Hides, hair, horns, tallow, and jerked beef are the exports. Horses, mules, and asses are also exported, and of late the breed of sheep has been improved, and wool has formed an article of ex- port. Formerly the cultivation of the soil was so neglected that grain was required from abroad ; now, wheat is exported to some extent. Buenos Ayres became independent of the Spanish go- vernment in 1810, and along with the neighbour- ing states joined in a confederated republic (the Argentine or La Plata), which however was not long kept up, and now each state has a separate and independent administration. The executive is vested in a governor or capt,-general elected for five years, aided by a council of ministers chosen by the governor. The junta or legisla- tive assembly consists of 44 deputies, one h& re- newed annually by popular election. But under Rosas all constitutional government has been annulled, and the liberty of the press restricted. A chain of forts has been established along the W. boundary to overawe the Indian pop. Buenos Avbes ( "good air" ), the cap. city of the republic of same name, is situated on the S. side of the Plata estuary, about 150 m. from the sea, opposite the town Colonia. Lat. 34° 36' 6" S., Ion. 58° 22' W. Pop. in 1825, 81,000 (?), almost wholly of Spanish or other European de- scent. It covers a surface of about 2 m. in length by ] J m. in greatest breadth, and is re- gularly laid out, all its streets crossing each other at right angles, and now mostly paved B U E 230 with granite. Almost all its houses are but one story in ht., flat-roofed, and built around eonrt- yards. Most of the better sort have gardens at- tached, and the city is ornamented by cotton, olive, and other plantations. It is ill provided with water, which is wholly brought by carriers from the river. Principal publ. edifices are its churches, most of which are, however, unfinished. The cathed. is a domed building in the great square, in which are also the city hall, a double range of shops fronted by a colonnade, and an obelisk commem. the declaration of independence. In the Franciscan church is a good painting by a native artist. Buenos Ayres has sev. con- vents, a protestant church, apresbyterian chapel, a foundling hospital, orphan asylum, all built of a fine white stone quarried near the city. The resid. of the dictator and the government ofSces are in a fort near the riv. The university occu- pies an extens. building, and has a library of 26,000 vols. ; besides which there are a superior academy, a mihtary college, various publ. schools, several printing establishments, and manufs. of cigars, carpets, furniture, boots and shoes. The navigation of the Plata, here 36 m. broad, is difficult; and ships drawing 16 ft. water are obliged to anchor in the Amarradero, a road- stead 7 or 8 m. distant, to and from which mer- chandise has to be conveyed by lighters & rude ox-carts. Trade considerable and increasing. In 1837 its exports amounted in value to 5,637,138 dolls., including ox-hides, val. 3,294,540 dolls., with the precious metals, jerked beef, sheep's wool, skins, tallow, horse hair, &c. Total value of im- ports in same year, 7,000,000 dolls. (1,487,000/.), including cotton, linen, woollen, & other manuf. goods & colonial produce from G. Britain ; jewel- lery, perfumery, & articles of luxury from France, various goods from the other European states, & coarse cloths, provisions, soap, candles, furniture, and deals from the D. States. The trade with Chile and Peru is comparatively insignificant. The export of wool and corn has latterly in- creased ; that of Paraguay tea has declined, with the progressive increase in the import of tea with other goods from China. In 1843 the total value of exports was estim. at 1,659,2062. ; and in 1844, 52 ships, aggreg. burden 10,006 tons entered the port. Buenos Ayres was founded in 1534 ; in 1776 it became the seat of a vice-royalty. In 1806 it was taken by the English, but it was re- taken by the Spaniards in the same year. BuET (Le), one of the Alps of Savoy, prov. Fancigny, between Chamouni and Sixt, N. Mt. Blanc. Height above the sea, 10,128 feet. Buffalo, a city and port of entry, U. S., N. Amer., New York, cap. co. Erie, at the W. ex- tremity of Lake Erie, where it contracts into Nia- gara riv., 16 m. S.S.E. Niagara falls. Pop. (in 1810) 1,508 ; (in 1860) 40,266. It has broad and regidar streets, 3 public squares, & is handsomely bmlt of brick and granite. Princip. edifices, 17 churches, the eourt-ho., theatre, markets, & city- offices, the orphan asylum, university, lyceum, and some excellent hotels. Its stores compete in appearance with those of New Tork ; & Buf- falo has manufs. of woollens and felt, saw-mills, and a large transit trade, — its communication with the Hudson riv. by the Erie canal, having rendered it the great depfit for the trade between the W. States and the Atlantic. Its harb., form- ed by Buffalo creek, has a stone pier, 1,600 ft. in length, and terminated by a lightho. ; it admits vessels drawing 8 ft. water, & is generally crowd- ed with steamers and other craft, though, on the breaking up of the ice it suffers inconveniences. BUG The ann. quantity of merchandise forwarded E.- ward to other states by way of the port is 177,000 tons. Buffalo communics. by railw. with Black- rock and Niagara falls. It was burnt by the Eng- lish in 1814, but since the opening of the Erie canal, it has risen into one of the' most thriving cities in the whole union.— II. a tnshp., Missouri, CO. Pike. Pop. 2,174.— Also 4 towns in Pennsyl- vania, and other smaller towns and villages. Bupfalo-Batou, a riv. of Texas, U. S., N. Amer., co. Harrisburg, after an E.ward course of about 70 m. enters the Bay of Galveston. AJtho' very narrow, it is deep, and is navig. by numerous steamers. The town of Houston is on its banks. Buffalo-Lake, 3 lakes of Brit. N. Amer., Hudson Bay territ., one in lat. 66° 20' N., Ion. 113° W. ; another m lat. 66° N., Ion. 113° 45' W. ; and the third in lat. 62° W N., Ion. 112° 10' W. BuFFALORA, a to wn of N. Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 25 m. N.N.W. Pavia, remark, for the magnifi- cent bridge of 12 arches over the Tessm. P. 1,257. BuFPON, a comm. and vUl. of France, dep. Cote- d'Or, 11 m. N. Semur. Iron foundries. The seig- uoiTof this vill. bdonged to the illustrious Buffon, and was by him erected into a comtd. Bno (or Bog), two rivs. of Russian-Poland. — ^I. forms a great part of the E. frontier of Poland, rises in Galicia, near Zloczow, flows generally N, to Brzesc-Litevsk, and thence N.W. ; joins the Vistula, 18 m. N.W. Warsaw, after a course of upwards of 300 m. Chf. afils. the Muchawetz, Zna, & Narew. The towns Zloczow, Wlodava, Brzesc, Drohiczyn, and Wyszkow, &c., are on its banks. The Brzesc-Litevsk canal, which unites the Muchavetz and Pira rivs., connects it with the Dnieper.. — II. (anc. Hypasnis), Bussia, govs. Podolia and Kherson, flows mostly S.E., and enters the estuary of the Dnieper, 30 m. W. Kherson. Total course 340 m. Affls. the Siniuke, Radima, and Negal. The towns Bratslav, Olivio- pol, Yoznesensk, and Nicolaev, are on its banks, and it is navigable from the sea to Voznesensk. BuGA, two towns of S. Amer., N. Granada, dep. Cauca, prov. Popayan, one 106 m. N.N.E., and the other 45 m. N.E. Popayan. BusBBOOE, a pa. of Engl., co. & 6 m. W.S.W. Northampton. Area 2,420 ac. Pop. 963. BuGABACH, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Audc, arrond. and 12 m. S. Limoux, at the foot of the mountain of same name. Pop. 1,027. BuGET, a small territory of France, in the old prov. of Bourgogne, of which the cap. was BeUey, now comprised in the dep. Ain. BnGOENEOUT, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. Flanders, 5 m. E. Termonde. Pop. 3,424. BuGGiASESE (Ponte), a pa. & vill of Tuscany, in the Val-di-Nievole, 4i m. S. Borgo-a-Bug- giano. Pop. 5,841. ■ BuGQiAHO (BoBGO a), a comm. & town of Tus- cany, 27 m. W.N.W. Florence, in the centre of the Val di Nievole. P. 1,677. Num. silk-mills. BcGHAT, a Sikh state, India, under British pro- tection, between the Sutlej and Jumna rivs. W. of the Sirmore valley. Surface hilly. Princip. forts Kajghur and Tuxhal. BnGiAH, a town of Algiers. [Bougiah.] Bna-LAVfTON, a tnshp. of Engl,, co. Chester, 2 m. N.N.E. Congleton. Pop. 1,864. Bugthoepe, a pa. of Engl., co. & liberty Tork, 7 m. N.N.W. Pocklington. Ac. 1,990. Pop. 296. Bdqde (Le), a comm. & town of France, dep. Dordogne, cap. cant., arrond. and 14 m. W. Sarlat, on rt. b. of the Vezfere. Pop. 1,240. It is the entrep6t for the wines and other products of the basin of Vezfere, sent to Bordeaux. In its vicini- ty is the grotto of Miremont. BUG 231 BuGULMA, a town of Russia, gov. Orenburg, 130 m. W.S.W. Ufa. Pop. about 2,000. It has an active trade in cotton and woollen fabrics, and two large annual fairs, at which goods to the amount of 2 milUon rubles are often sold. BuHi,, a comm. and viU. of France, dep. Haut- Rhin, 6 m. S.S.W. Colmar. Pop. l,6f);">. BiJHi., a market town of W. Germany, grand duchy of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, 2Sm. S.S.W. Carlsruhe, on the railway thence to Kehl. Pop. 2,800. It has manufs. of leather & large weeldy mkts. This is the name of sev. vills. in the same circ, and in the Rhenish deps. of France. BiJHLEK, avill. of Switzerl., cant. Appenzell, 3m. S.S.W. Trogcn. Pop. 1^62. Manuf . of musUns. BnHTjuEN, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Cotes- du-Nord, 1 m. from Lannion. Pop. 1,024. BuiLBWAS, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, on the Severn, here crossed by a fine iron bridge, 3.J m. N.N.E. Much-Wenlock. Area 2,950 ac. Pop. 273. The beantifol remains of Buildwas abbey furnish the earliest specimen of painted arches. BniLTH, or Llanfaib, a mkt. town and pa. of S. Wales, CO. Brecon, finely seated on the Wye, here crossed by a bridge of 6 arches, 12 m. S.W. New Radnor. Pop. of pa. 1,203. Fauis, 3d Mon. in Feb., June 27, Oct. 2, Dec. 6. About 1 m. N. W. of the town are saline, sulphureous, and chaly- beate springs, with pump-rooms. BtJiNSK, a town of Russia, cap. circ, gov. and 45 m. N. Simbirsk, on the Earla. Pop. 1,300. BuiBONFOSsE, a comm. & vlU. of France, dep. Aisne, cant. La Capelle, arrond. and 9 m. N.N. W. Vervins. Pop. 1,465. This is the centre of an ex- tensive manuf. of wooden shoes. Bnis (Le), a town of France, dep. Drome, cap. cant., 10 m. S.E. Nyons. Pop. 1,928. Bditehsluis, or Neuhaksdobp, a town of the Netherls., prov. S. Holland, on rt b. of the branch of the Mense, called Hollands diep. Pop. 2,265. Buitenzobo, a town of the isl. of Java, cap. of Dutch residency of same name, 35 m. S. Batavia, with numerous gov. buildings, and the hotel of the gov. general. Its splendid palace was de- stroyed by fire 10th October 1834. BuiTKAQO, an anc town of Spain, prov, and 40 m. N. Madrid. Pop. 1,076. It has an hospital, trade in wool, and manufs. of Cordage. BoiTTtE, a pa. of Scotl., stewartry and 10 m. H.E. Kirkcudbright. Pop. 1,069. BuJAiAHCE, a town of Spain, prov. and 17 m. E. Cordova. Pop. (1845) 8,936. It is well bmlt, & has a college, extensive woollen manufs., and a large fair in August. Bdjaledf, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. H. Vienne, arrond. and 18 m. E. Limoges, on the Vlenne, at the mouth of the Mande. Pop. 1,936. Buk, a town of Prussia, prov. Posen, cap. circ. of same name, 16 m. W.S.W. Posen. Pop. 2,298. Manufs. of cloth and shoes. BuKHABEST, Cap. Wallachia. [Bucharest.] BuKEABL^ is a name given to a wide extent of territory m Central Asia, comprising the E. part of Indep. and the W. part of Chinese Tar- tary, the latter subdivision being called Little Bukharia. [Tubkebtah, Bokhaba, Khokai^.J BuKHTARMiNSK, a fortrcss of Asiatic Russia, gov. and 480 m. S.S.W. Tomsk, on the Irtish, at the influx of the Bukhtarina river, and 60 m, from the Chinese frontier. BcKKDE, or BuKHU, an isl. and fort of Scinde, in the Indus, between the towns Roree on the E. and Sukknr on the W. bank, 166 m. N.N.E., Hyderabad. Lat. 27° 41' N., Ion. 68° 62' E. The isl. is a limestone rock, 800 yards in length, by 300 in width, and nearly covered by the BITL formidable-loolung fortress. Sii' A. Burnes sup- posed the territ. around Bukkur to be the anc. Musicani of Alexander's historians. The British army destined for Afghanistan, crossed the In- dus here early in 1839, on a bridge of boats. — 11. a town, Punjab, near the Indus, 17 m. S.S.E. Dera-Ismael-Ithan. Vicmity well-cultivated. Pop. 6,000, who carry on an active commerce. Bdkowina, an old divis. of the Austr. Empire, part of E. Galicia, includ. in the circ. Czernowitz. BuLACAN, a town of Luzon, Philippine Isls., cap. prov., on riv. Bulacan, here or. by a bridge of 6 arches, 20 m. N.W. Manila. Pop. 9,803. Bdlak, a town of Egypt. [Botjlac] BiJLACir, a town of Switzerland, cap. circ. of same name, cant., & 10 m. N. Zurich. P. 1,689. BuLAMA, the most E. of the Bissagos isls., off the W. coast of Africa, 20 m. S. Bissao. Lat. 11° 34' N., Ion. 15° 33' W. It is about 20 m. in length by 10 m. in breadth, densely wooded, and very fertile, but unhealthy. It is now claimed by Portugal. Previous to 1794 it was the site of a British settlement ; and in the late Pari. Rep. on W. Africa, its resumption by the British gov. for commercial purposes, and the repression of the slave trade, is strongly recommended. Bulavadin, a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 28 m. E.N.E. Afium Kara Hissar. Pop. 3,000, who are all Mohammedans. Btjieokd, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, on the Avon,2m. N.N.E.Amesbury. Ac. 4,160. P. 367. BuLGA, a mountain and considerable town of Abyssinia, Shoa, 26 m. S.S.E. Anltober. BoLGAEiA, Masia Inferior, a prov. of Europ. Turkey, extending between lat. 42° 8' & 45° 20' N., and Ion. 22° 16' and 29° 35' E., separated N. by the Danube from Wallachia, Moldavia, and Bessarabia, and S. by the Balkhan mntns. from RumUi, and having W. Servia, and E. the Black Sea. Estimated area 33,900 sq. m., and pop. 1,800,000. Surface mountainous in the S., level in the N., generally well wooded and abounding with rich pasture. Princip. riv. the Danube with its tributaries the Isker, Vid, Jantra, and Osma, and the Kamtchik and Pravadi, which enter the Black Sea. At its N.E. extremity is the large lake of Rassein. Princip. products, cattle, tal- low, hides, hemp, flax, sldns, timber, and attar of roses. In the pashalic of Silistria, a surplus of com is produced, but in some other parts less is raised than is requred for home consumption, & the rearing of live stock is the chf. branch of in- dustry. The Bulgarians, who are descendants of a Slavonic tribe that crossed the Volga in the 7th cent., are adherents of the Greek church : they speak the Servian language, and manuf. com- mon woollens, rifle barrels, and morocco leather, in addition to their rural occupations, & accord- ing to travellers, they are favourably distingaish- edby industrious habits from the Turks, by whom they are much oppressed. Bulgaria is subdiv. into the pashs. of Widin, Varna, Silistria, and Sophia, cap. Sophia, besides which towns it com- prises the towns Nicopolis, Rustchuk, Sistova, Shumla, Babatag, Kustendje, &c. From the 7th century till 1018, and again from 1196 till the middle of the 14th cent., Bulgaria formed an indep. kingdom ; but it then became subject to Hungary, & was finally conq. by the Turks in 1392. BuLGNE viLLE, a comm. & town of France, dep. Vosges, cap. cant., arrond. & 12 m. S.S.E. Neuf- chftteau. P. 1,012. Manufs. of lace & pottery ware. Bdlkington, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 4 m. S.S.E. Nuneaton. Area 4,600 ac. Pop. 1,831, partly employed in ribbon weaving. Charities about 681. per annum. BTJL 232 BUN BuLKWORTHT, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 5J m. S.W. Gt. Torrington. Area 6,050 ao. Pop. 196. Bdllas, a town of Spain, prov. and 32 m. W. Murcia. Pop. 4,186. It is very anc, and has many Boman remains. BuLLE, a town of Switzerl., cant, and 14 m. S. Freiburg. Pop. 1,513. It is the chf. entrepSt for Gruyfre cheese, made in the adjacent valleys. Bdlles, a comm. and town of France, dep. Oise, arrond. and 6 m. N.N.W. Clermont. Pop. 1,071. Important manuf. of linen. Bullet, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 4J m. S.S.E. Newent. Area 780 ac. Pop. 229. BuLLiNaHAM (Uppee & LowER),a pa. of Engl., 00. & 2 m. S. Hereford. Area 1,700 ac. Pop. 412. BuLLiNOTOH, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, 2m."W.Wraby. Area 760 ac. Pop. 52. BcLLiT, a CO., U. S., N. Amer., in N. of Ken- tucky. Pop. 6,334, of whom 1,320 are slaves. Surface uneven. Soil fertile. BuLLOOK, a CO., U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. of Georgia. Area 800 sq. m. P. 3,102 ; slaves 955. Bdllumqhuk, a fortfd. town, Brit.-India, pre- sid. Bengal, cap. rajahship, dist. & 25 m. S. Delhi. It is pretty well-built, and has many temples, and a neat palace, the residence of its rajah. Bdlmeb, 2 pas. of Engl. — I. co. Essex, 2^ m. W.S.W. Sudbury. Area 2,880 ao. Pop. 775. Fair, Tues. before Holy Thurs II. co. York, N. Hiding, 7 m. W.S.W. New-Malton. Area 3,800 ac. Pop. 983. Bulola, a riv. & town of W. Africa, Senegam- bia ; the riv. enters the Atlantic, opposite the Biss- agos isls. ; and on one of its creeks is the town, inlat. Hi' N., Ion. 14° 24' W. BoLPHAN, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 2^ m. N. W. Horndon-on-the-HUl. Area 2,020 ac. Pop. 254. BuLSADK, a populous seaport town of Brit.- India, presid. Bombay, dist. and 42 m. S.S.W. Surat, on the Gulf of Cambay. It has manuis. of coarse ginghams, and a considerable trade in grain, jaghery, timber, &o. BuLsuH, a Sikh state of N. India, under Brit, protection, between the Sutlej and Jumna, lat. about 31° N., Ion. 77° E. Pop. with Burroulee 5,000. Annual rev. 6001. BuLTi, Baltee, or Bultistan (called also Little Tibet), a state of Cent-Asia, tributary to the rulers of the Punjab, but N. the Himalaya, betw. lat. 34° 40' and 35° 30' N., Ion. 74° 40' and 76° 20' E., and surrounded, except on the S.W. by the Chinese dom. Area estim. at 12,000 sq. m. Pop. at 75,000. (?) It consists of a part of the npp. valley of me Indus, having a general elevation of 6,000 or 7,000 ft. above the sea, and enclosed by mntns. which rise to 6,000 or 8,000 ft. higher. Climate very cold in winter, & the soil requires careful culture, to enable it to produce com, &c. ; Europ. fruits are, however, plentiful. Animals comprise the sha, the large-homed goat, sheep, the musk deer, and ibis ; arsenic and sulphur are among the mineral products. The inhabs. are of Tartar descent, & Mohammedans of the Shia sect; until the late Sikh conquest, they lived under an hereditary chief, termed the Gylfo. Principal town Iskardoh. B0LWELL, a pa. of Engl., co. and 4 m. N.N.W. Nottingham. Area 1,210 ac. Pop. 3,157. BuLwicK, apa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 11 J m. N.N.B. Kettering. Area 1,910 ac. Pop. 467. BoLwuDUN (anc. Polyhotum), a large town of Asiatic-Turkey, pash. Anatolia, 218 m. E.N.E. Smyrna, contains many remains of antiquity. BuMLiN, apa. of Irel., Connaught, co. Roscom- mon, comprising a great part of Strokestown, which see. Area 6,582 ao. Pop. 5,257. BuMM, a fortfd. town of Persia, prov. & 115 m. E.S.E. Rinnan, on the route to Bunpoor. Bdmpsted, 2 pas. of Engl. — I. {B. ffelion), co. Essex, 8 m. N.N.E. Thaxted. Area 2,790 ac. Pop. 906.— II. {Steele), in same co., 8 m. N.N.W. Castle-Hedingham. Area 3,460 ac. Pop. 1,212. BoNAHEB, a town & fort of Brit.-India, presid. Bengal, Upp. provs., dist. & 30 m. S.S.E. Ajmere; BuNAisoB, Vamswara, a ruined town of Brit- India, presid. Bengal, dist. Cuttack, reported to have many temples, including one surpassing in size that of Juggernaut, from which it is distant some miles westward. Bdnabbash I, a viU. of Asia-Minor, Anatolia, at the extrem. of the plain of Troy, 12 m. S.S.E. the Sigsean promontory, and supposed to be im- med. outside the limits of anc. 'Troy. The riv. Bunarbashi, which rises by numerous waim springs below the vill., and flows N.W., has been conjectured to be the Scamander of Homer. Bdnawe, a vill. of Scotl., co. Argyle, pa. Muc- kaim, 17 m. N.N.W. Inverary. It has a quay on Loch Etive, a salmon fishery, and iron- works. BuNBDBi, a pa. of Engl., co. Chester, on the Chester & Crewe railw., 3^ m. S.S.E. Tarporlev. Area 17,600 ac. P. 4,678. Charities 601. per anii. Bdnchano and Bunchiom, 2 inland towns of Siam, on the Meldong riv., & stated respectively to have 4,000 and 6,000 inhabitants. Bdnoombe, a CO., U. S., N. Amer., in W. of N. Carolina. Area 2,000 sq. m. Pop. 10,084, of whom 1,199 are slaves. Surface, a grazing vall., between the two ridges of Alleghany mountains. BuKCKAHA, a mkt.-town of Ire]., Ulster, co. Donegal, on Lough Swilly, 11 m. N.N.W. London- derry. Fop. 961. It has a handsome church and barracks, and is resorted to for sea-bathing. Its castle was an old seat of the O'Donnells. Bund, Switzerland. [Gbisons.] BiJjTDE, 2 vills. of Germany. — I. Hanover, landr. Aurich, 6 m. N. Weener. — II. Prussian West- phaha, reg. Minden, circ. and 7 m. N.N.W. Her- ford. Pop. 1,200. BuNDELCDND, Or BuNDLECUBi), a tcrrit. of Hin- dostan, partly belonging to the British, & partly to native chiefs, tributary to the British, mostly betw. lat. 24° & 26° 26' N., and Ion. 78° & 81° 33' E., having W. the Gwahor dom., and on other sides the Bengal territs. (Upp. provs., Bogilaund, &c.) Surface mntnous., it being traversed by the Vindhyan mntns. Princip. rivs., the Desan, Betwah, Cane, tributaries of the Jumna. Princip. towns, Jhansi, Bandah, Chatterpoor. In it are the diamond-mines of Panna. BuND-EMiB, Araxes, a river of Persia, prov. Fars, enters the Lake Bakhtegan, about 65 m. E. Shiraz, after a S.E. course of 160 m. It is rapid, and very liable to inundate its banks. Bdndlev, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 6i m. S.S.W. Chuhnleigh. Area 2,410 ae. Pop. 342. BuNSOBAN, a marit. vill., & the princip. water- ing-place on the N.W. coast of Irel., Ulster, co. Donegal, onDonegal bay, 4J m. S.W. Bally-Shan- non. Resid. pop. 299.—Bundroes is anomerfish- ing and bathing vill., about 1 m. W.S.W. BuNGAi, a mkt.-t. of Engl., comprising 2 pasi, CO. Suffolk, on the Waveney, 30J m. N.N.E. Ips- wich. United area of pas. 2,090 ac. Pop. 4,109. It is well-built, and has a large inkt.-plaee, coni taining 2 fine crosses ; a theatre, assembly-room^ a bath-ho., the remains of a nunnery, several branch banks, some manufs. of hemp, and a con- siderable trade by the Waveney, in com maJt coal, lime, &c. Its gramm. school has a rev. of 145?. a-year, and 2 exhibitions to Emanuel Coll Cambridge. An alms-ho. & some other charities BUX 233 BOR have an aggregate annual rev. of 901. Markets, Thursday. Fairs, May 14, September 25. Bunker's Hiix, U. S., N. Amer., Massachus- etts, is a steep hill, 110 ft. elev., a1)aut 1 m. N. Boston. It is surmounted by a lofty granite obelisk, to commemorate the action wliich toolc place here, 17th June 1775, betw. the British and Americans, and in which the former, in carrying the height, suffered a heavy loss. This was the first pitched battle of the revolutionary wars. BuNKLB, a pa. of Scotl., co. Berwick, 9 m. N.£. Greenlaw. Area 8,900 ac. Pop. 748. BuNMAHON, or BoNMAHON, a mai'it. vill. of Irel., Munster, co. and 14 m. S.W. Waterford. Pop. 1,771. It is frequented as a bathing-place, and adjacent to it are the mines of Knockmahim. BnNNEE, Hindostan. [CnrcH (Rnira of).] BoHNY, or BoNET, a pa. of Engl., co. & 6J m. S. Nottingham. Area 2,000 ac. Pop.360. It'has an endowed school and an alms-house. BcSoi, a town of Spain, prov. and 24 m. W.N.W. Valencia. Pop. 2,470 : manufs. paper. Near it are some remarkable stalactitic caves. BDi(Oi.A, a town of the isl. Majorca, 9 m. N.N.E. Falma. Pop. 1,752. Near it are maible quarries. BuNPOOB, a fort and dist. of W. Beloochistan, prov. Mnkran. The fort, lat. 27° 20' N., Ion. 60° 45' E., is built of mud, on a large mound, tradi- tionally said to have been raised by an army of Ghebers. The territ. appears to be fertUe, and the chief obtains from lus subjects an ann. rev. of 2,600/., besides contributions of camels, sheep, dates, wheat, and matchlocks. His miUt. force consists of 300 cavalry, and 2,500 infantry. BusnATTY (Upper and Lower), two baronies of Ireland, co. Clare, Munster, bounded on N. by CO. GaJway, and S. by Shannon riv., 16 m. long, and from 3 to 7 broad. Surface rocky, but adapted for grazing.— II. a pa. of Munster, co. and 11 m. S.S.E. Clare, at the mth. of the Ouga- ree in the Shannon. Area 2,765 ac. Pop. 1,320. It contains a viU., an anc. Norman castle of the 13th cent., used as barracks, & sev. co. mansions. BuNTiSGFORD, a mkt. town and chapelry of Engl., CO. Herts, in portions of four pas., llj m. N.N.E. Hertford. Pop. 581. It has a grammar school, with 4 exhibs. of 12?. each to Christ's college, Cambridge ; endowed alms-houses, and an union workhouse. Mkt. Mond. Fairs 29th Jane, and St. Andrew's day. BuKTWAi.tA, a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. Canara, 16 m. E. Mangalore. BuNWELL, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 5} m. W. St. Mary-Stratton. Ac. 2,280. Pop. 1,001. BuNwooL, or Bongo, one of the Fhilipp. isls., Asiat. archip., in the great S. inlet of Mmdanao. Lat. 7° 14' N., Ion. 124° 10' E. Densely wooded. BuNztAtr, sevl. towns of E. Germany. — I. (,New, or Jung-BuTizlau), Bohemia, cap. circ, on 1. b. of the Iser, atribut. of the Elbe, 32 m. N.E. Prague. Pop. (1846) 6,074. It has a royal Piarist gymna- sium, an old castle now used for barracks, and manufs. of cotton and woollen fabrics, & leather. —II. (Old), a town, circ. Kaurzim(but until 1831 belonging to circ. Bunzl.), on rt. b. of the Elbe, opp. Brandeis, 14 m. E.N.E. Prague. It has a collegiate church, with a monument to St. Win- ceslaus, often resorted to by pilgrims. — III. a town of Pruss. Silesia, reg. and 24 m. W.N.W. Liegnitz, cap. circ, on rt. b. of the Bober. Pop. (1846) 6,360. It has a large orphan asylum, a normal school, manufs. of earthenware & hosiery, and in its mkt.-place, a monument to the Russ. general Kutusoff, who died here in 1813. BnocHS, a vill. of Switzerl., cant, Unterwalden, on the S. side of the Lake of Lucerne. P. 1,0C0. BnoLicK, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Tip- perary, 7 ra. S.E. Thurles. Ac. 7,116. P. 2,660. BuoNABiTALCo, a town of Naples, prov. Princi- pato-Citra, dist. and 9 m. S. Sala. Pop. 3,120. BuoNALHERGO, a towH of Naples, prov. Prinoi - pato Ult., dist. and 7 m. N.W. Ariano. P. 3,300. BuoNCONvENTO, a vlll. of Tuscany, prov. & 15 m. S.S.E. Siena, on the Ombrone. Pop. 409. In its castle the emperor Henry vii. died in 1313. BuRANO, a small isl. and town of N. Italy, in the Adriatic, deleg. and 5 m. N.E.Venice Pop. 4,900. Its inhabitants carry on an active fishery. BuRAZJOON, a town of Persia, prov. Fars, 22 m. N.N.E. Bushire. BuRBAGE, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 4| m N.E. Pewsey. Area 3,530 ac. Pop. 1,455. Charities about 110?. per ann. — II. a chplry., co. Leicester, pa. Alston-Flamville, IJ m. S.E. Hinck- ley. Area 3,170 ac. Pop. 1,780. BuRCOMBE (South), a pa. of Engl., co. "Wilts, IJ m. "W.S.W. "Wilton. Area 3,090 ac. Pop. 402. BuRDiEHonsE, a vill. of Scotl., co. and 3J m. S. Edinburgh. Pop. partly engaged in lime burning. Here many fossil fishes and plants of the coal formation are found in the limestone. BuHDOR, a large town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. Anatolia, 68 m. N. Adalia. BuEDWAN [Yardaman, " productive"), a dist. of Brit. India, presid. & prov. Bengal, enclosed by the dists. Beerbhoom, Nuddea, Hooghly, & Ban- coorah. Area 2,100 sq. m. Pop. (1822) 1,487,300. It is generally under cultivation, and one of the most productive parts of India. It has extensive coal fields, yielding ann. from 48,000 to 46,000 tons of coal. Iron ore, and building stone are also plentiful. Land rev. (1839-40) 40,057?. ; total rev. 46,204?. ; expend. 15,017?. Principal towns Bnrdwan, Cnlna, and Cuttwa. Burdwan is the cap. of this dist., on the Dummodah, 60 m. N.W. Calcutta. Pop. estim. at 64,000. It has a large palace and gardens belonging to its rajah, go- vernment and missionary schools, & manufs. of silk and cotton fabrics. Near it are indigo works. BuBE, a riv. of England, co. Norfolk ; after a S.E. course of at least 40 m., joins the Tare at Yarmouth, whence it is navigable to Aylsham. Bureau, a co., U. S., N. Amer., N. part of Illi- nois. Area 648 sq. m. Pop. 3,047. Bu-Regreb, a riv. of Marocoo, and the S.W. boimdary of the anc. Mauritania, enters the At- lantic at Rabatt, 108 m. W. Fez, by a mouth 600 yds. across, within which is an imperial dock-yd. BiJBEN, a town of Pruss. Westphalia, reg. Min- den, cap. circ, 10 m. E. Soest, on the Alme. Pop. 2,130. — II. a town of Switzerl., cant, and 14 m. N.N.W. Bern, on the Aar, here crossed by a stone bridge. Pop. 1,100, who carry on an active tran- sit trade. — III. lOber), a vill. of Switzerl., cant, and 10 m. N."W. St. Gall, with a fine wooden bridge on the Thur, at the mouth of the Glatt. Pop. 1,410.— IV. a vill. Netherl'ds, prov. Gelder- land, 4 m. N.W. Thiel. Pop. 1,500. BuREs, two pas. of Engl. — I. (B. Mount), co. Essex, 6 m. E. Halstead. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 282.— II. (St. Mary), cos. Suffollc and Essex, on the Stour, 5 m. S.S.E. Ludbury. Area 4,220 ac. Pop. 1,596. Fair Holy Thursday. BuBFOBD, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. & 17 m. W.N.W. Oxford. Area of pa. 2,170 ac. Pop. 1,862. The town, pleasantly situated on the small riv. Windrush, is indifferently built, but it has a fine church, with an ann. rev. of 80?., and a free school in which the celeb. Wilmot, E. of Rochester, was educated, an alms-ho. and sevl. other charities, a branch bank, & some manufs. of rugs, saddlery, &c. Mkta. Sat. Fairs last BUR 234 BUR Sat. in April, July 6, Sept. 23. It gives the title of Earl to the D. of St. Albans. Edgehill, where the troops under Fairfax defeated the Royalists in 1649, is in its vicinity. — II. a pa., eo. Salop, 1 m. W. Tenbury. Area 8,370 ao. Pop. 1,031. Bubs, a town of Pruss. Saxony, reg. and 13 m. N.E. Magdeburg, oirc. Jerichow I., on the Ihle. Pop. (1846) 14,570. It has been celeb, for its cloth manufs. since the 12th cent., and has still numerous woollen factories, in several of which steam power is employed ; in 1838, 32,000 pieces of cloth, worth 7,500,000 dollars, were made here, and in the same year a machine factory was commenced. It has also dye works, and manufs. of glue and snufiF, with 3 protestant churches, a grammar school, and hospital. — II. a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. Dusseldorf, on the Wipper, 16 m. N.N.E. Cologne, with 1,610 inhabs., and manufs. of counterpanes, horse-cloths, and hard- wares. — III. a marit. town of Denmark, duchy Schleswig, cap. isl. Femem, on its S. side. Lat. 54° 26' 10' N., Ion. 11° 12' E. Pop. 1,800.— Burg is the name of several vills. in Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. BcBQATE, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 4} m. W.N.W. Eye. Area 1,830 ac. Pop. 369. BuBGAr, a town of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, 23 m. "W.N.W. Augsburg. Pop. 2,063.-11. a vill. of Styria, on the Hungarian frontier, 29 m. E. Gratz. BvBOBEBNHEiM, a town of Bavarla, circ. mid. Eranconia, 16 m. N.W. Anspach. Pop. 1,379. BcBGDOBF (Fr. Berthoud), a town of Switzerl., cant. & 11 m. N.E. Bern, on 1. b. of the Emmen, here crossed by a new bridge. Pop. 2,417. It is the depot for the Emmenthal cheese, and has a castle, formerly a place of strength, & manufs. of ribbons and silk. Near it are the baths of Sommerhaus. — II. a town of Hanover, landr. Luneburg, on the Aa, 13 m. S. Cffle. Pop. 2,250. BuBGESs, or BiTBQESSBEQ, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Tipperary, 6§ m, S.S.W. Nenagh. Area 4,980 ac. Pop. 2,782. Bdbgh, numerous pas. of Engl. — I. co. Suffolk, 3i m. N.W. Woodbridge. Area 780 ac. Pop. 266.— II. (Aptm), CO. Norfolk, 8 m. S.E. Norwich. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 664 III. {Castle), co. Suf- folk, 3J m. W.S.W. Great Yarmouth. Area 1,210 ac. Pop. 327. Here are interesting re- mains of a large stone Roman fort, supposed to be the anc. Garianonum. — IV. (In-the-Marsh), a mkt. town and pa., co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, 6i m. E.S.E. Spilsby. Area of pa. 4,240 ac. Pop. 1,095. It has a very fine church, also a small grammar school, and a branch bank. Mkt. Thursd. Fairs 13th May, 2d Oct. An embank- ment along the coast here is supposed to be of Roman origin. — V. (Matlishall), a pa. co. Nor- folk, 4i m. S.E. East-Dereham. Area 690 ac. Pop. 230. — VI. (on the Sands), co. & ward Cum- berland, 6 m. 'W.N.W. Carlisle. Area 6,380 ac. Pop. 1,003. A pillar here marks the place where K. Edward i. died, a. b. 1307.— VII. (South), co. Norfolk, 6 m. N.E. Watton. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 307 ^VIII. (St Mary), same co., on the Bure, 2 m. S.E. Aylesham. Area 540 ac. Pop. 314. — IX. (St Margaret), co. Norfolk, 3| m. N.E. Acle. Area 2,160 ac. Pop. 606.— X. (St Peter, or Wheatacre), same CO., 5 m. E.N.E Beccles. Ac. 1,970. Pop. 312. — XI. (upon Bane), a pa., co. Lincoln, 6m. W.Louth. Area 1,870 ac. P. 135. BuBGHAON, a town of Germany, Hcssen-Cassel, prov. & 11 m. N. Fulda, on the Haune. P. 1,400. BuBGHAUSEN, a town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Bavaria, on 1. b. of the Salzach, 68 m. E. Munich. Pop. 2,300. Manufs. cloth ; breweries, & trade in leather & salt. Its old castle is now a prison. BuKGHAZ, or BouEGHAs, aseaporttowu of Eu- ropean Turkey, Riunih, on a promontory in the gulf of same name, in the Black Sea, 76 m. N.E. Adrianople. Pop. 6,000 (?). It is neat & clean, and has an extensive manuf. of clay, pipe bowls, with an active trade in iron & provisions. The gidf of Bourghas is 14 m. in length, E. to W., & has a depth of 5 to 12 fathoms.— II. a vill. of Asia Minor, pash. Anatolia, 12 m. N.E. Abydos. BcBQHOLEBE, 3, pa. of Eugl., CO. Hauts, 6 m. N. Whitchurch. Area 3,660 ac Pop. 845. Bdkgh-Heai), or Bbough-Head, a marit. vill. of Scot!., CO. and 7 m. N.W. Elgin, on a promont. upon which are remains supposed to be those of the Alata Castra of Ptolemy, with ancient well. Pop. 829. It is well built, and has a good harb., where Edinburgh and London steam boats call. BuBGHEESH, a pa. of England. [Bubwash.] Bdeghfield, or Bceeield, a pa. of Engl., co. Berks, 5 m. S.W. Reading. Ac. 4,700. P. 1,115. BuBGHiLt, a pa. of Engl., co. and Sf m. N.W. Hereford. Area 3,170 ac. Pop. 863. BuBGHLET-HoDSE, the prlucely seat of the Marq. of Exeter, Engl., co. Northampton, in its N. part, IJ m. S.E. Stamford. It was commenced by Su: W. Cecil m 1576, and forms an immense quadrangle, presenting one of the noblest speci- mens of EUzabethan architecture in the country. BuEGHOBN, a viU. of the Neth'lds, prov. N. Hol- land, near Alkmaar, with sheep mkts. Pop. 1,885. BoBGHVPAiiis, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Rid- mg, 7 m. N.N. W. Doncaster. Ac. 1,700. Pop. 254. BuBoio, a town of Sicily, dist. Bivona, prov. & 28 m. N.W. Girgenti. Pop. 6,860. Bdegk, a viU. of Saxony, circ. and 6 m. S.W. Dresden, with extens. coal mines employing up- wai'ds of 500 workmen, numerous coke nirna^es, and a gas work. Pop. 860.— II. a hamlet of Reuss-Greiz, cap. lordship of same name, 4 m. N. Saalburg, on the Saale, with a castle of the princes of Reuss. Near it are the important iron mines of Burgkhammer. BnBGKTiKSTABT, a town of Bavaria, circ. Up- per-Franconia, on the Main, & on the Numberg and Neuemarket railw., vritii a castle and beer breweries, 24 m. N.E. Bamberg. Pop. 1,360. BiiBGLEN, a vill. of Switzerl., cant. Uri, 1} m. E. Altorf, and deserving notice as the repnted birth-pl. of William Tell. Near it is the chapel of Notre Dame of Loretto, a celeb, place of pil- grimage. — II. a vill. in the cant. Thurgovia, 12 m. E. Frauenfeld, with an anc. castle. Pop. 1,076. It was formerly a town, destroyed in 1406. BuBGiiEiiGEFELn, atown of Bavaria, cap. landr. same name, circ. Ober Pfalz, 15 m. N.N.W. Re- gensburg. Pop. 1,425. BuBoo, a town of Spain, prov. and 36 m. W. Malaga, on the Ardales. Fop. 1,612. In its en- virons are ruins of a Roman amphitheatre. Bdbgo-de-Osma, a town of Spain, prov. & 28 m. W. Soria, and 1 m. N. Osma. Pop. 2,072. Bdbgos, a city of Spain, cap. prov. of same name, & formerly cap. of Old Castile, on 1. b. of the Arlanzon, 130 m. N. Madrid. Lat. 42° 20' 28" N., Ion. 3° 44' 35' W. Pop. (1845) 14,790. The town is clean and handsome, but damp and cold, with many characteristics of an old Castilian city ; it is built in the form of an irreg. semicircle, por- tions of its old walls remaining on the side of the riv., which is here crossed by 3 fine stone bridges. Its cathed. is one of the finest in Spain, and con- tains much exquisite workmanship. Burgos has numerous other churches, and a Franciscan con- vent, worthy of notice, a nunnery with peculiar privileges, a castle, formerly very strong, but now in ruins, various hospitals & charit. institutionsj BUR 235 BUR a bronze statue of Charles iii. in a square sur- rounded by arcades, besides a triumphal arch in memoi7 ot Ferdinand Gonzales, & a mouuraent to " the Cid," both natives of this city. Around it are some handsome promenades, and not far off is the monastery of Mu-aflores, with the mag- nificent tombs of John ii. and liis Queen. Bur- gos is an archbishop's see, and the seat of a col- lege, a school of sui'gery, and some manuis. of leather, woollens and hats. Its trade in maifufd. goods and its fairs, &c., have, however, greatly declined ; its present importance is now chiefly due to its being on the high road fi-om Madrid to the French frontier. It was taken by the French in 1808 and in 1809. BuKGSTAnT, a town of Saxony, circ. and 35 m. S.E.Leipzig. P. 2,719. It has manuf. of stockings, linen and woollen weaving, and cotton printing. BiJRGSTEiN, a vill. of Bohemia, cap. lordship of same name m the cu-c. Leitmeritz ; the lordship comprises the town of Haida and 26 vllls. Pop. 14,550. Important manuis. of chrystal are carried on in this dist., & it is the depot for the greater part of the glass manufactured in the kingdom BDKGUETE,atownof Spain,Navarra,15m. N.E. Pamplona, in the valley of Koncevaux. Here the troops of Charlemagne were defeated, & his nephew, the famous Roland, perished in 778. BuBGDTTDT, prov. of Prauce. [Botjrgogne.] BuEHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, lathe and 1{ m. N.N.W. Aylesford. Ac. 1,630. Pop. 380. BtJEHAMPOOTEB KlVER. [Bbahmapootba.] BuBiAs, one of the Philipp. isls., Asiat-Archip., 20 m. S.S J!. Luzon. Lat. 13° N., Ion. 123° E. Btieitos, apa. of Engl., co. Hants, 2 m. S.S.W. Petersfield. Area 6,840 ac. Pop. 993. BuBKE, a CO., U. S., N. Amer., in W. part N. Carolina. Area 1,625 sq. m. Pop. 15,799, of whom 3,216 are slaves. Simaceelev. Soil fertile. — ^IL a CO. in E. part of Georgia. Area 1,200 sq. m. Pop. 13,137, of whom 8,408 are slaves.— III. a tnshp. Caledonia co., Vermont. Pop. 997. BuBKEBSDOBF, avUl. of Lowcr Austria, circ. & 10 m. W. Vienna, on the Wien, with an imp. castle, and a castle of the landgraves of Fiirstenberg, EuBKHiL, a furtfd. marit. town, E. Arabia, dom. & 45 m. N.W. Muscat, on sea of Bab-el-Mandeb. Bdbkhabdtsdob?, a vill. of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, amt. & 7 m. S. Chemnitz, with manufs. of linens and cottons. Pop. 1,S50. BuBLATS, a comm. and town of France, dep. Tarn, arrond. and 5 m. E.N.E. Castres, on the Agout. Pop. 1,500. It has several paper mills. Bdblescohbe, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 8 m, E.N.E. Tiverton. Area 4,210 ac. Pop. 958. BoBLESTONE, 3, pa. of Engl., CO. Dorset, on the Piddle, 6im. E.N.E. Dorchester. Ac. 750. P. 65. BuBLEv (on-the-HUT), a pa. of Engl., co. Rut- land, 2 m. N.E. Oakham. Area 3,390 ac. Pop. 252. The splendid seat of the E. of Winchelsea here stands on the site of the celeb, mansion of the dukes of Buckingham, destroyed in the civil war. — II. a chplry., co. Tork, W. Riding, pa. and 2 m. W.N.W. Otiey, on the Wharfe. Pop. 1,736, partly employed in cotton factories. BuBLiNOHAH, three a^oining pas. of Engl., CO. Norfolk.— I. {St Andrew), 2* m. W.S.W. Acle. Area 730 ac. Pop. 214 \i. (St Edmund). Area 480 ac. Pop. 98 — 111. (St Peter). Ac. 690. P. 91. BuBLiNGTOif, sevl. places, U. S., N. America. — L a CO., N. iersej, on the Delaware riv., and washed by the Atiantic Ocean. Pop. 32,831. Soil fertile and well wooded. — II. a city and port, cap. of above co., on the Delaware, 16 m. N.E. Philadelphia. Pop. 8,434. It has a city hall, free school founded in 1682, a Lyceimi, library, bank, with many elegant houses, chiefly country residences of the Philadelphia merchants. Reg. shipping (1840) 3,851 tons III, a tnshp., New York, co.Oswego, 72 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,154. — IV. a town, Iowa territ., cap. co. Des Moines, on the Mississippi, 248 m. above St Louis. It has a court-house, a jail, several brick churches, & a weekly newspaper. — V. a town and port, Ver- mont, cap. CO, Chittenden, beautifully sit. on the Lake Champlain, 38 m. W.N.W. Moutpelier. Pop. 4,271. It is regularly laid out, & has many elegant houses, generally surrounded by gardens, a handsome public square, a court-ho., various churches, wharfes, and a ligbtho., a flourishing state university, with 6 professors, a medictu school, and a library of 9,200 vols. Estim. capi- tal employed in manufs. (1840) 84,408 dollars. BuBMAH, or BiEMAH, the Burmese Empire, or kingdom of Ava, a state of Further India, & for- merly the most extensive & powerful in that pe- nins. ; but, since the war of the Burmese with the British in 1824-6, its territories have been com- prised within lat. 16° and 27° N., and Ion. 93° & 99° E., having W. Aracan and Munipoor, N. the Nagas territory and Upp. Assam, E. the Chinese prov. Tun-nan, the indep. Laos country, and the British prov. Martaban (from which last it is se- parated by the Sa-luen or Than-lweng riv.), and S. the Gulf of Martaban, a portion of the Bay of Bengal. Estunated area 200,000 sq. m., & pop. from 2 to 3 millions. It is composed of the kgdms. of Burmah, Pegu, & Pong, with portions of the countries inhabited by the Khyen, and the Shan countriesj and the Kubo vaUey (Munipoor), re-annexed to it by treaty with the British in 1834 ; it is enclosed on most sides by nmtn . ranges, in elev. from 2,000 to 5,000 ft. above the sea, its central part consisting of the basin of the Irrawadi. Lagoons are numerous in low beds of the S., & in the centre, a little N. of Ava, is a lake 30 m. in length by 10 m. across. The country is reckoned salubrious. From May till the middle of Sept. is the rainy season. From Sept. till March the weather is delightful, the temp, seldom exceeding 75°, in April and May the heat becomes very great, but is soon mitigated by the commencement of rain. Annual fall of rain 150 to 200 inches. The soil is of very high fertility ; but except near the towns most of it lies waste, or is only irregularly tilled ; and agriculture is generally in the most backward condition. Rice is the chief crop, es- pecially in the S., pulses, Indian millet, & maize are raised in the N., and sessamum is universal- ly cultiv. for cattle. Other products are cotton of short staple, indigo (though this product is so badly managed as to be unfit for export), yams, sweet potatoes, tobacco, capsicums in great quantities, gourds, oil plants, bananas and other fruits, betel nut and leaf, sugar cane, onions, garlic, and in the N. a kind of tea. Teak of a quality inferior to that of both Malabar and Java, oak & other valuable woods, abound on the mntn. ranges, & palm & bamboo are also plentiful. Oxen, bu&Ioes, and goats are the princip. domestic animals, used for draught, and the elephant is domesticated for the same purpose ; a good breed of horses is also reared. Mineral products are numerdus and valuable. The gold and silver obtained in the empire, has been estimated to amount in value to upwards of 200,000?., and the produce of petreoleum in pits along the Irrawadi to 8 million lbs., annually. Fine marble, serpen- tine, amber, sapphires and other gems, iron, cop- per, tin, lead, antimony, sulphur, nitre, and coal are also found. In physical form, the Burmese are more allied to the Mongolians of £, Asia BUR 236 BUR than to the Hindoos. Their figure is short, squat, robust, & fleshy, face lozenge-shaped, cheek bones large, and eyes obliquely placed. The hair is black, coarse and lank, colour of the skin, light brown or yellowish. From the difference of dialects, they may be divided into five tribes or nations. The language is monosyllabic, some- what allied to the Chinese. They are of a gay disposition, and fond of amusements, but less civilized than the Hindoos or Chinese. They excel in boat-building, and they cast bells, work in gold and silver, and dye silk and other fabrics, weave silk and cotton goods, and manuf. lacquer- ed wares, paper, coarse earthenwares, and some other articles in a respectable manner, but most of their manufd. goods, in ordinary use, are im- ported from foreign countries. China sends silks to about 81,000?. annually, porcelain, cop- per, carpets, metals, drugs, tea, &e. ; in return for raw cotton, feathers, ivory, bird's nests, horns, gums, & some British manms. ; this intercourse being chiefly conducted at a large annual fair at Bharao. From the Shan tribes, the Burmese ob- tain their best sword-blades, with lac, wax, varnish in return for salt and dried fish ; other articles are mostly imported by sea from British India, and the Asiatic Archipelago, and consist of British cotton goods, areca & cocoa nuts, tobacco, iron, hardwares, copper, lead, & other minerals, opium, sugar, spirits, English glass, earthenwares, fire-armSj and gunpowder, the manufs. of the Burmese in the two last articles, being of the most wretched description. The gov. is heredi- tary and despotic ; the sovereign is assisted by a council of the nobility, over whom he has a kind of feudal jurisdiction, and the titles of the latter are not hereditary. The religion of the mass of the inhabs. is Buddhism ; a few Christ- ians and Jews are to be found amongst the pop., & the Khyens & other wild tribes have a special idolatry of their own. Education, in so far as mere reading & writing is concerned, is more diffused than might have been expected. Public rev. is de- rived from a tithe of the profits of cultiv., duties of 10 per cent, on impts., & 6 per cent, on expts., & on petroleum collected, a royal monopoly of marble, amber, the precious metals, & gems above a certain size, a poll tax on the unsettled tribes, &c. ; and the whole fiscal system is " replete with uncertainty, rapacity, and violence." The armed force, in the last war, was all infantry, except a small body of Cassay horse, and a company of artillery, and the war-boats formed the best por- tion of the armed force. The Burmese empire is divided into 7 provs. Ava and Monchobo have alternately been constituted the capital of the empire. The other principal towns are Amara- pure, Sakaing, Rangoon, Bassain, Martaban, Se- t;ing, Taungo, Prome, Patango, Tandabo, and Bhamo. In 1823 the Burmese, by encroaching upon the E. India Co.'s territories, brought on a war with the British, which lasted during the years 1824-5, and terminated in their defeat and the cession of several territories to the English. BuEMABsn, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, lathe Shepway, i m. S.W. Hythe. Ac. 1,690. Pop. 130. BuBMiNGTOD, a pa. of Engl., co. 'Warwick, 2 m. S.S.E. Shipston-on-Stour. Area 720 ac. Pop. 188. BuBNAGE, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, on the Mersey, pa. and i m. S. Manchester. P. 489. Bdrnby, a pa, of Engl., co. York, E. Biding, 4 m. S.E. Pocklington. Area 2,100 ac. Pop. 110. Bubneside, a chplry. of Engl., co. Westmorl'd, with a station on the Kendal and Windermere railway, 2^ m. N.W. Kendal. Buuneston, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Riding, 4 m. S.E. Bedale. Ac. 6,920. Pop. 1,494, Its school & alms-house have a joint ann. rev. of 67?. BuKNETT, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, SJ m. N E. Pensford. Area 660 ac. Pop. 100. Btjbnham, sev. pas. of Engl.— I. co. Bucks, 3f m. N.N.W. Eton. Area 6,740 ac. Pop. 2,284. Charities about 1001. per ann. Fairs, 26th Feb., 1st May, 2d October. It has some remains of a nunnery of order of St Augustine, founded in 1266 II. CO. Essex, 18^ m. E.S.E. Chelms- ford. Area 6,060 ac. Pop. 1,735. Fairs, 26th April, 24th Sept.— III. co. Somerset, on Bridge- water bay, 2 m. from the Highbridge station of the Great Western railw. Area 4,270 ac. Pop. 1,469. Fairs, Trinity Mon. The vill. is resort- ed to as a watering-place. — IV. {Deepdale), co. Norfolk, 2^ m. N.W. Burnham-Westgate. Area, consisting partly of salt marshes, 960 ac. Pop. 109. — V. {Norton), same co., 1 m. N. Burnham- Westgate. Area 1,480 ac. Pop. 160.— VI. {Overy), 1 m. N.E. Burnham-Westgate. Area 1,920 ac. Pop. 613.— VII. {Thorpe), IJ m. E.S.E. Burnham-Westgate. Area 2,200 ac. Pop. 396. Lord Nelson was born in the parsonage house of this pa., of which his father was then mcumbent, on the 29th Sept. 1758.— VIII. {Sut- ton), J m. N.E. Burnham-Westgate. Area, in- cluding Bumham-Ulph, 1,220 ac. Pop. 356. Buknham-Westgate, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., CO. Norfolk, 32 m. N.W. Norwich. Area of pa. 2,930 ac. Pop. 1,126. Fairs, Easter Mon- day and 1st August. BuBNLEV, a mkt. town of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Whalley, on the Bum, 22 m. N. Manchester. Pop. 10,699. It stands in a narrow valley. The chapel is a large anc. structure, containing nu- merous monuments of the Townley family, in- cluding one to C. Townley, Esq., once proprietor of the mmous marbles now in the British museum. Burnley has numerous dissenting places of wor- ship, a free grammar school, with a rev. of 137/. per ann., sev. other schools and charities. Man- ufs. of cotton and woollen fabrics, & machinery, with iron & brass foundries, breweries, tanneries, rope-walks. Mkts., Monday and Sat. Fairs, Mar. 6, Easter Eve, May 6 and 13, July 10, and Oct. 11. Cattle fairs on alternate Mon. Races in Aug. Burnley is a polling-place for N. Lan- cashire. Its majiufacturing prosperity, which is mainly owing to the abnndaiice of coal in the vicinity, has been further promoted by the Leeds & Liverpool canal, which nearly encircles the town, and by railway with Bury, Blackburn, Manches- ter, &c. BuRNSALL, apa. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, on the Wharfe, 7 m. N.N.E. Skipton. Area 25,950 ac. Pop. 1,484, partly employed in cotton and worsted manufs. BuBss-HiLi, a town and mission station of British Kafraria, South Africa, on r. b. of the Keiskamma river, co. and 4 m. S. Y'ork. BuBNTGBEEN, Engl., CO. Worcester, a station on the Bristol and Birmingham railw., 11 m. S.S.W. Birmingham. BuBNTiSLAND, a pari, bor., seaport town, and pa. of Scotland, co. Fife, on the Fu-th of Forth, 6J m. N.N.W. Leith. Inhabited houses in bor; 239; pop. of do. 1,959; of pa. 2,210, chiefly oc- cupied in the fisheries, in curmg herrings and in distilling. It is clean and well built; it has a town-ho., school-ho., and the best barb, on the Firth, with a new low-water pier, a lighthouse, & a dry dock. It is the steam boat ferry sta on the passage of the Edin. & North, railw. Burntisland umtes with Kinghorn, Dysart, & Kirkcaldy in sendmg one mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors 51. BUR 237 BuENTMiLL, Engl., CO. Essex, a station on the E. Counties railway, Ij m. S. Harlow. BuRPHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, rape & 2 in. N.E. by E. Arundel. Ac. 3,150. Pop. 280. BuBRA Bi'RRA, a mining dist.. South Australia, 80 m. N. of Adelaide. [Adelatoe]. Burba, and Buheat, two small isls. of Scot- land, respectively belonging to tl>e Shetland and Orkney groups. BuBRAMPOOR, a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 10 m. S.W. Ganjam. It has a large bazaar or mlrt. place, a street occupied by weavers, & several remarkable Hindoo temples. BnBRiAifA, a town of Spain, prov. and 8 m. S. Castellon de la Plana, on 1. b. of the Rio Seco, 1 m. from its mth. iuthe Mediterranean. Pop. 6,204. Bdbbiltille, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Rhode Island, CO. & 21 m. N.W. Providence. P. 1,982. BuBRiNGXON, sevl. pas. of Engl.— I. co. Here- ford, 5 m. W. S.W. Ludlow. Area 2,850 ac. Pop. 236.-11. CO. Devon, on the Taw, SJ m. N.W. Chmnleigh. Area 6,100 ac. Pop. 1,244.-111. CO. Somerset, on the Mendip hills, 4 m. N.E. Ax- bridge. Area 2,420 ac. Pop. 531. BuBRisHOi., a town of British India, presid. Bengal, cap. dist. Backergunge, on an isl. of the Ganges, 120 m. E.N.E. Calcutta. BcRBisROOLE, a marlt. pa. of Ireland, Con- nanght, co. Mayo, comprising the town of New- port (which see). Area 55,240 ac. Pop. 11,942. BuEBOTJGH, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 5J m. S.W. Melton-Mowbray. Ac. 1,190. Pop. 149. Bdkbough-Gbeen, apa. of Engl., co. Cambr., 5 m. S. Newmarket. Area 2,000 ac. Pop. 452. Bdbscodgh a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, on the Leeds and Liverpool canaJ, pa. and 2 m. N.N.E. Ormskirk. Pop. 2,228. BtTBSEAH, a town of India, GwaJior dom., 33 m. S.W. Seronje. In 1820, it is reported to have contained 3,000 houses, and it was the cap. of an extensive district. BuESLEDON, a pa. of England, co. and 45 m. E.S.E. Southampton. Area 830 ac. Pop. 518. BuBSLEM, a pa. and mkt. town of Engl., co. Stafford, and the princip. town in that important dist. called " the Potteries," 3 m. N.N.E. New- castle-under-Lyne, and 9 m. S.E. the Crewe sta^ tion, on the Birmingham and Liverpool railway. Pop. of pa. 16,091 ; of town 13,631. It has many large factories, convenient dwelling houses of the work-people, and villas of proprietors, with a neat town-hall, newsroom, police office, old and new churches, & numerous dissenting chapels. Mkts. Monday & Saturday. Fairs, February 24, April 14j June 28, Oct. 13, and Dec. 26. Burslem forms a part of the pari, borough of Stoke-upon- Trent. As early as the 17th century it was the chief place in England for the production of earthenwares ; at first of a verj' homely kind, but ktterly brought to great perfection by Josiah Wedgewood, bom here in 1730. BaBSTAXL, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 5 m. E.N.E. Hadleigh. Area 1,230 ac. Pop. 223. Bdrstead, two contiguous pas. of Engl. — I. (Great), co. Essex, Ij m. S.S.E. Billericay. Area 4,420 ac. Pop. 2,168 IL (Little), 2\ m. S.W. Billericay. Area 1,320 ac. Pop. 170. Buestock, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset. 4J m. W.N.W. Beaminster. Area 970 ac. Pop 307. BuRSTON, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3 m. E.N.E. Diss. Area 1,300 ac. Pop. 468. Bttbstow, a pa. of England, co. Suitcv, 6 J m. S.S.E. Keigate. Area 4,420 ac. Pop. 863. BuEsnvicK, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Rid- ing, 9 m. E.S.E. Hull. Area. 5,720 ac. Pop. 810. BPBSZTYN, a town of Austr.-Poland, Galicia, BUR oirc. & 20 m. S.W. Brzezan, on the Lippa. Pop. 2,000. It has Rom. Catholic & Greek churches. Burt, Bekt, or Birt, a pa of Irel., Ulster, co. Doneg;il, on Lough-Swilly, 6 m. W.N.W. Lon- dondeiTy. Area 10,673 ae. Pop. 3,867. BuiiTON,jiumerous pas. and tnshps. in Engl. & Wales. — I. a pa., co. Chester, on the Dee, near its mouth, 8 m. N.W. Chester. Area 2,920 ac. Pop. 428. It has a free church, founded by Dr Wilson, bp. of Sodor and Man, in 1724. — II. S. Wales, CO. Pembroke, 7 m. S.E. Haverford West. Pop. 846. — III. CO. Sussex, rape Arundel, 3 m. S.S.W. Petworth. Area with Barlavington 1,710 ac. Pop. 7.— IV. (Agnes), co. York, E. Biding, 6 m. W.S.W. Bridluigton. Area 6,540 ac. Pop. 603.— V. (Bishop), co. York, E. Riding, 3 m. W. Beverley. Area 3,970 ac; Pop. 632. Fair.?, a times annually VI. (Black), a tnshp., co. York, W. Riding, pa. Thomton-in-Lonsdale, 12 ra. W.N.W. Settle. Pop. 629.— VII. (Bradstock), a pa., CO. Dorset, 3 m. S.S.E. Bridport. Area 2,260 ac. Pop. 1,209, partly empld. m flax-mills. —VIII. (Cherry), co. York, E. Biding, 3 m. W.N.W. Beverley. Area 3,180 ac. Pop. 456.— IX. (Coggles), co. Lincoln, pts. Kesteven, IJ m. W.N.W. Corby. Area 3,010 ac. Pop. 260.— X. (Constable), a tnshp., co. York, N. Riding, pa. Tinghall, 4 m. N.E. Middleham. Pop. 252. Races in March XI. co. Warwick, 4 m. E. King- ston. Area 5,400 ac. Pop. 614 XII. (Extra), a tnshp., CO. Stafford, & adjoining the town of Bur- ton-upon- Trent. Pop. 1,193.— XIIL (Fleming), a pa., CO. York, E. Riding, 65 m. N.N.W. Brid- lington. Area 3,690 ac. Pop. 606.— XIV. (Gate), CO. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, on the Trent, 4| m. S.S.E. Gamsborough. Area 1,160 ac. Pop. 126. —XV. (Bastings), co. Warwick, 3} m. E.S.E. Nuneaton. Area 1,910 ac. Pop. 276.— XVI. (Joyce), CO. and 6 m. E.N.E. Nottingham. Area 1,940 ac Pop. 764.— XVIL (Kirk). [Kirk- BuETOH.] — XVIII. (Latimer), co. Northampton, 3J m. S.S.E. Kettering. Area 2,690 ac. Pop. 966. Charities, including an endowed school, about 1601 per ann. — XIX. (Lazars), co. Leices- ter, 2 m. S.S.E. Melton-Mowbray. Area 2,060 ac. Pop. 262. Here was the principal hospital in England for lepers, founded by Ld. Mowbray, in the reign of Henry i. — XX. (Leonard), co. York, W. Riding, 4J m. N.N.W. Knaresborough. Area 1,760 ac. Pop. 456. — XXI. (by Lincoln), co. Lin- coln, pts. Lindsey, 2^ m. N.W. Lincoln. Area 2,260 ac. Pop. 206 XXIL (Overy), co. & 7 m. E.S.E. Leicester. Area 1,660 ae. Pop. 449, — XXIII. (Pedwardine), co. Lincoln, pts. Kest- even, 6^ m. N.N.E. Polkingham. Area 2,680 ae. Pop. 125.— XXIV. (Pidsey), co. York, E. Riding, lOi m. E.N.E. Hull. Area 1,980 ac. Pop. 364. — XXV. (On-Strather), co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, at the mouth of the Trent, 10^ m. W.S.W. Barton-on-Humber. Area 3,860 ac. Pop. 799. —XXVI. (West), CO. Notts, 4 m. S.S.W. Gains- bro'. Area 710 ac. Pop. 35.— XXVII. (with Slay), a tnshp. of N. Wales, co. Denbigh, pa. Gresford, N.W. Wrexham. Pop. 985.— XXVIIL (with Waldm), a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, Nj Riding, pa. Aysgarth, 7 m. W.S.W. Middleham. Pop. 623 XXIX. (Wood), a chaplery, co. Lan- caster, pa. Warrington, on the Liverpool and Manchester railway, 2i m. S.W. Newton-in- Makerfleld. Pop. 836. Burton (in Kendai.), a mkt.-town and pa. of Engl., COS. Westmorland and Lancaster, 10 m. S. Kendal. Area of pa. 9,170 ac. Pop. 2,387. The town is very neatly built, and has a large market- place, several good iims, and an ancient church. Market, Tuesday, Fair, Easter Monday, BUR 238 Borton-on-Tbent, a mkt.-town and pa. of Engl, COS. Stafford and Derby, on the Trent, within i m. from the W. Midland (Birm. & Derby) railway, 11 m. S.S.W. Derby. Area of pa. 7,730. ac. Pop. of do. 8,136; of tnshp. 4,863. The town consists chiefly of 2 streets, the princip. ter- minates by a bridge of 37 arches, 1,546 ft. in ht., stated to be the longest bridge in Engl., & which was built prior to the conquest. It has 2 churches, numerous dissenting places of worship ; a gramm. school, founded in 1520, with a rev. of 4601. per ann. ; alms-ho. & other charities, yielding about 300?. per ann. ; a handsome town-hall, with as- sembly-rooms, a union work-ho,, a subscription library, with large breweries of excellent ale (for which the town has long been famous), extensive iron- works, and manui£ of cotton goods & hats. Its trade is promoted by the Grand Trunk Canal, connecting the Mersey with the Trent, which latter riv. is navigable from the Humber to this town. Mkt., Thurs. Fairs, 2 Feb., 5 April, Holy Thurs., 16 July, 1 Sept., 29 Oct., which last is a great horse fair. Races in August. Burton is governed by a steward and a bailiff, appointed by the Marq. of Anglesey, lord of the manor. Of its once famous abbey few traces now exist. BuRTSCHEiD, or BoKOETiE, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. oirc. and immed. S.E. Aix-la-Cha- pelle. Pop. (1846) 5,530. It has manufs. of woollen cloth, cassimeres, yam, Prussian blue, &c., with celeb, hot sulphur springs, and baths much frequented (temp. 106° to 155° Fahr.). BuRWAH, 2 towns of Brit.-India, presid. Ben- gal. — I. dist. and 87 m. S.W. Ramghur. — 11. dist. and 39 m. N.N.E. Cuttack. BoRWiNNEB, a fortfd. considerable town of Cen- tral India, dom. and 72 m. S.W. Indore. It has a large palace, the residence of its rajah. BuRWARTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 7^ m. N.E. Ludlow. Area 1,170 ac. Pop. 157. Bdrwash, or Bdrohersh, a pa. of Engl., oo. Sussex, rape Hastings, SJ m. S.E. 'Wadhurst. Area 6,840 ac. Pop. 2,093. Fairs, May 12, Oct. 4. Burghersh gives the title of viscount to the Earl of Westmoreland. Bdrwell, 2 pas. of Engl I. co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, 5J m. S.S.E. Louth. Area 2,190 ac. Pop. 174. Fairs, May 14, and Old Michaelmas- day. Birth-pl. of Duchess of Marlborough. — II. CO. Cambridge, 4 m. W.N.W. Newmarket. Area 6,505 ac Pop. 1,820. It has a beautiful Gothic church, and the renms. of a castle, built prior to the conquest. Bttbv, a pari, bor., manufng.-town, and pa. of Engl., CO. Lancaster, on the Lrwell, 8J m. N.N.W. Manchester, with which, and with Bolton, it com- munics. by railw., also by the Bolton canal. Area of pa. 22,600 ac. Pop. of do. 62,125. Area of bor., wMoh comprises the tnshps. Bury & Elton, 4,650 ac. Pop. 24,759. The town has, in late years, been much improved; & it possesses 2 handsome churches, 2 chapels of ease, upwards of 20 dis- senting places of worship, a gramm. school, with a rev. of 4422. a-year, and 2 exhibitions of 252. each at either university ; numerous other schools, several public libraries, a mechanics' institution, news-room, horticultural society, with important and flourishing manufs. of cottons, woollens, and machinery, & calico-printing, & bleaching estabs. In 1838, there were m the pa. 114 cotton mills, employing 13,652 hands, & 17 woollen mills, em- ploying 886 hands. In the vicinity are extensive coal nunes, and a large extent of fine pasture land. Mkt., Thurs. Fairs, Mar. 5, May 3, 2d Thurs. after Whitsunday, Sept. 18. The town is govern- ed by 3 constables chosen annually at the manor- court of the Earl of Derby. Since the Reform Act it has sent 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1846) 868. During the last cent., several im- provements in loom-machinery originated at Bury, but the establishment of the large print works of the late Sir B. Peel, Bart, (which ex- tend for a considerable distance along the Irwell), and the perfection to which calico-prmting has since been carried, have mainly contributed to the prosperity of the town in recent times. The present Sir R. Peel was born at Chamber Hall, in the immediate vicinity of Bury. BcBT, 2 pas. of Engl.— I. co. Hants, 1 m. S. Komsey. Area 2,480 ac. Pop. 359. The church contains some fine specimens of Norman architec- ture. — II. CO. Sussex, rape and 4 m. N. Arundel. Area 3,340 ac. Pop. 611. Burt St Edmund's, a pari. & mnnic bor. town of Engl., comprising 2 pas., co. Suffolk, on the Larke, 24 m. N.W. Ipswich, and 60 m. N.E. Lon- don. Area of borough 3,040 ac. Pop. 12,538. The town, on a gentle eminence, in a healthy & richly cultivated dist., is remarkably clean, well- built, and cheerful. Princip. edifices, St Mary's church, a fine Gothic structure ; St James's, near which is a belfry 80 ft. in ht., & one of the finest remains of Saxon architecture extant in Britain ; the shire-hall, guild-hall, wool-hall, mkt.-cross, theatre, with concert & assembly-rooms, co. jail, on the panoptic principle, ho. of correction, Suf- folk general hospital, E. Suffolk hospital, &c. The gramm. school, founded by Edward vi., enjoys a high repute, & has 2 scholarships at Cambridge, & 6 exhibitions to either university. Clopton's hos- pital for decayed housekeepers has a rev. of 3002. a^year, and the town contains nearly 100 other alms-houses, besides schools, and other charities. Bury has a mechanics' institution, subscription Ubrary, & botanic garden. There are some remns. of a celeb, abbey, founded in the 7th century, and to which the body of the martyred king Echnund was transferred in 933 (whence its name). It is the seat of a large trade in wool, com, butter, cheese. Mk;t. days. Wed. and Sat. St Sfetthew's fair lasting for about 3 weeks from Oct. 2d, is one of the most important in Engl. ; other fairs are on Easter Tues., and Dec. 1. The bor. is divided into 2 wards, and governed by a mayor, 3 aldermen, and 18 councillors. It is the place of the CO. assizes, & has general sessions in Feb., June, and Nov., quarter-sessions, petty-sessions weekly, with manorial & other courts. Corp. rev. (1846-7) 2,5232. Bury returns 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1846) 761. It is supposed to have been the Roman Villa Faustina. Under the Plan- tagenets it was the seat of several parliaments. Sir Nich. Bacon, the noted Bp. Garitoer, and Dr Bloomfield, bp. of London, are among its distin- guished natives. It gives the title of viscount to the Keppel family. Ickworth, the splendid seat of the Marquis of Bristol, lord of the manor, is in its vicinity. BuBVAK (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 5 m. S.W. Penzance. Area 6,790 ac. Pop. 1,911. The church, reputed to have been founded by King Athelstan, is placed on a hill, and serves for a sea-mark. In the pa. are Druidic remains. Bdbvthobpe, a pa. of Engl., oo. York, E. Rid- ing, 5 m. S. New-Malton. Ac. 1,020. P. 226. BoRZEN, a riv. of Translyvania, an afB. of the Aluta at Brenndorf. It gives its name to the BuTzenland, a mount^nous region which forms the dist of lironstadt. Pop. 80,000. Bdbzet, a comm. & t. of France, dep. Ardeche, cap. cant., arrond. and 14 m. N. Largentifere. Pop. of comm. 3,616 ; silk mills & woollen manuft. BUS 239 BUS BusACHi, a town of Sardinia, cap. prov. of same name, diy. Cagliari, on the Tirsi, 11 m. N.E. Ori- stano. Pop. of comm. 1,876 ; of prov. 71,600. BnsACHiNo, or Busaqcino, a town of Sicily, prov. Palermo, cap. cant., in a mountainous dist., 30 m. S.S.W. Palermo. Pop. 8,100. Manufac- tures of linens. BnsAco, a hamlet and convent of Portugal, prov. Beira, m the Serra-de-Busaco, 20 m. N.N.E. Coimbra. Here, on the 27th Septem- ber 1810, the French under Alassena were re- pulsed in an attack upon the troops under the Duke of Wellington. BusBACH, a vill. of Khen.-Prassia, ciro. & 6 m. E. Aix-la-Chapelle, with woollen manui^. and mines of lead and calamine. Pop. 1,216. BusCA, a town of Piedmont, cap. dist., prov. and 9 m. N.W. Cuneo, on an affluent of the Po. Pop. (1838) 8,990. It has a college, an hospital, and 2 botanic gardens. Good wine is produced in its vicinity. BuscoT, a pa. of Engl., co. Berks, on the Thames, 4J miles W-N-W. Great Farringdon. Area 2,910 ac. Pop. 405. Bns£0, a town of Waliachia, on the riv. of same name, 60 m. N.E. Bucharest. Pop. 4,500. It is a Greek bishop's see, and a place of some trade. BusHBCBT, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, 2^ m. N.N.E. Wolverhampton. Area 7,610 ac. Pop. 1,509. Bdsheab, an island in the Persian Gulf, 11 m. from its N. coast. Lat. 26° SCN., Ion. 53° 12' E. It is low and flat ; at its W. extremity is a small town, with a tolerable harbour, which was visited by the fleet of Nearchus, admiral of Alexander the Great. BnsHET, a pa. of Engl., co. Herts, 2 m. S.S.E. Watford, with a station on London and Western railway. Area 3,130 ac. Pop. 2,676. — II. (or Bushy), a royal park, co. Middlesex, on the Thames, adjoining Hampton Court, 12 m. S.W. London. Area 1,110 ac. It is traversed by su- perb avenues of limes and chcsnuts, and by a public footpath. It was a favourite residence of William rv. BusHiEE (properly, Abu-shehr " father of cities^, a seaport city of Persia, and its prineip. entrepot on the Persian Gulf, at the N. extrem. of a sandy peninsula. Lat. 29° N., Ion. 60° 62' E. Pop. variously estim. from 10,000 to 20,000, mostly Persians, Arabs, and Armenians. On the land side it is protected by a wall with round towers, & on the other sides enclosed by the sea, which on the N. forms a harbour lined by some wharfe. Being built of white stone and furnished with hollow turrets for ventilation, it has exter- nally a handsome appearance ; but its streets are narrow and unpaved ; it is ill supplied with water ; good houses are very few; & its public buildings comprise only a few inferior mosques, the sheikh's palace, a depdt of the E. I. Company, a large bazaar, some poor coffee houses, and a solitary bath. Ships of 300 tons are obliged to lie in a roadstead 6 m. from the city. Bushire has, how- ever, a large trade with British India, importing thence rice, indigo, sugar, English cotton goods, and other mantus., with steel, spices, porcelain, &o., from China and the Malay archip. Coffee is imported from Mocha ; bullion, and European manufs. of various kinds come from Bassorah. Principal exports, raw silk, Kirman wool, shawls, horses (to India for cavalry service), carpets, silk goods, dried ftTiits, grain, Shiraz wine, turquoises, pearls, assafcetida, and gall nuts. The £. I. Co. has a resident here who superintends all its af- fairs in the Persian Gulf. BusHLEV, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, on the Severn, IJ m. N.N.W. Tewkesbury, Area 1,740 ac. Pop. 334. BnsnMAN's Kiveb, S. Africa, Cape Colony, flows generally S.E., forming the boundary be- tween the dists. of Uitenage and Albany, and en- ters the Indian ocean in Ion. 26° 37' E. Bushmills, a small town of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Antrim, on the Bush, 8 m. N.E. Coleraine. Pop. 788. It is neat and improving, with a court- house, various places of worship, and villas in its vicinity. BnsioNT, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, arrond. and 12 m. from Cambrai. Pop. 2,234. Busk, a town of Austrian Galicia, circ. Zloczow, on the Bug, 32 m. E.N.E. Lemberg. Pop. 3,000. BusKO, a town of Poland, 44 m. N.E. Cracow, with mineral springs and baths. Pop. 800. BusLiNGXHOBPE, 3, pa. of Eugl., 00. Lincolu, 3 m. W.S.W. Market-Kasen. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 50. BussAHEB, a Sikh state, N. India, under Brit, protection, immed. S. the Sutlej. Lat. 31° 30' N.,lon.78°E. Estim. pop. 150,000. It embraces some fertile tracts in which rice and other grains are raised ; principal products are sheep, cattle, wool, ghee, iron, tobacco, fruits, and musk, which, with woollen fabrics, and opium, sugar, bang, and cotton cloths from Hindostan, are exported across the Himalaya, in return for tea, Chinese silks, and borax. Annual revenue 14,000?. Chief town Kampoor. BussANe, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Vosges, on the Moselle, near its source, 14 m. S.E. Remiremont. Pop. 2,349. It has an ex- tensive commerce in mineral waters, of which up- wards of 20,000 bottles are annually exported. BussEE, two towns of Hindostan I. dom. and 19 m. S.E. Jeypoor. — II. dist. Boolundshahur, 4 m. N. Sirhind, and rendered picturesque by its white pagodas, and stone pavilions. BiJssEBAGE, a pa. & vill. of Switzerland, cant. and 15 m. N. Soleure. Pop. 601. Kemarkable for the ruins of the fortress of Thierstein. BussEBOLLES, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Dordogne, arrond. and 10 m. N. Nontron. Pop. 2,187. BussETO, a town of N. Italy, duchy and 17 m. N.W. Parma, near the Ongina. Pop. 1,850. BussiEBE, several communes of France, in the centr. and W. deps., the principal, S. Dunoise, dep. Creuse, 7J m. N.W. Gueret. Pop. 2,930. BussNANG, a vUl. of Smtzerl., cant. Thurgau, on left bank of the Thur, opposite Weinfelden. Pop. 2,000. BussoLENao, a vill. of N. Italy, gov. Venice, deleg. and 9 m. W.N.W. Verona. Pop. 2,400. BussoLiNO, a town of Sardinia, prov. and 5 m. E. Susa, on 1. b. of the Doire. Pop. 1,000. In its environs are quarries of green marble. BussoBAH, Asiatic-Turkey. [Bassobah.] BuSTAE, a town & dist. of British India, Nag- poor dom., 124 m. N.W. Chioacole. The dist. is mountainous and unexplored. BuSTEE, a town of Brit. India, prov. of Oude, prov. and 40 m. W. Gorucpoor. Busto-Absizio, a town of N. Italy, Lombardy, prov. & 19 m. N.W. Milan. Pop. 9,619. It has a cotton thread factory, and an active trade, BusuLDK, a town of the Russian dom,, gov. & 150 m. N.W. Orenburg, cap. circ, on the Samara. It has tanneries, and an annual fair, the pur- chases at which are estimated to average 300,000 roubles. BusuM, a small seaport town of Denmark, BUS 240 duchy Holstein, with a port on the North Sea, 36 m. N.W. Gluckstadt. Pop. 800. BosvAGON, one of the Philippine Isls., Asiatic archip., ao m. S.W. Mindoro. Length about 80 ra. ; average breadth, 12 m. Surface mntnous., but it has been little explored. Botcheb's Island, a small isl. off the W. coast of India, in Bombay harbour, situated between Salsette and Caranja islands. BuTOOMBE, a pa. of Engl,, co. Somerset, 7 m. N.E. Axbridge. Area 2,010 ac. Pop. 256. Bote, an isl. of Scotl., in the Firth of Clyde, forming, with Arran, &c., the co. Bute, & sepa- rated from Argyleshire, by a winding channel (the Kyles of Bute), generally less than 1 m. across. It is in length about 16 m., and from 3 to 5 in breadth. Area about 60 sq. m. Inhab. houses 1,855, and pop. 9,499. Its N. part moun- tainous and rugged ; its centre and S. parts are undulating, with a pretty fertile soil. In the centre are the small lakes L. Fad, Ascog, and Quein. Its climate is rather moist, but the mild- ness and equability of its temperature, have made it the favourite resort of invalids. On its E. coast is the town of Bothesay, beautifully situ- ated, and Mountstuart, the seat of the Marquis of Bute, the chief proprietor. Buteshibe, a co. of Scotl., composed of Arran, Bute, the Cumbrays, Holy Isle, Pladda, & Inch- marnoch, the whole between Lat. 55° 32' and 55° 66' N., and Ion. 4° 62' & 6° 17' W. Area estim. at 257 sq. m., or 165,000 acs., of which 60,000 are cultivated, 40,000 uncultivated, and 65,000 un- profitable. Inhab. houses in 1841, 3,067 ; pop. in do. 15,740. Valued rent 15,042Z. Scots. ; annual value of real property (1843) 30,976?. Chf. town Rothesay on Bute isl. The co. returns 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1847) 414. BuTEBA, a town of the isl. of Sicily, prov. and 19 m. S.S.E. Caltanisetta. Pop. 4,070. BuTi, a town of Tuscany, 9J m. E. Pisa. Pop. 3,498. Its vicinity produces excellent olives. BoTLEiGH, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 4 m. S.S.E. Glastonbury. Area 4,670 ac. Pop. 872. Butler, a co., U. S., N. Amer., on W. of Penn- sylvania. Area 800 sq. m. Pop. 22,378. Soil fertile and well watered. Chief town same name, with pop. of 861.^11. a co., Alabama. Area 1,000 sq. m. Pop. 8,685. — III. a co., centre of Ken- tucky, 570 sq. m. Pop. 3,898.— IV. a co. in S.W. of Ohio. Area 480 sq. m. Pop. 28,173.— V. a tnshp., N. York, co. Wayne, 178 m. W.N.W. Al- bany. Pop. 2,271. — VI. a township Ohio, co. Montgomery. Pop. 1,896. Butlees-Maeston, a pa. of Engl., co. War- wick, IJ m. S.W. Kington. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 313. BoTLEY, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 7 m. E.N.E. Woodbridge. Area 1,690 ac. Pop. 364.— II. a tnshp., CO. Chester, 3 m. N. Macclesfield. P. 602. BuTOOL, a town of British India, presid. Ben- gal, dist. and 64 m. N. Goruchpoor. BuTOTT, a town of Prussian Pomerania, reg. and 53 m. E. Koslin. Pop. 2,100. Woollen manufactures. BuTEiKTO, a fortif. marit. town of Europ. Tur- key, Epirus, sanj. Delvino, at the mouth of a riv. immed. opp. Corfu, and on the other bank of which are some remains of the auc. Buthrotum. Pop. 1,500. The town and fortress are of Vene- tian construction. — The Lake of Butrinio, N. of the town, is 5 m. in length, by 2 m. in breadth. Bdtschowitz, a town of Austria, Moravia, circ. and 18 m. E. Brunn. Pop. 2,473. It has manufs. of cloths and morocco leather, & a castle of the princes of Lichtenstein. BuTTELSTADT, a town of Germany, Saxe-Wei- mar, 4 m. S.W. Buttstadt. Pop. 825. BuTTEKLEiSH, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 3 m. S.S.E. Tiverton. Area 2,620 ac. Pop. 155. BuTTEKLEV, a hamlet of Engl., co. Derby, pa. Pentrich, 3 m. S. Alfreton, Itsinhabs. are engag- ed in the coUieries & iron works of a co. estab. here in 1792, at which the Vauxhall and other iron bridges in the metropolis and elsewhere, the" iron colonnade of the opera-house in London, large iron machinery, and some powerful steam- engines, have been made. BuTTEBMEEE, a pa. of Engl., CO. Wilts, 5 m. S. Hungerford. Area 1,340 ae. Pop. 180.— II. a chapelry, co. Cumberland, pa. Brigham, 7J m. S.W. Keswick. Pop. 84. The lake Bnttermere,! is about 1^ m. in length by ^ m. in width, and surrounded by sublime mountain scenery. Bdttebntjts, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, 84 m. S.W. Albany. Pop. 4,057. BuTTEEWicK, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Holland, on the coast, 4 m. B. Boston. Area 1,370 ac. Pop. 200. It has an endowed school, rev. about 250?. per ann. — II. (West), a township, same co., parts Lindsey, 11 m. N.E. Gainsboro'. Pop. ,846. Sev. smaller tnshps., cos. York and Lincoln, are named Butterwick. BuTiEEWOETH, a tusbp. of Engl., co. Lancas- ter, pa. & 3 m. E. Rochdale. Pop. 6,088, chiefly employed in cotton and woollen factories. BuTTES, a vill. of Switzerl., cant, and 19 m. S.W. Neufchitel, has 1,000 inhabs., and extens. manuf. of watches. The position of this vill., in a narrow valley surrounded by high mountains, renders the smi invisible during many montibs in the year. Bdttetant, a mkt. town and pa. of Irel., Mun- ster, CO. Cork. The town stands on the Awbeg, 3J m. W. Doneraile. Area of pa. 11,583 ao. Pop. 6,042 ; do. of town, 1,624 ao. It was for- merly enclosed by walls, and has the ruins of many ecclesiastical edifices, an old castle, & large infantry barracks. Fairs, March 27 & Oct. 14. Butiiolieea, a town of Piedmont, prov. and 16m. N.W. Asli. Pop. 2,252.-11. (JTriola), a vill., Sard, states, in the prov. Susa. Pop. 1,190. BniTiNGTON, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Montgom- ery, on the Severn, and partly included in the bor. of Welshpool. Pop. 826. Offa's dyke se- parates the CO. Salop from this pa., in which a sanguinary battle was fought between the Saxons and Danes in 894, and at a subsequent period one between the Welsh and English, which was nearly the last fought for Welsh independence. Butts, a co. of U. S., N. Amer., in centre of Georgia. Area 420 sq. m. Pop. 6,308, of whom 2,022 are slaves. Soil fertile. BuTTSBDEBv, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 6 m. S.S.W. Chelmsford. Area 1,440 ac. Pop. 621„ BuTTisnoLZ, a vill. of Switzerl., cant, and lli m. N.W. Lucerne, near which is a large mound, called Terire Anglais, because it is said to con- tain the remains of 3,000 Enghshmen, followers of Ingelram de Coucy, defeated here in 1376. Bdttolfh, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, rape Bramber, IJ m. S.E. Steyning. Area 910 ac Pop. 48. The river Augur is here navigable. Buttstadt, a town of Central Germany, duchy , Saxe-Weimar, princip. & 11 m. N.N.E. Weimar. Pop. 2,060. The town of Buitelstadt is 4 m. S.W. BuTTiN, or BuTTZEN, a town of Hungary, E. of the Theiss, co. & 37 m. N.E. Arad. Pop. 3,775. BuTZBACH, a town of W. Germany, H. Darm- stadt, prov. Upper Hessen, 11 m. S. Giessen. Pop. 2,246. Manufactures flannels, hosiery, and leather. BUT 241 BYW BiJTzow, a decayed tomi of N. Geniumy. Mecklenb. Schwerin, princip. Schernin, on the Warnow, 18m. S.W.Rostock. Pop. 3,894. Manufs. paper aud playing-cards. Its old episcop. resid. uovf serves for a prison, and its university was conjoined with that of Rostock in 1789. BuxAB, a tonn and fortress of British India, presid Bengal, dist. Bakhar, on the Ganges, 73 in. ArV. Patna, and famous for a complete victory ob- tained in 1764, by 7,000 Europeans and sepoys, under Sir H. Monro, over a combined native army of 40,000 men, 2,000 of whom were left dead on the field, and many drowned in their flight. BuxEDWAR, a strong and remai-kable pass across the Himalaya mntns., from the Cooch- Bahar (Hindostan) into Bootan, 80 m. N.N.E. Rungpoor in Bengal. BuxHALi,, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 3J m. ' W.S.W. Stow-Market. Area 2,120 ac. Pop. 633. BuKTED, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, rape Peveusey, IJ m. N.E. TIckfield. Area 7,020 ac. Pop. 1,574. Fair, 31st July. BcxTEHi DC, a town of Hanover, landr. and 13 m. S.E. Stade, on the Este, nearits mouth, in the Elbe. Pop. 2,2tK). JIannfs. starch, leather, snufF, & wax-lights ;*& import trade from Hamburgh. Buxton, Bucostenum, a market town, chapelry, & watering-place of Engl., co. Derby, pa. Bake- well, near the source of the Wye, 31 m. W.N.W. Derby, and 160 m. N.N.W. London. Pop. 1,569. It is situated in a valley 900 feet above the sea, and 'consists of an old and a new town, the latter containing many ranges of fine buildings, includ- ing a noble crescent, excellent hotels & shops, an elegant modem church, public & private baths, assembly-rooms, a handsome pump-room, the whole founded by the late D. of Devonshire, who also established several schools and a lending library. The " Old Hall," once the residence of Mary Q. of Scots, is now an inn. The upper town, or vlll., is unprepossessing, but it contains some tolerable inns and lodging-houses, with an old mkt.-cross. The saline waters in the lower town, are from a hot and a cold spring, within a few inches of each other ; there is also a chalybeate spring. Buxton is frequented annually by from 10,000 to 12,000 visitors, chiefly between June and Oct. From 1,000 to 1,200 poor invalids annually avail themselves of the " bath-charity," by means of which they are, on proper recom- mendation, maintained for a month, while using the waters. Many of the resident inhabs. are en- gaged in the manuf of alabaster, spar, and other ornaments. Mkt., Sat. Fairs in Feb., April, May, Sept., and Oct. Races in June. The vici- nity abounds with fine scenery ; and adjacent to the town are Pool's-hole, a vast staJactitic cavern, and Diamond-hill, so caJled from a profiision of crystals dispersed through its structure. — 11 a pa,, CO. Norfolk, 4 m. N.W. Coltishall. Area 1,460 ac. Pop. 713. It has an endowed school, and charities producing about 140Z. per annum. Buxton, a tnshp. of the TJ. States, Maine, co, York, 5 m. S.W. Augusta. Pop. 2,688. BuxT,acomm. and town of France, dep. Sa6ne- et-Loire, cap. cant., 9 m. S.W. Chalons. P. 1,954. BuzANQAis, a comm. and town of France, dep. Indre, cap. cant,, on the Indre, 13 m. N.W. Chi- teauroux. Pop. 3,139. Woollen manufs., & trade in wool ; in its vicinity are extensive iron-works. BnzANCT, a town of France, dep. Ardennes, cap. cant., 25 m. S.E. Mezieres. Pop. 896. It has a castle, and a Saracenic edifice of 12th cent. BuzET, a comm. and town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garrone, arrond. and 7 m, N. Nerao. P. 1,617. Excellent wine produced in its vicinity. Buzzard Bat,U. S., N. Amer., on the S. coast of Massachusetts. Length about 30 m. ; average breadth, 7 miles. BvAM Martin's Island, Pacific O., is in lat. 19° 40' 22' S,, and Ion, 140° 22' 28" W. It was discovered by Sir W. Beechey in 1825, Byfield, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 7 m. S.S.W. Daventry. Area 2,760 ac. Pop. 1,079. Byfieet, a pa. of Engl., co. Surrey, 2 m. S. the Weybridge station of the S.W. railway. Area 2,760 ac. Pop. 672. Charities, 281. per annum. Bvford, a pa. of Engl., co. and 7^ m. W.N.W. Hereford. Area 910 ac. Pop. 236. Byqonbaert, a town of Brit.-India, presid. & prov. Bengal, dist. Jlymunsing, on the Brahma- putra, 73 m. N. Dacca. Bygrave, apa. of Engl,, co. Herts, 2 m, N,N,E, Baldock. Area 1,360 ac. Pop. 154. Btker, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Northumberland, on the Tyne, 1^ m. E. Newcastle. Pop, 6,024, employed in various manufs., &o,, connected with the Newcastle trade. Bykhof, several towns in Russia, — I. gov, & 55 m. S. Tchernigov II. {Novo-B.),gov. and 38 m. S. Moghilev.— III. (Staroi-S.), gov. & 26 m. S. Moghilev ; an old fortfd. town on r. b. of the Dnieper. Pop. 3,900. It has several churches, convents, and a synagogue. BiKDND, a ruined city, iadep. Turkestan, khanat, and 23 m. S.W. Bokhara. It is said to have been one of the oldest cities in that region, and it retains remains of high antiquity. BvLAND, atnshp. of Engl,, co. York, N. Riding, pa. Coxwold, 5 m. W.S,W. Helmsley. Pop. 97. Here axe the remains of a noble abbey, founded in the 12th century. — II. {Old), a contiguous pa.j 5 m. W.N.W. Helmsley. Area 3,120 ac. Pop. 185. BvLAUGH, a pa, of Engl., co. Norfolk, 4J m. N.E. Dereham. Area 1,580 ac. Pop. 85. BvRAGHUR (Hind. VairagTiur), a town of India, Nagpoor dom,, on the Mahauuddy, 75 m. S.W. Sumbhulpoor. — II. a vill. of Rajpootana, 5 m. W. Dillanpoor. — Byramghawt is a town of Oude, on the Goggra, 34 m. N.E. Lucknow. Btrd, a tnshp,, U, S,, N. Amer., Mississippi, Cape Girardeau co. Pop. 2,575, BrBON, a tnsp,, IT. S., N. Amer., N.York, co. Genesee, 10 m. N.E. Batavia. Pop. 1,907. Bieon's (Bay), E, coast of Labrador, N. Amer., in lat. 54° 40' N,, Ion. 57° 30' W.— {Island), Paci- fic, Mulgrave archip,, lat. 1° 18' S., Ion. 177° 20' E. It is low, densely wooded, & was discovered by Admiral Byron in 1765. Bybria, a town of India, Gwalior dom,, 16 m. from Oojein, & in 1820 comprising 1,000 houses. Bytham (Castle), a pa, of Engl,, co. Lincoln, pts. Kesteven, 5 m. S.S.W. Corby. Area 776 ac. Pop. 855, — II, {Little), a pa. adjoining the last named. Area 1,010 ac. Pop. 311. Bythoen, a pa, of Engl., co. Huntingdon, 6J m, N.N.W, lUmbolton. Area 1,610 ac. Pop, 322. Byton, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 4 m, E, Presteign, Area 1,030 ac. Pop. 172, By-Town, a vill. of Upper Canada, Bathurst district, on an island at the junction of the Ottawa riv. & Bideau canal, & a station for steam- boats. Bywell, 2 continguouspas. of Engl, co. North- umberland. — I. {St Andrew's), on Carlisle railway, ward. Tindale, 13J m. W. Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Area 3,680 ac. Pop, 452.— II. {StPeter's),on the Tyne. Area 21,780 ac. Pop, 1,612. The vill,, which is sit. in both pas., is very picturesque. It is surrounded by woods, and has 2 churches, the ruins of a castle of the Baliols, and of anc. bridge over the Tyne, which hero falls 10 feet. CAB 242 c Places sought for under this initial and not found, are referred to the letter K. replaced by TCH. CZ is sometimes Cabaqa, a town of Africa, S. Guinea, in the country of Ginga, about lat. 8° S., Ion. 20° 21' E. CABAaAN, a town of the Philippine isls. in the prov, Cagayan, at the N. extrem. of the isl. Luzon. Pop. (1838) 11,185. Cabalijnqa, a town of the isl. of Samar, Philip- pines, resid. of the Spanish alcalde of the island. Cabanes, a town of Spain, prov. & 12 m. N.E. Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 1,619. Cabannes-et-Baeres, a comm. and vUl. of France, dep. Tarn, arrond. Castres. Pop. 1,154. Cabaeods, a CO. U. S., N. Amer., in S. part of N. Carolina, drained by Kocky riv. Area 300 sq. m. Pop. 9,259, of whom 2,179 are slaves. CABEgo DE Vide, a town of Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, 16 m. N.E. Aviz. Pop. 2,000. Cabeli., a CO. U. S., N. Amer., in W. part of Virginia, on the Ohio river. Area 1,000 sq. m. Pop. 8,163, of whom 667 are slaves. Cabenda, or Kabenda, a seaport town of W. Africa, S. Guinea, in Angoy, 40 m. N. the month of the riv. Zaire. Its harb. had formerly a con- siderable export trade in slaves, ivory, and wax. Cabes, or Khabs, Tacapa, a seaport town of N. Africa, dom. & 200 m. S. Tunis, at the mouth of a small riv. (anc. Triton) in the Gulf of Cabes ; it exports a considerable quantity of henna. Cabes (Gulf of), Syrtis Minor,an inlet of the Mediterranean, on the N.E. coast of Africa, be- tween the isls. of Rerkenna and Jerba. Lat. about 34° N., & Ion. from 10° to 11° E. On its shores are the towns of Cabes or ELhabs, & Sl^x or Sfakus. Cabeza del Buby, a town of Spain, prov. and 86 m. E.S.E. Badajoz. Pop. 6,994. Ithasmanu&. of woollen cloths and linens. There are several small towns in Spain called Cabeza & Cabezas. Cabezas de San Juan, a town of Spain, prov. and 27 m. S. Sevilla. Pop. 3,471. It is very anc, and has a Moorish castle. Cabezon, a mkt.-town of Spain, prov. and 7 m. N.N.E. Valladolid, on the Pisuerga. Scene of one of the first battles of the Peninsular wars in 1808. Cabiao, a town of the isl. Luzon, Pliilippines, prov. Pampanga, N.W. Manila. Pop. 4,940. Cable Islahd, a small isl. of Irel., Munster, co. Cork, in the Atlantic, 6 m. S.S.W. Youghal. Cabo Fbio, a city and seaport of Brazil, N.E. the cape of same name, prov. and 75 m. N.E. Eio Janeiro. Pop. (1846) 3,600. It has an elect, college, estab. in 1840, and numerous primary schools. The town is situated at the S.E. ex- tremity of Lake Araruama, and is connected with the continent by a stone bridge, built 1836. Climate unhealthy. Extens. commerce in salt. Caeool, or Caubdl, a fortifd. city, and the cap. of N. Afghanistan, on the Cabool riv., here crossed by 3 bridges, 6,396 ft. above the sea, and 82 m. N.N.E. Ghuznee. Lat. 84° 80' N., Ion. 69° 6' E. Pop. about 60,000. It is enclosed on the N.W. and S. sides by hills, along which run some weak ramparts ; and at its E. end is the Bala Hissar ("palace of the kmg|s"). This citadel comprises the resid. of the omef, various govern, offices, royal gardens, an inner fort, and a small town with 6,000 inhabs. The outer town, about 3 m. in circ, is entered by 4 gates, and has two princip. thoroughfares running parallel to each other, and the N. of which led to the magnificent bazar, destroyed by the British on their evacua- tion of Cabool in 1842. The city is subdivided into dists., each enclosed with walls, and capable of being shut off from the rest so as to form a separate fortress ; and in the S.W. dist. is a pretty strongly fortifd. quarter, inhabited by Persians or Kuzzilbashes, of whom there are from 10,000 to 12,000 in the city. Streets intri- cate, often too narrow for two horsemen to pass each other, and very badly paved. Houses in general 2 or 3 stories high, built of sun-dried bricks and wood, and with flat roofs ; those of the wealthy inhabs. have extens. courts and gar- dens. Outside of the city are the tombs of the emperor Baber, who made Cabool his cap., and of Timour-Shah, the latter being an octagon of brick surmounted by a cupola. Cabool has an active trade ; it imports the precious metals, fire- arms, paper, tea, cotton goods, broad cloths, velvets, kermes and other dyes, iron wares, cutlery, needles, raw silk, to from 4O,OO0Z. to 50,000A yearly, mostly brought from the Bussian and the Chinese doms., and Indep. Turkestan; and which goods are mostly expedited S.ward into Hindostan, &c. It has considerable mkts. for corn, cattle, and fuel, and is famous in the E. for its excellent supply of vegetables and fimits. From its elev., the winter in Cabool is long and severe, the summer is delightful ; average temp, from 75° to 85°. The inhabs. are tall, well made, not very dark, and have Jewish features. They are Mohammedans of the Sonnee sect. The liigher classes speak Persian, the common people the Pushtoo dialect. Cabool was taken by Se- buctaghi in 977, by Tamerlane at the end of the 14th cent., and in 1738 by Nadir Shah. It was the scene in 1842 of the treacherous outbreak of the chiefs, the murders of Sir W. Macnaughten and Sir A. Burnes, and the massacre of 3,800 soldiers and 12,000 camp followers ; it was re- taken in the same year by the British troops under Sir R. Sale, the bazaars and public build- ings burned and finally relinquished. Its chief- ship is considered to extend from the S. of Ghuznee to the Hindoo Koosh, & from Bamian to the Khyber miitns., comprising an area of about 10,000 sq. m., with the cities of Cabool, Istalif, Ghuznee, & Jelalabad. Dost Mahomed's army amounted to 2,500 infantry, and 12,000 to 13,000 horse. His ann. rev. is said to be 150,000?. Cabool River, or Jui-Shir, the only large tri- butary of the Indus from the W., rises near lat. 34° 21' N., and Ion. 68° 20' E., at an elevation of 8,400 ft., and after an E.ward course of 820 m., and the addition of many tributaries, joins the Indus nearly opposite Attock. It is navigable for boats of 40 or 50 tons, from the Indus to Dobnndee, a distance of 60 m. The towns of Cabool, Jelalabad, and Salpoor are on its banks. Cabot, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., Ver- mont, 20 m. N.E. Montpelier. Pop. 1,440. Caboubn, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincohi, IJ m. N.N.E. Caistor. Area 2,860 ae. Pop. 166. Cabea, JEgabrum, a town of Spain, prov. and 30 m. S.E. Cordova. Pop. 11,676. It has a college, and manufe. of tiles, bricks, linens, and soap. Its neighbourhood is volcanic, and pro- duces wine of superior quality. Sev. small towns CAB 243 CAD ill Spain, a vill. of Central Africa, and of one of the Nicobar isls. have this name. Cabrach, a pa. of Scotl., cos. Aberdeen and Banff, 38J m. N.W. Aberdeen. Snrfaoe mntuous. Estun. area 51,200 ac. Pop. 827. Cabkas, a vill. in the isl. Sardinia, div. Cagli- ari, cap. maud., 5 m. N.W. Oristano. Pop. 3,392. Cabbeba, one of the Balearic isls. in the Medi- teiTanean, 9 m. S. Minorca. It has a fort and a small harb., and is used by the Spanish gov. as a place of exile. Also sev. vills. and a riv. of Spain. Ca^apaba, a town of Brazil, cap. dist. same name, prov. S. Pedro do Rio Grande, 160 m. W.S.W. Porto Alegrc. Pop. 3,000. Caccamo, a town of Sicily, intend. Palermo, cap. cant., 5J m. S.W. Tei-miui. Pop. 6,563. Caccavone, a town of Naples, prov. Sannio, 3 m. S.W. Agnone. Pop. 2,543. Cacbres, Castra Cacilia, a town of Spain, cap. prov. formed of the N. part of Estremadura, on small river of same name, 25 m. W. Tmxillo. Pop. 9,521. It has a royal court, a fine convent and college, a large hospital, and some Roman antiqs., with flour and fi^ng mills, & dye-works. Caceres, a town of S. Amer., New Granada, prov. and 110 m. N. Popayan. Caqebes (Nueta), a town of the Philippines, cap. prov. S. Camarines, in the isl. of Luzon, on the S.E. coast, 175 m. S.E. Manila, betw. the bay of S. Miguel and the gulf of Ragay. Pop., with the suburbs Tabueo and Sta. Cruz, 12,000. It is well built, and is the resid. of an alcalde and a bishop. Cachao, Cacheo, Kb-cho, or Bit-iHiAN, the largest city of Anam, S.E. Asia, cap. prov. Ton- quin, on the Tonquin riv., about 95 m. from its mouth. Pop. 100,000 ? (Crawfurd). It is of great extent, defended by a bamboo stockade. Streets wide and paved ; houses mostly of mud & timber. PubUc edMces comprise one royal palace and the rtdns of another. Though its riv. is navigable only for smaU vessels, it has a considerable trade. Chi. exports bullion, fine silks, and lacquered wares; imports long cloths, chintzes, pepper, arms, and Ladian and European manufs. It was formerly the seat of English and Dutch factories. Cachae, or Hatbumbo, a territ. of British India, presid. Bengal, in Further India, be- tween lat. 24° and 26° N., and Ion. 92° and 93° 30' £., enclosed by Cassay, Assam, and the dists. Tiperah, Silhet, and Jynteah. Area 6,507 sq. m. ; estim. pop. 70,000. Surface mostly mntnous. In the S. are some fertile plains, but most part of the country is nntilled. Cm. riv. the Barak. Rice, cotton, and sugar are raised, and, with timber, bamboo, iron ore, wax, ivory, and limestone, form the chf. exports, the total value of which in 1839-40, was estimated at 3,680?. Imports in same year, comprising salt, cloths, tobacco, ghee, &c., estimated at IfiSSl. The pop. consists mainly of a Mongol tribe, who have adopted Brahminical usages, with some Bengalese, Kookies, & Nagas. Land rev. (1839-40) 2,648/. ; total rev. 3,660/. Cacheo, a fort and town of W. Africa, Sene- gambia, Portuguese territ., near the mouth of the Cacheo river, 85 m. S.S.E. Bathurst. Cachoeiba, a populous & commercial city of Brazil, prov. and 60 m. N.W. Baliia, on the river Paraguacu, cap. comarca, of same name, and seat of an elect, college. Chf. exports, tobacco and coffee. Pop. of dist. (184-t) 15,000.-11. prov. S. Pedro do Grande, 220 m. N.W. Rio Grande.— III. a new fortifd. town, prov. Para. Pop. 4,000. Caconck), a town of W. Africa, S. Guinea, An- gola, cap. a petty state, 35 m. S.E. Loango. Cabalen, a comra. and town of France, dep. Tarn, 6 m. S.E. Gaillac. Pop. 2,206. Cadaques, a town of Spain, prov. and 32 m. N.E. Gerona, with a small port on the Mediterr. Cadbury, three pas. of Engl I. co. Devon, 5i m. E.N.E. Crediton. Area 2,620 ac. Pop. 251.— II. (North), co. Somerset, 3 J m. S. Castle - cary. Area 2,630 ac. Poij. 1,075.-111. (South), same co., 6 m. W.S.W. Wincanton. Area 800 ac. Pop. 254. Here are the remains of an anc. fort called Camalet, & supposed to be the Cath- bregion, where Arthur defeated the Saxons. Uadder, a pa. of Scotl., co. Lanark, on the borders of the cos. Dumbarton and Stirling, 5 m. N.E. Glasgow. Pop. 4,425. It has some stone quarries, and comprises the vills. of Auchineam, Bishopsbridge, & the quoad sacra pa. Chryston. AtRobroystone, in this pa., Wallace was betrayed and apprehended, August 5, 1305. Caddington, a pa. of Engl, cos. Bedf. & Hertf., 2 m. W.S.W. Luton. Area 4,600 ac. Pop. 1,747. Caddo, a pa. of the U. S., N. Amer., in N.W. part of Louisiana. Pop. 5,282. In N. part is Caddo Lake, and Red riv. on E. Cabeac, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Pyrenees, 16 m. S.W. Arreau, on the Nesle. Pop. 500. It has hot suh>h. springs and baths. Cadebt, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, IJ m. E.S.E. Market-Bosworth. Area 2,130 ac. P. 387. Cadeleigh, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 4i m. S.W. Tiverton. Area 2,020 ac. Pop. 403. Cadenet, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vaucluse, cap. cant., 31 m. S.E. Avignon. Pop, 2,595. Around it are many Roman antiquities. Cadereita, a town of the Mexican confed., dep., 42 m. E. Queretaro. Pop. 4,000. In its viomity silver mines are worked. Cadee-Idbis, the loftiest mntn. in Wales, after Snowdon, co. Merioneth, 4 m. S. Dolgelly. It ascends precipitously to 2,914 feet in elevation. Cadebousse, a comm. & town of France, dep. Vaucluse, on 1. b. of the Rhone, 11 m. N.N.W Avignon. Pop. 1,809, empl. in silk spinning. Cadiebe (La), a comm. & vill. of France, dep. VaiT, and 10 m. N.W. Toulon. Pop. 1,340. Cadillac, a comm. and town of France, dep. Gironde, cap. cant., on r. b. of the Garonne, 17 m. S.E. Bordeaux. Pop. 1967, employed in manu- facturing casks and agricnl. implements, and in the wine trade. It has a female penitentiary. Cadiz, Gades, a fortified city of Spain, cap. prov. of same name, formed of the S.W. part of Andalucia, on the Atlantic Ocean, at the extrem. of a penins. of the isle of Leon, the narrow isth- mus of which forms an immense bay. Lat of ob- serv. 36° 31' 41" N., Ion. 6° 17' 13" W. Mean temp. of year 62°, winter 62° .8, summer 70° .2 Fahr." Pop. (1846) 63,922. It is a fortress of the first order, is surrounded by walls & defended by batteries, & being on an elev. site and built of white stone, it has a beautiful appearance from the sea. Publ. edifices, include two catheds. (one completed since 1832), two theatres, house of refuge, arsenal, naval college, barracks, and the light-ho. of St. Sebastian, 172 ft. in height. The harb. formed by a mole projecting into the bay, is accessible only to small vessels, and ships of large burden anchor | m. from the shore ; its trade has great- ly declined since the emancipation of the Spanish colonies ; its dependency, St. Mary, is the centre of the trade in sherry wine. Total re^. value of exports in 1840 was 1,724,6601, comprising wine to 1,314,880/. (sent to Engl.), provisions, various manufd. goods, metals, and colonial produce ; of the above total amount, Engl, received goods to the value of 1,604,240/. Reg. value of imports (1840) 1,076,600/.; besides which, Cadiz has a good deal of contraband import trade. In the CAD 2-li CAG same year 764 vessels, aggreg. burden 116,923 tons, entered, and 74G do., burden 117,415 tons, cleared out of the port. Cadiz was made a free port in 1829, but it ceased to enjoy that advan- tage in 1832. It was taken by the English in 1596, and bombarded by them in 1300. In 1823 it surrendered to the French. Cadiz (Bay op), an extensive inlet of the At- lantic, on the S.W. coast of Spain, prov. Cadiz, about lat. 36° 30' N., and Ion. 6° 15' W., bounded S.W. by the penins. of Cadiz, 5 m. in length, and divided into an outer and inner bay by the pro- montory and fort of Matagorda. It has every ■where good anchorage, and along its shores are some excellent barb's, with the city of Cadiz, and towns Rota, Sta. Maria, Ports Keal, and San Fer- nando. In the islet La Carraca, on its E. side, are arsenals and ship-building yards, the most im- portant in the kgdm., & among the best in Eur. Cadiz, a town, U. S., N. Amer., Ohio, cap. of Harrison co.,112m. E.N.E. Columbia. Pop. 1,366. — Also small town of S. Amer., Venezuela, on the S. coa^t of the isl. Cubagua. Cadnet, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 25 m. S.S.E. Glandford-Brigg. Area 6,100 ac. Pop. 438. Cadoke (Pieve-di), a town of N. Italy, on r. b. of the Piave, 22^ m. N.N.E. Belluno. Pop. 2,000. Celeb, as the birth-place of Titian. In 1797, the French here gained a victory over the Austrians. Cadoxton, 2 pas. of S. Wales. — I. Co. Glamor- gan, J m. N. Neath. Pop. 5,794, employed in coal & copper mines. — II. {riear Barry), same oo., on the Bristol Channel, 5J m. S.W. Cardiff. Pop. 242. Cadsand, Cadzand, or Cassandbia, an isl., Netherlands, prov. Zeeland, at the mouth of the W. Scheldt, and having on it a small town of same name, 6 m. N. Sluis. Pop. 1,156. Caek, Cadomum, a city of France, cap. dep. Calvados, 122 m. W.N.W. Paris, and 9 m. from the English Channel, on 1. b. of the Orne, which here receives the Odon, and at the head of a branch railw. (in progress) in connex. with the Paris and Rouen railw. Pop. (1846) 38,267. It is a handsome city, & has a university academy, and a chamber of commerce, a college, normal school and school of hydrography, and a rich public library. The chief edifices are the hotel- de-ville, palace of justice, church of St Etienne, which contains the tombs of William the Con- querer, and Ms princess Matilda, & the hospital with mineral springs. It has manufs. of lace, blonde, black and white crape, and cutlery ; cot- ton spinning, wax-bleaching, brewing and dyeing works, and ship-building yards. Caen has an extensive maritime commerce, especially with America ; its exports consist of manuf. articles, grain, cider, brandy, wine, cattle, fish, and for the London market, fruit, butter, and eggs; its trade is facilitated by a branch of the Odon which traverses it. A maritime canal, 12 ft. deep, is in progress to connect its port with the sea. This was an important place under the Dukes of Nor- mandy, who fortified it ; the English took it in 1346, and again in 1417, wnen they held it till 1450. Previous to the revol. in 1793 it was the seat of a university, founded by Henry VI. of Eng- land. It is the birth-place of Malherbe. Caenbv, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Lind- sey, 7 m. W. Market-Raisen. Ac. 1,760. P. 185. Caeb (Celtic, " a castle.") For names with this prefix not mentioned below, see Car. Caer-Caradoc, or Ckadock-hill, Engl., co. Salop, is near the confl. of the Clun and Teond. On it are vestiges of the camp which the cele- brated Caractacus defended against the Roman general Ostorius, & whence its name is derived. Caergwble, a tnshp. of N, Wales, co. Flint, pa. Hope, on the Alyn, 5 m. N.N.W. Wrexham. Pop. 394. Cattle fairs, Shrove Tues., May 16, Aug. 12, Oct 27. It has interesting remains of a castle ; and it contributes with Flint, &c., to send 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1846) 73. CAERiinw, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Carnarvon, on the Conway, 4 m. S. Aberconway. P. 1,257. Caebiavebock, a pa, of Scotl., co. and 6 m. S.S.E. Dumfries, on the Solway Firth, and the riv. Nith. Estun. area 4,640 ac. P. 1,297. Caerlaverock Castle, the ruined seat of the Maxwells, is in this pa., described in Sir W, Scott's Guy Marniering. Caerleon (" castle of the legion,") anc. laea Silurum, a mlit.-town of Engl,, oo. Monmouth, pa. Llangattock, on the Usk, here crossed by a mo- dern stone bridge, 2\ m. N.E. Newport. Pop. 1,174. Its houses are mostly old and decaying. It has a good church, several dissenting chapels, a free school, some iron and tin works, a weekly mkt. on Thurs., & 4 ann. fairs ; but it is chiefly interesting as the anc. cap. oi Britannia Secunda (mod. Wales), & as having been a place of con- siderable importance, even in the 12th century, during which, however, and subsequently, it was ruined by repeated wars between the Welsh and the Anglo-Normans. Much of the present town stands within the precincts of the anc. camp, the Avails of which stUl partially exist ; and a httle N.W.ward is a concave area, popularly termed "Arthur's Round Table," but which was evi- dently a Roman amphitheatre. Various Roman antiquities have been discovered in and around the town ; and there is little doubt that it was the cap. of the British chief Arthur, in the 6th century, toward the close of which period, its archbishopric-see was removed to St David's. CaeBMABTHEN, S. Wales. [CARMARTHEIf.] Caebnabvon, a t. of N. Wales. [Caknabvow.] Caernarvon, a town, U. S., N. Amer., Lan- caster CO., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1,590. Caerphilly, a mkt.-town and chaplery of S. Wales, CO. Glamorgan, pa. Eglwysllan, in a wide plain surrounded by mntns., 7 m. N.N.W. Cardiff. Pop. 634. It has the ruins of one of the finest Norman castles in the principality, with small manufe. of linsey-woolsey, shirtings, and checks. In the vicinity are numerous collieries and iron- works. Mkt., Thurs. Fairs, April 5, June 6, July 19, August 25, October 9, November 16, and Thursday before (Siristmas-day. Caeewent, Venta Silurum, a pa. of Engl., co. Monmouth, 6 m. W.S.W. Chepstow. Area 1,900 ac. Many Roman remains, including a beautiful tesselated pavement, have been discovered here. Caebwys, a mkt.-town and pa. of N. Wales, co. Flint, 4} m. S.W. Holywell. Pop. 987. Mkt., Tues. Cattle fairs. Mar. 5, last Tues. in April, Trinity Thurs., Tues. after 7th July, Aug. 29, Nov. 5. It contributes with Flmt, &c., to send 1 mem. to H. of C. Beg. electors (1846) 70. Cesarea, 2 towns of Asiatic-Turkey. [Kai- sariyeh and Kisaeiah.] Caffa, a seaport-town, Crimea. [Kaffa.] Caffearia, S. Africa. [Kapeabia.] Caffeistan, Central Asia. [ICapieistan.] Cagayan, an extens. prov. of the isl. of Luzon, at the N. extrem. of the isl. It comprises 21 towns and vills., cap. Lallo. Pop. (1838) 58,680. Cagayan-Sooloo, an isl. of Asiatic archip.,in the Sooloo Sea, lat. 6° 68' 5" N., Ion. 118° 28' 11' E. It is 20 m. in circumference, and densely wooded. Caqayanes, a group of small isls. in the Sooloo Sea, lat. 9° 35' 30' N., long. 121° 16' 30' E. ■. Caggiano, a town of Naples, prov. Princip. Citra, 14 ra. N. Diano. Pop. 3,200. C AG 215 C A I Cagli, a walled town of Italy, Pontif. sta., leg. aud 13 m. S. Urblno, at the confl. of the Bosso & Cantiano. P. (1836) 9,617. It has an active trade in tanned and dressed leather. Several remains of the anc. Callis have been discov. near it ; but the mod. town dates only fi-om tlie 13th century. Caoliart, Calaris, a fortfd. marit. city, & the cap. of the island Sardinia, on an extensive bay of its S. coast. Lat. (tower of S. Pancracio) 39° 13' 14' N., Ion. 9° r 48' E. Pop. (1838) 27,989. The ancient city, on the summit of a low hill, com- prises the citadel, viceregal palace, cathedral, & most of the residences of the nobility. The Ma- rina, extending thence down to tlie shore, is a well-built quarter, containing the dwellings of most of the merchants and foreign consuls, with the bonding warehos., arsenal, lazai'etto, & mole ; the other quarters are Villa-nova and Stampace, aud the suburb St Avandr^. Cagliai-i has about 30 churches, upwards of 20 convents, several hos- pitals, a female orphan asylum, a public library, college, high school, small theatre, mint, several museums, and prisons for galley slaves. Its barb, is one of the safest in the Mediterranean. Cag- liari has a royal tobacco factory, manufs. of cot- ton fabrics, cake saffron, gunpowder, soap, fur- niture, leather, &c. ; & it exports corn, pulse, oil, wine, and salt. A new and good road connects it with Sassari in the N. part of the isl. It is the seat of a royal court, and a tribunal of com- merce, and the residence of the viceroy and the archbp.-primate of Sardinia. It has remains of a Koman amphitheatre, aqueduct, tomb, and some vestiges of the Greek city founded before the Roman dominion. Caoliabi (Bat of), a bay of the Mediterranean, on the S. coast of the isl. Sardinia, between Capes Pula and Carbonara, about 27 m. in breadth at its mouth. It affords secure anchorage. On its shores are Cagliari, and the towns of Pula & St Andrea, with artificial salterns, which yield about 6,000 tons of salt annually. Cagn ANO, 2 towns of Naples. — I. prov. Capita^ nata, cap. cant., on the Garganian promontory, 25 m. N.E. Foggia. Pop. 4,030.-11. prov. Abruzzo- Ult., 10 m. N.W. Aquila. Pop. 2,180. Caqnes, a eomm. and vill. of France, dep. Var, near the Mediterr., 11 m. E. Grasse. Pop. 2,036. Cagsana, a town of the Philippines, prov. Al- bay, near the S. extremity of the island Luzon. Pop., with district, 12,755. Cagca and Cagcas, 2 towns of S. Amer. ; the former, Venezuela, dep. prov. and 60 m. W.S.W. Caracas. Pop. 6,200. The latter. New Granada, dep. Cundinamarca, on the Cagnan riv., a tribu- tary of the Amazon, 120 m. S.S.W. Bogota. Cahaba, a river, U. S., N. Amer., Alabama, after a S.ward course of 120 m., joins the Alaba- ma river at Cahaba vill., 68 m. S.E. Tuscaloosa. CahetS, or Villakova-da-Baihha, a town of Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes, 25 m. S.E. Sahara. Pop. 6,000. It has a primary school, an hos- pital, and an electoral college, established 1841. Cahie, or Cahek, a pa. & thriving mkt.-town of Irel., Munster, co. Tipperary, on the Suir, 97 m. S.S.W. Dublin. Area of pa. 13,647 ac. Pop. 8,801; do. of town, 3,668. The town is very neatly built, and has a handsome church, a Rom. Cath. chapel, sessions-ho., jail, mkt.-ho., & large flour-mills. Near the town are cavalry barracks ; the remains of an abbey ; and a fine old castle in good repair, belonging, with a mansion and park adjacent, to the E. of Glengall. Mkts. for corn, &o., Frid. Fairs, May 26 & 27, July 20, Sept. 18 and 19, and Deo. 7. Races annually. The line of the Dublin and Cork railw., now (1850) in progress, will pass within 1 m. distant. — 11. a pa., Munster, CO. Kerry, comprising the town of Cahirciveen (which see). Area 19,100 ac. Pop. 6,315. In it are 2 old castles, & it was the birth-place of the late Dan. O'Connell. — III. a pa., Leinster, Queen's CO., IJ m. E.N.E. Borris-in-Ossory. Area 1,827 ac. Pop. 519. — IV. a small isl., barony of Mur- risk, CO. Mayo, 4J m. from the shore. — V. an isl., 3J m. S. Clare island. Cahibagh, a pa. of Irel., Munster, co. Cork, 6 m. N. SMbbereen. Area 23,516 ac Pop. 8,37.5. Cahikciveen, or Cahiksiveen, a town of Irel., Munster, co. Kerry, pa. Cahir, 2^ m. E.N.E. Valentia. Pop. 1,492. It is ofrecent origin, and has a cathedral, chapel, bridewell, union work- ho., and a fever-hospital. Caiiiroonlish, a pa of Irel., Munster, co. and 9 m. E.S.E. Limerick. Area 8,173 ac. Pop. 3,925, of whom 562 are in the vill. The Shannon line of railway passes within 2 m. of the village. Cahikoonkee, a mntn. of Irel., Munster, co. Kei-ry, on the isthmus between Tralee bay and Castlemains harbour. Height 2,784 feet.' The summit is crowned by drnidic stones. Cahoes Fails, U. S., N. Amer., N. York, on the Mohawk riv., 3 m. above its mouth. The falls are 70 feet perpendicular. Cahobs, Divona, a town of France, cap. dep. Lot, on a rocky penins., almost enclosed by the riv. Lot, here crossed by three bridges, 60 m. N. Toulouse. Pop. (1846) 10,694. Princip. edifices a cathedral, a vast building with two cupolas, the prefecture, chartreuse, theatre, public library containing 12,000 vols., and three remarkable towers on one of the bridges. Cahors is the seat of an university academy, a national college (in front of which is a monument to Fenelon), a normal school, and chambers of commerce, and manufe. It has manufs. of woollens, cotton yarn, leather, paper, glass wares ; an active trade in full-bodied red wines (vins de Cahors), brandy, truffles, and rural produce ; and several large ann. fairs. Its Roman antiqs. comprise the remains of a theatre and an aqueduct. It is the birth-place of Pope John XXII., and the poet Clement Marot. Cahuzao, sevl. vills. of France ; the principal in dep. Tarn, 12 m. W.N.W. Albi. Pop. 1,786. Caioos, or THE Keys, four of the Bahama isls., with some islets and roolcs, on a bank in the Atlantic, between lat. 21° and 22° N., and about Ion. 72° W. The principal are the Great, Little, and North Keys, and Providence isl. ; the first-named is 30 m. in length. [Bahama.] Caiffa, a maritime town of Syria. [Kaiffa.] Cailloma, a town of South America, South Peru, dep. Cuzco, cap. prov. 85 m. N.N.E. Arequipa. Near it are rich silver mines. Cainham, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 3 m. E.S.E. Ludlow. Area 3,040 ac. Pop. 973. Caiee, or Caibaxi, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Gla- morgan, 3^ m. W.S.W. Cardiff. Pop. 80. Cairn, a marit. vill. of Scotland, co. Wigton, on Loch Ryan, 10 m. N.W. Glenluce. Vessels, of any burden may ride in its bay in safety ; and it is a place of call for the Glasgow and Belfast steamers. — A small riv., co. Dumfties, has this name. — Caimaple is a mntn., co. Linlithgow, pa. Torphichen. Height 1,498 ft. Caibnet-hili,, a vill. of Scotland, co. Fife, pa. Caruock, 3 m. W. Dunfermline, with 516 inhabs., mostly employed in weaving table linen, &c. Caienoobm, a mntn. of Scotland, cos. Bans' & Moray, pa. Abemethy, 4,096 ft. above the sea. It is densely wooded, snow-capped for most part of the year, and among other minerals produces the topazes knoivn as " Cairngorm stones." CAI 24G C AL Cairnie, a pa. of Seotl., cos. Aberdeen and Banff, 5 m. N.W. Huntly. Pop. 1,638. C&i^o,ElMasr, "the capital" of the Egyptians, El Kahireh, " the victorious" of the Arabs, the capital city of Egypt, residence of the viceroy & seat of government, near the rt. b. of the Nile, and 5 m. from the origin of its Delta. Lat. (tower of the Janissaries), 30° 2' V N., Ion. 31° 16' 36" E., elev. 40 ft. above the level of the sea. Pop., including the suburbs of Boulac and Old Cairo, estim. at 250,000, comprising about 126,000 Mohammedans, 60,000 Copts, 3,000 to 4,000 Jews, and numerous foreigners. Climate healthy and little variable ; the heat is great in summer & even in winter. Mean temp, of the year 72°. 2, of winter 58°. 6, of summer 85°. 1 Fahr. It never snows & very seldom rains, but dew is abundant. The city proper is built on a slope at the foot of one of the lowest ridges of the chain of Jebel MoltJcatam, & occupies an area of about 3 sq. m. ; it is surround- ed by old walls, and the highest part of the ridge is occupied by a citadel, which contains the palace of the viceroy, the arsenal, mint, & publ. offices. The citadel is commanded by forts placed on the extremity of the chain of Mokkatam. The city is separated from its suburbs Boulac and Misr-el- Aatik, improperly called Old Cairo, by a series of gardens and plantations. Cairo is divided into sevl. distinct quarters ac- cording to the religion and race of its inhabs., as the Coptic quarter, Jew's quarter, and Frank quarter, which are separated by gates. The streets are narrow, crooked, ill paved, and unfit for the passage of carriages, but they are less filthy than formerly ; the houses are substantial, and often lofty; there are many squares surrounded by good private houses, but few modern edifices of importance except the palace of Ibrahim Pacha, with extensive gardens on the Nile, betw. Boulac and Old Cairo, and the handsome residence of the viceroy at Shoubra. The city is traversed by a canal of irrigation, which commences at Old Cairo. The remarkable edifices of Cairo, which comprise many of the finest remains of Arabian architecture, all date from the reign of the Arabs and the anc. sultans of Egypt. Among these are from 300 to 400 mosques, many of which, as those of Sultan Hasan, have lofty & graceful minarets ; several of the anc. gates, an aqueduct for convey- ing water from the Nile to th& citadel, the tombs of the Mamelukes, the anc. works of the citadel, and the palace & well of Joseph. At Old Cairo are the seven towers still called " the granary of Joseph," and serving their anc. purpose. In the isl. of Bodah is the celeb. Nilometer, a graduated column for indicating the height of the water during an inundation of the riv. ; numerous anc. cisterns and baths still ornament the city; on the S., outside the walls, are the celeb, tombs of the Mamelukes, and on the N.E. the obelisk of Heliopolis. There are four prim, schools in Cairo, each having about 200 pupUs, & one preparatory school with 1,500 pupils, a museum of Egyptian antiquities, a magnetic observatory, a European theatre, several hospitals, and a lunatic asylum. Cairo was long the chief entrepfit for the com- merce of Egypt, but its trade has much declined ; 3 caravans arrive annly. from Mourzouk, Sennaar, & Darfur, & their princip. imports still are slaves. [BouLAO.] [Eqvpt.] Cairo was founded by the Arabs about a. d. 970 ; its citadel was built by Sa- ladin in 1176 ; it was the cap. of the Sultans of Egypt till the time of the Turkish conq. in 1607, since that time it has been the resid. of the Pachas, governors of the province ; it was taken by the French in 1798, and held by them for 3^ years. Cairo, Corium, a, town of Piedmont, div. Genoa, prov. & 12 m.'W.N.'W.Savona,cap.mand., on 1. b. of the Bormida. Pop. 3,492. Victory of the French over the Austrians in 1794. — ^11. a vill. of Naples, T. di Lavoro, 15 m. S.E. Sora. Caieo, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., N. York, 44 m. S.S.W. Albany. Pop. 2,862.-11. a vill., Illi- nois, at the junction of the Mississippi and Ohio. Caistob, a mkt. town and pa. of England, co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, 11 m. S.W. Grimsby. Area of pa. 4,470 ac. Pop. 2,033. Its anc. church stands on the site of Thong-ceaster, a Koman station, said to liave been rebuilt by Hengist on as much land as the hide of an ox cut into thongs would cover, and a curious ceremony, doubtless connected with that event, is ann. enacted in its church. It has gram, school founded in 1630, hav- ing an ann. rev. of about 3001. ; a union workho., and 2 branch banks. Mkt. Sat. Fairs, Frid. & Sat. betbre Palm Sund., May 10, June 1, & Sat. after Old Michaelmas. — II. (anc. Venta Icenorum), a pa., CO. Norfolk, near the N. & E. Counties rail- way, 4 m. S. Norwich. Area 910 ac. Pop. 147. Many Koman urns have been found in this place, the anc. cap. of the Iceni. — III. a pa. same co., 3 m. N. Yarmouth. Area 2,920 ac. Pop. 909. Caithness, the most northerly co. of Scotland, having W. and N. the co. Sutherland, E. the N. Sea, and N. the Ocean. Area 616 sq. m. or 395,680 ac., of which about 70,000 are cultivated, 76,000 uncultivated, and 260,680 vmprofitable. Pop. in 1801, 22,609. Inhabited houses in 1841, 6,965 ; pop. in do. 36,343. Surface mntnous. in the W. and S. ; elsewhere flat or undulating, and consisting of extensive moors. Extensive hori- zontal beds of sandstone cover the level plains, above which is a deep till clay surmounted by a deep fertile loam. Fossil fish and traces of vege- table remains are abundant in the shale & sand- stone, and lead ore has been found. Climate damp and chill. Farms mostly small. Agricul- ture and cattle have greatly improved within the present century. The fishery is the princip. branch of trade ; and from 160,000 to 200,000 barrels of fish are anunally cured for expt. to the English and Irish mkts. Some kelp and oats are also ex- ported. Impts. are chiefly manufd. goods and colonial produce. Valued rent 37,256/. Scots: ann. value of real property (1843) 65,769/. Prin- cipal to^Tns Wick and Thurso. In the middle ages this part of Scotland belonged for some time to the kings of Norway; most of its inhabs. are of Scandinavian or Gothic descent, and use the English to the exclusion of the Gaelic lan- gTiage. Caithness returns 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 599. It gives the title of Earl to the head of the Sinclair family. Cajano (Pogoia a), a town of Tuscany in the Val Ombrone, 10 m. W.N.W. Florence. Pop. 1,425. It has a handsome grand-ducalviUa, with an iron suspension bridge over the Ombrone, erected 1833. The celebrated Bianca Capello died here in 1587. Cajarc, a comm. & town of France, dep. Lot, cap. cant. 19 m. E.N.E. Cahors. Pop. 1,074. Cajazzo, an anc. town of Naples, prov. T.-di- Lavoro, 10 m. N.E. Capua. Pop. 3,620. In its vicinity excellent wine is produced. Cajou, a branch of the Mahanuddy riv., Hin- dostan, which separates at Cuttack, and temu- nates principally in the Alankar river. Calabar (Old), or Cross River, a river of Africa, Upper Guinea, which falls into the bight of Biafra by a wide estuarv, in lat. 6° N., Ion. 8° 20' E. Captain Becroft, who first explored this riv. in 1841-2, discovered that the so-called Cross CAL 217 CAL River, instead of being a branch of tlie Calabar, is the main stream. It is navigable by steam- vessels as far as lat. 6° 20' N., Ion. 9° 36' E., ueai'ly 200 m. (including windings) from its mth. ; the cliief towns on its banlcs are Acoono Coono ; Pop. 4,000 (?) Omun or Bosun, on an isl. of same name ; pop. 5,000 (?) The branch of this river which joins its estuary from N.N.E., and which has hitherto been considered the main stream, is navigable only for about 30 m. from its estuary. On its 1. b, 6 m. from its mouth is Duke Town, and 5 m. N.N.W. of the latter, on a small deltoid branch of the river, is Creek Town ; these are the seats of highly interesting missions, and the natives have recently made consid'ble pro- gress In civilisation. New Calabar River is a branch of the Quorra at its delta, which flows S.E., & enters the bight of Benin W. of Bonny. Calabozo, a town of S. Amer., Venezuela, prov. and 130 m. S.S.W. Caracas. Pop. 4,000. CAtABRiA, Bruttium, the S. part of tlie kgdm. of Naples, bounded E., W., and S. by the Medi- terranean, N. by the prov. Basilicata, & separat- ed from Sicily by the Strait of Messina. Area 7,200 sq. m. Pop. (1844) 1,083,632. It forms a long peninsula, and is traversed throughout by the Apennines, which rise to an elev. of 3,000 or 4,000 feet. None of the rivers are large, but the valleys on their banks, & the plains at their mouths, are fertCe. Chief products, wine, silk, and oil, wheat, rice, olives, oranges, lemons, and saffron ; cotton and the sugar-cane are cultivated. Silk is the staple manuf. The country is divided into the provs. of Calabria^Citra, cap. Cosenza. Pop. 416,727 ; — Calabria-intra I., cap. Reggio. Pop. 298,056 ; — and Calabria-Ultra II., cap. Catanzaro. Pop. 368,849. This country is often visited by earthquakes. Calabria, in the time of the Ro- mans, was occupied by the Bruttii ; its eastern coast formed part of Magna Grsecia, and many of its present inhabitants are of Greek descent. CAiACEiTE, a town of Spain, prov. and 75 m. N.E. Teruel. Pop. 2,600. Chief industry hnen weaving. Calap, a town of Spain, prov. and 46 m. N.W. Barcelona. Pop. 2,794. It has manufs. of linens. Calahobba, Cidagurris, a city of Spain, prov. and 24 m. S.E. Logrono, on r. b. of the Ebro. Pop. 5,820. It is d5l & decayed, with a cathedral, and vestiges of an anc. circus. It is the birth- place of Qnintilian. — II. a town in the prov., & 34 m. E. Granada. Pop. 2,050. Calais, a fortfd. seaport-town of France, cap. cant., dep. Pas-de- Calais, on the Strait of Dover, 26 m. E.S.E. Dover, and 19 m. N.E. Boulogne, at the terminus of arailway from Lille. Lat. of new light-ho., 50° 57' 45^ N., Ion. 1° 51' 18' E. (height 190 ft.) Pop. (1846) 10,673. The town & har- bour are defended by a castle and several forts, and by means of sluices the whole adjacent coun- trjr may be laid under water. Calais is regularly built and clean ; streets wide, well-paved, and mostly furnished with footpaths ; houses chiefly of brick. In the great square are the town-hall, and an elegant bel^, 118 ft. in height. The cathedral is a Gothic edifice, containing a fine altar-piece by Vandyck. Other remarkable structures are the Hotel-Dessin, comprising a good inn, the theatre, & public baths ; the Hotel- de-Guise, formerly a woollen hall ; the barracks, public library, & the pier enclosing the harbour. Calais is the seat of a tribunal, & a chamber of commerce, & has manufs. of bobbin -net, hosiery, and tulle (for which numerous steam-mills have lately been erected); salt-refineries, distilleries, caiTiage-factories, and ship-building docks, and it is an entrepSt for colonial produce, Bordeaux wines, brandy, and cured fish ; but its chief im- portance is owing to its being the French port nearest to England, to which country it exports vast quantities of eggs, and other rural produce. Total value of goods warehoused here in 1842, 69,649^. In the same year 1,214 vessels, aggreg. burden 90,485 tons, entered, and 1,222 do., burden 91,915 tons, cleared out of the port, of which latter 911, burden 62,239 tons, were steam-vessels. It has constant steam communication with Dover, Ramsgate, & London. Calais is connected with St Omer by a canal. This city had a prominent place in all the wars between England & France. It was talien by the EngUsh, under Edward iii., in 1347. The French, under the D. of Guise, re- took it in the reign of Mary, 1558. Calais, two townships of U. S., N. Amer. — I. Maine, on the St Croix riv., nearly op. St Andrew's, N. Brunswick. Pop. 2,934. The tide here rises 20 ft., and vessels Of the largest class ascend to the lower vill., which is connected by a railway with the upper vill., 2 m. distant. Calais has a considerable timber trade. — II. Vermont, eo. Washington, 9 m. N.E. Montpellier. Pop. 1,709. Calais (St), a comm. & town of France, cap. arrond. dep. Sarthe, 26 m. E.S.E. Le Mans, on the Anille. Pop. (1846) 3,021. It has a comm. college, and manufs. of woollen & cotton cloths. Calaisis, a dist. of France, in the old prov. of Pioardy, now comprised in the dep. Pas de Calais. It was occupiedby the English from 1349 to 1568. Calamianes Islands, a group, Asiatic Archip., Philippines, about midway between Mindoro and Palawan, lat. 12° N., Ion. 120° E, Calamianes, about 36 m. in length, by 15 m. in breadth, has a Spanish settlement, and is the resid. of an alcalde. Calamo, a small island of the Ionian group, between Sta. Maura and the continent. — II. a small island of Asia Minor. ,[Kalimko.] Calamota, a small isl. of S. Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, circ. and 6 m. W.N.W. Kagusa. Pop. 300. — II. a town of Greece, Morea. [Kalamaia.] Cal ANC A, a valley of Switzerland, cant. Grisons, between the Val Blegno and the Val Misocco. It derives its name from the old fortress of Calanoa, near the vill. of Sta. Maria, now in ruins. Calanda, a town of Spain, prov. & 62 m. N.E. Teruel, on small riv. of same name. Pop. 3,576, engaged in linen weaving. Calang, a town, Malay penins., state, and S.E. Salangore, on the riv. Calang, about 20 m. from its mouth, in the strait of Malacca. It is fortified, and is an occasional residence of the Salangore rajah. Near it are some tin mines. Calanna, a town of Naples, cap. circ, prov. Calab. Ult. I., 7 m. N.E. Reggio. Pop. 1,129. Calanna, a town of central Africa, cap. king- dom, about 230 m. S.S.W. Tunbuctoo, Calapan, a maritune town of the Philippine islands, cap. the island of Mindoro, on its N.E. coast, in the Str. of Mindoro, 85 m. E.S.E. Ma- nila. Pop. 2,790. It is ill built, and having no port, ships unload at Porto Gabera, 20 m. N.W. Calabt, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Wick- low, 3J m. N.W. Newtown-Mount-Kennedy. Area 19,685 ac. Pop. 2,964. Calata Bellota, a town of Sicily, intend. Girgenti, on riv. of same name (ano. Crimisus), 10 m. N.E. Sciacca. Pop. 2,000. And on the site oftheane. TVicaZo. Pop. 4,770. Calata Fimi, a town in N.W. of Sicily, m a fer- tile valley, dist. & 8 m. S.W. Alcamo. Pop. 10,000. Calata Gibonb, or Caltagirone, an episcop. city of Sicily, prov. & 84 m. S.W. Catania. This is one of the most industrious and commercial CAL 248 CAL tovms in the island, and has several handsome palaces and public buildings. Pop. about 22,000. Calatanazob, a town of Spain, prov. & 10 m. S.W. Soria, celeb, for the victory of Almanzor over the Christians about a.d. 1001. Pop. 1,300. Calata Soibetta, a town of Sicily, near its centre, 15 m. N.E. Caltauisetta. Pop. 4,788. Calata VDTURO, a town of Sicily, dist. Termhii, prov. and 38 m. S.E. Palermo. Pop. 4,000. Calatayub, a town of Spain on 1. b, of the Jalon, prov. & 48 m. S.W. Zaragoza. Pop. 8,579. It has an imposing external appearance, but is dilapidated & dull. Principal edifices, an episcopal palace, provincial hall, a ho. of industry, nunneries, convents, and churches worthy of notice for their architecture, several hospitals, barracks for 4,000 men, 3 bridges, a bull-ring, and theatre. Chief manufs., common woollens, brown paper, and leather. Provisions are cheap, and the vicinity is fertile. It has a celeb, ann. fair on 8th Sept. Near Calatayud are some mineral springs, sta- lactitio caverns, and the remains of BilbUis, the birthplace of Martial. Calatkava la Vieja, Oretum or Orea, a ruined city of Spain, prov. and 20 m. S.E. Ciudad Real. Here the order of the Knights of Calatrava had its origin in 1158. Calavaw, one of the Babuyanes islands, Asiatic Archip., 60 m. N. Luzon (Philippines), 15 m. long. Calbe, two towns, Prussian dom. [Kalbe.] Calboukne, a pa. in the Isle of Wight, 4J m. S.W. Newport. Area 5,090 ac. Pop. 750. Calbuco, or El FuERTB,a small town of Chile, S. Amer., on the E. coast of the isl. Chiloe. P. 2,500. Calbukga, or Kdlbcboa, a town of India, Deccan, Nizam's dom., cap. dist., on an affl. of the Beemah, 110 m. W. Hyderabad. It is now un- important, but it has been successively the cap. of Hindoo and Mohammedan sovereignties. Calcahcen, a town of Yucatan, Cent. Amer., about 30 m. E.S.E. Merida. Calcak, a small town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 7 m. S.E. Cleve, on the Rhine. Pop. 1,900. It has some manufs. of cotton stufis and hosiery. Calcasieu, a pa. of U. S., N. Amer., in W. part of Louisiana. Area 6,000 sq. m. Pop. 2,057. Also a river and lake in same state, the waters of which are discharged into the Gulf of Mexico. Calcebt, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, 4 m. W. Alford. Area 430 ac. Pop. 62. The vill. is depopulated, and the church in ruins. Calcethorpe, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, Si m. N.W. Louth. Ac. 710. P. 69. Calci, a pa. and vill. of Tuscany, 6J m. E. Pisa, on the Monte Pisano, in a rich olive dist. Near it is the celebrated chartreuse of Pisa or Calci, next to that of Pavia, the most magnif. in Italy. Calcinato, a town of Lombardy, deleg. and 11 m, S.E. Brescia, on the Chiese. Pop. 3,000. Calcio, a town of Lombardy, deleg. & 16 m. S.E. Bergamo. Pop. 3,000. Calcutta, a city of British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, and the cap. of the British dom. in the east, on the 1. b. of the Hooghly riv., an arm of the Ganges, & 100 m, from the Bay of Bengal. Lat. of Port William, 22° 33' 5" N., Ion. 88° 17' E. Pop. (1837) estimated at 229,700 ; besides whom about 177,000 were supposed daily to frequent the city from the suburbs and vicinity. It extends for 6 m. along the river, is enclosed on the land side by a mound & a canal, termed the Mahratta ditch, and is divided into the native quarter or " Black town," on the N. ; and the European quarter, or " Chowringhee," on the S. It presents externally a fine appearance, with its numerous spires, temples, villas, and about 30 ghauts or flights of steps, ascending from the waters edge to a long and handsome quay. In Chowringhee are many good houses belonging to Europeans and wealthy native merchants ; and here, also, are the esplanade (an Indian Hyde Park), and the large citadel. Fort William, constructed at anex- pense of 2,000,000?., and usually garrisoned by a European regiment, two native regiments, and a detachment of artillery. The government ho., which cost 40,000i., is a showy palace. The town- hall, custom-ho., mint, St John's cathed., and an- other EngUsh church, the Scotch, Portug., Greelc, and Armenian churches, La-Martiniere, Metcalfe hall, the bishop's college, courts of justice, bar- racks, jail, hospitals, and seme small but hand- some mosques, are the chief edifices in this quar- ter. The native town is a filthy place, with nar- row streets, an abundance of pagodas, and nuiri. pools; in its principal square is a large tank 60 ft. in depth. Calcutta is the seat of the superior civil and criminal courts for the Bengal presid. ; of Hindoo, Mohammedan, Sanscrit, and Anglo- Indian colleges ; grammar, free and various other schools ; military & orphan asylums, the Asiatic Society of Bengal, a lyceum, public library, me- dical, agricultural, commercial, bible, missionary, & other associations, & many private seminaries. The Hooghly, here about 1 m. across at high watei", is usually crowded with shipping; and Calcutta is, next to Canton, tlie greatest empo- rium of the East. Principal exports consist of indigo, rice, opium, sugar, raw and manufd. siUiS and cottons, nitre, hides, gunny bags, rum, borax, castor oil, lac, seeds, &c. ; and in 1842-3, the whole amounted in value to 7,275,6852. ; the ex- ports to Great Britam being valued at 3,765,831?. ; and those to China at 1,292,149?., of which latter amount opium stood for 1,729,174?. The remain- ing produce is exported chiefly to France and the French colonies, the U. States, the other Indian presids., Singapore, Arabia, Persia, and the Mauritius ; those to France amounting to 816,680?. In 1844-5, the exports to France amount- ed in value to 762,660?., having nearly doubled within the previous 10 years ; and in the same year the exports of indigo reached 1,539,117 manuds. Imports consisting of British cotton cloths and twist, copper and other metals, wool- lens, hardwares and cutlery, wines and spirits, cofifee, spices, coal, coral, glass, plate, jewellery, European articles of luxury in genera], &c., amounted to 4,123,213?., of which the reg. value of those from Gt. Britain amounted to 2,925,563?. In 1843, 179 ships, aggregate burden 48,668 tons, belonged to the port. Calcutta is the seat of the chief bishop of the Church of England in India, and of a vicar-apostolic of the Romish Church, of the supreme courts of justice, and one of the courts of justice and appeal for the presidency of Bengal, & the head-quarters of the governm'ent and governor-general. The great bulk of the pop. consists of native Hindoos and Mohamme- dans, of about 3,000 English and 6,000 half-castes, about 3,000 Portuguese, & the remainder French, Armenians, Jews, Persians, Chinese, The total number of houses and huts in the vicinity, exclu- sive of the suburbs, was in 1837, 65,495. The lower part of the town being hollow, damp, and dirty, with much stagnant water, is very unhealthy. In the hot season, from middle of March to middle of June, the thermometer ranges from 83° to 89° Fahr. The mean temp, of the year is 82° 4 of winter 72° ,2, and of summer 86° .7 Fahr ' ' European society in Calcutta exhibits much pomp and gaiety, with an over-abundance of formality & stiffness. Equipages are abundant, CAL 249 CAL the public evening drive being esteemed an in- dispensable luxury. Tlie rich native families, who DOW assimilate in the splendour of their houses and equipages to the English, are of very recent origin, & owe their wealth & consequence to the commercial facilities which the city affords. In 1698, the seat of the East India Company's factory was removed from Hooghly to Calcutta, previously to which Calcutta was an inconsider- able village surrounded with jungle. In 1756, an attack was made on the English factory by the natives, and 146 Englishmen were shut up in the black hole, of whom 118 died before morning. In 1757 the fort was retaken, and has ever since remamed in possession of the English. Caldas, several small towns of Spain and Por- tugal, so named fi'om their warm springs. — I. Portugal, Esti'cmadura, 47 m. N. Lisbon, with 1,500 inhabitants, and well frequented sulphur baths. — II. {del Rey), Portugal, 24 m. S. Santiago. ■ — III. (tie ilfom&uy, ancient Aqua Ca/idffi), Spain, prov. and 14 m. N. Barcelona, with thermal baths, and some antiquities. — Pop. 2,409. — IV. (de Oviedo), Spain, finely situated near Oviedo. Caldas, a town of Brazil, prov. Minas-Geraes, comm. Sapucahi, with a school of primary in- struction, & hot sulphur springs. P. of dist. 2,000. Caldbeck, a pa. of England, co. Cumberland, ward Allerdale-below-Derwent, 12 m. S.S.W. Carlisle. Area 24,280 ac, two-thirds of which are mountainous, very picturesque, and partly covered with good pasture-land. Pop. 1,653. Calbecot, or CALnECOTE, several pas. of Eng- land. — I. CO. Rutland, 4 m. S. Uppingham. Area 1,440 ac. Pop. 200. — II. co. Cambridge, 3J m. E.S.E. Caxton. Area 833 ac. Pop. 117.— III. CO. Herts, 3 m. N.N.W. Baldock. Area 310 ac. Pop. 41.— IV. CO. Norfolk, 4 m. N.E. Stock- Ferrv. Area 930 ac. Pop. 48. — V. co. Warwick, 3 m. E.S.E. Athertone. Area 820 ac. Pop. 93. Cai^deb, two rivers of Engl. — I. co. York, W. fiiding, rises near Burnley, on the borders of Lancashire, flows tortuously E.ward, & joins the Aire at Castleford, after a course of about 40 m. ; for nearly 30 m. it is navigable, forming a branch of the Aire & Calder navigation. On its banks are the towns Dewsbury & Wakefield, with numerous coal-mines, iron-works, & stone-quarries, & it is connected by canals with Todmorden, Rochdale, Halifax, Huddersfield, Bamsley, and Goole. — II. CO. Lancaster, rises near the foregoing, flows W.ward, and joins the Ribble near Whalley. — Calder, or Calderhridge, is a hamlet, co. Cumber- land, on a stream of sam:e name, 3 m. S.S.W. Egremont, with remains of an abbey of 12th cent. Caldeb, two pas. of Scotland. — I. (Mid-Cal- der\ CO. and 13 m. S.W. Edinburgh. Pop. 1,466. — II. {West-Calder), adjoining the above on the S.W. Pop. 1,666. It has an old castle, and the traces of a Roman camp. — East-Calder is an an- cient rectory and vill. in Kirk-Nowton pa., 11 m. W.S.W. Edinburgh.— The South Calder is asmall liver of Lanarkshire, tributary to the Clyde. Caldeba, a small town of S. Amer., Plata con- fed., dep. and 22 m. N.E. Salta. — II. a seaport of Chile, prov. Coquimbo, on the Pacific, 20 m. N. Port Copislpo.— III. a seaport of Hayti, on its S. coast, 60 m. S.W. St Domingo.— IV. a seaport of Central Amer., state Costa-Rica, on the Paci- fic, near the E. ofNicoya, & extremely unhealthy. CALnEWGATE, a suburb of the city of Ciirlisle, Engl., CO. Cumberland, intersected by the Car- lisle and Newcastle railway. Pop. 5,528. Cai.dicot, a pa. of England, co. Monmouth, 4J m. S.S.W. Chepstow. Area 1,850 ac. Pop. 625. The picturesque remains of Caldicot castle, a structure erected by the Siixons &early Norman.s, stand on a plain 1 mile from Bristol channel. Caldiootk, a pa. of Engl., co. Huntingdon, 11 m. W.S.W. Stilton. Area 740 ac. Pop. 62. Caldiebo, a vill. of N. Italy, gov. Venice, deleg. and 9 m. E. Verona, so called from its once cele- brated thermal springs. The Archduke Charles gained a victory here over Massena in 1806. Caldwelt,, a CO. of the U. S., N. Amer., on W. part of Kentucky. Area 600 sq. m. Pop. 10,365, of whom 2,171 are slaves. Surface level and soil fertile. — II. co. in W. part of Missouri. Area 432 sq. m. Pop. 1,468.-111. a pa., Louisiana, be- tween Washita & Red Rivers. Pop. 2,017 IV. a tnshp.. New York, 54 m. N. Albany. Pop. 693. The vill. is near Lake George, and in its vicinity are 2 ruined forts. — V. a tnshp.. New Jersey, Es- sex CO., 48 m. N.N.E. Trenton. Pop. 2,184. Caldv, a small island & extra-parochial dist. of N. Wales, co. Pembroke, off its S. coast, 2 m. S. Tenby, and with a lighthouse on the S. side, in lat. 61° 37' 56"' N., Ion. 4° 40' 67" W.,and 210 ft. above the sea. Area 611 ac, about one-third uf which is cultivated. Pop. 87. Cadedon, a vill., Cape Colony, S. Africa, dist. and 50 m. W.S.W. Zwellendam. It has some celebrated mineral baths. — Caledon River, Hot- tentot country, is a considerable afH. of the Nu Gariep, or Cradock river, which it joins in lat. 30° 18' S., Ion. 26° 17' ^.—Caledon Bay, N. Australia, is an inlet on the W. side of the Gulf of Carpentaria. Lat. 12° 40' S., Ion. 136° 40' E. Caiedon, a market town of Ireland, Ulster, co. Tyrone, on the Blackwater and the Ulster canal, 9J m. N.N.E. Monaghan. Pop. 1,046. The im- provements of the E. of Caledon (whose magnifi- cent hall & grounds are adjacent), have rendered this town one of the neatest in the kingdom. It has an elegant church, many houses in the old English style of architecture, one of the largest corn mills in Ireland, and a market for corn and linens. Pairs, June 21, and August21. Itgives the title of Earl to the Alexander family. Caiedonia, a co., U. S., N. America, in N.E. part of Vermont. Area 700 sq. m. Pop. 26,891. Surface elev. Soil good. — II. a tnshp.. New York, on the Genessee, 229 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,987. Several small vills. in the U. S. bear this name. Caledonia (New), an isl, S. Pacific Ocean, be- tween lat. 20° & 22° 30' S., & Ion. 164° & 167° E. Length N.W. to S.E., 220 m., breadth 30 m. Sur- face mntnous., rising in the centre to nearly 8,000 feet in elevation ; in N. wooded, but elsewhere mostly arid and bare. Pop. are of the Papuan negro race. The island was discovered by Cook in 1774. — II. that portion of N. America, W. of the Rocky mountains, between lat.'48° and 57° N. Caledonian Canal, Scotland, cos. Inverness and Argyle, connects the North & Irish Seas, ex- tending N.E. to S.W., through the great Glen of Caledonia, from the Murray Pirth to Loch Eil, through Lochs Ness, Oich, and Lochy. Length 60^ m., of which the lochs compose Slh m., and the canal 23 m. It was begun in 1805, & opened in 1822 ; up to the last balancing of accounts, it had cost 1,023,629^., and is still unfinished. The annual revenue does not exceed 2,500Z., the an- nual expenditure of management & repairs costs 3,000?. It was repaired and re-opened in 1847. Calei.la, a marit. town of Spain, prov. & 30 m. S.E. Barcelona, on the Mediterranean. P. 3,035. Calenzana, a comm. & vill. of the isl. Corsica, arrond. and 5 m. S.E. Calvi. Pop. (1846) 3,437. Calf (The), a rock off the coast of Ireland, co. Cork, in the Atlantic,! m. S.W. Duracy Island. Calk ok Man, a small isl. in the Irish Sea, im CAL 250 (J Al, mediately off the S.W. extremity of the Isle of Man, 6J m. S.W. Castleton. Lat. of light-house S4° 3' N., Ion. 4° 49' W. Pop. 85. Calhoun, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in centre of Michigan. Area 720 sq. m. Pop. 10,599. Surface undulating ; soil rich sandy loam II. a CO., Illinois, between Illinois & Mississippi river. Area 240 sq. m. Pop. 1,741. Cali, a town of S. Amer., New Granada, dep. & near riv. Cauea, 60 m. N. Popayan. Pop. 4,000. Cahadbh, a Till, of India, Gwalior dom., 6 m. N. Oojein, with a curious Mohanuuedau palace on an island in the Sipra river. CAiiiifo, a town of Austria, Tyrol, arrond. & 9 m. S. Trent, on 1. b. of the Adige, celeb, for the defeat of the Venetians by the Austrians in 1487. Calioote, a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 21 m. N. Ganjam. Oaiiconlan, a town of S. India, Travancore dom., 116 m. N.W. Cape Comorin. Camcut, a seaport town of Brit. India, presid. Madras, cap. dist. Malabar, on the Indian Ocean, 102 m. S.W. Seringapatam. Lat. 11° 15' N., Ion. 75° 52' E. Pop. has been estim. at 25,000, but it is declining. Though it has only an open road- stead, it was for nearly 2 centuries the emporium of a flourishing trade, and it still exports teak, pepper, cardamoms, wax, coir, cordage, sandal- wood, and cocoa-nuts. It was the firat place in India touched at by Vasco de Gama, who arrived here May 18, 1498. Calitobnia, an extensive country in the W. part of N. Amer., ^ordering the Pacific Ocean, and extending from Cape St Lucas, on the S. (lat. 22° 48' W.), to boundary line, lat. 42° N., & from Ion. 109° W., near the sources of the Colo- rado riv., to Ion. 124° W., on the Pacific. It has been divided into Upper and Lower (California, the upper division including all tliat portion N. of lat. 32°, and the lower comprehending the nar- row penins. formed by the Gult of California, which separates it from the mainland of N. Amer. on the E., & the Paoif. O., which bounds it on the W. Lower California. — This peninsula extends in length to 700 m., and in breadth varies from 30 to 100 m. The pop. may probably amount to 15,000. A mntn. chain traverses its centre, in some points rising to an elev. of 6,000 ft. The intervening valleys are narrow, sandy, and sterile, which is the general character of the country, with the exception of some alluvial valleys and irrigated spots, which are extremely fertile. The climate is hot, arid, and subject to frequent hurricanes. There are only two or three small streams in the whole district, and so barren is the rocky surface that trees of any magnitude are rarely to be found. The country was discovered by Cortez in 1534, and in 1697 was first colonized bv a party of Spanish Jesuits. The towns and villages of Loreto, La Paz, and St Jose were founded by them, and some progress was made in the civili- sation of the natives ; but these still remain in a very rude state, their indolent and apathetic characters precluding improvement or advance- ment in relipous knowledge. The country con- tains gold, silver, and lead, but hitherto not much wrought. TheN. part of N. California consists of primary schistose strata, traversed by porphy- ritic and volcanic rocks of more recent forma- tion, towards the S. the secondary strata succeed. Salt lakes abound in the eastern district. The S. coast is famous for its pearl fishery ; in the beginning of the 17th century, from 600 to 800 Indian divers were employed in this fishery, and pearls to the amount of 60,000 dolls, were an- nually procured ; at present this occupation has greatly fallen off. Cattle are reared in consi- derable numbers. In the neighbourhood of the Roman Catholic missions, maize, dates, figs, and other iruits are raised, and grapes, from which a small quantity of wine is made. Principai ex- ports are pearls, tortoise-shell, dried beef, a few hides, dried fruits, cheese, and soap, which are mostly sent in coasting vessels to San Bias and Mazatlan, in exchange for provisions, clothing, and other necessaries. Upper m New California is a much more extensive and important country; a portion of it only, which extends along the Pacific, has, however, been explored and colonized. This portion comprises all the country W. of a range called the Sierra Nevada or Califomian moun- tains, which extend from N.W. to S.E., in a line nearly parallel to the coast outline. This district is about 600 m. long, and the breadth from the sea to the mntn. range about 120 m., affording an area of 72,000 sq. m. A lower range of hills bounds the coast. The river Sacramento, flowing from theN. with its tributaries, Americanos, Los Plumas, Bear riv., &c., and the riv. San Joachim from the S., both traverse this tract of country, & meeting about its centre, discharge their watei-s into the Bay of San Francisco, one of the largest & most commodious inland bays or harbours in the world. The valleys of these rivers & their affls., form the richest & most fertile parts of the coun- try, the diversified surface being adapted both for agricultural & grazing purposes. Near the source of the San Joachim is L. Chintache, and still further S., the Tule lakes. Sev. smaller streams and rivs. intersect the country in this direction. The summits of the Califomian inntns. attain an dev. of from 5,000 to 10,000 ft. E. of these is a vast desert plain composed chiefly of arid sand, with mntns. occasionEuly rising to the line of per- petual snow. Through the eastern part of this country flows tlie large riv. Colorado, taking its rise in a range of mntns. of the same name, and flowing in a S.W. direction till it enters the Gulf of CaSfomia. The climate on the coast of the Pacific is very moist, and subject to frequent gales and hurricanes ; but a little further inland it he- comes very serene, mild, and healthy, and highly favourable to the process of vegetation. From November to April is the rainy season, but snow rarely falls except on the mountain tops. The summer is hot, with little or no rain, but copious dews. The temperature is greatly milder and less variable on the W. shores of the Pacific, than in corresponding latitades on the Atlantic. Coal has been found in two or three localities, appa- rently connected with the oolite strata ; at Green riv., lat. 41° 30' N., Ion. 110° to 111° E., & in the adjacent hills, & near San Luis Obispo, lat. 35° 20' N. Besides gold— copper, quicksilver, and lead ores — are known to exist in various localities. On the coast are the bays of San Francisco, Bodega, Monterey, and San Pedro, and capes Mendocino and Reyes. The harbour of San Francisco is spacious, with safe anchorage for any number ot vessels. All the fruits of Europe, from the apple to the orange, grow luxuriantly, and the vine of Europe thrives here to snch a degree, that New California may hereafter become an important wine-growing country ; large quantities of brandy are also made from a native grape. Oak, elm, ash, plane, and pme tuuber is plentiful. Wheat, olives, flax, hemp, potatoes, and kitchen herbs thrive well, though the long dry summer re- quires the practice of irrigation. The tula, a sort of edible bnh-nsh, grows plentifully on the banks of the rivers and lakes. Live stock are CAL 251 CAL the staple product; & in 1931, the stock was esti- mated to comprise 21G,0lXi cattle, 155,000 sheep, besides horses & wild herds. Deer and game are abundant ; the bear, otter, and beaver, are still found. E.\ports hides, tallow, & cattle, with some wheat, wine, raisins, olives, and brandy. Imports comprise most manufactnrcd goods, "with deals, salt, silks, candles, &o. In 1835, there were 21 missions or villages, each subordinate to a Fran- ciscan Iriar as prefect, and inhabited altogether by about 18,683 nominally christian Indians ; and some small settlements inhabited by retired soldiers, retaining their own independent juris- diction, who, together with the garrison, amounted to 4,842, making a total population of 23,025. In 1848, on the farm of Captiiin Suttor, New Helvetia, on the banks of the Sacramento, the discovery of the existence of gold, to a great ex- tent, was made, which promises to effect a com- plete change in the aspect of this country. Gold, in the form of gi'ains, scales, and masses, has been found to prevail abundantly in the soil and shingley beds of the Sacramento, and in its tribu- taries, including an area of several hundred square miles. [San Francisco. — Sacramento.] In 1836, the Californians threw off the yoke of Mexico. In 1846, the country was taken pos- session of by the forces of the United States, which possession was confirmed at the termina- tion of the Mexican war in 1848. In 1849 a constitution was formed ; and, in 1850, California was admitted a Federal State of the North Ameri- can Union. This new state occupies only a small portion of the former territory of California, sepa- rated from Oregon on the N. by the line of lat. 42° N. ; from Utah on the E., by the meridian of 120° W., to lat. 39° N., and thence by a straight line running S.E. to the Rio Colorado, at the parallel of lat. 35° N. ; on the S., from Lower or Mexican California, by the parallel of lat. 33° SC N., bounded W. by the Pacific O., including the isls. near the coast. Cap. Sanjos^. Pop. of State (1850) 200,000. Sends 2 represents, to Congress. The remainder of prov. is divided into the territs. of Utah & New Mexico. [Mexico (New) — Utah.] California (Gulp of), an arm of the Pacific Ocean, betw. lat. 2-3° & 32° N., Ion. 107° & 114° W., separating the peninsula of California on the W., from Sonora and Sinaloa (Mexico) on the E. Length 700 m., breadth varies from 40 to 100 m. Its W. coasts are abrupt, and offer few places of shelter; E. coasts low. It contains numerous isls., & at its N. extremity it receives the rlvs. Colorado and GUa. The vills. Loreto, La Paz, & Guaymas are on its shores. Ever since its discovery, it has been noted for its pearl fishery. Calig, or Calix, a town of Spain, prov. and 38 m. N.E. Castellon-de-la-Plana. Pop. 3,020. Calimeba, 2towns of Naples I. prov. and 13J m. N.W. Otranto. Pop. 1,600.-11. Calabria, Ult. IL Pop. 600. Calimebe (Point), a cape on the coast of In- dia, 30 m. from the N. extremity of Ceylon. Lat. 10° 17' N., Ion. 79° 5' E. CAiiNGAPATAM, a scaport town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. Ganjam, on the Bay of Ben- gal, 16 m. E.N.E. Chicacole, at the mouth of the rir. Paddair. Small coasting vessels are built and repaired here in mud docks. Calitei, a town of Naples, prov. Princip. Ult,, near the Ofanto, 7 m. E.N.E. Conza. Pop. 6,000. Calizzaso, a vilL of the Sardinian states, div. Genoa, cap. mand., on 1. b. of the Bormida, 14 m. S.W. Cairo. Pop. 2,432. Calken, a vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, on the Scheldt, SJ ra. E. Ghent. Pop. 4,950. Callabeo, Kilnasaee, orLouGiiMOKE (East), a pa. of Irel., Muuster, co. Tipperary, 2J m. S.E. Templemore. Pop. 2,429. Callao and Callas, 2 small towns of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, cap. cant., 30 m. W.S.W. St. Bneuc. Pop. 1,038. — II. dep. Var, cap. cant., 5 m. N.E. Draguignan. Pop. 1,980. Callacand, a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. Tinnevelly, 30 m. N. Cape Co- morin. Callaooil, a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. Madura, 60 m. S.S.W. Tanjore. Callan, a munic. bor., market-town, and pa. of Irel., Leinster co., on King's river, Kilkenny. Area of pa. 6,634 ac. Pop. 6,128 ; do. of town 3,111, of whom 1,000 are said to have no regular employment. The town is a miserable assem- blage of filthy hovels. It has an ancient church, formerly the choir of an abbey, a modern friary, a union work-house, with small manufactures of flannels and shoes, and a corn market. Fairs, May 4, June 12, 29, Aug. 10, Nov. 4, Dec. 16. Corp. rev. (1843-4) 951. Previously to the union, Callan sent 2 mems. to the Irish H. of C. It was the scene of many conflicts in former times, and was taken by Cromwell in 1650. It gives the title of Viscount to the Fielding family. — II. a river of Irel., Ulster, co. Armagh, rises near the centre of the co., and flows N.ward past the city of Armagh, and joins the Blackwater at entrance into Charlemont. Total course 10 m. Callander, a pa. of Scot!., co. Perth, with a vill. on the Teith, 30 m. "W.S.W. Perth. Pop. 1,665. It comprises a considerable extent of surface in the Grampians, and has some slate and marble quarries, with manufactures of cotton cloths & muslins. Here commences the scenery of the lake districts. Callao, a fortfd. town of N. Peru, dep. and 6 m. W. Lima, of which it is the port, on the Paci- fic, in lat. 12° S., Ion. 77° 13' T W. Pop. per- haps 20,000. It is ill built, but important — as its castle is the key of Lima; and its roadstead, sheltered by the isl. San Lorenzo, is the best on the Peruvian coast. It has a convenient quay, & communics. with Lima by a good carriage road, along which omnibuses now run daily. Customs rev. (1840) about 240,000?. Exports of same year amounted to 948,346i., consisting chiefly of bullion, specie, copper, cotton, bark, and hides. In 1841, 498 vessels, aggregate burden 101,084 tons, entered ; and 494 do., burden 99,944 tons, cleared out of the port. In 1746 the old town of Callao was destroyed by an earthquake. In 1820, the E. of Dundonald (then Lord Cochrane) gallantly cut out the Esmerelda, a large Spanish ship of war, from under the guns of the fort. Callao, an isl. of Further India, in the China sea, opposite the coast of Cochin-China, 16 m. fromthemth. of the Fai-fo riv. Lat.l6°48'N.,Ion. 108° 30' E. Area 10 sq. m. It has a peak about 1,400 ft. in height, and a town on its S.W. shore. Callas, a comm. and town of France, dep. Var, arrond. and 6 m. N.E. Draguignan. Pop. 1,980. Callawat, two towns of the U. S., N. Amer. —I. in W. part of Kentucky. Area 600 sq. m. Pop. 9,794, of whom 911 are slaves— II. in centre of Missouri. Area 760 sq. m. Pop. 11,765, of whom 142 are slaves. Surface undulating and soil fertile. Calle (La), the most E. town and seaport of Algeria, cap. ciro. Constantine, on a penins. in the Mediterranean, 300 m. E. Algiers. Pop. 400. It is the chief seat of the French coral fishery. CAL 252 Calliaona, a seaport vill., isl. St. Vincent, Brit. W. Indies, on its S. coast, 2 m. S.E. Kings- town, having the best harb. in the island. CAiLiAN, a comm. and town of France, dep. Var, 14 m. N.E. Draguignan. Pop. 1,600. Cai.lianee, an inl. town of Brit. India, presid. and 32 m. N.E. Bombay, cap. a subdiv. of the dist. Conean. It is populous, and has some trade in cocoa nuts, oil, coarse cloths, and earthen- wares. — II. atown, Nizam's dom., 36m. W. Beeder. Caliiano, a vill. of Piedmont, in a well culti- vated dist., prov. & 12 m. S.W. Casale. P. 2,630. Calligrat, a small isl. of Scotl., one of the Hebrides, dist. Harris, 3m. E. Bernera, 2 m. long and 1 broad. No part cultivated. Cai.lingek, a town and hill fortress of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. and 90 m. W.S.W. Allahabad, on- a table-land 1,200 ft. above the adjacent plains. The town stands at the N. foot of a hai, the summit of which is enclosed by walls about 6 m. in eircum., & was taken by the British, after a severe siege, in 1812. Calmer, a town of Prussian Pomerania, reg. Coslin, circ. & 14 m. S.S.E. Dramburg. P. 2,790. Callington, or Kellington, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., CO. Cornwall, 10 m. S. Launceston. Area of pa. 2,600 ac. Pop. 1,685. It has a branch bank and a hterary society. Mkts. 1st Wednesday of every month, except in May and Sept., when it is the first Thursday. Callington formerly returned 2 mems. to H. of C. CAtLoo, a vill. of Belgium, E. Flanders, on 1. b. of the Scheldt, 6 m. W.N.W. Antwerp. P. 2,229. Callosa, two towns of Spain I. (de Ensanria), prov. and 26 m. N.E. Alicante. Pop. 4,328. — II. (de Segura), 27 m. S.W. Alicante. Pop. 2,904. Callow, a pa. of Engl., co. and 3J m. S.S.W. Hereford. Area 640 ac. Pop. 171. Here are the remains of 2 Roman camps. Calmina, atown of N. Guinea, Africa, kingdom Dahomey, 15 m. S.E. Abomey, usual residence of the king, and said to have 16,000 inhabitants. Calmpthout, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. and 12 m. N.E. Antwerp, with breweries, tanneries, and oil mills. Pop. 2,258. Calne, a pari, bor., mkt. town and pa. of Eng- land, CO. Wilts, 6^ m. N.W. Devizes. Area of bor. and pa. 9,670 ac. Pop. 5,100. It has an anc. church, the tower built by Inigo Jones ; a gramm. school founded in 1660, and which has 2 exhibs. to Queen's coll., Oxford ; a town-hall, union work-ho., branch bank, and some manufs. of woollens. A branch of the Wilts and Berks canal reaches the town. Mkt. Tuesday. Fairs 6th May, and 22d July. Calne sent 2 mems. to H. of C. from the reign of Richard ii., until the reform act deprived it of one member. Reg. elects. (1848) 173. Bowood, the seat of the Mar- quis of Lansdowne, is in the vicinity. Calore, two rivs. of Naples ; one in the prov. Princip. Ultra, affl. of the Volturno ; the other, in Princip. Citra, tribut. to the Sele. Calosso, a vill. of the Sardinian states. Pied- mont, prov. and 11 m. S.S.E. Asti. Pop. 2,107. Calow, a hamlet of Engl., co. Derby, pa. and 1^ m. E. Chesterfield. Pop. 536. Calpentttn, a long narrow penins. of Ceylon, on its W. coast, and which durmg the N.E. mon- soon becomes an isl. Near its N. extremity is a vill. with a fort. Lat. 8° 14' N., Ion. 79° 63' E. Calbt, a pa. of Ireland, Connaught, co. and comprising a part of the town of Sligo (wliich see). Area 11,511 ac. Pop. 6,045. Caj,si, a considerable vill. and mart of N. Hin- dustan, cap. a dist. Gurhwal, at the confl. of the Jumna and Tonse, 43 m. N.N.B. Seharunpore. Calstock, a-pa. of 'Euglaud, co. Cornwall, 5 m. E. Callington. Area 6,450 ac. Pop. 2,653, mostly employed in copper, lead, and tin mines. Calbtone- Wellington, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 2^ m. S.E. Calne. Area 1,130 ac. Pop. 31. Caltanisetta, a city of Sicily, cap. intend. & valley of same name, in a fertile plain near the Salso, 28 m. N.E. Girgenti. Pop. 15,700. It is well built & has handsome public buildings, civil and criminal courts. In its vicinity are mineral springs and extensive sulphur works. Calthorpe, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 3 m. N. Aylsham. Area 850 ac. Pop. 214. Caltiiwatte, a tnshp. Engl., co. Cumber]., pa. Hesket-in-the-Forest, 7 m. N/W. Penrith. P. 206. Caltura, a seaport town and fort of Ceylon, on its W. coast, 26 m. S.E. Colombo, with an ac- tive trade in arrack. Total value of expts. (1846) 2,534?. 8s. lOd. Calcire, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Rhone, arrond. & 3 m. N.N.E. Lyon. Pop. 6,048, Calumet, a CO., U. S., N. Amer., in N.E. part of Wisconsin. Area 300 sq. m. Pop. 276. — II. a tnshp.. Pike co., Missouri. Pop. 2,743. Caluso, afortif. town of Piedmont, dist. Turin, prov. and 11 m. S. Ivrea, cap. mand. Pop. 5,648. Calvados, a marit. dep. on the N.W. of France, formed of part of the old prov. of Lr. Normandy, having N. the English Channel, S. the dep. Orne, E. Eure, and W. Manche. Area 2,200 sq. miles. Pop. (1846) 498,385, cap. Caen. Surface hUly in the S., with extensive plains and fertile valleys. Climate temperate ; the soil is well watered. Chief rivers tiie Orne, Toncques, Dives, Senile, Dromme, and Vii'e, none of tliem navigable. Mineral products comprise coal, gray marble, freestone, and cold mineral waters. Com is raised beyond consumption, fruit is extensively grown, & cider is made in considerable quantity; wine is made in small quantity, and is of inferior quality ; hemp and hnt is grown, and the forests furnish excellent timber, "the pasturage is abun- dant, and many horses, cattle, sheep, & hogs are reared ; fish are abundant on the coast, and her- ring-curing is an important branch of industry. Commerce considerable with Europe & America, but the dep. has no good ports. Chief manufe. cotton and woollen stufFs, lace and yarn, cutlery, jewellery, paper, and porcelain. The dep. is di- vided into the 6 arronds. of Bayeux, Caen, Fa- laise, Lisieux, Pont-l'Ev^qne, and Vire. Cal- vados is named from a belt of rocks which extend along its coast from the mouth of the Orne to that of the Vire ; they were so called from a Spanish vessel which was wrecked on them. Calveley, a station on the Crewe & Chester railw., Engl., co. Chester, 5 J m. N.N. W. Nantwioh. Calvello, a town of Naples, prov. BasiUcata, cap. cant., 12 m. S. Potenza. Pop. 6,400. Calvek, a tnshp. of Engl., co. and 4 m. N.N.E. Derby, on the Derwent. Pop. 673, employed in lime quarries and cotton mills. Calvebleigh, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 2 m. N.W. Tiverton. Area 660 ac. Pop. 81. Calverlet, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Rid- ing, 6 m. N.W. Leeds. Area 8,390 ac. Pop.m- oluding tnshp. of Pudsey, 21,039, mostly empld. in manufs. of woollens — II. (Cum-FarsleyX&tustm- m above pa., 4 m. N.E. Bradford. Pop. 4,142. Calvert, a co., U. S., N. Amer., on Chesapeake bay, S. part of Maryland. Area 264 sq.m. Pop. 9,229, of whom 4,270 are slaves. Calvert Islakd, British N. Amer., on its W. coast; lat. 61° 30' N., Ion. 128° 10' W.—CalveH Isls.', Pacific O., in lat. 8° 65' N., Ion. 172° 10' E Calvehton, 2 pas. of Engl.— I. co. Bucks, 1 m. CAL 253 CAM S. Stony-Stratford. Area 1,980 ac. Pop. 493. —II. CO. and 6J in. N.N.E. Nottingham. Area 3,320 ac. Pop. 1,339. Calvi, Calvium, a seaport toivn of Corsica, cap. arrond., on a penins. of its N.W. coast, in tlie Gulf of Calvi, 38 m. AY.S.W. Bastia. Pop. 1,457. It has a good harbour and roadstead, & a strong citadel, which was taken by tlie English in 1794, after a siege of.51 days.— II. a decayed town of Naples, prov. T.-di-Lavoro,?* m. N.N.W. Capua. It is a bp.'s see ; but owing to "its unhealthiness its bp. resides at Pignataio. It was formerly import- ant as the CaZes of the Romans, celeb, for its baths. CiLViSiUO, atown of N. Ita]y,Lombardy, deleg. and 15 m. S.S.E. Brescia. Pop. 2,700. Cai-tisson, a comm. and town of France, dep. Card, 10 m. S.W. Nismes. Pop. (1846) 2,593. Caivizzano, a vill. of S. Italy, prov. and 5 m. N.W. Naples, dist. Casoria. Pop. 2,110. Caiw, a town of S. Germany, Wiirtemberg, eire. Black Forest, on the Nagold, 20 m. W.S.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 4,190. It has manufs. of wool- len cloths and cassimeres, & trade in timber. Calzada, a town of Spain, prov. and 14 m. S.S.E. Cindad-Keal, in a valley of the Sierra Mo- rena. Pop. 2,480. Cam, or Geaxta, a riv. of Engl., rises in Essex, flows N.E.ward through co. Cambridge, & after a course of about 40 m., joins the Ouse, 3 J ra. S. Ely. Current sluggish ; navigable from the Ouse to Cambridge. — II. a riv., co. Glos'ter, tributary of the Severn, which it joins at Frampton-Pill. Camajoee, a walled town of Central Italy, de- leg, and 11 m. N.W. Lucca. Pop. 6,000. Camamc, a bay, isl., and flourishing town of Brazil, prov. Bahia ; the bay is 75 m. S."W. Bahia. The isl. in the bay, is also called llha-das-Pedras. The town on riv. Acarahi, entering the bay, has some trade in rum, timber, and rice. Pop. 2,000. Camana, a town of S. Peru, dep. and 62 m. W. Areqnipa, cap. prov., on the Camana, near its nicuth in the Pacific. Pop. 1,500. Camaeata, a town of Sicily, intend. Girgenti, 39.m. S.E. Palermo. Pop. 5,200. Camabes, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aveyron, arrond. S. Affrique, on rt, b. of tlie Bourdon. Pop. 1,710. Manufs. woollen cloths. Camaret, a marit. vill. of France, dep. Finis- tere, with a small port on rt. b. of the Aulne, near its mth., in the Atlantic, 8 m. S."W. Brest. P. 1,000. Camakgce (La), an isl. of France, dep. Bou- ches-du-Khone, formed by the 2 arms of the riv. Khdne, at its mouth ; it is of a triangular shape. Length 26 m. ; mean breadth 11m. More than half the surface is covered with marshes, the principal of which is that of Valcares. The cul- tiv. part is of extreme fertility, and abounds in game and excellent pasturage, where numerous cattle and sheep are reared, and horses, of an excellent breed, live in a state of freedom. On the borders of the marshes salt is formed natural- ly, and is an object of great commercial impor- tance to the isl., which has 9 vills. and about 350 farms. A company has been established for drain- ing the marshes. CamakiSas, a marit. town of Spain, prov. and 43 m. W.S.W. Coruria, on the N. side of the bay of Camarinas, on which it has a harb. Pop. 1,440. Camaeota, a vill. of Naples prov. Princip, Citra, cap. cant, 7 m. W.S.W. Policastro. P. 2,600. Cambat, a seaport town of Hindostan, Baroda dom., at the head of the Gulf of Cambay, 76 m. N.N.W. Snrat. Pop. about 10,000. It has a curious subterraneous Jain or Buddhic temple, a fine mosque, and sev. Hindoo temples ; but a great part of the town is in ruins. Its trade has decHned, owing to tlie progi'essive shallow- ing of the gulf; it still, however, exports cotton, grain, ivory, and articles in bloodstone and carnelian, its manufs. of which are in high re- pute. The Gulf of Cambay lies between lat. •n° 5' and 22° 17' N., and Ion. 72° 19' & 72° 61' E. Length 72 m. ; breadth 32 m. at entrance. The tides are extremely rapid, and their rise and fall great; but the phenomenon called the "Bore" is now much dimin. in force. It receives the rivs. Narbada, Dhadar, & Malii from the E., the Sa- barmati from the N., & the Bhadar from the W. CAMBEEWEii.,a pa. of England and suburb of the metropolis, co. Surrey, 2 m. S. St Paul's. Area 4,570 ac., portions of which are densely po- pulated; while others, as Denmark-hill, Herne- hill,Dulwich, &c.,are covered mostly by detached villas. Pop. 39,868. It has a magnificent church and several handsome chapels of ease, and num. dissenting places of worship, a grammar school, founded in 1618, a new college, & other endowed schools. It is a polling-place for B. Surrey. Its pleasure fair is held for 3 days in August. Cambiano, a vill. of the Sardinian States, prov. Turin, cap. mand. Pop. 2,425. Cambil, a town of Spain, prov. and 13 m. S.S.E. Jaen, on the Matavexis. Pop. 2,773. Cambing, a small island, Malay Archipelago, off the N. coast of Timor, 12 m. N. Delly. Cambo, a vill. and pleasant watering-place of France, dep. B. Pyrenees, arrond. and 9.^ m. S.S.E. Bayonne. Pop. 1,373. Camboja, or Cambodia. [Anam.] Camboeke, a market-town and pa. of Engl., CO. Cornwall, 9J m. N.W. Penryn. Area of pa. 6,900 ac. Pop. 10,061,mostly employed in copper, tui, and lead mines. Charities about S2l. per ann. Mkt., Saturday. Fairs, March 7, Whit-Tuesday, June 29, Nov. 11. The copper mine of Dolcoath in this pa. has been sunk to the depth of 1,000 ft., and has at times furnished employment to more than 1,600 persons. Chidy Park, the seat of Lord de Dunstanville, is in the vicinity. Camebai, or Cameeat, Camaracum, a fortfd. town of France, dep. Nord, cap. arrond., on the Scheldt, 32 m. S.S.E. Lille. Pop. (1846) 18,308. It is the seat of an archbp., re-established 1841, and has a strong citadel; a modern cathed., in which is a monument to Fenelon ; a handsome town-hall, a comm. college, and a public library. It has a diocesan, & numerous other schools, & a trib. of commerce. Most of its best puMic buildings, with its anc. cathed., were destroyed during the Revolution. It has long been famous for its fine linen fabrics, thence called cambrics; and has also manufs. of linen-thread, lace, and soap. Commerce in wool, flax, butter, and hops. The famous league of Cambray against the Vene- tian republic, was concluded here in 1508, and peace between Charles v. & Francis i., in 1529. Birth-plaee of Dumouriez & Marshal Mortier. Cambresis, an old subdivision of French Flan- ders, of which Cambray was the cap., now com- prised in the dep. du Nord. Cambeia, a CO., TJ. S., N. Araer., in centre of Pennsylvania, near the Alleghany mntns. Area 720 sq. m. Pop. 11,256. Surface mntnous. Soil moderately fertile. Chief town of same name, with pop. 1,166. — II. a tnshp., N. York, co. Nia- gara, 22 m. N.N.E. Buffalo. Pop. 2,090. Cambridge (anc. GVanta), a pari, and munic. bor., and mkt.-town of Engl., cap. co. Cambridge, and seat of one of the great English universities, on both sides the Cam, and on the E. Counties railw., 49 m. N.N.E. London. Area, which in- cludes 14 pas., and extra-parochial dist. of the CAM 2S4 CAM Univ., 3,470 ae. Inhab. houses 4,797. Pop. 24,453. The town, in an exten. flat, embosomed amongst lofty trees, has, with few exceptions only, narrow, winding, and irregularly built streets ; but its col- leges are noble edifices. Princip. buildings con- nected with the town, St Mary's aud Trinity churches, both fine structures; St Sepulchre's, built in reign of Henry i., on the model of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem; a grammar school, founded in 1516, rev. 180^. ; a national school, with 600 pupils ; numerous alms-houses, a general hospital, theatre in the suburb of Barn- well ; the shire-hall, town-hall, and gaol, enclos- ing remains of the anc. castle; aunionwork-ho., and a ho. of correction and industry, founded in 1628 by Hobson, the eccentric carrier. Cambridge has no manufs., but it carries on a considerable trade by the riv. with Lynn, in corn, coals, &c., and it is a dep6t for corn, butter, rape oil, forwarded by land to the London markets. It is divided into 4 wards, and governed by a mayor, 10 aldermen, & 30 councillors. Corp rev. (1847) 6,4562. It is the seat of co. assizes, bor. and co. quarter sessions, and petty sessions, weekly on Friday. Market, Saturday. Fairs, for a week, from June 23d ; and for a fortnight, from Sept. 18th ; the latter, called Stourbridge fair (Barn- well), though it has declined, is still one of the most important in the kingdom for horses, wool, hops, butter, and cheese. Cambridge (indep. of its univ.) sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1846) 1,834. It gives the title of Duke to the youngest son of Geo. iii. Bishop Jeremy Taylor, and the dramatist Cumberland, were natives of the town. The University qfCambridge, supposed to have been founded in the 7th cent, by Sigebert, King of East Anglia, consists now of 13 colleges and 4 halls, as follow: — St Peter's College, or Peierhouse, founded in 1257 ; Clare Hall, dating from 1326, & having a fine avenue and grounds, with a handsome stone bridge across the Cam ; Pembroke Hall, 1317, possessing an elegant chapel designed by Sir C. Wren ; Cains College, founded in 1348 ; Trimly Hall, 1350, having a re- markable library; Corpus ChristiCollege,io\in6.ed in 1351, and the buildings of which are most magnificent ; King's College, 1441, possessing peculiar privileges, and having a chapel which is one of the finest specimens of later English architecture ; Queen's College, founded 1446, by Margaret of Anjou, and re-founded by the con- sort of Edward iv , and to which are attached some beautiful grounds ; Catherine Hall, 1475 ; Jesus College, 1496 ; Christs College, dating from 1605; St John's College, 1511, the buUdings of whicli are of brick, and which has an extensive library ; Magdalen College, 1519 ; Trinity College, 1646, the largest and one of the most magnificent establishments in the kingdom, possessing build- ings of a highly imposing character ; Emanuel College, 1584 ; Sidney Sussex College, 1696 ; and Ijowning College, founded in 1800. Principal edifices, also connected with the university, are the senate-house, an elegant Grecian structure, finished 1766 ; the public schools, library, obser- vatory, Pitt press or university printing-office, & Fitzwilliam museum. Total number of mems. on the boards (1847) 6,638. Each college or hall is internally governed by its own statutes ; but the government of the colleges, as a confe- deration, rests with a senate composed of two houses, and the members of which, having the degree of Dr or M.A., amount to nearly 2,800. The executive government is vested in the chan- cellor (at present H. B. H. Pr. Albert), the vice- chancellor, high steward, commissary, proctors, and other officers ; and two courts, of which the vice-chancellor and the commissary are the head, determine most of the legal oases occarringwithin the university precincts. As in Oxford, candi- dates for university honours rely more on the teaching of private tutors for instruction than on that of the professors. Mathematics (though not to the exclusion of classical and other learn- ing) form an important branch of study at Cambridge. Newton, Bacon, and many of the greatest divines and poets of Britain, conferred lustre on this school. The prizes open to the university at large amount annually to 1,2002., and at the different colleges to not less than 3002. The general income of the university is said not to exceed 5,5002. a year. The total rev. of colleges and halls, &o., was, in 1835, estimat. at 133,2682. annually. The university sends 2 mems. to the H. of C, who are chosen by the senate. Keg. electors (1849) 2,780. Cambeidge, a town of the U. S., N. Amer., Massachusetts, cap. (in conjunction with Con- cord) of CO. Middlesex, on the Chai'les riv., 3 m. I^^.W. Boston, with which & with Charleston it is connectedbybridges. Pop.8,409. Ithasacounty court ho. and gaol, a state arsenal, and a college called Harvard University, the oldest and best endowed in the U. States, founded in 1638, and having a library of 53,000 vols., a museum, labo- ratory, botanic garden, 27 professors & tutors, & nearly 700 students, including those attending its medical school in Boston. — II. a tnship. of H. Xork,34m.E.N.E. Albany. P. 2,006.— III.A town- ship, Ohio, 77 m. E. Columbus. P. 1,845.— IV. A tnshp., Vermont, 48 m. N. W. Montpeher. P. 1,790. Cambbidqeshiee, an inland co. of Engl, in its E. part, having N. Lincolnshire, E. Norfolk and Suffolk, S. Essex & Herts, W. Bedf., Hunting- don., Northamptonshire. Extreme length about 60 m., breadth 30 m. Area 867 sq. m., or 584,480 ac, of which about 160,000 ac. are unimproved fen land. Inhab. houses 33,096. Pop. 164,459. Surface, except on the S., marshy, flat, crossed by numerous dykes, and thinly wooded, with vills. standing here and there on small elevations. [Ely and Bedford Level.] Principal rivs., the Ouse, Cam, Nen, and Lark. The fens are liable to inundations, but in dry years the crops of corn, flax, and hemp, are often very heavy. Ely island is famous for garden vegetables, as are the mea- dows of the Cam for calves, cheese, and butter. To the S.E., about Newmarket, many sheep are fed. Farms of all sizes, & held mostly by tenants at will. Average rent of land (1810) 16s. 6}d. per ac. Ann. value of lands (1842-3) 774,6572. ; of houses, 267,2732. Total ann. value of real pro- perty, 1,102,4152. Expenditure on poor, 1842.; poor-rates (1844-6) 74,5372. Cambridgeshire is comprised in the Norfolk circuit, and (with ex- ception of 16 pas.) in the diocese of Ely. Chief towns, Cambridge, the cap., Newmarket, Wis- beach, and the city of Ely. It sends (exclusive of its boroughs) 3 mems. to H. of C. Beg. elec- tors (1848) 7,090. Cambkils, a seaport town of Spain, prov. & 8 m. S.W. Tarragona. Pop. 2,254. Cambus, a vlll. of Scotland, co. Clackmannan, 2 m. W. of Alloa, with an extensive distillery. Cambuslang, a pa. of Scotland, co. Lanark, on the Clyde, 5 m. S.E. Glasgow. Pop. 3,022 ; many eniployed in weaving and in raising coal. CAMnnsNETHAN, a pa. of Scotland, co. Lanark, on the Clyde and CaJder, 16 m. E.S.E. Glasgow. Area about 26,000 ac. Pop. 6,796, employed in cotton weaving for Glasgow houses, in raising coal and stone, and in extensive tile-works. C A Jl 2 Cambyna, au island of the Asiatic Archip., 15 m. S. Celebes, lat. 5° 2a' S., Ion. 121° 67' E. Length N. to S. 20 ra., breadth 15 m. Camden, a eo., U. S., N. Amer., m N.E. part of North Carolina. Area 228 sq. m. Pop. 5,663, of whom 1,661 are slaves.— II. a co., S.E. part of Georgia. Area 700 sq. m. Pop. 6,075, of whom 2,001 are slaves III. a tnshp., Maine, on Pen- obscot Bay, 19 m. N. Thomaston. Pop. 3,005. It has a good harb., ship-building yards, a large fishery, and an export trade in lime. — IV. New York, 128 m. N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,331.— V. a vill. S. Carolina, 30 m. N.E. Columbia. Pop. 1,000. There is here a marble monument to Baron de Kalve. Two battles were fought here during the revolutionary war in 1780. — IV. a city and seaport, New Jersey, on the Delaware riv., opposite Plidadelphia, mth which it communics. by steam ferries. Pop. 3,371. SMps of the lar- gest size approach the lower town, and it com- monicates by railw. with New York & Woodbury. Camden, a marit. co. of N. S. Wales, having E. the Pacific O., and enclosed on other sides by the cos. Cumberland, Cork, Westmoreland, St. Vin- cent, and Argjle. The Shoalhaven and Nepean rivs. form parts of its boundaries. — II. a vill., above co., on the Nepean, 30 m. S.W. Sydney Camdai-hay, Kuss. Amer., is on the Arctic O. Lat. 70° N. ; Ion. 145° W. Camden-Tow>-, a suburb of London, co. Mid- dlesex, on its N. side, pa. St. Pancras, intersected by the London and Birmingham railway, 3J m. N.W. St. Paul's, on the road to Hampstead. Pop. returned with pa. Named after Marquis of Cam- den, lessee of the manor in which it is situated. Camel, a small riv. of England. [Alan.] Camei., two pas. of Engl., co. Somerset. — I. {West), 3} m. E.N.E. Hchester. Area 2,100 ac. Pop. 344.— II. (Queen's), 5i m. E.N.E. Ilchester. Area 2,280 ac. Pop. 739. Fairs, June 1, Oct. 25. On CamaJet, a steep hill in this pa., are in- teresting remains of a Roman or British camp, called by the inhabs. " King Arthur's palace." Camblet, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 4^ m. S.S.W. Peneford. Area 1,630 ac. Pop. 643. Cahblfobd, a mnnic. bor. and town of Engl., CO. Cornwall, pa. Lanteglos, on the Camel, 11 m. N.N.E. Bodmin. Pop. 706. Princip. buildings the town-hall and a free school. Mkt. Friday. Fairs Friday after Mar. 10, & on May 26, July 17, & Wed. after Michaelm. It formerly sent 2 mems. to H. of C. Here was fought the famous battle betw. K. Arthur & his nephew Modred, a.d. 643. Camelojt, a vill. of Scotland, co. Stirling, 1| m. W.N.W. Falkirk. Pop. 1,340.— Old Camelon, a little N. W.ward, was an anc. port on the Carron, supposed to be the Soman Ad-Yallum. Camel's EnMP, a mntn., U. S., Vermont, N. Amer., one of the loftiest peaks of the Green mntns. Elevation, 4,188 feet. Camen, a town of Pruss. Westphalia, circ. and 8 m. S.W. Haram. Pop. 2,780. Cameba-de-Lobos, a maritime vill. of the isl. Madeira, and the first settled by Europeans ; a few miles W. Santa Cruz. Camebi, a vill. of Sard, states. Piedmont, prov. & 4J m. N.E. Novara. Pop. (with comm.) 3,840. Camebingham, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 7^ m. N.N.W. Lincoln. Area 4,460 ac. Pop. 139. Camebino, Camerinum, a city of Centralltaly, cap. small deleg. of same name, Pontif. sta., in the Apennines, 41 m. S.W. Ancona. Pop. 6,182. It has a cathed., an arclibp's. palace, nums. monas- teries and convents, a university of the 2d order, founded in 1727, and a small silk factory. It was anc. an important city, Bujth-pl. of Carlo Maratti. 3 CAM Cameron, a pa. of Sootl., co. Fife, 7 m. E.S.E. Cupar. Estim. area 7,300 Scotch acs. P. 1,167. Camebon, a town, U. S., N. Amer., N. York, 14 m. S. Bath. Pop. 1,369. Cameeoons, a riv. of Africa, Upper Guinea, which, after a S.W. course of uncertain length, enters the Bight of Biafra, near lat. 4° N., Ion. 9° 40' E., by an estuary 20 m. in width, & con- taining several large isls. For 40 m. beyond the mangrove region, at its mouth, it is about 400 yds. in average breadth ; depth in dry season from 2 to 20 ft., but during rains it is navigable for ships of any draught. About 90 m. from the sea it forms a cataract, as do several of its affls. in passing through the Cameroons mntns. On its banks are many populous vills. — Cape Came- roons, on an isl. in its estuary, was so named by the Portuguese from the vast quantities of shrimps taken in the adjacent sea. — Cameroons Peak, culminating point of the Cameroons mnts., lat 4° 13' N., Ion. 9° 10" E., is 13,000 (?) ft. in elev. Camebton, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, Sj m. S.W. Bath. Area 2,020 ac. Pop. 1,647. CamSta, a populous and flourishing town of Brazil, prov. Para, on 1. b. of the Tocantins, 85 m. S.W. Belto. The dist. which was assigned to Cam^ta in 1839, is extremely fertile, and con- tains a pop. of 20,000, employed in agriculture, commerce, and navigation. Camiglen, an isl. of Asiatic Archip., Philip- pines, 30 m. N. Luzon. Estim. area 40 sq. m. Camillus, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., N. York, on the Erie canal, 7 m. W. Syracuse. Pop. 3,967. Caminha, a fortif. town of Portugal, prov. Minho, 27 m. N.W. Braga, on 1. b. of the Minho, near its mouth. Pop. 2,520. Camisano, two small towns of Lombardy. — I. deleg. and 8J m. E.S.E. Vicenza. Pop. 2,600.— II. deleg. and 6 m. N.N.E. Crema. Pop. 2,000. Camlapoob, a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. Bellary, contig. to the ruins of Bi- janagur (which see), of which city it probably once formed a part. Near it are two magnifi- cent Hindoo temples. Camlin, or Cbumlin, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Antrim, \ m. N. Glenavy, and comprising 6,417 ac, with 2,167 inhabitants. Camma, a pa. of Ireland, Corinaught, co. Kos- common, 8 m. N.N.W. Athlone, containing vill. of Curraghbuoy. Area 12,403 ac. Pop. 3,830. Cammabata, a town of Sicily, in the. Val Maz- zara, 21 m. N.N.E. Girgenti. Pop. 6,200. Cammebton, a pa. of Engl., co. Cumberland, on the Derwent, 3 m. E.N.E. Working-ton. Area 2,880 ac. Pop. 941. Cammin, or Kamin, two towns of Pruss. dom. — I. prov. Pomerania, reg. & 38 m. N.E. Stettin, near the Baltic. Pop. 3,176. It has a cathedral, and a seminary for noble ladies. — II. W. Prussia, reg. Marienwerder, on the Kamionka. Pop. 785. Camin is also the name of vills. in the same reg., and in the grand duchy Mecklenb.-Schwerin. Camoghe, a mntn. of Switzerl., canton Tessin, on the borders of Lombardy, 7 m. N. Lago Lu- gano ; elev. 8,800 ft. Camogli, a marit. town of Sard, states, prov. & 13 m. E.S.E. Genoa, on the Gulf of Genoa ; built entirely in the sea. Pop. (1838) 6,809. Camolin, a small town of Ireland, Leinster, co. Wexford, on the Bann, 6i m. S.W. Gorey. Pop. 661. It has 3 annual fairs ; and near is Camolm Park, seat of the Earl of Mountnorris. Campagna, a town of Naples, prov. Princip. Citra, 20 m. E. Salerno, in the middle of high mntns. Pop. 6,760, It is a bishop's see, & has a fine cathedral, several churches and convents. C A M 256 an hospital, ■& as college.— II. a vill. of N. Italy, deleg. amd 12 m. S.W. Venice. Campagna di Roma, iariam, an old pror. of the states of the Church, Italy, now forming the d^eg. of Jfrosinone, & the greater part of the Co- mai'ca- di. Roma, . extending along the W. coast from,,©iyita.Vecchia to Astura and the Pontine marshes, andjuland to the Alban & Sabine hills, Rome fbeing near its centre. Length about 70 m. j '.breadth varying to 40 m. It is an undulat- ing .region, rising to 200 ft. above , the sea, and sUirtpd on'the'Mediterr. by a strip of marsh-land from 2 to 3 m. m breadth. Once the- richest and nxost populous country in the world, it is now destitute of inhabs., except in a few towns scat- tered over its surface, to which the labourers re- soiltiat night to avoid :the effects oi malaria. „: Campaqnac, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Aveyron, cap. cant., 23 m. E. Rodez. Pop. 1,300. Campan, a small town of France, dep. H. Pyr^n^es, arrond. and 13 m. S;S.E. Bagneres-en- Bigorre, on 1. b, of the Adour, in the fine valley if-same name. Pop. (1846) 3,442. The greater part -of the houses are built of marble from the ncK quarries in the vicinity. It has a handsome fountain and a^ curious stalactite grotto on op- posite side of the Adour. -Campana, an isl. off the W. coast of Patagonia, lat. 48° 30' S., and Ion. 75° 30' W., separated from Wellington isl. by Fallos Channel. Length N. to S.-about 55 m., average breadth 10 miles. Campana, a town of Naples, prov. Calab.-Citra, cap. cant., 7 m. S.W. Cariati. Pop. 2,400. — Cape Cumpanella, kgdm. and 20 m. S. Naples, opp. the isl. Capri, bounds the Bay of Naples on the S.E. ' ■ Gakpana (La), a town of Spain, prov. & 37 m. EiN.E. Sevilla. Pop. 6,374. It has remains of Moorish architecture, and commerce in grain, fruit, and wine. Campanha, a modern city of Brazil, prov. Minas GeraeSi 150 m. S.W. Ouro-Preto. Pop. 6,000. It has several churches, a Latin school, and an hospitaly founded 1835. Caiupania Felice, Naples [Tjsbba^hi-Latoro]. Campak, a river and town of the isl. Sumatra, on its E. coast, about 75 m. S.W. Singapore. Campbem,, several cos., U. S., N. Amer I. in S. part of Virginia, on James & Staunton riv. Area 576- sq. m. Pop. 21,030, of whom 10,015 are slaves 11. a co. in N.W. of Georgia. Area 300 sq. m. Pop. 3,370.-111. a co. N.E. part of Ten- nessee. Area 672 sq. m. Pop. 6,149. The Cum- berland mountains pass through it. — IV. a co. in N. of Kentucky, on the Ohio river. Pop. 5,214. Campbell Island, S. Pacific O., lat. '52° 83' 26' S., Ion. 169° 8^ 41' E., is 36 m. in circumf., mntns., and'has several good harbs. It is volcanic, and its flora is very' interesting. — Campbell is the name of capes in New Zealand and Russian Ame- rica, and a river in E. Australia. Campbblton, a royal and pari, bor., seaport- toivn, and pa. of Scot!., co. Argyle, on the E. coast of the penins'. Cantire, near its S. extremity, 38.m. S.W. Ayr. Area of pa. 43,750 ae. Pop. of do. 9,634 ; of bor. 6,782. Though not the cap., this is the most important town in the co. ; it has numerous distilleries & malt-houses, a tolerable harbour, and a g;ood quay. Customs rev. (1843) 505?. 16s. V'Sitice which, however, its'trade by sea has declined." Many of th& pop. are engaged in tambouring and'handloom weaving; others in a herring-fishery. Reg. shipping (1846) 2,039 tons. The town and neighbourhood are favourite re- sorts of visiters in summer. Corp. rev. (1843-4) 754?. Campbelton unites with Ayr, Inverary, Irvine, arid Oban, to roturn 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 264. Mkt., Th. Fairs, 6 times annuallv.^^11. a vill., eo. and 9 m. H.E. Inverness, on'Beauley Firth, with 716 inhabSi It- also is restorted to as a bathing-place in summer. Campbell-town, a distJ, Van Diemen's Land,, enclosed by dists. Launceston, Norfolk Plains, Clyde, Oatlands, Oysterbnrg, and having a Settle- ment of same name on an atti. of the Macquairie. Campden Chipping, a mkt.-town and pa. of Engl., CO. and 24 m. N.E. Glo'ster. Area of pai, 4,660 ac. Pop. 2,087. It has a beautiful Gothio. church ; a gramm. school founded in 1487, a conrt-ho., mkt.-ho., and remains of anoble man- sion, built early in the 17th century, and burnt by its proprietor that it might not be garrisoned by the pari, forces. Mkt., Wed. Fairs, Ash- Wed.,» April 28, Aug. 5, and Dec. 10. Campdenj dnringi the 14th century, was one of the princip. wool-f marts in Engl.. -In its vicinity, the Cotswold games were established in reign of James i. Campeaoht, the princip. seaport-town of Yuca- tan, Cent. Amer., on its W. coast, 90 m. S.S.W. Merida. Lat. 19? 50' N., Ion. 90° 33' W. Pop. including suburbs, 15,000. It is enclosed by has. tioned walls, & built wholly of stone, over a series of extensive anc. caverns ; its houses are gene^- rally good, and public buildings more tasteful than those of Merida, and mkts. well suppUed.' It has 6 churches, as many convents, a large; cemetery, a college with 6 professors, theatrCf & ship-building docliis. Its harbour is shallow, but it is the centre of a large trade in logwood, or " Campeachy-wood," & it exports cotton & wax. Campeedown, a vill. of the Netherl'ds, prov. N. Holland, 27 m. N.W. Amstgrdam, in the North Sea, celeb, for Admiral Duncan's victory over the Dutch fleet, 11th October 1797. Camphill, a station on the Birmingham and Glo'ster railway, England, 2 m. S. Birminghani. Campi, a town of Naples, prov. Otranto, 7 m. W.N.W. Lecce. Pop. 3,440 U. a vill. df Til*. cany, prov. and 7 m. N.W. Florence. Pop. 2,668. Campiglia, a mkt. town of Tuscany, 33 m. N.W. Grosseto, with a fine old church built of marble. Pop. 2,140 II. Piedmont, prov.Biella. P. 1,230. Campillo, several small towns of Spain, at one of which, C. de Arenas, prov. and 17 m. S. Jaen, the French defeated the Spaniards, July 28, 1823.— II. deAltobuey, prov. and 40 m. S.S.Ei Cuenfa. Pop. 2,890. It has manufs. of leather. Campillos, a modern town of Spain, prov. and 33 m. N.W. Malaga. Pop. (1844) 6,417. C ampina-Gbande, a town of Brazil, prov. and 80 m. W. Parahiba. Pop. with dist. 5,000 ; many of its inhabs. emigrate from scarcity of fresh water, Campinas, a city of Brazil, prov. and 50 m. N. S.Paulo. Pop. 6,000. Its dist. produces a gi-eat quaritity of sugar. Created a city in 1840. Campli, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo Blti, cap. cant, 6 m. N. Teramo. Pop. 6,000. It has a cathed., 3 colleg. churches, and an abbey. Camplong, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Herault, 4 m. N.N.W. Bddarrieux. Pop. 2,121. Campoe asso, a fortfd. city of Naples, cap, prov^ Sannio, 65 m.^N.N.E. Naples. Pop. 7,700. It has considerable trade, and celebrated manufe.of cutlery and arms Campo Bianco is a mntn. in the isl. Lipari, formed of volcanic soorise, which furnishes a great quantity of pumice stone. Campobello, 2 towns of Sicily .^I. intend, and 18 m. S.S.W. Caltanisetta. Pop. 4,600.-11. in- tend. Trapaui, 6 m. S.E. Mazzara. Pop. 2,985. Campo de Cbiptana, a town of Spain, pror. ffl ,50 m. N.E. Ciudad-Real; Pop. 5,690; It- has manufs. of coarse cloths, and trade in grain & fruit. Campo-Formio, a vill. of N. Italy, prov; and 7 CAM 257 m. S.W. Udine, famous for the tieaty of peace concluded here between the Anstrians & French, ITth October 1797. Oampo-Feeddo, a town of the Sardinian sta., proT. and 16 m. N.W. Genoa. Pop. 2,738. Campo-Grande, a vill. of Portugal, immedi- ately N. Lisbon, with numerous villas. It has mauuis. of silk, and a fair lasting 8 days in Oct. Campo-Lakqo, a town of Brazil, prov. Bahia, on 1. b. of the Kio Grande, 70 m. from its mouth in the S. Francisco. It has a school of prim, in- struction, established 1832. Pop. 3,000. Campolieto, a town of Naples, prov. Molise, 8 m. N.E. Campobasso. Pop. 2,240. Campo-Mator, a fortif. town of Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, 9 m. N.E. Elvas. Pop. 4,500.-11. a town of Brazil, prov. Piauhy, 145 m. N.E. Oeiras. Pop. 5,000 — III. (de Quixeramobim), a town of Brazil, prov. Ceara, 185 m. S.S.W. Fortaleza. Pop. with dist. 8,000. Campos, a town of the Isl. Majorca, 21 m. S.E. Palma. Pop. 4,712.— ConaZ of Campos, Spain, Leon, commences at the Rio Seco, near Medina, and joins the canal of Castile, 5 m. N.W. Palencia. Campos dos Goitacazes, formerly S. Salva- dor dos Campos, a city of Brazil, prov. and 155 m. N.E. Rio Janeiro, onrt. b. of the Parahiba. Pop. 4,000. It was constituted a city in 1835, and was formerly called the town of St Salvador dos Cam- pos. Its dist. contains a pop. of 40,000. Chief produce the sugar-cane. Campo S. Pietko, or Campo Sampiero, a market town of N. Italy, gov. Venice, deleg. and 13 m. N. Padua. Pop. 2,400. Camprodon, a fortfd. town of Spain, prov. and 32 m. N.W. Gerona, on 1. b. of the Ter. Pop. 1,162. It was twice taken by the French in 1794. Campsali,, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, 7J m. N.N.W. Doncaster. Ac. 3,930. Pop. 2,149. Campsea-Ash, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 6 m. N.E. Woodbridge. Area 1,900 ac. Pop. 374. Campsie, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 15 m. S.W. Stirling. Estim. area 22,400 ac. Pop. 6,402, en- gaged in calico-printing, and in several cotton &ctories, and alum, Prussian blue, and other works. — Campsie-fells is a range of hills N. the village, rising to a height of 1,500 feet. Campion, a pa. of Engl., co. Bedford, 3^ m. N.E. Silsoe. Area 1,120 ac. Pop. 1,390. Camboop, an old subdivision of Brit. India, formerly considered to include the dists. of Rung- poor and Rangamatty (Bengal), with Sylhet, Jyn- teah, Cachar, and a part of Lower Assam, to which last portion only the name is now applied. Cambose, or Camehos, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 3 m. N.N.W. Haverford-West. Pop. 1,210. Fairs, Feb. 13, Nov. 12. Camtoos, a riv. of S. Africa, Cape colony, dists. Beaufort and Uitenhage, rises in the Niewveld mntns., flows successively S. and S.E., and enters the sea 20 m. S.W. Uitenhage, after a course of about 200 m. Affls. the Salt riv. and Kouga. Camxieano, a vill of Central Italy, Pontif sta., deleg. and 5 m. S. Anoona Camuscia is a vill. of Tuscany, prov. and 14 m. S.E. Arezzo. Casa, Kana-el-Jelil, a mined town of Palestine, supposed by Dr Robertson to be the scene of the miracle recorded in John ; on a declivity 6 m. N. Nazareth, & 13 m. S.E. Acre. Another vill., Kefr Kerma, has also been supposed by some as the Cana of the New Testament. It is 3J m. N.E Nazareth. — II. a vill., pash Acre, 6 m. S.E. Tyre, & probably the Kanah, of Joshua (xii. 28.) Cahaan, a name applied in Scripture to the " Promised Land " of the Israelites. [Palestine .] Canaan, several tnshps., U. States. — I. Con- CAN necticut, co. and 15 m. N.N.W. Lichfield. Pop. 2,166, mostly engaged in iron works. — II. New York, 24 m. S.E. Albany. Pop. 1,957. Rail- ways irom Stockbridge to Albany and Hudson pass through tliis tnshp. — III. N. Hampshire, 41 m. N.W. Concord. Pop, 1,676— IV. Pennsyl- vania, CO. Wayne. Pop. 1,462.— V. Ohio, Marion CO., pop. 1,027 ; and several other small to^ns. Canaan (New), a tnship of U. S., N. Amer., Connecticut, 74 m. S.W. Hartford. Pop. 2,217. Canada, the most extensive and va&able of the British colonial possessions in N. Amer., ex- tending between lat. 42° and 53° N., and Ion. 64° and 90° W., having N. the Hudson Bay territory, W. laJces Superior and Huron, S. lakes Erie and Ontario, E. the riv. St Lawrence, and the U. S., New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. Length from lake Superior to Anticosti island, about 1,000 m. ; average breadth 300 m. Esti- mated area and pop. as follow :^ Province!. Area in sq. m. Pop. (1845). Chief Cities. Upper Canada, Lower Canada, 141.000 205,860 675,000 695,000 Toronto- Quebec. Total, 346,860 1,270,000 - Upper Canada is wholly on the N. side of the great lakes Erie and Ontario, and the river St Lawrence ; but Lower Canada comprises a con- siderable area S. of that riv., the great tribu- tary of which — the Ottawa — separates the two provs. Otherprrncipal rivs. are the Thames, Onse, St Clair, Welland, Rideau, St Maurice, Biohlieu, Sagnenay, tributaries to the St Lawrence, and the St John, which forms a part of the boundary on the side of Maine. Surface extremely variable. It rises in the N.W. into a table land, supposed to be from 1,200 to 1,300 ft. above the sea. The uncleared tracts are mostly awilderness of forests, marshes, and lakes. The soil throughout a large part of Lower Canada is sterile, but it improves on proceeding W.ward; and the peninsula of Upper Canada, between lakes Ontario and Erie on the S., and St Clair and Huron on the W. and N., is one of the most productive regions in its lat. Climate variable ; mean temp, at Toronto, year, 44° .4 ; winter, 26° .4 ; summer, 63° .2. At Que- bec, year, 41° .8 ; winter, 14° .2 ; summer, 68° Fahr. ; for 4 or 6 months annually the surface is covered with snow. The mean heat in July varies from 60° to 70°. The prevaiUng winds are from S.W. N.E., and N.W. Fogs are almost unlmown. Thunder storms are frequent, & cause consider- able damage; on the lakes water-spouts are sometimes formed, and the aurora-borealis is frequent and very brilliant. A few years ago 2,066;000 acres in all, were estimated to be under culture in Lower Canada, and 1,308,000 do. in Upper Canada, besides which 9,376,000 acres in the two provs. were occupied, though unculti- vated. The grains and fruits of N. Europe, to- bacco, flax, and hemp, are the principal crops. ■Timber trees consist of pines, firs, oaks, Amer. ash, hickory, and maple, from which last a good deal of sugar is obtained. Ginseng is indigenous, and the Zizania aquatica, a grain somewhat simi- lar to rice, is peculiar to Canada. Wild animals, as bears, deer, wolves, boars, beavers, and otters, are numerous, and furs form an important pro- duct. Th e humming-bird appears in Canada, and the rattle-^nake is not uncommon. Fish are abundant in the lakes, cod in the bays, & salmon and herring in great plenty. Principal mineral products, iron, with some argentiferous lead, coal. CAN 258 CAIN copper, salt, and sulphur. Principal exports, com, meal, and flour ; oak, pine, and elm timber, witli,_ masts, deals, &c. ; furs, fish, and potash. The imports comprise coals, metals, cordajj e, and most kinds of manufd. goods from Great Britain, colonial produce from the W. Indies, and provi- sions and tobacco from the U. States. In 1810, the imports into Lower Canada amounted in value to 1,908,043?. ; & exports, to 1,625,685?., of which timber stood for 952,826?. Total value of imports by sea into Canada in 1844, 2,493,468?. ; those from Great Britain amounting to 2,134,038?. Value of exports in same year, 1,809,844?. ; those of the U. Kingdom amounted to 1,746,488?. In 1846, 326 vessels built In Canada were registered at British ports ; aggregate burden, 164,930 tons. Keg. shipping of colony (1844) 669 ships ; aggre- gate burden, 65,458 tons. Upper Canada is sub- divided into 11 dists., and between 200 and 300 tuships., and is inliab. chiefly by the descendants , of cpjonists from the U. Kingdom. On the shores of Lakes Huron & Superior some native Indian tribes are settled, amounting in all to perhaps lOjOOO persons. Principal cities and towns, Quebec, Montreal, and Three Rivers, in L. Ca- nada; Toronto and Kingston in U. Canada. Total public revenue (1842) 465,141?.; expenditure, 476,304?. Canada, first discovered in 1499 by J. & S. Cabot, was acquired by the British between 1769 and 1763. In 1774, by an act of the British Parliament, a legislative council of 23 members was appointed to assist the governor ; in 1791, 2 legislative chambers were constituted; and in lS39, after several years of much discontent in the colonies, and at last an open rebellion in 1837-8, a bUl passed to re-imite the two pro- vinces under the administration of a governor- general, a legislative council of not less than 22 elected by the crown, and a legislative assembly of 42 memsi from each prov. elected by the people. Lower Canada is subdivided into the 4 dists. of Quebec, Montreal, Three Rivers, and Gasp^, each of which has its judges, sheriffs, &c. The dists. are subdivided into 40 counties, and upwards of 200 seignories & fiefe, & 160 tnships. The seignories are old French divisions, and mostly inhabited by a pop. of French descent. A number of canals for internal communication have been constructed, the principal of which are the Welland, the Kideau, the Lochine, and a rail- way has been opened from Niagara to Detroit. In 1793 Canada was made an English bishopric ; there are now bps.of Quebec, Montreal, & Toronto, besides Roman Catholic bishops, and Protestant dissenting ministers of all denominations. There are government and private schools, and higher educational seminaries. In 1842 there were trea- sury & colonial grants for religious purposes, to the amount of 18,400?.; educational grants, 63,200?. The total amount of emigrants who arrived at Que- bec from 1832 to 1844, amounted to 313,837, being an average of 24,041 a year, besides those who may have entered Canada through the United>States. Canada Creek, a riv., U. S., New York, joins the Mohawk river after a course of 60 giUes. — Canadian River, Upper Texas, N. Amer., joins the Arkansas river, slate Arkansas, near lat. 37° N., Ion. 106° W., after a generally E.ward course, estimated at 800 miles. Canajohabie, a tnship, of U. S., N. Amer., New York, on tiie Mohawk river and the Erie canal, 47 m. W-N-W. Albany. Pop. 5,146. Camalb, a town of the Sard, sta., Piedmont, prov. Alba, cap. iaand., 24 m. S.E. Turin. Pop. (1838) with comm. 8,906. It has important saline springs, and two weekly markets. Canandaioba, a tnship. of U. S., N. America, New York, cap. co. Ontario, at the N. extremity of Canandaigna lake, 14 m. "W. Geneva. Pop. 5,602 ; of vif . 2,790. The Till., neatly bnilt, has several churches, a court-house, jail, town-hall, and some superior schools. Canandaigua Lake, 16 m. in length S. to N., & from 1 to l| m. wide, discharges its surplus water N.ward into Seneea river. Its shores are fertile and highly culti- vated. Its waters are clear and abound in fish. Cakanea, a maritime town of Brazil, prov. S. Paulo, on a small isl. in the bay of Tarapande. Lat. 26° S. Pop. 2,000, suburbs included. Cananoee, Carmra, a seaport town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. Malabar, at the head of a small bay, 63 m. N.N.W. Cahcut. It has, with its suburbs, about 11,000 houses, and is the cap. of a territory long governed by female sove- reigns, and comprising most of the Laccadire islands. It has an active trade with Bengal, Arabia, Sumatra, &c. ; imports horses, piece goods, almonds, sugar, opium, silk, benzoin, and camphor: exports pepper, cardamoms, sandal- wood, coir, and shark fins. Canaba, the most W. district of the Madras presid., British India, extending along the Mala>- bar coast, between lat. 12° and 15° N., and Ion. 74° and 76° E., having landward the British dists. Malabar, Coorg, and Dharwar, with Mysore, and the Portuguese territory of Goa. Area 7,477 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 769,776. Surface uneven, and the Ghauts form its E. boundary. Rice is ex- ported hence in large quantities to Arabia, Goaj and Bombay. Forests of teak and other timber trees are extensive. PubUc rev. (1836-7) 275,846?., of which the land rev. stood for 167,121?. Principal towns, Mangalore and Barcelore. In S. Canara (as in Malabar) all inheritance descends in the female line, and instead of a man's own children, those of his sister or aunt are his heirs. It is estim. that 50,000 of the pop. are R. Catholics. The prov. was transferred to Britain in 1799. Canaries, or Canary Islands, FortunatiB Insu- lts, an archipelago, Atlantic oc, about 60 m. from the W. coast of N. Africa, between lat. 27° 40', & 29° 26' N., and Ion. 13° 25', and 18° 16' W. They consist of 7 principal islands and several islets, arranged in the foUowiug order from E. to W. : — Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, with the islefe Graciosa, Sta. Clara, Alegranza, & Lobos: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Gomera, Falma, and Hierro (Ferro). Area of the whole estimated at 4,000 sq. m. Pop. (1844) estunated at 202,900. The coasts of these islands are rocky and abrupt, and they are covered with mountains, some of which attam a great elevation, the Pico de Teyde in Tenerife bemg 12,182 ft. Their geological for- mation is most singular and interesting ; it con- sists of a continuous series of volcanic mountains, which rise in a circular form from the coast around a principal crater, which serves as axis? the ^eater part of them are deeply indented, & ill the form of a cone reversed. The surf, is volcanic, presentinga succession of mntns. & plains, extinct craters and fertile valleys. There are no rivers, but numerous torrents. The tropical heat is mo- derated by the Atlantic breezes, and the climate is equable. Winter is ahnost unknown on the coasts. In Oct., the warmest month, the temp, varies from 78° to 87° Fahr. ; and in Jan,, the coldest, it is from 60° to 66° Fahr. near the sea? decreasing with the elevation. The rainy season commences m Nov. and continues till Feb.; during the dry season, from April to Oct., ,the weather is unifornjy fine, and the trade winds blow steadily. E. and S.E. winds are the scourge CAN 259 CAN of these islands ; blowing over the burning plains of Africa, they carry an intensely hot ana dry air, which destroys vegetation & induces disease. In 1704 the Canai'ies suffered severely from this cause. Fresh water is so scaice, especially in the S. parts of the islands, as in some seasons to induce many of the inhabitants to emigrate. The vegetation of these islands is not less interesting than their geological formation (see Johnston's Physical AUas). The chief productions are wine, oil, grain, the sugar-cane, and exquisite fruits of all kinds ; and the surrounding seas abound in fish. The principal foreign trade is carried on with the U. S. of N. Amer., Engl., & Hamburg, & there is considerable commerce between the dif- ferent islands. The ann. produce is estimated at 170 qi-s. of grain, 54,000 pipes of mne, 300,000 quintals barUla, and 500,000 barrels of potatoes. The goat is among the most valuable animals ; dogs are numerous, and all the domestic animals of Europe are easily naturalized. The camel and the ass are used as beasts of burden. Among birds are the vulture, bnstard, pheasant, wood pigeon, red partridge, blackbird, linnet, and the tittle finch or canary bird. The inhabitants are of European origin, mostly Spaniards. Since 1493 these islands have belonged to Spain, of which kingdom they forma prov., governed by the same laws as the peninsular portion ; the cap. of the whole archipelago is Santa Cruz de TeneriSe. C-OfAKT IsitASB, (Spanish Gran Canaria), an island near the centre of the group of the Cana- ries, of a circular form. Area 758 sq. m. Pop. 67,625. Length S.W. to N.E. 35 m. ; at the N.E. point a portion detached from the mass is joined by a peninsula. Surface mountainous ; culminat- ing point El Cumbre, 6,648 ft. in elev. The cap. is las Palmas, the largest and best built town of the arcliip. Pop. 17,382. It has a fine cathedral and a p^ace of justice. The other principal places are Port la Luz, which is well sheltered and has a good anchorage. Teror, a town of 4^600 inhabs., residence of the bishop and a place of pilgrimage. Tiraxana, a colony of free blacks, who five in grottos and have no intercourse with Europeans. Atalaya, a town of 2,000 inhabitants, the houses of which are excavated in the sides of Mount St Antoine. Aguimez, pop. 2,800; and Telde, a town situated in a fertile dist. on the coast. Canateeai, the most E. point of Florida, U. S., on the Atlantic, lat. 28° 18' N., Ion. 80° 33' W. Casatezes, a town of Portugal, prov. Minho, near the Tamega, 10 m. E.N.E. Penafiel. P. 1,500. Cancale, a coram, and seaport town of France, dep. Ule-et-Vilaine, cap. cant., on bay of same name, in the English Channel, 8 m. E.N.E. St Malo. Pop. 2,682. Good anchorage is found betw. it and some rocks off the shore, from which oysters are extensively fished. Cancao, KANa-KAO, or Ha-tian, a seaport town of Further India, Cambqja, on a riv. near its mouth, in the gulf of Siam, in lat. 10° 15' N,, Ion. 105° E. It has an active commerce in tim- ber and iron. Cancellara, a town of Naples, prov. Basili- cata, 8 m. N.E. Potenza. Pop. 3,230. Cancocpa, a town of India, Deccan, Mysore dom., 24 m. N.N.W. Cbittledroog. Candahab, or Kandaiiab (Afgh. Ahmed-Sha- hi), a fortfd. city and the cap. of Central Afghan- istan, in a fertile plain, 3,484 ft. above the sea, 200 m. S.W. Cabool. Lat. 32° 37' N. ; Ion. 66° 2V E. Pop. variously stated from 26,000, to 100,000, mostly Afghans, but iueluding many Persians, Uzbeks, Belooohees, Jews, & Hindoos, which last almost monopolize the commerce. It is enclosed by bastioned mud walls, 3} m. in cir- cumference, and by a ditch; and it has a citadel on its N. side. Two principal streets, about 60 yards broad, and lined with shops, traverse the interior in opposite directions, intersecting at its centre where is a Idnd of circus, and a domed mkt.-place. Houses mostly ill built of wood, arid with domed or flat roofs ; thoroughfares filthy, though the place is well supplied with water from canals and wells. The mosques are mean, and almost the only public building worthy of notice is the tomb of Ahmed Shah (the founder of the mod. town), — an octagonal edifice, 40 feet in diam. by 70 ft. in ht., & mounted on a platform. Various manufs. are carried on in Candaliar ; & its transit trade is consid'ble. Its vicinity is well watered by canals from the Urghundaub riv., 4 m. W.ward, and produces the finest fruits, with corn, tobacco, madder, &e. In 1839, the government rev. from it & the city was estim. at 80,000?. a year. Can- dahar is supposed to have been originally founded by Alexander the Great. It was taken by Ta- merlane in 1384, and by Shah Abbas of Persia in 1620, and was held by British troops from 1839 to 1842, when it was finally evacuated. Cande, a comm. & town of France, dep. Maine- et-Loire, arrond. and 11 m. S."W. Segre, on the Endre. Pop. 1,115. Casjueish, Khandesa, one of the old Mahratia provs. of Hindostan, betw. lat. 20° and 22° N., Si Ion. 73° and 76° E., and now composing the Brit. dist. Candeish, with some parts of the Indore i& Nizam's donas. The dist. Candeish, presid. Bom- bay, is inclosed by the dists. Surat and Ahmed- nuggar, and the Indore, GwaJior, Nizam's, and Guicowar's territs., and has an area of 12,627 sq. m. Pop. 478,500 (?). The chief rivers are the Nerbudda and Taptee. The Bheels or Gonds, a rude people, inhabit the interior. The dist. was conquered by the Brit, in 1819. The ryotwarry system has been introduced into this dist., though not generally prevalent in the Bombay presid. Candela, a town of Naples, prov. Capitanata, 22 m. S. Foggia. Pop. 3,434.-11. a vill., Mexi- can confed., dep. and 53 m. S.E. Coahnila. Cahdelakia, a town, Plata confed., S. Amer., dep. CorrienteS, on the Parana, nearly opposite Itapua (Paraguay). — II. a seaport town, Canaries, on the E. coast of the isl. Tenerift'e. — Candelario is a vill. of Spain, prov. Salamanca. Pop. 1,908. CAfnoELARo, a riv. of Naples, prov. Capitanata, rises in Mt. Liburno, and after a S.E. course of about 40 m., enters the Adriatic, 3 m. S. Man- fredonia. AfHs. the Triolo, Salsola, and Celone. Near its month it enters a lagoon, on which are some important salt-works. Candelo, a town of the Sard, states, div. Turin, prov. and S^ m. S.E. Biella, cap. mand., on rt. b. of the Cervo. Pop. 2,638. Cankes, a comm. and town of France, dep. Indre-et-Lou-e, arrond. & 7J m. W.N.W. Chinon, on left bank of the Loire. Pop. 800. Cam>har, Gundhara, two towns of India. — I. dom. & 80 m. S.E. Jeypoor.— 11. Deccan, Ni- zam's dom,, 69 m. N. Beeder. Candia, an isl., Mediterranean Sea. [Crete.] Candia, or Mbgalo-Kastbo (prob. the anc. Matium), a fortfd. seaport city and the cap-, of the isl. Crete, near the centre of its N. coast. ' Lat. of principal minaret 35° 21' N., Ion. 25° 8' 9' JE, Pop. 12,000, nearly all Mohammedans. Its mas- sive fortifications, decayed docks, arsenal, exten- sive arched vaults for gallteys, and a large eathed., were constructed by the Venetians. Its harb., formed by two raoleS, each terminating with a fort, is now so choked as to be available only for Can 2C0 CAN Vessels drawing 8 ft. of water; and its trade is niucli less important tlian tliat of Kliania (or CariSat), 65 m. \V. Streets wide and roughlv paved ; houses well built, and interspersed with gardens and fountains. Principal edifices, the pasha's palace, bazaars, & mosques, a synagogue, lig'ht-ho., and pnbho baths. Chf. mannf. is that of soap. In 1841, IS9 ships, chiefly Turkish and (Jreek, aggreg. burden 7,408 tons, entered the port with cargoes to the estim. value of 27,626i'. ; and 198 do., burden 9,963 tons, cleared out with cargoes valued at 73,667t Candia was taken by the Turks from the Venetians in 1669. Cani) ij^,' a town of Sard, states. Piedmont, div. & 20 m. S. Nqvara, prov. Lomellino. Pop. 2,246. r^II. a vill.. Piedmont, prov. Ivrea. Pop. 2,250. ■ Candia, a tnshp., U. S., N. Araer., New Hamp- shire, 18 m. S.E. Concord. Pop. 1,430. Candlemas Islands, S. Pacific O., are near Sandwich Land. Lat. 37° 10' S., Ion. 30° W. Candlesbt, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, SJra. N.E. Spilsby. Ac. 850. Pop. 247. Candob, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Tioga co.. New York, 9 m. N. Ow'eg-o, Pop. 3,370. Candoveb, three contig. pas. of England, co. Hants.— I. {Brown), 3 in. N.N.W. Old Ah-esford. Area 1,230 ac. Pop. 313. — II. {Chilton), in same CO., 4J m. N. New Alresford. Area 2,190 ac. Pop. 103.— III. {Preston), 5} m. N.N.E. New Al- resford. Area 3,430 ac. Pop. 481. Candy, a town of the isl. Ceylon. [Kandt.] Cane, or Ken, a riv. of India, Bundelcund, joins the Jumna, 23 m. from Bandah, the prin- cipal town on its banks, after a N.E. course of 250 m. Its bed is rocky, and it is innavigable. It separates the Bengal S.W. territs. from the Gh^alior and Bundelcund dominions. ' CaSea, a seaport town of Crete. [Khania.] ! Ca»eadea, a tbwn, TJ. S., N. Amer., New York, lO'm. N: Angelica. Pop. 1,633. Canel, a town of V. Africa, Senegambia, on an affl. of the Senegal, 30 m. S.E. Sedo. P. 6,000 (?). Caneles, a small mining town, Mexie. confed., dep. and 75 m. S.E. Sinaloa. Near it some veins of mercury have been discovered. Canblli, amkt. town of the Sard, states. Pied- mont, prov. & 13 m. S.E. Asti, cap. mand., near I. b. of the Belbo. Pop. 3,422. • Canet -de-Mar, a marit. town of Spain, prov. anS 26 m. N.E. Barcelona, on the Mediterranean. Pop, 2,800. Fisheries and distilleries. Canete, a seaport town, N. Peru, dep. and 85 m. S.E. Lima, cap. prov., on the Pacific. CaSete de las Tobres, a town of Spain, prov. & 25 m. E. Cordova, near the Canalejo. P. 2,410. CAiiEtE-LA-KEAL, a town of Spam, prov. and 44 m. N.W: Malaga. Pop. 4,090. Commerce in fruits and Wirie;^-II. (ta Huergina), a town in the prov. and 27 m. E. Cuenca. Pop. 1,230. Caneva, a mkt. town of N. Itsuy, gov. Venice, deleg. and 37 m. "Vf . TTdine. Pop. 4,270. Canewdon, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 3 m. 'N.N.E. Kochford. Area 2,800 ac. Pdp. 723. Fair, 24th June. King Canute held his court here. Canfield, two contiguous pas. of England, co. Essex.— I. {Qreai), SJ m. S.S.W. Great Dunmow. Area 3,070 ac. Pop. 496. Here are remains of a castie of the De Veres.— II. {Little), 3 m. ■W.S.W. Gt. Diinmow. Area 1,610 ac. Pop. 258. ■ Canfobd, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 2 m. E. Wittjborne-Minster. Area 16,870 ac. Pop. 3,957. Canfbanc, a frontier town of Spain, prov. Hu- esca, on a frequented route between France and Spain, in the Pyr^n^es, 9 lU, N. Jaca. CanoAs, two towns of Sjiain, Asturias.-I. {dii Onis), prov. & 35 m. E.S.E. Oviedo. Pop. 6,380. —II. (cfe Tineo), 32 m. W.S.W. Oviedo. Pop. 502. Cangbejos, or Crab Island, a small isl. of S. America, Venezuela, at the mouth of the Ori- noco. Lat. 8° 50' N,, Ion. 60° 18' W. CANGUgu, a modem town of Brazil, on river of same name, prov. and 70 m. N.W. San Pedro- do-Rio-Grande. Pop. (1836) 5,000. Canicatti, a town of Sicily, cap. cu'C, intend. & 15 m. E.N.E. Girgenti, on the Naro.' P. (1844) 18,000. In its environs are extens. sulphui: mines. Canigoc, a mntn. of France, dep. E. Pyr^n^es, 24 m. S.W. Perpignan ; it is one of the culminat- ing points of the Pyr&^es, & 9,137 ft. in elevation. Canileb, a town of Spain, prov. & 29 m. S.W. Granada. Pop. 4,234. Linen manufactures. Canillas, a modern commercial town of Spain, prov. and 22 m. E.N.E. Malaga. Pop. 2,247. C ANiNO, a town of Italy, Pontif. States, deleg ' & 20 m. W.N.W. Viterbo. It has celeb, baths', & gave the title of prince to Lucien Bonaparte. ' Canisbat, a pa. of Scotl., co. Caithness, and forming the N. extremity of the kgdm. Area about 38,160 ac. Pop. 2,306. In it are John o'Groat's House, and Duncansby Head, Canisteb Islands, three small islets, Mergni archip., Indian Ocean, lat. 13° N., Ion. 98' E. " CanjavaBj a town of Spain, prov. and 34 m. W. Almeria, E. of the Sierra Gador. Pop: 2,700. Cann, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 1 m'. S.E. Shaftesbury. Area 910 ac. Pop, 523, Canha, one of the Hebrides, Scotl., co. Argyle, one of four isls. forming pa. of Small Isles, 7 in. S.W. Skye, Length E, to W., 4^ m. ; breadth, 1 m. Pop. 255, mostly Roman Catholics, & eni- ployed in fishing and rearing cattle. Surface elev., with basaltic rocks ; valleys tolerably fer- tile. Harb., on E. side, opposite Sanday island. Canne, a vill. of Naples, prov. Ban, near the Ofanto, 8 m. W.S.W. Bai-letta, on the site of the field of Cannce, still called the " Campo di Sangne," where Hannibal gained a memorable victory over the Romans, b. c. 216. — ^11. a comm. & vill. of Belgium, Limbourg, 10 m. E.N.E. Tongres. P. 610. Cannes, a comm. and seaport town, S. France, dep. Var, cap. cant., on the Mediterranean, 25 m. N.E. Draguignan. Pop. (1846) 3,642. It stands on a declivity facing the sea, and surrounded by orange and olive plantations. It has an old Gothic castle, and a good quay, but an indifferetit port. Exports chiefly anchovies, fruits, & cdm. Near it is the villa Louise-Eleonore, the proper^ of Lord Brougham. Napoleon landed at Cannes from Elba, 1st March 1815. Canneto, a town of Lombardy, deleg. & 20 m. W. Mantua, on 1. b. of the Oglio. Pop. 3,000.— II. town of Naples, prov. and 9 m. S. Bari. Pop. 1,940. — Cannetello is a vill. prov. Calab. Hit; I., dist. and 9 m. N. Reggio. Pop. 1,760. Cannings (Bishop's). [Bishop's-Cankings.] Cannington, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 3 m. N.W. Bridgewater. Area 3,970 ac. Pop. 1,349. Kithill, in the vicinity, has an elev. of 1,067 ft. Cannobio, a town of Sard, states. Piedmont, div, and 44 m, N,N,E, Novara, cap, mand., on the W. side of Lago Maggiore, Pop, 2,137, Cannock, a pa, of EngU, cO, Stafford, near the Binnmgham and Liverpool railw., 41 m. S.E. Penkridge. Area 11,970 ac. Pop. 2,852; partly employed in coal and iron mines. Fairs, May' 8, Aug. 24, Oct. 18. On Castle-hill there are traces of a British encampment.— CanKocA-cAa«e,' fot- merly a woodland, but now a bleak tract of about 25,000 ac, stretches hence N.E. to the riv,' Treiit, Lichfield and Budgeley are upon its borders. Cannon, a oo.^ U. S., N; Amer., in centre of CAN 261 CAN Tennessee. Area 100 sq. in. Pop. 7,193, of whom 618 are slaves. Surface hilly, soil fertile. Cannonbi (Cross), a pa. of Engl., co. Cum- berland, near the Carlisle and Whitehaven railw., 6 m. N.N.W. Cockermouth. Ac. 2,400. P. 5,731. Caknonsbubo, a town, U. S., N. Amer., Penn- sylvania, CO. Washington, 19 m. S.W. Pittsburg. Pop. 700. Jefferson's college, founded 1802. Cahnstadt, a town of Wurtemberg, circ. Neck- ar, 24 m. N.E. Stuttgart. Pop. 5,350. It has a station on the railw. to Geislingen, & min. springs. Canonbie, or CANOBT.a pa. of Scotl., co. Dum- fries, on the Engl, frontier, 5^ m. S.S.E. Lang- holm. Area 23,000 ae. Pop. 3,032. Here are remains of border strongholds, and the pa. derives its name from a canonry founded in the 12th cent. C anon-Fbome, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, on the Frome, 6 m. N.N.W. Ledbmy. Area 1,040 ac. Pop. lis.— II. (C.-Pion), same co., 4 m. S.W. Weobley. Area 3,730 ac. Pop. 681. Canoox, a town of Brit. India, Agra dist., 80 m. W.S.W. Delhi. Sit. in the midst of a desert. . Cakosa, a toivn of Naples, prov. Bari, cap. cant., 13 m. S.W. Barletta. Pop. 7,120. It has a cathed., founded in the 6th centm'y, the tomb of the celeb. Bohemond prince of Antioch, & re- mains of Canusima of the Romans. Canossa, a town of cent. Italy, duchy Modena, dist. and 11 m. S.W. Reggio, with a castle in which the Emperor Henri iv. performed penance before Pope Gregory vii., in 1077. Gahouas, the central of the Grenadine isls., Brit. W. Indies, lat. 12° 43' N., Ion. 61° 21' W. Canodrgue (La), a comm. and town of France, dep. Loz^re, cap. cant., 15 m. S.W. Mende. Pop. 1,969. Near it Roman remains have been discov. Canso (Cape), the E. extremity of Nova Scotia, in lat. 45° 17' N.,lon. 61° W.— The Gut of Canso is the passage betw. Nova Scotia & Cape Breton, from tiie Atlantic into Northumberland Strait. Length 17 miles ; average breadth 2i miles. Cantabbian MocNTAiirs in the N. of Spain, form a prolongation of the Pyrenees, and extend from these mntns. in the E. to Cape FinistSrre on the W., about lat. 43' N. The chief divisions of the chain are the Sierras d'Aralar, Salvada, Ordunte, Anagna, Sejos, Albas, Peiia, Mellara, the mntns. of Asturias, Sierra de Penamarella, Mondoiiedo, Quadramon, & Tecyra ; some of the summits attain an elevation of 10,000 feet. Cantaoallo, a town of Brazil, prov. and 76 m. N.E. Rio Janeiro. P. 4,000. It has an elect, coll. Cantax, a central dep. of France, formed of the S. part of the old prov. Auvergne, cap. Auril- lao. Area 2,200 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 260,497. It is entirely mntnous., occupied by the mass of Cantal and its contreforts, culminating point, Plomb de Canlal, one of the 4 principal groups which form the mntns. of Auvergne, 6,093 ft. in elev. The surface is almost entirely covered with the debm of extinct volcanoes; it furnishes marble and coal, and has numerous mineral springs ; its metallic riches are unexplored. Chf. rivers, the Alagnon, affl. of the Allier ; Truyfere & Celle, affls. of the Lot ; the C6re, affl. of the Dor- dogne. The climate is salubrious; rigorous in the mntns., the summits of which are covered \fith snow more than half the year. Soil infer- ,tile, except in some of the valleys ; the declivities of the mntns. afford excellent pa.9turage._ Corn is insufficient for consumption, and the chief pro- ,ducts,are buck-wheat, potatoes, and chesnuts. The rearing of cattle is one of the chief branches of industry 5 the chief manuf. being cheese (the: most celebrated of which is called iJo?Mie/ori), linens, and, paper. Many of the inhabs. of these mntns. emigrate every winter ; they are justly esteemed for their fidelity. The dep. forms the 19th military division of France, and is divided uito the arronds, Aurillac, Mauriac, Murat, and St Flour, its prmcipal towns. Cantalapiedba and Cantalejo, two townslof Spain; the former, prov. and 25 m. E.N.E. Salar manca, with 1,070 inhabs. ; the latter, prov. and 18 m. N.N.E. Segovia. Pop. 1,176. CANTALBARKTjatownof N. Hiudostau, subject to Bootan, 50 m. S.W. Chuka. Cantalice and Cantalupo, 2 towns of Naples ; the former, prov. Abruzzo Ult. II., 6 m. N. Civita Duoale ; the latter, prov. Sannio, 15 m. W.S.W. Campobasso. Pop. (1835) 2,339. Camteleu, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-Inf., 3 m. W. Rouen, with a castle and numerous villas. Pop. 1,113. Cantenaq, a comm. and vUl of France, dep. Gironde, 10 m. N. Bordeaux, with a small port on 1. b. of the GirSnde. Pop. 863. Exports wine, of iwhioh that of Gorse is in repute. Canteebcrt, a city, bor., and county of itself, Engl., and its metropoUtan see, within co. Kent, on the Stour, 63 m. E.S.E. London, with which It communicates by railw. Lat 61° 16' 48", N., Ion. 1° 4' 31' E. Area, which includes 14 pas., 3,240 ac. Inhab. houses 2,769. Pop. in ISOll, 9,000; m 1841, 15,435. The parlianientary & mur nicipal boundaries include the whole of the city and suburbs, with exception of a few houses in Thanington pa., Ashford Road. , It is situated in a rich vale watered by the Stour, and has 4 mam streets, branching from a centre at right angles, and each terminating in a suburb beyond the anc. walls, considerable remains of which still exist. Its cathedral, erected in 12th and two fol- lowing centuries, on the site of the first christian church built in Saxon Engl., is in the form of a double cross, with a central and 2 W. towers, and presents a magnificent union of almost every style of Christian architecture. The choir is the larg^t and one of the finest in. the kingdom, and -the pavement of the chapel of the Holy Trinity is worn into hollows by the knees of the innumer- able pilgrims who here worshipped at the shrine ofThomasaBecket. Amongst other interesting tombs here, is that of the Black Prince. A fine chapterrhp., & a valuable hbrary are attached to the cathed., under which is a spacious crypt, used as a French Protestant church since the reign of Elizabeth. The num. pa. churches are mostly, anc, but possess little interest. The gramm. school, founded by Henry vm. for 60 scholars, has sev. exhibitions & scholarships at Cambridge. There are numerous other endowed schpols; an hospital for poor brethren, founded by Archbp. Lanfranc, present annual rev. 411Z. ; Je^us hospital, found., ed in 1695, rev. 584^.; another hospital, with,, a rev. of 806h ; an infirmary, an anc. guild-hall, a session-ho., gaol, and ho. of correction, work-ho. and exchange, large barracks, a theatre, ball- room, and phjlosB institution, with ^, hbraiy and museum. A fine ancient gateway,iind some re- mains of St. Augustine's abbey, and of a Noriman castle, the old Checquers' Inn, immortalized ty Chaucer, and the Dorijon or Danejohn field (now formed, with its mound of supposed pani^ origin, into a beautiful planted walk), may be specified as objects of interest. In the immediate vicinity are several woollen trills,, but the chief business is the export of agricultural produce, egpecifljly of the hops extensively grown in the neighbour- hood, and, of brawn, for whiph the city has ^qm.e repute. Chief mkts.. Wed,, (for hops) and Sat. Fairs for 10 or 12 davs, begin Oct. 10. Petty- CAN 262 ssssions, Thursdays. Qnarter-sessions for capital offences are also held. Corp. revenue (1843) 3,80«. Canterbury sends 2 m. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 1,924. Canterbuij was, previous to the Roman invasion, a place of note as a re- ligious institution. It was made a princip. station by the Romans, & in the 2d century Christianity was introduced. It subsequently became the cap. of the Saxon kingdom of Kent, under the naftie of Caer-Cant, hence Cantuaria & Canter- bury. The archb'pric, founded a. d. 597, has had 93 archb'ps, indudg. the present primate, the most fa- mous of whom have been St Augustine, the found- er of the see, St Dunstan, Stigand, Lanfranc, Anselm, Becket, Cardinal Pole, Cranmer, Laud, and' Tillotson. The archb'p of Canterbury is " primate of all Engl.," and the first peer of the realm, next to the royal family. He crowns the sovereign in Westminster Abbey, and amongst other privileges has that of conferring degrees in divinity, law, and physic. His province com- prises 20 suffragan b'prics, & his diocese 258 pas., besides 100 pas. called " peculiars " in other sees. Net rev. of archb'pric (1843) 20,9691. Rev. of the chapter, which consists of a dean, 12 prebs., 6 preachers, 6 minor canons, &c. (1831) 15,982?. CanteSbbcry, a tnshp., TJ. S., N. Amer., Con- necticut, Windham eo., 12 m. N. Norwich. Pop. 1,791. Cotton and woollen factories. — II. a town, N. Hampshire, 8 m. N. Concord. Pop. 1,643. - CAhtiano, a small fortifd. town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. ^ 20 m. S. Urbino, on the riv. Canti- ano, & oh the road from Rome to Pesaro. Pop. 2,000. Near it are the ruins of the anc. Luccola. Cantillana, a town of Spain, prov. and 18 m. N.E. Sevilla,on r. b. of the Guadalquivir. P. 4,121. Cantike (MuiL of), Scotland. [Kintvre.] CAntijEV, two pas. of England, co. Norfolk, with a station on the Yarmouth and Harwich railway, 9i m. S.S.E. Norwich. Area 29,070 ac. Pop. 210— II. CO. York, W. Riding, 3 m. S.E. Doncaster. Area S,160 ac. Pop. 651. Canton, (Chinese Sang-Chmg, the " provincial city"), a city & seaport of China, & the greatest commercial emporium of Asia, cap. prov. Quang- tong, on 1. b. of the Canton or Pearl {Choo-keang) riv., about 70 m. from its mouth, in the China Sea. Lat. 23° 6' 9' N., Ion. 113° 16' E. M. T. of year 69° .9 ; winter 54° .8 ; summer 82° Fahr. Pop. has been estim. at upwards of 1,000,000, but this is probably far too high a calculation. With its suburbs it occupies the N. bank of the river, ex- tending inland nearly to a row of heights com- manding it on the N. & N.E., but between which and the city is a broken ravine ; to the S. is an alluvial plain, formed by the delta of the river. The city is enclosed by a wall of brick, on a foun- dation of red sandstone, 6 or 7 m. incirc, & en- tered by 12 gates ; and it is unequally divided by another wall with 4 gates, into the old and new town, in the former of which are the residences of most of the high officers, the public arsenal, &o. The walls are in some places mounted with can- non. On the N. heights are 4 strong forts, & on some isls. in the riv. are other forts, termed the "Dutch," and the "French folly." Various de- tached batteries also guard the apprdach to the city by the riv. The suburbs are nearly as large as the city itself; on the S. they stretch ail-along the river side ; and at their S.W. corner are the himgs or European quarter — a range of buildings about 1} liirlong in length, built upon a flat raised on piles, and separated from the rir. by a quay 100 yards in breadth, called Respondentia Walk. There are 13 hongs, including those of the British, Dutch, American, French, Austrian, Swedish, Danish, Parsee, and other merchants, & whieh merely consist of 4 or 6 brick or stone houses, ranged around a closed court: 2 of them are partly occupied by good European hotels. The English hong far surpasses the rest in ele-. ganee and extent. Near the quay is another small space, about 50 or 60 yards sq., walled in and laid out as a garden ; and the above narrow limits comprise all the territory assigned to fo- reigners. Contiguous to the hongs are Old and New China Streets, and Hog Lane ; the 2 former are among the best streets in the suburbs ; the last is a filthy narrow lane, well-known to foreign seamen, and where many disturbances between them and the Chinese have arisen. The city and the suburbs are laid out & built after one fashion. Streets narrow and crooked, varying from 2 to 16 ft., but averaging 7 or 8 ft. in width, paved and flagged, each closed by gates guarded at night, and each of the tradmg thoroughfares appropri- ated to one trade. Several canals intersect the city, and are crossed by stone bridges. Houses mostly of brick, but also of stone, mud, & wooi^ seldom more than one storey in height, with flat roofs and terraces, floored with hardened mud, stone or tiles, and the place of window-glass com. monly supplied by paper, mica, or thin shell. The residences of the wealthy inhabs. are built within a walled court, and are richly furnished ; those of the middle classes, in which about one-third of the pop. resides, have no courts ; and those of the lower orders, which are numerous, along the banks' of the canals & in the suburbs, are wretched mud hovels, in which from 10 to 20 persons are some- times crowded in one apartment. A large part of the pop. resides on the water ; and for 4 or 5 miles opposite the city, & both above and below, the river is crowded with vessels and rafts of all kinds, on many of which large numbers of poultry are reared. Upwards of 120 temples are enume- rated in & adjacent to Canton, the principal be-r ingthe remarkable Buddhist-temple of Ho-nan on an adjacent large island. [Hg-najt.] Within the old city are two other considerable temples, and a Mohammedan mosque, with a dome and minaret 160 ft. in height ; & outside of the walls, on the N. side, is a lofty pagoda. Canton has several hospitals, a grand hall for examination of candidates for literary honours, 14 high schools, and about 30 colleges, 3 of which have each 200 students. Manufe. various and extensive, & the shops are filled with articles of Chinese workman- ship. 17,000 persons are said to be employed in silk-weaving, 60,000 in the manuf. of all kinds of cloth, & upwards of 4,000 in shoemaMng. Great numbers of individuals work in wood, stone, iron and brass, and the book trade is considerable. The markets abound with all kinds of live stock for food, including dogs, cats, owls, &c., suitable only for Chinese consumers ; but provisions of all kinds are abundant and tolerably cheap. Canton is well supplied with water from reservoirs and springs. Burglaries are rare ; but loss by fire is frequent, and, in 1822, above 10,000 houses were burnt, besides the E. India Company'sfac- tory, with property to the amount of 600,0007. The city is also subject to inundations. '" Unta 1843, all the legiKmate foreign trade of China was conducted at Canton ; and its amount before the breaking out of the late war, was estito. (inclusive of the trade by junks with adjacent countries) at 80,000,000 dolls, annually. Tea is the great article of export to Europe, &c. ; next to which come silk and silk piece goods, the pre- cious metals, cassia, sugar, porcelain, & many other inferior articles. In 1844, the total exports to Eu- CAN 263 CAP rope & America, amounted in value to 5,528,022?. ; and the imports, compridng woollen and cotton goods, raw cotton, cotton yarn, ginseng, wrought iron, tin, lead, rattans, wood, spices, skins, ivory, at 3,866,037 i. The exports to Great Britain and the British possessions in the East, amounted to 3,883,828?. (of which upwards of seven-eights were shipped direct to ports of the U. Kingdom), and this amount comprised tea to 2,910,600?. The imports into Canton in British shipping, amount- ed in value to 3,451,312?., of which British manufs. & articles of staple produce, stood for 2,703,146?. ; the importation of British woollens, & especially of cottons, having far exceeded the maximum of former periods. The importation of opium into Canton and other ports, is tacitly permitted, though not legalised. [China.] The imports at Canton in American vessels in the same year, amounted to 529,900?. ; and the exports m do. to 1,448,670?. ; the trade of other nations was of much less consequence. In all, 306 European & American slups, of an aggregate burden of 142,099 tons (of which 228 vessels, bur- den 111,350 tons were British), entered ; and 296 do., aggregate burden 140,182 tons (of which 228 do., burden 112,142 tons, were British), cleared out of the port of Canton in 1844. The export, import, and tonnage dues paid by British vessels in same year, amounted to 534,903?. sterling. The exports in 1845, amounted in value to 6,622,726?., and the imports to 3,046,942?. On the 26th of May 1841, the Chinese troops were totally defeated, and both the river defences and the hill forts above Canton captured by the British forces, who, however, did not enter the city, a truce having been forthwith agreed to. In 1847, in consequence of various insiSts and grievances committed by the Chinese government, the Bogue Forts were again captured by the British, and a new convention agreed to. [China. See also Id'Culloch's Commercial Dictionary.^ Caston, numerous tnsbips. in the U. S., N. Amer. — I. Massachusetts, co. Norfolk, on the Boston & Providence railway, 17 m. S.W. Boston. Pop. 1,995, employed in woollen and cotton fac- tories, iron foimdries, &c. — 11. New York, cap. CO. St Lawrence, on Grass river, here crossed by a fine bridge, 20 m. E.S.E. Ogdensburg. Pop. 3,465. It has marble, copperas, & alum works. — IIL Ohio, cap. co. Stark, 104 m. N.E. Columbus. Pop. 3,299. — IV. Connecticut, co. and 13 m. N.N.W. Hartford. Pop. 1736; and several others. Cantok Eitee (Chinese CftoO'-Kean^ or "Pearl Eiver"), is the lower part of the Pc-kiang, which has a navigable course for 300 m. further inland, through the provs. Qnang-tong and Kiang-see, in Cmna, and is joined about 4 m. W. of Canton by a branch from the Si-kiang, opp. Canton ; it is as wide as the Thames at London Bridge, equally crowded with shipping, and deep enough for ships of from 800 to 1,000 tons burden ; but foreign ships come up only as far as Whampoa, about 15 m. lower, loading & unloading by means of native boats. At about 40 m. below Canton, it is called the Boca Tigris, and widens there into a large estuary, termed the " Outer Waters." All around and below Canton, it forms a multi- tude of islands, including Ho-nan, Whampoa, French, Dane, Junk, Ty-cock-tow, Anung-hoy, Chuenpee, Tiger island, on which great quanti- ties of rice are grown, and numerous forts are placed. [Boca Tiobis.] Cantokia, a town of Spain, prov. and 34 m. N.N.E. Almeria, on the Almanzor. Pop. 4,376. It has manufactures of woollen stuffs. Cantreff, a pa. of S. Wales, co. and 2 m. S, Brecon, near the riv. Usk, and traversed by the Brecknock hills. Fop. 233. Cantubio, or Cantu, a town of N. Italy, deleg. & 5 m. S.E. Como. Pop. 5,364. It has mauuft. of iron wares, which have subsist, since the 10th cent. Its church has a remarkably tall & slender belfry, which, in the middle ages, was used for a beacon. Canvev Island, a chapelry of Engl., co., Essex, and mostly in pa. S. Bemfleet, 30 m. E. London. It is encircled by a branch of the Thames, and comprises about 3,600 ac. of marsh-land. Pop. 277, mostly fishermen. Fair, June 25. Cahwick, a pa. of Engl., co. and IJ m. S.S.E. Lincoln, within the liberty of which city it is in- cluded. Pop. 190. Cant, a comm. & town of France, dep. Seine, Inf., 31 m. N.W. Rouen. Pop. (1846) 1,261. It has manufs. of linens, cotton yarn, & oil. Weekly markets, and 5 annual fairs. Canzano, two vills. of Naples, Abruzzo Ultra. —1. 6 m. E.S.E. Teramo.— II. 5J m .S.E. Sulmona. Canzo, a mkt. town of Lombardy, deleg. and 10 m. N.E. Como, cap. of a rich dist., with many silk manufs. Near it is the cascade of Villa- terga. Pop. of dist. 11,550. Cackle, an isl. and vill. in the Adriatic, gov. and 29 m. N.E. Venice. It is a bishop's see, Capaccio, a town of Naples, prov. Princip. Citra, cap. cant., near the ruins of Pisstum, & 25 m. S.E. Salerno. Pop. 1,740. It is the residency of a bishop, whose cathedral is at Old Capaccio, a vill. 2^ m. N.N.W. Capbebn, or Capvekn, a vill. of France, dep. H. Pyr&fes, in a narrow valley, 8 m. E.N.E Bag- nferes, with sulphur springs & baths. Pop. 850. Capdenac, a mkt. town of France, dep. Lot, 3 m. S.E. Figeac, on rt. b. of the Lot. Pop. 1,310. Cape. For all Capes not undermentioned, see the respective names. Cape Ann, a prom, of the U. S., N. Amer., Massachusetts, lat. (N. light) 42° 38' 21" N., Ion. 70° 34' 48"' W. Cape Bbeton, an insular colony of British N. Amer., at the E. extremity of Nova Scotia, mostly between lat. 45° and 47° N., and Ion. 60° and 61° 30' W. Extreme length from N. to S., 100 m. ; extreme breadth 86 m. Area 3,120 sq. m. Pop. about 36,000. It is very irregularly shaped, and greatly indented with bays : almost intersected by an arm of the sea called the Bras d' Or. Sur- face uneven. Granite, limestone, & prim, slates prevail ; and gypsum, salt, and coal are found, The land to the N. has an elev. of 1,800 ft. There are several fresh water lakes, and numerous rivs., but none navigable. Salt springs are found on the coast. The climate is varied, but not so rigorous as that on the adjoining continent. Vegetation is very rapid. In 1831, about 85,000 acres of land were estim. to be under cultm-e. Maize and other grains are raised ; but tbe corn produced is insufficent for home consumption. Principal exports are pine, oak, birch, and maple timber to Great Britain ; fish and coal to the U. States and W. Indies. Total value of exports (1844) 70,872?. ; those to the other Brit. N. Amer. colonies amountuig to 44,676?. Value of imports, 24,323?. In the same year 635 ships, aggi-egate burden 37,574 tons, entered ; and 631 do., pur- den 40,263 tons, cleared from the ports of the colony. Reg. shipping (1844) 19,662 tons. The pop. is mostly of French, Scotch, or Irish descent. This isl. forms a colony under the governm. of Nova Scotia, and sends 2 mems. to its H. of As- sembly.. Princip. towns, Sydney ^^nd Louisbprg. Cape Breton was first colonised by the French in 1712, and was taken by the British in 1758. CAP Cape Charles, a headtand.U. S, N. America, Maryland, on the N. side of the entrance to Chesa^ peake-bay. — II. a lieadiand, British N. America, Labrador, immed. N. the Strait of Belleisle. 'Lat. 52° 25' N,, Ion. 55° W W. Cape Cleab, the most S. headland of Ireland, Munster, co. Cork, on an isl. having an area of 1,606 ac. Pop. 1,052 ; with a lighthouse on an abrupt cliff, 455 ft. above the sea, in lat. 61° 26' N., Ion. 9° 29' W. On the isl. are a pier, and a ruined castle and church. Cape Coast Castle, a town & fort of Africa, cap. of the British settlements on the coast of N. Guinea. Lat. 5° 5' 26' N., Ion. 1° 12' 46' W. The principal fort, the best on the coast, is situ- ated on a gi'anite rock which projects into the sea ; near it are 2 small outposts, Fort William and Fort Victoriai The town has a pop. of about 10,000 blacks & 13 Europeans. It is regu- larly built, and its streets are lined with trees. The soil in the vlcin. is well wooded, but deficient in water ; climate damp & unhealthy. Mean temp. of year 78° ; Feb. 80° .5 ; Sept. 73° Fahr. Chf. ex- ports, palm oil, gold dust, maize, & tortoise-shell. Total value in the first half of 1840, 159,008?. ; val. of imports in do., 208,470?., of which those from the U. Kgdm., amounted to 136,360?. The settle- ment is under a president of council, assisted by subord. ofScers. From 1837 to 1840, the parlia^ mentary grants for station amounted to 10,760?. Cape Cod, a peninsula of the U. S., N. Amcr., Massachusetts, in the Atlantic, lat. of light-ho.j 4^° 2' 23' N., Ion. 70° 3' 65' W. It is hook-shaped ; 65 m. in length, by 8 in average breadth ; and encloses Cape Cod bay. Barnstaple is its town. Cape-da-Rooa, the most W. headland of Por- tugal, Estremadura, 20 m. W.N.W. Lisbon, with a fort and a lighthouse. Cape Elizabeth, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Maine, 6 m. S. Portland. Pop. 1,666. Cape Fear, a headld., U. S., N. Amer., N. Carolina, forming the S. point of Smith's Island, at the mouth of Cape Fear riv., lat. 33° 48' N., Ion. 78° 9' W. Steamers may proceed at low water for 90 m. up the riv., on the banks of which are the towns Fayetteville & Wilmington. Cape Frio, a promontory on the coast of Bra- zil, 80 m. E. Kio Janeiro, forms the terminus of the ridge of mntns. which run parallel to the coast, & consists of a huge oval mass of granite. Elev. 1,670 feet. Lat 22° 69' 9' S., Ion. 41° 57' 2' W. Alight'-house was erected on it in 1836. •Gape GiiiABDEAD,aco.',U. S., N. Amer.,in S.E. of Missouri, on the Mississippi riv. Area 864 sq. m. Pop. 9,369, of whom 1,325 are slaves.— II. a vill. in same CO., with a pop. of 1,728. Cape of Good Hope, an important colony of Great Britain, occupying the S. part of the pen- insula of Africa, between lat. 29° 41' and 34° 61' S., and Ion. 17° 10' and 27° 82' E. ; bounded S. and E. by the Indian, and W. by the Atlantic Ocean, N. by the countries of the Namaqnas, Griquas, and other Hottentot tribes, and N.E; by British. Kafraria. Length W. toE. (Cajie penin- sula to Keiskammariv.), 660 m.; average breadth 260 m. Area estim. at 110;000 sq. m. Pop. (1845) 179,709, mostly Africans, Dutch, Negroes, and a small number of Hottentots. The country is formed of a series of terraces rising in suc- cessive stages from S. to N; The chief mntn. chains are the Drankensteen, Zwellcndam, Zwar- tenberg, and Sneeuw-Bergen, in wliieh last is tlie Spitzkop or Compass-berg, the culminating point 6f the whole, estimated at 10,260 ft. in elev. Table nmtn., at the S.W. extremity of the colony, is an insulated flat topped mass, 3,582 ft. in height, the 264 C A 1" S. iBoint of which forms the promontory of the Gape of Good Mope, 1,000 ft. in elev.,' in-lat. 34° 22' S., Ion. 18° 29' E. It was discovered by Diaz, a Portuguese admiral, in 1486, and called by him "Cape of Storms." Cape Agulhas, ihe next remarkable promontory, is the southmost point of Africa, in lat. 34° 51' S., Ion. 20° 2' E. ; it gives its name to an extensive sand bank, and to an im- portant current whichflows from the Indian to the Atlantic Ocean. The most extensive plain is the Great Karoo, an arid tract upwards of 200 m. in length, and 50 m. in breadth, between the Zwar- teveld, and the Nieuwveld mntns. The only passai^e from one terrace to another is through the -Kloofs, narrow and difficult mntn. gorges ; some of 'these have been made passable'- for wheeled carriages, but the roads in general' arc very bad. The principal bays are (from W. to E.) St. Helena, Table, False (the W. part of viiicb forms Simon's bay), St. Sebastian, Mossel, Plet- tenberg, and Algoa. Streams are numerous, but rapid, mostly dry in summer and unfit for navi- gation; the chief are, on the E. and S. coast, Keiskamma, Great Fish, Bushman, Sunday, Caiu'^ toos & Breede ; on the W., Berg & Elephant or Oliphant ; & on the N., sev. small streams tribu- tary to the Orange. Climate mild and healthy, but very dry ; rains irregular, often falling in tor- rents on the coast, but rare in the plains of the interior. Snow falls only in the mntns.,' and is not permanent, even on the most elevated. De- cember and January are the warmest, and June and July the coldest, months. Mean temp, at Cape Town — in summer 68° .3 ; in winter 76° .6, Fahr. The greater number of diseases are un- known at the Cape ; the most common are con- sumption & apoplexy. Few of the inhabs. attain an advanced age. Soil fertile where sufficiently watered, but the general appearance of the country is sterile and monotonous. The arid steppes or Karoos of the interior are destitute of trees and covered with an ephemeral ve^eta-. tion only after heavy rains. The flora ot the colony is of a peculiar character, & is calculated to comprise 1,200 species, which, however, are more remarkable for the variety & beauty of their flowers than for their uses. The most valuable is the aloe, the produce of which has been export- ed in one year, to the amount of 2,794?. ; a species of soda, found in the Karoo, is employed by the inhabs. in the mannf. of soap, and candles are made from the covering of the wax-berry. Eu- ropean grains; and the fruits of temperate and tropical regions have been successfully introd. Com is raised more than requisite for consump- tion, and the cultivation of the vine is an import- ant source of wealth; a good white wine is pro- duced in the interior, but only the small vinej'ard at the foot of Table mntn. produces the celeb, liqueur called Constaniia. Cattle rearing is thft chief branch of rural industry; and the intro- duction of the Merino sheep has rendered the rural trade of the colony important. The coasts abound with mackarel and herrings, and in 1842, the whale and seal fishery employed 144 boats. Some of the wild animals of Aftica are still met with, but the larger species decrease m propor- tion as colonisation extends. The lion, hyena, buffalo, hippopotamus, and zebra are occasionally seen.; the thinoeeros is rare, and the elephant iS' driven bOTond the boundary; The ostrich and eagle are found in the mountains,' and snakes are numerous. The commerce of the colony is eX' tensive; the ports are Cape town and Simon's town m the W,, & fort Elizabeth in the E ■ Total value of exports in 1844, .350,735?., of which CAP 265 CAP 246,2172. were to the U. Kingdom. Impts., same year, 424,461/. In 1845, 35 ships (3,713 tons), & 807 men belonged to the colony; and in 1842, 604 ships (166,620 tons), entered, and 675 ships (159,336 tons), cleared from its ports. The colony consists of an E. and a W. prov., and these are divided into 14 districts, viz.. Cape Division and Stellenbosoh in the S.W., Zwellendam, George, Uiteuhage, & Albany on the S. coast, Clamvilliam on the N.W., Worcester, and Beaufort, Graaf Keynet, and Somerset in the interior, Colesberg on the N.E., Cradoek and Victoria on the E. The capitals have thesame names as the dists., except Graliam's Toivn, which is the cap. of Al- bany, and Fredericksburg of Victoria dist. Stel- leubosch is the cMef wine, and Zwellendam the princip. corn growing dists. ; the others are mostly appropriated to grazing. The gov. is vested in a legislative council consisting of 5 official mem- bers, viz., the governor, the second in command of the forces, colonial secretary, attomey-genl., and treasurer, and 5 unofficial members, inbabs. of the colony, nominated by the governor ; its debates are published. The Dutch founded a colony at the Cape in 1648, which was taken by the British in 1795. [Cape Town.] The boers or farmers of the Cape colony, de- scendents of the original Dutch settlers, have lost much of their ancestral industry and cleanliness ; they are affectionate in their family relations, & strict in religions observances, but prejudiced & illiterate. Education has been long neglected in the colony ; the only institutions of importance were, till &,tely, the S. African college, and the S. African institution at Cape town ; but a compre- hensive system, embracing primary and classical schools, was instituted by the government in 1839. In many of the dists. are missionary schools sup- ported by different protestant societies. In 1842, there were 40 pubhc, and 102 private schools, at- tended by 2,700 children. The colonial grants in same year were, for educational purposes, 6,021/., and for religious purposes, distributed among the different sects, 10,481/. Slavery was abolished in 18-33. The English language is alone used in courts of law, but the Dutch is also taught in the government schools. The money in use is exclus. British ; & Dutch weights & measures are nearly superseded by the English. The peaceof the colony is frequently interrupted by incursions of the Kaffers & other savage tribes on the frontiers. Cape Hattekas, a headld., U. S., N. Amer., N. Carolina, at the angle of a long reef which lines the coast. Lat. 35° 14' N., Ion. 76° 30^ W. Cape Hattien, formerly Cape Frangais, & Cape Henry, a seaport town of the island of Hayti, on its N. coast, 90 m. N. Port au Prince. Lat. 19° 40' N., Ion. 69° 64' W. Pop. probably from 12,000 to 16,000. Previously to the Haytian revolution it was a handsome city, & it still has some fine buildings, with a secure and tolerably defended harbour, & a considerable trade, chiefly with the U. Stat«s, Great Britain, France, & Ger- many. In 1841, 84 vessels, aggreg. burden 11,806 tons, entered the port with cargoes valued at 1-36,484/. ; 78 vessels, burden 10,802 ton.s, cleared out with cargoes estimated at 162,770/. in value. Cape Hobh, or Hoobm, the most S. point of America, on the last isl. of the Fugeian archip., in lat. 65° 58' 40^ S., Ion. 67° 16' W. It is a lofty, Steep, bare, black rock, with pointed summits, & was formerly considered very dangerous to pass ; but the difficulties of doubling it are now greatly dhninished. It was named by Schouten, its dis- coverer, in honour of his birth-place, Hoom, in the Netherlands, prov. North Holland. Cape Island, a vill., U. :S.,- Ni Amer., New Jersey, at its extreme S. point, on the Atlantic, 108 m. S. Trenton. Frequented for sea-bathing. Capel, several pas. of Engl. — I. oo. Surrey, ej m. S. Dorking. Area 4,990 ao. Pop. 989.— II. {St Andrene), co. Suffolk, 7 m. S.Ev 'Woodbridge. Area 2,400 ac. Pop. 222.— III. {Ourrig), a ham- let, JN. Wales, co. Carnarvon, pa. Slandegai, at the foot of Snowdoni Pop. returned with pa. Sheep fair, Sept. 28. It is a polling-place for the CO. — IV. {Voelas), a pa., N. Wales, co. Denbighi 7 J m. S.S.E. Llanrwst. Pop. 611.— V. (Garman), a tnshp., same co., 4J m; S. Llanrwst. Pop. 728i Cape La Haque, a headland of France, Nor- mandy, dep. Manche, forming the N.W. ex- tremity of the penins. Cotentin, in the English Channel, opposite the isl. Alderney, 16 m. N.N. W< Cherbourg, and 60 m. S. St Alban's Head (Dor- setshire). Lat. of light-ho. 49° 48' 22" N., Ion. 1° 57' 6' W. It is often confounded with Cape La Hague, on the opposite side of Cotentin, 10 m. N.E. Valognes', off which the< united English and Dutch fleets defeated the French naval force. May 19 to 22, 1692. Capeliadbs, an episoop; town of Spain, prov. and 30 m. N.W. Barcelona. Pop. 2,798. It has manufs. of cloth & paper, & brandy distilleries. Cafelle (La), acomm. & town of France, depj Aisne, cap. cant., 10 m. N. Vervins, formerly for-s tified. Pop. of comm. 1;514.- — II. (Mariiial), a vill., dep. Lot, cap. cant., 10 m. N.W. Pigefec. Pop. l,331.i — Also several vills. mostly in the cenS tral deps.— Ca^e//CT and Capellendorf sue vills. in Rhenish-Prussia & Saxe- Weimar. [Kapblle.] Capeli,e-op-den Bosch, a vill. of Belgium, prov. S. Brabant, 11 m. N. Brussels^on tliecanal thence to Antwerp, and on the railway between Mechlin and Ghent. Pop. 2,500. Cape Mat, a co., U. S., N.Amer., in S. part of N. Jersey. Pop. 5,324. Soil alluvial. Eastern margin indented by the Atlantic. — II. a headld.. New Jersey, on the N. side of the entrance into Delaware Bay. Lat. of lightho., S.W. point of Cape, 38° 66' N., Ion. 76° 2' W.—Cd,pe Henlopen forms the S. side of the entrance to the same bay. Gape Mount, a riv.' of W.- Afi-ica, which falls into the Atlantic Oceanj in lat. 6° 44' NJ, Ion. 11° 26' W. The dist. of Cape Mount, with its isls., lakes, and rivers, was granted by the king of the territory to an English company, by a deed, dated February 23, 1841. . • ■ '" ' Cape Rivek, or Vaunks, a large riv. of Cent. America, Nicaragua &■ Mosquito Country, enters the Carib. Sea, at Cape Gracios a' Dies, after a N.E. course, estund,ted at from 260 to 800 m., through a territory mostly of high fertility. It is navigable from the sea for a considerable dis- tance inland; beyond which its courseJis.imped^ ed by numerous cataracts and shallows. The city Segovia is near its source. ' ' ■ ' Capbknaum, an ^nc. ■ city of Palestine, pash. Damascus, supposed to have been at Ithan- Minyeh, on the W. shore of L. Tiberias,' 5J m. N.W. Tiberias. > Here is a low moumdi with ruins occupying' a considerable circuit, and' near it isia- copious spring called' Ain-el-Zin, & supposed by Robinson to be the Capharnaum of Josephus, while Wilson' would rather place its looBlitjf at 7'e//-«/-:ffuro, 8J miles to the N.E. ' «■ Capestang, acomm. andtown of France, dep. Heraiilt,' cap. cant.,on the Canal du Midiii& near the head of a pool (etang) of same name, 47 m. W.S.W. Moutpellier, Pop. 1,831. ■ ' ■ Capesterhe (La), or Le 'Mabioot, ' a toivtiof the isl. Guadeloupe, French Antilles, cap. cant., on its H. coast, 13 m. E;N.E. Ba-ssetorros' ina CAP 266 healthy and fertile situation. Pop. 8,784, of whom 3,089 are slaves II. a town of Marie Galante. Cape Towm, a fortfd. seaport town of S. Africa, cap. of the Cape colony on its W. coast at the N. declivity of Table mntn., and on the S.W. shore of Table bay. Lat. of observatory 33° 56' S., Ion. 18° 28' 1" E., 32 m. N. "the Cape." Mean temp, of year 67° .3; winter 76° .6; sum. 58° .3, Fahr. Pop. (1842) 22,543, of whom one-third were blades. The town, which is situ, in a plain, is de- fended by a castle & sevl. forts ; it is regularly laid out in the Dutch style, with canals in the princip. streets ; the streets are broad and cross at right angles, but unpaved ; the houses are flat roofed and painted or white-washed, with terraces in front. From its situation, facing the noon-day sun, & backed by naked mntns., the town is ex- posed to excessive heat, and is often intolerable from dust ; it is also exposed to violent gales from the S.E. The onl-jr public building of importance is the governor's house, a plain but spacious edi- fice. There are numerous villas in the environs ; and the Wynberg, a pretty hill, is a favourite re- sort of the wealthy inhabitants. It has a royal marine observatory, and a magnetic observatory. The educational establishments are the S. African college and the S. African institution, a good public library, and a valuable private botanic garden. There is a government bank which issues notes, and a joint stock bank mth a branch at Graham's town. Cape town was constituted a bishopric in 1847. Table bay is capacious enough to contain any number of vessels but is exposed to W. winds, which from June to August produce heavy swells ; its N.W. point is marked by alightho. Cape town was founded by the Dutch in 1650, & with its subject territory was taken by the British in 1795. It was restored to the Dutch by the treaty of Amiens ; recaptured by the British in 1806, and finally ceded to Britain in 1815. The Cape of Good Hope was discovered by Diaz in 1486, and called by him the " Cape of Storms." Cape Vebd, the most W. cape of Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean, between the rivers Senegal and Gambia. Lat. 14° 43' N., Ion. 17° 34' W. Its name is derived from a group of enormous baobab-trees wliich crowns its summit. — The isls. of Cape Yerd are situated 320 m. W. of the cape, between lat. 14° 45' and 17° 13' N., and Ion. 22° 45' and 25° 26' W. The archip. consists of the following 10 isls., Sal, Boavista, Mayo, Santiago (St James), the largest, Fogo, Brava, Grande, Bombo, S. Nicol&o, and S. Luzia, and 4 islets, Branco, Kazo, S. Vicente, and S. AntSx). Area estimated at 1,680 sq. m. Pop. (last census 1834) 55,833 ; 51,854 free, and 3,979 slaves. In 1844 it was estimated at 67,000; the white pop. in tlie whole archip. is to the coloured as 1 to 20. The surface of the isls, is in general mntnous., & some of their peaks have a considerable elevation. The volcano of Fogo is 9,157 ft. in height. The soil is extremely various, but mostly fertile ; the ab- sence of trees and tlie scarcity of water are the causes of frequent and severe distress. Climate very hot, but tempered by the sea breezes ; mean temp, of May & August 70° 9. April to Sejjt. 70°, daring the other months 65° F. ; the mornings & evenings are cool, and dews abundant. Cliief vegetable products, maize, rice, & French beans. Coffee, introduced in 1790, has completely suc- ceeded ; the cotton shrub is indigenous ; indigo grows wild, and tobacco is cultivated in some of the isls. ; little sugar is grown, and wine of in- ferior quality; tropical fruits are abundant. Orchill, the trade in which was formerly mono- polized by the government, & yielded an annl. rev. of 24,0002., decreased in value so rapidly after the trade was thrown open in 1837, as to require new restrictions, which were put in force in 1844. Cattle are exten.sively reared, and dried & salted provisions form a considerable article of export. Goats are still numerous, although many are an- nually liilled for the sake of their sMns; pigs are abundant in several of the isls. Asses and mules are the only beasts of burden. Fowls are so abundant in most of the islands that they are sold for less than Id. each ; serpents & venom- ous reptiles are unknown; whales abound in the neighbouring seas, & are fished by the Eng- lish and Americans. Amber is found on all the coasts, which are frequented. by immense num- bers of turtle. The natives are quiet and docile, but extremely indolent; the Portuguese lan- guage is corrupted into a jargon called lingua creoula. Agriculture & the preparation of salt are chief branches of industry ; linens, pottery- ware, soap, and leather are manufd, in some of the isls. In 1843-4, 217 ships entered, and 239 left the ports of the Archip. ; of these 36 were British. Value of impts., 19,0002., expts., 17,000/. These isls., together with the Portuguese posses- sions on the continent of Africa, near C. Boxo, constitute the prov. of Cape Yerd, the cap, of which was removed from PortoiPray a to Mindelloi in the isl. S. Vincent, in 1838. The prov. is vm- der a gov.-general, who exercises both civil and- mihtary power. The military force comprised in 1843, 634 men. Previous to 1840, there was only 1 school of public instiuction in the archip.^ since then there are 12. The Soman Catholic is the only form of worship. Cape-Wbath, forms the N.W. extremity of Scotl., CO. Sutherland. Lat. 58° 37' N., Ion, 5° 1' W, It is a pyramid of gneiss rising to 300 ft., and having on it a Ughthouse, with a light 400 ft. above the sea. Capestbano, & Capisteello, two small towns of Naples ; the former in prov. Abruzz, Ult. II., 22 m, S.E. Aquila. Pop. 2,409. The latter in same prov., 3J m. W. Lake Fucino. Pop. 1,150. Capitamata, a prov. of Naples, bounded N. & E. by the Adriatic ; cap. Foggia. Climate very warm. Its pastures ai'e rich, and many cattle are reared. Chief produce, wine, safiron, fruit, and salt. Pop. (1844) 304,323. Capfvabi, a modern town of Brazil, prov. Kio de Janeiro, conun. and 24 m. N.W. Cabo Frio. Pop. 3,000. Capjz, a city of the Philippines, cap. of the isl. Panay, on its N, coast. Pop. 11,145. It is mostly built of wood and is defended by a small fort. It is the resid. of a Spanish alcalde, gov. of the prov. Capizzi, Capitium, a town of Sicily, intend. Messina, 19 m. W.N.W. Bronte. Pop. 3,400. Caple, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 3 m. S.E. Tun- bridge. Area 1,630 ac. Pop. 2,472. with the mainland, 8 m. S. W. Triest. Pop. (18^ 5,981. It was the cap. of Venetian Istria, and is old and ruinous ; it has a cathedral and about 30 other churches, a gymnasium, and a prison. Its harb. is little frequented except by fishing boats. Manufs. leather & soap. Exports, winey oil, salt, and hides. Caposblle, a town of Naples, prov. Princin. Cit., 13 m. N.N.E. Campagna. Pop. 3,734. Cappagh, two pas. of Ireland.— a. Ulster, coi T^yrone, 6 m, N.N.E, Omagh. Area 37,671 ac. Pop. 13,330. Here is the splendid demesne of MouBtjoy-forest — II. Munster, co. Limerick, 2i CAP 2C7 CAR m. N.N.E. Rathkeale. Area 1,268 ao. Pop. 755. At Cappagh Hill, 10 m. W. Skibbereen, there is a copper mine. — A small riv. and extensive bog, 00. Galway, have the same name. CAPPAbHWHiTE, a towa of Ireland, Munster, CO. and 7 m. N. Tipperary. Pop. 1,046. It has 6 feirs between June and December. In the vicinity are some copper mines. CAPPANAcnsHT, a group of islets, Ireld., Mun- ster, CO. Kerry, at the head of the estuary, and 3 m. W. Kenmare. On the opposite mainland are the remains of Cappanacushy castle. Cappei, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 10 m. S.S.W. Ziirich. Here the reformer TJIrich Zwin- glius was killed in ^skirmish against the Papists, October 11, 1531, and a rude stone monument marks the spot where he fell. Cappein, 2 viUs. of N. Germany. — I. Hanover, prov. and 9 m. N.E. Osnabriick. — II. {Wester), Pruss. Westphalia, Miinster, 19 m. E.N.E. Rheina. — HI. a viU. of Denmark, duchy Schleswig, on the Schley. Exports corn smd fish. Pop. 2,000. Cappoqutn, a town of Ireland, Mimster, co. Wateribrd, on the Blackwater, navigable hence downwards in barges, 4 m. E.N.E. Lismore. Fop. 2,341. Has a modernized castle, a chm'ch, & barracks ; 6 annual fairs. Cappoquin house is the seat of Sir R. Keane, baronet. Capbacotta, a town of Naples, prov. Molise, 27 m. N.W. Campobasso. Pop. 2,780. Capkaja, anisl. of the Sard, states, MediteiT., with fortfd. port of same name, on E. side, 17 m. E. the N. extremity of Corsica. Length 31 m, ; breadth l|m. Pop. (1844) 750. It is mntnous., & prodncis a considerable quantity of wine & oil. Capeeba, a small isl. Mediterr., off the N.E. coast of Sardinia. Length N. to S., 5 m. ; has good -pastarage, bnt no permanent inhabitants. Capbrse, a small town of Tuscany, prov. and 13 m. N.E. Arezzo, memorable as the birth-place of Michael Angelo Buonaroti. Pop. 1,560. Capei, Caprea, an isl. of Naples, dist. Castel- lamare, at the S. entrance of the bay, and 20 m. S. the city ofi Naples. Length 4} m. ; breadth 3 m. It is entirely mountainous, coasts steep atiA inaccessible, except at the port of Capri, a small fortfd. town with a fine cathed., a large seminary and a pop. of 2,500, on its S. side. Climate mild and salubrious ; soil rocky & poor, but well eultiv., & producing grain, fruit, oil, & excellent wine. Vast numbers of quails are caught during their annual migration. On the coast is the re- markable stalactitic cave called the " grotto of Nymphs ; " & the isl. contains numerous Roman ruins and antiquities. It is celeb, in history as the retreat of Tiberius, & the scene of his orgies. — II. a small isl. of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, 10 m. W. Sebenico. Capeiata, a vill. of Sard, states, Piedmont, prov. & 7 m. S.W. Novi, cap. mand. Pop. 2,366. Capeiati, a town of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, cap. cant., 6 m. E.S.E. Venafro. Pop. 2,200. Capbicoen Ists., a small group of isls. & rocks off the E. coast of Australia, on the tropic of Capricorn. Lon. 151° 15' E. Capeiso, two towns of N. Italy. — I. deleg. and 10 m. 'W.N.W. Bergamo, with extens. silk mills. Pop. 1,600.-11. cap. dist., deleg., & 15 m. N.W. Verona. Pop, 3,400. Capeyke, a town of Belgimn, prov. E. Flan- ders, 13 m. N.N.W. Ghent. Pop. 3,829. It has several brewerie.s, and trade in timber. Capua, a fortfd. city of Naples, cap. prov. T. di Lavoro, on the Voltnmo, 20m. N. Naples. Pop. 8,100. It was fortfd. by Vauban, & is consid. ore of the keys of the kgdm. ; for though far from the frontier, it is the only fortress that covers the ap- proach to Naples. It was built by the Lombards m 856, out of the ruins of anc. Capua {CaAlimm), the remains of which, about 2 m. E., include a gate and portions of a large amphitheatre. The modern city has no object worthy of-notice ex- cept a cathed. \vith antique columns ; it comprises 18 pa. churches, several convents, a royal col- lege, military school, hospitals, & pu/bl. fountains. It was at anc. Capua that Hannibal wintered after his victory over the Romans at Cannce. Capua, a town, Colombia, New Granada, dcp. Panama, S.W. Chorrera. Capueso, a town of Naples, cap. circ, prov. and 7 m. S.E. Baii. Pop. 2,760. Caputh, a pa. of Scot!., co. and 11 m. N. Perth. Estim. area 16,000 ac. Pop. 2,317. Here are several Druidic remains, one of which, Cairnmuir, is considered the largest of its kind in Scotland. Caka, an islet of Scotland, co. Argyle, off its W. coast, pa. and immed. S. Gigha. Caeabaya, a small town of S. Amer., Bolivia, dep. and 100 m. N.N.W. La Paz. , Cakabobo, a prov. of Venezuela, S. America, with a small town, 33 m. S-AV. Valencia. Caracas, or Caeaccas, the cap. city of "JTene- zuela, S. America, dep. and prov. Caracas, lat. 10° 30' 13' N., lon. 67° 4' 45" W., on a declivity, 2,880 ft. in elevation, and 16 m. S.S.E. La Guayra, its port, on the Caribbean Sea. Pop. estim. from 35,000 to 50,000. It is regularly built, well sup- plied with water, & has a healthy climate. M. T. of June 72°, Feb. 68° .2 Fahr. Princip. builduigs, a cathed., the fine church of Alta Gracia, and 3 hospitals. Exports from La Guayra consist principally of cacao, cottBn, indigo, tobacco, cof- fee, hides, and live cattle. By the earthquake of 1812, 12,000 persons perished ; since which time most of its houses have been constructed of sun- dried bricks. It is the seat of a university, & the residence of the principal merchants, on whose account the trade of a La Guayra is conducted. Cabaglio, a town of Sard, state. Piedmont, div., prov. and 6 m. "W. Cuneo, cap. mand., on the Grana. Pop. (1838) with comm. 6,268. It has manufs. of silks, and 5 annual fairs. Caea Hissab. [Kaba-H. & Aeium-K.-Hissae.] Caealdston, or Caeestoh, a pa. of Scotland, CO. and 7 m. N.N.E. Forfar. Pop. 218. Caeamasna, a vill. of Piedmont, div. Coui, prov. Saluzzo. Pop. (with comm.), 3,670. Caeaman, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Garonne, 9 m. N. Villefranche. Pop. 1,381. Caeaman and Cabamania. [Kaeaman.] Caeamanico, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo Citra, cap. cant. 17J m. S.W. Chieti. P. 3,300. Caramnassa, a riv. of British India, presid. Bengal, tribut. to the Ganges, and separating the old provs. Bahar and Benares. It is regarded with great abhorrence by the Hindoos, who con- sider contact with its waters sufficient to undo all their good worlts and austerities. Hence its name, " the destruction of pious works." Cabanja, an isl. of British India, presid. Bom-i bay, in Bombay harbour, about 8 m. E.S.E. of the city. It is nearly circular, and 4 m. in diam. Caeapei.la Cerbalus, a riv. of Naples, prov. Capitanata, after a N.E. course of about 48 m., enters the Adriatic, 9 m. S. Manfredonia. Near its mouth it sends E.ward a branch which enters the lagoon of Salpi. The towns Aacoli di Sa- triano and Carapella are on its banlcs. Caeasoo, a vill. of the Sard, states, prov. & 2J m. N.E. Chiavari. Pop. 2,156. Carate, a nikt. town of Lombai'dy, deleg. and 16 m. N. Milan, formerly fortified. Pop. 2,282. GAB 268 Caravaoa, a town of Spain, prov. and 39 m. N,W. Mnrcia, on an affl. of the Segura. Pop. 9,910. It has sever?il convents and hospitals, a college, and a ruined castle. In a mntn. W. of the town, is the stalactitic cavern of Barquilla. Cabavaggio, a town of N. Italy, Lombardy, deleg. and 15 m. S.S.'W. Bergamo. Pop. (1845) 5,998. It is the birth-pl. of the renovraed painters PoUdoro Caldara and Michael Angelo Merigi, both named Caravaggio from their native town. Cabatanchei, 2 contiguous vills. of Spain, prov. and near Madrid. United pop. 1,900. Frequented on holidays by the inhabs. of the cap. Cabatellas, a seaport town of Brazil, cap. comarca, prov. Bahia, dist. Porto Seguro, on N. side of the hay of Caravellas in the Atlantic. Lat. 17° 49' S., Ion. 39° 26' W. It is well buUt ; and from its port, which is one of the best fre- quented in the prov., manioc flour and coffee are exported to Rio, Bahia, and Pernambuco. Pop. of dist. 5,000. Cababajai.es, two towns of Spain. — I. prov. and 16 m. N.W. Zamora. Pop. 834.— II. C. de la Encomienda, prov. and 40 m. N.W. Zamora. Cabballo, a vill. of Spain, prov. Coruria, with well-frequented mineral springs & batlis. P. 365. Cabbeet, a dist. of Ireland, Munster, forming the S. part of the co. Cork.-^Two baronies, cos. Sligo and Rildare, and a small isl. in Dunmanus bay, have this name. Cakbet (Le), a town of Martinique, cap. quar- ter, on W. side of the isl., 2 m. S. San Pierre. S. of the town is the PiUm de Carhet, a volcanic mntn. 6,200 (?) ft. in elev. P. 4,087 (2,860 slaves). Cabbonaea, severaL towns of Italyj &c.— I. Naples, prov. Princip. TJIt., cap. cant. 36 m. E. Avellino. Pop. 2,800.-11. prov. and 4 m. S. Bari. Pop. 1,600.^111. a vill. of Lombardy, deleg. and 22^ m. S.E. Mantua, on the Po. Pop. 1,900 IV. a town of European Turkey, Albania, on the Vonizza, 10 m. E.N.E. Avlona. Cabbonaba (Cape), forms the S.E. extremity of the isl. Sardinia. Lat. 39° 4' N., Ion. 9° 34' E. Caebon-Blano, a comm. and vUl. of France, dep. Gironde, 5 m. N.E. Bordeaux. Pop. 1,894. Cabbondale, a vill., U. S., N. Amer., Penn- sylvania, 29 m. N.E. Wilkesbarre. Pop. 2,398. Carbohe, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, 39 m. S.S.E. Potenza. Pop. 2,620. Cabboneba-el-Mavob, a modem town of Spain, prov. and 8 m. N.N.W. Segovia. P. 2,051. Cabbonke, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. H. Garonne, 23 m. S.S.W. Toulouse. ' Pop. 1,328. Cabbeooke, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 2^ m. N.N.W. Watton. Area 3,020 ac. Pop. 807. Caecabuev, a town of Spain, prov. and 36 m. S.E. Cordova. Pop. 3,996. It has an hospital, 2 schools, and several Roman remains. Caeoajente, a town of Spain, prov. Valencia, 12 m. N.N.E. San Felipe. Pop. 6,150. It is well builtj and prosperous. Linen & woollen mannfs. Many Rom. remains have been discovered here. . Caroavellos, a vill. of Portugal, prov. Estre- madura, 11 m. W.N.W. LisboUj and famous for its wine (known in commerce as Caloavella). Capcassomnb, Careaso,a, comm. and city of S. France, cap. dep. Aude, on the Aude and the Canal du Midi, 55 m. S.E. Toulouse. Pop. (1846) 15,380. It is divided into the old city, .and the new town, by the riv., here crossed by a bridge of 10 arches. The new town, on level ground, is regularly laid out, well built, traversed by run- ning streams, furnished with marble fountains, & has many handsome squares and planted walks ; one of the last [leads, to the aqueduct bridgS; of Tresquel, & is ornamented with a marble column to the memory of Riquet, th& engineer of the i}anal du Midi. The old city stands on elevated ground, & is interesting "as retaining unchang- ed, to a greater extent perhaps than any other town in France, the aspect of a fortress of the middle ages." It is enclosed by walls of great solidity, portions of which are supposed to be as old as the time of the Visigoths ; and it contains the castle and the old cathedral, with the tomb of Simon de Montfort. Other princip. edifices in Carcassonne are the new cathed., with a line spire, the public library, prefecture, town-halli hospitals, theatre, barracks, covered markets, j& church of St. Vincent. Carcassonne is a bishop's see, and has a comm. colleg*, a normal school, and a tribunal of commerce. It has been celel)i since the 12ih cent, for its manufs. of cloth, which are still important. Trade in agricultural prp^ duce is extensive. Carcassonne suffered greatly in the wars against the Albigenses ; many of its inhabitants are Protestants. Caboelen, a town of Spain, prov. and 23m, E.N.E. Albacete. It has a school of primary ip^ struction, a celebrated annual fair in August, and numerous Roman ruins. C AEofes, a comm. & town of France, dep. Var, on the Argens, 15 m. W.S.W. Draguignan. Pop. 2,101. Silk weaving, distilleries, and tanneries.^ Caecolstoii, a pa. of Engl., co. Notts, 7 m. g. Southwell. Area 1,200 ac. Pop. 276. , ,■^ Caboulla, a town of British India, presipfl Madras, dist. Canara, 27 m. N.N.E. Mangaloj^ Near it is a ruined palace of the rajahs of Tnlav^ Caedaillac, a comm. & mkt. town of Francei dep. Lot, 31 m. N.E. Cahors. Pop. 1,260. B was formerly fortified, and has ruins of a castle. Caebangan, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. & comprising a part of the town of Tipperary (which see). Area 3,906 ac. Pop. 3,088. Cabden, a vill. of Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 18 m. S.W. Coblenz. P. 473. It has an anc. church ; and in its^vicinity is the old feudal castle of EIz. CabdeSosa, a town of Spain, prov. and 8 m. N.W. Avila. Pop. 816. Woollen weaving. Caedeston, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 6 m. W. Shrewsbury. Area 1,980. Pop. 372. Cardiff, a pari, and munic. bor., and seapoqt of S. Wales, cap. co. Glamorgan, on the Taa^ here crossed by a fine 5 arched bridge, about IJ m. from its mouth, in the estuary of the Severn, lOJ m. S.W. Newport. Pop. (1831), 6,137; do. (1841) 10,077 ; the increase being attributed to the improvement of the port. It has 2 principal streets, well built, paved, and lighted; a noble castle of great extent and antiquity, the princip. resid. of the marquis of Bute, in which Henry i. was confined for 26 years by his brother Robert, Dnke of Normandy ; a church with an elegant & lofty tower ; a guildhall, co. jail, and house of correc- tion ; a theatre, 4 banks, and several schools and charities. The trade of Cardiff is large and in- creasing, it having become the port of Merthyr Tydvil, and the great outlet for the mining dist, of S.Wales. Exports (chiefly to Bristol), were estim. in 1840, to comprise iron to about 126,000 tons per annum; and coal Tm, corn, iStc, are also exported. A canal and railway connect tlie town with, Merthyr, and a magnificent basin, with docks,', warehouses, Sm (the construction of i winch cost the marquis of Bute upwards of 300,000?.), communicates w** the Severn, and forms a harb. for steamers, and vessels of heavy burden. Reg. shipping (1847), 6j?43 ton?. ,Ciistoms duties (1846) 8,968i. , Mlrt. Wed. and Sat, . Cat,tle fairs, 2d Wed.™ March. April, and May ; June 29; Sept. 19, Nov. 30 As- CAR 269 CAK sizes, April and Aug. Corp. t6v. (1843), 2,133?. Cardiff joins with Cowbridge and Llantrissent in sending 1 member to H. of C. Reg. electors (1846), 507. Cabdiqan, a pari. & munio. bor., seaport town, and pa. of S. Wales, cap. oo. on the Tewy, 5 m. from its entrance into St. George's Channel, 23 m., NE. Haverford-West. Pop. 2,925. It has 2 stone bridges across the Teify, an old and stately church, the rems. of an ano. castle famous in Welsh history, a grammar school founded in 1765, a co.-haU, jail, & ho. of correction, abranch bank, and a consid'ble coasting trade, employing abt. 15,000 tons of shipping & more than 1,000 sea- men. Chief imports coaJ, limestone, and timber. E.xports slates, oats, butter, &o. Vessels ex- ceeding 300 tons can enter the hai'bour, but a bar at its mouth renders the passage dangerous in rough weather. Customs rev. (1846) lllZ. 17s. Eeg. shipping of port 259 vessels ; aggregate burden 13,800 tons. Mlcts. Tues and Sat. Fairs, Feb. 13, April 5, Sept. 8, Dec. 19. Assizes are held here. Cardigan, with the suburb of Bridg- end, unites with Aberystwith, Lampeter, and Adpar in sendingl mem. to H. of C. Reg. elec- tors (1846) 247. The town gives the title of Earl to the Brudenell family. Cardigan Bat, an inlet of St. George's Chan- nel, Wales, between Brach-y-Pwll and Stumble Headlands, surrounded by the cos. Carnarvon, Merioneth, Cardigan, & Pembroke. It receives the rivs. Maw, Dovy, Tstwith, Tiron, and Teify ; the isl. Bardsey is near its N. extremity. The towns Fishguard, Newport (Pembrokeshire), Aberystwyth, Towjn, Barmouth, Harlech, Cri- cheith, and Pwlheli are on its shores. Cabdiganshibe, a co. of S. Wales, having W. Cardigan Bay, and enclosed landward by the cos. Merioneth, Montgomery, Radnor, Brecon, Car- marthen, and Pembroke. Area 676 sq. m., or 4.32,000 ac, of which scarcely more than l-3d is arable. Inhab. houses 15,123. Pop. 68,766. Sur- face level on the coast ; mntnous. in the interior, but interspersed with fertile valleys. Plinlim- mon, 2,463 ft. in height, is in its N.E. part. Chf rivs. the Teiiy, Dovy, Ridol, Tstwith, Arth, a.nd Towey. Princip. industij is the rearing of live stock. Silver, copper, and lead mines have been formerly wrought to advantage ; at present they are greatly neglected. Average rent of land (1810) 4s. 8Jd. per ac. Ann. value of lands (1842) 159^481. ; of houses 23,081Z. ; of mines 9,189?. ; total ann. value of real property 205,327?. Some gloves & flannels are manufd. Chf. exports are slates, wool, butter, and oats. The co. is subdiv. into 6 hundreds and 64 pas., and is in the diocese of St. David's. Chf. towns Cardigan, Aberyst- with, Lampeter, and Adpar. It returns 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1846) 2,278. Cabdinale, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. IL, 21 m. S. S.W.Catanzaro. Pop. 2,600. Caedingtow, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Bed- ford, on the Ouse, 2m. S.S.W. Willington. Area 6,050 ac. Pop. 1,466. In the church is a tablet to the memory of Howard the philanthropist, who resided here. — II. co. Salop, Si m. E.N.E. Church-Stretton. Area 6,500 ac. Pop. 691. Cabdikham, a pa. of Engl., co . Cornwall, 3J m. N.B.Bodmin. Area 8,650 ac. Pop. 802. Caudito, a vill. of S. Italy, prov. and 7 m. N. Naples, dist. Casoria. Pop. 3,220. Casdita, one of the Maldive islands, Indian Ocean, lat, 5° N., Ion. 73° 40' E. Cabdowa, a fortifd. town of Spain, prov. and M m. N.W. Barcelona. Pop. 2,366. It is strag- gling, and interspersed with cypress gardens; it has dome imposing edifices and defensive works. S.W. of the town is aremarkable mntn. of rock- salt, 600 ft. in elev., which affords an inexhaustible supply of that article in absolute purity, & is so hard that it has to be blasted with gunpowder ; vases, crucifixes, and other articles are turned of tills material. The mntn, is homogeneous, and the only one of the kind known in Europe. The town has also manufs. of silks and cutlery. Cabdkoss, a pa. of Sootl., co. & 3J m. W.N. W. Dumbarton, on the Clyde. Area about 13,000 ac. Pop. 4,416, partly employed in bleaching and printing works. At Renton, in this parish, Smollett was born in 1721. CABn;BY,apa.,Eugl., co. Lincoln, ptg. Kesteven, on the Glen, 6 m. S.W. Bourn. Ac. 1,690. P. 73. C.AREGGi, a vill. of Tuscany, 3 m. N. Florence, with numerous villas and an anc. grand ducal resid., which was inhabited by the first members of the Medici family. Carennac, a comm. and town of France, dep. Lot, 35 m. N.N.E. Cahors, with 1,000 inhabs., & an ano. abbey, in a tower of which Fenelon is said to have composed a portion of his works. Cakentan, a comm. and town of France, dep. Manche, cap, cant., in a marshy tract, near the mouth of the Tante, 14 m. N.N.W. St. L6. Pop. 2,569. It has old fortifs,, a castle, and a curious Norman ehurch. Manufs. of lace and cotton, & export trade in cattle, hogs, and corn. Cakentoik, a comm, and vill, of France, cap. cant., dep. Morbihan, arrond. and 28 m. E.N.E. Vannes. Pop. 5,277. Trade in cider & butter. Cabesana, a vill. of Piedmont, div. Novaraj prov. and 8 m, S,S.E, Vej-celli. Pop. 2,716. Cakew, apa, of S. Wales, co. and 4 m. E.N.E. Pembroke, Pop. 1,056. Here are the remains of a magnif. castle, in which Henry vii. was en- tertained on his way to Bosworth field. Cabgh£se, a comm. and vill. of Corsica, ar- rond. and 12 m. N.N.W. Ajaccio, on the Gulf of Sagone. Pop. 923. This commune forms a Greek colony, and is the best cultiv. in the isl. Cargill, apa. of Scotl., co, & 10 m. N.E. Perth, on the Tay. Pop. 1,642, partly employed in linen weaving and bleaching. It has valuable salmon fisheries and stone quarries. In the pa. are re- mains of a Roman road and encampment. Carhaix, Vorganium, a comm. and town of France, dep. Finistere, cap. cant., near 1. b. of the Hyferes, 31 m. N.E-. Quunper. Pop. 1,827. It is the birth-place of the brave La Tour d' Au - vergne ; near It is a supposed Roman aqueduct. ■ Cakham, a pa. of Engl,, co, Northumbl'd, on the Tweed, 3 m, S.W. Coldstream. Area 11,470 ac. Pop, 1,282, Sev. battles between the Eng- lish and Scotch have been fought in this parish. CABnAMPTON, a pa, of Engl,, co. Somerset, IJ m. S.E. Dunster. Area 6,460 ac. Pop. 682. Cabiaco, amarit. town of S. Amer., VenezueH prov, & 40 m. E. Cumana, in a tine plain watered by the Cariaoo riv,, near the head of the Gulf of Cariaco. Lat. 10° 30' N., Ion. 63° 40' W. Pop. 7,000.— The Gulf of Cariaco is 40 m. in length W. to E., by 10 m. in greatest breadth, has in all pts, good anchorage, & has richly wooded shores. Cabiati, a seaport town of Naples, prov. Calab. Citra, cap. cant., on the Gulf of Taranto, 17 m. E.S.E. Rossano. Pop. 1,400. It is surrounded by old walls, and has a ruined castle, a cathed.j and a diocesan seminary. The best manna of Calabria is produced in its vicinity. Caribbean Sea, that portion of the Atlantic Ocean which extends between Central and S. Amer,, and the isls, of Cuba, Haiti, and Porto Hico, communicating on the W. with the Gulf of CAR 270 CAB Mexico. Chief inlets the Gulfs of Honduras, Darien, and Maraoaybo. [Atlantic] Cabifb, Callifiee, a town of Naples, prov. Prin- oip. Ult., in the Apennines, 11 m. S.S.E. Ariano. P. 2,230. It has a ooUeg. church & superior school. Carionan, a comm. and town of France, dep. Ardennes, cap. cant., on the Chiers, 22 m. E.S.E. Mezieres. Pop. 1,792. Tile and brick-works. Caeionako, a town of Piedmont, prov. Turin, cap. mand., near 1. b. of the Po, 11 m. S. Turin. P. (1838) 7,873. It is enclosed by old walls, and has a comm. college and a handsome church. Its inhabs. manuf. sillc twist and confectionery. Carignano gives the title of Prince to a branch of the Sardinian royal family. CabimataIsl., a small isl. in the China Sea, in the middle of the Carimata or Billiton Strait, be- tween the isls. Borneo and BUliton. Peak 2,000 feet high, in lat. 1° 36' S., Ion. 108° 54' E.—Cari- mata-passage, beween Borneo and Billiton, is 120 m. across. Carimons, several isls. of the Asiat. Archi- pelago. — I. (Great and Little), in the Strait of Malacca, 30 m. S.W. Singapore. Lat. 1° 5' N., Ion. 103° SC E II. (Carimon-Java), a group N. of Java. Lat. 8° 45' S., Ion. 110° 15' E. CariSena, a town of Spain, prov. and 30 m. S.S.W. Zaragoza. Pop. 2,648. Cabini, a town of Sicily, intend, and 12 m. W.N.W. Palermo. Pop. 7,000. It is beautifully situated on the small riv. of same name. Among its public buildings is a Gotluc castle. Near it are the ruins of the anc. Hyccara, the native city of the famous courtezan Lais. Cabinthia, a prov. of Austria. [Kaenthen.] Cabinhenha, a town of Brazil, prov. Bahia, on 1. b. of the San Francisco, & at the mouth of the Carinhenha, 52 m. N. Salgado. Pop. 2,00ft Cabinola, a town of Naples, prov. T. di iia- voro, dist. and20m. E. Gaeta. Pop. 4,815. Its vicinity produces esteemed wine. Caripb, a town & valley of S. Amer., Vene- zuela, prov. and 40 m. S.E. Cumana, the valley noted for a cavern frequented by a species of night hawk (Caprimulgus), the yomig of which are de- stroyed in vast numbers lor the sake of their fat. Cabisbbooke, a pa.. Isle of Wight, division of CO. Southampton, IJ m. S.W. Newport. Area 8,880 ao. Pop. 5,613. The castle, originally a British fortress, prior to the Roman invasion, taken by Cerdic the Saxon in 530, afterwards upheld by the Normans, and its fortif. extended by Q. Elizabeth, is a magnificent structure, still partly habitable, and was the prison of Charles I. for 13 months previous to his trial. Within its walls is a remarkable well, 200 feet in depth. The church of Carisbrooke was built by Fitzos- borne, the first Norman lord of the island ; & with the castle and viU. is singularly picturesque. Cabla-le-Comte, a comm. & town of France, dep. AriSge, arrond. and 11 m. W. Pamiers. Pop. 1,842. The philos. Bayle was born here in 1647. Cablet, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, on the Glen, 5 m. S.W. Bourn. Area 1,020 ac. P. 216. Cablee, a vill of British-India, presid. Bom- bay, dist. and 34 m. N.W. Poonah, famous for some remarkable cave temples, probably of Buddhic origin. The principal of these, 6,000 ft. above the sea, is one of the finest excavations of its kind in India, having an arched roof, sup- ported by sculptured pillars, and an appearance very similar to the interior of a Gothic cathedral. Cablestini, a town of Sicily, intend, and 19 m. N.W. Syracuse. It was founded by the Emperor Charles v., to be the head-quarters of his Sicilian army, but it was never completed; and, being partially destroyed by an earthquaJce in 1693, it is now unimportant. Pop. 1,500. Cablet, a town of Spain, prov. and 19 m. S. Valencia, on the Kequena. Pop. 3,822. Trade in grain, fruit, and wine. Linen weaving. Cablingfoed, or Caelinfoed, a petty marit. town and pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Louth, on the S. shore of Carlingford bay, 10 m. E.N.E. Dundalk. Area of pa. 24,050 ao. Pop. 12,558; do. of town 1,110. It is mostly a miserable col- lection of cabins ; in 1833, not 30 houses were pf 101. annual value. It has the remains of a casth, and of a Dominican friary. Its inhabitants are mostly engaged in the oyster fishery in the bay. Mkts., Tues. and Sat. Fair, Oct. 10. It sent 2 mems. to the Irish H. of C, until disfranchised at the union. — Carlingford Bay is an inlet of the Irish Sea, between cos. Louth and Down, 11 m. in length, lay 3 m. in greatest breadth, and con- nected with Lough-Neagh by the Newry canal. Lat. of light-ho., on an isl. at its mouth, 54° 1' N., Ion. 6° 5' W On the S. side of the bay Carling- ford Mntns. rise to 1,935 feet in height. Caelisle, Iiuguvallio, a city and river-port of England, cap., co. Cumberland, on a gentle eminence, near the confl. of Eden, Caldew, and Petrie rivs., at the termination of the London and N.W. railway, 300 m. N.N.W. London, and 60 m. W.S.W. Newcastle. Area of parliamentary borough 6,740 ac. top. 23,012. Its principal streets diverge from an irregularly shaped mkt.- place, and are wide, handsome, and well-paved, & supplied with water. The cathedral, on an ele- vated site, has a tower, 130 feet in height, and a fine E. window ; its nave, greatly injured during the civil wars, now serves for the pa. church of St Mary. There are besides, St Cuthbert's and 4 other churches. The castle, built by WilUam Rufus, on an eminence beside the Eden, is now used for a barrack and armoury. Other chief structures are four bridges — one across the Eden, a handsome bridge of 10 arches ; the town-haU, guild-hall, council-chamber, jail, news-rooms, & E. Cumberland infirmary. Carlisle has a gram- mar school, founded by Henry viii., rev. 1901. a- year, an academy for the encouragement of arts, literary and philosophical, and mechanics' insti- tutions, a theatre, assembly-rooms, several public libraries, banks, and extensive manufs. of cotton goods, chiefly destined for the W. Indies, print and dye-works, iron foundries, breweries, and tanneries. Railways connect it with L. Winder- mere, Kendal, &c., on the S. ; with Edinburgh on the N., and Newcastle on the E. ; a canal, 12 m. in length, for vessels of 100 tons, proceeds to it from Solway Firth, and Carlisle communicates by steamers with Liverpool, Belfast, and Annan. Customs rev. (1846) 48,122Z. Reg. shipping of port (1847) 2,942 tons. The city corporation con- sists of a mayor, 10 aldermen, and 30 councillors, j Corp. rev. (1846-7) 2,377/. It is the seat of cot,, assizes and quarter sessions ; city sessions tmce weekly. Mkts. (well supplied with fish), Wed. and Sat. Fairs, Aug. 26, Sept. 19, & second Sat. after Oct. 10, chiefly for cattle. Races in Sept., on the bank of the Eden. Carlisle sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Beg. electors (1848) 990. Its see, founded by Henry i., comprises 93 pas. in Cum- berland and Westmoreland. Rev. (1843) 1,585/. ; do. of dean and chapter (1831) 5,318/. Carlisle gives title of Earl to a branch of the Howard fam. Cablisle, a town, U. S., N. Amer., Pennsvl- vania, cap. co. Cumberland, 16 m. S.W. Harr'is- burgh. Pop. 4,351. Ithasacourt-ho.,co.-offioe3,, U. States barracks, a cavalry-school, and a hand- some college, founded in 1783, and now belong- CAR 271 CAR ing to the Methodists. — II. a tnshp.. New York, CO. and 8 m. N.W. Schoharie. Pop. 1,850.-111. (.New), a town of Lower Canad^ on Chaleur Bay. C.4KLO, an isl., Gulf of Bothnia. [Kabic] Carlofoute, a town, Sard, sta., cap. mand. on the isl. San Pietro, neai- the S.W. coast of the island Sardinia. Pop. (1838) 3,235. It has extensive fisheries and important salt works. Cablopago, or KAKLOBAOo,afortified seaport- town of Austrian-Croatia, on the Adriatic, oppo- site the Dalmatian isl. Pago. Pop. 960. Active trade in wine, timber, and fiish. Caklopoli, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult., 12i m. N.N.W. Catonzaro. Pop. 2,200. Carlos (San), a fortified town of S. Amer., Chile, cap. prov. and on N.W. coast of Chiloe Island. CAiHOS (Sax), a town of S. Amer., Venezuela, 130 m. S.W. Caracas, in a valley on the Aguare. Pop. 10,000 (?). Before the wars of independence it was one of the richest towns in the prov., from its plantations of indigo, coffee, and cotton, & the immense number of sheep & cattle reared in the neighbonring savannas. Caklota (La), a town of Spain, prov. and 17 m. S.S.W. Cordova. Pop. 3,252. It is one of the principal German colonies, founded in 1767, in the Sierra Morena, and is neat and thriving. It mannfs. hempen and linen fabrics. Caklow, an inland co. of Ireland, Leinster, en- circled by the cos. Boldare, "Wicklow, Wexford, Kilkenny. Area 346 sq. m., or 221,342 ac, of which about 185,000 ac. are arable, and 31,000 bog, mountain, and waste land. Pop. 86,228. Snrkce, except in the S., flat or gently undulating. Princip. rivs., the Barrow and Slaney. Agricul- ture more advanced than in most Irish cos. Dairy farms are numerous, and the breed of cows has been much improved. Average rent of land ISs. per ac. Aggreg. rental of land estimated at about 130,000^. per annum. Excellent granite is found throughout the co. Manufs. unimportant. Com, flour, malt, bacon, and butter are the prin- cip. exports. Carlow is divided into 6 baronies, and 60 pas. in the dioc. of Leighlin. Chief towns Carlow and Old Leighlin. Excl. of its cap. it sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 1,458. Cablow (originally Catherlogh), a pari, and munic. bor., town, and pa. of Irel., cap. above co., at the confl. of the Burren with the navig. Bar- row, 44 m. S.S.W. Dublin, with which city it com- municates by railway. Area of pa. 3,3-30 ac. Pop. 9,901. Area of pari. bor. 496 ac. Pop. 9,901; do. of town 8,734. It is clean and well-built ; it has 2 handsome bridges, the ruins of a strong Anglo-Norman castle, a Protestant pa. church, a Rom. Cath. cathedral, & a college for divinity students, 2 nunneries, a handsome court-ho., co. gaol, lunatic asylum and infirmaiy, a fever hos- pital, union work-ho., barracks, &c. It exports com, bacon, and excellent butter to Waterford by the river, and to Dublin by the Grand Canal. Mkts. for the produce of the rich surrounding districts, Monctys & Thursdays. Pairs, May 4, June 22, Aug. 26, Nov. 8. Co. assizes, & quarter and petty-sessions are held ; and a co. police- force is stationed at Carlow. It sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 522. Cablowitz, a town of Slavonia. [Kaelowitz.] Caelsbad (Germ. Karlsbad, " Charies's bath,'") a town of Bohemia, circ. Elbogen, on the Topd, near its junction with the Eger, 70 m. N.N.W. Prague, famous for its hots springs. Stationary inhabitants about 3,000 ; but, during the season, the pop. often amounts to 8,000. Mean temp, of year 46° ; winter 36° .3 ; summer 63° .7^Fahr. It IS the most aristocratic watering-place m Europe. The town, which belongs to the Emperor of Austria, occupies the bottom of a narrow valley, between steep ^anite mountains, and consists mainly of lodgmg-houses and hotels for visi- tors. It has one handsome street, the Kumt- strasse, in connexion with an elegant granite bridge across the Eger ; a theatre, hospital, and several reading-rooms. The springs contain a great amount of carbonate and sulphate of soda ; and the Sprudel, temp. 165° Fahr., deposits so much incrustation, and is forced upwards with such violence, that fresh orifices have to be con- tinually bored to prevent explosions and damages to the town. The MUhlbrunnen, temp. 138° Fahr., furnishes most of the water used tor drinking. Vapour baths have been constructed over the ffygienquelle. The public walks around Carls- bad are much admired. The baths are mostly frequented from June to September. Carlsbad is celebrated for the congress held there in 1?19. Cablsbubg), Transylvania. [Karlsbubg.] C AELSCKONA, or BiEKraG, a marit. Isen or prov. in the S. of Sweden, between lat. 56° and 66° 30' N., and Ion. 14° 30' and 16° E., having S. and E. the Baltic, W. Christianstadt, N. Wexio, & N.E. Kalmar. Area 1,132 sq. m. Pop. (1840) 95,807. Principal towns Carlscrona and Carlshamn. Cablsobona, or Kablskeona, a fortified sea- port-town of Sweden, and the principal station of the Swedish navy, cap. Isen, near the S. extremity of the kgdm., on 6 small isls. in the Baltic, con- nected by bi'idges with each other & the main- land, 65 m. E. Christianstadt. Lat. of S. point 56° 9' 5' N., Ion. 15° 35' 2' E. Pop. 12,200. It has an extensive and safe harbour, with depth of water sufficient for the largest ships, and 3 en- trances, the principal defended by 2 strong forts. Town well built, partly of brick, but principally of wood ; it is separated by a wall from an ex- tensive naval arsenal and dockyard. Chief edi- fices, the churches, council-ho., prefect's resid- ence, and public schools. It has manufs. of naval equipments, linen cloths, tobacco, and refined sugar, and an export trade in metals, potash, and other Baltic produce, as an outport of Gottenburg.- In 1842, 68 commercial vessels, aggreg. burden 2,539 tons entered, and 69 do., burden 1,733 tons cleared out of its harbour. Cablsdal, the name of some extensive iron- works, with a cannon-foundry and manufs. of arms, Sweden, ten and 22 m. N.W. CErebro. Cablshamn {Charles's harbour), a fortfd. sea- port-town of Sweden, ten and 26 m. W. Carls- crona, on the Baltic. Pop. 4,040. It is regularly built, and has a good mkt.-place, 2 churches, a town-ho., manufs. of sailcloth, tobacco, and hats : dye-houses, building-docks, a small but secure port, and an active trade in iron, timber, potash, pitch, & tar. In 1837, 25 vessels, of an aggreg, burden of 2,784 tons, belonged to this port. Caelso, a small isl. in the Baltic, W. of Goth- land. Lat. N.E. point, 57° ir 39" N., Ion. 18° E. Caeiseuhe, or Kaelseuhe (" Charles's Rest"), a city of W. Germany, cap. Grand Duchy of Ba- den, & of the circ. of Midd. Rhine, on the railw. from Mannheim to Basle, 4 m. E. of the Rhine, & 39 m. W.N.W. Stuttgart. Pop. (1846) 23,748, of whom neany two-thirds are Protestants. Mean; temp. ofyear5r.6; winter 34° .6; summer 66° .3, Fahr. Its principal streets converge " hke rays" towards the palace as a centre, facing which is a fine circus, with the government offices. "The grand ducal palace has a tower commanding a fine view, a museum, and a library of 80,000 vols. Other principal edifices are the grand ducal stables, the theatre, the palace of the Mar- CAR. 272 graves of Baden, .polytecliiiioirschool, chief Pro- testant and Bom.i Gath.. chuiches.ia synagagne, oonidcil-ho.j the hall of repr^entatiTes,imiKfcj-posfr< office, barracks, arsedaly ■ icannon-foundry, ' mw seum, club-house, &' several hospitals, including oneJ' richly endowed by- the. fashionable London tailor/SMtz .(in! return for which he wasxueaited:. a baron^.' Oarlsruhe-is supplied with- water by anjaqueduct from Durlach,'aRd ornaTnented.fritlt^ several) public! fountains, amdrastoaeipyramidin fliemkt.-place/i under which, the ffflmjjijer of the cilty was buried.. >) T3he;gardena of the palace form the chief public piiomenade. j Public institutions comiprisfe alyceum, military, medical, & veterinary Eleh6ol3t aeademies of architecture, painting, and music, an excellent .botaaiojgarden,; a society of arts, & jnumeroifc literary associations. Mauufs. afljesreUeryjicarpets, snuff,, chj«ni(»ij) products, furniture and carriages are carried on, but for. littleiffiore thaii local supply ; the chief lesources of thjeiinhaba) arising put of the presence of the. court andiaristoeracy.^ll. a mkt.-town, Pruss.- Silesia,)Cire. ftodi 18 m.. N. W. Oppeln. P. 2,080. i.Cakistad, a ten. or, prov. of Sweden, mostly bStWeOi lat. 59°;ajid 61° N., and Ion., 12°. and 14' 30' E., having S. Lake ^Ysner and Wenersborg, W., Norway,. Ej. OErebrOjiWod .N.E., Fahlun. Area 6,929 sq. m. Pop. (1840);196,546. Surface moun- tainous or hilly, interspersed with numerous lalteS -and rivs. ; the pjcinqip. . of ithcr la,tter . is ■ tliei ©laradi »The cPBOH, jooinpriggs; some rich iron, mines, and the towns Carlstj.d, and Qhristineham.; ,: GablsT/\j>,, anhjijj^d tawu qf, Sweden, cap. above ten, orithe.islv,ijdp-ws was founded here ir), 1700, and a, ^flfO??, pjidow^'d inl709rrev. 120^.— JX. co.tNorfolk, on the Iiare,£ SJiDb N.N.w!Wymondhaffli;, Area-700 ae.:, P^.., ISij— :X, (Castle), co. Lincoln, ptsv Luidsey, 5J iai,i E.S.E.; Louth. Area SOOac. .. Pop. 62; _. It was formerly a mkt.-town.^XI. (ColvUle)i co. Sufffi]^} 3i m. S.W.iLb.wegtoft. , Ac.^,180. P. 78&-hS«5} (in Mndrich), co.i Notts, 4 m. N.N.E. WKjckgDijs! Ac. 3,980. P. 1,047.— XlUi (Bade},, co. .NopftilMi m. "WiS.W. Mary-Stratton._ Ac/3,6a0.,' .,Pj/98§w Caeltow, a tnshp. of the U. S., N^'Amei*., NfcfS York, on. Lake Ontario, 358;im. Ni3V. Albaajv! Pop. 2,215,.— Carlton jFort,.Bpi$J8h)_Jiii.! Am6r„;9n7 the Saskatchewan river, N. .biianehi'lait., 53" Ni^ lonv 61° 12'W., ,is enclosed, by, lofty stpcfcadesji outside of which ai'e many gardens and fieldf . g .i t ,, Cabhike, a munic. bor. and pa,- pf ^eptVrfiO-. and 6 m. N. W. Lanark. Area 15^60^10., pparljii all productive.. Pop. (1841). 4,802, apincBeagepf, 1,514 persons since 1831, pai-t^ly,attril]Bfe,Hj,t9, the extension of fioal, iron, and lime works.,>^lig, burgh, which, has a handsome new.churcjjj.fhas incceased-rapidly sincpj the introduction of tth% cotton maiitrf. .Chief proprietor Sir II, Mvjjp^- hftrt. The banks of the 01yde,here foif &:sbejter, ed,, are famous for orchards ; these ,axtendj6.m^a5 length, containing nearly 130 ac. The antiquaiy Maj.-gen. Boy, , and- the sculptor Eorrest,i5f?rflt natives of .this pa. Fairs, May 21, awl Octpbpr 3). CABMAGSoiAi.a.toyu of thc garji. star., ,^je^7, mont, cap. mand., -o% the Po, pro^. and. 16 Vf^S^^. Tm:in. Pop. (1838) .jyith comm,. 12,382.,t;it5B well ,built; .its,,princip,.iaquare3 and[ str§etSr,aq^ oi;namented with, porticoes;, and ij^^^jrar^et gpthic churcK a jnapgiv* toweT fi)ian«sr^a^^fj of a strong castle,, sejv;. suburbs, manuft MJgflgii lery, afld,^; active tya^Piin silk, flax,;COTn,< P^t^&i , &ic. The,.general, Francp^co Bussq:oe,LSufpping$ Carmagn(3a,,was,bprn herein 1390, , , ■, ,f.Kr) C&^'tAKViT^T!i,Ca£rJ^^ddy^Maridvsm,m,^]^x!^ &, munic. bor. seaport, tow^i, &.jB9- of S,;Wa|gB> ■ csip. ,co., on the J^owy, here cr,psse4.by a-B-airphjed bridge, 8 m, aboveits mouth in the Bri^lplJChain- nel, 14 m., N.W,,Ii^e^3f',-f i^op. of munip,', hiMr. 9,626, Streets steepj&'iiisregular.; houses mps^y wpjlbinlt, Princip.pdifipesa large pa,-, church, tJig guildhall, market-house, bpr.ian$ cp.' jail,pustf^(n^ hoij^e,, and theatre. - The town has a,gr^igar s'cliodl q,iid Prestyterian college, -& a mo)i}iW),enf to the menppry of Gen. Pictop, docks for,liujldfl^ smali,vess3s,&%i\aptive export tcadeincpsibHt- tei-, limbej;, bark, "slates, and lead ore., The WWi is navigable to the bridge for vessels of' ^0(1 tons burden. Customs rev..2,000Z-to,3,000f. pexans num. Markets Wednesday &i Saturday; , , Fsut^ Jpue 3, July 10, Aug. 10, Sept. 9, Oct jndf^oj, 14 and 15. Rfioes -jfcp, Sept. , , flsxifla^Pieft, '%#,? seat.of the oo. assizes^ half yearly poi;.^ spsSigifej &; petty sessions weekly. Corp. re,ypnijej;l§^[(fj 1,920/. In conjuuction.withi Ll^neljyj.'it".senqs,l- mem. to H. ofC. Jteg, electors'(X84§^;§4ljr, P is reputed to have been the , birth-'plaqg, of .tjii? r^ppwned Merlin, traditions of whom ^ajpj pgn- iieptea with,,various,'lpcalit|ps in it^'vlcinltj^jjjf gives the title of.lVfarquis to,,the,I)v4?S-ofLeeaSu Carmarthen^ Bat,, a large ifl|pt('of tlje Brj^^ Channel,, ."Vy ales, bet\Yeen,St. G^'wan's.Ppj^tJ.^o. Ppmbrolce, and Worw^ tt**''f,™-,,*^lajm6rgait & having N. the cb. Carmarthen. Ilf;p;praY&'ai,^^^ Towy.and Llwchwr rivs-, and pn,it'arfe5;hp,fowns Teiiby,, Kidwelly, andLIapelJy Cald)iy,Js1ifa tI}iS ,Bay, has a light-hoiise, fill feet 'fflpovaihS spa, in Jst,,6V,3r S6' :|«r., loi: g',40>57,''C -^'t ;CAftMARTlIESSHmE,"thp 1—--."' .i^i ->' i*rji«i..> CAR 273 CAK ac. Inhab. houses 23,450. Pop. 106,326. Surface liUly, interspersed with productive vallej's ; in the G. it is bounded by mntns., one of which, tlie Vann, rises to 2,596 feet in height. Chief rivs. the Towy, Cothy, & Taaf. Agricul. less baclcward tlian in most Welsh cos., and a eood deal of bar- ley & oats is raised. The uplands, in some parts, feed h^s of small cattle, and in other parts, are well wooded. Average rent of land (1840) 7s. 2id.perae. Ann. value of land (1842) 315,76U ; of houses 37,7202. ; of mines 9,5952. ; total value of real property 396,9542. Iron, lead, coal, and lime are uie chief mineral products, and with tinned iron plates, barley, oats, cattle, and butter, form the princip. exports. Sev. railways connect the mmes of the interior witli the coast. Woollen hosiery is manufd., and in 1847, 111 persons were engaged in woollen factories in this co. Car- marthenshire, divided into 8 hundreds, is in the diocese of St. David's. Chief towns Carmarthen, Llandovery, KidweKy & Uanelly ; excl. of wluoh, it sends 2mems. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1848) 5,261. Cabueadx, a comm. and town of France, dep. Tarn, arr. & 7 m. N. Albi, on 1. b. of the Ceron. Pop. 1,951. Extens. coal mines in its vicinity. Cabhet. (Moont), a &mous mntn. of Palestine, forming the extremity of a range of hills, which extend N.W. from the plain of Esdraelon, round- ing the Bay of Acre on its S. side, and terminat- ing in a steep promontory in the Mediterranean, elev. about 1,500 feet, in lat. 32° 51' 10" N., Ion. 34° 57' 42 ' E. It is mentioned in Scripture as the pL where Elijah destroyed the prophets of Baal. The rock is limestone, containing numer. caverns, and there has long stood a convent near its sum- mit, inhab. by monks, thence called Carmelites. The brook Eishon enters the sea near the N. base of the mntn. The plain to the S. is very fertile. On the summit of Carmel, are pines and oaks, and further down olives and laurels. The old convent, destr. by the Pasha, has been rebuilt. CiBMEL, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., state and 50 m. N.E. New York. Pop. 2,263. Cabmen, an isL of Central Amer., Yucatan, in the Gulf of Mexico, 90 m. S.W. Campeachy, and bounding the Lake Terminos on the North. Cabmen, an isl.. Gulf of California, immed. opposite Loreto. It contains a large salt lal^e, with a solid crust of salt several feet thick. Carmen, a toshp. of Irel., Leinster, co. Kildare, 6 m. E. Attiy. Here are druidical remains. Cabmen (El), or Patagones, a town of Buenos Ayres, on the Cusu, or Rio Negro, 18 m. from its mouth in the Atlantic, & 500 m. S.W. Buenos Ayres. Lat. 40° 36' S., Ion. 63° 18' W. Pop. 2,000, of whom 500 are negroes. It is irregular- ly built on a steep sandstone bank ; principal edifice, a ruinous mud fort. Its inhabs. export hides, oil, skins, beef, salt, & Patagonian mantles to the Rio Plata and Brazil. — II. a town, New Granada, dep. Cauca, prov. Antioquia. Cabmichael, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 5 m. S.E. Lanark, on the Clyde. Area 11,600 ac. - Pop. 874. Carmichael house, the former seat of the Earls of Hyndford, is in this parish. Cabhignano, Cdrrmmanum, a market town of Tuscany, intheVai d'Ombrone, prov. and 13 m. W.N.W. Florence. Pop. 1,389. Cabmoe', or Kabmoe, an isl. of Norway, stift Christianaand, cant, and 20 m. TX.Vt. Stavangcr, in the JJ. Sea, at the entrance Of Bukke fiord. Lat. 59° 20' N., Ion. 5° 15' B. Length 21 m., aver. breadth 5 m. Pop. 6,390, mostly seafaring' people. Cabmona, Carmo, a city oi*^ Spain, prov. and 18 m, N.E. SevUla. , Pop. (184^ 13,072. It is pic- turesquely sit. on an isolated hill, enclosed by old Moorish walls. Among its edifices are a ruined fortress, a church with a remarkable tower, the university, partly of Moorish architecture, a fine Moorish gateway, and the Cordova gate. It has manufe. of coarse woollen and hempen fabrics, hats, glue, soap, and leather, and a celebrated annual fair. Near it are numerous oil mills. CABMUNNOOK,or Carmannock, apa. of Scotl., CO. Lanark, 4 m. S. Glasgow. Area 2,800 ac. Pop. 717. Bounded on W. by White Cart river. Coal, ironstone, and limestone abound, none of which, however, are wrought to much extent. Anc. tumuli, and Roman remains. Caemylie, a pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar, 6 m. N.W. Arbroath. Pop. 1,107. A good deal of slate and paving stone is exported from this pa. Cabn, a small mkt.-town of Irel., Ulster, co. Donegal, 16 m. N. Londonderry. Pop. 653, who trade chiefly in agricultural produce. Caenabat, a town of European-Turkey, Rumi- li, 70 m. N. E. Adrianople, on the road tO' Shumla, and on S. slope of the Balkan mntns. It has about 200 houses, and some leather factories. C.4BNABT, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Riding, 3 m. S.W. Bridlington. Area 1,950 ac. P. 185. Carnac, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Morbihan, arrond. and 17 m. S.E. Lorient. Pop. 3,437. The village is remarkable for the druidical monuments in its vicinity. These consist of more than 6,000 granite blocks in the form of obelisks, resting on their points, and disposed in 11 rows parallel with the coast. Caenach, a quoad-sacra pa. of Scotl., co. Ross, disjoinedfrom IJrray, Contin, &c. Length 17 m. by 10 m. in greatest breadth. Pop. in 1830, 1,056, but in 1841 only 663, a decrease attributed to the progress of sheep-farming in the Highlands. Caknapbataga, a vill. of N. Hindostan, dist. Gurhwal, 30 m. E.N.E. Seringur, and One of the principal holy places of Hindoo pilgrunage. Carnarvon, a pari, and munic. bor. and sea- port town of N. Wales, cap. co. Carnarvon,' pa. Llanbeblig, on the E. side of the Menai Strait, 7 m. S.W. the Menai bridge. Inhab. houses 1,592. Pop. 8,001. It consists of a wa,lled town, outside of which are suburbs of double its extent, many handsome villas, a convenient bathing es- tab. erected by the Marquis of Anglesea, and d fine terrace walk along the Menai Strait, termin- ating in a pier. At the W. end of the town id the magnificent castle, built by order of Edward I., and over the principal gateway of which, is a statue of its founder. The castle and yard oc- cupying an area about 1 m. in circuit, and in its "eagle tower," Edward n., the first Anglo -Nor- man Prince of Wales, was born. Other princip. edifices are the tojra-hall, over one of the anc. gateways of the town, the co.-hall, jail, mkt. and custom-houses, a handsome chapel of ease, vari- ous dissenting chapels, the union work-house, assembly rooms, and a small theatre . The hai-b. admits vessels of 400 tons burden, but the trade is chieflv carried on by small craft, and steamers proceeding to and fi-om Liverpool. Principal exports slate and coal, the former of which is brought into the town by 9. railw. from quarries 1 ra. distaiit. Customs revenue (1846) 7,2162. 10s. Reg. shipping (1844) 6,206 tons. Mkt. Sat. Fairs, May 16, Aug. 14, and Dec. 5. It is the seat of CO. assizes and quarter sessions. In connection with Bangor, Conway, Cricdeth, Nevin, and Pwllheli. Carnarvon sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Refr. electors of bor. (1848) 916. In the vicinity are the seats of the Marquis of Anglesea, Lord Newborough, Lord Boston, &c., and the site of the Roman station 'Segoniium. C A 11 ?74 CAK Carhabvon Bat, is that portion of St. George's 'Cftan-rteSiirKiChWSshesthe W. coasts of theWdSi lrioCCi*nAr«n'&'"An'fleSea. 36reaclth of entrance, 'between Holyhead and Brach-y-PwU, 35 m. It Tfeoeives the riv. Cefdi, tod oommupios. with the IriSli Se4 bj Mertai Stijiiil;. ' On its shOrCs are the iotth'Nevin,'ah4 ihq vill. Aberfraw. ;" CAfeUABTONSHi,RE, a CO. 'of N. Wales, having "W; a'na N: CamarVbn Bay arid the Menai Strait, S. Cardiran Bay, E. and S.B. the cos. Denbigh and Merioneth. AxiA 544 sq. m., or 348,160 ac, one half of which extent is unfit for btiltivation. lhilab.'hoiiSeS16,!84S. Pop. 81,093. Surface al- togfether mntnous., and traversed by somi of the loftiest muges in Britain. [See. Snowhon and PENMAEN-M.iWK.] ' Princip. river'the Conway. Oats and bariey arfe raised in ths valleys, but the chief branch fflf' rural industry i^ the rearing of fcattle fdr dairy produce, ajdd a diminative breed of sheep ; and the small farmers eke out Jhe payment of their i'e'niis by spinning the wool ' of thfeir' flocljs. Average rent of land (1840) 6s. 25d. Tl\e extension of i-oads has greatly increased the value bf prdperty ; in 1842, the aim. value of land was estim. ait 150,046/. ; of houses 32,979/.'; of quar- ries and mines '51,733/. ; total ahn. value of real lirojieifly' 251,04.3/. Prihdip. ' mineral products, (ki^pit, lead^ slate, and coal. Carnarvonshire is divided into I'O hundreds, & 71 pas. in the diocese of Baiigdr; Princip. tbwns Carnarvon, Bangor (a city), Pwllheli, aud'Cdtlw'ay,; exclu. of which it Sfetids 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. elec. (1848) 2,319. .CaenatIO (The), One of the old subdivisions of India, extending^ along its E. coast, between lat. 8° tod 16° N., and Ion. 77° and 8r E., copstitutr ingf formerly the dom. of Nabobs of Arcot; and flow foi'niin^8 of the dists. under the British pre- Sid. Bladras. Bounded on the E. by Bay of Bengal, having a coast line of 50Oiiii. Grciatest breadth 110 m. Separated by the Ghauts mntns. into 2 divs., Bala^fiaut, above or N. the mtns, ; Paycenghajit, hetaw or S. The climate of this dlst, is the hottest in India. Millet is raised ih the high grounds, and rice iQ the valleys. The dist. was ceded tq Britain in 1801, *ith exception of a portion reserved by the Naljob. The numerous fortresses of the prov. haye now fallen to decay. ' 'CaSNbee, a pa. of Sebtl., co.'¥ift,'l2 m.,S.E. Cupar. Pop. 1,043, partly employed in quarrying lih^estone, and raising coal. ' CAftiffe, or Caena, two pas. bf Irel., prov. Lein- ster. — I. cb. Wexford, 3 m. S.S.E. Broadway. Axp. 1,963 ac. Pop. 919.— II. co. aTid 4 m. E.S.E. Kildare. Area 1,157 ae. Pop. , ^9. — A hamlet, Connaught, co. Mayo, has also this name. Cakneille (La) & Carnet, two vills. of France, Normandy, the former dep. Orne, 34 m. N.W. Aleacon. Pop. (with comm.) 1,546 ; the latter, dep; Manqhe, l^m. S, Avranches. Pop. 1,200. CakneW, a township and pa. of Irel., Leinsler, CO. Wicklpjr, 7 m. W. Gorey. Area of pa. 23,466 ao. Pop. 7,205 ; do. of town 979. The town is well built, and has remains of a castle. Fairs, in Feb., April, May, July, and Aug.' In the vicinity is Coolatlin, the mansion of Earl Fitzwilliam, chf. proprietor of this parish. Carngiwcii, a pa. of N. "Wales, co. Carnar- von, 6 m. N.W. Pwllheli. , Pop. 119. ' ' , ' ' , Carnicobar, the most N. of the Nicobar isls., Bay of Bengal. Lat. 9° 10' N., loii. 92° 48' E. It is ;at)ont'4P m. in circ, low, densely wooded & vMy productive,' but unhealtliy, owing to whiqh, a station formed here by the Danes in, 176(t, was' scjM, afterwards abandoned. '" , CAiiNjEBBS, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, rn-ov. Haiiiaut, arrpnd. and 10 m. W. Charleroi. Pop. | 1,975. Extens. /coal mines apd iron fqundrie^ Md mamifaetiir^s of nails, emp^yih^ 300 worlmiSsn, Carniola, a "prov. of Austria. [Kbaiw.] ' ,, Caenmonev, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, co. Antririi, e m? N; Belfast. ' Area 8,937 ac. Pop. 6,128, , Cabno, a pa. "of N. Wales, co. Montgomery, oh the Severn, 10 m. W.N.W. Newtown. P. 886. Carnoch, a pa. of Scot!., co. Fife, ? xfL, W. Dunfermline. Area 2,160 ac. Pop. l,2?Q.:.'Jt has a handsome new church, & sev. coal mines! Cardtoostie, a marit. vill. of Scotl., ca.'Forfar, pa. Barrie, 6^ m. S.W. Arbroath. Pop. 1,268. , CarnSore Point, a headland forming the S.E. extremity of the Irish mainland, Leinster, 1,2 in. S.S.E.. Wexford. It was the Hieron of ptpjem'y. Caiinvpath, a pa. of Scotl., co. Lanark, with a vill.7m. B.I^'.E. Lanark,near the Caledonianrailw. Area of pa. 25,193 Scotch ac. Pop. 3,560. ., JJew is also a vill., vrith extens. iron works, named'after its founders, WUsontown. Carnwafh gives the 'title ofEarl to the Dalzell family. " ;! _ Caroche, a town of S. Amer., Venezuela,' dep. Zulia, prov. and 20 in. N.N.E. Traxillo. Carolina (La), a town of Spain, prov. and 36 m. N.N.E. Jaen. Pop. 1,739. 'l"bis is oneof fte principal towns established in the Sierra lilbr^ for German colonists, in 17?6. It Js'neatand clean ; and its' inhabitants are industrious and thriving.— il.' a town 6f S. America, Venezuela, dep. Orinoco, on the Arui, 50 ua,. S.W. Angostura. — III. a t., dep. Cundmamarca, prov. Autioquia. Carolina (North), one of the U. St^ijes ofl^. America, in the S. part of the' Union, mostly he- tween lat. 33°' 50' and 36° 30' N., and Ion. 76' 48' and ,84° W., having N. Virginia, W! Tennessfe, S.' Georgia & South Carolina, & E. the Atlkntio. Length 430 m ; breadth 180 m. Area about ^M& sq. m. , Pop. (1850) 868,903, of whom 288,41^e slaves. Tntecoastis bordered with sandy is&.'Yi marshy flat extends from the sea inland for 60 or 80 m.,, intersected by creeks and estuarfes, tjHe principal of which are Albemarle and Pamieb Sounds, having between them the great Alligator swamp. N. of this, extending into Virginia, is the great Dismal swamp. The cnllivated por- tion of the state is tmdulating'and tolerably fer- tile ; and its E. part coihpiises a portion of tt'e Appalachian mntn. chain, which here rises in sev. peaks to upwards of 6,000 ft. in ht. Priaoip. rivs. the Roanoke, Chowan, Neuse, Cape Fear,Painlico, Yadkin. The climate of the low swampy platns is unhealthy ; oh the elevated pai-ts of the state the air' is pure and, salubrious. Rice and cotton are the cmef crops in the lowlands ; wheat of inferior quality, rye, barley, oats, and flax are yrod\)(C^d elsewhere ; tobacco, maize, and various trfi!ts,jn- oluding grapes, are raised In ev^j part. Tns pitch pine is of very prevalent growth, & affords tar, turpentine, pitch, & wood for export. Hogs are reared in large nunib^rs. Principal ihinef aj products, iron and gold, wliich last was, in 1840, produced to the value.gf 225,618 dollars. ' Capiw employed in inanuis. (1840) 3,838,900 dollars. ' In the same year 247 m. of railways had been com- pleted in this state. Owing to the want of haTr hours, most part of the foreign trade isCondutM through the adjacent states. In 184&,'the eipts'.' (chiefly rice, cottoh, and pine timber) amoniitS in value to 334,650 dollars; valUe'of impiSfis 187,404 dolls. The first permanent setfleMMl made in N. Carolina >aS about 1660 ; it 'ahd' S." Carohnawerfe called the cownJrjr of AlheitiiirU, The constitution (adopted 17'76) consists'. '( A^TS ft.Jnjelev. ; tl^e lower pealcs ,vafy,fi'ona.,200,to 3,po0 ft. The principal passes ki^.Tergpva, on the route from Orsova to Temeswar; Vulcan, m tjffi. valley of th?. St^ehe ; Rothen- Thurjn, in the v;^jfi5j 'o^^fhe Aluta; Tursburg, on,|;j)e route from Bj^ilf^^irest to Kro;istadt ; Ojitos aji4, Gyjfies, be- tween \ IVIoldavia and Transylvania ; jBorgo, be- tween Bistritz, and, Bukowina ; and Jablunha, on|'the rpute ^ropaPiresburg tip Ciracp^. Alfhpngh the .Carpathians do not [ attain the elevation, pf ihp Alps or the Caucasus, yet they derive a pe- culiar grandeur from the rugged nature, and py- i^^i4^1,^pr;n of their, summits, ;, .th^^r steepest si(J,«^ are generally, towards the' N. Granite tprms the basis of the group, and this is inter- spersed ,with gneiss, hornblende, and, a variety of volcanic, substances. Tliey ai-e'extretnely rich in metals, includjng gold, silver, copper, lead, mer- cury, ajid rock salt; their, valley^ .produce excel- lent, grain, and their sides ,arp cohered witji, valu- ably forests^ , Cabsenedolq, a town of N. Italy, Lombardy, deleg. and 16 m. S'.E. By^cja. Pop. 4,500. iQABpEHTAKiA (GtTLF 6f), a large ,gulf of the S, J^fliOific p.j indenting deeply the N. coast of i^ijs^rajua, i.et??em capes Arjjjjeni'and Tork, and inostljr comprised p,^twpp!ji^i,., ill" and 17° 30' S., ^d loii, 136° and ii2° E.' Average length and byeadth abput^SO m. eaoh. .Cpasts generally low, butofl the ^If . 'gr^a,tly indented ; and it contains , !*:-^S> Nantes. Pop."2,626. , , \;.'i'i t'„ ■•' CAiiBA^a, barony of Ij^elp-nd, 00. ,M^yp,iPpn, naught, Lpngth N.N.E- to S.S.W. 22 in.; ,1 _^ Bl m. On its N. bpundary arp.lpughs CnlJ^^^_,A5 Cpn; onits,S.,loughsCarra& MasJt>fprming|P[sj, turesqu'e, scenery ; on the S.lE.the ground isTo^,& under ctdtfire ; th,e Nj i? mntnon?. and mppRlajifli .CARffiAC./l.(I.A),,gpain.( rpADlZ.] .j. -.if Caekanoa, a tpjfni of Brazil,, in dist. pf same name, erected 1841, prov. .Rlinas-Geraes, p,n,n.pp} CjOur§B of the Eio Gr,andle,' Pop, of dist, MOQ. ; Caej^am-Tuai,, th^.nigliesttniptn.,of Ireland, iSjTnrisipT. CO. Kei:ry, in,tb,e,Mac GUlionddy iKj^Jip raflge, 5 m. S."W. Kill^ney. Elpv. 3,^4jft".^.L,, /. ,CApE(VB, a (;ousic)erablptown.of Inuiai,.Dccea)ii dpm,4',30 m.'S.E, gattarah, 86 m..SlS,E,PQPna, ?yith two elegant pagodas, a^rid .^,shj41) fortl , , , ', ^ Caekar.a, a city of Italy, duchy, and , 59 in. ^.W. Jlodena, Pn tlifi Avenza, 2m,frpm it? mth! in the Mediterranean. Ppp. (1843.) .6,115. , Jtlf,^ a cpllege, an academy pf the fine .arts,an4 ^n,aq. tiyeindustry inthe preparatjpnPf,n]^''We,irplrf, edifices, collegiate, church, church nf Mftdpja?!^ 4pHp Ci;5azie,,an4 tlie duc^ palace. Tlfp^stre^^s are ' prnajnented witji. .elegant fpuntpin^' .,4' Jfpnte. SagTP,. in its. envirpns,, ,are, tbe farpoiis piarble qnarrips, whiph, , sinpe the;,tiiBPiO^,,t)ifl Ijlonjans, have furnis^ep, the ly^luaible'i stati^sfy marble ef C.airari^. The principal .quarries, flios^ of Torano, employ pjiy^^ds of 1,200 men., ^^ port of embarcation is, at L'Avenza. ,, j,,., „., Cakrega, a vill. of ^ard. , states, div- .Genp^ prov. Novi. Pop. (with jcttnnn.) 3,334. ,,,| , ). Ca;^i^entkel, a pa. ot Jreland, ,irister„|M. .^yj rone, including,, tlie town of .Aughnacloj jw,lncp see). , Area' 14432, ac. Pop. 7,903. ' ,„, , CAKKiAcon, the largest of the Grenadine j^^Jsj ()^rJtish W.Indi'es^jSQm.N.E., Grenada, j , 7, nl. i breadth, from, 2 lp,4 m. , It is well cuHiv^;, chief crop, potton. ~ On lis W. .si^e, is ilillsbor'p' foT^n,^ harbour, in lat. 12°,27' N.' ; Jgij. 61°^30^7i^, ' Cabeick, the S. diy. of Ayrshire'. [.S;tj^h|V Careick, several pas. of Ireland, Leinpj^r,— I. po, and.2.^m.'W. Wpxford, , Area 3,009, ao. Ppfe 1,^51.-11. 00. Kildare, A^ea, 5,196 a,c.'„ Ppp. '^, —III. ,.p.0|. "Westineath. ' 'Xi^a,, 2,967.' ag. .jPog. 532.^V., (pr ,CarTic;kbagQvi), cp. Lpnth. . j^e^ §^^ ac. Pop"^ 302.— C'amc«aApo?j( is ftn old ^^M; CO. Jfeiyto, 6 m-. 'W.N.'Vr. ,li'ewport ; and C(m^^ a-tlede, an. insulated bfisaltic rock, Ulst^jjjpj Antrim, ,2,^.,^. Kenl;iane head._ ij w.lMi-gli.' I , Capihq}5.be'Q| , (formerly Carriqlin^egrm^^ town of Ireland, Munster, C9»,and,14.ni, \y;,l!l!nyii . "Waterford^pB the Su^-,' ^pye, crossed by 'a bridge lybJch cpnn?pt& itjjWith 'parripk-pn-Sulr. Po-"^ 2,680, Ithas rpmain^, of a finp abbey of the^,3t cent.. See also Cajrrj[Ck-on-Suie. , ^ , C4HE!'cif.Fpp»iis, a pirl.and munic. bor.,^^^ port, mkt. town, 'and pa. pf Ireland, Ulto-.t' (;«> Antrim, on Belfast Lough, 9 m. N.NJE, Belfast Area of — T!'rnn„„ D™ _iJ 'i^ii_in7?'i(it'.' aP tWT3fl^*n. passage, with a monastery; oil 'ffl^'site WW.^lj' S^'' Arthuf Chichester erected ffi^'hpble mile of Joymounl p,af;;icter.gijs,cMtle, ere d® mdUntmg sdme heavy ianSoVis o'ii'a: roek^^i CAR 277 CAR jecting into the lough. Other priiicipjil cdiflues ai'e the co. court-house and jail, mkt. -house, t Itoman Catholic and various' dissenting chapels, branch bank, and several schools and Charitable establishments. Vessels ftf 100 tons can now uil- load at the pier, but the trade is not fl'ourishing ; aba altljouan some small manufe. of linen and cotton fiibrics ai'e carried on, and small craft are bnflt here, the bulk of the pop. is employed in fishing. Mkts. %Vednesday and Saturday, 12th May, & 1st Nov. Corp. rev. 1,200?. per annnm. The bor. sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1S47) 1,426. William iii. landed here in 1690. In 1760, the town and castle were taken by the French, who were soon forced to re-enlbark. Carrickmacboss, MagluToss, a mlrt. town & pa, of Ii-eland, Ulster, co. Monaghan,ontherGad from Dublin to Londbiiderry, 12 m.S.W.Dunkalk. Area of pa., including loaghs, l6,702 ao. Pop. 13^4*4; do. of torn), 1,997. It is well built, and has a pa. chnrch; union workhouse, fever hospital, several malt stores, the largest distillery in the district, & some corn & provision tralde. Fi^s, 27th May, 10th July, 27th Sept., 9th Nov., and leth Dec. Here are the ruins of a castle, built by the E. of Esser, to whom the town was granted by Queen Elizabeth, and in the possession of whose 'ftjnily the estate remains. ' ,CiRRrcK-ox-SHANxoN, a disfranchised pari, bor. and mkt. town of Ireland, Connaught, c^p. Co.- Leitrim, on the Shannon, across which it cbm- rnknicates with a snbtirb in' bo. Roscommon, by a bridge of 11 arelies, 19 m. N'.N.'W. Longford. Pop. i;984. It is ill paved, but has a handsome church, lai-ge Roman Catholic chapel, court-ho., 00. jail, infirmary, union workhouse, and infantry barrdfcks. Some small quays ; trade in connection with Longlf Allen coal mines. Fairs, 12th M.^y, llfh Aiug,'and 2l5t Nov. It sent 2 members to the Irish pari., till disfranchiseJd at the union. Carbicr-os-St:ir, a mkt. town & pa. of Ire- land, Mnnster, co. Tipperary, on the Suir, he^e crossed by a brirfgc built in the 14th cent., iS m. S. Clonmel. Area of pa: 2,426 ac. Pop. 9,1'65 ; do. of town, 8,369. If -vas formerly enclosed by walls, and has a pa. church of high antiquity, a fine Roman Catholifc chapel, a nunnery with a large schopl house, a monastery, a pastle formerly belongihgto the Ormonde famUy ; a prison, union workhouse, hospital, and barracks. The woollen manuf. established by the great D. of Ormonde, has decayed. Recent improvements in the riv. enable vessels of considerable burden to approach the town, which has an export trade in- corn and cotton ; and monthly fairs. The vicinity is fer- tile and well wooded. About 4 m; S.ward is Cur- raghmore,' the Seat of the marquis of Waterford. ' CAEitiBEN, a marit.' pa. of Scotl., co. Linlith- gow, on the firth of Forth, in m. N.N.W. Edin- burgh, Pop. 1,208. "the wall of Antonihus ap- pears' to have had its E. tenninatiou in this pa. CarrigalikE, or BEAVfiK, a marit. pa. of Ire- land, Munster, co. and 8 m. S'.E. Cork, on Cork harboiir. , Ar^a 14,498 lie. Pop. 7,48), partly efnpioyed'iil fine marble and sla,te quarries. The vill., though now unimportant, was once designed T.y ah E. of Cork to be made the 'rival of Cork city ; in if'arfe the picturesque ruins of Carriga- Mh^, a caJStleof the Desmonds; and 'near it, are tlie remains of a/religions house, and of a Danish fort. ^aiH' Easter M6na., Whitsunday, 12th August,' jin^ 8th Noveinher. ,CABRi<3AiiAN^a barony of Ireland, forinihg S.p. dik; of cfe. Leitrim, Coilnaught. teh'gth 1 dVm. ; bi-'eadth 7 'iH; Area 63,5pi ac. Drained by affl. 6lf'^t-nd riv.-^ll.'pa'IreJaMd, Cohiiaugl t, CO. Leitrim,. 11 m. E.N.E. Mohill. Area 15,10* ac'.j including Several lochs. "Pop. '8,100. in fts vicinity are sbine fine seats, '& beautiful gCenerV. CarriqdowNam, a pa. of 'Ireland, co. Cork, Munster. Area 797 ac. Pop. 24.5. CXiiRi'oNAvAR, oi: DtiNBnir.ooT!, a .pk. of Ire- land, Munster, co. and 5 m'.' ' K. Cork. Area 16,783 ac. Pop. e,26p. ' CARRiG-o-GuNNEt, Or Carrickaquict, a vill. of Ireland, Munster,' co. and 5 m. W.S.W. Limb- rick. Its ruined castle on a lofty rock, waS' for- merly a stronghbld of the O'Briens, kings of Miiri- ster, but blown up at siege of Limerick, in 1691. Cakriorohank, a pa. of Ireland, co. (joric, Munster, on the Lee riv., 2 m. AV. Cork. Ar^a 2,668 ao. Pop. 2,279. On the , Lee are sevei-'al ruins of ancient castles. ' '"' ' ""■' CARRiGToriiLL, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, c'o. Cork, 8fm. W. Middleton. Area 10,319 ac. Pop. 3,976 ; do. of vill. 692. It "has an anc. church, & in various parfe oi the pa. are curious subterra- nean cliatnbbrs. Within circular intrenchnierltS, called Danish camps. Ffiirs 12th March; 12th May, 26th August, 19th September, and 8th Nov. CABRiGcr6Ti.E, a small isl. of Ireland, Mnn- ster, CO. Kerry, in the estuary of the Shannon, 2 m. N: Baiiyiohgford, With a castle, once the chief seat of the O'Connor-Kerry. '' ' ' CaektSgton, a pa. of Scotland, co. aid' 10 m. S.E. Edinburgh. Pop. 616;— II. a chapelry of England, co. Chester, pa. Bowdbn,' bn the IMbr- sey, 9i ra. N. Nether-KnUtsford. ' Pop. 569. " Cahrion, sbverdl towns of Spain.— I., (C 'fie Cdlatrma), pro'v. & 9 m. NIE. CJiudsid-RW.' ' Pbp. 2,608.-11. {de los 6espedes),-^iov. apd Ji m. "W. Sevilla.— III. [de los Condes), prov. and 21 vH. N. Palehcia, on 1. h. of the Carridn; Pop, 2,500. ., p stands on a hill, enclosed by ruinous wall's, and has 9 churches, with Several conyente & hospifeli'. Formerly cap. disti of same, name, and'fbrtifl^d. Care Rock, aportion of a reef in' the N.' Sbi, off Fife-Ness (Scotland), in lat. 56° 17' N.,lbn.' 2- 35' W., II m., W.S.'W. Bell-rock ^lighthou'S^. A masonry beacon 'bn thiS rock was compl^fe'd in 1818, at a cost of 5,000?. Elevation 30 feet: ^ Caerolt,, seVeral cos., TJ. S., N. Amer;— li N. part of Maryland. A*ea SOQ sq. m. Pop. 17,2411 A rich & fertile co.— II. in N.AV. "Georgia. A^ea 800 sq. m. Pop. 5,252. " "Ceded by CherokeSs iii 1825—111. in centrfe of MiskiSSippi. Area 950 sq. m. Pop. 10,481, bhe-half fa'f Ti^hbih'ai'e slaW. -TV. in N.E. Louisiana, Pop.' 4,237.— V. in Vf. of Tennessee! Area ' 960 feq. nil Pop. 12,362;— VJ. Kentucky, on Ohio river'.' 'Area 140 sq. m. Pop. 3,906.- VII. in E. of Ohio. Area 400 sq. m. Pop. 1 8,10$'.— VIII. in N.'W. Indiana. Area 38^q.m. Pop;7,819.— IX. in N. of Illinois. Atea 445 sq. m. Pop. I,n23.-X. Hi'N.'W.'of Missfiiii-i'. Area 700 Bq.,m. Pop. 2,4i3.— XI. in E. of 'l^e^t Hampshire, forming part of Staiford bo. Carbon, a riv. and vill. of Sbotland, co. Stir^ ling, the riv. cnteri'ng the Firth of Forth, 3 tf. E.N.E. Falkirk, after ail E.ward bbiirse of about 15 m. On its N, bank, 2,m. N.E. Falkirk, i?, th* yill. with the " Carron ironworks," carried oh by a company who employ about 2,500 workmen in the manuftiture of ail descriptions of cast iron goods, and >froin fifteen, tb twenty vessels irt the export of their produce. CARnbtiGns, acomm.and'town of France, dcp. Orne, arrond. & 16 ip. N.'W. Alenjon. P. 2,289. Caerowmoke; a ^ake of Ireland, Conpaugrht, bo. Mayo, 4 m. n;E. TuUoghanbay. It coritaih's several islets, anfl ^isphar^es,iteelf by the,:^iH Munhiii iii'lio thiJ'bwenmoi'e. " '"' ,, " CabkCi, a tdwh of the Sferd. statbs, Piedlnont, CAB i prov. apd 6 m, N.N.E. Mondpvi, cap. maud. Pop. (with comm.) 8,772. Cabse, a term for several contiguous dists. in Scotland. — I. (of FalMrh), oo8. Linlithgow and Stirling, extends along the Firth of Forth from Bp'ness to Airth. — II. (ofGouvie), co. Perthj ex- tenfls for 16 nj. between the Tay & Sidlaw hills. — III. {of Stlriing), from Buohlyvie to the E. ex- tremity of the CO. Stirliugj consists of a rich agri- cultural tract of 30,000 acres. The accumulated alluvial soilof these dists. is due to riv. deposition, Cabshajlxon, a pa. of Engl., co. Surrey, with a, station on the Epsom railway, 10 m. S.S.W. London. Area 2,680 ao, Pop. 2,228. The vill. was formerly a market town. Caksiptoton, a pa. of England, co. Derby, 2 m. W. Wirksworth. Area 1,080 ao. Pop. 236. It has a school endowed with 60/. per annum. Caksphairn, or Caeseebjn, a large pa. of Scot- land, stewartry Kirkcudbright^ 11 m. N.N.W. New. Galloway. Estim, area 800 sq, m.. Pop. 790. In it are some very productive lead mines. M'Adam, the inventor of the new road metal, was a native of this parish. Carstaibs, a pa. of Scotland, eo. and 6 m. E.N.H, Lanark. Area about 12,000 ac. Pop. 950. Roman antiq. have been discovered here. Cast, two i;ivs. of , Scotland,! co. Renfrew, the united stream of which enters the firth of Clyde, 6 m. below Glasgow; the WMte-Cart having passed through JoUook shaws & Paisley, & being united to a branch of the Forthand Qlyde canal. Caktagena (Carthago Navft, or." New Car- thage," it having been a principal colony of the Carthaginians), a celebrated pity and seaport, & the chief naval arsenal of Spain, on a noble bay of the Mediterranean, proy, and 27 m. S.S.E. Mijrcia., „Lat. 87° 86' 5' N„ Ion. 0° 66' 36' "W. Pop. (1845) 27,727 ; in 1786 it ooniained 60,000 inhabsr It occupies the declivity of a Iiill, and a small plain extending to the harbour, which is one of the best in the Mediterranean, -and pro- tected from all winds by surrounding heights, & by an island on the S,, whicli, as well as the city, is, strongly fortified. The city, though dull, di- lapidated and unhealthy, Oiwing to an adjacent swamp, ha^ some good streets and houses, nume- rous churches and convents, a marine school, large royal hospital,, foundling hospital, town-hall and ciistom-hQ., observatory, theatre, circus, &o. In its W. division, an arsenal, docks for building men-of-war, and a bagne for galley-slaves. Its port cpmmnijicates with the Segura river by the Lorca oanalv. : Its mauufs. of cordage & canvass, with t^i^ade in barilla and agricultural produce, have decayed, but it still has a valuable tunny fishery, and a glass factory recently established by an English house; and, in 1843, 14 new smelt- ing, wprks had been set up, here. The mines of Cartagena, originally wrought, by the Carthagi- nians, were re-discovered a few years ago ; and, in 1839, the new mine of Xa Carmen was opened successfully by a joint-stock company. Since then, drainages and raining have proceeded vi- gorously. Cartagena was taken by Scipio e.g. 20%: at which period Livy states that it was one of the richest cities in the, world. , It was, ruined by the Goths ; and its, ipodern, importance dates only from the time of Philip ii. Caetaoena, or Cabthagena, a strongly for- tLfd< city, and seaport of S. Amer., New Granada, of which republic it is the chief naval arsenal, cap. prpy., on a sandy penins. in the Caribbean S,?a. , La(, of the, dome 10° 25' 38- N., Ion. ^7? 64' 26" W. Pop. 10,000, 9-lOtliB of whom are a mix- ed ;black race. It ,is well (aid out,, &, il}^iii|. pioptly of stone. It has a massive citadel, a, (jollege with about 200 pupils, various seminaries, & 2 hospi ■; tals. The temperature is very high, from 80° to 86f Fahr., but the air dry and healthy. Its excellent port is defended by two forts, and is the only harbour on the N. coast of New Granada adapV ed for repairing vessels. Cartagena is tha prjnr, cip. dep6t for the produce of the provB, watered by the Cauca and Magdalena rivers. In 1843 its exports amounted in value to 266,62QZ., and, im- portis to iid^BOi; in 1845, 37 vessels, aggregate burden 6,361 tons, entered the port jvith eargoe? valued at 116,692/.; and cleared with other - tion, to connect it with the i riyer Magdalena. Under the Spaniards, this, city was the seat of,,a Captain-general, & of one of the three tribunals pf the inquisition in America. Cabtago, a riv. & bay of Cent. Amer., Mosquito coast, the river, rising about lat. 14° 37' N., Mi after a N.N.E. course of about 45 m., cjaterji^ the bay, which is a large lagoon communioatiqg with the Caribbean Sea, in lat. 15° 20', N., and extending between Ion. 83° 36' and 84° 16' W, Cartago, a ruined city of Central ,Amer., st?,te Costa- Rica, & formerly its cap., on the riv.. CaiT^ tago,, about 60 m, from its. mouth, iuithe ?a^ijie Ocean. It was so demolished by the earthquake in 1841, that of 3,000 houses apd,8 churches, only 100 of the former and one of the latter were lett standing. , San Jose had previously superseded it in political and commercial importance^. , The active volcano of Cartage forms, an imppifent sea-^lark.,^-II. a town of S. Awer., New Cirajjada, dep. Cauca, prov. Popayan, on the Viega, an afflt. of the Cauca, 130 m. ,N.W. Bogota* Pop. 3,000. It is handsPD^e, & has some trade in fruits, cofiiee, coooaj tpbacoo, cattle, and dried beef. ,,,;, Cartama, an anc. town of Spain, prov. andj21 m. W. Malaga, on theGuadaljore. Pop. 1,993? Cabtava, a town of Spain, prov. and 9 m. yft, Huelva. Pop. (1846), 4,097. Manufs. of linensi] Cabteb, sev. COS. of the U. S., N. Amer. — I. in N.E. of Tennessee. Area 540 sq.m. Pop. 6,372. —11. in N.E. part, of Kentucky. Pop. 2,905 III. Carteret co., in S.E. partof Carolina. Area 600 sq. m. Pop. 6,691. Caeteb-Fell, Scotland. [Cheviot Hilis.}^. Cabtebet, or Mala^ta Isi., Pacific Ocean, Sp- Ipjmpn Archip., is in lat. 8° .SO)' S., Ion. 160° 48' fe Cabtebet, a comm. apd yill. of France,, dep. Manche, on bay of same name, in the, mouth of the Gerfleur, epp. Jersey, in the English chapneh Cabthage Cape, a premontory of N. Africa, in the, Mediterranean. Lat 36° 52' 22' ,lf.iiloii: 10° 21' 49' E. Traces pf the celeb, eitypf Cap^ thage, the great rival of Rome, are found on the promontory N. of the, lagoon of i Tunis, which formed its port. , , i ,. ,1.,, Cabthagena^ Carxhaqo. [Cartagena, Ca|^ TAGO.] ,,;, 1 i_,,,,i1,, Cabtmel, a market-town and,pa. of Eng'^iiOft, Lancaster, on Morecombe bay, 12 m,.,N.W. Ian-, caster. Area of pa. 22,960 ao. , Pop. 4,927. The town lies in a rpmaiiitie, valley, and has an, old church, formerly a part of the priory founded by an Earl of Pembroke in 1188. Market Tuesday. Fan^, Whitmonday and Mon. after the 23d Q^i CA^iT.woRTH, atnshp. of Engl., 00. Jm-h W. Biiidr inff,Iia..Kirk-Burton,6m, S. HuddersfielcJ P.2,24Z, CARUPANQ„a seaport i^\m of S. Amer.,- Yenet CAR 279 CAS lucla, oap. prov. and 65 m. N.B. Cumana, on the CSribbean Seal, at the months of two small rivers, defended by a fort. In 1841-2, 46 vessels of an aggregate burden of 1,786 tons entered the port, (lith cargoes to thevalne of 13,540/. ; and 45 ves- sels, aggr. burden 1,482 tons cleared out with ex- ports to 19,693/. Import dues in same jenr 3,824/. Carvalho, a town of Portugal, prov. Beira, at ftjot of mntn. of same name, IC m. S.E. Coimbra. C.vbVis-Epixov, a comm. and town of France, dep. Pas-de-CaJais, cap. cant., 14j m. E.S.E. Bc- thune, near sta. of Railw.-du-Nord. Pop. (1846) 4,088. Manuft. beet-root, sugar, and tetareh. Gaetoeiro, or Pbnich6, a cS^e df Portugal, BTOV. Algarve, lat. of light-ho., 39° 2 L' 48' Sf. : Ion. 9° 25' W. Cabwae, a ruined seaport town of British In- dia, presid. Jladras, dist. Canara, at the mouth of the Cauly river, in the Indian Ocean, SO m. S.S.E. Goa. In the 17th and 18th centuries it was an important seat of European commerce. Cahvstoot lat.. Pacific O., is a coral reef en- circhng a lagoon, in lat. 20° 44' S., Ion. 138° 22' W. ^CartSfort, Maobeddin, or Movcrtsedin, a Sisfranchised bor. of Ireland, Leinstfcr, co. Wick- loWj 5 m. S.W. Rathdmm. It gives the title of Earl to the Proby family, in whose fine seat, near the vill., is a eurious anc. obelisk^ elev.' 100 ft. Casaba, or CASSABAjtwo tmvns of Asia Minor, -lil: Anatolia, 30 m. N.E. Smyrna. It has two handsome mosques, some dirty streets, and* a bazaar : it is renowned for its pears and melons, wliich, with cotton and cotton manuis. compose its princip. exports. — II. a toivn, pash. Kara- ^ania, SanJ. and oi m. S.S.!E. Konieh. It is en- closed by ruinous walls, is mostly built of stone, has a good bazaar, and presents many traces of former prosperity. Casa-Bbanca, a new'town of Brazil, prov. St. Paul, dist. Mogi-Mirin. Pop. 3,000. — ^11, a vill., jWoT. Minas-Geraes, dist. Ouro-Preto. P. 2,000. CASAOAtESDA, a towu of Na,ple3, prov. Molise, cap. cant., 17^ m. N.E. Campobasso. P. 4,670. Cabaccia, Germ. KasStch, a viU. of Switzerl., cant. GriSons, cap. the vailey of Bregaglia, S. Of Mount Septimer, and 13 m. N.B. Chiavenna. Pop. 250. It is an entrepSt for goods passing between Switzerland, ihe Tyrol, and Italy. Casal, a prefix of the names of numer. towns and vills. in Italy. — I. (C. Bellotto), Lombardy, del«%. and 23 m. E.S.E. Cremona: Pop. 1,3401 — II. (Bordino), Naples, prov. Abruzzi Citra, 7 m. N.W; Vasto. Pop. 1,600 III. (Bore), prov. Princip. Pit., 7 cS N.W. Ariatio. Pop. 1,640.— TV.XB&rgojie), Sard. Sta., prov. andl4m.E.N.E. Turin; Pop. 2,091.— V. (Bwttano), Lombardy, deleg. and 8 m. N.N.W. Cremona. Pop. (184S) 3,903.— VI. {Cipridni), Naples, prov. Molise, (il m.'"W. CampobasSo. — ^VII. (di Principe), prov. T. di Lavoro, 14 m. S.W. Caserta.— VIII. (duni), prov. Molise, 21 m. S. Campobasso. Pop. 2,700. CASALii, a city of the Sardinian Sta., Piedmont, div. AleSsaiidria, cap. prov., on rt. b. of the Po, here crossed by an iron bridge, 38 m. E.N.E. Turin. Pop. in 1838, 19,300. It was formerly strongly .fortified, but is now only defended by an' old cstetle, once thfe residence of the Marquis of Montferrat. Principal edifices, the cathedral with good paintings, several chiirohes'with iSne works of art, a clock-tower of the 10th century, a town^hall, college, public! library, theatre, corn magazine, hospitals, and handsome private' resi- dences. Its princip. manuf. is of silk twist. — II. a town of Piedmont, prov. Pallanza, on the -Strb- m.- Pop. 1J900.-"III. a town of Naples, prov. T. Ui. LavorO, 20 m. S.E. Sota. Pop; 1,600.— IV. a vill., N. Italy, deleg. and 7 In. S.E; Treviso.— V. (delta Trinita), a town of Naples, prbV. Calpi- tanata, cap. cant., on Lake Salpi, 25 m; B.S:E. Foggia. Pop. 3,800.— VT. (di Lecce), proV. Ab- ruzzo Ult. II., 34 m. S.S.E. Aquila. Pop. 1,072. —VII. (Lo-Slumo), prov. Princip. Bit., 1 m. N.E; Frigento. Pop. 2,130.— Vni.(A'«OKo),TnsCariy, prov. Pisa, 16 m. N. Campiglia, ' ' Casal-Maogiorb, atown of Lombardy, deleg. and 22 m. E.S.E. CrettonS, cap. dist., on 1. b. of the Po. Pop. (1845) 4,907.' It has manufs. of glass, earthenware, and cream of tartar. CasalnoOetto, a vill. of Piedmont, prov. atid G m. E.N.E. Tortona. POp. 1,130. ■ ' Casalndovo, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Cit., dist. and 14 m'. E.N.E. Castrovillari, near the Gulf of Taranto. Pop. 6,130.— II. a town, |iro*'. Naples, dist. and 3.^ "ffl: E. Casoria. Pop. 2,800. —III. a town, prov! Princip. Cifc., dist. and 14'm. S.S.E. Sala. Pop. 1,700.^1 V; a town; prov. Ca- pitanata, dist. & 15 m. S.W; St Severe. P, 2,400. CASAL-PuSTEKLENao, a town, Lombardy, deleg. Lodi and Crema, 12 m. S.E. Lodi. Pop. 5,601. Casalvecchio, a ton-n of Naples, prov. Capi- tanata;'25 m. W.N.W. Foggia. Pop. 1,600.-11. a viB. of Sicily, on a mountain, intend, and 2?m. S.W.Messina. Pop. 2,000. ' ■ ' Casalvieri, a toWn of Naples, prov. T. di La- voro, 7 m. S.S.E. Sora. Fop. 3,670. " Casamanza, a riv. of W. Africa, Senegambia, which enters the Atlantic 60 m. S. the Gambia riv. On the N. side of it's entrance, the French have established a trading-station. Casamarciano, a vill. of Naples, prov. T. 'M Lavoro, 1^ m. N.'E.' Nola', with 1,790 inhabs,,^ a magnificent' and rich convent founded in 1134. Casamassima, a tomi of Naples, prov. and 13 ni. S. Bari, cap. cant. Pop. 8,750. It hasacon- vent, and two abbeys. ' - ■ , ' Casamigciola, a'townof Naples, dik.,arid' 1'2 m. S.W". Puzzuola, at the foot of the M-, Epomeo. Pop. 3,420. It has therm, springs arid baths. Casanare, a town of S. Amer., New Granada^ cap. prov., on riv. same name, 194 pi. N.E.Bogota. C.ASANDR1N0, 3, vill. of S. Italy, prov. and 6 m. N. Naples. Pop. 2,900. ' Casanova and Casapuela, two contig, tovrtti of Naples,:prov. T. di Lavoro, respectively 2 aliS 3 ni. N.W. Caserta, on the road to Capua. Casababonela, a town of Spain, prOv; and 29 m. W.N.W. Malaga. Pop. (1846) 4,666. It has considerable commerce in wine and iruit. Casabano, a town of Naples, prpv. Otranto, cap. cant., dist. and 12 m. S.E. Gallipoli. P. 2,600. Casar-de-Cacebes, atown of Spain, prov.' & 10m. N.N.W. Caceres. Pop. 4,047, employed'iri linen weaving and manufsi of leather. Casares, a town of Spain, prov. and 62 ra. W.S.W. Malaga. ' Pop. 4,50P, It has active ma- nufactures of le.ither, and brandy distillferifes. " Casarza, a vill. Of N. Italy, Sardinian Sta., diV. Genoa, prov. and 6 m. S.E. Chiavari. .Top. 900i Casas-de-IbaSez, a town of Spain, prpv. alid 26 m. N.E. Albaceti. Pop. 3,270. '" ' '' Casein, a town of Persia. [Kasbin.] ' Cascae's; a seaport town of Portugal, Estfi- madura, on the Atlantic, 15 in. W. Lisbon. Pop' 2,500. It has 'a small harbour protected by t*6 forts, and manuf. of woollens. ■; '" Cascante, Cascantum, a town of Spain, Vl.n- varre, 63 m. S. Pamplona, oh the QUeiles.' 'Pdp. 2,928.-11. a Vill.i prov. and 10 m. S. Terueli ''' *' Cascavei,, a new town of Brazil, ereetediin 1841, cap. disl, same name, prov: Ceara, ^t this foot of mntn. of same'yiairie, oW'riVl.', and '40 tja, S.W. theport ofCearil' P. of'dlst. (1 845) '8;69tt Ct\S 280 C.^fic w, a town, Clewt.iItaJy, Pontif. sbt.> cap, gov-, ofsame name, deteg. & 13m. ElSpoletoi P.SsZOO. Cabomno (San), two villa., Centr.-Italy, .Tus^ ; ejiny.— 1. prov. and ^ m. S.W. Florence. Pop. 2,000. Manufs. artifleisl flowers; and straw hatp.^II. (dei Sagni), prov. Siena, 17 m.^ S.E. '. Pidhza. Pop. 2,800. It derives its name fiom lik mineral baths, the best frequented in Tuscany. ». Casoina, a vill. of Tuscany, -prov. and 8 m. E.S.E. Pisa, on the Arno. Pop. (1845) 2,588. Casco (Bay of), U. S., N. Amer., Maine, co. Cumberland, lat. 44°,N.» Ion. 68^ W., is at its en- trance 20 m. in width.; Contains 300 small JSls. ; and on ,its W. side is. the town of Portland. Casoob, a pa. of Engl,: and Wales, cos. Kadnor and Hereford, 6 m.-WsN.W. Presteigne. P. 171. Casellk, a town, Sard, sta., prov. and 8 m. N.N.W. Turin. Pop. 4,28*1 . Manufs. of silk twist, and paper. — II. a town ofLombardy, deleg. and 6j m. S.W. Lodi. ,Pop. 1,500.— III. (Lmdi), a vill., deJeg. and 19 m. S.E. Lodi. Pop. 2,798. Casekta, a town of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, jfl a fine plain, 17 m. N.E. Naples, and 6/m.S.E. Gapua. Pop. 5,000. It has several churches, a OQiiivent, a hospital, a military sfihool, and fine barracks; its principal iediftses,. however, are a royal palaqc-aud. an aqueduct, both constructed by Vanvitelli f6.r Charles iii. The palace isi in poiut of sizc^nd architec$:ure^ one of Ithe most magnificent royal resi^en^es in Europe, and com- prises: ft chapel, and a large theatre, decorated with coliomiM from an ano. temple of Sera{>is; 5Je park is of vast extent. The gardens are supplied with water by the fine aqueduct, eKtendA iijg, hencei ifraw . Airola^ nearly 27: m. distant. Jieaa- Caserta. i?. the royal si'Ui-faetory of "St Lencio, where 700 or 800 persons weave annually ii'om 2,000 to 3,000 pieces of ^ros de Naples. — ^hserta VeccMa is a small forttd. town, 3 m. N.E, Caserta. Pop. 1,200. It is an ai'ohbp'a. see, and ^as, hospital, work-he, , bridewell, mkt.r^lno., national sdiool, town-commissioners-ho., toourt- ho., infantryrbarracks, and the archbp's. palace gpntaijiing , a good library. -Near, the. town'are the remains of Hore, Abbey, and of a Domhiicam priory. Cashel is an arohbp's. see, now combin- ed with the see of Waterford, where the diocesan resides. Episcop. rev, .6,308?. annually. Corp. rev. (1841) 2201. Mktg., Wed. and Sat. ,,Faks, March 26, Aug, 7, & thirdTueg, in every mouth. Cashel sends 1 mem.,.tp,H. of C, j.,K,est,:electra'e (1847) 172. Donald O'Brien, king of hmbrielt, .^nd,bU nobles, swpre allegiance to Henry u.; at C,w|i»yii,J.J72 — II. a pa, of Irel.,,eo. Longford, 6.pi.',S,. Lanesborough, Arca,i,ineJiiidiifg>ilougha, ; 23^01^<5-, Pop. 5.559, ■ .-IT .:I.i 1 < ' .iCasbjba*, Chinese-'.Turkestan, [Kaskoah,'! . CASHMSBE,'Or KiBHMHt,3aiJC0unlnr of'N.W, Hindpstan, Punjab douL, eansisting of tTie^npBei- TaJleyiof the riv. Jailum (anB. Hydasjpes^.beimSm. 33° 15' & 34° 30^ N., & Ion. 73° 40^ & 75° 3»^E,, enclosed on all aides by ranges Qf the Himalaya, s^paiatimg it N. and E. frpm Tibet, and S; and E. frpm the Punjalj. Estifii. area 4,500 sq.' m. Pop. m ia32,:eatifii..at 80O/)OO; but in 1836, ewin^tP earthquakes, cholera, and^femine; it had decline to 200,000. The valley of Cashmere has an aver- age elevation of fi^SOO or 6,000 ft, above the sea. ^vejral mntns. ground ;it rise to 15,000 h.f& bne in E. Cashmere reaches to 19,650 feet in height. The country well-watered by the Jailum li*^ l5i its;aiumerons,tributarie.s, is highly picturesque, 'thene are about - a dozen of pa.Sses throu^. JtHe mntos.y 4 of whioh are pracrficable at all tiAie^ of the year. The Pangal MiitnSi are of basalt,' and limestone and marble are commoff, but pritniry rocks rare, and^ifew metals or important miiiersK There are 3 lakes in one valley connected'i^th the river. Snow Covers the country for S'Wntei" months, bat the temp, then is seldom mS^ be- ]6w the freeing jioint. Rain falls c0pioug% in springs and early summeri The summer heat varies fromj75' to 85° Eahr, Earthquakes Sre common j in 1828 1,200 pea«ons perished by one. The soil on the bases of the mntns, and'Vailley is a rich loam, with sub.«oil< of eliiy: Kice is tSfe principal crop ; wheat, maize, millet, barley, me- IODE,'Cucianbers,& other Enrop. fruits lanffvefgSi ta/bles ; tobacco, cotton, ^otKseeds, and -JASiSA hemp; are • also^ raised; andi^Cashmere -so^lftg most part «f Hindostamwith aaffitor:;'flPW*rR ahd esjiecially roses,-are abundant,' The watei'49^*J8t water-nut (irapa-bispinosa), gi'ow in great abtinii- ance, and are used for food, of tHe latiiioeOJOOfe tons are raised "every yearj floating' gardes OW stmctediin- the lakes, raise abniidance ty(' vege- tables. Bees, kept ihibives constructed ill' the housesyproduce excel, honey. The native^ are of a tallirobust&ame pf^iody, with manly features-^ the women-fuD-fbrmediand handsome,-withaqMi line nose; afid. features; resembling" we Je**iBhl Dress of bPtii sexes a long loesewootleti -wrapped and trowsers. The language is a! di&lect of San- scrit with a mixture of Persian. The -countsy abounds with monuments' ! of ■ great ■ antiqail^'. The staple wealth of Cashmere longconsifetefliifl itsi shawls, woven from thetirmel"^lai^ or ' down of goats, fed on th?' table-l*id' of .'Tibet, it from 16,000 to 17,000 ftjaboveithe sea, and which ar- ticle is imported by iwayi of Leh in Little Tib^f. Some yearsagfo.the^ annual value of the shawls maunfacturedin Cashmere was estim. at 36O,®60)R^ but ith^- lamount has since gr^atiy ^dii»iniSll^> withou't the manufacture itself ihaving' at aUi'dta ttirioratedj^and in 1837 thei-e wcreiOnly about SiOOOishawWoomsj at each of whioh 2 or 3 ineh were employed. *rOther mauafe. are lacquered waiesi in, great, variety, excellent leather and saddlery, paper, attar pf roses, cntlei*^^ glass- wares and articles in rock-or'vstaV)chalBedts»M. Baron Hiig«l, in 1886j cstunated the total vMfae'W the.! exports at ^4GO!®0(M. a-year, the principal antiblea ' being woollen .fabrics to i2S0,(W0iiV'a;Bl ricfeto M0,0Q0Zr, theimpobtsihe value* sJtSOjOOO^., 0* wMoh amdmjt, abput. 3-6ths were.tfaiiSlllik- sfca-vulawool. Public rev. in. 1886 'was ' estiilKItea at from.BOOsOOOi. to .220)000;., aidd public ek^W- diturie at IM^OOt* Inhabitants imostlyi'MohaJft''- medans.wjG*shm»re contains 10 towns) arid tA'- waItdsofa,OQO'^•ills^f|•Pri^(j^phl bDWBs, SeitnaB* (loii Casbi!aewt),')Chapinian5f felajhabadi & Pamtfuii. Wis- oonsideiiedin holy fenfl, by Hindoos; aifl it eAS 281 CAS has numerous Buddhic antiquities. ' Iii 1586 tlie < otnintry was conquered by the Mogul Emperor Akbar. In 1752 it was subjugated bjrtheAfghaii^ and remained undet their sway till it fell into the power of the Sikhs in 1819. Cjushmebe, cap. of above country. [SsiuNAauit.] Caskets, a, dangerous (jroup of rocks in the English Channel, 7 m. W. Alderney. On the Mghfist is a light-ho., in lat. 49° 43' N., Ion. 2° 22" W. Off these rocks Prince William,; sou of Henry i. of Engl., and his suite perished in 1119', 4nd the Victory, 110guns,'founaered in 1744. > Casoia, a town of Naples, dist. and 3 m. E. GasteUa-Mare. Pop. 2,78G,^IL a viU., Poiitif. sta., leg. and 29 m. S.W. Bologna^ _Casol% sevei-al vills. of Tuscany,' the princip. in ithe prov. and 15 m. W. Siena. Pop. 1,113. .. Gasoli, a town of Naples, prow. Abruzzo-Citra, cap.cant., onamntn.,17 m. S.S.W. Chieti. P. 5^680. CAsoB.iTE,atownof N. Iteily,lombardy, deleg. and 11 m. N.W. PaTia. Pop, (1848) 2,956. Cabodia, a town of Naples, cap. disb, prov. & f m. N.NJB. Saples. Pop. 5,670. - ■ ' Casfe, a town of Spain, prov. and 67 m. S.E. Zaragoza, near the Ebro. Pop. (1845) 7,401. - It has a castle and :nnmerous religious edifices.' J Caseias Sba (Mare Byrcamim), an inkad sea oit S^t'lake of W. Asi%, and the largest' of its kind known on the globa^ between lat. 56° 40' & ir 20' N., and Ion. 46° SO? and 1 54° IC E., en- (j^ed by the doms. of Russia, the liirghis, Khiva, aod Persia. iLengthiN. to S. about 700 m. ; greatest breadth about 420 m;, though the a,ver- age idxtss not exceed'200 m; ; and in some places it js^DOt more than -120 m. across. Estim. area 140,000 sq. m. Coast-line irregular, especially oa, Ihs E. side, where •are tlie gaifs of Mertvoi, Mangnshlak, Eenderlinsk, Kara-bugos, & Bal- fcan< i Opposite the last, thepenins. of Apsheron (eelebratOT for its naphtha), stretches into it on Ua W, side. The S< coast is almost unbroken, & bounded at a short distance by lofty mntus ; its iL-giores are low aind marshy, or composed of san^: flats -and-brokeiL into countless Met*, es-' pecially about the mouth of the Voigftj The Caspian contains several' conaderable isls., es- pei;iaUy on its, E. side: Depthof wateraslongthe coast is generaHy-inOonsiderable, and^evenrat several miles from the shore it rarely exceeds 12 feet; but in the centre it varies from 120 to 300 ft.,iand in one place Hanwa.y found no bottom at 480 'fathoms. Its surface (supposed to be about 300 ft. lower than during early (historical times, whenrthis sea leictended much farther B.ward), is now estimated to' be Saj-ft. below the level of the B)aek Sea : and the difference is 'Supposed' to be angmentiog by the decrease of the Caspian!; a phenDmienon, remarkable on account of the vast quantity of water which it receives from the Volga, Ural, Tereky Kur, & other rivers, bub due probably to its extens. evaporatiBg surface. The water of ithis sea is not nearly sotsafe as that of tlie ocean. It ha«-no tides, and in winter itSI N. pasti i«" covered with ice. Sturgeonsy salmon, stylets, and seals are abundant, & mariy active fisheries are carried on imthfeisea, the trade' of «(hich, is nearly mohopolited by Astrakhan. ©urisv, Krasnoi-yar, Derberaiili Baku, Reshd, & Balfrnsh, are the.other principal. towns on its icoasts. - The Caspian was known' to theGreete mif Jlonlians, HcrOdotus-aerives its name from ^,i<7a»/7M, iwhoiinhahitediitii S.-'coasi).' It forttis the Bhief means lOf-communiraDtion-betw.-IliiflSia, Persia, and Cent.f Asia. IThe^tiawrgtttiomi* diffl^ cult.. 1 1 Steam • piackcts: havenoWbeen estahr on> it. CaiSS, «everaJ' COS., JJ; S,,- Ni Ainerr^I. in'N;'W of -Georgia. Hilly, but fertile. Pop. 9,390, of whom 1,996 are slaves. — II. in S.W. Michigan. Area fl28> sq. m. Pop. 6,710.-111. in N. of Indiana. Area 413 sq. m. Pop. 6^480.— IV. in W. of Illinois. Ai-ea 266 sq. m. Pop. 2,981. Gassaba, 2 towns, Asia-Minor. [Casaba.J CassandnAj PallanuB, a penins. of Europ.-Tur- key, prov. Rumili, betw. the Gulfs of Cassandra and Salonica. Lat. 40° N., Ion. 23° SC E.— The Gulf of Cassandra (anc. Toronaious Sinhs)'is'38 m. m length, S.E. to N.W., by 10 m. in breadth. CassandbiAj Netherlands. '• [Cadsand.] " ' Cassano, several towns of Njiples. — I. prov. Calab.-Citra, cap. cant., 84 m. N. Cosenza. Pop. 4^810, many of Albanian descent. It stands in the concave recess of a steep mntn. around an isolated rock on which are the ruins of an anc. castle ; is well-built, and has a cathedral, Several convents, a diocesan 'school, an hospitali' & some mineral springs. Its inhabs. maniif. 'macoarOni, stamped leather, table-linens & yarn, Si fabrics of cotton and silk, which latter products, with a good deal of timber, fruit, and corn are raised in the vicinity. — II. prov. and 18 tn. S.S.Ws Bari, cap. cant. Pop. 3,400.^111. Priiicip. Tilt., 9 m. S.W. St Angelo. Pop. 4,480. ■ Cassano, several vills. of N. Italy. — I. (C, Mag- nago), Lombardy, delegf. and 28 m.' N.W; Milan. Pop. (1843) 2,433.-11. (sopra-Adaa), deleg; and 17 ra. E.N.E. Milan, on railway to TJreseia, has extensive silk-works. — III. (Spintila), Piednaoilt, prov; and 10 m. S. Tortona. Pop. 1,149:'' ' ; " Cassaro, a town of Sicily, intend, and 18 ni. W. Syracuse. Pop: 2,000. , i •■ Cassay, liATHEE, or MuifNiPOOE, an indepen- dent country of Further India, mostly between lat. 24° and 26° N., and Ion. 98° and 95° E., havi ing Ni the Naga territory (Assaib), E. and S. the Bui'mese dom., and'W. Cachar. Area estim. at 8j000sq. m. ; and pop. alt 30;000. It consists of a valley about 2,500 ft. above the sea, iiiclbsed by mntns., varying from about 6,000 to 8,200 ft. in height, and which are covered with dense forestsj Surface of the lowlands fertile, but' in many parts swampy, and scarcely l-4th partis under! culture. Its rivs; at'e tributai'y to the Ba^J rah or thelrawadi;! the princip. is the Iihphsta- Toorel; Rice, tobacco, indigo, cotton, sugaV, opium, mustard, jaud most of the kitchen vfege'-j tablesof Europe are raised; in'the N. the ttne' tea-plant is abundant. An' excellent breed'of ponies, g-reatly prized by the BurifieSe'as cavalry horses, is 1 reared, aikd naany are exported into Yun-nan, with 'wax,icbtton, and ivotyj the tribute of ithe hill-tribes. Cotton cloths', mnslius, ' bilk stuffs, and some iron wares are manufactured,' 'Ss exchanged for other goods with the inhabitants of the neighbouring countries'. The' people are more nearly allied to 'the Hindoos than theBur- mese:' Theupjiier classes profess the Hindoo faith, and Cassay maybe-considered theeXtrem^ E. limit of Brahminism. Government vested to an hereditaTyrajah, assisted by a numerous divan ; and the political condition of the people appears to present a favourable conti'ast to that 'of theii' E. neighbours. -Armed force about 8,200 rtieiii Publicrevenue, mostly paid in kind, is valued M 8,330/. Principal town Munnipoor, uiider Which name also th^whole difet, iS generally understood, Cassay belonged to' the ' Burmese before 1826; but it was rendered 'hiJependent by the treaty of Yandabo. ' ' ' "'" ' ■ ' ' ' Cassei, or KaSSBk;, Cassella, a Walled city "Of Germany, cap. of'eifctoral Hesseii '(liurheSscn)^ (Mid' chief ifown of the'cn-Si'bf Iftwe^'Hessen.'on the Fulda, 90 m. N.N.E. Fi'anlifiift On the'Maiil. CAS 282 Lat. (Wilhelmsholjei) 51° isr 58" N., Ion. 9?.24i 3" E. Pop. (1846) 32,616. It is the resid. of the sover- eign, seat of government, and of central adminis- tration. The Fnlda divides it into two portions ; that on the W. bank comprises the old town aiad upper new town, with the 'Wilhelmshohe and Fraulrfurt snburbs ; on theE. bank are the lower new town, and the Leipzig suburb. In ithe old town are the Kattenburg, a large unfinished pa- lace, the old town-hall, and the principal church, in which the electors of Hessen are buried. The upper (or French) new town, originally laid out by French refugees, is well built, and handsome ; it comprises the elector's palace, a museum with valuable antiquities, and a Ubrary. of 82,000 vols., the government oflces, a statue . of the elector Fredericli, the Bellevue palace, obsepTCitoiiy, pioture-gaUery,, electoral stables, riding-schoolj mint, town-haJl, arsenal, old and new barracks, opera-house, and, several fine streets. The pri- vate houses arein the Wilhelmshohe suburb ; & hence an avenue of lime trees leads to "Wilhelms- hcihcj (which' see), a country seat of the elector, wluch, has been termed the " German VecsaillesL In the Augarteu, or publ. park, are an orangery, a theatre,,audjthe -marble bath ; in the lower new town are an anQ. fortress, and several, prisox^s. Cassel has 8 Erotestant churches, a fine new R. Qatholic church,; a synagogue, about'20 edifices ffir military purposes, a college, an observatory, a seminary for teachers, military, mechanical, & Je.wish schools, an academy of arts, & societies of agriculture, trade, and manuls. ; numerous charit. establishments, including the Will^elm's Institute, and a large general hospital. Cotton, silk, and woollen fabrics, leather, gIoves,;Cappets, paper hangings, earthen and lacquered wares, snuffj lace, gold and silver articles, chemical pro- ducts & -dyes (especially Cassel-yellow & black), wjth hats, soap, starch, musical instruments, oar- > riages, and machinery: are manufactured ; i &, in tlie vicinity are gunpowder, oil,- and, other mills. Cassel has large wool markets, aad: two annual fairs. Under the emperor Napoleon, it wascap. of the kgdm. of Westphalia. A raUw. is in pro- gress to connect it usith Frankfurt and Cologne. [Hessen-Cassel]. ,,fj!,is§o., oi^Kassel, Castallum Trajani, afortif town of Hessen-Darmstadt, prov. Rhenish'Hessen, on r. b. of the Rhine, and on th^ Taunus railway, opposite Mayence, with whiohit communicates by a bridge of boats. Pop. i2,560. pASSEL, Castellum, a town of France, 4ep. Nord,.cap. cant., 27 m. N.W.,LiBe. Pop. (1846) 2,839.. Itptands,onan Ispl^tedhili, 560 feet in height, which, from (heiflatness of, all the adja- cent country, commands amost extensive view. Tpwn well built and clean, has the remains of a- J^guits' convent, and of anc. fortifications. -Ma- nufs. of lace, linen, clpth, tiiread, hosiery, and soap. It has 0^1 mills, salt refineries, an(} an active trade in prattle, butter, and poultry. It was formerly fortified, & has been th^ scene of many important military events ; a railway is in progress tOi con', nect it with Dunkerque and Lille. Casseneuii,, a cpmm. & town of France, dep. Lot-et-Gai:oune, cajii. CanGon,,6 m. N.W. Ville- neuve-sur-lot. ' Pop. 2jO00. , , , , Cassim Pasha, a large suburb of, Constanti- ■ nople, Europ. Turkey, pn the N. ,shOTe of the " Golden Horn," separated,from Galata, E. by ex,. tens, burying-grounds. It cofloprises the imperial dockyard of Tershaniia, th^ great nayali arsflnajl of the.capita],& the palace of the capitan-pasha;. On a hill above it are the suburb ,St. Demetri, and the Cftmej'iifanpj;, imperial archery, ground. • i- ! Cassine, amkt. town of Sard. states,Piodmont, prov. and 11 m. S.S.W. Alessandria, cap. mand;; on the Bbrmida. Pop. (1838) witti comm,, 4,169. Cassinotow, a pai. of England, co. and4im. N.W.Oxford. Area 2,990 ac. Poji.SSli ' '■ Cassim'o (Monte), a mntn. of Naples, prov. T; di Lavoro, 60 m. N.W. Naples, ivlth a celebrated abbey, founded a. b. 629, in which originated iHig order of tlie Benedictines. ;. ■ >' ; lijcl^ Cassiquiake, a riv. of S. Amer. [OBiNocb.-i| ' Cassis, a comm. and sfeaport town of France; dep- Bouches-du-Rhone, on- the Mediterraneari, arrond. and 10 m. S.E. Marseille. Pop. 1,,S66; has 'a harbour, defended by an 'anc. castle, sopiS ship-building yards, a trade in fruits and Musbai» del ivfine, andacoril' fishery-.j Birth^pl; of the abbe Barthel^my. ' ' ' i' Cassolnovo, a'VilL-of Sard, states/ Piedmont, prov. Lomellina, div. and 10^, mi S:Ej. Bfavara". Pop.,- with comm. (1838) 4,687i , - tr,,^ Casxaqseto, a town of Naplefs/ prov. Prinei^iV Citra, 30 m. S.E. Salerno. Pop. 2,000,.: . -•nti CASTAGtNETf 0, a vill. of Tuscany, prov. and 39m. S.S.E. Pisa, with a castle on the Mediteri-anean coast,< and 1^300 inhabitants. , .i,ji:; Castagihole dehle Lawze^ a viU. of Sardinian states. Piedmont, div. Alessamdria, prov. anS-Kt m. S. Asti. Pop. 2,767. — II. proy. PineroJoi Pop. 2,137— UI. t)rov. Casalcii .aPttp^ 1,750. i 1 Castalla, a town of Spaiiij provj and 24 m. N.W. Alicante, on the riv. CastaJla. Pop.i8y032. It hSs linen manufs., and brandy distUlerieisjir' r , Castanabesj' three mkt. towns of i Spaii^ prov. Burgos.— I. on r. b./.of the Arlanzon,' 4 m.NB; Burgos. — II. {de lits Cuevas)^ prov. & llm. SjS.Wij Logrono. — lYL {de Rioja), 24 m. W. Logroiio. CASTASEiBA,.a town of Portug-al, prov.,Esh'e.> madura, 20 m. N.E. Lisbon, onrt. b. of 'thei>Tta gUS. Pop.ljOOO. . .: ' .1 ■ - ■■■f-' ' ■ ,■ Castelnau is the prefixed name of several comms., towns aud vills., of France, in the S.W. deps.— I. {de Brassac), dep. Tarn, 30 m., S.E. Albi. Pop. 4,680. — II. (Magnoac), H. Pyr^ni^es, cap. cant., 21 m. N.E. Tarbes. Pop. 1,672.— III.-,{ul;e de Montworenoy wasimadepri- soner-by the ronaj. troops in 1633., ... ,i . ■ i, ,, Castelnovo, a.town.of It^y?^!. 4^egf,m4tS HE g.S.E. Modena. Pop. 1^0.— IIrNaBl«S»p«W!, T.diLavoro, 13 m. N.E. fiaeta.— IIL Si^ily/iBn tend. Messina, Itm. S.W. Milazzo. ,P, 8f230)- IV. Sard, sta., div. Genoa, prov. Levante. ;P. 2,62^ GjA^telnuoto, several towns, &e,, of Italy .-*-I. '{d'Asti^ii Piedmont,, prov. i an«H6 m. iN-W. Asti, cap, niand.. Pop, (with. comm.) 2,983, — ll,,:{ife« A/oB(i),'Modena, cap. cant., 20 m. S.S.W. R?ggi(8 Pop. 1,200.^111. (i(fi,Garfagnana),cii.p.^t.GBm fagnana, on the Serchio, duchy and 43.m,fS.W, Modena.. Pop. 2,700.— IV. {di Sotto), duehy.Mo- dena, on the canal of Castelnovo, 10 m. N.W. Eeggio.— V. {di Val-di-Cevina), Tuscany, pioffi Pisaj.lSJ m. S. Volterra.- VI, {Senivia}, Sa^i; sta.. Piedmont,, div.. & 13 m. E.N.E. AlessandriSj prova Tortona, cap. mand., on the Soriyi^.,; jP^p. C1838) with . comm. 6,018.— VII. {Val-SHdmieX duchy Parma, diati & 13 m. W.S. W. Piaoenzat^j[ 1,600. — VIII. Naples, prov.:Abruzzo-Citra,,14,8i. S,E. Chieti. P. 3,400.^IX. prov. Capita»ata,i!ap. cant., 24 m. W.N.W. Foggia. Pop. ,2,340.-rt3B {Bocca d Adda), a. vill., Lombardy, deleg. and 83 m. S.E. Lodi. Pop. 1,620.-^^X1. {di Gn)a),:Sards sta,. Piedmont, prov. and 12 E.S.E. MondoiHi Pop/'3(,860. — XII. {di Magra) prov, and-lliitigi Spezia, in the.yal. de Magra. Pop, 2,626. -/fd CASTEijNpoT^,a fortified town andaeaporb oi the Austrian Empire, Dalmatk, ciro. and llTm. y{. C^ttaro, on.thei W. entsanc^ of the gulf, i K is commanded) by two forts on pontigaheightfj and defendedrby a citadel on the ^ore, Pop.rof coram. 7,019. It was captured by .the Engbin ISlilk , , Castelomzo, or Castel-Rossd, a small isljofi th& Si coast of Asia-Mlnorj 19 m. SJEj, Pat^& Lat. 36i.7' 30' N., lon„2a°'40' E., i SurfaRSirugg* ed. It hoSi a pretty goojd port, some7tra(|e,yn agricult. produce, and many rems. of anc. edifiec^ Castel-Pagano, and Castel-Pbtboso, tw6 vills. of Naples, prov. Molise; the former, 12 m, S.E,, ,aud,the!.latter„,20.an,.W., Campobasso. Each [hasj about 2,600 inhabs- 1 1 , iim CASTEL-BonBiGO, a small fortified town r^ Portugal, provj B^ra, near the Spanish firontlerj 32m. N.E. Guarda. Pop. 4fl0.„i, "' ms Castel-Sagkat, a townjiF^anpe!, dep. Tam-efa Garqnne, 23 m. W.N.W.,Montauban. Pop. 1,300j CASTELiSA»,,,a prefix of i the names of ith.afoji lowing towns.^-I.. {Giorgio), Pontif. Sta*, leg, and 9 m. N. jBoJogna., Pop. 1,500 II. (Oiovame^ deleg. Parma, cap. cant., 16 m. Wi Piacenza.', PajS 2,Q00i:— III. {Lorenzo), Naples, prov. Princip., Cit tra, 8J m. E. Capaccio. Pop. 2,300<— IVi (Pietro), Pontif. Sta., leg. and 14 m. S.E. Bolognai oiiMB\e Emilian Way,,nearthe Silaro.i.,P'opi 3,100. in, Casteh, Saeaobno, a town, of Naples,! prttvi EasiUcata, 33 m. S. Potenza. Pop. 3,300. ,<;;) Castel-Sardo (formerly Castel AragoneseffS fOTtifd. town &, seaport of Sardinia, the stronger) on ithe island,. on itsNycoastj-div. & 16,m.NiEl SasspBi, Pop. (1838) 'With connn. 2,092. ,J[t.staods on a nearly isolated rock,iand has a cathedral. & a hai'bouridefendedby a smaflifort, I . ii,,(f, CASTEL-S4RBASiN,atown of France, dep. Tativ et-Qaronne, cap. arrond., on the SongnJn^ n^i its influx into the Garonne, 12, m, WwMoniauban Pop. (1846) 3,400. 1 Jt was formerly fortifd,i anc liasjmanufs, of serge and worsted stockings, am an active trade in corn raised in its Ticijiil9&t' v Castei-Tebmini {CaimaaniB jlg««), aiHowntiji Siflily, intend. ia/n^,.16 m. N. Girgenti. Extens mines of sulphur and rock salt. Pop; 4(600. .j Castelvehere, severaL towns, of ,Naplesl#-I (anc. CaWora), p«ov, Galab. Ult-.i^ii/icaJ.- canti near the Mediteni-anean; ilS.m, NsEf- CAS 2S5 CA.S JMise, 18 m. E.S.B. Campobasso. Pop. (183.5) with comm. 3,578.-111. prov. Prinolp. Ult., 10 m. W. St. Angelo. Pop. 1,860. OiSTELVETR.tNo, a towu of Sioily, intend, and 2Sm. S.E. Trapani, cap. cant. Pop. 1,600. > GiSTENEDOto, a town, Lombai-dy, gov. Milan, delrfg. ail J Sj m. S.E. Brescia. Pop. 3,000. ' CAstEKA-LBCTOUROis, 3, oomm. anil to*a Of France, dep. G«rs, arrond. and 2^ m. N.' Lec- toure. Pop. 911. It has sUlpliuv and ferrugin- ous spring's, and an exceHeut bstli establislimtint. CASTEBi-VERDuzAN, a viil'. of S. France, dep. aii'd'on tlie Gers, 23 m. N. Auoh. Pop. about 1,000. It possesses sulphur & chalybe&te springs, rtnd has acquired, -mthin a few 'years, all the ap- pliances of a fashionable watering-place. Casxeetos, two pas. of Engl., oo, Rutland.^- I. {Great), on the Great No*th Road; 2J m. N.N.W. Stamford. Area 1,590 ac. P. 376.— II. (iiWeJ, 2 m.N.W. Stamford. Ac: lj460. P. 132. Castbts, b comm. and villi of SFranoe, dep. OTironde, on the Garonne, 9 m. N. Bazas, with 1,189 iababs., and l;he remains of afortress, built in the tons of Edward n. of England, and for- BoerfydF considerable importance. — II. a comm. ahditown, dep. Landes, cap. cant., 12 m.' N.NjW. Dax. Pop. I,4i6. It has iron forges. CASirGLiosE, numerous town & vills. of ItiUy. — LLdjflbardy.deleg.and 11.^ m. S.E. Lodi, near r. b.56f ^6 Adda. Pop. 3,2i)2, mostly employed in rearing «attle and making cheese^^^II. deleg. and 2l m. If.W. Lucca. — III. Naples, prov. eilab. Citra, 4* m. N.N.E. Cosenza. Pop. 2,000. —IV. prov. Caiab. Bit. II., 10 m. W. Nicastro. Pop. 5^0d.i^V. Sicily, mtend. and 25 m. N.N.E. tetania, on1;he ideelivity of Mt.' Etna. Pop. 2,874 VI. Pontif. Sta., deleg". and 2'2 m. W. Peragia, on the_W. side of the L. of Perugia, ftinnerIyfortified.^VII. avill., Gomarca di Roma, on the site of th6 anc. Gabii, and near the La,ke of- Gabii, with considerable remains of antiquity, including anc. walls^and portions of a temple of 3uiH^ a Greek theatre, and an aqueduct. — VIII. (deiOati), leg. and 26^ m. S.W. Bologna. Pop. 2,000.— IX. (ddla Pesedia), Tuscany; prov. & 12 m.^f. Grosseto, on the Mediteiranfean, at the outlet of the lagoon of Castfglione. Pop. 1,473, engaged in salt-works, atrohovy fishingj and trading in «har^o'at and timber. — X: (delld Pes- cara)^ fTaples, prov. Abruzzo Ult. I., 21 ra. S;8.'W.Gitta-San-Angelo. Pop. 1,350. Near it is a fine abbey-church. — XL (delle Stiviere), Lom- bardy.deleg. and 22 m. N.W. Mantua. Pop. 5;200. It has several churches & a ruined castle, but ia chiefly noted fOr the decisive Victory gained here by the French over the Austrians, 1796, and- whence Marshal Angereau acquired the title of Duke of Castiglione.— XII. {aOrcia), Tuscany, prov. Siena, niear the Oroia, 7| m. S.E; Moiitalcioo. Pop. 844 Xlll. {Fioreniino), Tus- cany, Si m. S.E. Arezzo. Pop, (1833) 5,317. It has a «)Ueg. church, Piarist college, &i orplian asylum. — XIV. {Metier Marino), Naples, prov. AMszo Citra, cap. canti, 22- m. S.W. Vasto. Pop. 3,160.— XV. (Messef Raimondo), Naples, prov. AferuizoXrit, 1 , 17to. S.E. Teramo. P. 2,060; < CAgTiatrosiE (Lake 'OF),a lagoon of Tuscany, prov. -Siena N. of Grosseto, about 10 m. in length, byfroml to 3 m. in breadth; it was formerly Aiuch larger, but a great part of it ha« been drained. It receives f he Brana and other smaH rivs., and digethbogues into the Mediterranoany by a short channel close to Cast, della Pescaja. It afitards abundance of fish; but its banlts are vfery vmheahbyi afidi mostly depopulated. > OastiHe, ^ah.CastiUa, a former kgdm. of Spain, which occupied the great 'cent; tableland of the peninsula, compwstd'oliiefly of tertiary formation, and elevated 2,300feetabove'the level of the sea. In the 10th' cent, this region was a country, of which Burgos was the cap. ; at the commencei- mcnt of the 11th cent, it was erected into a king- dom; and was' successively extended by the ad- dition of the kiugdonis of Loon, Estremadura, and Andalucia. The marriage of Ferdinand, king of Aragon, with Isabella of Castile, in 1474, united under one sceptre all the Christian states of Spain, and the conquest Of Granada, in 1492, led to the establishnient of the kingdom of Spain. From the great importance of Castile, as the centre of the kingdom, the name of Castillians is often used to iiidieate Spaniards- in general. Castiile (New), Span. Castilla-la-NueV'a, an old prov; of Spain, forming the S. portioh'6!f the anc. kingdom of Castile ; 'its cap. was Ma- drid. It is now divided into theprovs. of Madrid, Toledo, Ciudad-ReaJ, Cuenja, and Guadalaxara This region forms part of the central table land of Spain, bounded N. by the mntns. of the Siei-ra Guadarrama, and S. by those of the Sierra Mo- rena, & traversed by several minor chains, which separate broad plains or valleys. Its rivs. com- prise tlie upper courses of the Tagus, Gnadiana, the Guadalquivir, the Segura, and the Xucar. Climate extremely dry and healthy. On account of the elevation of the'BUrfacej the winters are excessively cold. In sumBJer thfe heat is great in the -valleys. -Winds are -violent '& very dry ; & in summer the air is loaded with dust. Soil is generally fertile, but suffefsmuoh from drought'; water'is very scarce; often for several months in succession it does not rain, and the average An- nual fall for the' table land is only 10 inohe3> Agricul. is in a very neglected state, yet grain is raised suffioient for consumpti(m. Castile ts nearly destitute of trees. Excellent' pasture is obtained in the mountains in s'umnier, and- in the valleys' in winter. Oil and wine abound in many parts of the prov. of the latter, the iaost celeb, is -that of Val-de-Penas, in the prov. Ciudad Real. Saffron, madder, lint, hemp, and fruit, are cultivated to a small extent. The rearing of cat- tle is an important 'branch of hidustry; horses are of an excellent quality, but not numerous : the sheep of the Sierras Cuenca and Molina sup- ply the celebrated merino wool. The mntns. of the Sierra Morena afford the richest supply of minerals "in' the kingdoin. The chief mines are those of Almaden. The prov. affords -excellent marble and rock-salt, and contains nuinerous iriineral springs. The principal manufs. are tho^e of' cloth, silk, cotton, and 'paper. The chief in- dustrial estabs. are in' Madrid and' its environs. Grain and wool are the most important articles of ftxpbrtj ' ' ' CAsTiiE (Olk), Span. Oastiila-la-Vieja, an old p(rot'. of Spain, comprising the N. portion of thfe anc. kingdom of Castile; and formingthenew provs. of Burgos, Valladolid, Paleucia, Avila, Sel- govia, Soria, Logrono, and Santander. The S. portionof theterriton'is traversed bytheSierrb Guadarama; and the N. by the miitns. of Asturias; while in the centre the Sierra Ocoa separatestha basins of the^Ebro and the Douto. The elimftt^ is more moist than in New Castile, and is very mild in the plains. Timber is rare, except on the mntns. ; the soil is fertile and yields abun- dance of grain in the plains, and wine, madder, oil, lint, and frolts' are produced. Pasturage is excellent, and 'cattle and sheep are extensively reared: The merino wool of Segovia is consider- ed next in quality to that of Leon. The mntna. CAS 2S() CAS afford a rich supply of useful mluei-als, and there are many mineral springs. Manufs. are unim- portant, oloth is still the principal) next to which are leather, paper, g^ass, & stoneware. Corn, mad- der, & wool are the principal articles of export. C-iSTiLE, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, near Lake Erie, 249 m.W. Albany. P. 2,833. Castillo db Locubin, a town of Spain, prov. and 18 ni. S.W. Jaen. Pop. 3,971. It has two hospitals, and a school of primary instruction. Cashllow, a comm. and town of France, dep. Arijge, cap. cant., arrond. and' 7 m. S.W: St. Girons, on the Lizard. Pop. 1,215. Castillo», a eomm. and town of France, dep. ©irdndCj cap. cant., arrond. and 10 m. E.S.E. Libourne, on the rt. b. of the Dordogfne. Pop. 2,700. It was formerly fortifd., and has manufe. of nails and cords, cotton and woollen spinning. N*arit is the chateau of Montaigne, where the celeb, author of that name died. The French gained a victory over the English here in 1451. CastillOn^s a comm. & town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, cap. cant., arrond. and 17 m. N.N.W. Villeneuve-sur-Lot. Pop. 2,028. Castine, a small seaport- town, V. S., N. Amer., Maine, on Penobscot Bay, 25 m. S. BaogOr. Pop. 1,188: It has a harbour accessible by the larg- est vessels, and considerable shipping, employed in the timber trade and fishing. Gastione, two vills. of Lombardy ; one 20 in. N.E. Bergamo; the other i m. W. Sondrio. Castle-Acbe, or East Ache, a pa. of Engl.; CO. Norfolk, 4 m. N. Swaffliam. Area 3,210 ac Pop. 1,495: Here are the ruins of a pribi'y and of a castle, both founded soon aft^ the comjuest. Fairs, May 1 and August 5. Castle-Ashby, a pa. of Engl., co. and 7 m. E.S.E. Northampton, with a station on the North- ampton and Peterborough railway. [Ashby.] Castlebab, or AsLt-SH, a disfranch. pari, and munic. bor., town and pa. of Ireland, Connaught; cap. CO. Mayo, on the Castlebar riv., 10 m. E.N^E. "Westport. Area of pa. 14,794 ac. Pop. of do. 10,464 ; of the town 5,137. It stands in a plain of bog and pasture land ; and, excep&ig its main street and a square, it is ill built and paved. Principal edifices, the pa. church, built in 1825, the castle, formerly a stronghold of the I>e Burghs, a handsome Rom. Cath. chapel, the court-ho., panoptic co. prison, work-hd., a linen- hall, and barracks for 660 men. It has some bilBWeries, and a considerable trade in coarse linens and rural produce. It is the head of a poor-law union, and the seat of the co. court of assize. Mlrt. onSat. Fairs, May 11, July 19, Sfept: 16, &Nov. 18. Near it are "the Park" & "the Lawii," respectively the seats of the E. of Luean,' chf. owner in the town, &;of St Clair O'Malley, Esq. It was taken in 1798 by the French under General Humbert, who in an action, derisively termed the "Race of Castlebar," defeated a superior British force here, but who subsequently aban- doned the place onthe approach of the mainarmy under Lord Cornwallis. — The Castlebarriv. issues from'a lake, 3 m. in length^ S.W. of the towh, and flows N. into Loch CuUin. ' CASTLE-BEEtiifaHAM, a mirt.-town, Ireland, Leinster, co. Louth, on the road from Dublin to Belfastj 4; m. N. Dranteer. Pop. 666, partly employed in linen weAving: Near it is the seat of Sir A. Bellingham, Bart. Castle-Blakenbt, or KillasOIIn;' a pa. of Irelaild, Connaught, co. Galway, ' 18 ' m. S.E. Tuam. Area 11,483 ac. Pop. '4,496: Surface '"'?gy> and the vill. is poor and miserable. Fairs, Beb.i2i March 17, July 27, August 17, &'De'c. 21, CASTtu-BLAtUET, a town of Ireland, Uifetor, bb: and 12 m. S.S.E. Monaghan, at the W. 'ex- tremity of Loch Blayney. Pop. 2,134. 'It'is re- gularly built, has a good church and mkt-ho., a work-ho., bridewell, and fever hospital. Mlds., Wed. Fairs, 1st Wed. in every month. Itgives the title of visCount to the Blayney family, whose demesne is in the vicinity. CASTLE'-BROMWicH, asta. Midland railw. (west branch), England, 14J m. E.N.E. Birminghkm/' Castle (BttHe), a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pem- broke, 10 m. N.B. Haverfofd-West; Pop. 266.— IL (Caer-CimeoMVapa. of N. Wales, co. Moii't gomery, 4J m.W.S.W. Welshpool. P: 806.— III. (Camps), a pa. of Engl., co. Cambridge,'5 m E.S.E. Linton. Area 2,613. Pop. 854. Here are the ruins of a fine castle of the De Veres, & in the vicinity are traces of the immense em- bankments thrown up by the East Angfes, to prevent incursions of the Mercians. Castle-'OaBet, a mkt.-town and pa: of Engl, CO. Somerset,' pleasantly situated, 10 m, SE Wens. Area of pa. 3,640 ac. Pop. 1,94?. Mkt, Tues. Fairs, Tues. before Palm-Sundaj*, M^y'l, and Whit.-Tues. In its manor-house!, Charles ri. found refug? after the battle Of Worcester." Castle- Cakrack, a pa. of Engl., co. Cumber- land,' 9 m. B. Carlisle. Area 3,640 ac. Pop. JJ5l CaStle-Cart, a hamlet of Sbo^., co, Stir]ingL pa. and 9 m. W.S.W. Falkirk, asta. on the Edip. and Glasgow railw. Supposed to have beeii tfe aiic. Coria Damniorum. It formed also one qf the principal stations of the wall of Antoninus. . Castle-Chcboh, a pa. of Engl., co^ and 1 in S.W: Stafford, Area 3,460 ac. Pop. 1,484. ' Oastle-COmbe, a vill. and pa. of England, co. Wilt^, 6 m. N.W. Cbippenhani. Area of pa, 1,770 ac. Pop. 600. Fairs for cattle, &c.j May i. Castle-Comer, a town and pa. of Irel., Leiii- ster, CO. and 10 ih. N.N.E. Kilkenny, on the road to Dublin. Area of pa. 21,'692 ac. Pop. 13,&«; do. of town 1,765: It Stands in a hollow, and is regularly built, and clean. It has a commodious church, various schools, a new mkt.-ho., a conrt- hb., fever-hospital, and infantry-barracks. Mkt., Sat., for dairy and fleld produce. Fajrsj. 6 times yearly. Castle-Comer house sbd ruined castle, in vicinity ; 2^ m. distant are extensive colherie^. CASTtE-ComsEL, or STkadballv, a town & pa. of Ireland, Muuster, co. and 6.^ m. N.N.E. Lime- rick, on the Shannon, olosetotheFallsof Doonass, Area of pa. 6,698 ac. Pop. 5,433 ; do. of town, 1,106. It is beautifully situated, and though straggling, the town is neat and clean ; it is re- sorted to in summer by the inhabitants of Lune- riekforits chalybeate springs. Its castle, for, merly a seat of the O'Briens, kings of Munstei^ wa^ destroyed during the siege of Limerick. Cas^le-Coknek, a pa. of fiel., Connaught, co. Sligo, on the Moy, near its mouth iji Killala Bay, 3 m. N.N.E. Balliha. Area 16,678 ac. Pop, 6,136. Here are the ruins of an old castle, giving name to the pa., and an artificial mound with several regularly formed sepulchral chambers, Castle-ConwAt, Irel. [KillorOlw, ;o. 717.]' Gastle-Debmot, or Tristledermot, a pa. and anc. town of Irel., Leinster, co. Kildare, dnj the Lear, an aflluCnt of the Barrow, 6 m. N.N.E. Carlow. Area of pa. 7,498 ac. Pop.of do, 3,090; of town 1,616. Its numerous antiqs. comprise- remains of a large cathedral, now partly used for the pa.' churdi, of a church built by the first' EngUsh settlers, of a beautiful Franciscan mon- aster)^, a Norman arch, a strong square tower, supposed to have been built by the kii'ights tem-,' plars, the ruins of a priory, a castle ; and in its CAS 287 CAS churcliyard are sev. curious crosses and a vouuil tower. Trade wholly restricted to agricultural products. Fairs, Feb. 24, second Tuesday after Easter, May 24, Aug. 4, Sept. 29, and Dec. 29. The town was formerly the residence of the Der- mots, kings of Leinster. C.eh, a vill. & pa. of £ngl., co. & 10 tn, SJ!. Durham, on the Eden, & the Hartlepool aiid Sunderland railway. Area 1,630 ac. P. 5681 Castle-Fisn, a market-town of Irel., Ulster, CO. Donegal, on the Finn, which is navigable up to the town, 5 m. S.W. LifFord. Pop. 667. Castlefobd, apa,of Engl., co. Cork,W. Rid- ing, at tlie junction of tlie Aire and Calder rivs., and having a station on the N. Midland railway, 7} m. N.E. Wakefield. Area 540 ae. Pop. 1,860. CAs'ri.E-FKOMEiapa.,Engl.,co Hereford, on the Frome.Cim.N.N.W. Ledbury. Ac. 1^820. P. 183. Castie-Haven, a pa. of Irel., co. Cork, on €astle-haven hay, 15 m. N.E. Cape Clear. Area 10,542 ac. P. 6,056, with vill. of Castle-Townsendl Castle-Howaed, the magnificent seat of the Earl of Carlisle, co. Torlc, N. Kidmg, 4 m. S.W. New-Malton. Built by Vanburgh. Castle-Islaitd, a town and pa. of Irel., Mun- ster, CO. Kerry, 11 m. E.S-E. TraUie. Area of pa. 29,633 ac. Pop. 7,967 ; of town 1,687. Priu- dpal edifices, the pa. church, Koman Catholic cSiapel, session-bouse, prison, and an old castle. — IL an islet, Mnaster, co. Cork, in Koaring-, Water Bay, N. Cape Clear. Area 120 ap. ; Castle-Jobdas, a pa. of Irel., Leinster, King's and Meath cos., on the grand canal, 5 m. S.S.W. Kinnegad. Area 17,372 ae. Pop. 4,079. Castle- Knock, a pa. of Irel,, Leinster, co. & in barony of same name, 4 m. W.N.W. DubUn, on the LifFey. Area 7,124 ac. Pop. 4,063. It has a new church, the ruins of a castle built in the reign of Henry il, and those of an abbey of the 13th century, endowed with 8001. per annum. Castie-Lyohs, a vill. and pa. of Irel.,Munster, CO. Cork, 2,ni. N.El Eathcoimack. Area of pa; 12;7lpac. Pop. 5,536; of vill. 775. It has a Car- melite monastery & the rems. of aDomin. priory. CASiLE-MACAD,iM, a pa. of Ixel., Leinster, co. WicHow,in the vale of Ovoca,6m.S. Eathdrum. Area 10,843 ac; _ Pop. 5,633, CASTlE-MAaSEB, a pa. of Irel., Munster, co. Cork, 7 m. W.N.W. Mallow, and. comprising part ofthe town of Santurk (which see). Area 7,880 ac. ,Pop. 3,007. Ks antiquities include anahc. baronial castle of the Magiiers, whence its name. Castle-Martis, an extensive pa. of S. Wales, CO. and 6 m, W.S.W. Pembroke. Pop. 487. In it are the remains, pf a British fortress. CaStle-Maetye, a small town, and formerly a pdri. borough of Ireland, Munster, co. and 18 m. E; Cork, on the Maine, by which, it has a petty trade. Pop. 1,397. The Earl of Shannon i» pro- prietor of the adjacent demesne. 4 fairs ann. CaStle-Mobe, a pa. of Ireland, Connaught, cos. Koscommon and ilayo, 1 m. S.E. Ballagha- direen. Area ^,914 ac. Pop. 3,632. Castle-Moetos, a pa. of England,, co. Wor- cester, 4 m. S.S.W. Upton-on-Sevem. Area 3,780 ac. "Pop. 85S.^—Castle-JVorwich is a town- ship, CO. Chester, pa. Gt. Budfl orth, 6 m. W.N.W. Middlewich. Pop. 746. Castle-Pollakd, a town of Ireland, Leinster, CO. Westmeath, dh m. W.N.W. Drumcree. Pop. 1,310. It is well built, clean, and superior in ap- pearance to most Irish towns of its size. It has an elegant church. About 1 m. distant is Pakeu- ham hall, the seat of the Earl of Longford. Castle-Rahan, a pa. of Ireland, in barony of same name, Ulster, co. Cavan, 6 m. W. Virginia, & comprising a pait of the town Ballyjamesduff (which see). Area 10,315 ac. Pop. 7,589. Castle-Eea, or Castleeeaqh, a market town of Ireland, in barony of same name, Connaught, CO. and 16 m. WjN.W. Roscommon, on the Suck, here crossed by two bridges. Pop. 1,238. It consists chiefly of aJong sti-eet. It is the head of a poor-law union, and has a workhouse, dis- pensary, and prison. Fairs 4 times annually. Castlerea hall, immediately adjacent, is the pro- perty of Lord Mountsandford, on whose demesne are the ruins of the ancient castle. — Castlereagh, which gives the title of Viscount to the Marquis of Londonderry, Is a hamlet, Ulster, co. Down, 2 m. S.E. Ballyacerret. Castlekeagh Kiveh, AHstralia,i3 an affl. of, which flows N.W. & joins the Darling, in lat. 30° S., Ion. 147° 20' E. Castle-Risinh, a decayed borough town and par. England', co. Norfolk, 4 m. S.S.E^. King's Lynn. Area of pa. 2,330 ac. Pop. 368. It has the remains of a celebrated castle, formerly the seat of the Earls of Arundel, and in which Isa- bella, Queen of Edward ii., was confined, after the, murder of her husband. The town was for- merly a busy seaport, but its harbour has become choked up ; and the reform act deprived it of the privilege of sending two mexnbers.to H. of C. Castle-Teeea, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. & 4 m. N.N.E. Cavan. Area 9,981 ac. Pop. 6,813. It comprises the town of Ballyhaise (vvhich see). Castle Thoepe, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, 3 m. N.N.E. Stony-Stratford. Area 1,380 ao. Pop, 365. Castletoh, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, in the Peak distr., 5 m. N., TidesweU-. Area 10,100 ac. Poj). 1,600, chiefly employed m mines of lead, cala- mine, and flour spar. The vill., frequented by- tourists, stands in a valley at the foot of the rock crowned by the ruined castle of "the Peak." Fairs, April 21, and Oct. 3. — II. a pa.; co. Dor- set, i m. N.E. Sherborne. Area 30 ac. Popi 113. — III. a tnshp., co. Iiancaster, pa. and IJ m. S.S.E. Rochdale. Pop, 14,279, mostly engaged, in, manufacturing industry. Castleton, three tnshps., U. S., N. Amer. — 1. N. York, on Staten island. Pop. 2,263.-11. on the Hudson, 8m.. S.B. Albany. Pop. 360.— IIL Vermont, co. and 10 m. W. Rutland. P. 1,769. Castletow oe Beaemae, a vill. of Scotl., Cra-: thy pa., Aberdeenshire, on E. bank of the Clunie, a little above its junction with the Dee, 67 m. W. of , Aberdeen. It has two goodians frequented! by tourists* Castletown, or Ldjdlesdale, an extensive 'pa. of Scotland, co. Roxburgh; with a- vill. (New Qastletown), 16 m. S. Hawiek. Pop. 2,136. It has a border fortress named Hermitage castle," but it derived its name from another of earlier > date, which, lilce the old vill. of Castletown; no longer exists. Castletown, a seaport town, & several pas. 0? Ireland. — I. (or Castletown Berehaven), Mun- ster, CO. Cork, on the W. side of Bantry bayjop-' posite Bere island, 18 m. W, Bantry. Pop. 881. Vessels- of 400 tons can reach its pier; and its CiA'S' 2S8 OAS trjide' f eTived temporarily with the wouking' of the Alfehate copper mhies. It has 9 ahnl. f&s. CksTLBTowif, numeifons pas. of feelatid;-4Jlv Leinater, co. Louth, IJ m. N.N.W. Dundalk. Ateai 2,611 ac. Pop; l,0i3.— n. Munsteri co. Eimwick, tm. N.E. Pallas Green.- Area 1,777 ac. Pop. 919.— III. {Arra), Mimster, co. Tip- peirary, 7 in. N.W. Nenagh. Area 9,274 ac.' Pop. 4,392.— IV. XVelvih),' Leinster, co. W. Meath, 7 ra. W. Athhoy. Area 12,282 ac. Pof>. 4,588. Near the vill. is Clonyn castle, the seat of the Marquis of "Westmcath. . Castletown, the cap. of the Isle of Man, Engl., in' S. extremity of theisl,, onW. shore of CasUe-' tdwn-bay. Pop. 2,283. It is supposed to be the iiliost anc. town on the isl., but' its present build- ings ' are modern. In the centre is a large sqnare, with mkt.-house,' St Mary's church' faces the parade, and King 'William's college, founded 1830, is in the vicinity. Ca.stle Rushen, said to have been built in '960, by a Danish prince, and once the residence «f royalty, now a prison and barracks, stands on a rock in centre of town. Here is the resid. of the Meut.-gover.' of the isl. Castletown-Roche, a town & pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Cork, on the Awbeg, 8 m. W.N.W. Ferrnoy. Area of pa. 6,485 ac. Pop. 3,476 ; do, of town 1,063. It stands on a w'Oadfed height, & has a small infantry barrack. FaicS, 25th May, 28th July, 29th September, 12th December. Castletowssenp, a small seaport town of Ire- land, Munster, co. Cork, on the W. side of Castle- liaven bay, 4 m. E.S.E. Skibbereen. Pop. 770. Custom-honse for the port of Baltimore. Castle-Weilai*, a market town of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Down, 5 m. S.W. Clough. Pop. 806. It gives title of baron to the Earl of Annesley, lord of the manor, whose seat. Castle Wellan, adjoins the town. Caston, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3 m. S.E. Watton. Area 1,680 ac. Pop. 513. CASTOs,DurobriviB, a pa. of En^l., co. Nor- thampton, on the Nene, 4| m. W. Peterborough. Area 7,020 ac. Pop. 1,313.* Many Roman coins have been dug np in its vicinity. ■ Castees, a comm. and town of France, dep. ^am, cap. arrond., on both sides of the Agout, here crossed by two stone bridges, 23 m. S.E. Albi. Pop. (1846) 13,690. It is the most popu- lous and flourishing town in the, dep. Though generally ill -built, it has some good edifices, in- cluding the old episcopal palace, now used for the town-hall, a public library, a church with some good works of art, a theatre, barrack, and ex- change. It is the seat of a Protestant consistory, having been one of the first towns which embraced the doctrines of Calvin ; diocesan arid other su- perior schoojs, a council of agriculture, and a chamber of manufs. It has important and cele- brated manufs. of cassiniei'es, milit. clothing, ,& cotton goods, besides copper wares, glue, soap, ,& paper ; coal, iron, lead, and copper are raised }n its vicinity, aijd the town has an active trade in wool, liqueurs, and confectionary. It was long the rdsidehce of ftepri iv., and is tjie birth-place of Dacier, Kapin, and the Abb^ Sabatier. Castkes, a cOmm. and town of France, dep. Gironde, 11 jp. S.E.. Bordeau?:. Pop. 755. Castri, a vill. of Greece, gov. Phocis,' occupy- ing a portion of the si,te of anc. Delpjii, on the S. declivity of Mt. Parnassus, 7 m. E. Salona. About 260 yards E. is the famous Castalian spring. Castries, a comm. and town of France, dep. Hevault, cap. cant., 7 m. N.E. Montpellier, witti a fine Gothic castle. Pop. 715. Castries, or Port Castries, the principal town of the isl. of St. Lucia, British W. Indie?,' on its W. coast, with a good port and extensive' commerce. Pop. 2^400. '■ ' Castro, a le<£port-town of Naipies, pro*. & 10. m. Si W. OtriiitOj on the Adriatici Popi<,T,000.'l It has anrold icastle, a -cathiedral, a harbooc for small vessels, & some export trade in corn, wine, olives, fruit, cottc*, 'and fish. It has repeated}* suffered from attacks of Barbary corsairs, -•■■'•ir Castro, a town of Brazil, prov. San Paulo, Wit ' the Sierra do Mar, and 85 m. N.W. Curitiba. Pwpif of ihedist. 8,000.-11. a seaport-town of Chile,& the former cap. of the isL Chiloe, on its E. ooastr ' Castro, Castremomum, a vill. of Italy; Pond£/t sta.,deleg. & 26 m. W.N.W. Viterbo, on the OlpEsi ta, near the Tuscan frontier .-^11. a vill. of the Pontif. states, deleg. and 9 m. S. FrosinOBe.J- CastTO is a prefix of numerous petty iplaiiesi»' Spain, Portugal, and Italy. ' . ■ ■ . ' Castro, MityUme, a seaport town of Asiatic Tiirfc^y, cap. the island of Mdtylene, on its E. coast, 56 m. N."W. Smyrna. Pop. 6,600. It ex- tends in a seMicircle around a shallow har- bour, and has a large castle, several churches, convents, and nlosques. In the gardens of its suburbs are many vestiges of the anc. Mitylene,''' Castro-deIi-Bio-el-Lbal, a town of Spafn^ prov. and 17 m. S.E. Cordova, near the Guadd- jodllo. Pop. (1845) 9,d92. It has sev. churches, schools, and manufe. of wool and hemp. Castrogiovanni, Enna, a city of Sidly, in- tend. Catania, cap. cant., on a tsfble land &i the centre of the island, 4,000 f4. abovei the^eA, and 13 ni. N.E. Caltanisetta^ Pop. 11,140. ■ Though healthy, wen-su5]5lied with water, and in a highly' fertile tract, it is in decay, and its chief edifice irf a feudal forirtiss. Eniik was ceWbi'ated'ln' anti^' quity as the mythical birth-plaee' of Ceres, and the site of her most famous t^ripll^^'&4tiout66i. distant is the lake of Pergusa; where Pftserpine was, according to the poets, carried' offliy Pinto. Castrojeriz [Castrwm C(Bsar{gJ^''& town'of Spain, prov. and 18 m. W. Burgos,"bettri the Orda and Garbarizuela. Pop. 2,434. > (. ^ Castro-Marim, a fortified town; of Portugsd, prov. Algarves, oilr. b. of the Guadiana, near its mouth, and opposite Ayamonte. Pop. 2,250, en- gaged m salt-works and in fishing. L Castronuoto, a fortified town of Sicily, intend. Palermo, cap. cant., on a mntn., 26 m. N. Girgehtii Pop. 5,820. Nealr it are quarries of fine marble: CASTRONubvoJ a town of Naples, prov. Bas- ilioata, 34; m. S.S.E. Potenza. Pop. 2,560. ' Castropetbe, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, King's CO., including the town of Edenderry (which see), 8 m. S.S.E. Kinnegad. Area 16,762 ac. Pop. 432. Castkopignano, a town of Naples, prov. Molise, cap. cant,, near the Biferno, 6 in. w.N.W. Campobasso. Pop. 2,658. Castbofoi., a pmall seaport town of S^ain, prov. and 68 m. W.N.IV. Oviedo, with a rumea fortress, near the mouth of the Ribadep, m the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 1,575. " ' CASTRo-REALE,a clty of Sicily, iuteiid. Messina, cap. dist., on the Castro, 12 m. S.W. Milazzo. ' Castro-Uroiales, a seaport-tOwn of Spain, prov, and 27 m. E. Santander, on the Bay otBte- cay. Pop. 2,936. The town, sacked by the French in 1811, has been rebuilt, and is now clean and regular. It has ^alls and bastions on the land side, and an old castle ; its harbour is Cele- brated for safety , by the Biscay seamen, arid it has. extensive ^sljeries. Nea,r it is a ruined convent of the Templars. . ." , , ' Castroverde, a town of l^ortu^at, prov. Alem- CAS 289 CAT ttjoilinJtlifr plain of Ouiiqtiej26jD.iS. B^ja, with 2jO((Biahabitants, and a collegiate ohuTctl^ Castbotillabi, a fortfd. town of 'Kaples, prov. Calab. Citra, cap. dist., 7 m. W.N.W^ Cassano. Popv 5,630. In its vioinity, near Monte Pollino, the famous, cheese called cacio awallo is made. ' CiBTBO-ViBBSHA, a town of S. Peru, dep. M-acttohO) cap. prov., 112 m. S.W. Guamanga, which, though in a tropical regioD,i3 so elevated thtit itsJEthabitants often suffier iroin the inten- sity Of the cold; ; . Xa£tva, a town of Austria, Ill}-ria, on the £. side of the.penins. Istria, near the Gulf of Quar- nero, circ jr 31 m. S.E. Tiiest. It was formerly importantj as the cap. of theanc. Ztiturnio, but is nowr decayed, and has only 500 inhabitants. CASTUEBA,^a town ef Spain, cap. dist,, prov.i& 68m«<£.S.E.-£adEgiE>z,nearr. b. of the Guadalefra. Pop. 6,572. Trade in fruit and wuie. , .jeAswEH, a CO., U. S.> N. Amer., in the N. part of N. Carolina Aiea 400' sq. m. Pop. ,14^693^ Soil fertile, and climate good. Cat Isiass, Bahamas. [San Salvasob.] Catahoola, a pa., II,(.S., 1^, Amer., Louisiana, comprising the viU^ Hanrisonbutgb, on the Washits,38 m. N.W. Natchez. Pop. of pa. 4,955, — ^Ebs-Catahotiki Jiiv. is a trib. <>{ tihe,WasldtE6. Ca'iaij>o (San), a tOTm Sicily,- in, the yil-IVIaz- zara, intend. & 5 m- W.S,iWij Caltanisetta. Fop, 8,900. In its vicinity are extensiTesulphm-mineB,^ -iCatamsa (Saxta), an island, Pacifjc Ocean, sejarated from Upper California by the channel ofi^nta-Barbara. — II. an islet, Caribb. Sea, 90 mir £.,ths Masqmto coast, and inunediately N. Old Providence isl. — 111. a good harbour & an isl.. Mosquito opast^ Centr. America, lat. 13° 23' 40' Ni, Ion. 8r.22' IC W IV. a harbour on the E. Qoa£t of^Newifoundland, immediately N. the en- trance of Trinity Bay V. a Jesuit missionairy station, Plata confed., dep. and, 15 leagues, from C<9;4ova. — YI. a cape. Central America, state ind 70 m. S.S.W. Nicaragua. , CATAI.ONIA (Spanish CataluSa), an old prov. of Spain, in the N.E. of the peninsula, bounded N. by the republic of Andorra and thePyr&fes, W- 1^ Aragon, S . Valencia, and E. the Mediterranean. Its cap. was , Barcelona ; it is now divided into the provs. of B2urcelona, Tarragona, Lerida, and Gerona. Surface nmtnous., intersec,ted by the contrcforts )rf the Pyrfodes, which separate it into numerous gmall. valleys. Near its centre, Mt. Serrat, j^markable-for its curious form, is. 4,064 feet in elevation. Coast bold and rugged. §ar&ce weU watered. Chief rivs., the Ebro, the Llobregat, and the Ter. Climate dry & healthy in \Sfe interior, but humid and variable on the coasts, where the winters are mild and rainy. Ths.goa is fertile in the valleys, and ,t|hi? j§ the b^'^lj^vated portio;} of Spain ; every variety of bread-corn is raised, but in quantitv insuffi- ci^tfer consumption. The other chierproducts al?e hemp, flax, saffron, madder, liquorice and If^nnkmiits, including chesnuts, oranges, cit- rons, figs, and almonds are abundant, arid a cOu- 8v}?K3J)le quantity of wine is produced, some of whicB^ia excellent. Cattle-rearing is not exten- sively iiaimed on. Among its mineral riches are cqpoer, zinc, manganese, lead, and coal ; there is acpTeb^ated salt-mine at Cardona, and salt-works ontheip^t. The manuf. industry of this dis-, tyict has Jong been famous, and is still ,the' most iniporlan); in the kingdom. The principal manufs. ^e woollens, cotton, silk, and leather, paper, cordage, and fire-apns. Catalonia was riot Ibrig under the dominion of the Moors. It was con- quered by Charlemapie, iind. iftfer His| 'death divided into numerous fiefs, which were finally absorbed in the county of Barcelona. It was united to the crown of AraKon in 1137. The Catalans speak a peculiar language, distinct, from the CastUian ; they have frequently attempt- ed to free themselves from the government of Spain. Catamaeoa, a dep. of the Plata confed. , (S. , Amor.), between lat. 25° and 29°, S., ^nd Ion. 66°, and 69° W., having W, the Andes, separating ifri from the Nr provs. of Chile, & on other sides the deps. Salta, Tucuman, Cordova, and Bioja. Area uncertain. .' Pop. estim. at from 30,000 to 35,000. It produces com and cattle enough for home consumption, supplies , the adjacent deps. with cotton, and sends considerable quantities of red pepper to Buenos Ayres. Catamaroa, the cap., is in,lat,27° 30' S., Ion. 68° W. Pop. 4,000. Catania, Catana, a celebrated .city andsea- port of Sicily, cap. intend., on its E. coast, near the foot of Mount Etna, 31 im. N.N.W. Syra- ciise. , Ppp, (1836) 54,167., It has been repeatedly ruined -by earthquakes an4 eruptions of Etna, buti always subsequently rebuilt in a . superior style. It has a noble appearance from the sea, and is internally very handsome, with regulaj^. and spacious streets paved with lava, of which material the numerous puhlic buildingB are copr strupted, |he latter being faced with magne^ian-; limestone ,and enriched with marbles. A natural mole of lava encloses tlie harbour. Principal edifices, the cathedral, rebuilt after the great earthquake of 1693, the senate-hpuse, govenmient .pawn-bank, a benedictine convent of vast extent, lan,d,wi,tli a superb church, a large museum, &c., afioui 3() other convents and 50 churches, som^ of which are very magnificent, several charitabl^i establishments, foundling and lying-in-hospitals, and a Magdalen asylum. In a fine square, neaTr- ths cathedral, is a statue of an elephant bearing an obelisk, beheved to be a genuine antique. The. university, founded in^ 1445, has an annual rev. of above 2,000?., and its Ubrairy and museums are open on holidays ,to the public. Catania has.a college of arts and numerous private museums,;^ it is a bishpp's see, the seat of pne pf the S.higfi civil arid criininal courts in Sicily, and of inferipif cpuits, aiid it is invested with varipua high pri- vileges. It has extpns. manufs. ef silk fabrics, and pf wares in lava and amber ; besides which goods, it exports cprn, maoarpni, potatoes, plives, figs, raw-silk, wine, spda, manna, caiitharides, « snpw from Mount Etna.. The harbour i3 ^pt adequate to the importance of the pity, but it is generally full of small craft. The remains of anc. Catana comprise an amphitheatre, hippo- droine, theatre, odeon, naumaqhia, gynmasmm,' and various traces of temples, tombs,, aqueduct?, and baths ; biit niuch of its site and tlie vicinity' of the city has been buried under suoc^s^^v^, streams of lava'. Catanu (Gulf of), an inlet of the Mediter- ranean, on the E, toast of Sicily, extending from La, Trezza bay near Aci Reale, to Cape, Santa, Crbce near Agosta, a distance of 18 m. It re- ceives th^ Giaretta river ; and the city of Cataflia, and towns Castellp d'Aci, Ltaza, and La Bruca arc on its shores. CataIWDanes, orie of the Philippine lals., Asi- atic 'Archip., fle^r the S.E. coast of Lnzpn^ 40 pi, long jind 15 m. broad,,fertile arid well cultivated, oh. town Virac. , < ^ h CATiiizABO,' k city of Naples, cap. prov. Calab. lilt, II., on a ttipjiiitain rieaT the Gulf pf'SquJU ,lici^,'33 m. SiS.'KCosenza. ' Ppp. 11,464. Many of its principal buildings *ere destroyed by the CAT 290 CAT earthquake of 1783, but it still has a cathedral and other churches, a castle, a royal academy of sciences, diocesan school, college, and founiuing hospital, with a gov. pawn-bank, and other chari- table institutions. It is the seat of one of the 4 great civil courts of the kingdom, and has man- ufe. of silk, relvet, and woollen fabrics, and an active trade in agricultural produce. Catabkoja, a town of Spain, prov. and 6 m. S. Valencia. Pop. 3,585, mostly engaged in raising rice and fisUng in the Lake Albufera. Catas Altas, a well-built vill. of Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes, 20 m. N.N.E. Ouro Preto. Pop. 3,000. In its vicinity are extensive iron mines. Catavtissa, a tnsnp., U. S., N. Amer., Penn- sylvania, 62 m. N.N.E. Harrisburg. Pop. 2,064. CATBALoaAN Or Cadvalonga, a town of the Philippines, cap. of the isl. Samar. Pop. 6,328. It is sit. at the mth. of a small riv. near the centre of the W. coast. It is regularly built, mostly of wood, and is the residence of a Spanish alcalde. Catcott, a chapelry of EngL, co. Somerset, pa. Moorlinch, 6^ m. E.N.E. Bridgewater. Pop, 760. Cateah (Le), or Cateau-Cambbesis, a comm. and town of Erance, dep. Nord, cap. cant., on the Selle, 14 m. B.S.E. Cambrai. Pop. (1846) 7,671. It is well built, and was formerly fortified. Manufs. of shawls, merinos, and calicoes. The treaty of C. Cambresis between Philip ii. of Spain and Henri ii. of France, was signed here in 1669. Catelet (Le), a comm. & town of France, cap. cant., dep. Alne, arrond. & 10 m. N. St Quentin, on the Scheldt. Pop. 610; formerly fortified. Cateeisa (Santa), a fortified town of Sicily, in- tend, and 7 m. N.N.W. Caltanisetta, cap. cant, on a hill near the W. bank of the SaJso. Pop. 6,800 ^11. a market-town, same prov., near the sea, 13 m. W.N.'W Terranova. — III. a castle on the highest point of the isl. Favignana, off the W. eoast of Sicily. [Caterina & Cathaeina (Santa).] Catebiha (Samta), a market-town of Naples, prov. Calab. tilt. II., dist. & 26 m. S. Cantanzaro. —II. the most N. headland of the isl. Corfu. — The Canal of Santa Caterina, N. Italy, deleg. and S. Padua, passes Este, and connects with other canals the Adige and Baechiglioue rivers with the Brenta. Length 8 m. Catebli, a marit. town of Asia-Minor, Ana^ tolia, on the Sea of Marmara, 26 m. S. Constan- tinople. Pop. 3,000. Catesbt-Abbev, a pa. of Engl., eo. Nor- thampton, 4 m. S.W. Daveutry. Area 1,990 ac. Pop. 105. A priory was founded here in the reign of Richard i. (whence its name). Catpield, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 12 m. N.E. Norwich. Area 2,400 ac. Pop. 666. Cathaeina (Santa), a small triangular-shaped marit. prov. of S. Brazil, situated between lat. 26° & 30° S., Ion. 49° & 61° W., having E. the Atlantic, and on other sides the provs. San Paulo & Rio Grande do Sul. Pop. (1841) 67,218. The coast is low; surface elsewhere mntnous., traversed by Sierra Catharina on the W., & well watered. From the fertility of the soil, and the uniform mildness of the atmosphere, it is called the " paradise of Brazil." Princip. crops are rice, manioc, millet, sugar, coffee, and cochineal, with a little cotton. Principal towns, Desterro, San Francisco, and Laguna. Cathabina (Santa), a fortified isl. of Brazil, forming the superb bay of same name, off the coast of the above prov., between lat. 27° and 28° S. Length N. to S. 30 m., breadth 8 m. Pop. 12,000. Surface mntnous., well watered & covered with forests, & abounds with natural curiosities. On Its TV. coast is the town of Desterro. Catharines, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, 16 m. N. Ehnira. Pop. 2,424. Cathoabt, a pa. of Scotland, cos. Renfrew & Lanark, on the White Cart River, 2 m. S. Glas- gow. Area 3,000 ac. Pop. 2,349. The battle of Langside, the last fought in behalf of Queen Mary, took place in this parish, 1668. Cathedine, a pa,,S. Wales, co. Brecon, 7 m. N.W. Crickhowell. Pop. 176. Catheeine (St), an isl. off the coast of Georgia, D. S., N. Amer., at the mth. of the rivs. Newport & Medway, 12 m. S.E. Rieeboro', and between St Catherine & Sapels Sounds. Length N. to S. 10 m. ; greatest Ijreadth 5 m. — II. (anc. Cordybisa), an islet, Mediterr., off the S. extrem. of Rhodes. Catheeine (Sx1, a pa. of England, co. Somer- set, 3J m. N.N.E. Bath. Area 760 ac. Pop. 159. Cat HEEiNOTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 6^ m. S.S.W. Peterfield. Area 3,540 ac. Pop. 1,003, with union workhouse. Catherstone-Lewston, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 2i m. N.E. Lyme-Regis. Ac. 90. P. 36. Cati, a modern town of Spain, prov. and 32 m. N.N.E. Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 1,666. ., Catmandoo, cap. of Nepaul. [E^ATMAN]>,09.|f Catmebe, a pa. of England, co. Berks, 3 m. W.S.W. Ilsley. Area 680 ac. Pop. 96. Cato, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, on Seneca riv., 26 m. N. Auburn. Pop. 2,380. Catoche (Cape), a headld. on the N. eoast of Yucatan, Centr. Amer. Lat. 21° 31'N.,lon. 87° W. Caton, a chapelry of England, CO., pa. and 5 m. N.E. Lancaster. Pop. 1,310. Catobche, a town of Mexico, state and 120 m. N. San Luis de Potosi. Cateail {dividing fence), or Picts-woek- niTCH, is a name applied to the remains of a fosse and double rampart, with round forts at in- tervals, in Scotland, cos. Selkirk and Roxbiu'gh, and wMch is supposed to have been a line of de- fence raised by the Britons against the invading Saxons. It commences 1 m. W. Galashiels, & ex- tends S. to Peel-Fell, from 20 to 24 ft. in breadth. Cateal, a town of Spain, prov. and 20 m. S.W. Alicante. Pop. 2,268. It has linen manufs. Cateine, a vill. of Scotland, co. Ayr, pa. Som, on the Ayr, 2i m. S.S.E. Mauehline. Pop. 2,659, mostly employed in cotton-spinning. It was founded in 1787, and is regularly built, having a central square, with principal streets lea&g from it toward the cardinal points. Catsfield, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 2 m. S.W. Battle. Area 2,430 ac. Pop. 689. Catskiil, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, cap. co. Greene, on the Hudson, 31 m. S. Albany. Pop. 5,339. It has co. offices, a bank, and several churches. Within its limits, 2,212 feet above the Hudson, is a vill., Pha Orchard, much frequented by visitors, on account of the magnificent views which it commands.— CoisSi?/ Mountains axe in the vicinity, and bend in the form of a crescent towards the Mohawk River. Round T05, the loftiest peak, is 3,840 feet above tide-water in the Hudson. The scenery of these mntns. is very picturesque ; and in their recesses the wolf, bear, and wild deer are still met with. Cattaeauous, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in W. part of New York. Area 1,232 sq. m. Pop. 28,872. Soil fertile, and adapted to grazing. Exports cattle and wood. The Genessee valley canal, and New York and Erie railway, pass through this county. Cattaeo, a fortified seaport-town of Austria, Dahnatia, cap. cire. of same name, at the head of the Gulf of Cattaro, 36 m. S.E. Ragusa. Pop. 2,003. It has 2 forts, a cathedral, collegiate. CAT 291 CAU Greek, and a vast number of other churches, several hospitals, and a high school. It is en- closed on all sides by nmtns., and all the heights around it are covered with fortifications. Its harbour, though one of the best in the world, is little fi^quented. Trade chiefly with Montenegro, of which it is the emporium. It was the cap. of a small republic, which placed itself under the dominion of Venice in 1420. It was talten by the English in 1813, and has since belonged succes- sively to Austria and to France till 1814. Cattaro (Gdlf of), or Bocoa di, a tortuous inlet of the Adriatic, at the S. extremity of the coast of Dalmatia, 30 m. in length, consisting of 3 basins connected by straits. It is protected from winds on all sides by high mntns., and is the best harbonr in the Adriatic. Depth varies from 16 to 20 fathoms. The towns Cattaro, Castel Nuovo, Perasto, and Dombroto are on its shores. Cattegat, an inlet Germ. O. [Noeth Sea.] Cattenom, Germ., Kattenhowen, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Moselle, cap. cant., arrond., and 5 m. N.E. Thionville. Pop. 1,115. It has important cattle feirs, and was formerly fortified. Cattebaix, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. and \\ m. S. Garstang. Pop. 1,102. Cattekham, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, 3 m. N.W. Godstone. Area 2,610 ac. Pop. 477. C ATTEBicK, the supposed anc. " Cataractonum^ a pa. of England, co. York, N. Riding, on the Swale, 5 m. S.E. Kichmond. Area 21,680 ac. Pop. 2,965. The church, built in reign of Henry T., is a large structure. Near Catterick-bridge, races are held on 1st Wed. & Thur. in Easter week. CATTiiios-suB-SAMBBE, 3, comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, arrond. and 19 m. E.S.E. Cambral Extens.manuft. of fine thread. P. 3,120. Cattistock, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, %\ m. N.W. Dorchester. Area 2,680 ac. Pop. 549. Cattox, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Norfolk, 2i m. N.Norwich. Area 760 ac. Pop. 650.— 11. (iow), CO. and 7 m. E.N.E. York, E. Riding, on the Derwent Area 2,140 ac. Pop. 1,078. Cattolica, a town of Sicily, cap. cant., intend, and 14 m. N.W. Girgenti. Pop. 7,200. It has productive sulphur-mines. — II. a vill. of the Fontif. sta., leg. Forli, 9 m. S E. Rimini, near the Adriatic. Pop. 1,300. It is said to have derived its name from the Athanasian bishops having retreated thither on separating from the Arian council of Rimini in 359. Catts, a comm. & town of France, cap. cant., dep. Lot, 9 m. N.W. Cahors. Pop. 1,438. Catwick, a pa. of England, co. York, E. Rid- ing, 8 m. E.N.E. Beverley. Ac. 1,650. P. 191. Catwobth, a pa. of England, co. Huntingdon, 4 m. N.N.W. Kimbolton. Ac. 2,090. Pop, 637. Caub, a small town of N. Germany, Nassau, on r. b. of the Rhine, 21 m. W. Wiesbaden. A toll is here charged by the Duke of Nassau on all vessels navig. the river ; in the middle of which, opposite Caub, is the old castle of Pfalz. Blucher crossed the Rhine here with his army, Jan. ] , 1814. Cadcasus, an extensive nmtn. chain in Russia, between Europe and Asia, of which it forms the boundary by closing the isthmus which separates the Black from the Caspian Sea. It commences in 3 tongue of land called the peninsula of Taman, which separates the E. part of the sea of Azov from the Black Sea, in lat. 45° 10' N., Ion. 36° 46' E., and runs S.E. in the direction of the coast to . lat. 43° N., where it turns first E., and then S.E., till it terminates in the peninsula of Apsheron in the Caspian Sea. Lat. 40° 20' N., Ion. 60° 20' E. Extreme length 760 m. ; breadth 65 to 160 m. The culminating point of the chain, Mt. El- burz, in lat. 43° 20' N., Ion. 42° 30' E., rises be- tween the som-ces of the rivers Kuban & Terek to an elevation of 17,796 ft. The next in eleva- tion is Mt. Kazbek, in lat. 42° 60' N., Ion. 44° 20' E., 16,000 ft., but the mean elevation of the other peaks is much less. With few exceptions, the mntns. are covered with perpetual ice and snow. W. of Elburz the chain decreases rapidly in height, & on the shores of the Black Sea it is only about 200 ft. in elevation. E. of the central mass it main- tains a considerable elevation till it approaches the Caspian Sea. A contrefort, which leaves the central mass in Ion. 44° E., runs S. between the rivers Kur and Rion, and connects the Caucasus with the mntns. of Armenia. On the S. the Cau- casus descends gradually by a succession of ter- races, while on the N. it is more abrupt and pre- cipitous. The mntns. are not peaked, as in the Alps, but are either flat or cup-shaped. The existence of glaciers in the Caucasus is uncertain, and there are no lakes of importance ; hence the region in general is not well watered. The chief rivers are, on the N. of the chain, the Terek and Kuban, the former of which fiows E. to the Cas- pian, and the latter W. to the Black Sea; & on the S. the Rion, a tributary of the Black, and the Kur of the Caspian Sea. The clunate is healthy although tempests are frequent, and the higher plateaux are exposed to burning heats in summer. The soU is remarkably fertile in the valleys, and the mntns. are covered with valuable timber ; every species of grain is abundant, and is cultivated to a height of 8,300 feet, while the lower valleys produce cotton, rice, lint, tobacco, indigo, and wine. The auroch, a species of do- mestic ox, is still found in the mntns. ; — the forests are full of fur-bearing animals, and all the rivers abound in fish. Formerly numerous herds of cattle were reared in the valleys. The greater part of the chain is of secondary formation, in- terspersed with volcanic rocks. The chain con- tains no active volcanoes, but is frequently visited by earthquakes. Minerals comprise copper, lead, iron, sulphur, and coal. All the passes between Europe & Asia are guarded by Russian fortresses ; but the only one which has been rendered prac- ticable for carriages is that from Mozdok to Tif- lis by the valley of the Terek. The principal pass on the E. is that of Derbend. The Caucasus mntns. have been celebrated from the highest antiquity ; the people who inhabit them have al- most always maintained their independence, and though nominally subject to Russia, many of the tribes still maintain a constant struggle against her authority. The principal tribes are the Cir- cassians, Ossetes, Lesghians, Abasians, Geor- gians, Misheges, and Mingrelians. The Circas- sians and Georgians are considered the finest types of the human family, and the Caucasian race is the name by which the white population distributed over Europe, America, and part of Asia and Africa, is distinguished. Cadcasus, or the Catjcasian keqion, is the name given to those portions of the Russian em- pire situated near the Caucasus mntns. These are in Europe Cis-Caucasiaf comprising the provs. of Caucasus, Circassia, and Daghestan ; and in Asia Trans-Caucasia, or the countries situated between Turkey, Persia, the Caspian & the Black Seas, and the range of the Caucasus mntns., comprising the provs. of Abasia, Min- grelia, Imeretia, Georgia, Shirvan, and Russian Armenia. The pop. of this region was estimated in 1837 at 2,000,000, but is sometimes reckoned at double that amount. Caucasus, a prov. of European Russia, at the C AU 292 CAV N.E. declivity of the Caucasian mntns., cap. Stav- ropol. It is bounded fjT. by the gov. of Astralran, & the country of the Don Cossacks, E. by Kizliar and the region on the Caspian Sea, and S. by Xabard^ Tchetohentzi, and Daghestan, and W. by the Cqssacks of the Black Sea. Fpp. estimated (in 1841) at 526,400. This country is generally flat and covered with salt marshes. Climate warm ;,the soil is fertile on the banks of the rivers, and the steppes afford excellent pasturage ; chi^f avers the $prek and Kuban pn the S., and the Manitch on the N. ; forests are confined to the banks of the Terek and Kuma, and the slopes of the mntns. Chief products, corn, wine ; silk, coftonj sheep, cattle, and horses. ' Cauoa, a considerable riy. of S. America, New Granada, rises near the frontier of Kcuador, flows N. betw;een two Cordilleras' of tlie Andes, and joins the Ma^dalena, ,25 m. Kf.W. Mompox, after a course estijpated at, ,600 m. Chief tribfltary the Neohi. On it are the towns Popayan, An- tioqua, and Caceres. It waters a highly produc- tive region, and gives name io a dep. having 6^,300 sq. m., and nearly 200,000 inhabitants. I ijCaikbebec, a comm. & seaport town of France, jlep.) Seine Inf., cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Seine, at the j(n^ux of the Caudebeo, 26 m. E. Havre. Pop. •444^4§>t2,332. It is one of the prettiest towns on "itfe Seine, with ' its quay apd ,terrape, along the wa,fliop), 6 m. S.E. Sherborne. Area 440 ac. Pop. 366,-^11, (Marsh), 3| m. S.E., Sherborne. Area 440 ac. Pop. 77 III. {Purse), 4 m, E.N.E. Sherborjie, Area, 1,610 ac. Pop. 183.— IV. lSUm.rton),6\ m, 1^. Sherborne, Ac. 2,680. P. 394. OAnNEs(LEB), ,a,pofpm. an^ town of France, dep. Aude.ll m. ,N.E. Carcassonne, Pop. 2,040. It has a fine parish church. Distilleries, ,dye works, and marble works ; and some quarries of fine marble are wrougfit in its inmipdiate vicinity. Caunton, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 5k m. N.W. Newark. Area 3,130 ac, Pop. ,639. Cauqtjenes (Baths op), some remarkable mi- neral springs of Chile, dep, and 62 m. S.S'.E. Saintiago. By an earthquake in 1835,, thew temp, was suddenly changed from 118° to 92° Fahr. The baths have been long celebrated as medicinal. Caussade,, a comm. and town of France, dijp, Tarn-et-Garonne, cap. cant., arrond. and 125 ni. N.E.Montauban. Pop. 2,400. It is an old town, with pleasant suburbs ; and has manufs. of woollen stuffs and beet-root sugar, and a trade in saflron, fruits, and live stock. It is Celebrated for tur- keys stuffed with trufiies. , Cautebets, a comm., vill., and watering-place of France, dep. H. Pyrfo^es, 25 m. S.S.W. TO^ bes. Pop. 1,054. In July & Aug, jt is thronged with French and Spanish visiters, The village stands in a fertile basin, 2,900 feet above thp sea, and inclosed by rugged mntns. The hot sulplur springs vary in temperature from 10^° to 122° Fahr. Its bathing establishments are numerous, and it has a new pump-room,' & a reading-room. Caux (Pavs de), a small district of ^France, in the old prov, of Normandy, of which the cap. was Caudebeo & afterwards Dieppe. It is now cpni- prised^ri the dep. Seine-InfT The Pays de Caux was celebrated for its fertility and cultivation. Cava, a town of Naples, prov. PrinDip. Citra, 3^ m. nCw. Salerno. Pop. 9,000. li has a patlled., diocesan school, and a convent for noble ladies. , Manufs. of sUk, cotton, and woollen fabrics^ Ni^ar it is a large Benedictine convent^ with, a fine library. — II. a town of the Sard, sta., d(V.,Novat!i, cap. maud., 4 m. S.W. Pavia. Pop. 50(0.-01. biie of the Orkney isls., 9 m., S. Popionav' " - CAVACttiA, a town of Piedmont, div. and 3(5 m, N.E. Turin, prov. Biella, cap. mand. Pop,:i!;7r^. CAVAiiiON, Cdbellio, a town of Francfe, &'p, Vaucluse,. cap, cant., on the Durance, arrond. & 14' »". S.%:, Avignon. Pop. (1846) 3,914.; It ^S ill built and dirty ; its town-hall, former cathedral, with a curious ploister, and the remains of ^' Kp- man arch, are its oflly buildings worthy of no^Ce. It has manufs. of vermicelli aUd silk twist. Cayalcamte, a town of Brazil, cap. comarca, prov. and 300 m. N.E. Goyaz, with gold mines and gold washings in the river Almas, P. 4,000. Cavalleemagghgre, a town of the Siird. Sta. Piedmont, div. Coni, prov. Saluzzo, cap. mand., between the Marca and Grana,.24 m. N.E. Coni. Pop. (1838) with comm. 5,600. CataiiLO, a town of European Turkey. [Ka- VALA.] — Cape Cavallo, S. Italy, is a headland qn the Adriatic, 5 m. E. Brindisi. . Cavan, an inland co. of Irel., Ulster, having N. the CO. Fermanagh, E. Monaghan, S. Meath, & W. Meath, S.W. Leitrim. Area 746 sq. m., or 477,360 ac, of which 275,473 are arable, 71,918 are waste, and 22,142 water. Inhab. houses 40,964. Pop. 243A58. Surface mountainous on the borders, enclosing an open country, inter- spersed with bog. Princfp. rivers the Woodford, Upper Erne, & some affluents of the Blackwater. Chf. loughs those, of Gawnagh, Shillin, &c., some highly picturesque. Granite schists, and Silurian rocks prevail. Soil light and poor, except pi^ the banks of the rivers ; agriculture very bacK^^rd. Princip.crops, potatoes, flax, barley, $ oats, with only a little wheat and clover. Farms small; average rent of land 13s. 7jd. per acre. Cpal, irpn, copper, lead,,500. .—II. prov. Otranto, 16 m. N^.W- Becce. / Cellio, a vill., Sard, dom.. Piedmont, div. No- -vara, 4J m. S.E. Varallo. P. (with oomm.) 3,344. Celorico, a fortified town of Portugal, prov. Beira, U m. N.W. Guarda, at the foot of the serra flstrella. i Pop. 1,800. ,. , j^ ',, Cemsiaes, atnshp. of N. 'Wales, co. Anglesey, pa. Llanbadrig, near Trwlfa Bay, on thCiH.j^ide of the isl. Pop. 909.— II. a pa. of N. Wales, co. Montgomery, 7 m. N.E. Machynllaeth. Pop. 935. Ceneda (Ceneta), a town, N. Italy, gov. Venice, prov. and. 22 m. N. Treviso. Pop. 4,900. It has a citadel, a cathedral, mannfs. of linens, woollens, paper, and sulphur springs. Cenia, a town of Spam, prov. Tarragona, on 1. b. of small riv. of same name,16m, S.W. Tqrtosa. Fop. 2,043. It has remains of Boinan walls. Cesis (Most). ,Sar(iinia,,, £Monte Cenisic] Cenon-la-Bastide, a pomn!.i& vill. of France, dep. Gironde, arrond. Bordeaux. Pop. 2,641i Centallo, a town, Sard. ■ sta.. Piedmont, div., prov. and 7J m. N. Cuneo, cap. mand., on 1. b. of the Grana. , Pop. (1838) with oomni. 4,633. The remains ,of waljs and towers, and of its castle, once the residence of the marquis of Susa, attest its -importance durjng' the middle ages. Cento, a fortified town of the Pontif states, leg. and 16 m. N.N.W. Bologna, on 1. ,b. of the Reno. Pop. (1833) 4,572. It js the birthplace of the celebrated painter Gnercino ; whose house is still preserved without alteration. . Cento hgs an ann. fair on Sept. 7, which formerly attracted a large assemblage of persons. — The Canal of Cento, 30 m. in length, passes this town, and con- nects Bologna with Ferrara. CENTonm, Centuripi, a town of Sicily, prov. & 19 m. W.N.W. Catania, on a rugged mntn. Pop. 4,460. Aroundit are ruins of iCenturipi. Centkal, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Missouri, St Louis CO. Pop. 1,924. . Centbal America is the long 'a^d. compara- tively narrow region, between lat. 7° and 22° N., & ion. 78° & 94° W., connecting the continents CEN of N. and S. ..^meiiifa^ mi comprising, besides the Central Amer. confed., Tucatan, parts of Mexico and Ne>r Granada, Poyais, th^Mpsqnito coast, and British Honduras. In a more limite,d sense the term is applied to the following republics, between lat. 8° and ip° N., and Ion. 78° and 94° W., bounded on the E. & N.E. by lie Caribbean Sea, on the S.W. by the Pacific, & S. by N.Granadsk. Sutet. Area in •q. m. FopuULion. C»pltali. -Guatemain,, Sari Salvador, Nioaragua, Coflta-Elea, 76,090 6,616 66,814 39,378, 16>39 700,000 400,000 300,000 1 150,000 Guatemala. San Salvador. Baliw. - ». Leon. , , :,:-, BanJo*. ^,:. Total, 203,966 1,900,000 ^ "*' ; The greatest length from S.E. to N.W. Js abput 1,000 m.; breadth varying from 70 to IQO m. Its N. part extends between the British settlement Balize and the Mexican States. The S. part extends from the, Gulf of Paiita to the country lying between the Gulf of Niooya & Bii^ dc) St Juan, about i280 m. To this succeeds fthe pjsin of Nicaragua, 176 m. in length, & thesajne in breadth ; the laka Nicaragua, wl|iah..ooTe!? a consiclerable portion of the .^ifa^, beingjonly 134 feet j^bove the I^aciftfi O. , Jhe countryiioE. of this plain is mntnous, some pf^ithe peaks being 7,000 to 8,000 ft. in elevation.^ ,The.,JaJ4^ land of Guatemala extends from the Isthmus,, ^ ChiquimulaJo that of ; Chnantepec in Mexi digo, cotton, sugar, and c^,caoare: the chief crops ; between 3,000 tiO<5,00Q ft. die oochijiealiiplaat,is abundantly cultivated. Maize is generally raised, but wheat only in tlie high table-land in the N. In some parts the ehicozapote, a fruit yielding a great deal of nourishment, supp]ies>in commerce the, place of corn. Otlier products are coffee, tobacco, dragon's blood, mastic, various balsjwns and drpgs, tamarinds, pepper, cassia, ginger, & vanilla; mahogany, cedar, logwood, and other woods for dyeing or building ; with gold, sjlye^ icopper, iron, lead, zinc, &e. The country is y.ery prpductiye, of the precious metals.; ^Icpdo siajafl that from the mine of Tisingal .(Cc^ta Kica), as much wealth: had been extracted asifroin thai of Potosiin Peru. A good deal of bullion is smugr gled th>;ough Balize and the Mosquito coast into Jamaica. Horses, asseSi goats, hogs, having been introduced by the Spaniards, are now very numerous; vast herds of cattle are pastuifid.Jn the,grazing,fenns of Nicaragua ; and jafge Jqcfe of sheep feed on the table^land of Quesaltenango, cen 297 CER being reared almost whblly for their wool. Cattle and sheep breeding, are, with agriculture, the man occupations of the pop. ; but the production of coarse woollens, cotton cloths, caps, hats, earthenware, furniture, cabinet-work, employs a food many hands, and the Indians weave mats of ifferent colours, which a>'e used as carpets. Principal exports are indigo, cochineal, bullion, sarsaparilla, dyewoods, hides, balsams, mahogany, and other timber, sugar, coffee, tortoiseshell, and cattle ; and in 1835, uie whole amounted in value to 3,788,000 dolls. Imports consist chiefly of cotton, linen, and silk iabrics, hardwai'e, cutlery, earthenware, trinkets, wine, oil, spirits, and pro- visions ; and in same year amounted in value to 3,560,000 dolls. In 1843, 3,886,705 lbs. of coffee, 1,229,437 do. of cocoa, and 5,746 tons of fustic, were comprised in the exports of Centr. Amer. to the IT. Kgdm., from which the conffed. received cotton goods to the value of 3,619^, and some other goods. The rest of the trade is chiefly with the U. States, W. India isls., Spain, and France ; but, according to the most recent ac- coonts, the commerce &> apiculture of the whole region is in a most deplorable condition. The pop. consists of aboriginal tribes, of Europeans, and a mixed race. Several tribes live in an in- dependent condition, without intercourse with Europeans, although those along the Mosquito shore consider themselves under the protection of the Britidi. Each state has its own president, wee-presHent, senate, and assembly of deputies, who are cliosen by electoral colleges. The Cities and towns have each a municip. corporation, presided -over by' an alcalde. Spanish laws have been replaced by codes, inodeHed on those of the N. Amer: V. States. The established religion is Koman Catholic. Aggreg. public rev, of the States may "be estimated at hearly 600,000 doUs., bat the expenditure in most, if not all, exceeds the income. Columbus discovered this region in 1502; in 1527 it was made a Spanish capt.- gener^Mp, and it belbngfed to Spain until 1821, whenSuateoiila first declared its independence. The several states sobsequently formed a eon- federalion, which was dissolved in 1839. Many mins of ancient cities, temples, &e., have been discovered in this region, and are supposed to be -the architecture of the native population, pre- vious' td and at the era of the Spanish conquest. Cestbe, a CO., tr. S., N. America, in middle Of Pennsylvania. Area 1,?60 sq. m. Pop. 20,490. Snrface rocky and moraitainous. Also 3 towns in Pennsylvania. Green co. Pop. 1,603. Indiana CO. Pop. 1,523. Union cO. Fop. 1,891.-11. a town, Ohio, Colombiana CO. Pop. 3,197. — ^III. a town, Indiana, Hancock co. Pop. 3,058. Also the name of 40 smaller towns and vills. Centbeviilb, a township of the V. S., N. Amer., New York, 45 m. S.E. Buffalo. Pop. 1,613. Numerous other small towns here same name. Ceos, an island of Greece. [Zea.] Cephalonia (pron. Kephaxosia (anc. Cephdl- lettia), Ihe largest and second in rank of the Ionian isls., ^fediter^amean, off the W. coast of Greece, between lat. 88° 8' and 38° 30' N., and Ion. 20° 21' and 20° 49' E., separated from Ithaofi, 2 m. N.E., by the channel of Cephalonla. Afea 348 sq.m. Pop. (1836) 63,197. Shape very ir- regular, and it is indented by the deep bays of Samos &>Arg6sUAi. Surface generaJly uneven ; Monte Nero, or the "Black Monntain" (anc. Mt. Enosa), in the S. part, rises to 5,306 feet above the sea ;= in the S.W: part, is a plain of consider - afcle extent. In 1836 the cultivated lalndscom- pifed 83,386 acres, and the uncultivated 189,786 do. Princip. prtdncts, wheat,' maize, and other com, pulse, currants (from 5 to 6 million lbs. annually), olive ,oil; Wine, cotton, flax, and salt ; which articles, with currants, wine, and oil, compose the chief exports. Property is exteii- sively subdivided, few proprietors having a reV. of 1,00W. a-year. Most of the pop. are of G^eek descent. Cephalonla sends' 7 mems. to the legis- lative assembly of the republic, afid 1 mem. to the senate. Princip. towns Areostoli, the cap.; & Lixuri. By Thucydides, this isl. was callisd Tetra- poHs, from its 4 pripoip. citiesj Samos; Krani, Pali, & Pronos, the remains of which, especially the 2 former, are still traceable. It also contains some remarkable grottos and other natural curiosities. Cephissus, a riv. of Greece, gov. Attica, rise's beneath Mount Fames, and after a S.W. course of about 26 m., enters the Gulf of Mginik, 6 m. W.S.W. Athens. On its banks were anciently the groves of the Academy. CtPHissiA, a vill. of Greece,9 m. N.E. Athens, with a grotto dedicated to the Saints, frequently resorted to from superstitiote motives. — II. or Melas, a riv., rises in Phocis; 15 m. N.W. Salona, flows generally E., forming the N. boundary of Bceotia, & enters L. Copais, 8 m. E.N.E. Lebadea. Ceppaloni, a market-town of Naples, prov. Princip. Ult., 6\ m. S. Benevento. Pop. 2,50b. Ceekano, a maiket-town of Central It'aly, Pontif. stated; deleg. and 11 m; S.E. Prosinong, on the Neapolitan frontier. Fop. 3,175. " - 'Cera, an' isl. of the Asiatic Archipelago, im- mediately W. of Timor Lauif. Lat. 8° 10','S:, Ion. 130° 55' E., and 20 m. in circumference."" Ceram, a bonsiderable isl. of the Asiatic Archi- pelago. Lat. of N.W. point 2°WS., Ion. 128° 12' E., 20 m; N.E. Amboyna. Estuh. area 6,r6me. The greater part of the inhabs. are Protestants, who formed part of the flock of Felix NefF. Champsegbet, a comm. and town of France, dep. Orne, 4^ m. E.N.E. Domfront. Pop. 4,049. It has manuf. of linens and iron foundries. Champteboiee, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. B. Alpes, arrond. and 4 m. W. Digne. Pop. 406. Birthplace of the philosopher Pierre Gas- send, or Gassendi. ChamptocS, a comm. and town of France, dep. Maine-et-Loir, near r. b. of the Loire, 15 m. W.S.W. Angers. Pop. 1,923. Here are the re- mains of the feudal castle of the infamous Gil de Retz, a savage seigneur of the 15th century, called "Barhe Bleu.' the original of our "Blue- beard."— Caamptoceaaa! is a vilL, 18 m. W.S.W. Pop. 1,422. Chamusoa, a town of Portugal, prov. Estre- madura, on 1. b. of the Tagns, 13 m. N,N,E. Santarem, Pop, 3,200. Excellent red wine pro- duced in its vicmity. Chanac, a comm, and town of France, dep. CHA 803 CHA liozfere, cap. cant., on the Lot, 8 m. S.W. Memie. Pop. J.,881. It has manufactures of serges. CHANAK-KAiEssr (Turk. " Pot-castlp,") Asia Minor, Anatolia, on the Dardanelles, 23 in. S.W. (Jaflipoli, is a miseiable town of 2,000 houses, occupjing a flat point opposite tlie Castle of Europe. It has some potteries, whence its Turkish name. sChancav, a seaport town of N. Peru, dep. Lima, cap. prov., at the mouth of the Chancay riv., in the Pacific, 40 m. N.N. W. Lima. Chanceadx, a comra. and town of Prance, dep. Cote d'Or, arrond. and 18 m. E, Semur, near r. b. of the Seine. Pop. 559. Celebrated for the manuf. of preserved barberries. Chanda, a dist., Hindostan, Berar dom., prov. Gundwana, 90 m. in length, and 60 m. in breadth, S. and E. mntnons., N.W. covered with jungle, cap. dist. same name, 80 m. S.S.E. Nagpoor. Lat..20° 4' N., ton. 79° 22' E. Some lofty stone wsdls, flanked by round towers, enclose a space, 6 DL in circumference, occupied by straggling honses, plantns., and a citadel. It was taken by the British, May 20, 1818. Chandahnee, or Chinnanee, a town, Punjab, pror. Lahore, cap. dist., 76 m. S. Serinagnr, near an affl. of the Chenab. Chakdelecb Islakd, a group, G. of Mexico, 50 m. N. the month of the Mississippi. Craxdebcona, a consideraljle town, British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, dist. Hooghly, 58 m. W JI.W. Calcutta. Chanbebee, or Chindabee, a large dist. of Hmdostau, prov. of Malwa, N.E. comer, 90 m. in length, and 70 m. in breadth, 113 m. S. Gwalior. ^A town of same name m this dist., is of con- sidQable size, & has a strong hill-fort. In 1834 it yielded to the government an ann. rev. of 7,500Z. CBAKnEBontr, a fortified town of Brit. India, presid. Madras, dist. and 50 m. N. Arcot. Chaitoebnagobe, a town and the principal of the Ereneh establishments in India, Bengal, on the -Hooghly rivi', 16 m. N.N.W. Calcutta, tat. 22° 51' 26' N., Ion. 88° 22' 12' E. Pop. (1841) 3^895, of whom 283 were Europeans. It is well situated, well bnilt, and clean, but dull and de- caying;' its cotton manufs. and general trade having latterly very much decreased. It was settled hy th« French in 1676 ; was taken by the British in 1759, and agMn delivered up to the French in 1816. Chandove, a large town of India, Baroda dom., on the Nerbadda, 36 m. E.N.E, Earoach, and greatly venerated by Hindoos. Chasdobe, a large and strongly fortafied town of Brit. India, presid. Bombay, dist. Candeish, on a Mil ramge, commanding an important pass, ISO m. N.B. Bombay. It capitulated to the British in 1804 and in 1818. Cbandpoob, two towns of Brit. India, presid. Bengal.— I. dist. Moradabad, 68 m. N.E, DeHii. —if dist. Tiperah, on file Brahmaputra, 40 m. W.S.W. Comillah. Chano-Chow, a city of China, prov. Fo-kien, cap. dep., on a riv,, 28 m, S,W. Araoy. Pop, has been estimated at 800,000 ; and it is stated to be as well supplied with merchandise as Canton. It has 2 famous but dilapidated temples, reputed to have existed for 1,200 years. Charge, two vills. of France — I. dep, Sarthe, 4 m. E,S.E. Le Mans. Pop. 2,815.-11. dep. Mayemie, 2J m. N. Laval. Pop. 2,000. Chahgeei, an extensive monastery, Turkish Armenia, pash. Erzeroum, 20 m. N.W. Moosh, with a church, said to have been built A. i>. 304. Its literary treasures were destroyed by the ICurds during the last war in Asia betw. the Russians & Turks. — II. (or Kanhari, anc. Gamra), a village of AWa-Minor, Anatolia, 66 m. N.E. Angora. " CWANG-SE-Tonotj, atowu of Asfam, prov. Ton- quin, on the Chinese frontier. Lat. 22° 19' 12' N,, Ion.' 107° 35' E. Channel Ist.s., a name employed to designate a group of isls, in the English Channel, off the N.W. coast of France: the princip. beiilg Jersey, Guern- sey, Alderney, Seroq & Herm (which see). They are officially comprised in the English co. Hants, and diocese of Winchester, and are the only por- tions of Normandy now belonging to the English crown, to which they have remained attached ever sinoj the Conquest. Channelkibk, a pa. of Scotl., co. Berwick, in the Lammermoor hills. Surface mostly in pasture. Pop. 780. Principal vill. Oxton. Cetanni-Khan-Digot, a thriving town, N.W. Hindostan, Bhawlpoor dom., 18 m. N.E. Rhau- poor. Lat. 28° 60' N., Ion. 70° 64' E. Chantelle, a comm, and town of France, dep. AUier, cap. cant., arrond. and 9 m. N. Gannat, on the Bouble. Pop. 1,708. Commerce in wines. Chamtenat, a comm. and town of France, dep. Loire-Inf., on r. b. of the Loire, arrond, and 1 m. S,W. Nantes. Pop, 3,935.— IL a vili., dep. Nifevre, 15 m. S.E. Nevers. P. 1,423.— IIL a vill, dep. Sarthe, 16 m. N. La Fl^che. Pop. 1,358. Chantibtjn, a large inld. town, Siam, cap. prov., on a river near its mouth, in the Gulf of Siam, 176 m. S.E. Bangkok. It exports from 30,000 to 40,000 piculs of pepper annually, with carda- moms, rosewood, dyewbods, ship-timber, hides, horns, ivory, and gums ; and near it are some mines of precious stones. Many junks from Can- ton load at this port. Chantillt, a comm, and town of France, dep. Oise, on the Nonnette, 23 m. N.N.E. Paris; Pop. (1846) 2,335. It has celeb, manufs. of lace & porcelain, and an hospital, built and endowed by the late Prince of Cond^ ; but it owes its interest to its ruined cattle and noble domain, long the seat of the Conde family, and where the great Cond^ entertained Louis xiv. in a style of royal magnificence. The castle, one of the finest in France, was destroyed during the Bevolution of 1793, but the sjilendid stables remain, & the fine park-grounds, & modem chateau (lately the pro- perty of the Duke d'Aumale) are full of historic memorials. — The Forest of Ghantilly comprises 6,700 ac. ; in it are several buildings of interest, and races are held here annually in May. Chantonnav, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vendee, 17m.E. Bourbon-Vendfe. P. 1,176. CHANTBiair£, a comm. and town of France, dep. and 7 m. N.E. Mayenne. Pop. 1,970. Chaku, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Orne. 9 m. N. Domfront. Pop. 2,763. Extensive manufs. of hardwares, and quarries of building stones. Chajtza, a frontier riv. betw, Spain & Portugal (Andalusia and Alemtejo), which, after a S. S.W. course of 55 m., joins the Guadiana nr. Alcontun. Chao-de-Couoe, a town of Portugal, Estre- madura, cap. comarca, on a hUl, 26 m. N.E. Leira, with 3,000 inhabs. ; and an old fortress. Its vicinity produces good wine. Chao-Hinq, a city of China, prov, Che-kiang, cap. dep., on a riv. near its mouth, in the estuary Tshen-tang, 73 m. W. Ning-po. Lat. 30° 6' N., Ion. 120° 3' E. It stands in a fertile plain, and is intersected by canals, well paved, clean, & healthy. Near it is a magnificent temple, erected to ¥n, the reputed founder of the Chinese empire. Chao-Khins, a fortified city of China, prov. Quang-tong, cap. dep., on the Si-Idang, 60 m. V CHA 306 W. Canton. It is well built, and is the residence of the governor of the Quang provs. Chao-ma-in», a fortified town, Mongolia, in the desert of Gobi. Lat. 40° 57' N., Ion. 100° E. Chad -nan, a flourishing seaport town of China, prov. Fo-lden, 90 m, S. W. Amoy, & where junks freight with large quantities of alum & sugar. Chaos, or Bird Islands, several small rocky islets of S. Africa, at the entrance of Algoa bay, 85 m. E. Port Elizabeth ; on one of which the navigator Bartholomew Diaz perished in 1500. Chad -Tohou, 2 cities of China, prov. Quang- tong. — I. cap. dep., on the Pe-kiang, here crossed by a bridge of boats, 115 m. N. Canton. It is large, populous, enclosed by walls, & has manufs. of nankeen fabrics, &c. — 11. cap. dep., on the Han-Kiang, here crossed by a bridge, near its mouth in the China Sea. Chaovbce, Catusiacum, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aube, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Ar- manee,16m. S. Troyes. Pop.1,534. Itwasformer- ly fortified, and has a church of the 7th century. Chao-wou, or Cha-ou-foo, a fortified city of China, prov. Fo-kien, in the tea district, 145 m. N.W. Foo-chow. Lat 27° 21' 36' N., Ion. 117° 36' 64" E. Its woven fabrics have a high repute. Chap ADA, several towns and vills. in Brazil. — I. a new town, prov. Maranhao, on upper part of the Rio Grajehu, cap. comm. and of an electoral college erected 1842. — II. Minas Geraes, N.E. Fanado. Pop. 2,300. — III. {de Sta. Anna or Gui- marens), the oldest market-town of Mato-Grosso, E. Cuiaba. Pop, 4,000. Chap ALA, a considerable lake in the Mexican confed., between the states Meohoacan & Guada- laxara. Lat. 20° 20' N., Ion. 102° to 103° 25' W. Estimated area 1,300 sq. m. It contains many isls., & is traversed by the Bio Grande de Lerma. Chapel-en-le-Fkith, a mkt.-town and pa. of Eng'l., CO. Derby, 4i m. N. Buxton. Area of pa. 13,220 ac. Pop. 3,499. The town is surrounded by lofty hills, and neatly built. It has manufs. of cotton and paper ; and in its vicinity are lead and coal mines, & lime works. Mkt., Thursday. It is the seat of petty-sessions, and of about 12 yearly fairs. The head of a poor-law union, and a polling-place for North Derbyshire. Chapel-Hill, a pa. of Engl., co. Monmouth, on the Wye, 4 m. N. Chepstow. Area 820 ac. Pop. 521. Tintem Abbey (which see) is in this pa. Chapel-Hill, a vill., U. S., N. America, N. Carolina, 27 m. W.N.W. lialeigh. It is the seat of the N. CaroUna university. Chapel-Izod, a town of Ireland, Leinster, co. and 3 m. W. DubUn, on the Liffey. Pop. 1,675. Contains an anc. church and barracks. Chapelle (La), a prefixed name of numerous comms., towns, and viUs. in France, the principal of which are, — I. (C. Agnon), dep. Puy-de-D6me, arrond. and 8 m. N.W. Ambert. Pop. 3,038. — II. (d'Aligne), dep. Sarthe, arrond. la Flfeche. Pop. 1,633. — III. td" Angillon), a town, dep. Cher, 19 m. W. Sancerre, cap. cant. Pop. 766. — IV. (flMx Pots), dep. Oise, arrond. Beauvais, with ex- tensive mannf. of pottery ware. — V. {aux Bois), Vosges, 10 m. S.S.W. Epinal. Pop. 1,268 VI. {Basse Mer), Loire-Inf., 10 m. E.N.E. Nantes. Pop. 4,336 — ^VII. {(TArrnentiires), Nord, arrond. Lille. Pop. 2,000.— VIII. (desMarais), Loire Inf., 33 m. N. W. Nantes. Pop. 1,941.— IX. («n Vecors), Drfime, cap. cant., 25 m. E. Valence. Pop. 1,343.— X. (Janson), llle-et-Vilaine, 5 m. B. Fong6res. Pop. 2,031. -XI. (La Seine), dep. Seine-et-Marne, 9 m. S.W. Fontainebleau. Pop. 976. — XII. [St Denis), Seine, arrond. and 3 m. S. St Denis, near Paris, of which it forms a suburb. Pop. (1846) 12,911.— XUI. (,St Sammr), Sa6ne-et-Loire, 33in. N.W. M^con. Pop. 1,900. —XIV. {StMesmin), dep.Loiret, arrond. Orleans, on the railway from Paris to Tours. Pop. 1,271. —XV. (stir Erdre), Loire Inf., cap. cant., 5 m. N. Nantes. Pop. 2,294.— XVI. (Volant), Jura, 12 m. N.W. Lons le Sauhiier. Pop. 1,907. Chapel of Gabiooh, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, near Inverury. Pop. 2,038. The battle of Harlaw, between the clans of Alexander Earl of Mar, and Donald Lord of the Isles, was fought in this pa. in 1411. Chapman, a town, U. States, N. Amer., Penn- sylvania, 42 m. N.N.W. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,297. — II. a town, Connecticut, 37 m. E.N.E. Hart- fort. Pop. 794. Chapkiers, or Chamfniebs, a vill. of France, dep. Charente Inf., on the Charente, 4 m. S.E. Salutes. Pop. 4,267, Chapoo, an important marit. town of China, prov. Che-kiang, on a promontory on the N. side of the estuary Tshen-Tang, 50 m. N.E. Hang- ehoo-foo, of which it is the port, & with which it has good canal communication. Lat. 30° 40' N., Ion. 120° 30' E. Extensive suburbs, the principal seat of trade, stretch along the shore, & about J m. in their rear is the walled town, 5 m. in circum- ference, toclosed within which is the "Tartar" town. The harbour is shallow, & the tides here are very rapid ; but the roadstead has deep water, & all the Chinese trade with Japan is conducted from this port. The adjacent country is well watered, very fertile, interspersed with numerous vills., pagodas, and temples. The adjoining heights, fortified in the late war, were captured by the British, after a determined resistance. May 18, 1842. Chapkung, a town of Tibet, on the Sutleje, 56 m. S.W. Gai-dokh. Lat. 31° 27' N., Ion. 79° 33' E. It is the residence of Chinese authorities. Chaptes (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. Gard, arrond. and 12 m. S.E. Uzes, near rt. b. of the Garden, cap. cant. Pop. 732. Chapus (Le), a hamlet of France, dep. Char rente Inf., 3 m. N.W. Marennes, opposite the lie d'Oleron. Pop. 345. It is a fortification of the 2d class, and its small port is defended by a fort. Chabalan, and Chabapoto, two towns of S. America ; the former N. Granada, 140 m. N.N.E. Bogota; the latter Ecuador, 110 m. W.S.W. Quito, near the bay of Charapoto, Pacific Ocean. Chakbae, or Chau-abad, a large and well- sheltered bay, Beloochistan, prov. Mekran, in the Indian Ocean. Lat. 25° 20' N., Ion. 60° 30' E. On the E. side of its entrance is the town Charbar, with 1,600 inhabitants, enclosed by an earth rampart, and garrisoned by the Imilm of Muscat. N. of this are the ruins of the Portu- guese settlement Teez, probably the Tiz of Edrisi, and the Trosi of Nearchus. Chaebonnieb, and Chabbonniebes, two comms. and vills. of France. — I. dep. Puy-de Dome, arrond. and 9 m. S. Issoire. Coal mines. — II. dep. Khone, 4 m. W. Lyon, and a place of holiday resort for its inhabitants. Chaboas, a city of Bolivia. [Chuqcisaca.] Chard, a municip. bor., town, and pa. of Eng- land, co. Somerset, 12 m, S.E. Taunton. Area of pa. 5,140 ac. Pop, 6,788. The town, on ele- vated ground and well-built, has a large mkt.- place, a handsome church, an anc. town-hall, originally a chapel, a well-endowed poor's hoS" pital, a work-house for a union comprising 89 sq. m., & considerable manufs. of lace & woollen goods. Mkt. Mond. Fairs first Wed. in May, Aug., and Nov. Corp. rev. (1846-7) 537Z. 3i CHA 307 CHA The bor. formerly sent 2 members to Parliament. The RoyaJists were signally defeated at Chard in tlie wars of Charles i. Chardak, Anava, a lake of Asia-Minor, Ana- tolia, 35 m. E.N.E. Denizli. Lat. 87° 65' N., Ion. 30° E. Length E. to W. 16 m. ; breadth, 3 to 4 ra. Great quantities of saJt are collected from it ; & the viU. Chardak is neai- its W. extremity. Chaedon, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Ohio, 170 m. N.E. Columbus. Pop. 1,064. Chabbstock, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 3 m. S.S.W. Chard. Area 5,540 ac. Pop. 1,405. AVooUen manufs. Fair Old Michaelmas-day. Chabensat, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Pny-de-D6me, 23 m. W.N.W. Riom. Pop. 1,900. Chakenxe, a riv. in the W. of France, rises in the dep. H. Vienne, about 14 m. N.W. Chains, flows very tortuously but generally W., and after a course of more than 200 m. through the deps. Charente and Char. Inf., enters the Atlantic op- posite the isl. Oleron. Principal affls. the Bou- tonne on the right, and the Trouve and N^ on tlie left. The towns Civray, Ruffec, Angoul^me, Jarnac, Cognac, Saintes, Tonnay-Chareute, Rochefort, and Soubise, are on its banks. It is navigable for 130 m. from the sea to Montignac, and for steamers as high as Saintes. Chakente, a dep. of France (cap. Angoul^me), situated between lat. 45° 10' and 46° 8' N., and surrounded by the deps. Charente Inf., Deux- Sevres, Vienna, H. Vienne, & Dordogne. Area 2,270 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 379,031. Surface un- dulating ; it contains many deep caverns, as that of Rancogne near La Rochefoucault ; liilly in the N.E., where there are many shallow lakes. Princip. rivs., the Charente & Vienne. Climate generally mild. Soil, calcareous, dry, & infertile, & the com produced barely snfi&ces for home consumption. Vineyards comprise 112,600 beet., but the wines are of inferior quality. The Cognac and Jarnac brandies are from this dep. Woods extensive, & chesnuts form an important crop ; tmffles are obtained to the value of 300,000 fr. yearly. Iron and gypsum are the principal mineral products ; iron-forging, paper-maJdng, distilling, & tanning, the main branches of manufacturing industry. Charente is divided into 5 arronds. ; Angoulfime, Barbezienx, Cognac, Confolens, and Ruffec. Chabente-Isfeeieube, a marit. dep. of W. France, cap. La Kochelle, having W. the Atlan- tic (Bay of Biscay), S. the estuary & dep. Gironde, and on either sides the deps. Vendue, Deux- Sevres, Charente, and Dordogne. Area, includ. the isls. R^ and Oleron, 2,763 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 468,103. Climate temp. Surface level ; princip. rivs. the Charente, Boutonne, & S^vre-Niortaise. Soil generally fertile. Com more than suificient for home consumption is produced ; and wine to the estim. value of 800,000?. annually, the greater part of which is converted into brandy or vinegar. Pastures good, and live stock plentiful. The salt-works along the coast are the most valuable in France ; and the pilchard, oyster, and other fisheries are important. Excl. of ship-building in the government dockyards of Rochefort, &c., the principal manufs. are of glass, earthenware, and leather, with some coarse woollens, and soap. This dep. is divided into 6 arronds., La Rochelle, Jonzac, Marennes, Rochefort, Saintes, and St Jean d'Angely. Chaeehtos, a comm. & town of France, dep. Seine, on rt. b. of Mame, 5 m. S.E. Paris. Pop. (1816) 2,804. It is pleasantly situated, and has many country houses. A bridge of 10 arches across the Mame, which has been frequently the scene of conflicts for the military possession of the cap., is now guarded by two forts forming part of the new fortifications of Paris ; the bridge unites tliis vill. with the hamlet Charenton St Maurice, where is a large national lunatic asylum. — II. a comm. & town, dep. Cher, cap. cant., on the Berri canal, 27 m. S.S.E. Bourges. Pop. 1,421. Chakpield, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, with a station on the Bristol and JSirmingham railway, 2 m. N. "Wickwar. Area 1,430 ax. Pop. 471. CnARFORD, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 4 m. N.N.E. Fordingbridge. Area 850 ac. Pop. 116. Chakikak, a town of Afghanistan, 36 m. N. Cabool. Pop. 5,000. It is flourishing, and has a castle the residence of a local chief, with an active commerce in coarse cotton cloths, and a transit trade across the Hindoo Koosh; the duties from both sources are stated to amount to IfiOOl. annually. In 1841, it was the station of a British garrison, afterwards almost wholly destroyed in its retreat to Cabool. Chabins, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 13 m. E.S.E. Maidstone, and 6 m. N.E. the Pinckley statiou, on the Dover railway. Area 4,600 ac. Pop. 1,241^ Fairs 29th of April and of October. Chabite (La), a comm. and town of France, dep. Nievre, cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Loire, here crossed by a handsome bridge, 14 m. N.N.W. Nevers. Pop. (1846) 4,522. It has some good public buUdings and walks ; anchor-forges, button, hardware, and glass factories, and an active trade in iron, timber, corn, and charcoal, of which last article it exports large quantities to Paris. It was formerly fortified. Chariton, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in N. part of Missouri. Area 832 sq. m. Pop. 4,746. — II. a riv., Missouri, joins the river Iowa at Chari- ton vill., after a S.ward course of 130 m., for 50 of which it is navigable for boats. — III. a town- ship, Missouri, on the Missouri, 60 m. N.W. Jef- ferson. Pop. 3,113. — IV. a tnshp., Louisiana, in its W. part. Pop. 1,306. Chaejooee, atown of Independent Turkestan, Khanat, and 65 m. S.W. Bokhara, abput 6 m. S. the Oxus, and on the main route and least in- habited spot between Bokhara and Persia. Pop. 5,000. It has a fort, a tolerable bazaar, & some trade with Orgunje (TJrghendj) by the Oxus. Chaekov, a gov., Russia. [Kharkov.] Charlburt, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, 5J m. N.Witney. Area 11,320 ac. Pop. 2,982. Mkt. on Friday. Fairs 1st Jan., 2d. Friday in Lent, 2d Friday after May 12, and on October 10. Chaelcombe, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, IJ m. N. Bath. Area 570 ac. Pop. 84. Charlcote, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, on the Avon, 6 m. N.W. Kington. Ac. 2,199. P. 267. Chablemont, a market town, and formerly a pari. bor. of Ireland, Ulster, co. and 6 m. N.N.W. Armagh, on the Blackwater river, here crossed by a bridge connecting it with Moy, and on the Ulster canal. Pop. 485. Principal buildings, a strong fort, used as the ordnance depot and head artillery quarters for N. Ireland. It gives the title of earl to the Caulfield family. Chablemont, a town, U. S., N. Amer., Massa- chusetts, 109 m. W.N.W. Boston. Pop. 1,127. Chablemont, a hamlet and fortress of France, dep. Ardennes. The fortress is situated on a limestone rock, onl. b. of the Mouse, immediately opposite Givet, near the Belgian frontier. It was founded by Charles v., and improved by Vauban. Chaeleeoi, or Chablebot, a strongly forti- fied town of Belgium, prov. Haiuaut, cap. arrond., on the Sambre, and on the Brussels and Namur railway, 23 m. E. Mens. Pop. (1842) 6,300, em- ployed in extens. coal mines, iron foundries, out- CIIA 308 CHA lery, glass and nail factories, briclc yards, woollen cloth and yarn factories, &c. ; its district being among the most industrious in Belgium. It owes its name to a large fortress, built in 1666, during the reign of Charles :i. of Spain ; it is connected with Brussels by the Charleroi canal, & has a large cattle fair for 10 days, from August 5th. Charles, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 5 ra. N.N, W. South Molton. Area 710 ac. Pop. 362. Charles (Cape), the most E. point of Labra- dor, British N. Amer. Lat 52° N., Ion. 55° 30' W II. U. States, Virginia, forming with Cape Henry the entrance to Chesapeak Bay. Lat. 37° 10' N., Ion. 76° 43' W (Inlet), Red Sea, on the Arabian coast, 22 m. N. Jiddah. Lat. 21° 41' N., Ion. 39° 14' E.— (Island), British N. Amer., in Hudson Strait. Lat. 62° 40' N., Ion. 76° W. Length about 35 m., breadth 26 m. — One of the Galapagos isls.. Pacific, highly fertile, and on which a colony was some years ago established by the government of Ecuador. — (River), United States, Massachusets, enters Boston harbour after a N.E. course of about 60 m. Charles, a co., U. S , N. Amer., on S.W. of Maryland. Area 450 sq, m. Pop. 16,023, of whom 9,182 are slaves. — IT. (Charles city), a co. in S.E. Virginia, watered by the James river. Area 208 sq. m. Pop. 4,774 (one half slaves). Charles (St), a pa. of the TJ. S., N. America, Louisiana, W. New Orleans, and traversed by the river Mississippi. Area 612 sq. m. Pop. 4,700, of whom 3,722 are slaves II. a co., Mis- souri, in the E. part of the state, betw. the Mis- sissippi and Missouri rivers. Area 470 sq. m. Pop. 7,911. Its cap., St Charles, is on the N. bank of the Missouri, 20 m. N.W. St Louis. Pop. 2,818. It has a court-house, jail, several churches, a nunnery, and a Methodist college attended by upwards of 100 students. — Lake St Charles, Lower Canada, 12 m. N.N.W. Quebec, is 5 m. in length, & gives rise to a riv. of same name, which joins the St Lawrence at Quebec, after a S.E. course of 15 m. Charleston, a seaport city of the TJ. S., N. Amer., S. Carolina, cap. dist. of same name, on a low point of land formed by the confl. of the Cooper and Ashley rivs., 7 m. from the Atlantic. Lat. 32° 46' 33" N., Ion. 79° 57' 27" W. Pop. of eity (1800) 18,711, (1830) 30,289, (1840) 29,261, of whom 14,673 were slaves. Pop., including the suburb of St Phillips, about 40,000. Streets most- ly broad and regular ; houses of brick or painted wood, often adorned with piazzas and surrounded with gardens, with vines, orange, & peach trees. Chief buildings & institutions, the city-hall, ex- change, custom-ho., oourt-ho., jail, 2 arsenals, a theatre, circus, college, literary soc, the city libr. with 15,000 vols., acad. of fine arts, orphan asylum, hospital, 2 mkts., sevl. banks, about 24 churches, & 2 or 3 fine hotels. The bay or harbour formed by the confl. of Cooper & Ashley rivs., is about 2 m. in breadth, and has deep water up to the city wharves. A light-ho., with revolving light, stands on a small isl., 2} m. N.W. of this Channel. Lat. 32° 41' 2' N., Ion. 79° 62' 7' W. Principal ex- ports are the cotton and rice of S. Carolina ; of the former 269,607 bales were shipped in 1842. Imports consist of cotton, woollen, and linen fabrics, shoes, hardwares, colonial produce and provisions generally ; of which the greater part come from the N. & middle states. Total value of imports (1841) 1,557,431 dollars ; of exports 8,943,284 dollars. Keg. shipping 21,861 tons. Three lines of packets run between the city and New York, and a railway connects it with the N. and middle states on the one side, & with Geor- gia in the W. on the other. Charieston was found- ed in 1680. In 1690, a colony of French refugees, exiled in consequence of the edict of Nantes, permanently settled here. It has frequently suffered by fire & by the ravages of yellow fever. Charleston, a maritime vill. of Scotl., co.Fife, on the Firth of Forth, pa. & 3 m. S.W. Dunferm- line. Pop. 772. It has a harbour, and extens. lime-works on an estate of the Earl of Elgm, & extensive export of coals. Charleston or Abotne, a vill. of Scotl., co. Aberdeen, pa. Aboyne, on the Dee, here crossed by a suspension bridge, 27J m. W. Aberdeen. It has six annual fairs. In its vicinity is Aboyne castle, the seat of the Marquis of Huntly. Charleston, a small maritime vill. of Engl., CO. Cornwall, on its S.W. coast, pa. and IJ m. from St. Austell. Its harbour is defended by a strong battery, and it annually exports, 7,000 tons of porcelain clay, artificially prepared from granite II. the cap. town of the British W. In- dia isl. Nevis, on its N.W. coast. P. (1844) 1,806. Charlestown, a town and port of the TJ. S., N. Amer., Massachusetts, 1 m. N. Boston, with which city it communicates by bridges across Charles river. Pop. (1845) 12,600. Streets, though irregular, are spacious, and planted with trees. Chief buildings, a model state prison, a town-honse, hospital, alms-ho., about 9 chtu-ches, and in the navy yard, covering 60 ac, a marine hospital, warehouse, arsenal, powder magazine, and covered docks, in which the largest vessels of war are built. Charlestown has also numerous timber yards, rope-walks, potteries, & distilleries. Immediately in the rear of the town is Bunker Hill, the scene of a battle 17th June 1775, on which a monument has been erected II. a town- ship, New York, 40 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,103 TIL a town, Pennsylvania, 82 m. E. Har- risburgh. Pop. 1,039 Several smaller United States townships have this name. Charlesworth, a hamlet of Engl., co. Derby, pa. Glossop, 8J m. N.N.W. Chapel-en-le-Frith, and about 1 m. S. the Sheffield and Manchester railway. Pop. 1,732. CiiABLETON, two pas. of Eugl. — ^I. CO. DevoD, on the coast, 2 m. S.S.E. Eingsbridge. Ac. 1,940. P. 703.— II. (Queen), co. Somerset, 2i m. N.N.E. Pensford. Ac. 1,06a Pop. 190. Fair, Jul. 20th. Charlefal, a comm. and town of France, dep. Eure, arrond. and 9 m. N.N.W. Andelys, on the Andelle. Pop. 1,013. Manufs. of calicoes. Its name is derived from a chateau built by Charles IX. It was originally called Noyon-sur-Artdelle, from a fortress built by Henry i. of England. Charleville, called Libremlle under the first republic, a comm. and town of France, dep. Ar- dennes, I m. N.N.E. Mezieres, with which it com- muncates by an avenue and suspension bridge across the Mouse. Pop. (1846) 8,336. It is well built, clean, and handsome ; it has a college, an ecclesiastical school, a jjublic library with 22,000 vols., and a theatre. Since the 17tn cent., when it ceased to be a fortress, it has become thriving ; though the national manuf. of arms has been transferred to Tulle and Chatellerault, it has still pretty extensive manufs. of muskets, nail- works, copper foundries, and tanneries, with a port on the river, and active export trade in wine, spirits, coal, iron, and slates. Charleville, Rathgogan, a town, pa., munic. bor. and formerly parl..bor., Irel., Munster, co. Cork; 22 m. W.S. W. Limerick. Area of pa. 3,138 ac. Pop. 5,178; do. of town, 4,287. It consists mostly of 4 streets crossing at right angles, and IS pretty well built. It gives the title of earl to CHA 309 CHA the Barry family ; but the toivn and vicinity are the property; of the Earl of Corlj and Ossory, whose mansion here was burnt by the Duke of Berwick in 1690. Charlieu, Cariloeus, a comm. and town of France, dep. Loire, cap. cant., 38 m. N.E. Mont- brison. Pop. (1846) 3,532, partly employed in manufe. of cotton and linen stuf^. It nas ruins of a Benedictine abbey of 11th century. Charlois, a vill., Netherlands, S. Holland, on the Maas, 2 m. S.S.W. Rotterdam. Pop. 2,000. Chablotte, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in S. part of Virginia. Area 600 sq. m. Pop. 14,595, of whom 9,260 are slaves. Soil fertile, yielding grain, friiits, and tobacco. — II. a township, Ver- mont, 64 m. W. Montpellier. Pop. 1,620.-111. atnshp.,NewTork,330 m. S.W. Albany. P. 1,428. —IV. avill., N. Carolina, cap. co. Meoklenburgh, 128 m. S.W. Raleigh. Pop. about 1,000. It has a branch of the U. States mint, in which the pro- duce of adjacent gold mines are coined. — Some townships in New Tork and Vermont have the same name. — Charlotte Harbour, or Gasparilla Sound, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, W. coast of Florida. Lat. 26° 45' N., Ion. 82° 15' W. Aver- age breadth 10 m. Charlotte riv. flows into it. Charlotte Ahalie, or St Thomas, a town of the Danish W. Indies, cap. of the isl. St Thomas. Pop. (1847) 10,100, of whom 2,100 were slaves. It is built in the form of an amphitheatre behind a spacious bay, which renders it one of the best trading places in the W. Indies. The town is defended by the citadel of Christian's fort, and 2 batteries at the entrance of the harbour. It has a Lutheran, a Roman Catholic, an English, a Dutch Reformed church, a Jewish Synagogue, a chapel for the Moravian Brothers, and a local and an English colonial bank. Chablotte IsLS. [Queen Chahlotte's Isls.] Chablottenbeunn, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 42 m. S.W. Breslau, with mineral springs & baths. P. 1,070. Manufs. of linens & cottons. Chaelottenbubg, a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. Potsdam, circ. Teltow, on 1. b. of the Spree, 3 m. W. Berlin, with which it com- mnnicates by a straight avenue, bordered by vil- las. Pop. (1846) 7,290, partly employed in steam cotton mills, cotton print-works, manufs. of hosiery, &e. It is handsomely built, and has 2 royal palaces and a park with statues of the elec- tor Frederick William and his son Frederick I., and a monument to Louisa of Prussia, consort of the late king. The palace gardens are open to the public, and it Ls a favourite place of holiday resort for the population of Berlin. Chaelottesville, a vill., U. S., N. America, Virginia, cap. co. Albemarle, 85 m. N.W. Rich- mond. Pop. 1,000. It is the seat of the Virginia university, an establishment well endowed by the state, and which has eight professors, an observa^ tory, a museum, and library of 16,000 vols., at- tended by about 300 students. Chablotie-Town, the cap. town of Prince Edward Isl., Brit. Amer., on Hillsborough riv., near the S. coast, with one of the best harbours in the adjacent seas. Lat. 46° 16' N., Ion. 63° 7' W. Pop. 3,600. It is well built on gently rising ground ; princip. edifices, the court-house, episcopal and Scotch churches, several chapels, the barracks, and a fort. It has an academy en- dowed with 2101. a year, a national school, an iron foundry, a manuf. of coarse woollens, and ship- building.— II. the cap. of Dominica, on its W. coast, 21 m.S.E. Prince Rupert's bay. [Dominica.] Chabltox, an isl. of British N. America, in James' Bay. Lat. 52° N., Ion. 79° 60' W. CuAELTON, two tiishos. U. S., N. America. — I. Massachusetts, co. Worcester, 46 m. W.S.W. Boston. Pop. 2,117.-11. New York, 22 m. N.N.W. Albany. Pop. 1,933. Charlton, numerous pas., &c., of England. — I. CO. Kent, IJ m. N.E. Dover. Area 190 ac. Pop. 2,513.-11. CO. Wilts, 2^ m. N.E. Malmes- bury. Area 5,940 ac. Pop. 683.— III. (Abbots), CO. Glo'ster, 3 m. S.E. Winchoombe. Area 2,190 ac. Pop. 101 IV. {Adam), co. Somerset, 7 m. S.W. Castle-Carey. Area3,910ac. Pop. 472.— V. {Horethome), co. Somerset, 4^ m. S.W. Wincan- ton. Area 2,340 ac. Pop. 469.— VI. (Kings), 00. Glo'ster, 2 m. S.E. Cheltenham. Area 6,020 ac. Pop. 3,232. — VII. (Machrel), co. Somerset, 2 m. E. Somerton. Area included with Charlton- Adam. Pop. 405.— VIII. (Marshall), co. Dorset, 2 m. S. Blandford-Forum. Area 2,100 ac. Pop. 395 — IX. (Musgrave), co. Somerset, 1 m. N.N.E. Wincanton. Area 2,180 ao. Pop. 409.— X. (next Woolwich), co. Kent, 8 m. S.E. London. Area 1,250 ac. Pop. 2,665. The vill. is pictu- resquely situated on elevated ground near the Thames. It has an interesting church, and a stately manor-house in the Elizabethan style. Fair on St Luke's day, called " Horn Fair," from the custom of carrying small horns, probably in honour of St Luke's bull, and formerly notorious for rather indecent mummeries, which gave rise to the saying, " all is fair at Horn Fair." — XI. (on Otmoor), co. Oxford, 4^ m. S.W. Bicester. Area 1,810 ac. Pop. 658.— XII. (Westport), co. Wilts, 4 m. S.W. Pewsey. Ac. 1,290. Pop. 201. Chablwood, a pa. of Engl., co. Surrey, 6 m. S.S.W. Reigate. Area 6,290 ae. Pop. 1,291. Charly, sevl. vills. of France ; the chf. in dep. Aisne, cap. cant., 42 m. S.S.W. Laon. Pop. 1,603. Chaelvnch, a pa, of England, co. Somerset, i m. W. Bridgewater. Area 1,900 ac. P. 215. Chabmbs-sdb-Mosellb, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vosges, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Mo- selle, here crossed by a bridge of 10 arches, 15 m. N.W. Epinal. Pop. 3,011. It has manufactures of lace, and extensive tanneries. Chabuet, German Galmis, a pa. and vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 14 m. S. Freyburg, in the high vaUey of same name, in which the finest of the celebrated Gruyere cheese is made. Chabminstee, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 2 m. N.N.W. Dorchester. Ac. 4,910. Pop. 827. Charmotjth, a pa, of Engl., co. Dorset, at the mouth of the small river Char, in the Eng. Chan- nel, 2 m. N.E. Lyme-Regis. Area 790 ac. Pop. 620. The vill. is a pleasant watering-place. In 1839 severe shocks of earthquake occurred in this vicinity, in some parts leaving the surface rent by huge chasms. Fossil remains are abundant. Chabneux, a vill. of Belgium, prov. and 10 m. E. Liege. Pop. 2,300. It has manufs. of cloth, and the ano. abbey of Val-Dieu. Charnock-Heath, a tnshp. of England, co. Lancashire, pa. Standish, 3 m, S.E. Chorley. Pop. 1,062 Charnoch Richard is a township in same pa., 3 m. W.S.W. Chorley. Pop. 784. Chaeny, a comm. and town of France, dep. Yonne, 16 m. S.W. Joigny. Pop. 1,065. ■ CiiABOLAis, an old subdivision of France in the prov. Burgundy, of which CharoUes was the cap., now comprised in the dep. Sa6ne-et-Loire. Chaeolles, a comm. & town of France, dep, Sa6ne-6t -Loire, cap. arrond., 28 m. W.N.W. Macon. Pop. (1846) 2,962. It stands between two hills, one crowned by a ruined castle of the Counts of Charolais. It is well-built, and has a chamber of commerce, a manuf. of crucibles, iron works, and trade in cattle, wine, and grain. CHA 310 CHA Chakonne, a comm. and vill. of Frauoe, dep. Seine, arrond. St Denis, adjoining Paris on the B. Pop. (1846) 5,433. Manufs. of chemical pro- ducts, wax candles, and colours. Chabost, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cher, arrond. & 16 m. S.W. Bourges. Pop. 1,239. Chabpet, a comm. and town of France, dep. DrSme, 9 m. B. Valence. Pop. 2,770. CHABBorx, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vienne, cap. cant., 30 m. S. Poitiers. Pop. 1,740. Here are the remains of a monastery founded in 786, and which was ricUy endowed by Charle- magne, hut destroyed during the religious wars. Chaes, a comm. & town of France, dep. Seine- et-Oise, arrond. & 11 m. N.W. Pontoise, on the Viosne. Pop. 1,019. It was formerly fortified, and has an old castle. Chabsfieu), a pa. of Bngland, co. SufFollc, 3^ m. W.N.W. Market-Wiokham. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 651. ChakshambIh, a town of Asia Minor, pash. Sivas, on the Teshil Irmak rir. (Iris), near where it flows into the Black Sea, after a N.W. course of nearly 300 m. This riv. has also the name of Charshamhdh Su. The dist. fertile & well cultiv. Chabt, several pas. of Bngland, co. Kent. — I. (Great), 2 m. W.S.W. Ashford. Ac. 3,190. Pop. 714. Fair, 1st Monday in April II. (Little), 2 m. S.W. of Charing. Area 1,590 ac. Pop. 300. — III. (next Sutton-Yalence), co. Kent, 4J m. S.S.E. Maidstone. Area 2,100 ac. Pop. 604. CnABTEE-HonsE-HiNTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 6 m. S.S.E. Bath. Ac. 2,890. Pop. 792. Chabtham, a pa. of Bngl., co. Kent, on the Stour, 3 m. W.S.W. Canterbury. Area 4,990 ac. Pop. 974. Fair, 29th June. The church, a spa- cious cruciform edifice, contains many monu- ments. On Chartham downs are a number of tumuli called in anc. documents " Danes' banks." Chaetre (La), a comm. and town of France, dep. Sarthe, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Loir, 25 m. S.E. LeMans. P.1,620. Trade in cattle and grain. Chabtbes, Autrieum, sl comm. and city of France, cap. dep. Eure-et-Loir, on a steep de- clivity beside the Bure, 47 m. S.W. Paris. Lat. 48° 26' 53" N.,lon. 1° 29' 20' E. Pop. (1846) 15,304. It is mostly 111 built ; the only remarkable edi- fices are the celebrated Gothic cathedral, the most perfect in France, two other remarkable churches, an episcopal palace, vast barracks, oc- cupying an old convent, a theatre, some portions of its old fortifications, comprising two gates ; & in one of the squares is an obehsk to the memory of Gen. Marcean, bom at Chartres in 1769. It has a society of agriculture, a pub. hbrary of 30,000 vols., manufs. of hosiery, hats, leather; pates in great repute, & its weeldy markets on Timrsday & Saturday are the largest in France for corn and flour. Chartres was long held by the Bng., fi-om whom it was taken by Dunois in 1432 : in its cathedral St Bernard preached the 2d crusade in 1145. It gave the title of Duke to the late eldest son of Louis-Philippe. CHAEXEEnsE, France. [Gbande Chakteeuse.] Chabwah, a town of India, Hindostan, prov. Candeish, Gwalior dom., 67 m. N.E. Boorhampoor. CHABWELTOK,apa. of Bngl., co. Northampton, 5 m. S.S.W. Daventry. Area 2,770 ac. Pop. 227. Chabtbdis, whirlpool. [Galopaeo.] Chaselet, a pa. of Bngland, co. Worcester, on the Severn, 3 m. S.W. Tewkesbury. Ac. 1,710. Pop. 364. Its church is very ancient. Chasgo, or Shushgao, a cluster of vills. and a fort, Afghanistan, at the highest part of the route between Ghuznee & Cabool, 10 m. N. Ghuznee, and 8,697 feet above the sea. Chasma, or Chassma, a riv. of militarj; Croatia, after a tortuous W. course of 55 m. joins the Lonya, 16 m. S.W. Belovar. Near their junc- tion is the vill. Chasma, with 450 inhabitants. Chasselas, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. SaSne -et-Loire, arrond. & 8 m. S.W. Mftcon. Pop. 360. It gives its name to the celebrated table grapes, 6,000 or 6,000 baskets of which are sent weekly in autumn to the markets of Paris. Chasseneuil, a comm. and town of France, dep. Charente, arrond. & 16 m. S.W. Confolens. Pop. 1821. — Also vills. deps. Indre and Vienne. Chassebal, a mntn. of Switzerland, one of the culminating points of the Jura range, cant. Bern, 9 m. W. Bienne, elevation 5,280 feet. Chasseeon, a mntn. of the Jura range, betw. the French dep. Doubs, & the Swiss cant. Vaud, 6 m. N.W. Yverdun ; elevation 5,280 feet. Chastlbtoh, a pa. of Bngl., co. Oxford, 6 m. N.W. Chipping-Norton. Area 1,640 ac. Pop. 239. A tumulus here marks the spot where Ed- mund Ironside defeated Canute in 1016. Chatauqhe, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in N.most part of N. York, on L. Erie. Area 1,017 sq. m. Pop. 47,975. It has a lake coast of 30 m. ; and about 5 m. from the lake, an elevated ridge, 1,400 feet high, divides the waters that flow into the lake, from those that take their course to the Gulf of Mexico.^ — Chief town of same name, near Portland, on Lake Brie. Pop. 2,980. — Lake Chataugue, in its vicinity, is 18 m. in length N. to . S., elev. 1,291 ft., navigable by steamboats, and connected by its outlet with the river Alleghany. CHATBijEN,a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Whalley, 2J m. B.N.B. Clitheroe. Pop. 611. Cha-Tchou, a fortified town, Chinese Turkes- tan, 260 m. S.S.B. Khamil. It has many Chinese inhabs., and an active trade, and is reported to be a trading post of importEmce. Chateau (Le), or Chateatjd'Oi.eeon, a comm. & fortfd. seaport town of France, dep. Charente Inf., arrond. and 6 m. N.W. Mai-ennes, on the S.B. point of the isl. of Oleron. Pop. 1,314. It . has a citadel, and trade in salt, wine, & brandy. Chateatjbbiant, a comm. and town of France, dep. Loire Inf., cap. cant., 35 m. N.N.E. Nantes. Pop. (1846) 3,088. It is built around the remains of a castle, founded 1015 ; and it has manufs. of woollen stuffs, and confectionary in high repute, with trade in iron, timber, oil, and corn. Chateau-Chai.on, a comm. & town of France, dep. Jura, arrond. and 6 m. E. Lons-le-Saunier, on r. b. of the Seille. Excellent wine produced in its vicinity. It had formerly an abbey. Chateau-Chinon, a comm. & town of France, dep. Nievre, cap. arrond., in a mntnous. dist., near r. b. of the Yonne, 37 m. E. Nevers. Pop. (1846) 2,845. It was formerly fortified, and has a ruined castle. Its inliabs. weave some coarse woollens, and trade in wine and wool. CHATEAu-n'ffix, or Chateau d'Oies, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Vaud, cap. dist., 22 m. E. Lausanne, on r. b. of the Sarine. Pop. 2,010. It has important cattle fairs, and ruins of the anc. chateau of the counts of Gruyfere. Chateau-du-Loie, a town & comm. of France, dep. Sarthe, cap. cant., on a Iiill, 23 m. S.S.E. Le Mans, near r. b. of the Loir. Pop. 2,736. It has manufs. of linens, cotton twist, and leather, and a brisk trade in grain and chesnuts. Chateaddun, a comm. and town of France, dep. Bure-et-Loir, cap. arrond., near 1. b. of the Loir, 26 m. S.S.W. Chartres. Pop. (1846) 5,766. It is handsome, having been almost wholly re- built since it was destroyed by fire in 1723; it has a castle, partly of the 10th century, a town- CHA 311 CHA haU, comm. college, and small public librai'y. Tanneries, and manufe. of blankets. Chateaugay, a tnshp., TJ. S., N. Amer., New York, on the navigable river of same name, 35 m. W.S.W. Champlain. Pop. 2,824. CHATEAuaiBON, a comm. and toivn of France, dep. Ble-et-Vilaine, cap. cant., arrond. and 9 m. S.E. Rennes. Pop. 1,453. It was formerly for- tified, and has manufs. of cottons. Chateau-Gontier, a comm. and town of France, dep. & on the Mayenne, here crossed by a stone briage, cap. arrond., 17 m. S.S.E. Laval. Pop. (1846) 6,254. It has a fine Gothic church, several hospitals, and manufs. of linen and wool- len fabrics, and bleach-grounds ; and it is the en- trepdt for the wine, slate, coal, &c., of the dep. Chateau-Haut-Brion, a hamlet of France, dep. Gironde, arrond. Libourne, with an exten- sive vineyard, producing one of the 4 finest growths of Bordeaux wine. Chatead-Latitte, a hamlet of France, dep. Gironde, arrond. Lesparre, with a small vineyard, producing one of the 4finest growths of Bordeaux wine. It yields about 400 hogsheads annually. CHATEAn-LANDON, a comm. & town of France, dep. Seine- et-Marne, cap. cant., arrond. and 16 m. S. Fontainebleau. Pop. 2,420 Chateau la VaUiere is a comm. and market town, dep. Indre-et-Loire, cap. cant., 19 m. N.W. Tours. Pop. 1,239. Chateau-Latodk, two contig. vineyards of France, dep. and on the Gironde, near Pauillao, and which yield some of the finest growths of claretwine. Chateau Leoville adjacent, produces a growth of wine ahnost equalling the foregoing. Chateauldt, a comm. and town of France, dep. Finistfere, cap. arrond., on the Aulne, 13 m. N. Qnimper. Pop. (1846) 1,623. Trade in slates, salmon, pilchards, com, and cattle. Chateait-Margadx, a famous vineyard of France, dep. and on the Gironde, 14 m. N."W. Bordeaux. It produces one of the first growths of claret wine. The villa, whence its name, be- longs to the heirs of the Spanish Marq. d'Aguado. Chateacmeillant, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cher, cap. cant., 21 m. S.S.E. Bourges. Pop. 1,710. It has an old castle. Chateauneuf, numerous comms., small towns, and vills. of France. — I. {sur Charente), dep. and on 1. b. of the Charente, cap. cant, 11 m. W.S.W. Angoul^me. Pop. 1,798. It has a trade in brandy, wine, and salt, and a large market on the 16th day of each month. — II. {sur Cher), dep. and on an Lsl. in the Cher, cap. cant., arrond. & 12 m. N.W. St Amand. Pop. 2,041—111. (du Faou), dep. Finistere, cap. cant., on the Aulne, 17 m. N.E. Quunper. Pop. 2,506.— IV. {sur Loire), dep. Loiret, cap. cant., 14 m. E.S.E. Orleans. Pop. 2,478.— V. {de Mazeno), dep. Drome, 9 m. E. Mont^limart. Pop. 1,698.— VI. {de Randon), dep. Lozere, cap. cant., 12 m. N.E. Mende. Pop. 607. It was formerly fortified, and has 9 annual fairs. The famous Duguesclin died in 1380, while be- sieging C. de Kandon, then in possession of the English.— VII. {du Rh6ne), dep. Dr6me, arrond. and 6 m. S. Mont^imart, on 1. b. of the RhOne, opposite Viviera. Pop. 1,333. Commerce in red wine. — VIII. {rur Sarthe), dep. Maine-et-Loire, cap. cant., 16 m, N.N.E. Angers, on r. b. of the Sarthe. Pop. 1,416.— IX. {en Sretagne), a fortified town, dep. lUe-et-Vilaine, an'ond. and 6 m. S.E. St Malo. Pop. 756.— X. {en Thymerais), dep. Eure-et-Loir, cap. cant., 16 m. N.W. Chartres. Pop. 1,156.— XI. {Val de Bargis), dep. Nifevre, arrond. and 16 m. S.E. Cosne. Pop. 2,067. Chatead-Ponsat, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Vienne, cap. cant., arrond. and 9 m. E. Bellac, on r, b. of the Gartempe. Pop. 3,874. Chateau-Pobcien, acomm. & town of France, dep. Ardennes, cap. cant., on the Aisne, 26 m. S.W. Mezieres. Pop. 2,463. Manufs. flannels. Chatead-Renard, a comm. & town of France, dep. Loiret, cap. cant., 10 m. E.S.E. Montargis. Pop. 1,477 II. dep. Bouches du Rhfine, 19 m. N.E. Aries, near 1. b. of the Durance. P. 4,744. It has the remains of a castle of the 12th century. Chateau-Renault, a comm. & town of France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, cap. cant., on the Brenne, 17 m. N.E. Tours. Pop. 3,079. Manufs. of coarse woollens. Its castle, founded in the 11th century. Chateaukoux, a comm. and town of France, cap. dep. Indre, in a plain on the Indre, and at the terminus of the railw. from Orleans, 61 m. S.E. Tours. Pop. (1846) 12,554. Principal edi- fice, the castle, long the prison of the Princess of Cond^, niece of Richelieu, which now serves for the town-hall. It is the seat of a court of assize, chambers of commerce and manufs., a society of arts and agriculture. Manufs. com- prise strong woollens, in which from 1,800 to 2,000 hands are engaged, cutlery, hats, hosiery, paper, parchment, and military equipments ; it has also an active trade in woollen yarn, leather, iron, cattle, and lithogr. stones of superior quality. Birthplace of General Bertrand II. a comm. and vill., dep. H. Alpes, arrond. and 3 m. N.N.E. Embrun. Pop. 1,772. Chateau-Salins, a comm. & town of France, dep. Meurthe, cap. arrond., 17 m. N.E. Nancy. Pop. (1846) 2,521. It has some remains of forti- fications, & a castle of the 13th century, to which, and to some government salt-works abandoned in 1826, it owes its name. Chateau-Thierkt, a comm. & town of France, dep. Aisne, cap. arrond., on the Marne, across which it communics. with a considerable subm:b, by a bridge of 3 arches, 37 m. S.S.W. Laon. Pop. (1846) 4,147. It stands on a declivity, crowned by the remains of a vast castle, founded by Charles Martel in 720 for Thierry iv., whence its name. It is the birthplace of La Fontaine, and has a marble monument to his memory. Chateau- Villain, a comm. & town of France, dep. H. Marne, arrond and 11 m. S.W. Chau- mont, cap. cant. Pop. 1,930. Chatelaudken, and Chateldon, two comms. and towns of France ; the former, dep. C6tes-du- Nord, cap. cant., 10 m. W. St Brieuc. Pop. 964. Manuf. coarse woollen stuffs. The latter, dep. Puy de Dome, cap. cant., arrond. and 9 m. N. Thiers. Pop. 1,752. Min. springs & baths. Chatelet, a town of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on r. b. of the Sambre, 4 m. E. Charleroi. Pop. (1842) 2,971. Manufs. woollen cloth & leather. Ciiatelet (Le), a comm. and town of France, dep. Cher, 11 m. S.S.W. Amand. Pop. 1,368. Chatellbrault, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vienne, cap. arrond., on the Vienne, across which it communicates with a suburb by a stone bridge, 18 m. N.N.E. Poitiers. Pop. (1846) 9,738. It is one of the principal seats of the manuf. of French cutlery, the production of which occupies about 600 families. It has an old castle (whence its name), a theatre, exchange, hospital, national manuf. of arms, and a large trade in millstones, wines, dried fruits, and agricultural produce. James Hamilton, the 2d Earl of Awan, Regent of Scotland, received the dukedom of Chateller- ault from Henri ii. in 1648, as the price of his consent to the marriage of his ward. Queen Mary, with the dauphin Francis. CiiATEi, St Denis, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, CHA 312 (,■ U A and 23 m. S.W. Freiburg, with a castle on the Vevaise riv., here crossed ^ a stone bridge. Chatgl St Denis sub-Moeglle, a oomm. and town of France, dep. Epinal, on the Moselle, 10 m. N. Vosges. Pop. 1,265. Chatelus, a oomm. and vill. of France, dep. Creuse, cap. cant., 12 m. N.E. Gueret. P. 1,438. Chatbnat, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine, 5m. S.8.W. Paris. Birthplace of Voltaire. Chatenois, sev. comms. & towns of France. — I. dep. B. Khin, 25 m. S.S.W. Strasbourg. Pop. (1846) 3,660.-11. a comm. and vill., dep. H. Rhin, 5 m. S. Belfort. Pop. 1,128 III. a comm. and town, dep. Vosges, cap. cant., 7 m. S.E. Neuf ■ chateau. Pop. 1,593. Manufacture of lace. Chatham, a pari, bor., riv., port, naval arsenal, town, and pa. of Engl., on the B. bank of the ^edway, & on the old London & Dover road, 30 m. E.S.E. London. Pop. of pa. 15,411 ; do. of pari. bor. 17,903. It consists chiefly of one long, narrow, winding street, forming a continuation of the city of Rochester, and mostly accompany- ing the course of the Medway, which here begins to widen into its estuary. It is flanked on the £. and S. by heights partly built on and crowned ■with several forts. Town well paved & lighted, and has many good shops ; but with exception of its noble dockyard & handsome military suburb of Brompton, it presents little worthy of notice. Principal edifices, the pa. church, a modem building, embodying a small part of the original Norman structure ; a charity hospital, reputed to have been founded by Bishop Gundulph in 1078, with an ann. rev. of 3,000Z. ; a small seamen's hos- pital, rev. ail. ; a proprietary school, & a literary institution with a museum. The milit. & naval establishments, separated from the town and the country beyond by a line of fortifications, com- prise large and very handsome infantry, marine, engineer, and artillery barracks, a school for en^neers, and a noble marine hospital, the dockyard and arsenal, founded in the reign of Elizabeth, and now surrounded by a wall enclos- ing 90 ac. The dockyard, inferior only to those of Portsmouth and Plymouth, contains 6 tide- docks, and 6 building slips for vessels of the largest size ; with saw^jnills, forges, machinery- works, roperies, &o.; the latter has ordnance- ranges, an armoury, officers, & artificers' quarters, & a chia,pel. Moored in the river opposite, are hulks for convicts who labour in the yard. The pop. of Chatham is almost entirely engaged in the military and naval establishments, or in the retail trade arising out of the presence of the government works. Mkt., Sat. Fairs, May 15 and Oct. 20. Races in August. The bor. has no munic. jurisdiction ; but it now sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 893. In the last century it gave the title of Earl to the cele- brated statesman, the elder Pitt. In 1667, the Dutch under De Ruyter sailed up the Medway, and, in spite of the farts on its banks, succeeded in burning many vessels and stores, Chatham, two cos,, U. S,, N Amer,— I, in centre of N. Carolina, Area 858 sq, m. Pop, 16,242, of whom 8,816 are slaves II, on S,E. of Georgia, on the Savannah riv. Area 405 sq, m. Pop, 18,801, of whom 11,331 are slaves Also several tnshps I. Massachusetts, on the S.E. point of Cape Cod, 75 m. S.E. Boston. Pop. 2,334, mostly employed in the fisheries & in salt- works. It has a good harbour on the Atlantic. —II, Connecticut, 16 m. S, Hartford, Pop, 3,413. —HI, New Jersey,66 m. N.N,E. Trenton. P. 2,138. Chatham, a vill. of New Brunswick, co. Nor- thumberland, on the riv. Miramichi, near its mth. II, a vill. Upper Canada, W, dist., co, Kent, oii the Thames, 18 m, from its mouth in L. St Clair. Chatham (Bav), U. S., N, Amer,, Florida, Gulf of Mexico, bounded by Capes Sable and St Bo- mans, — (Gape), W, Australia, dists, Lanark and Stirling, 28 m, S,E, Point d'Entrecasteaux. Chatham (Islanus), a group, S. Pacific, about 380 m. E, New Zealand. Lat. of C. Toung,-43° 48' S., Ion. 176° 58' W. They consist of Wairi- kaori-(Chatham), Pitt, and some smaller isls., the first being about 90 m. in circumference, of which about l-3d part is productive. Coasts rooky; surface undulating and often marshy ; products similar to those of N. Zealand,— II. a group m the Radack chain, N. Pacific Ocean, Lat. 9° N., Ion. 179° SC E.— III. (Jsland), off the W. coast of Patagonia, 30 m. S. Wellington isl. — ^IV. one of the Galapagos isl.. Pacific Ocean. Excellent coal has lately been discovered here. — V. Chatham (Port), an inlet on the E, coast of the S. Anda- man isl.. Bay of Bengal. — VI. (Sound), Rnss. Ajner., lat. 56° 30', Ion. 133° W., separates Geo, III., and Prince of Wales' archipelagoes. Chatillon, numerous comms., towns, & vills. of France. — I. dep, Drfime, cap. cant., 32 m. E.S.E. Valence. Pop. 1,195.— 11.— {CaHellio), dep. Rhone, arrond. & 9 m. S.S.W. Villefirauche, on the Azerque, Pop, 841, — ^III, (en Bazois), dep, Nievre, arrond, & 15 m, W, Chateau-Chinou, on the Aron, Pop, 1,012. — IV. (jsur Colmoni), dep. and 11 m. W.N.W. Mayenne. Pop. 2,536. — V. (lee Dombes), dep. Ain, cap. cant., arrond. and 16 m. N.N.E. Trevoux, on the Chalaronne. Pop. 2,070. — VI. (sur Indre), dep. and on 1. b. of the Indre, cap. cant., 27 m. W.N.W, Chateau- roux. Pop, 2,507 VII, (mr Loing), dep. Loiret, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Loing and the Briare canal, 13 m. S.E. Montargis. Fop. 2,019. Adm. Coligny was born here in 1616. — VIII. (sur Loire), dep. Loiret, cap. cant., 44 m. E.S,E. Orleans. Pop. 2,003 IX. (mr Mame), dep. and on 1. b. of the Mame, cap. cant., 29 m. W.N.W. Chalons. Pop. 248. Birth-pl. of Pope Urban ii.— X. (dt Michaille), dep. Ain, cap. cant., 26 m. E.S.E. Bourg. Pop. 1,463. — XI. (sur Sadne), dep. Vos- ges, 9 m. S.S.E. Lamarche. — XII. (sur Seine),' dep. Cote d'Or, cap. arrond., 43 m. N.N.W., Di- jon, on the Seine. Pop. (1846) 4,611. It has sev. good public buildings, with a castle and a park, long the property of the Marmont family, and in which, until lately, some model agric. and iron- working estabs. existed. Manufs. of woollen & linen fabrics, hats, leather, and paper goods. In Feb. 1814, a conference was held here between Napoleon & the Allies. — XIII. (sur Sivre), dep. Deux S6vres, arrond. and 14 m. W.N.W. Bres- suire, on rt. b. of the Sfevre Nantaise, formerly fortified, and previous to 1737 named MauUon, Pop. 935.— XIV. (en Vendelms), dep. lUe-et-Vi- laine, arrond. and 8 m. N. Vitre. Pop. 1,642. Chatillon, a town of the Sard, sta., prov. and 12 m. E. Aosta, on 1. b, of the Dora-Baltea, Pop, 2,472, Near it are the ruins of anc, Roman bridge, Chatlev, a hamlet of England, co, Essex, pa. Great Leighs. Pop, 564, Chatmoss, an extensive morass of England, CO, Lajieaster, mostly in the pa, Eccles, about 10 ra. W, Manchester, Area about 6,000 ao. A large portion of it has been dramed, and now yields good crops. It is crossed by the Liver- pool and Manchester railway. Chaton, a vill. of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, with a sta. on the Paris and St Germains r^lw., which here crosses the Seine, 3 m. E. St Germains. Chatonnat, a comm, and town of France, dep. Isfere, 15 m, E,S.E. Vienne. Pop. 3,056. CIIA 313 CIIA CiiATRE (La), a comm. and town of France, dep. Indre, cap. arrond., 22 m. S.E. Chateauroux, on the Indre. Pop. (1846) 4,078. It has the remnant of a castle, a fine church, extens. leather and woollen factories, & an active trade in wool, goat skins, and chesnuts. Chatsoo, a decayed town of British India, presid. Bengal (upp. provs), dist. & 24 m. S.S.E. Ajmeie, and formerly of lar^e extent. Chatswobth, the magnificent seat of the D. of Devonshire, and perhaps the most splendid private residence in England, co. Derby, in a beautiful park, about 10 m. in circ, watered by the Derwent, 3J m. N.E. Bakewell. The man- sion is in lie Ionic style, and consists of a superb quadrangular edifice with a central court, built in 1706, and from which runs, parallel to its front, a long range of modern building, terminating in a tower. The furniture, books, paintings, & statuary which it contains, are ex- tremely choice ; in the gardens are a new gigan- tic conservatory, enclosing an area of about lac, with water-works, considered to be, with excep- tion of those at Versailles, the first in Europe. In the earlier mansion of Chatsworth, Mary, Qn. of Scots, spent a consid. portion of her captivity. Chattahoochee, a riv., U. S., N. Amer., rises in the Appalachian rrmtns., flows S., forming a eonsiden&le portion of the boundary between Alabama and Georgia, and after a total course of nearly 400 m., joins Flint riv., to form the Ap- palachicola, 40m. N.W. Tallahassee. It is navi- gable to Columbus, tiiroughont the lower 2-5ths of its course. — The vill. Chattahoochee, on the Appalachicola, was formerly a U. States arsenal. Chattebis, a pa. of England, co. Cambridge, 10 m. N.W. Ely. Area 15,090 ac. Pop. 4,813. Chattebfoob, or Chdtteepobe, a town of Hindostan, Bnndelcund, cap. Rajahship, 73 m. S.E. Jhansi, formerly of high commercial import- ance, and still having manufs. of coarse cotton. Chattisham, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 4^ m. E.S.E. Hadleigb. Area 2,480 ac. Pop. 215. Chatton, a pa. of England, co. Northumber- land, 4i m. E. Wooler. Ac. 1,638. Pop. 1,725. Chattba, Kshetra, a town of N. Hindostan, Nepaul, in lat. 26° 63' N., Ion. 87° 4' E., with a temple of Vishnn,greatly resorted to by devotees. Chaudes-aisues, Calentes Agiice, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cantal, cap. cant., arrond. and 12 m. S.S.W. Saint Flour. Pop. 1,422. It is an old rustic-looking town, in a narrow gorge, with remarkable hot springs, varying in temp. from 98° to 212° Fahr.; they are extensively used for baths, for washing fleeces, ^nd warming the houses of the town. Near it is the ruined Fort ff Anglais, so called from having been twice held by the English in the 14th centuij. Chatidfontaike, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov., arrond. and 4 m. S.E. Liege, on r. b. of the Vesdre. Pop. 973. It has thermal springs. Temp. 104° Fahr. The vill. is finely situated, re- sembling Matlock, & its baths are well frequented. Chaudiebe, a lake and a riv. of Lr. Canada ; the lake is an enlargement of the Ottawa riv., 55 m. N.N.W, Johnstown; the river joins the St Lawrence about 7 m. above Quebec, after a N.N.W. course of 90 m.— The Falls of the Chau- diere are about 2J m. from tbe riv. mouth. The stream is innavigable ; but the scenery on its banks is very picturesque. Chahffailles, a comm. and town of France, dep. Sa6ne-et-Loire, cap. cant., 24 m. W.S.W. Macon. Pop. 3,570. It has a manuf. of linens. Chaumont, a comm. and town of France, cap. dep. H. Marne, on a height between the Maine and Suize, 134 m. E.S.E. Paris. Pop. (1840) 6,608. Streets steep, but it is pretty well built, and possesses some good public edifaces, among which is a triumphal arch begun by Napoleon, & completed under Louis xviii. It has a tribunal of commerce, and a public library of 36,000 vols., with manufs. of coarse woollens, druggets, linen and cotton yarn, and gloves, and a considerable trade in iron and iron-wares. Here, on the 1st March 1814, the ministers of the allied powers concluded a treaty against Napoleon, contingent on his refusal to accept the terms proposed at Chatillon. — II. a comm. & town, dep. Oiso, cap. cant., 14 m. S.W. Beauvais. Pop. 1,126. It is well built and paved, and has manufs. of leather. — III. {sur Loire), a comm. & vill., dep. Loir-et- Cher, on the Loire, 10 m. S.W. Blois. It has a castle, onee the residence of Catherine di Medi- cis, and in which Cardinal Amboise was born in 1460. — III. a vill. of Savoy, prov. Carouge, 9 m. W. St Julian. Pop. 1,000. It was formerly fortified. Its castle, ancient residence of the Dukes of Nemours, was ruined in the war of the 16th century. Chaunv, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aisne, cap. cant., mostly on an isl. in the Oise, at the commencement of the Canal de St Quentin, 18 m. W.N.W. Laon. Pop. (1846) 5,404. It has an active trade in cider, linen cloths, & hosiery ; and it is a dep6t for charcoal and timber. Chausset, a group of bare and rocky isls. in the Engl, channel, 8 m. from the coast of France, opposite Granville. They supply excellent gi'a- nite, which is exported to Paris, &o. ; and on the largest isl. is a small grazing farm. Chaussin, a comm. and town of France, dep. Jura, cap. cant., arrond. and 9 m. S.S.W. Dole, nearl. b. oftheDoubs. Pop. 1,328. Chauvighy, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vienue, an'ond. and 18 m. N.W. Montmorillon, on rt. b. of the Vienne. Pop. 1,768. It has manufs. of druggets, and ruins of 3 feudal castles. Chaux-db-Fond (La), a pa. and town of Switzerl., cant, and 9 m. N.W. Neufchatel. Pop. 8,481. It is situated at the foot of a narrow and savage gorge of the Jura, at an elev. of 3,070 ft. above the sea, and covers an extensive space ; each cottage being surrounded by a garden. With Locle, this is the chief seat of the mannf. of the celebrated watches of the canton; in 1836 the number of gold & silver watches manufd. here was 108,295, while in 1774 the total number was 300. ChoMx-du-Milim is a vill. 9 m. S.S.W. the above, with important manufs. of chains for the movement of watches. Chavanoes, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aube, cap. cant., arrond. and 19 m. E. Arcis-sur- Aube. Pop. 1,081. Manufs. of cotton goods. Chaves, Aqua Flamee, a fortfd. town of Portu- gal, prov. Trag-os-Montes, 44 m. W. Braganza, on rt. b. of the Tamega. Pop. 6,000. Its fortife. are in ruins. There is here a Roman bridge of 18 arches on the riv. It has hot saline springs (temp. 129° Fahr.), and baths well frequented. Chaves, or Villa-bo-Ecdadob, a marit. town of Brazil, prov. Pari, on the N. coast of the isl. Maraio, at the mouth of the Amazon. Lat. 0° 20' S., Ion. 49° 40' W.— II. The cap. town of the island St Thomas, Gulf of Guinea. [Santa (Anna de Chaves),;). 1137.] _ Cii AviLLE, a vill. of France, dep. Seme-et-Oise, on the Seine, and Paris and Versailles railway, 1 m. E. Versailles. Pop. 1,662, CiiAWLET, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 2 m. S.S.E. Chumleigh. Area 6,020 ac. Pop. 860. Fairs, May 6, Dec. 11. CHA 311 C hi 14 CHiWTON, a pa. of England, co. Hants, IJ m. S.S.W. AJton. Area 2,870 ac. Pop. 460. Chayanta, a town of Bolivia, dep. Potosi, cap. prov., 55 m. N. Potosi. Chatab, a t. of Chinese Turkestan, on the Cha- yarriv., affl. of Erghen. Lat. 41° 5' N.,!on. 83° E. Chayehpoob, a fortified town of Nepaul, 130 m. S.E. Khatmandoo, cap. a dist., which exports to Tibet rice, wheat, oil, ghee, metals, cotton & woollen cloths, timber, spices, sugar, tobacco, & pearls, partly in transit from Hindostan ; receiv- ing in return salt, gold and silver, musk, skins, and Chinese wares. Chaylabd (La), a comm. and town of France, dep. Ardfeohe, cap. cant., arrond. and 28 m. S.W. Tournon, on rt. b. of the Dome. Pop. 2,353. It has salt-mines, tanneries, and trade in cattle. Chazy, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, on Lake Champlain, and watered by Chazy riv., which falls into the lake. Pop. 3,684. Chazelles-sbb-Lyok, a comm. and town of France, dep. Loire, 16m. E. Montbrison. P. 1,920. Cheadle, a market town and pa. of England, CO. Stafford, 8 m. E.S.E. Stoke-on-Trent. Area of pa. 6,730 ac. Pop. 4,399. The town is plea- santly situated in a valley, has a curious old church raised on an artificial mount, originally formed by anc. Britons, aKoman Catholic chapel, small free school, and union work-house. Coal and limestone abound in the vicinity. Copper, brass, and tin worlds, and amanuf. of cotton tape, are carried on. Market, Friday. Fairs, Jan. 1, Mar. 25, Holy Thursday, Aug. 21, Oct. 18.— II. a pa., CO. Chester, with a station on the Man- chester and Birmingham railway, 2| m. S. Stock- port. Area 6,470 ac. Pop. 10,145, mostly en- gaged in cotton factories and print works. — Cheadle Bulkeey and C. Moseley, are townships in the same pa. ; the former on the Macclesfield branch of the Manchester and Birmingham rail- way, with 6,463 inhabs. ; the latter 2,288 inhabs. Cheam, a pa. of Engl., co. Surrey, 1^ m. E.N.E. Ewell, with a station on the London and Epsom railw., 9m. S.W.London. Area 1,830 ac. P. 1,109. Cheaput, a small town and important military post, Scinde, 102 m. N. by E. Hyderadad. Lat. 26° 52' N., Ion. 68° 34' E. Cheaesley, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 3 m. N.N.E. Thame. Area 1,12-0 ac. Pop. 308. Chebsey, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, 2 m. E. Eccleshall. Area 3,760 ac. Pop. 442. Chebuoto and Chedabuoto, two bays, Nova Scotia ; the former near Halifax, the latter at the E. extremity of the isl., opposite Cape Breton. Chebyu, a vill. of Lower Egypt, prov. Menouf, with a gov. school and a cotton factory, having some years ago 70 spinning jennies and 30 card- ing machines, set in motion by oxen. Checa, a town of Spain, prov. & 77 m. E.N.E. Guadalaxara. Pop. 1,201. It has manufs. of iron goods. Checing, a town of Poland, 9 m. S.W. Kielce, ontheCzarna. Pop. 3,000, mostly Jews. There are quarries of fine marble in its vicinity. Checkendon, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, near the Chiltern hills, '7 .J m. S. Watlington. Area 2,800 ac. Pop. 398. Checkley (and Tean), a pa. of England, co. Stafford, SJ m. N.W. TJttoxeter. Area 5,710 ac. Pop. 2,322, partly employed in cotton manufs. Charities numerous. Fairs, April 10 and Nov. 12 — ChecMey with Writwhill, is a township, co. Chester, on the London and Birmingham railw., 12 m. N.W. Stafford. Pop. 213. Chboo, a vill. of Chile, dep. Coqnimbo, 6 m. E. Copiapo, with, some rich copper mines. formerly yielding annually 12,000 quintals of ore, containing 70 per cent.of metal. Chedabucto Bay. [Chebuoto.] Chedbueoh, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 8 m. N.N.E. Clare. Area 550 ac. Pop. 284. Cheodab, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 2 mi S.E. Axbridge. Area 6,690 ac. Pop. 2,325^ partly employed in knitting hose. The vill., at the entrance of a deep rocky gorge of the Mendip hais, has a handsome church, an endowed charity school, and a beautiful old mar- ket cross. The famous Cheddar cheese is pro- duced in this pa. In the Cheddar cliffs are some curious caverns. Cheddington, a pa. of Engl., co Bucks, with a station on the London and Birmingham railw., 4 m. N. Tring. Area 1,170 ac. Pop. 439. Cheddleton, a pa. of England, co. Stafford, 2} m. S.W. Liek. Area 9,080 ac. Pop. 1,824. Cheddon-Fitzpaine, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 3 m. N.E.Ilohester. Ac. 1,050. P. 357. Chedgbave, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 7 m. N.N.W. Beccles. Area 900 ac. Pop. 348. Chedington, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset. 17 m. N.W. Dorchester, on a height commanding fine views. Area 2,690 ac. Pop. 186. Chediston, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 2 m. W. Halesworth. Area 1,910 ac. Pop. 433. It has a town's estate and an alms-house. Chebuba, an isl.. Further India, British prov. Araoan, in the Bay of Bengal. Lat. 18° 52' N., Ion. 93° 27' E. Area 300 sq. m. Pop. (1831) he-- tween 5,000 and 6,000. Shape circular, soil fer- tile, producing good crops of rice, hemp, cotton, sugar, and tobacco ; and its cattle are esteemed good. Public revenue (1831) 1,2121. The isl. was captured from the Burmese in 1824. Chedworth, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 4J m. S.W. Northleach. Area 4,890 ac. Pop. 984. Chebzoy, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 3 m. E. Bridgewater. Area 1,570 ac. Pop. 607. Chee- choo, or Tchi-tohotj, a city of China, prov. Ngan-Holi, cap. dep., near the Tang-tze- kiang, 20 m. N.E. Ngan-Mng. Cheeka, a city of Chinese Turkestan, 75 m. E.S.E. Khoten, said to comprise 2,000 houses. A good deal of silk is produced in its vicinity. Cheeeun, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. Sarun, on the Ganges, E. Chuprah, to which it is united by a continuous line of viDs. Cheetam, a chapelry of Lancaster, pa. and IJ m. N.N.W. Manchester, & comprised in its bor. Area 1,110 ac. P. 6,082. At Cheetham hill, many Manchester manufacturers have handsome resids. Chef (St.), a comm. and town of France, dep. Isfere, 34 m. N.W. Grenoble. Pop. 3,411. In its vicinity good red wine is produced. Chef-Boctonne, a comm. & toivn of France, dep. Deux-S6vres, cap. cant., 24 m. S.E. Niort. Pop. 1,372. It has manufactures of druggets. Chehi, meaning " forty," a prefixed name of — I. {C. Tan or Kohi-chihulton, "mountain of forty bodies"), a lofty mountain, Beloochistan, immediately S. Moostung. Lat. 29° 40' N., Ion. 66° 55' E II. {C. Bucha Gum, "the forty lost children "), a place of pilgiimage, Afghanistan! 6 m. S.W. Ghuznee.— III. (C Dochtur, "m forty virgins"), a shrine, Afghanistan. Lat. 36° 7' N., Ion. 62° 9' E. Curious Mohammedan le- gends attach to all these localities. Chek-choo, or CnEAG-Tcnn, a viU. of Hong- kong, on a bay, near the S. extrem. of the island. Pop. (1848) 800, employed in trade & farming. Che-kiang, a maritime prov. of Chma, mosUy between lat. 28° and 31° N., and Ion. 118° & 121° E., having E. the Pacific Ocean, and on other C H E 315 CHE fides the Kiang, provs. Ngan-lioei and Fo-kien. Pop. according to official report (1825) 26,266,784. Surface greatly diversified, & theprov. is travers- ed by the Great canal. Coasts abrupt & greatly indented. It is one of the most fertile & commer- cial provs. of China. Silk is the principal article of export : other products are tea in the S., cotton, indigo, fruits, camphor, and coal. Its manufs. of silks, crape, gold and silver stuffs, and paper, are in high repute throughout the empire, and large quantities of fermented liquors are made in this prov. Che-kiang, comprising the Chusan isls., is subdivided into 11 deps. Chief cities, Hang- chow-foo, Ning-po, Chao-hing, Ouen-chow, and Chapoo. [For other Chinese names not found tmder Ch, see Ton.] Chelborotjqh, two pas. of Engl., co. Dorset. — I. (East), 5J m. N.E. Beaminster. Area 1,450 ac. Pop. 96.— II. {West), 5 m. N.N.E. Beamin- ster. Area 590 ac. Pop. 58. Cheldon, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 3 m. E,S.E. Chumleigh. Area 1,610 ac. Pop. 90. Chelek, a vill. of Asiatic Turkey, pash. Diar- bekir, sanj. and 15 m. S.W. Sert, with irom 400 to 500 houses of Koords and Jacobite christians, and a strong rock fortress. Chelford, a chapelry of England and station on the Manchester and Birmingham railway, 14 m. N.E. Crewe. Chelicot, a town of Abyssinia, kingdom of Tigre, 10 m. E. Antalo, and having one of the most gaudily decorated churches in the country. Chelindbeh, a small seaport town of Asia Minor, pash. Ifshil, 40 m. "W.S.W. Selefkich. Chell, a tnship. of England, co. Stafford, pa. ■Wolstanton, 4| m. N.N.E. Newcastle -under- Lyne. Pop. 602. Chellaston, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, 4^ m. S.S.E. Derby. Area 810 ac. Pop. 461. Chelles, Celltz, a comm. & town of France, dep. Seine-et-Mame, near r. b. of the Marne, 10 m. E. Paris. Pop. 1,632. It had formerly one of the most celebrated abbeys in France, found- ed by the Queen of Clovis. Chelleswoeth, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, IJ m. S.W. Bildeston. Area 610 ac. Pop. 284. Cheleington, a pa. of England, co. Bedford, ontheOuse, 5 m. N.E. Olney. Ac. 610. P. 125. Chellumbbum, a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. & 103 m. S.E. Arcot, near mouth of Coleroon riv., & having some remark, pagodas. Chelm, a town of Poland, gov. & 42 m. E.S.E. Lublin. Pop. 2,900. It has a fine convent and a Greek seminary. The Poles were defeated here by the Russians, June 4, 1794. Chelmarsh, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, on the Severn, 3^ m. S.E. Bridgnorth. Ac. 3,190. P. 495. Chelmee, a river of Engl., co. Essex, rises near Thaxted, & flows S.E. by Dunmow and Chelms- ford, to Maldon, where it joins the Blackwater after a course of 30 m. It is navigable for its last 10 m. between Chelmsford and Maldon. Chelmondiston, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 5J m. S.S.E. Ipswich. Area 1,840 ac. Pop. 664. Chei-msfobd, a market town and pa. of Engl., cap. CO. Essex, on the Eastern Union railway, at the confl. of the Chelmer andCann rivs., respec- tively crossed here by a beautiful iron and an elegant stone bridge, 20 m. E.N.E. London. Area of pa. 1,760 ac. Pop. 6,789. The town is well buUt and lighted ; many of its houses have gardens extending to the rivers. Principal build- ings, the pa. church, a stately fabric in the deco- rated style, lately rebuilt ; the grammar school, founded by Edward iv., rev. 488?. ; a handsome co.-hall, comprising the assize-court, elegant as- sembly-rooms and corn-exchange, co. jail & ho. of correction, theatre, public conduit. The town is the seat of assizes and local courts ; it has no manufs., but its retail trade &; grain markets are extens. Market day, Frid. Fairs May & Nov. 12. Chelmsford, a tnship. of the U. S., N. Amer., Massachusetts, co. Middlesex, 21 m. N.N.W. Bos - ton. Pop. 1,697, who manuF. glass & iron wares, and export granite by the Middlesex canal. Chelona, a mountain on the N. frontier of Greece, 15 m. E.S.E. Arta, the most conspicuous of those encircling the Gulf of Arta on the E., 6,312 feet in elevation, and named from a sup- posed resemblance to a tortoise. Chelsea, a pa. of Engl., co. Middlesex, form- ing a populous S.W. suburb of London, on the N. bank of the Thames, here crossed by a wooden bridge communicating with Battersea, 4j^ m. W.S.W. St Paul's. Area 780 ac. Pop. 40,179. It has many handsome thoroughfares and terraces, mingled with others of a very inferior descrip- tion : amongst the former are Sloane Street, the King's Road, and the line of old mansions along the river termed Cheyne Walk. Its principal edifice is the noble hospital for superannuated soldiers, founded in the time of Charles ii., through the influence, it is said, of Nell Gwynne, and completed by Sir C. Wren in the reign of William iii., 1692. It is a brick edifice with stone porticoes, laid out in three quadrangles, surrounded by spacious grounds stretching to the river. The establishment supports about 650 in- pensioners, and from 70,000 to 80,000 out-pen- sioners, and its expenditure, amounting to nearly l,500,000it. annually, is mostly defrayed by a par- liamentary grant. Near it is the military school founded by the Duke of York in 1801, and in which 1,000 cliildren of soldiers are maintained and educated. The pa. of St Luke was divided into two pas. in 1832. The new pa. church is a most elegant modern edifice in the decorated Gothic style ; the old church, a plain brick struc- ture, with monuments to Sir Thomas More and to Sir Hans Sloane, who was lord of the manor, and founded the botanic garden of Chelsea, be- longing to the Apothecaries' Society. A recently formed normal school of the Church of England, extens. water-worlcs for supply of London, the Cadogan chain pier, & sev. floor-cloth factories, are the other objects most worthy of mention. Chelsea, which formerly contained the celebrated Kanelagh, now comprises Cremorne house and gardens, a place of popular resort in summer. Chelsea, two tnships. of the TJ. S., N. Amer., Massachusetts, co. Suffolk, 5 m. N.E. Boston, and communicating- by a bridge with Charleston. Pop. 2,290, employed in various manufs. — II. Vermont, cap. co. Orange, 23 m. S.E. Montpel- lier. Pop. 1,959. Chelsfield, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 6 m. S.E. Bromley. Area 3,330 ac. Pop. 861. Chelsham, a pa. of Eng]., co. Surrey, 6 m. S.E. Croydon. Area 2,700 ac. Pop. 347. Cheltf,niiam, a parliamentary borough, town, fashionable watering-place, and pa. of England, 00. and 8 m. E.N.E. Gloucester, on the Bris- tol and Birmingham railway, 90 m. W.N.W. London, Area of pa. 3,740 ac. Pop. in 1801, 3,076; in 1841, 31,411. It is situated on the Chelt, a small tributary of the Severn, in a beau- tiful vale, sheltered from the N. & E. by a semi, circular sweep of the Cotswold and other hills ; has a noble high street 1} m. in length, nnmer. elegant terraces, squares, and detached villas, in- terspersed with trees and gardens. The saline springs to which it owes its rapid increase, are CHE 316 frequented by a host of fashionable visiters an- nually. The mineral ingredients of the springs are chiefly the sulphates of soda and magnesia, iodine and iron, held in solution by carbonic acid. The elegant Montpellier old well, discovered in 1716, Pittville, and other pump-rooms, are sur- rounded by tasteful grounds and avenues, and attached to which are baths of every description, libraries, and saloons. The pa. church, an anc. Gothic structure, is surrounded by fine avenues, and here ai'e four or five handsome subordinate churches, a Roman Catholic chapel, a synagogue, a grammar-school founded in 1574, and en- dowed with scholarships in Pembroke College; a well-endowed charity school, female orphan asy- lum, founded by Queen Charlotte in 1806 ; a ge- neral hospital for 100 patients ; mechanics' and literary and philosophical institutions ; a zoolo- gical garden, theatre, assembly & concert rooms, mlTS semicircularly E., N., & W., througli the deps. Allier, Cher, Loir-et-Cher, & Indre-et- Loir, and joins the Loire immediately S.W. Tours, after a course of about 193 m., for the last 47 of which it is navigable. Principal aifls., the Tardes, Arnoa, Evre, and Saudre. The towns, Montlufcn, St. Amand, Vierzon, Selles, St Aignan, and BWre, are on its banks. The Canal dn Berri runs parallel to it in the upper part. CaEB, a central dep. of France, cap. Bourges, situated between the deps. Allier, Nievi-e, Loiret, Loir-et-Cher, and Indre, and between lat. 46° 25' & 47° 39' N., and Ion. 1° 55' & 3° 10' E. Area 2,853 sq. m., or 740,125 heot. Pop. (1846) 294,600. Climate temperate. Surface mostly level, & generally wooded; principal rivs. the Cher & Loire, along both of which is much fertile land. More com and wine are pro- duced than required for home consumption; sheep are numerous, and trade is mostly in rural produce. Mines of iron and coal are wrought. Chief mannfs. woollen goods. Cher is subdivided into 3 arronds., Bourges, St Araand, & Sancerre. Cherasco, a town of the Sard, states. Pied- mont, div. Coni, cap. mand., on the Tanaro, near the influx of the Stnra, 32 m. S.S.E. Turin. Pop. (1838) 8,893. Its exact quadrangular foi-m indi- cates that it occupies the site of a Roman town ; it is enclosed with walls, and at the end of each principal street Ls a fine modem arch ; its citadel and other fortifications were dismantled after it was taken by the French in 1796. It is suppUed with water by a canal, which also turns several silk-mills. Trade mostly in wine & silk. Cheeboukg, a comm. and fortified seaport town of France, dep. Manche, cap. arrond., on the English Channel, at the N. extremity of the peninsnla of Cotentin, & nearly opposite the W. extremity of the I. of Wight, 16 m. E.S.E. Cape la Hague. Lat. of Fort Royal, 49° 40' 3" N., Ion. 1° 35' W. Pop. (1846) 22,460. Its climate is remarkably mild. Houses of stone, and slated ; principal buildings, the military & naval arsenals, & hospitals, a curious church, the town-hall, theatre, and barracks. Its naval docks are cut out of solid rock ; and it has a commerc. harb., lined with stone quays. Its roadstead, defended by several large forts and batteries, is now one of the best in the Channel, being sheltered by a duue or breakwater, 411 yards m length (or con- siderably more than twice as long as the Ply- mouth breakwater), begun under Louis xvi., and completed 1810. Cherbourg is cap. of the 1st naval arrond., & has a marit. tribunal, canals, which last, and the rice swamps, render it in some parts unhealthy to Europeans ; on the whole, however, the climate is delightful & salu- brious. Meantemp. of winter, 40°,9; of autumn, 67° .8, Fahr. On many accounts, it appears much better adapted for a British settlement than Hong-kong. Numerous towns and vills. are scattered over it, the cap. being Ting-hae, near the S. coast. It was taken by the British in 1840, and again in 1841, and held until the final settle- ment of the war expenses agreed to be paid by China to Great Britain. Chdsistak, a prov. of Persia. [Khuzistan.] Chcta Nagpooe, a large zemindary or rajah- ship of British India, presid. Bengal, S.W. dists., on the borders of the prov. Gundwana. Surface, a table-land, producing a good deal of timber, with pulse, wheat, barley, and iron ore. It is cultivated more highly than most parts of Centr. India. Frincip. vills. Burwa & Maharajegunge. Chute, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 3|m. N.E. Ludgershall. Area 3,220 ac. Pop. 626. Chuttebbai, a stronghold, N. Afghanistan, in an almost inaccessible position on the Indus, in lat. 34° 20' N., Ion. 72° 68' E., & belongmg, with the fort Am, and about 240 sq. m. of territory, to a predatory chief. Chuttebpoee, a rajahship of India, Bundel- cund, feudatory to the British, with a cap. of same name, 73 m. S.E. Jhansi. Area 1,240 sq. m. Pop. 120,000. Rev. 26,000?. a year. Armed force 1,200 men. Chuwaki, a small town, Punjab, 10 m. S.W. Chumba. Lat. 32° 17' N., Ion. 76° 45' E. Chvnpoob-Baeee, a considerable town of Hin- dostan, dom. and 60 m. E.S.E. Bhopaul. Lat 23° 2' N., Ion. 78° 16' E. OIA 336 CIN CiANCiANA, or San Antonio, a town of Sicily, prov. and 15 m. N.W. Girgenti. Pop. 3,400. Near it are extensive sulphur mines. CiBAO, the principal mntn, of Haiti, near the centre of the island, in the cliain which runs E. and W. Culminating point 4,690 feet in eleva- tion. It is celebrated for the rich mines of gold which it formerly contained. CiBiNiuM, a town of Hungary. [Seben.] CiBODBE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. B. Pyrfefes, arrond. Bayonne, with a small port at the mouth of the Nivelle. Pop. 1,537. CiBBiAN BE Casteo (San), a Small town of Spain, prov. and 9 m. N.E. Zamora, near the Esla. — San Cibrian de Campot, & de Mazote are mlrt. towns, provs. Palencia and Valladolid. CicACOLE, atownof Brit. India. [Chioacole.] CiCAGNA, a vill. of Sard, sta., prov. and 11 m. N. Chiavari, at the foot of the Apennines. P. 2,722. CicciAKO, a town of Naples, cap. dist., prov. T. di Lavoro, 3 m. N. Nola. Pop. 3,000. CiCEBO, a tnsho., U. S., N. Amer.,N. York, co. and 11 m. N.N.E.' Onondaga. Pop. 2,464. CiECHANOvr, a town of Poland, prov. Flock, 14 m. S.W. Przasnysz, in a marshy dist. on 1. b. of the Lidinia. Pop. 2,400, mostly Jews. CiECHAKOwiEc, a town of Russian Poland, prov. and 45 m. S.W. Bialystok, on 1. b. of the Nurzek. Pop. 3,000, the greater part of whom are Jews. It has a fine castle, and a convent. — II. a town of Poland, gov. Augustow, on rt. b. of NuTzek, opposite the above town. Pop. 567. Dis- tilleries and trade in grain. CiEGO (El), a town of Spain, prov. and 9 m. "W.N.'W. Logrono, on. 1. b. of the Ebro. Pop. 980. It has trade in fruits, but no manufs. CiEMPOzuEios, a town of Spain, prov. and 17 ra. S. Madrid, near rt. b. of the Jarama. Pop. 2,044. It has manufe. of saltpetre, and near it are the salt works of Espartinas. CiEHFCEGOs, a town of the island of Cuba, cap. jurisdiction, on the Bay of Jagua, S. coast. Pop. 4,324, of whom 631 are slaves. CiEKP, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Garonne, arrond. St Gaudens, in a picturesque si- tuation. P. 1,141. Marble quarries in its vicinity. CiEBS (St), severaJ comms. & vills. of France, the principal St Ciers-la-Lande, dep. Gironde, cap. cant., 13 m. N.N.E. Blaye. Pop. 2,825. CiEz.i, a town of Spain, prov. and 26 m. N.W. Murcia, near 1. b. of the Segura. Pop. (1845) 6,917. It has manufs. of cloth; on the opposite side of the river are vestiges of a Roman town supposed to be Carteia. CircENTES, a town of Spain, prov. and 34 m. N.E. Guadalajara, situated in a valley with nume- rous springs, whence its name. Pop. 1,465. CiGLiANO and Cilavbgna, two small towns of Piedmont, div. Novara ; the former, prov. and 18 m. W. Veroelli. Pop. 4,476; the latter, prov. Lomellina, 4 m. N.E. Mortara. Pop. 3,251. Cilategna, a town of the Sardinian sta., -prov. Lomellina, 3J m. N.E. Mortara, Pop. 3,261. CiLOEN, or KiLKEN, a pa. of North Wales, co. Flint, 4 m. W.N.W. Mold. Pop. 1,267. CiLCENiN, Kilhemn, a pa. of S. Wales, co. and 9\ m. S.E. Cardigan, on the Teify. Pop. 647. CiLLiECHBisT, Or GiLCHBisT, 3, chapelry of Scotland, co. Ross, pa. Urray, 9 m. W.N.W. In- verness. It was the scene of a bloody clan-fight early in the 17th century. CiLLT, CiLLi, or Ziixi, Claudia Celeia, a town of Styria, cap. circ. on the San, and on the railw. from Vienna to Triest, 68 m. S. Griitz. Pop. 1,660. It has a gymnasium, a high school, and some trade in wine and oil. It derived its anc. name from the Roman Emperor Claudius, its re- puted founder. Near it is the ruined castle of Ober ally, former residence of the Counts of Cilly. CiMBEBASiA, a country on the S.W. coast of Africa, between Cape Frio, in S. Guinea, and the coimtry of the Hottentots ; coast said to be in- habited by the tribe of Cimbebas. CiMBBisHAM, Cimbrorum Partus, a town of Sweden, ten and 33 m. S.S.E. Christianstadt, on the Baltic. Pop. 1,032. It has a small port and an active fishery. CiMiNNA, a town of Sicily, cap. circ, intend, and 18 m. S.E. Palermo. Pop. 6,000. CiMiTiLE, a town of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, 1 m. N. Nola. Pop. 2,500. A massacre of Chris- tians took place here in the time of Marcian. CiNALOA, or SiNALOA, a dcp. of the Mexican confederation, on the W. coast, in lat. 26° N., now united with Sonora. Country flat, and soil sandy Also a town in same dep. Pop. 9,500. Cincinnati, a city of U. States, N. America, Ohio, cap. CO. Hamilton, on the Ohio, 92 m. S.W. Columbus. Pop. (in 1800) 750 ; (in 1830) 24,831 ; (in 1850) 116,108. It is buUt on a slope rising from the river, & has broad handsome streets, mostly intersecting at right angles ; with houses chiefly of brick and stuccoed. Principal buildings, the ^ court-house, two banks, medical & sevl. colleges, mechanics' institution and lyceum, 2 museums, lunatic and other hospitals, 2 theatres, 4 market houses, a bank remarkable for its fine portico : some excellent hotels, & sevl. handsome churches. Cincinnati has manufs. of iron, cabin et work, hats, cottons, woollens, chiefly conducted with steam power, large distilleries, flour mills, & docks for building steam-boats. It is the largest pork market in the Union. About 250,000 hogs are killed and packed for exportation annually ; and it has a large trade in eggs. Aver, value of ex- ports was some years ago estim. at 8,000,000 dol- lars annually. Reg. shipping, consisting chfly. of steamers plying on the Ohio & Mississippi (1840), 12,052 tons. The trade is facilitated by the Mi- ami canal, which connects Cincinnati with Lake Erie. Cincinnati was founded in 1789, on the site of Fort Washington, and is now the sixth city in point of population in the U. States. Its rapid increase has been much aided by European emigration. A considerable portion of its pop. are Germans. — Cincinnatus is a tnshp., N. York, 115 m. S.W. Albany. CiNET, a town ot Belgium, prov. Namur, 9 m. E.N.E. Dinant, on the Haljoux. Pop. 1,435. It has anc. walls, and manufs. of pottery ware. CiNGOLi, Cingulum, a town of Central Italy, Pontif. states, deleg. & 14 m. W.N.W. Maoerata, on the Musone. Pop. 2,440. CiNisEi.io, a market town of Lombardy, deleg. and 6 m. N. Milan. Pop. (1843) 2,408. CiNisi, a town of Sicily, intend., dist. and 14 m. W.N.W. Palermo, near the coast. Pop. 3,400. Cinq-Maes, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, arrond. and 16 m. N.E. Chinon, near rt. b. of the Loire, with 1,728 inhabs., and a remarkable square tower of Roman origin, 92 feet in height, and 13 feet broad on each side. CiNQUEFnoNDi, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. I., dist, and 15 m. E.N.E. Palmi. Pop. 3,000. Nearly ruined by the earthquake of 1783. CiNQHE-PoRTS (The), England, cos. Kent and Sussex ; had formerly important privileges, and consisted of the five ports, Dover, Sandwich, Romney, Hythe, and Hastings, to which were afterwards added Winohelsea, Seaford, & Rye. CiNTEGABELLB, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Garonne, on rt. b. of the Arlege, 20 m. CIN 336 S.Toulouse. Pop. (1846) 3,971. Lord Hill's divi- sion passed the river here in X814. CiNTi, or ZiNTi, a town of S. Airier., Bolivia, cap. dep., 140 m. S.E. Tuer^. Pop., 2,000. Trade in mnes. , CiNTBA, a town of Portugal, prov. Estremadura, 14 m. N.W. Lisbon, on ihe slope of the rantn.- chain of Cintra, which terminates at Cape Roca. Pop. 4,000. It is remarkable for the picturesque beauty of its situation, and its delicious climate. It has an anc. royal castle, and numerous villas of the inhabs. of Lisbon. The ppnvention of Cintra, by which the French were allowed to leave Portugal unmolested, was signed here on 22d August 1808. ' CjNTEDENiGO, a town of Sttain, prov. Navarra, 14 m. W. Tudela, onrt. b. of the Alhiarta. Pop. 2,396. It has maiiufs. of woollens. ' Cintruenigo was a walled town in the time of the Romans. CioTAT (La), Citharista, a. maritime comm. & town of France, dep. B'. du Rhone, on the W. side of a bay in the Mtedit^rr., 14 m, S.E. Mar- seille. Pop. (184;6) 4,093. It is enclosed by old walls, is well built, and has a town-hall, hospital, lazaretto, school of navigation, a port enclosed by a mole, a light-he, ship-building yds., abrisk trade in dry fruits, wine, & olive oil, & 21arge annl. fairs. CiKCARS (Nobthebn), Several dists. of British India. [NOBTHEHN CiRCARS.] CiBCASsiA, or ToHEEKEssu, a country com- prising the N. slope of the Caucasus, and also a part of its S. slope, the whole tract extending from the shores of the Black Sea to the vicinity of the Caspian, between lat. 42° and 45° N., and Ion. 37° and 47° E., & now nominally composing a part of the Russian empire. Its N. frontier is formed by the Kuban and Terek rivs., of which all its streams are affls. Surface very moun- tainous, with numerous extensive and fertile val- leys, in which corn, wine, and most of the fruits of temperate climates are raised ; but cattle rear- ing is the main branch of industry. The horses are excellent. Mineral products comprise iron, lead, and nitre : salt is nowhere met with, it is a chief article of import for the Russian provs. Trade & manufs. are wholly insignificant. There are no large towns, the inhabs. living in scattered vills. The people are, physically, amongst the finest of the human race, but very little civilized, living partly by brigandage & the sale of slaves ; & they have long been waging an obstinate con- test against the Russians in their attempts to ob- tain dominion over the country. The pop. is various, and is composed of — Circassians or Cherkess, the most numerous, consisting of about 12 tribes independent of each other ; gov. a here- ditary feudalism ; pop. 220,000 ;— the Midozeges or Kistes, E. of Sunga riv., about 160,000, resem- ble the Circassians, but with a different lan- guage; — the Ossetes or Irenes, occupying the mntn. range, E. of Kazbek, about 40,000 ;— the Aokhasas, occupying the most westerly portion of Mt. Caucasus, about 240,000 ; they possess the ^all fortified town Anapa, on the Black Sea. CiBomio, ' or Circe6, CirctEum Promonio- rlum, a headland of S. Italy, on'the Me'diterr., near the S. extremity of the Pontif. sta,, 12 m. W.S.W. Terraoina. Lat. 41° 13' N., Ion. 13° 3' 5. Ht. above the sea, 1,713 feet. CiRCLEviiLE, a tnsiip., U. S., N. Amer., Ohio, cap. CO. Pickaway, on the Ohio canal, 25 m. S. Columbus. Pop. 2,972. CiBENCESTER, pronouDoed Ciceter, (CoriniMm), a pari, bor., town and pa. of England, co. and 16 m. S.E. Gloucester, on a branch of the Great Western railway, and on the riv. Churn, and a branch of the Thames and Severn canal. Area of pi. 5,900 ac. Pop. 6,014 ; do. of pari, borough 6,840. It was a town of the anc. Britons, and oc- cupies a portion of the site of the ancient Ro- min town, the walls of which; about 2 m. in oh-c, are still traceable. Prinoip. buildings comprise a pa. church of the 15th cent., various dissenting cbapels, some remains of a very anc-. abbey, sevl. hospitals for the poor, & a union work-ha. Public institutions, a free grammar school, of which Dr ■Tenner was a pupil, blue & yellow coat schools, &c. Princip. manufs. are of carpets, woollen clotJhs, & cutlery. Mkts^ Mond. and Friday. Fairs, Easter Tues., July 18, Mond. before & after Old Michaelt mas, 1st Mond. in Aug., Sept., & Oct., & on Not. 8. It is not an incorporated bor., but is gov. By two high constables and 14 wardsmen. It is a polling-place for E. Gloucestershire. It sends3 members to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 496. Many Roman remains have been discovered in the vicinity. Adjoining the town is Oakley grove, the seat of E. Bathurst. ' CiREv, a comm. a,nd vill. of France, dep. Meurthe; 38 m. E. Nancy. Pop. 2,347. It has glass works, and manufe. of mirrors.— II. dep. H. Marne, 12 m. S. Vassy, on rt. b. of the Blaise. CiBiE, a town of the Sard, sta., Piedmont, div. prov. and 12 m. N.N.W. Turin, cap. mand., on a branch of the Stura. Pop. (1838) 3,353. Ciao, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. II., dist. and 21 m. N.N.W. Cotrone, 3 m. from the Mediterr. Pop. 2,900; It is end. by walls, and has a castle, sevl. churches, a bishop's palace, a semi- nary, manufs. of serge and coarse linens, trade In manna and agricultural produce, and an anchovy fishery. Birth-place of the astronomer Lilio. Cisalpine Republic, a former state in the N. of Italy, founded by the French in 1797, of parts of Milan, Mantua, the Valteline, the Venetian' ter- ritory S. and W. of the Adige, Modena, and the N. part of the Pontif. states. In 1802 it took the name of the Italian republic; and in 1805it foimed the greater part of the kgdmi of Italy... CisoiNo, a comm & viH. of France, dep. Nosd, 8 m. S.E. LiUe. Pop. 2,400. Its abbey comme- morates the battle of Fontenoy. CisTEBNA, several vills. of Italy. — I. Pontif. states, deleg. & 8 m. S.S.E. Velletri. Popj 2,600. — II. Sard, sta., Piedmont, div. Alessandriaq!!3 m. S.E. Turin. Pop. (1838) 1,962.— IIL Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, 9 m. N.E. Naples. CisTERNiNO, a market town of Naple8,/proy. Bari, 17 m. S.E. Monopoli. Pop. 3,600. ; CistbiSres, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Loire, arrond. and 11 m. E. Brioude. P. 1,670. CiTABA, a mkt. town of Naples, prov. Principato Cit., on the G. of Salerno, dist. & 8J m, S.W. Salerno. P. 2,550, mostly occupied in fishing-i— II. (or Quibdo), a town of New Granada, dep. Caluca, on the Atrato, 80 m. S.W. Antioqnia. P. 3,000. CiTEAux, a hamlet of France, dep. C6te-d'0r, arrond. and 14 m. N.E. Beaune, on r. b. of the Vouge. It formerly possessed a celebrated Cis- tertian abbey, one of thefinest&riohestinFrance. Cith.«;eon (Moont), now Elate.a, a fambus mntn. of Greece, •forming part of the boundary between Attica and Thebes. Height above the sea 4,620 feeti - - , . - CiTTADELLA, a Walled town of N-'Italy, gov. Venice, deleg. and 14 m. N.E. Vicenza,' on.r. b. of -the Brentella. Pbp. P843)- 6,599, partly enr gaged in paper and woollen factories. Citta-della-Pieve, a town of the Pontif. sta., deleg. and 23 m. W.S.W. Perugia. Pop. 3,396. CiTTA DI Castello, Tiberinum, a town of the Pontiff, sta., deleg. and 25 m. N.W Perugia, on CIT 337 CLA 1. b. of the Tiber. Pop. 5,339. It has a oathed., an liospital, seminary, many ecclesiastical build- ings, and some manufe. of silk twist. CiTTA DucAiE, Naples. [Civita Ducalk.] CiTTA-NuovA, a town of Illyria, ^ov., cii'c. & 26 m. S.S.W. Triest, on a headland m the Adri- atic, with a good hmb. Pop. 1,000.-11. a mkt. town of Europ. Tmkey, sanj. and 30 m. N.N.AV. Ochrida, on an aiB. of the Drin. CiTTA Vecchia, or NoTABiLE, a fortified city of Malta, near the centre of the isl., 6 m. W. Valletta. It stands on a limestone hill, in which extensive catacombs have been excavated at a remote period ; and it has a cathed. & numerous magnificent, though decayed private residences. On its S W. side is the suburb Kabato, in which is the grotto of St Paul. — II. a seaport and mkt. town, on an inlet of the isl. Lesiiia, Dalmatia, circ. and 23 m. S. Spalatro. Pop. (1845) 3,046. CiTT Point, a port of the U. S., N. Amer., Virginia, at the junction of the James' and Ap- pomattox rivs., 20 m. S.E. Bichmond. Great quantities of tobacco are shipped at this place, which is at the head of the navig. on James' riv. CiBDAD BE LAS Casas, 3, town, Mexicon confed., cap. dep. Chiapas. Lat 16° 30' N., Ion. 92° 40' W. Pop. 3,800. It has a cathed., sevl. convents, an hospital, coll., seminary, &c. Since its founda- tion in 1528, it has borne six different names. CiuDADELA, a city and seaport of the is!. JE- norca, on its W. coast, 25 m. N.W. Mahon. Pop. 7,800. It was formerly cap. of the isl., & retains portions of its ancient walls. CiuDAD Real, a city of Spain, cap. prov. of same name, and formerly cap. of La Mancha, 97 m. S. Madrid, between the Guadiana and the Jabalon. Pop. (1845) 8,300. It has a large hos- pital, with several schools ; its manuft. of wool- lens & leather, formerly important, have greatly declined. Chief commerce in wine, finite, oil, and males ; large annual fair in August. It was the head-qnarters of the celebrated Santa Her- vumdad, or "holy brotherhood," founded in 1249 for the suppression of highway robbery. CiDDAB Real, a town of S. Amer., Venezuela, dep. & 170 m. S.S.W. Cuman4 on the Orinoco. CiuDAD RoDBiao, a fortified frontier city of Spain, prov. and 44 m. S.W. Salamanca, near r. b. of the Agueda, here crossed by a bridge of 7 arches. Pop. (1846) 4,612. Chief edifices, a large square citadel, a Gothic eathed. of the 12th century, two other chui'ches, and the governor's residence. It was taken by the Portuguese in 1706, by the French in 1810, and by the British under the Duke of Wellington in 1812, who hence derived his title of Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo, con- ferred by the Spanish government. CiviDALE, Forum Julia, a town of N, Italy, gov. Venice, deleg. & 9 m. E.N.E. Udine, on the Natisone, here crossed by a bridge, 220 feet in length. Pop. (1843) 6,027. — Cividute is a vill., Lombardy, prov. and 13^ m. S.E. Bergamo. Civita, several mkt. towns of Naples. — I. prov. Calab. Cit., 3J m. N. Cassano. Pop. 1,500, mostly of Greek descent II. (C Dorella), prov. Abruzzo Cit., 22 m. S. Lanciano. — III. {Campo- rano), prov. Molise, cap. cant., 16 m. N. Campo- basso. Pop. 2,900. Civita Castellana, a town of the Pontif. sta., deleg. & 19 m. S.E. Viterbo. Close to it are re- mains of the anc. Faleriwm, with some sepulchral chambers, &c. ; and 4 m. distant are those of Falerii, made memorable to readers of Roman history, by the episode of Camillus and the schoolmaster. The latter runis present the most extraordinary specimen extant of anc, military architecture. The walls, towers, and several gateways are tolerably perfect; and within the area are remains of an anc. theatre, and of a Lombard church of the 12th century. — C. Castel- lana is a bishop's see. Near it the French under Macdonald defeated the troops under Mack, December 4, 1798. Civita di Penne, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo Ult. I., cap. dist., 23 m. S.E. Teramo. Pop. 4,000. It is generally ill built, but has some good edifices, including a cathed. & a diocesan seminary. It is the seat of 4 annual fairs. Civita Diioale, the most W. town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo Ult. II., cap. dist., on r. b. of the Velino, 5 m. E. Rieti. Pop. 3,331. It owes its name to having been founded by the Norman King Robert of Sicily, while Duke of Calabria. Civita-Lavigka, a town of Centr. Italy, Pontif. sta., comm. and 18 m. S.S.E. Rome. It com- prises the site of the anc. Lanuvium, & has Rom. ruins and antiquities. Civita Nuova, two small towns of Centr. Italy. — I. Pontif. sta., deleg. and 12 m. E. Macerata, near the Adriatic. — II. Naples, prov. Molise, dist. and 10 m. E.N.E. Isernia. Pop. 2,720. CiviTAQUANA, a market town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo Ult. I., in a valley, 9 m. S. Civita di Penne. Pop. 1,920. — Civita-Reale, is a mkt. town, prov. Abruzzo Ult. II., at the source of the Velino, 19 m. N.E. Civita Ducale. Pop. 1,440. Civita Sant-Angelo, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo Ult. I., cap. cant., near the Adriatic, 9 m. N.E. Civita di Penne. Pop. 5,994. It has an active trade in grain, wine, and oil. Civita Vecchia, Centum Cellce, and Trajanus Partus, the principal seaport city of the Pontif. sta.. Central Italy, cap. deleg., on the Mediter- ranean, 38 m. W.N.W. Rome. Pop. 6,878. It is enclosed by walls, and well built. Chief edifices, the convents and churches, theatre, lazaretto, arsenal, building docks, warehouses, and a con- vict establishment. Two large moles, enclosing its harbour, extend seaward, and are fronted by another mole, on the S. extremity of wiiich is a light-ho. in lat. 42° 4' 6' N., Ion. 11° 45' E. It is a free port, and in 1840 was entered by 339 vessels, aggregate burden 36,136 tons, chiefly French and Italian. Imports consist mainly of woven goods, salt provisions, wines and spirits, colonial produce, haberdasheiy, salt, and drugs ; and in 1840 amounted in value to 428,400?. Ex- ports consisting of staves, wheat, alum, cheese, skins, bark, &c., amounted in same year to 115,280Z. Chief trade is with Marseille, Genoa, and England, from which last country most of the woven goods are received, with about 30,000 quintals of salt fish, and 2,000 barrels of herrings annually. Impt. duties amount to about 250,000?, and export duties to 25,000?. a-year. CiviTELLA, 3 mkt. towns of Naples — I. {Cas- anuova), prov. Abruzzo Ult. I., dist. and 7 m. S.S.W. Civita di Penne. Pop. 2,000.-11. (d,l Tronto), prov. Abruzzo Ult. I., 10 m. N. Teramo, strongly posted on a rock, crowned by a castle, & having a collegiate church, 3 convents, an hos- pital, & 2,500 inhabitants. CivEAT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vienne, on the Charente, 30 m. S. Poitiers, with 2,109 inhabs. ; a very old pa. churcli, a castle, manufs. of woollen fabrics, and a brisk trade in com, chesnuts, truffles, &c. Clachnahabbv (" the Watchman's Store,") a fishing vill. of Scot!., co., pa. and 1^ m. W.S.W. Inverness, at the mouth of the Caledonian canal. Pop. 260. The scene of a bloody feudal battle in 14th century. CLA 338 CLA Clackiieatok, or Oleokheaton, a chplry. of Engl., CO. Yorlt, W. Riding, BiretaU pa., 5 m. S.S.E. Bradford. Pop. 4,299, engaged In wor- sted manufacture. Clackmannanshire, the smallest co. of Scotl., having S. the river Forth, and on other sides the COS. Perth, Stirling, and Fife. Area 48 sq. m. ; or 80,720 ac, of which about 22,000 are arable, and 6,000 do. in pasture. It consists chiefly of the valley of the Devon, along which riv. are some rich and well cultiva/ted lands, on which large crops of beans, peas, &c., are raised. Farms vary from about 80 to 100 ac. each. In the N. the CO. extends to the Ochil hills. Mine- ral products consist of ironstone, sandstone, and greenstone, with coal shipped in consid'ble quan- tities from Alloa. Average rent of land (1810) 11., lOJd. per ac. Annual value of laud (1843) 85,249?. ; of assessed property generally 32,9232., lOs. This country comprises only 4 pas. Towns Clackmannan, Alloa, and Dollar. It unites with the CO. Kinross, in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 1,408. Clackmahnan, a town and pa. of Scotl., cap. CO., on the Devon, near its confl. with the Forth, 7 m. E. Stirling. Area of pa., which comprises the vill. Newtownshaw, about 7,000 ao. Pop. of pa. S,145; do of town 1,077. It stands on an eminence, and is not well built ; its harbour has latterly been improved. Chf. edifices, the tower, a part of the palace of Robert Bruce. Fairs in June and Sept. Co. quarter-sessions, on the first Tues. of March, May, and Aug., and last Tuesday of October. Clagton, 2 pas. of Engl., co. Essex. — I. {Great), 13 m. E.S.E. Colchester. Area 4,170 ac. Pop. 1,296. Fair June 29.-11. (Little), 12 m. E.S.E. Colchester. Area 3,110 ac. Pop. 647. CiiAGEHFDRTH, a town, Ulyrfa. [Klagehfoet.] Clagsan Bat, Ireland, Connaught, co. Galway, is about 3 m. W.N.W. InnisbofiBn, and extends inland for 2f m. It affords good shelter and anchorage for the largest vessels, and a quay has been erected on it for the benefit of its fishery. Claife, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. and 2 m. S.E. Hawkeshead, on Lake Windermere. Pop, 641. CiAiNES, a pa. of Engl., co. and 2J m. N. Worcester. Area 4,600 ac. Pop. 6,395. In the nunnery of " the white ladies," Charles ii. was concealed after the battle of Worcester. Claibbobne, sev. cos., U. S., N. Amer. — I. in S.W. part of Mississippi, on river Mississippi. Area 500 sq. m. Pop. 13,078, of whom 9,763 are slaves II. in N.E. of Tennessee. Area 580 sq. m. Pop. 9,474, of whom 624 are slaves. — III. a pa., Louisiana, in the Red river. Pop. 6,185, of whom 2,295 are slaves. Claib (St), a lake and riv. of N. Amer., betw. the British and U. S. territories, & forming a part of the gi'eat water line from Lake Superior to the mouth of the riv. St Lawrence. — Lake St Clair, between Upper Canada and the state Michigan, lat. 42° 30' N ., Ion. 82° 30' W., is 30 m. in length, and 12 m. mean breadth. Area 360 sq. m. Depth 20 ft., ht. above sea 671 ft., or 6 ft. higher than Lake Erie. Contains many isls., receives the Thames, Clinton, Great Bear Creek, and other rivs., and communicates on the S.W. by the Detroit river with Lake Erie. On its N. side it is entered by the River St Clair, which brings into it the surplus waters of L. Huron, is 30 m. in length, J m. in width, about 60 feet in average depth, and easily navigated. — II. a co. in E. of Michigan. Area 930 sq. m. Pop. 4,606. Chief town same name, 48 m. N.E. Detroit Pop. 1,739.-111. a CO. N.E. of Alabama. Area 819 sq. m. Pop. 6;638. — IV. a eo. in S.W. Illinois. Area 648 sq; m. Pop. 13,631.— V. a tnshp. Penn- sylvania, 113 m. W. Harrisburgh. Pop. 1,488. — ^VI. two tnshps., Ohio, the one in Butler Co. Pop. 1,174. The other in Colimbrane co., oa Beaver canal. Pop. 1,739. ' Clair (St), several comms., towns, & vills. of France. — I. dep. Seine-et-Oise, on 1. b. of the Epte, 84 m. N.W. Versailles. It has a hermitage, resorted to by numerous devotees, and the re- mains of a castle, in which, in a. d. 912, the treaty was concluded between Charles the Simple; and the Norman chief Rollo, by which the lattei* a6- quired that part of Neustria since termed Nor- mandy. — II. amkt.-town, dep. Manche,cap. cadt., 6 m. N.E. St L6. Pop. 722.— III. (or St' Clar}, a mkt.-town, dep. Gers, cap. cant., 8 m. E.S.E. Lectoure, near 1. b. of the Retz. Pop. 1,638. ' Claibac, a comm. and town of France, dep, Lot-et-Garonne, on the Lot, 16 m. N.W. Agen. Pop. 2,399. It has a Protestant and several other churches, paper mills, and a brisk traffic in white wines, prunes, and rural produce. — II. a vill., dep. Herault, 20 m. N.W. Bezieres. Claibegoutte, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. SaSne, arrond. and 8 m. E. Lure, wim manufs. of cotton, and distilleries of kirschwail^ ser. Pop. 600. '' Claibvaux, Clara VaUis,a, comm. andhanSlet of France, dep. and on the Auhe, 33 m. E.S.E, Troyes. Pop. 2,030. The site of its old Bene- dictine abbey Is now occupied by a prison & a penal factory for silk febrics, straw-hats, fee, Clais, a comm. and market-town of France, dep. Isfere, 6 m. S.S.W. Grenoble. Pop. 1,710, It has a fine bridge across the Romanche. Clamabt, a comm. and vill. of Francej dep, Seine, on the Paris and Versailles railway, 5 mj S.W. Paris. Extens. stone quarries in its vicinity^ Clamect, a comm. and town of France, Adg. Nievre, at the confluence of the Tonne & BeuW ron, 36 m. N.N.E. Nevers. Pop. (1846) 6,267, It has several Gothic churches, a fine liioderh chateau, manufs of earthen wares, paper, Snd leather, and an active trade in fuel, sent heflce'tp Paris down the Tonne. It was formerly fortified, and has remains of an old fortress and walls. Clanaborouqh, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon,' 3 m. E. Bow. Area 1,780 ac. Pop. 69. Clahdon, two contiguous pas. of England, cO. Surrey.— I. (East), 4J m. E.N.E. Guildford. Area 1,430 ao. Pop. 293.— n..(>rc»<), BJ m. E.N.E: Guildford. Area 990 ac. Pop. 407. Clahdonaoh, a barony of Irel., Queen's cb., Leinster, forms middle part of what was formerly the bar. of Upper Ossory. Clahe, a barony, pa., and town of Irel., Lein- ster, CO. Eildare. The town is on the Liffey, here crossed by a 6 arched bridge, 7 m. W.S.W. Sel-" bridge. Area of pa. 4,663 ac. Pop. of pa. 2,160; do. of town 335. Here are the remains Of an abbey, founded in 648, & of a Franciscan priory of the 13th century. It has 4 annual fairs. Ad- j oining the town are a ruined castle, an anc. earth- work, and the bog of Clane ; area 2,236 acres. Clanfield, two pas. of Engl. — I. cO. Oxford, 6 m. E.N.E. Lechlade. Area 1,640 ac. 'Pop. 584. —II. eo. Hants, 6| m. S.W. Petersfleld; Area- 2,280 ac. Pop. 239. Clanmaukicb, a barony of Ireland, co. Kerr^i Munster, bounded on W. by Atlantic OceSHl Length 17 m — II. (Clanmorris), a bar., co. MayOj Connaught. Length N. to S. 18 m. Clanwilliam, a dist, in the' N.W, of the Cape Colony, S. Africa, bounded N. by the Kousle CLA 339 CLA river, lat. 29'" 41' S., and S. by the great Berg river (lat. 33° 45' S.), and Worcester dist. E. by the great Riet river and Beanfort dist., and W. by the Atlantic. Area 22,111 sq. m. Pop. (1845) 9,416. It is traversed N. to S. by the Karreo Berg and Cedar Berg mountains, and watered by tiie Oliphant and its tributaries.— C/anuTiYKain, vill., cap. of the dist., is situated on the rt. b. of the Oliphant river, 140 m. N.N.E. Cape Town. It has a neiit church and an English school. Cla]>wiu,iam, a bar. of Ireland, co. Limerick, Manster, bounded on N. by the Shannon. Length about 10 m. Also a bar., co. Tipperary, bounded on W. by co. Limerick. Length 18 m. ; forming a fertile and picturesque district. Cl^phiu, several pas. of England.— I. co, and 2 m. N.W. Bedford. Area 1,490 ao. Pop. 370. —II. CO. Surrey, comprising an agreeable suburb of the metropolis, 4 m, S.S.W, St Paul's, London. Area 1,070 ac. Pop. 12,106. Income of chari- ties (1826) 60/. Tlie vill., built around a beauti- fully planted common of about 200 ac, is one of the most handsome & respectable in the vicinity of London. — III. co. Sussex, 6 m. S.W. Steyn- ing. Area 1,920 ac. Pop. 262.— IV. co. York, W. Kidiog, 6 m. N.W. Settle. Area 24,.340 ac. Pop. 1,853. Fair for sheep 2d October. Kev. of charities about 1501. — V. {with Newby), a township in above pa., 6J m. W.N.W. Settle. Pop- 890. Sheep fair 21st September. Ci-APTOw, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Glo'ster, 3i m. N.E. North-Leach. Area 700 ac. Pop. 117.— IL CO. Northampton, 4 m. E.N.E. Thrap- ston. Area 1,900 ac. Pop. 119. — III. co Somer- set, 7^ m. W. Bristol. Area 080 ac. Pop. 138. CtAR (St), France. [Claie (St).] Clara, a market-town and pa. of Ireland, Lein- ster. King's co., 5 m. S.W. Kilbeggan, near the Brosna, which here works extensive com mills. Pop. 1455. It has a weekly com market, 8 aimnal fairs, and co. petty sessions. — II. a pa. CO. and 3 m. E.N.E. Kilkenny. Ac. 3,201. P. 663. ' Claba, one of the Mergui isls. off the Canaries ; & a town of the isl. Cuba, 48 m. N.W. Trinidad. Pop. (1841) 6,132, of whom 886 are slaves. Claba (Sakta). an islet of S. Amer., Ecuador, dep. and in the Gulf of Guayaquil, 13 m. S.W. the isl. Puna. — II. a settlement. Upper CaUfomia, 20 m. S. San Francisco, near the coast. Ci-ABBESTON, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 5i m. N.N.W. Narberth. Pop. 244. Clab-de-Lomagse (St), a coram, and town of Prance, dep. Gers, cap. cant., 8 m. E.S.E. Leo- toure. Pop. 1,638. CiABE, a maritime co. of Irel., Munster, having W. the Atlantic, and landward the cos. Galway, Tipperary, and Limerick, it being separated from the two latter by Lough Derg and the riv. Shan- non. Area 1,294 sq. m., or 827,994 ac, of which 455,009 are arable, and 8,384 in plantations. In- hab, houses 44,870. Pop. 286,.394. Surface mostly hilly and rugged, with some tracts of level land ; eoast precipitous. Princip. rivers the F ergus & its affluents. Small lakes are numerous. Soil fertile in the low lands. Prineip. crops, potatoes, oats, and barley, with a little inferior wheat and clover. Average rent of land lis. 3d. per acre. The fisheries are important ; manufs. are only of coarse linens and hosiery, and flannels are only for home consumption. Clare Is subdivided into 11 baronies & 80 pas., in the dioceses of Kilfenora, Killaloe, and Limerick. Chief towns, Ennis the cap., Kilrush, Ennistimon, and apart of Killaloe. Kxcl. of Ennis, the co. sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1846) 2,216. Besides numerous eccles^stlcal remains, Clare co. is reported to contain 118 anc. baronial castles. — 11. a town, Munster, in above co., and pa. of Clare Abbey, on the Fergus, here crossed by a stone bridge, 2 m. E.S.E. Ennis. Pop. of pa. 3,280; of town 879. It is pleasantly situated, regularly built and clean ; chief edifices, a church erected in 1812, and an old castle now used as an infantry bar- rack. Its quay is inadequate for its commerce, as it is the port for all the centre of the co. ; and its exports consisting of corn, meal, flour, &c., were valued in 1845 at 16,617i. Fairs, June 3 and November 11. It gives the title of Earl to the Fitzgibbou family. About 1 m. S.ward are the remains of Clare abbey founded by O'Brien, kmg of Munster, in the 12th century. — III. (or Clare-Morris), Connaught, co. Mayo, 15 m. S.E. Castlebar. Pop. 2,256. It is clean & respectable, & has various schools, a court-ho., &an active retail trade. Fairs, 6 times annually. — IV. (or Clara), an isl. off the W. coast of Irel., Connaught, CO. Mayo, & at the entrance of Clew Bay, 4 m. S. Achil isl. Light-ho. N. point of isl., elev. 487 ft. Lat. 53° N., Ion. 9° 59' W. Length 4J m. ; breadth 2 m. Area 3,959 ac. P. 1,616. Surface mntnous , its highest point rising to 1,620 ft. above the sea. Com is exported hence to Westport, from a vill. on its E. coast, where a quay has been erected. — ^V. a river, Connaught, co. Galway, after a S.- ward course of about 32 m., enters Lake Corrib, 3 m. N. Galway. Chf. afflt., the Moyne. In sev. places it expands into shallow marshes, & for 3 m. it is subterranean. On it are the towns Dun- more& Clare, & it passes near Tuam Vl.abar., CO. Galway, Connaught, devided from tlie co. Mayo by Black river. Length 19 m. by 12 m. Clabe, a market-town and pa. of England, co. Suffolk, on the Stour, 14^ m. S.S.W. Bury St Edmunds. Area of pa. 3,410 ac. Pop. 1,700. The town is poorly built, but has a handsome church, and the remains of an old castle. Ann. rev. of church estate, poor's-lands, alms-houses, &c., upward of 250i. Market, Friday. Fairs, Easter Tuesday, 26th July. CLAREBOBonOH, a pa. of Engl., co. Notts, 2i- m. N.E. East Retford. Area 3,870 ac. P. 2,207. Clabe-Galwat, a pa. of Ireland, Connaught, CO. and 6 m. N.N.E. Galway. Area 12,453 ac. Pop. 4,042. Surface mostly fertile, and drained by the riv. Clare, crossed at the vill. by a bridge. Chief edifices, an anc. castle of the De Burgh?, and a Franciscan friary. Cr.ABEMONT, a domain and royal palace of England, co. Surrey, immediately B. Esher, and now belonging to the King of the Belgians. Clabemont, a township, U. S., N. Amer., New Hampshire, on Connecticut river, 40 m. W.N.W. Concord. Pop. 3,217. Clabence, a vill. of Greece, whence since the 14th cent., many members of the British royal family have taken a ducal title. [Klabentza.J — II. a township, U. S., N. America, New York, 16 m. E.N.E. Buffalo. Pop. 2,271.-111. a settlt.. New S. Wales, co. Durham, 18m. N. Port Hunter. CtAKEKCB (Island), S. Amer., W. of Tlerra del Fuego. Lat. 64° 10' S., Ion. 71° 20' W. Length E. to W. 62 m. ; breadth 23 m. It is rocky & greatly indented by bays. — (Island), Pacific O., N. of Navigator isl. Lat. 8° 10' S., Ion. 172° 10' W. (Harb. or Port), Russian America, on E. side of Behring Strait, 46 m. S.E. Cape Prince of Wales. (Peak), Fernando Po isl., is 10,700 feet above the sea (River), E. Australia, enters the Paci- fic at Shoal bay. Lat. 29° 20' S., after a tortuous N.E.ward course (Strait), Persian Gulf, betw. the isl. Kishm & the mainland, varies in breadth from 3 to 13 m., and is studded with isls. — Also OLA 340 C'liA a strait, Russian Amer., between Prince ofWales Archipelago and Duke of York isl.'^(Town), a settlement, and formerly aBritishmilitary 3tation,i on the N. side of Fernando Po isl. The British troops were withdrawn fi'om it in 18,'i4. Clakendon, a township, U. S., N. Amer., New York, near Stockport. Pop. 2,251. — II. Vermont, 70 m. S.S.W. Montpelieri Pop. 1,649. Clakendon-Paek, an extra parochial liberty & anciently a royal forest of Engl., co. Wilts, 2i m. E.S.E. Salisbury. Area 4,160 ac, about l-3d of which is woodland. P. 183; Here arethe remains 6f a roy^ palace or hunting seat, in which Henry II. held the council that enacted, in 1194, the celebrated constitutions of Clarendon, aimed against the encroachments of the clergy. It gives title of Earl to the Viliiers family, as, it did formerly to Lord Chancellor Hyde, author of the "History of the Great Kebellion."^ '■ Glabens, a vill. of Switzerland^ canfc Vaud,,on the Lake of Geneva, 3 m. E.S.E. Vevey. It com- mands a fine view of the lake and of the moun- tains on the opposite shore,' and is immortaUzed by the writings of Rousseau. Clarion, a township of U; S., N. Amer., Penn- sylvania, cap. CO. Clarion, W. border of the state, near Clarion river, a tributary of the Alleghany. Pop. 2,230. Clabke, the name of 10 cos. TJ. S., N. Amer., viz. — in Virgmia, pop. 6,363. Georgia, pop. 10,622. Alabama, pop. 8,640. Mississippi, pop. 2i986. Kentucky, pop. 10,808. Ohio, pop. 16,832. Indianaj pop. 14,695. Illinois, pop. (?j463. Mis- souri, pop. 2,840. Arkansas, pop. 2,309. Clakkson, a township of U'. S., N. Amer., New Tork, 16 m. N.W. Rochester. Pop. 3,486. Clakk's Riveb, U. S., N. Amer., Oregon ter- ritory, rises in the Rooky Mountains, and, after a N.W.ward course of about 600 m., joins the Columbia near lat. 48° 45' N., Ion. 117J° W. In its course it expands into a lake 35 m. in length, & at its mouth it is nearly as large as the Columbia. Gi,A«KSTOWK, a township of U. S.j N. Amer:; New Tork, cap. co. Rockland, 106 m. S. Albany. Pop. 2,633. From Rockland lake, in this tnship., the city of New Tork is supplied with ice. Ci.ABE, a wapentake or division of the co. Tork, W. Riding, England; comprising 29 pas., with the towns Kipon, Knaresboro', Otley^ &c. Area 212,660 ac. Pop. 42,932. Clary, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, cap. cant., arrond. & 10 m. S.E. Cambrai. Pop. 2,230. It has manufs. of tulles and gauzes. CtASE, a hamlet of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, pa. Llangwellach, 5 m. N.W. Swansea. Pop. 6,924, employed in copper works and collieries. ' Clashmobej a vill. and pa. of Irel., Munster, CO. Waterford, 4 m. N.N.E. Youghall. Area 7>202ac. Pop. 3,777. It has co. petty sessioua, and four anniial fairs. , , Clatt, apa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, 8 m. S. Huntly. Pop. 624. The vill. was formerly a burgh of babony. ClatwoBtht, a pa.- of England, co. Somerset, 2J m. N.W. Wiveliscombe. Ac. 4,000. P. 309. Clateord, two pas. of England, co. Hants. — I. (Goodworth), 2 m. S.S.E. Andover. Area 3,390 ac. Pop. 413.^11. (Upper), U m. S. An- dover. Area 970 ac. Pop. 620. Claud (St), a comm. and market town of France, dep. Charente, cap. ■ cant., arrond. and 12 m. W.S.W. Confolens, on r. b. of the Sou. Pop. 2,000. Important cattle fairs;. ' . ■•. Claude (St), a comm; and town of France, dep. Jura, cap. arrond,, 26 -m. S.E. LonsJe- Saulnier, at the i confluence of the Bienne and Tacon., Pop, (1846) 4,460.^ It ja well , built, and ornamented witiifouiitains ; and is the seat of a chamber of manufactures-fe arts. Manufaotures comprise articles in horn, ivory and wood,ribut,^ tons, musical boxes & instruments, toys, jew«ll^y, watches, hardwares, crape and cotton,fabi:is^ ,pr Claushton, a township of England, coj Lan- caster, pa. and 2 m. S.E; Garstang^ Pop. 772.'.^ II. a pa/, 00. and 7 m. N.E. Lancaster.,, Area 1,63.0 aci Pop. 118. ,, . , j, - ,.^ r.jrjnj._,. CLAusENBDiie, Transylvauia, [KLAwsENaune.] Clausthal, or Klausthal, a town of Hano- ver, cap. adist. in the Harz, 47 m. S.E. Hanoverj Pop. (1845) 9,799, including the adjacent town of Zellerfeldi, It. is situated on a hill, 1,740 fe«t abovetbe level "of. the sea, and is mostly builj, pf wood ; it is the diief mining town of the Har^,. & has an important mining academy, with a yaluabt^ museum, a mint, and a high schoql,, , Near, it are the princip. ie$4iWid silver min(esiji,tfe Harz, iij which, and in some manufs. of cainlets and Qth^ woven fabrics, its raitire pop. is employed., , Claveback, a tnsbp., XT.. S., N. Ameii<;a) New Tork, 5 m. E. Hudson. Pop. 3,056. Clavebdon, a pa. of Eng)., co. Warwick, 3J m. E. Henley-in-Arden. Area 4,330 ac.,. Pop. 711. Ann. rev. of Matthew's charity, 78?.— IL CO. Somerset, 3m. E.S.E. Bath. Ac. 1,18a P. 177. CiAVEBiNG, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 6i m. N.N.W. Stansted-Mountfitchet. Area 1,680 ac. Pop. 1,172. Clavejblbt, a pa. of Engl.,, co. Salop, 4J m. E. Bridgenorth.. Area 7,530 ac. Pop. 1,669, , ,,, Clawbplii', a ha/mlet , of England, co. ^oa, month, pa. Mypydyslw}!!!. Pops, 2,055. , CLAWTO»,apa. of England, co. Devon,3,n)i S. Holsworthy. Area 6,850 ac. Pop, 639. CI.AXBT, sev. pas. of JEngl., co. Lincojp. — 1. 3 m. S. Alford. Area 690 ac. Pop. 132,^11. 3J m. N. Market-Baisen. Area 1,980 ac. P. 220.^IIL (Pluchacre), H m. S.E. Horncastle. Ac. 690. P. 29, Claxton, two pas. of England. — I. co. Nor- folk, 7 m. E.S.E. Norwich. ■ Areal,040ac. Pop, 200.— II. CO. Leicester, 6 m. N.N.W. Meltqn- Mowbray. Area 3,460 ae. Pop. 838. . Clat, several cos., U, S., N. Amer. — I.in,S.E. of Kentucky. Area 880 sq. m. Pop. 4,007. Contains salt springs and coal II. in W. pan of Indiana. Area 360,sq. m. Pop. 6,567.«r-m- in S.E. of IlUnois.o Area 476sq. m. Poju. .3,2Sft — IV. in N.W. of Missouri. Area 432 sq.m. Pop. 8,228. — V. a tnshp., state New Tork, on the Os- wego riv., 142.,m,.W,N.W. .Albany. Pop. 2,852. — VI. a tnshp., Montgomery co., Ohio. P. 1,633. Clatbbooee, a pa. of England, co. leiqester, 4 m. N.W. Lutterworth.; Area 4,370. ac, Pop. 1,438. Rev. of endowed school and other chari- ties (1837),:about 69Z. — II. Great Claybrpoke is a chapeby inthispa. Pop. 619. , . , CLAYOEOsSi a, station on the N. Midland rail- way, England,, 4 m. S. Chesterfield. Claydon, sevl. pas. of Engl. — I. co. Suficllf, 4} m. N.N.W. Ipswich. Area 600 ac. Pop, 418. II. (Eagt), CO. Bucks, 2| m. S.W. Winslojf. Area 2,160 ac. Pop. 378.— III. (Middle), same co., 3 m. S.W. WinslQw. Area 2,850i ac. Pop. 127. Charities about 80?. per annum. — IV, (Steepf^ same co.,4J m. W. Winslow. Ac. 3,270. F, 849. Claye, a comm. & town of France, dep, Seine- et-Marne, arrond. and 9 m. W. Meaux, on the Canal de rOuroq. , Pop. 1,108. ■ . - -,,'; Clayette (LA)„a comm. and town of Praijce, dep, SaSne-et^Loire, arrond. and, 10 m. S.iChar rolles. Pop. 1,221;:,- :,.„.„„,,;., ,„ ;.,„,,;, Clayhang^r; a pa, of i England, eo* DevWft'it- m. E.N.E. Bampton, • -Area, 2,^20 ao. Pop. 294. CLA ail CLE Clayheuon, a pa. of Ensland, oo. Devon, 13 m.E.N.E. Tiverton. Area 4,530 ao. Pop. 849. Ci-AYtANE, a tnshp. of England, oo. Derby, pa. North WingBeld, 5 m. S. Chesterfield. P. 1,478. CtATPOLE, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 4J m. S.E. Newark. Area 3,370 ac. Pop. 663. Ci/AiTON, several pas. and tnshps. of England. —1. CO. Sussex, 2 m. E. Hurst-Pierpoint. Area 1,870 ac. Pop. 747. Cattle tail's, July 6, and September 26. — II. a tnshp., co. York, W. Rid- ing, pa. and Sk m. S.W. Bradford. Pop. 4,347, mostly engaged in woollen manufe. — III. {toiih- Frickley), a pa., co.Tork, W. Riding, 8 m. N.W. Doncaster. Area 1,640 ac. Pop. 316 — IV. (Ze- Dale), a tnshp., co. Lancaster, pa. & 4 m. N.N.W. Blackburn. Pop. 511. — V. (Le-Moors), same co., pa. Whalley, 7 m. S. Clitheroe. Pop. 2,602.— VI. (Le-Woods), CO. Lancaster, pa. Leyland, 3| m. N.N.W. Chorley. Pop. 795.— VII. {West), co. York, W. Biding, pa. High Hoyland, 7 m. W.N.W. Bamesley. Pop. 1,440. CtAYTON, a CO., U. S., N. Amer., in N. part of Iowa territory. Area 720 sq. m. Pop. 1,101. — II. a tnshp.. New York, on the St Lawi-ence, 12 m. N.W. Watertown. Pop. 2,990. Clatworth, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 5 m. N.N.E. East-Retford. Area 3,190 ac. Pop. 627. Annual rev. of endowed school 64^. Clear -Creek, sevl. tnshps., U. S., N. Amer., Ohio, the principal in co. Warren. Pop. 2,882 ; and Richmond co. Pop. 1,653. Clearfield, a co. and town, U. S., N. Amer., m W. part of Pennsylvania. Area of CO. 1,426 sq.Hi. Pop. of do. 7,834; of town 1,113. Clear- Water (or Washacummov) Biveh, British N. America, lat. 56^ 30' N., Ion. 110° W., connects Lake Methy with the riv. Atluu- basca, & thence the waters flowing to Hudson bay, with those entering the Arctic Ocean. ' Cl^asby, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Biding, 3 "m.W.S. W.Darlington. Area 970 ac. Pop. 188. CtEATOB, a pa. of England, co. Cumberland, 2 m; N. Egremont. Area 3,000 ac. Pop. 763. Clecy, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Calvados, near 1. b. of the Orne, arrond. and 13 m. W.N.W. Falaise. Pop. 2,028. It has manufs. of lace and cotton fabrics. Cledek, two comms. & mkt. towns of Prance, dep. Pmistfere.— L 25 m. W.N.W. ; and II., 26 m. N.E. Qaimper. — Cleder is a comm. & mkt. town, same dep., arrond. & 13m. N.W. Morlaix. P. 5,002. Clee, two pas. of England. — I. co. Lincoln, IJ m. S.E. Great Grimsby. Area 3,530 ac. Pop. 1,002—11. {St Margaret's), co. Salop, 17J m. N.N.E. Ludlow. Area 1,030 ac. Pop. 269. Cleenish, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Fer- managh, 7 m. W.S.W. Enniskillen. Area 36,681 ae. Pop. 11,075. In it arc loughs Erne & Mao- nean, and on an isl. in the former is the remnant tff an abbey, now used as the pa. church. Cleer (St), a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 2J m. N. Liskeard. Area 9,700 ac. Pop. 1,412. Here are numerous Dniidic remains. Clees (le), a pa. and vijl. of Switzerl'd, cant. Vaiid, dist. and 4 m. W. Orbe, on 1. b. of the CJrbe, in a narrow gorge of the Jura. It was formerly a small town, with a fortiess for the de- feifce of one of the passes of the Jura. CLEETiioEPE, atnshp. of England, co. Lincoln, ?a. Clee, on the coast, 2^ m. E.8.E. Gt. Grimsby, op. 778. It is frequented for sea-bathing. Cleete-Bishop's, or Bishop's Clee:ve, a pa. df England, CO. Glo'ster, with a station on the Bristol and Birmingham railway, 3} m. N.N.E. Cheltenham. Area 8,150 ae. Pop, 1,944. It Is noticed for picturesque scenery. Cleeve (Old), a pa, of England, co. Somerset, 3i m, S.E. Dunster. Area 4,340 ae. Pop. 1,351. Here are extensive remains of an abbey of the 12th century. Alabaster is found in the parish. Cleeve-Peior, a pa. of England, co. Worces- ter, 6m. N,E, Evesham. Area 1,680 ao. Pop. 366. CLEnuEREO, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Morbihan, cap. cant., arrond. & 6 m. N.W. Pontivy. Pop. 8,434. Cleish, a pa. of Scotland, co. & 3i m. S.S.W. Kinross. Area about 7 i sq. m. Pop. 681. Here are remains of some Roman forts. ' Clement (St), numerous comms. and viljs. of France. — I. dep. Correze, 6 m. N.N.W. Tulle. Pop, 1,591, — II, dep. Manche, arrond. and 2J m. N.E. Mortain. Pop. 1,396.-111. {de Montagne), dep. AUier, arrond. and 13 m. S.S.E. La PaUsse., Pop. 1,697. — IV.(rfesZ«)fo),dep. Maine-etLoire, onr. b. of the Loire, 7 m. N.W. Saumur. P. 1,766. Clemenxe (San), a town of Spain, prov. and 48 m. S.S.W. Cuenoa. Pop. 3,120.-11. a vil). of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, 1 m. S.E. Caserta, with a fine historical museum. — III. an isl.. Pa- cific Ocean, off the coast of Upp. California, 15 m. S. Santa, Catalina. Clements (St), two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Corn- wall, 1^ m. S.E. Truro. Area3,520ac. Pop. 3,436. — II. CO. and 3| m. E. Oxford. Area 680 ac. Pop. 1,769. It has a new church, good public baths, almshouses, &c., and a bequest of 400Z. a year for relief of the poor. — St Clement-Danes is a pa. of the metropolis, with a church in the Strand, a little W. Temple-bar. Area of pa. 62 ac. Pop. 15,469. Clench- Wakton, a pa. of England, co. Nor- folk, 2 m. W. Lywn. Area 3,010 ac. Pop. 697. Clent, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, SJ m. S.S.E. Stourbridge. Area 2,620 ao. Pop. 918. Cleobury-Mortimeb, a market-town and pa. of Engl., CO. Salop, 10 m. E. Ludlow, Area of pa, 7,670 ao. Pop. 1,730. It has a work-ho. for an union embracing 88 sq. m., and a free school founded in 1714. Ann. rev. 472/. The Clee Hills in vicinity abound in coal, ironstone, and limestone. Mkt. Thursday. Fairs April 21, June 11, and Oct. 27. The anc. satirist. Piers Plow- man, was born in this town. Cleoburt (North), a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 7^ m. S.W. Bridgenorth. Area 1,710 ac. P. 176, Clekcken, a comm, and vill, of Belgium, prov, W. Flanders, 20 m. S.W. Bruges. Pop. 2,845. Clekes, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine- Inf., arrond. and 10 m. N. Rouen, on small river of same name. Pop. 906. Clerkenwell, a large dist. and out pa. of city of London, co. Middlesex, 1 m. N. St Paul's. Area 320 ae. Pop. 56,756. Has a conspicuous ses- sion ho., Clerkenwell Green Prison ho., and New River Head water cistern for supplying the me- trop. " St John's Gate " is the only remnant of an ancient priory which stood in that locality. Clermont-Ferrand, Augustonemefum, a comm. and city of France, cap. dep. Puy de X)6me, on an eminence, 212 m. S.S.E. Paris. Pop. (1846) 26,738. It has a university, academy, normal school, and botanic garden, a chamber of commerce, and school of design. It is composed of 2 towns,. Clermont and Mont-Ferrand, former- ly separate, united by a fine promenade. Being situated near the Puy-EN,aseaport-town of Ireland, ConHanghtj dist. Connemara, co. and 43 m. W.N.W. GalWayy^ on an inlet of Ardbear harbour. Pop. 1,609;' It, has a Gothic pa. church, several schools, a bride- weU, workhouse, customhouse, sessions-house,'& a harbour admitting vessels of 200 tons burden. Chief expts. herrings, and upwards of 1,000 tons of oats annually. Chief import Amer. timber. Markets weekly ; fairs 7 times annually. It waS founded early in the present century. Clifden castle is 2 m, distant. — II. a vill., Leinster, co, Kilkenny, which gives the title of viscount to the Agar-Ellis Family. CuEFE, sevl. places in Engl.— I, a township, CO. York, E. Riding, 3 m. E. Selby, on the railw. thence to Hull. Pop, 640 11. co. Kent, 6J m. N. Rochester. Area 6,400 ac. Pop. 842, The church, formerly collegiate, is an interesting an- tique structure. — HI. {West\ a pa., co. Ken*, i\ m. N. Dover. Area 1,090 ac. Pop. 116.— IV. (St Thmnas), co. Sussex, 1 m. E. Lewes. Area returned with Lewes. Pop. 1,545. Charities about 66?. per annum. — ^V. {Regisor King's Cliffe), CO. Northampton, 6 m. N.N.W. Oundle, Area 4,460 ac Pop. 1,278, Fair 29th October.— VI. (Pypard or Peper), co. Wilts, 4 m. S. Wooton- Basset. Area 6,050 ac. Pop. 933, Clifford, two pas, of Engl. — I. co. Hereford, 8 m. S.S.W. Kington. Area 6,920 ac. Pop. 892. Revenue of Smith's charity 358?. per annum. Here are the ruins of a castle, the former baronial residence of the De Clifford family II. {Chcm- bers), CO. Glo'ster, 2 m. S, Stratford-on-Avon, Area 1,530 ac. P. 309.— III. a tnshp., co. Yorit, W. riding, pa. Bramham, 3 m. S.S.E, Wetherhy., Pop. 1,666. ' CiiSTON, a watering place and pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, about 1 m. W. Bristol. Area 910 ac. Pop. 14,177. It comprises elegant terraces, and crescents; built on the sides and summit of a pre- cipitous limestone hill, commands fine vie'ws, &is separated irom a similar cliff by a dsep chaSm, through which flows the navigible Avon. Its celebrated hot baths have a temperature of CLI abQjft 79,° jfa^. They coatoiu an uBusual quan- tity of caroonlo aciU gas, with salts of ma|;nesia, and have for upwards of 2 centuries been m high repute. Hotels, lodging houses, assembly & eou- qert rooms are established, & many of the wealthy ioliabltants of Bristol permanenuy reside here. Races are held adjacent to it annually in April. CuFTONinumerous pas., &c., Engl. — l.eo. Bed- ford, 1 J m. E. Shefford. Area 1,420 ao. P. 865. —11. CO. Westmoreland, 3 m. S.S.E. Penrith. Area 1,520 ac. Pop. 283 HI. (Campville), eo. Stafford, 5 ra. N.E. Tamworth. Area 4,170 ao. Pop. 921 IV. (Hamdm), co. Oxford, SJ m. E.S.E. Abingdon. Area 1,030 ac. P. 297 V. {May- hank), CO. Dorset, 4J m. W.S.W. Sherborne. Area 770 ac. Pop. 70.— VI. {North), co. Notts, fiim. E.N.E. Tuxford. Area 5,050 ac. P. 1,056. ^VU. {Reynes), co. Bucks, Area 1,120 ac. P. 213. — VIII. {Upon-DunsTnore), Co. "Warwick, 2i m. E.N.E. Kugby. Aiea 4,030 ac. Pop. 699.— IX. (Vpon-Teame), co. and 9J m. N.W. Wor- cester. Area3,310ae. V.512.—X. {Wiih-Glap- ton), 00. and SJ m. S.S.W. Nottingham. Area 1,980 ac. P. 419.— .XI. {With-Campton), a tnshp., CO. Derby, pa. and 1^ m. S.W. Ashbourne. Pop. 839. — XII. {With-Salmick), a tushp.,co. Lancas- ter, pa. and 3 m. E.S.E. Kirkham. Pop. 638.— Xll}. a tnshp., CO. Lancaster, pa. Eccles, on the Jjtanehester and Bolton Railw., 51 m. N.W. Sal- ford. Pop. 1,360.— XIV. a tnshp., co. York, N. Riding, pas. St Michael and St Olive, 1^ m. N. W. Torli. Po]?. 1,242.— XV. {Cum-Hartsliead), co. Yofk, W. ridmg, pa. Dewsbury, 5 m. N.E. Hud- dersiield. Pop. 2,675. CuPTOS-P.vBK, a tnship. of U. S., N. Amer., New Torlt, 17 m. N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,719. CuMFiNs, at pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 8 m. S. Arundeh Area 2,060 ac. Pop. 279. . CJ.IKCH, a rlv. in U. S., N. Amer., Virginia and Tennesse^ unites with Holston riv. at Kingston to form the Tennessee,, after a S.W. course of 20O m;,^ostly navigable for boats. Ci.mxoi', numerous cos. and tnshps. of the U.S., N, Amer ^I. a co. in N.E. of N. York. Area 932 sq. m. Pop. 28,167. Partly mountainous, paiUy fertile. — IL a co. in N. of Pennsylvania, Area 840 sq. m. Pop. 8,323.-111. a co. in S. of Kentucky. Area 200 sq. m. Pop. 3,863. Soil fertile.— IV. a co. in S.W. of Ohio. Area 400 sq. m. Pop. 1 5,719. Soil very rich. — V. a co. in centre of Michigan. Area 576 sq. m. P. 7,308. Surf, level ; soil good. — ^VI. a co. in S. Illinois. Area 480 sq. m. Pop. .3,718.— VII. a co. in N.W. of Missouri. Area 425 sq.m. Pop. 2,724.— VIII. a CO. in E. part of Iowa territory. Pop. 821. — IX. a tnshp., Maine, 25 m. N.N E. Augusta. P. 2,818— X. New York, 10 m. N. Poughkeepsie. Pop. 1,930.— XI. a vill., 9 m. S.W. Utuja. Pop. about 800. It is the seat of Hamilton College. — Xll. a tnshp. N. Jersey, co. Essex. Pop. 1,976. — Xin. Ohio, CO. Seneca. Pop. 2,195. "CiiON, 2 comms. & vills. of France. — I. dep. Loirie-Inf., 11 m. S. Paimbouf. Pop. 2,110 — II. dep. Indre,4J m. S.E. Chatillon. Pop. 1,600. CupPesby, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 3i m. N.E. Acle. Area 1,300 ac. Pop. 123. Clipsham, a pa. of Engl., co. Rutld., 7 m. N.N.W. Stamford. Area 1,570 ao. Pop. 206. (pLiESTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 4 m. S.S.W. M3,rKet-Harborough. Area 2,800 ac. Pop. 869. It has a gram, sen., founded in 1667. C^iSHEiu or Clissbvai,, the highest mountain in, tlie fittteT Hebrides, Scotland, isl. HaiTis, C m. H,W. Tarbet. Height 2,700 ft. ' QLissA,a!small fortified town of Dalmatia, circ. and4,m. N.fe. Spalatro, on a height commanding 343 CLO the route from that city to the interior. Pop. 1,300. On a mountain of same name in vicinity, is sup- posed to have stood the Rom. castle of Andretium. Olisson, a comra. and town of France, dep, Loire-Inf., on the SSvre-Nantaise near its con- fluence with the Maine, 16 m. S.E. Nantea. Pop. 1,372. Manufs. woollen cloths, paper, and yarn. Clist, several pas. of Engl., co. Devon. — I. {St George), IJ m. E.N.E. Topsham. Area 860 ac. Pop. 370.— II. {Honiton), 4J m. E. Exeter. Area 1,410 ac. Pop. 467 III. {Hydon), 3J m. S.S.E. Columpton. Area 3,000 ac. Pop. 825.— IV. {St Lawrence), 5 m. S. Collumpton. Area 1,380 ac. Pop. 168.— V. {St Mary), IJ m. N.E. Topsham. Area 680 ac. Pop. 197. Cliteeboe, a pari, and munic. bor. and mkt. town of England, co. Lancaster, pa. Whalley, on the Ribble, at the base of Pendle hill (which rises to 1,800 feet above the sea), 28 m. by railway, N. Manchester. Pop. 11,824. It is built of stone, and has a large chapel of ease, a Rom. Catholic chapel, a grammar school founded by Qn. Mary in 1564 (ann. rev. upwards of ibOl.), a mechanic's institute, moot-hall and jail, small remains of a castle built by the Lacy family in 12th century, and considerable manuis. of calicoes and other cotton fabrics. Mkt. Safe Fairs, Mar. 24, July 24, Sept. 29, and Dec. 7. Races in June. The bor, has no commission of the peace. It sends one member to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 412. Clivigek, a ohapelry of Engl,, co. Lancaster, pa. Whalley, 4 m. S.S.E. Burnley. Pop. 1,395. Clixbt, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 6Jm. E.S.E. Glanford-Brigg. Area 2,020 ac. Pop. 45. CiocAENOG, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Denbigh, 3 m. S.W. Ruthin. Pop. 467. Charities 511. Clodock, a pa. of Engl., co. and 15 m. S.W. Hereford. Area 18,250 ac. Pop. 1,762. CjiOFORD, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 4 m. S.W. Frome. Area 2,080 ac. Pop. 253. CLoeHANE, or Clahane, a pa. of Ire!., Munster, CO. Kerry, consisting chiefly of a mntnous. penin- sula, W. of Brandon bay. Ac. 17,572. P. 2,994. CnoGHEEN, a mkt. town of Ireland, Munster, CO. Tipperary, 13^ m. W.S.W. Clonmell. Pop. 2,049. Principal edifices, the church, cavalry barracks, bridewell, workhouse, and hospital. Fairs, Whit-monday, 1st Aug., 28th October, & 11th December. It is head of a poor-law union. The Cork railway passes within 6 m. of the town ; and about 2 m. distant is Shanbally, the seat of Viscount Lismore. Cloohbb, a decayed episcopal city, and dis- ft-anchised pari, bor., now a mkt. town and pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Tyrone, on the Blackwater riv., 82 m. N.N.W. Dublin. Area of dist. 49,761 ao. Pop, of do. 17,813; of town 702. It stands in a rich undulating valley, and has a cathed., a bishop's palace, prison, & workhouse; but the houses' are mostly thatched cabins. It has some retail trade. Fairs on the 20th of eveiy month, May 2, & July 26. It is the head of a poor-law union, Its diocese comprises 43 pas. in the cos. Monaghan, Fermanagh, Tyrone, Donegal, and Louth. Number of churches of Establishment 66, Dissenters 62, Roman Catholics 81. Cloghek, several pas. of Ireland — I. Munster, CO. Tipperary, 6 m. S.W. Thurles. Area 8,119 ac. Pop. 2,643.-11. (or Kildoger), Lcinster, co. Louth, 7 m. N.E. Drogheda. Area 1,861 ao. Pop. 1,371. Its vill., N. of Clogher head (Irish Sea), has a fishery, and is resorted to for sea-bathing. Fairs, 6 times annually.— III. a vill., Connaught, 00. Mayo, near Kilcummin-head, & 4 m. N. Kil- lala. Here the French expedition landed in 1798. Ci.oGHERNEy, or CiouGHEBNET, a pa. of Ire- ChO 311 CLO land, Ulster, co. Tyrone, 5 m. S.E. Omagh. Area 17,792 ac. Pop. 7,553. ' Clonakilty, or Cloohnakiltt, a mkt. town, and formerly a pari. boi:. of Ireland, Miinster, oo. Cork, on the Foilagh, here crossed by 2 bridges, near its mouth in Clonakilty bay, 11 m. S.W. Bandon. Pop. '3i993. Town once flourishing, bat now in decay. Princip. edifices,' a church, court-house, infantry barracks, bridewell, mkt- house, and a lineu hall. Linens of ann. value of 30,0G0Z, were formerly woven here ; some cottons are still manufactured. Mkfc Frid. Fairs; 6th April, 30th June, 1st Aug., 10th Oct., 12th Nov. Clonahon, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Down, 1 m: N. "Warrenpoint. Ac. 11,658. Pop. 6,553. Clonaed, a pa.of Irelandj Leinstei^cb. Meath, 15 ni. W.lfiW. Kilcock. Area 13,324 ac. Pop. 4,503. Surface flat, boggy, and drained by the Boyne, oh which is the vill., formerly a bishop's see. The river is here crossed by a substantial bridge. S. of the vill.areruinsofTieroghaii castle. OlosbSs, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. and 4 m. S.W. Tipperary. Area 15,112 ac. Pop. 4,377. Galtep-More, 3,015 feet in height, & the loftiest summit of the Galtee mntns., is in this parish. • Clokbbbn, a pa. of Ireland, Connaught, co. Galway, 6^ m. S.E. Duntnore. Area 10,462 ac. Pop. 2,833. In it are loughs Mackeeran & Doo, and the remains of several feudal strongholds. CtoRBKONET, or CiosBBONE, apa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Longford, about 6 m. W. Granard. Area 12,708 ac. Pop. 5,114. CiiONBtfLLoaE, two pas. of Ireland.^-I. (or Clonsast), Leinster, King's co., 6 m. S.W. Eden- derry. Area 23^658 ao. Pop. 3,803.— II. Mun- ster, co. 'and 5 m. S.E. Tipperary. Area 3,955 ac. Pop. 1,546. Cloncha, or CLONCA,'the most N. pa. of Ire- land, Ulster,' CO. Londonderry, between the Stra- breasy bay & the Atlantic. Area 19,643 ac. Pop. 6,778. Surface chiefly mntnous. ; and in it are Malin head and well, with various antiquities. Clonclabe, or CloonOlabe, a pa. of Ireland, Connaug;ht, co. Leitrim, comprising part of the town Manor- Hamilton (which see). Area 32,990 ac. •- Pop. 10;524. CLONcnaBv, two pas. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Kildare.— I. 5i m. N.W. Kilcock. Area 8,390 ac. Pop. 1,666. In vill. was formerly a castle, and Carmelite priory fonnded in 1,347. It gives the title of Baron to the Lawless family. — II. a m. E.N.E. Rathangan. Area 5,420 ac. Pop. 644. Surface bo^gy, crossed by Grand canal. Clondagai), or Cloitdegad, a pa. of Irel., Mun- • ster, CO. & 61 m. S.S.W. Clare. Ac. 16i978; P. 6,088. Clondalkin, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. & 4J m. "W.S.W. Dublin. Area 4,934 ac. Pop. 2,546. It has a vill. with a school-house, almshouses, &o., many detached villas, and various antiquities. OcoNDEHOKKET, Or Clondahobkbt, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Donegal, 16 m. W.N.W. Let- terkenny. Area 29,633 ac. Pop. 6,908. Surface mostly poor & mntnous. Mukish mountain, in this parish, is 2,190 feet in elevation. Clondeealaw BaV, Ireld., Munster, oo. Clare, 18 m. S.W. Ennis, is an inlet of the Shannon es- tuary, & penetrates inld. for about 4 m.; breadth varying ftom 1 J to '^ m. Clondebadook, or Clokdabai>oo, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Donega],flm. N. Rathmullen, occupies 'the chief part of the peninsula of Fan- fiat. Area 27,367 ac. Pop. 10,344. • Clondeohid, a pa. of Ireland^' Munster, co. Cork, 3 mi N.W'. Macroom. Area 27jll4 ac. Pop. 6,268. Here are some intrenohments attri- buted to the Danes. • ' 'Clokddff, or Ci.AKi>urF, a pa. of Ireland, UI- ister, CO. Down, 3. m. S.E. Rathfriland. Area 21,242 ac. Pop. 8,687. In it is the Eagle mntn., 2,084 feet above the sea. ■• Cloke, two pas. of Ireland. — I. (or Cloan^, Connaught, CO. Leitrim, 4 m. N.E. MoMU. i Ae. 41,523. P. 21,225.-11. Leinster, co. Wexford,S m. E.N.E. Enniscorthy. Area 6,267 ac. P. 1,504. Ci-oiiEii CiONEi, Clont, or Clohie, a-pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Clare, 6 m. E.N.E. Ennis. Area 10,666 ac. Pop. 3,624. , CI.0NFAI7E, Stbawbebbt-hill, and QUEENS- FOET (BoQ of), Irel., Connaught, co. Galway, comprises about 3,716 Enghsh ac. In it th&riv. Clare has its sources. ^ Clonfeacle, Cluain^Fiacul, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, COS. Armagh and Tyrone, comprises; the town Moy (which see). Ac 26,218. P. 18,930. Clokfeet and Kilmobe, two contiguous bogs of Ireland, Connaught, co. Galway, N..W. of the ShannOB, and comprising 9,615 ac, with an aver- age depth of 30 ft., in mainy plaees 10 ft. below (Se Shannon. They are traversed by the Grand canal. Ci.ONFEE'r, two pas. of Ireland.— I. (or New- market), Munster, co. Cork, comprises the town Newmarket and part of Kanturk. Area 63,110 ac Pop. 17,328. Surface in the' N. and W. mntnous. and sterile, elsewhere it has good aralile land. In it are 3 anc. baronial castles, near one of which is a chalybeate spring. — 11. Connaught, CO. Galway, 4J m. N.N.E. Eyrecourti Area 24,877 ac Pop. 5,704; , Surface flat, boggy, and traversed by the Grand canal. The town was an episcopal see, until the union of its diocese with that of Killaloe. v '" 1 Ci.bMEiNi,ouGH,ior Cloonfinlough, a pa. sf Ireland, Connaught, co. Roscommon, , 3 m.' S. StrOkestown. Area 7,814 ac. Pop. 4,782. i i Clongesh, or Clohgjsh, a^ja.of Irel., Lein- ster, CO. & 3 m. N.N.W. Longford. Area 12,833 ac. Fop. 6,504. Clonkeen, three pas. of Irel. — I. Leinster,'SO. Louth, 4 m. N.W. Ardee. Area 4,322 ac. Pop. 2,168 II. (or Clonkeen-Kerry), Connaught, co. .Galway, 7 m. N.E. Athenry. Area 8,214 ac. Pop. 1,971 III. Munster, co. and 5.^ m. -E. Liinerick. Area 1,146 ac Pop., 621., Clonleigh, several pas. of Irel.-rJ. IJlster,cD. Donegal, comprising a part of the town of fuS- FOED. Area 12,617 ac. Pop. 5,686. ; Surface a rich undulating plain. — II. (or CVonfeeJ, Munstgr, CO. Clare, 4 m. E.N.E. Six-mile-Bridge. . ^rea 8,834. Pop. 3,749 — IlL Leinster, eo.lifesfsafl, 64 m. N.E. New Boss. Area 2,717 ac R SSft i Clonmaghoise (The Seven Churches), a pa.^of Ireland, Leinster,King's oo., 7 m. S.S.W. Atlfloae. Area 22,417 ac Pop. 4,766. The reirwaa: o( a cathedi-al, & various ufionasticbjalding^- are gtill extant in and around the village. . ,, .hf^ Clonmant, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Done- gal,'9m. N.N.E. Bunorana. Ac 23,376.- P. 6,489. CLO 345 CLO Olonheen, or Cloonmeen, a pa. of Ireland, Minister, co. Cork, 10 m. W. Mallow. Area 20,076 ac. Pop. 6,361. Clonmel, a pari, and manic, bor. and town of Ireland, Munster, cos. Waterford and Tipperary, on the Limerick and Waterford railw., & on both banlcs of the Soir, and some isls. iu that rlv., its several parts connected by 6 bridges, 14 m. S.S.E. Cashel. Area of pai'i. bor. 331 ac. Pop. 13,S05. Its manic, jurisdiction extend%over 4,000 ac., mostly in co. Waterford. It appears thriving^ and its central part is regularly bnilt, pared, and lighted with gas, bat its suburbs ai'e mean. F^'iacipal buildings, a church, founded in the il2th .century, Koman Catliolic and varioils' «ther chapels, the endowed grammar 'ScSaal$' a .ionatioasyhim, court-ho., ccijail, large barracks, the CO. infirmary and dispensaiy, fever-hospital, houseof industry, and butter market. It has a mechanics' institute, several ibanics,' nlafaufs. of cotton i&brics, breweries, a distiHeig', and a con- siderable commerce in agricultural produce for the Waterford, Bristol, Liverpool, &c., markets. Mkts., Tues. and Sat. Fairs, May 5, Nov. 5, and the first Wed. in every other month. It is the head of a poor-law union. Corp. rev. (1848) 822Z. The bor. sends 1 mem. to the H. of C. Keg. electors (1847) 640. It gives the title of Earl to the Scott family. — II. a pa., Munster, co. and 10 m. E.S.E. Cork, and comprising a part of the town of Cove (which see). Area 3,197 ac. Pop. 2,564. Clonubllon, a^mkt. town of Ireland, Leinster, CO. West Meath, 6 m. N.W. Athboy. Pop. 859. F^rs, Jmie 29, May 2, September 28. Clohhikes, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Wexford, at the head of Bannow harbour, 7 m. S.S.W. Taghmon. Area 1,380 ae. Pop. 377. In it are some remains of the ruined town of Clonmines,a place of import, in the middle ages. Clonhobe, several pas. of Ireland. — I (or Kil- ImienocK), Monster, co. Tipperary, 4 m. N.E. Tranplemore. Area 8,160 ac. Pop. 3,557.-11. Leinster, co. Carlow, 3 m. S.S.E. Hacketstown. Area 6,029 ac. Pop. 2,335. It gives title of Baron to the Howard famUy, who have here an old casfle IIL co. Wexford, 4 m. S.S.W. Ennis- corthy. Area 6,767 ac. Pop. 4,779. Here are pietnrescjue ruins of an anc. abbey. — IV. co. Kilkenny, b\ m. E.S.E. Carrick-on-Suir. Area 2,092 ac. Pop. 796— V. co. Louth, 2^ m. E.N.E. ©unteer. Area 1,905 ac. Pop. 725. Clonmolsk, two pas. of Ireland. — I. (or Clon- rush), Connaught, co. Galway, lOJ m. S.W. Por- tumna. Area 11,850 ac. Pop. 3,115.-11. (or Clonmehh), Leinster, co. and 4 m. S. Carlow. Area 3,147 ac. Pop. 676. Clokoe, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Tyrone, 2i m. S.S.E. Stewartstown, Area 12,071 ac. Pop. 6,817. Surface mostly low and marshy. In it are the remains of Mountjoy castle. Clonouitt, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Tip- perary, 4J m. S.W. Holycross. Area 11,135 ac. Fop. 3,865. The viH. has two annual fairs. Clonpkiebt, a pa. of Irel., Munster, co. Cork, 4 in. S.W. Tonghal. Area 6,985 ao. P. 8,658. Cloutabf, a small towil and pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. and 3 m. E.N.E. Dublin, on the N. side of its bay. Area of pa. 1,190 ae. Pop. 2,664; do.' of town 818. The town consists of a pretty good main streetj with some detached residences, a church of the 17th' century, having the family vault lof the Vemons, lords of the' manor, who reside in Cloutarf-castle. Here, on April 23, 1014, the united Danes and Irish were defeated by the troops of Brian Borouch, who was killed In the action — a battle, forming the subject of Gray's ode, "the Fatal Sisters." CLONTHii, or Kl6^THAI,, a lake of Switzer- land, in the beautiful valley of same name, cant, and 3 m. S.W. Glarus. It is 2 m. long, 1 m. broad, and 2,626 feet above the level of the sea. CiONTiBRET, apa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Mona- ghan, 7 i ra. N.N. W. Castleblayney. Area 26,664 ac. Pop. 16,833. Surface mntnous. and boggy. Clontcrk, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. and 2 m. N.E. Dublin, comprising the town of Bally- bough (which see). , Area 1,244 ao. Pop. 2,721. GliONTUSKEET, twopas. of Ireland, Connaught. ^LifaClonthusfiert), co. Galway, 6 m. N.N.W. Ejreoourt. Area 16,609 ac. Pop. 3,7U IL (or CloiMituiiacar), co. Roscommon, IJ m. N.N.W. i^iatiesborongh. Area 7,466 ac. , Pop. 3,221. , Cloohaff, Clonaff, or ClonobafTj a pa. of Ireland, Connaught, OQ. Ro3feommop, 6 m. N.N.E. Strokestown. Area 6,464 ao. Pop.i2,863. ' 'GiX)ON)cp3miLi,,ior Glookacooi., a pa, of Irel,, Connaught; co. Sligo, 3} m. W.S.W. Ballymote. Area 7,098 ac. Pop. 2,688. Clophill, a pa. of Engl., co. Bedford, 2 m. N. SUsoe. Area 2,140 ac. . .Pop. 1,066. Clopion, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 3J m. N.W. Woodbrldge. Area 1,480 ac. Pop. 389. Closebubn (formerly Kilosbum),a,psi. of Scotl., CO. Dumfries, 2J m. S.E. Thornhlll. Area 30,189 ac. Pop. 1,630, of whom 123 reside in the village. CioswoBTH, a pa. of Engl., cb. Somerset, 4 m. S. Yeovil. Area 1,030 ac. Pop. 164. Clotbail, a pa. of Engl., co. Herts, 2J m. S.E, Baldock. Area 3,620 ac. Pop. 496. CtotzE, or Rlotze, a vill. of Pruss, Saxony, reg. and 40 m. N.W. Magdeburg. Pop. 2,320. Cloud (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 6J. m. W. Paris, on the slope of a hill near 1. b. of the Seine, and on the railway from Paris to Versailles. Pop. (1846) 3,061. The fine chateau of St Cloud, originally the property of the dukes of Orleans, ivas long the favourite summer residence of the kings of France; it has an extensive park and elegant fountains. The fair or fjte of St Cloud is one of the most fre- quented In the environs of Paris. Henry ill. was assassinated at St Cloud by Jacques Clement In 1589. Bonaparte here broke up the assembly of 500, & caused himself to be proclaimed first consul, 9th Nov. 1799 ; & here, in July 1830, Charles x. signed the drdonnances which cost him his throne. Cloudt Bat, New Zealand, is an inlet of Cooke's str. in the N.E. extremity of New Mun- ster (Middle Isl.). Its S. coast is mostly lofty ; on its N. shore is Cloudy-harbour, one of the finest harbours known, and the E. entrance of which Is in lat. 41° 20' S., Ion. 174° 10' E. Cloudy bay receives the Wairoo river. Clouney, a pa. Irel., Munster, co. Clare, 32 m. E. Ennistymon. Area 10,226 ac. Pop. 3,077. Clova, a pa. of Scotl., co. Forfar, a beautiful valley in the Grampian mntns. [Cqbtaoht.} CtovBLLV, or Clavblly, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, on the Bristol Channel, 9 m. S.W. Bide- ford. Area 4,200 acres. Pop. 960. Clown, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, 7 J m. E.N.E. Chesterfield. Area 1,860 ac. Pop. 677. Cloyd, a riv., N. Wales, cos. Denbigh & Flint, rises near Slanflhangel, flows mostly N.ward past Kuthin, Denbigh, St Asaph, and Khyddlan, and enters the Irish sea at Khyl. Total course 30 ra. Chief affluent the Elwy. Its valley is noted for picturesque beauty. ' Cloves, a. comm. and town of France, dep. Eure-et Loir, cap. cant., arrond. and 6 m. S.W. Chtlteaudun, on 1, b, of the Loire. Pop. 2,080. CLO 346 C0A Clotjie, a pa. and market-toivn, and fonneriy an, episcopal city^ Irel,, Munster, eo. Cork, 4 m. S.W. Castle-JHartyr. Area of pai 9,969 ao. Pop. of pa. 6,726; do. qf town 2,200; mostly agricul- tiiraJ. It is generally well built, but decaying. Principal public edifices, a Gothic cathed;, found- ed about the 6th century, and having some good monuments; the old Episcopal palace, now apri- vate residence ; the Koman Catholic cathedra, a round tower, and ,the remains of an ancient castle, a church, nunnery, & monastery. It has a school, endowed by Bishop Crowe in 1719. Mkt., Thurs. Fairs, 24th Februaiy, Easter Tues., "Whit-Tues., & 4th August. The diocese, now merged in that of Cork, comprises 119 pas. in the co. In the vifiinity are some valuable marble quarries. Clugnat, a oomm. & vill. of France, dep. Creuse, 14 m. N.E. Gu&et, onl. b. of the Veraux, P. 2,120. Clcis, 2 contig. vills. of France, dep. Indre, 12 m. W. La Chatre. United pop. 1,950. CiUN, or CLUNif, a decayed bor., market-town and pa. of Engl., co. Salop, on a small riv. of same name, 5^ m. S.S.W. Bishop's Castle. Area of pa. 22j600 aC, includmg nearly 2,000 ao. of common land in the forest of Cluui Pop. 2,077 ; do. of township 913. Rev. of Trinity hospital foi; 13 poor brethren about 1,200?. The borough has a, town hall and union workho. It is governed by bailiffs, and a recorder, under the Earl of Powis, lord of the manor, and it gives the title of baron to the Duke of Norfolk, a descendant of its ancient lords, the Fitzalans^ Market, Wednes- day. Fairs, Whitsunday, Monday, and Nov. 22. Clu?ieh«t, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 6 m. S.S.E. Bishop's Castle. Area 7,870 ae. Pop. 994. CLnNGUNFOBD, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 9J m. N;.E. Knighton. Area 3,710 a». Pop. 554. Cldnie, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 13 m. N. Perth. Area about 8(000 ac. P. 763. Surface moun- t^ii^US. An action between the Caledonians and the Romans under Agricola, is supposed to have taken place in this parish. Here is Olicnie Loch, with a small island, and remains of anc. castles. Clunt, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 16 m. W. Aber- deen. Area about 7,000 ac. P. 959. Cluny and Fr?ser eastles are structures of the 15th centy. Clunt, a comm. & town of France, deps. Sa6ne- et-Lpire, cap. cant.j on 1. b. of the Grone, here crossed by two stone bridges, 11 m. N.W. Macon. Pop. (1846) 3,467. It is inolosedby ruined walls, and has the remains of an abbeyj founded in 910, a college and hospital. Manufsj gloves, linen, and leather ; paper and oil mills, a lai-ge potteryj and a trade in timber, com, and cattle. Clwses, a town of Savoy, prov. Faucigny, cap. mand. near rt, b. of Arve, here crossed by a one- anched bridge, 28 m. E.S.E. Geneva, and having a church, a college, a hospital, and l,-970 inhabi" tants, mostly engaged in manufacturing clock and watch movements. CiusoNE, a town of Lombardy, deleg. amd 17 m. N.E. Bergamo, near the Serio. Pop. 3,200. It is pretty well built, and has a church, 2 hos- pitals, a public school, and a brisk trade in com and iron, In the vicinity are eopper-fonndries and vitriol-works. — II. a riv. (anc. Cluso), Sard, states, div. Turin, rises in the Alps, about 12 m. E, Mt. Genfevre, flows S.E. past FenestreHa, Perosa and Pinerolo, and after a course of about 60 ra. joins the Po, 18 m. S.S.W. Turm. ■ Clutton, a pa. of Engl., cO. Somerset,! 3 m. S. Pensford. Ac. 2,120. P. 1,434. Mostly empl. in collieries. It is the head of a poor-law union. GtwYD, a small river of N. Wales, flows N. through the counties Denbigh, and Flint, to the Irish-Sea, past Khod'llah and St Asaph, • It is nartga/ble from Rhuddlan; its vklleyis one of the most beautiful in Wales, 20 m. ld*g, and 3 to 8iii breadth. Sprinkled with to*ns and villsi Gi-VDE, one of the largest and most inrportaajt riva. in Scotland. It takes its rise from nnmeroiis streams flowing from the mountain range in S. part of Lanarkshire and borders of Dumfries, shire ; the chief summits of which are the Low- thers, Leadhills, Queensberry hill, and Rodg^ Lawjifi«h elevation approaching 3,000 ft. THe original source of the Clyde, popularly so called, has its rise about 2 m. S.E. Rodger Law, and 4 m. E. vill. of Elvanfoot, at an elevation of 1,400 ft. After a course of a few miles this small stream is joined by the Daer, Powtrail, Elvan, and othei mountain rivulets. It now flows in a N.E. di- rection, receiving tributaries from the Tinto hill4 then turning with many windings N.W. and W.j is joined by the Douglas Water from the S.W., the Medwin, Mouse, '&a., and entering Lanark parish forms the celebrated falls desCeildihg by several rapids about 230 ft., amid high shelving sandstone rocks, and most picturesque scenery. Its course is now through rich and fertile valley's on to Glasgow. From this city it expands into' a river navigable for ships of 300 to 400 tons, and flows N.W., dividing the cos. Renfrew on the W., from Dumbarton on the N.E., receiving' the tributaries of the Kelvin, Cart, Leven. After passing Dumbarton it opens up into a noble estuary 4 m. in "width, spreading N.wafd into Loch Long, and S.ward into the Firth of Clydei with the ifeles of Bute and Cumhraes, situated at the mouth of the estuary. Here the Clyde expands into a Jirth averaging about 32 m. in width, and at the distance of 48 m. becomes identi- fied with the N. Channel. The letfgtb of the riv;' from its source to Glasgow, including windings, is about 7S m. From Glasgowto the Si point of Bute island about 40 m. In the Clyde; was latinched the first steam-boat constructeli in Britain(1812). — Clydesdale is the district fommx^ the valley of the Clyde [Lanabkshiee], and is celebrated for its orchards, coal and iron miBes{' and horses. It gives the title of Marquis to the eldest son of the Duke of Hamilton. CiiTDEV, a pa. of S. Wales, oo. Pembroke, 3 m. S.Wi Newcastle-Emlyn. Pop. 1,269. Clvne, a pa. of Scotl., co. Sutherland, 12 m. N.N.E. Dornoch,=on the Dornoch Firth; Pop. 1,765. In it are several Piotish remains. Clynog, a pa. of N. Wales, oo. & 9J m. S.S.W. Carnarvon. Pop. 1,789. Its church is reputed to have been founded a.d. 616. Clyeo, a pa. of S. Wales, Co. Radnor, Oii the Wye, 1 m. S.W. Hay. Pop. 984. SesSiom? for the hand, are held in the vill. — Clytha is a hamlet, eo. Monmouth, 5 m. N.N.W. TJsk. Clvthe-ness, a headland of Scotl., on the- German Ocean, co. Caithness, pa. Latfieron, lat. 58' 21' N., Ion. 3° 18' W., having near it the re- mains of the ancient stronghold, Easter Clyth. CoA, C^rfo, ariv. of Portugal, prov. Beira, rises in the Sierra de Gala, flows N. , passing hear AIj meida, and joins the Douro on ief% 6 m. W.' Torre de MoncOrvor Length 89 mile.s. Coahoma, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in N.W. of Mississippi. ' Area 680 sq. m. Pop. 1,296. COASDitA, or Cohauila, a dep. of Mexicim confederation, ^between lat. 24° and 30° N., &-lob. • 100° and 103° W., separated N. and N.E. frotn ' Texas by the Rio Bravo- -del NOrte, and having on other sides the deps. Nueva-Leon, ZacateeaS, and Durango. Area 30,740 sq. m. Pop. (1842)' 76,340. Surface^ of N. part mntnouB., with fer- tHe valleys. It has some silver mines. S. part ' COA 347 coc level and fitted for pasturage^) aud cattle rearing is the chief branch of industry. Chief towns, SaltUla, Coahuila, and Santa Rosa. — Coahuila, or Montelovez is a considerable town in the above dep, 130 m. N.W. Monterey. Pop. 3,600. CoilLET, a pEi. of England, co. Glo'ster, S m. N.N.E. Dursley. Area 2,460 ae. Pop. 979. CoAszA, a riv. of W. Ali'ica, Lower Guinea, enters the Atlantic S. of Loando, near lat. 9° 10' S., Ion. 14° 22' E., after a rapid course of (as is supposed), at least 500 m. GoAKBAZG, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. B. Pyr^ndes, arrond. aud 11 m. S.E. Pan. Pop. 1,388. Linen weaving. In its environs is a cha- teau in which Henry IT. was brought up. ' CoATBEiDGE, a vul. of Scotland, co. Lanark, pa. Old'Monkland, 9| m. E. Glasgow by railway, & on the Monkland canal. Pop. 741. Near it are extensive iron works. CoATES, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Glo'ster, 3 m.W.S.W. Cirencester. Area 2,330 ac. Pop. 373. — II. CO. and 9 m. N.W. Lincoln, pts. Lind- sey. Area 950 ac. Pop. 47. — ^III. co. Sussex, 3 m. S.S.E. Petworth. Area 510 ac. Pop. 67 IT. (Greaf), co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, 2i m. W. Gt. Grimsby. Area 2,i20O ac. Pop. 245.— V. (Little), same co., pts. Lindsey, 2 m. W. Great Grimsby. Area 1,060 ac. Pop. 40.— VI. (^ortA), same co., and pts. Lindsey, 9 m. N.N.E. Loutb. Area 2,420 ac. Pop. 225. CoAioN-CtAT, a pa. of Engl., co. Northamp- ton, 61 m. N.E. Rugby. Ae. 1,380. Pop. 107. CoATZACOALGO, a Considerable riv. of Mexican con&d., rises in the Sierra Madre, dep. Oaxaca, flows tortuously N. between Vera Cruz & Tab- asco, and enters the bay of Coatzacoaloo (Carib. Sea), 130 m. S.E. Vera Cruz. It is of interest as connected with the projected communication across the isthmus. [Panama (Isthmus of).] CoAzzE, a mkt. town of the Sardinian states^ div. Turin, prov. and 13 m. E.S.E. Susa, near the confl. of theSangone & Sangonetto. Pop. 3,996. CoBAM, a city of Centr. America, state and 90 m. N.N.W. Guatemala, cap. dep. Vera Paz, on the Rio Dulce. Estim. pop. 14,000, mostly In- dians, who are stated to be more wealthy than the inhabitants of most cities of Centr. America. Cobb, a co., U. States, N. America, in N.W. of Georgia. Area 480 sq. m. Pop. 7,539. Cobbe, a town of Centr. Afiica. [Koebe.] CoBHAM, two pas. of England, co. Kent, 4^ m. W. Rochester. Area 2,860 ac. Pop. 768. Fair, 2d August. Rev, of Cobham College, or poor's hospital, tounded in 1^8, 220Z. per aunum. Near the church are monumental brasses of the Barons of Cobham, whose anc. hall, built by Inigo Jones, is the seat of Lord Damley. — II. co. Surrey, 9 m. N.E. Guildford. . Area 5,240 ac. Pop. 1,617. Itcomprises Church-Cobham, a vill. on the Mole, with the pa. church, and Cobham Park, the resi- dence of the lord of the manor ; & Street-Cob- ham, a hamlet on the old London & Portsmouth road, adjacent to which is the domain formerly belonging to the Earl of Carhampton. Fairs, March 17, December 11. Cobi, a wide desert of Centr. Asia. [Gobi.] CoBMA, or PoKT La Mab, the only legal sea- port of Bolivia, cap. dep. La Mar, on the Pacific, with a vill. in the dist., & 110 m. W. Atacama. Lat. 2?° 34' S., Ion. 70° 21' r W. Pop. (1848) 793. It is a wretched place, and has been desti- tute of water until the very recent discovery of a spring, but it has some ship-building docks & mining estabs. ; & in 1844, a quay, barracks, & a new custom-ho. were iu course of construction. It is also a depot for coin, bullion, ore, aud some other products from theinterior, which, with im- ports of cotton & woollen stuffe, paper, aud mer- cury, a few years ago employed 6,700 beasts of burden for their transit. In 1840, 92 vessels, of which 33 were British & 16 French, entered th^ port ; and in 1843, the export of specie amounted to 1,730,633 dollars, & the merchandise imported to 1,534,822 do. in value. CoBLENZ (Engl. Coblentz, French CoblenCe, anc. Confiuentes), a strongly fortifd. city of Rhe- nish Prussia, cap. reg., on'l. b. of the Rhine, at the mflux of the Moselle, the former riv. here crossed by a bridge of boats, 486 yds. across, and the latter by a stone bridge, 636 yds. in length, 49 m. S.S.E. Cologne. Pop. (1846), excl. garri- son, 18,730. Mean temp, of year 51° .5 ; winter 36° .7; summer66°.6,Fahr. It is well built, & has several fine churches, a noble palace of the former electors of Treves, an anc. Jesuits' college, a Rom. Catholic seminary, hospital, orphan asylum, and theatre, manufs. of cotton & woollen fabrics, and an active general trade. Around it are several detached forts. Ehrenbreitstein, on the Opposite bank of the Rhine, is one of the strongest out- works. Birth-place of Prince Metternich. It was taken by the French in 1794, after an obsti- nate resistance, and made cap. of the dep. Rhine and Moselle, -under the French empire. — II. a vill. of Switzerland, caut. Aargau, at the confl. of the Aar and Rhine, 16 m. N.E. Aarau. It has some remains of the Roman period. CoBLESKiLi, a township of U. S., N. America, New York, 42 m. W. Albany. Pop. 3,583. CoBOUKS. [CoBUBa ANo Saxe-COburo.] CoBKB, a town of the island of Cuba, E. dep. Pop. 2,661, of whotn 614 are Europeans. CoBBiDGB, a hamlet of England, co. Stafibfd, pa. and forming a suburb of Burslem, 3 m. N.E. Newcastle-under-Lyne. Pop. returned with pa., and employed in manufactures of porcelain and other earthenwares. Cob uRGt, a town of Cent. Germany, cap. princip. of Coburg (a portion of the duchy of Saxe-Co- burg-Gotha), on the Itz, an affl. of the Regen, ifc on the railway from Dresden to Munich, 26 m. N. Bamberg. Lat. 60' 15' 19^ N., lou. 10° 68' 9' E. Pop. (1846) 10,092. Mean temp, of year 46° .2; winter 32°; summer 62° .8, Fahr. It is irregularly built, but has some good edifices; & public walkii separating it from its suburbs. Principal build- ings, the Ehrenberg palace, a residence of thei Duke, containing a collection of paintings, a li- brary of 26,000 vols., and a fine state banquet-' hall'; several churches, a large arsenal, observk-* tory, new theatre, casino, and workhouse. On a height above the town is the old castle of the Dnkes of Coburg, still a place of strength, and containing a large collection of armour, with rooms once occupied by Luther. In the vicinity are the ducal residence, Rosenau ; ' and the castles of Lanterburg and Kaliehberg. Coburg is the seat of all the high courts for the duchy, and it has a gymnasium, and manufs. of wooUeii, linen, and cotton fabrics, gold & silver articles, bleach- ing & dye works, stone quarries, & an active transit and general trade. CoBUBO-FENiNeuLA, N. Australia, is an irreg. penins. in lat. 11° 22' S., Ion. 132° 10' E. ; 60 m. in length E. to W., by 20 m. across, connected S.E. with the mainland by a narrow isthmus, and separated W. from Melville ii\. by DundaS strait. On it is the British settlement Victoria. [Poni ESSINSTON, VlCTOKIA.] CoecoKATO, a town of Piedmont, div. Ales- sandria, prov. Asti, cap. mandamento, 17 m. E.N.E. Turin. Pop. (1838) ivith comm., 2,628. coc 348 COD CooHAB^BA, 3. dep. of the republic of Bolivia, mostly between lat. 17° and 19° S., and Ion. 65° and 68° W., enologsd by the deps. Sacrd, LaPaz, and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, named IronD the riv. Coehabatnba, the head stream of the Giiapey, Estim. area 55,120r'Sq. m., and- pop. 250,000. It v/as formerly regarded as the granary of Peru, & produces also cotton, sugeir,: dye-woods, fine tim- ber, and the preciousuaetals. Chief cities, &c., Cochahamba or Oropesa^ Misques, Sacaba, and, Tapacari. — Cochabamha, or Oropesa, is a city &i cap, of above , dep., on the Cochahamba, in a plain at the E. foot of the Andes, 145 m. N.N.W. Chuqnisaoa. Pop. SOjOOO. Climate .temperate and healthy j houses large, some of the ibest hav- ing two stories. Churches and convents nume- rous and well endowed. It has manufs.of cotton fabrics and glass wares. CooHB, a small, isl. of S. America, Venezuela, between the isl. JViargarita and the mainland. CocHEM, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 24 m. S.W. Coblenz, cap, circ, on the Moselle, at the influx of the Endert. Pop. 2,563. It is Eioturesquely situated, but ill built, & surrounded y ruined, walls. Manufs. cloth, & trade in wine. CocHEBEt, a hamIet-_ of France, dep. Eure, ^ITOnd. and 12 m. E. Evreux, celeb, for a victory gained by Du Guesclin over Charles le Mauvajs, King of Navarre, 16th May 1364. CoCHis, a rajahship of S. India, comprised in: the Travancore dom.j and extending along the, Malabar coast,, between lat. 9° 30' and 10° 30' N., and Ion. 76° and- 77° E., having S. Travancore, N..and E. the Madrasidists., and W. the Indian Ocean. Area l,988sq. m. It contains fine.fO*ests of teak and oljier woods, from the products of which most part of the rev. is derived. Princip. towns. Cochin and Cramganore.^CocMnj a, sea- port town, cap. of above rajahshipj is on the Ma- labar coast, 98 m. S.S.E. Calicut. It is situated at the entrance of au, extensive backwater, & has great natural advantages for ship-builcBng, &c. ; and though, during the present century, it has declined in importance, it still has an export trade in teak, timber, icardamoms, coir, and other pro- duce, sent to bothE. & "W. Asia. Here, in 1503, was erected the first fort possessed by the Portu- guese in India; and Cochin is still the see of a Roman Catholic bishop, whose diocese includes Ceylon, and more than 100 Christian stations in India. It has also Protestant church missionary establishments, & various EnglishiSchools. The town was taken from the Dutch in 1796, and finally ceded to the British in 1814. Cochin China. [Anam (Empire of).] , Cookatne-Hatley, a pa. of Engl., co. Bedford, 6A m. N.E. Biggleswade. Area 1,460 ac. P. 99. •iC-OCKBUKN (Channel), Tierra-del-Fuego,. is a continuation of Magdalen Sound, in lat. 54° 30' S., Ion. 72° W — (island), Paeifio Ocean, is in lat. 22° 12' 25" S., Ion. 138° 139' 53' ^f .r^Sound), W. Australia, co. Perth, lat.i 32° 10' S., Ion. 116° 40' E., is, thprougbly sheltered W.ward by Garden isl. Length N. to S. 6 m. ; breadth at N. entrance 4 m. ;. deptll fromi6 to 10 fathoms. CooKBORNSPATH, Colbiiundspafh, a .pa. of Scotland, co. and 18 m. N.W. Berwick, near the. N. sea, on the N, British railway. Pop. 1,149. Surface mntnous. jn the 8, & here are many remns. of anc. forts, & other Koman &, Scottish antiqs. CocitE, a CO., U. S., N.i America, in E. part of Tennessee,. bounded S.E. by Smokymntns. Area- 374 sq. m. Pop, 6,992, of wh,oim 634 are slaves. CocKENj a township of Engl., co. Dm-ham, pa. Houghton-le Spring, 3.] m. N.N.E. Durham. At Cocken-hall, an anoi edifice, the property of Lord Durham, a convent of nuns was established eariy in the present centuiy. The pounds about,the Irivier -Wear, on the opposite side of which are the ruins of Finchall abbey. - / . . CooKENZiE, a maritime vill. of Scotlandj co, Haddington, pa. Tranent, on the Firth of ForSi^- 'im. B, Prestoifpans. Pop. 570, mostly engaged i»flshing and manufacturing salt.i - 1 , ht , Cocker, a small river of Engl, co. Cuinber- laodj issuing fvomLake Buttermere,iaudi flowing N. 1 into the Derwent at Cockermouthi .,!■ CocKERHAM, 3, pa. of Engl., CO. La(icasterr4( m. N.N.W. Garstang. Area 10,420 ac. Bop.) 3,230. Fair, Easter Monday. > GocKERiNSTON, two coutiguous pas. of EngL; CO. Lincoln. — I. (St. Mary's), ii m. N.E. Louth. Area 2,030 ao. Pop. 227.— II. (St. Leonard's^ E.N.E. Louth. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 246. ,! CocKEBMOoTH, a , pSrl. bor., town, & ohapeJry of Engl., CO. Cumberland, pa. Brigham, at the confluence of the Derwent and Cocker rivers,: each here crossed by a bridge, 25 m. S,"W, Car- lisle. Pop. of chapelry 4,9&;.do. of pad., bor. 6,420. .It is irregularly built, :but clean and, thriving, andithas been recently much iraprovedq It possesses some remains of a. stronig castle, biiilt' soon after the conquest, and razed by tiiie»i>arlta4 mentary army in 1648 ; a large chapel/ of ease, agrammar scnool, town-hall, co. house of cor-. rection> court-house, market-Jiouse, alms-house, &c.j with flax and woollen mills, manufs. of hats and hosiery, & cotton looms. Mark^ Monday., Fairs, 18th Feb., 10th Oct. The corp. is almost nominal, i The bor. is a pollingrplaoel for th^ ^Wiji division of the eo.j and sends 2 mem6.;to H.of C. Reg. electors (1848) 322. The poet Wordsworth' was bom here in 1770. u, CocKFiEi.1), two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Durham^' 7 m. N.E. Barnard-Castle. Area 1,720 ac. Pop. 1,187.-11. CO. Suffolk, 4 J m. N.W. Lavenham. Area 3,470 ac Pop. 951. ' CocKiNO, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 2^ m. S. Midhurst, on the- road to Chichesterj i Area, 2,370 ac. Pop. 464. CocKiNGTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 2 m. W. Torbury. Area 1,660 ac. Pop. 203. Cooklev-Clev, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3} m. S.S.W. Swafflham. Area 4,370 ac, P. 244. CocKPEN, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 7 an. S.E. Edinburgh, on the Edinb. and Hawick railw. & comprising the vill. of Bonnybigs. Pop. 2,345. It has extens. coal fields, and the large powder toanuf. of Stobs. On banks of -the S. Eskjare Kirkhill, and the mansion and anc. stronghold of the Earls of Dalhousie. CoOKTHORPE, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 4 m. W. Clay, Area 630 ac. Pop,- 42. Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovel was bom here in 1650, Cocos Islands, Indian O. [Keelins Isls.] ; CoooMONT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, arrond. and 9 m. S.W. Mar- mande. Pop. 1,676. CoDDENHAM, a pa. of Eugl., CO. Suffolk, 9^ m, E. Needham-Market. Area 1,540 aci Popi924. jFair, October 2. ^ .. ., i; ' i CoDDiNGTON, three pas. of Engl.^-f-X co. Ches- ter, 6 m, N.N.W. Malpas. Area2,640,ac. Pop. 324.— II.ico. Hereford, 3i m. N. Ledburyi n Area 1,510 ac. Pop, 168.— III. co. Notts, 2^ m.-E.N.E,- Newark. Area 1,850 ac. Pop,i436. CoDFORD, two pas. of Engl.— I, (St Mary)i CO, Wilts, 4 m. E,S,E, Heytesbury, Area 1,540 ac. , Pop. 338.— II. (St. Peter), 3 m. S,E, Hey- tesbury. Area 1,770 ac. Pop. 394. ;,; CoDiooTE, a, pa. of England, co. Herts, 2, jp. N.N.W. Welwyn. Area 2,580 ac. Pop. 906. COD 3i9 COJ GoDiGORO, Neronia, a town of Italy, Potitif. states, leg. and 22 m. E. Fen-ara, on 1. b. of the Po di Volano, 8 m. from the Adriatic. P. 2,250. CoDiNAS DE San Felid, a town of Spain, prov: Barcelona, on the Congost. Pop. 2,579. It has seVeral Roman remains. ■ . CoDNOB WITH Loscow, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Derby, pa, Heanor, 4 J m. S.S.E. Alfreton. P. 1,738. •CoBOGSOi a town of Lombardy, deleg. and 15 m. S:£. Loidi, cap. dist., between the Po & Adda. Pop. (1843) 9,633. It is well built, & has nianufs. of' silk stuJfe. It is the principal mai-t in Italy for the cheese misnamed Parmesan. CoDROiPO, a market-town of N. Italy, gov. Venice, prov. Friule, 14 m. S.W. Udine. P. 3,100. . CoDSAl.1., a pa. of England, co. Stafford, 5 m. H'.W. iWolverhampton. Area 2,380 ac. P. 1,096. CoEBANA, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Anglesej^ 2 m. S.E. Lanerchymedd. Pop. 275. ■ .. CoEDCANLASs, a pa. of ' S. Wales, co. Pem- broke, 6.^ m. S.E. Haverford-West. Pop. 245. Coed Dhu Chukch, S. Wales. [Cotohuech.] Coed-Fbank, a hamlet of S. Wales, co. Gla- morgan,pa Cadoxton. Pop. 1,126, partly em- ployed in copper mines. CoEBKERNEW, a pa. of Engl., co. Monmouth, 4 m. S.S.W. Newport. Area 710 ac. Pop. 149. CoED-Y-oDMAit,ahaml. of S. Wales, co. Brecon, pa. Vainor, 2 m. N.E. Merthyr-Tydvil. P. 1,905.' -CoEL, a town of British India, presid. Bengal^ npper'provs., dist. Alighur, and the residence of its civil authorities, 80 m, S.S.E. Delhi. It is a busy town ; its most remarkable structures are a; mosque, and a ruined minaret of the 13th cent, ' Ccble-Stbia, a fine valley of Syria, between the mountain ranges of Lelianonand Ajati-Liba- nus. Length about 100 m ; breadth 10 m., tra- versed l^ the iLitany river {Leonies), and con- taining tbe towns Baalbec, Zablefa, and Bekaa. XI0EI.1.EDA, a toivn of Prussian Saxony, reg. & 35 m. W.S.W. Merseburg, cap. circ. Pop. 2,000i tOEVBBDEK, arfortifd. town of the Netherlands, prov. Drenthe, with a port on the Kleine Vecht, 23 m. S S.E. Assen. Pop. 2,395. Ithasmanufs. of cotton fabrics, and an active tradcj CoBPAMG (Dutch Koepang), a town & principal Dutch settlement, in the isl. of Timor, near its SiW. extremity. It is neatly built in the Dutch st^le, and has a good harbour defended by Fort Concortfa. It is a free port, but not a good piatie for dbtaining provisions. ' ' CoETMANs, a township, U. S., N. Amer., New York, on ttie Hudson river, co. and 13 m. S. Albany. Pop. 3,107. Coffee, a co., U. S., N. America, in centre of Tennessee. Area 170 s^. m. Pop. 8^184, of whom 1,105 are slaves. Surface undulating and fertile. CoPFiNswELi., a pa. of Engl., co. Devnn, 4 m. E.S.E.- Newton. Area 1,010 ac. Pop. 215. pooAK, a pa. of South Wales, co. Glamorgan, il m. S.S.W. Cardiff, Pop. 28. CoGENHOE, a pa. of England, 00. and'5i m. E. Northampton. Area 960 ac. Pop. 322. CoGGES, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, about 1 m. E. Whitney. Area 2,090 ac. Pop. 826. CoGGBeirALL (Geeat)-, a markets-town and pa. of England, co. Essex, on the Blackwstter, here crossed by an anc. bridge, 6m. E.S.E. Braintr^. Area 2,770 ac. Pop. 3^08. The town, ill built, has a large church, an endowed grammar school, alms-houses, & other charities, with several silk mills & looms. Mkt., Sat. Fair, Whit-Tuesday. Adjoiniijgtbe town are some remns. Of an abbey founded by King Stephen in 1142. CoGOtOLii, a vill. of Piedmont, prov. and 11 m. K.N.E.' Biella, on I. b. of the Sessera. Pop.' 2,056. It has two anc. 'palaces of the families Aimone and Favre. CoGLiANO, CoHlinum, a town of Naples, prov. Princip.Cit.,di8t.& 11 m. N.E. Campagna P. 2,600. Cognac, Conacum, a comm. and town of France, cap. arroild;, dep. Charente, 21 m. WJ AngoulSme, on 1. b. of the Charente. Pop. (1846) 4,148. ' 'It has an old castle, in which Francis i.) was born; It is the ftntrepfit of the brandy of the Charente, to which it gives its name, & ivhieh forms the object of a very extensive commerce. Manufs. earthenware & paper. — II. a oomin. and vill., dep. H. Vienne, 10 m. W. Limoges. P. 1,808. CoGNE, a town of the Sard, sta., prov. & 9J m. S. Aosta, in the Tfallej* of Same name, surround- ed by elevated mritns. ' Pop. 1,480. Iron is ex- tensively mined in the valley. CoQOLETo, a vill., Sard, sta., div. and'14 m. W. Genoa. Pop. 2,065. Celebrated as 'the birth- place of Christopher Columbus, in 1447. ' -J ■ CoGORNo, a vill. of the Sard, sta., prov.' Chk- vari, 2 m. N.E. Chiavari. Pop. 3,738. " ' - CoHAHCiLA, a town of Mexico. [Coahtiila.] CoHASSBT, a tnshp. & port of TJ. S., N. Amer., Massaohu8etts,'20 m. S.E. Boston. Pop. 1,471. It has' consid'ble shipping, but a dangerous harb. Cohoes, avill.j U. S;, N. Amer;, New York, on the Mohawk riv., co. and 8 m. N. Albany. Pop;; about 2,000. It has a cotton factory & a bra*^- foundry. In its vicinity, the Mohawk riv; has a perpendicular fall of 70 feet. ' ColMBATOOK, or CoiMEATORE, a dist. of Brit. India, presid. Madras, enclosed by the dists. Salem,' Trichinopoly, Madura, and Malab'ar, and the Mysore and Travancore ■ doms. Area 8,392 sq; m. Pop. (1837) 807,964. It is a table-land between the W. and E. Ghauts, averaging 900 ft. in elevation; the Cavery forms its E. limit. Products comprise rice, cotton, tobacco; salt, nitre, & live stock. Land rev. (1836-7) 208,491?. Total rev. 240,908?. Principal towns, Coiin- batoor, Career, and Darapooram.— -Coimiaioor, cap. above dist., is situated on an affl. of the Cavery, 90 m. S. Mysore. It is tolerably Well builtj & has a mosque erected' by Tippoo.^ Near it is a highly decorated Hindoo temple. The town & dist.'came into possession of Britain in 1799. J CoiMBRA, Conimbriga, a city of Portugal, cap. - prov. Beira, on r. b. or the Monde^o, hereoross^' ed by a long stone bridge, 110 m. N.N.E. Lisbon, Pop. 16,000. It is enclosed by old walls, and is' highly picturesque externally, but ill built. Its university, the only one in Portugal, consists of 18 colleges, attended now by about 1,100 students, and has a library of 30,000 vols., with extensive museums, an observatory, &c. It has also Some line churches, and many conventSj -that of Santa Cruz, now serving for a barrack ; and around it are numerous detached residences, including the famed quMa das lagrimai, or " villa of tears," the scene of the death of Inez de Castro. In ad- dition to earthenwares, linen and woollen fabrics, and combs, one of its principal manufs. is that of willow toothpicks'. ' CoiKE, the cap. town of the Grisons: [Cnuuj. CoisE, a vill. of the Sard, sta., prov. Savoy, 12 m.S.E. Chambery,withmineral .springs. P. 1,702. CoJiJi'Ei>EQUE, a town of Cent. Amer., state & 15 m. B. San^Salvador. EsUm. pop. 16,000. Ex- cept three churches, it has no buildings worthy of notice; and its dwellings are niOstly built of mud: — Lake Cojuiepepie, or' Illabasco, a few leagues distemt, is 12 m. in length E. to W.,'with an average breadth of 6 miles. In windy weather it a-ssumes a dense g'reen hue, and fish are often cast dead in vasfquklitities on its shores. COK 350 COI- CoKBB, two pas. of Engl., co. Somerset. — I. (£as«), 3J m. S.S.E. Yeovil. Area2,U0ac. Pop. 1,3.34. The voyager Dampier was boru here in 1662.— II. (West), 3 m. W.S.W. Yeovil. Area 1,100 ao. Pop. 1,046. Col ("a neck"), the name of many passes across the Alps of Savoy and Piedmont ; some of the principal being. — I. (C. deSalme). [Baime.] ^11. (C. da Donhomme), Graian Alps, 10 m. S.W. Mont Blanc. Ht. 8,054 ft.— III. (C. de Ferret), between the Valais (Switzerl.) and Piedmont, W. of the Gt. St Bernard. Ht. 7,641 ft.— IV. (C. de la Seigne), leads from Savoy into the Val d'Aosta, Piedmont, 7 m. W.S.W. Mt. Blanc. Ht. 8j422 ft. ^^V. (C. de Tenda), Marit. Alps, on the route from Nice to Tm'in. Ht. 6,986 ft.— Many others are of greater elev., but less ii-equented as routes. CoiABBA, a narrow promontory, Brit. India, presid. and immediately S. the isl. of Bombay, with which it is connected by a causeway. Here arealight-ho, and cantonments for British troops. — II. a small town on the Malabar coast, 19 m. S. Bombay Fort. CoLASAUL, a town, Brit. India, presid. Madras, dist. and 70 m. W.N.W. Seringapatam, & lately a thriving place. Golan, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 3J m. S.W. St Columb-Major. Area 1,790 ac. Pop. 217. CoLAPOOB, a town of India, Decean, dom. and 66 m. S. Sattarah, & the cap. of a rajahsiiip, com- prising also the towns Pamellah, MHloapoor, and Golgong. Town built" on an elevated rock. CoLAR, a town of S. India, Mysore dom., and 40 m. N.E. Bangalore. CoLBERO, or KoLBEite, a strongly fortified seaport town of Prussian Pomerania, reg. and 26 m. W. Koslin, on the Persante, near its mouth, in the Baltic. Pop. (1846) 7,610. It has a cathed., several other churches, nums. hospitals, an anc. ducal castle, now used for a charitable foundation, a ho. of correction, a harb., woollen factories, distilleries, extensive salt-works, salmon and lam- prey fisheries, and a considerable export trade. It sustained memorable sieges in 1760 and 1806. CoLBT, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3} m. N.N.E. Aylesham. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 346. CoLOHAGfDA, a dep. of Chile, mostly between lat. 34° and 35° S., stretching from the Andes to* the Pacific O., having N. & S. the deps. Santiago and Maule. Area 8,120 sq. m. ' Pop. 130,000. Plains fertile, watered by the Maule and Maypu rivs. The chief towns are Curioo, San Fernando, and Rancagua. Colciib:sieb, Camulodunum, a pari. & munic. bor., riv. port, and town of England, oo. Essex, on the Colne, crossed here by several bridges, & the E. Union railw., 61 m. N.N.E. London. Area of bor., comprising 10 pas., 11,770 ac. Pop. 17,532. It is well built on the sides and summit of an eminence, where there are vestiges of its anc. walls, many antiquated dwellings, imposing remains of a castle of great strength, reputed to have been founded by Edward the Elder, parts of which are now used for the town library and a prison ; interesting relics of an abbey & a priory, an anc. chapel, 8 pa. churches, sevl. of which are very antique structures. Its free gram. sch. (ann. rev. in 1837, 181?.) has scholarships at Cambridge university, & the celebrated Dr Parr was master of it in 1779. The town possesses also well en- dowed poor's hospitals, a genl. hospital, various money charities, a union workhouse, fine Moot or town-hall, co. house of correction, neat theatre, small barracks, several literary and scientific as- sociations, a custom-house, large mkt.-house, bonding warehouses, and a quay, approached by vessels of 1.30 tons. Its manufs. -of silk are de- clining ; but it lias some malting trade. It im- ports coal, timber, wines, oilcake, manufs. and colonial produce; exports corn and malt, and has thriving oyster fisheries. Customs revenue (1846) 14,220?. Keg. shipping (1847) 9,447 tons. Mkt. Wed. and Sat. Fairs, Easter Tuesd-i July 6 and 23, Oct. 20. Corp. rev. (1846-7) 3,236«.f It is a polling-place for the N. division of theeo., and sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 1,236. Colchester was one of the earliest Roman stations in Britain ; and numerous coin» and other antiquities have been found in it> It was also a Saxon town of note. It gives the title) of baron to the Abbott family. > CoLCHESTEB, scv. tnshps., U. States, N. Amer. — I. Connecticut, co. & 20 m. N.N.W. New Lpn-' don. Pop. 2,101.-11. Vermont, 46 m. W.S.W; Montpellier. Pop. 1739.— IH. N. York, co. Dela- ware, 98 m. W.S.W. Albany. Pop. 1,567. Colchis, an anc. division of Asia, E. of the Black Sea. It contains gold and silver mines,' and the pheasant is originally from tiiis dist.i 'It was, in the 15th cent., subdivided into the pmiS cipEillties of Imeretia, Mingrelia, & Gourid; &is now almost wholly comprised in the Russian gov, Transcaucasia. CoLB-AsHBT, and Cold Ashton, 2 pas. of England. [Ashbt-Cold, and Ashton-Cold.] CoLB-HiGHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Northamp- ton, 4 m. N.W. Towcester. Ac. 1,660. Pop. 388. CoLBiKOHAM, a pa. of Scotland, oo. Berwick, on N. British railw., with a vill. of same name, 2J' m. N.W. Eyemouth, and the hamlets W. Reston and Auchincross. Area about 67,600 ac. Pop. 2,746. In the vill. are the remains of a famous priory, supposed to have been the first founded in Scotland ; & about 2 m. N.E. is Fast Castle, the Wolf's Crag of the " Bride of Lammermoor."^ CoLDiTZ, or KoLDiTz, a town of Saxony, circ. and 25 m. S.E. Leipzig, on the Mulde. Pop. 2,900, engaged in manufe. of stockings, linens, felt, and earthenwares. Its anc. castie is now used as a house of correction. CoLn-NoETOK, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 5 m. S. Maldon. Area 1,570 ac. Pop. 264. CoLD-OvEBTOK, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicest-er, 7 m. S.S.E.Melton-Mowbray. Ao. 2,320. Pop. 118. CoLDEED, apa. ofEngl., co.Kent,6m. N.N.W. Dover. Area 1,630 ae. • Pop. 167. CoLDSBOKKE, a pa. of Engl., oo. Glo'ster, 8 m. N.N.W. Cirencester. Area 3,120 ac. Pop. 260. Coldstream (formerly £emul, or Leinhall); S! border town, burgh of baronyj and pa. of Seotl., CO. and 15 m. W. Berwick, on the N.bank of the Tweed, here crossed by a 5 arched bridge, and- on the main route from Scotland into England; Rural pop. of pa. 2,867 ; pop. of town 2,063. It is irregularly built, and contains apa. church, se- veral chapels, benevolent societies, and libraries, & had an extensive Bible printing establishment S has a monthly cattle mkt., & a com mkt; on Thurs. The famous ford of the Tweed is m the vicinitjl,' where the Scotch and English armies crossed to' former times. Near it is Lennel housej the pi'ol perty of the Earl of Haddington. The "Cold- stream guards" were so named from having beeii raised here by General Monk, in 1669, 60. Cold-Waltham, a pa. of England, oo. Sussex, 2^ m. N. Bury. Area 1,230 ac. Pop. 460. Coles, a co. of U. States, N. Amer., in centre of Missouri. Area 650 sq. m. Pop. 9,286, of whom 1,179 are slaves. CoLEBEooKE, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 4 m. W. Crediton. Area 4,200 ac. Pop. 878j Here are the remains of several mined ehapels, " COL 3M COL CoLEBHOOR-DA.Lt:, s hamlet , of' England, oo. Salop, pa. aiid 2 m. N. Broseley, on the Severn, whicn here winds tlirough a pictUFesque narrow glen, and is crossed by an elegant one-arched iron bridge. This district contains extensive seams of coal and ironstone, and petrolemu or tar springs, which issue from the sandstone strata. Here railroads formed of wood were firat used in 1620 and 1650, and about a century after- wards iron plates were put upon the wooden i-ails. Pop. engaged in the collieries & foundries, fire- brick and tobacco-pipe manufs. [Broseley.] CoLEBY, a pa. of Engl., co. and 8 m. S. Lin- coln. Area 2,600 ac. Pop. 427. CoLEFORD, a small mkt. town of England, co. Glo'ster, pa. Newland, 7^ m. W.N.W. Blalceney. Pop. 2,208. Mkt. Friday. Fairs, June 20 & Dec. S. It is a polling-place for the W. div. of the co. CoLEaHO, a viU. of the Sard, sta., prov. & 5 m. W. Turin, on rt. b. of the Dora-Ripai'ia. P. 1,776. CoLEMORE, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 6^ m. &.S.W. Alton. Area 1,270 ac. Pop. 144. rCoLS-ORTOS, a pa. of England, co. Leicester, 2 m. £. Ashby-de-la-Zouch. Area 1,750 ac. Fop. 601. It has an endowed school, and an alms-ho. CoLERAiN, several townships, U. S., N. Amer. —I. Pennsylvania, co. Bedford. Pop. 6,190. And Lancaster co., 69 m. S.E. Harrisburgh. Fop. 1,453^11. Massachusetts, co. Franklin, 23 m. N. Northampton. Fop. 1,971.-111. Ohio, 10 m. N. Cincinnati. Pop. 2,272. GoLERAWE, a pari, and munic. bor., seaport town, and pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Londonder- 17, on the Bann, here crossed by a bridge, 4 m. irom its mouth, and 47 m. N.N.W. Belfast. Area of pa. 4,846 ac. Pop. 5,857. Area of pari. bor. 963. Fop. oftown &parL bor. 6,265. It is toler- ably well built, and has a large par. church, an el^ant Boman Catholic chapel, endowed and other schools, a town-hall and court-house, cus- tom-house, union work-house, and several mar- ket-houses and banks, and some remains of old fortiiications. The harbour at the mouth of the Bann has been so much improved of late years, that vessels of 200 tons burden can now discharge at the quay close to the bridge. Exports, com, meal, provisions, line linens mostly sent to Eng- land. Customs revenue (1846) 4,866Z. 17s. Beg. shipping (1847) 980 tons. Steamers continually ply hence to Liverpool, Glasgow, and Fleetwood. Coleraine has paper-mills, tanneries, bleach- grounds, and salmon and eel fisheries. Markets Mon,, Wed., and Triday. Fairs, 7 tunes annual- ly. Corp. rev. about 1,200Z. a-year. The bor. sends 1 m. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 930. It gives the title of baron to the Hanger family. About 1 m. S. are traces of a large Danish fort. Coleridge, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 4J m. S, Chumleigh. Area 2,190 ac. Fop. 677. CoLERNE, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 6J m. W.S.W. Chippenham. Ac. 2,620. P. 1,190. CoLiEBOON, the most N. and largest branch of the Cavery river, British India, at its delta, en- ters the Vidian Ocean at Devicotta, 24 m. N. Tranquebar, after having formed for 80 ra. the division between the Madras dists. of Tanjore & Triohinapoly. Waters shallow. CoLESBERs, a district of the Cape Colony, S. Africa, having S. the dists. Graaf-Reynet and Cradoek, and N. the Hottentot country. Area 11,654 sc|. m. Fop. (1846) 8,828. It is a lofty level region, well adapted for rearing live stock, pf which large numbers are fed. The orange riv. forms its N. boundary. The vill. Colesberg, near lat. 30° if/ S., loo. 25° 30' E., has Dutch and Wesleyan churches, and about 600 inhabitants. C0LE8HILL, a market town and pa. of Engl., 00. Warwick, on the Cole (an afflt. of the Tamo), here crossed by a bridge, and with a station on a branch of the W. Midland railway, 14.J m. N.W. Coventi-y. Area of pa. 6,200 ac. Fop. 2,172. It stands on an eminence, and is handsomely built : its pa. church contains a curious font, and many monuments of the Digby family, who pos- sess a domain in the iticinity. Annual, revi of grammar school 215?. Market, Wed. Fau-s, 1st Monday in January, Shrove Monday, May 6, & Wednesday after Michaelmas. It 13 governed by two constables, is the seat of the hundred, & the place of election for the N. division of the county; The antiquary Dugdale was born in its vicinity in 1605. CoLESHiLL, a pa. of England, 00. Berks, 3f m. W.S.W. Great Farringdon. Area 2,520 ac. Pop. 386. Coleshill house, a seat of the Earl of Rad- nor, surrounded by beautiful grounds, is a fine princely mansion, constructed by Inigo Jones. -rll. a hamlet, cos. Herts and Bucks, pa. and If m. S.S.W. Amersham. Pop. 647. It was the birth-place and residence of the poet Waller. III. a township, N. Wales, 00. Flint, pa. Holywell, and scene of a battle, where Henry 11. was de- feated by the Welsh, 1167. CoLEsyiLLE, a township, U. S., N. America, New Tork, on the Susquehanna, 124 m. W.S.W. Albany. Fop. 2,628. CoLGONO, a town of British India, presid. Ben- gal, dist. and 16 m. E. Oglipoor, beautifully situ, ated on the Ganges. Conoo, a vill. of Lombardy, gov. Milaa, deleg. and 26Jm. N.N.E. Como, near the N. extremity of the Lake of Como, iu an unhealthy situation at the foot of Mt. Legnano. Pop. 2,700. CoLiGNT,-a comm. and mkt.-town of France,, dep. Ain, cap. cant., 14 m. N.N.E. Bourg. Pop. 1,764. It gives its name to the illustrious house, of Coligny-Chttillon. [Chatillon sur LoiNSi] CoLiJNSPLAAT, a viU. of the Netherlands, prov. Zeeland, on the N. coast of the isl. Beveland, 12 m. N.E. Middleburg. Pop. 1,688. CoLiMA, a territory,, Mexican confed., mostly between -lat. 19° and 20° N., stretching 100 m. along the coast of the Pacific, S. of the dep. Xa- Usco. In it is, the volcano, of Colima, rising to) an elevation of 12,000 ft. Climate hot ; soil fer- tile. Nearly all the pop. are Indian. CoLiMA, a town of the Mexican confed., cap. above territory, iu a fertile plain, S.W. the vol- cano of Colima, and 40 m. N.E. Porto de CoUma, on the Pacific Ocean. . It is well built, and has an active trade in salt and palm wine. CoLiKDA, a town of British India, presid. Ben- gal, dist. Tiperah, 26 m. E. Luckipoor. COLiNSBURan, a vill., of Scotland, co. Fife, pa. Ililconquhar, 4 m. W. Pittenweem. Pop. 482. It has weekly corn markets and two annual fairs., . CoLiiiTONorCoLi.iNGTorr,apa. of Sootl., co. & 3 m. S.W. Edinburgh, with a vill. on Leith water., Fop. of pa. 2,193. It is beautifully situated pn! the Water of Leith, N. declivity of the Pentland hills, and in it is the seat of Lord Dunfermline, & several extensive paper mills. CoLiuMO, a small maritime town of S. Amer,, Chile, prov. and 18 m. E.N.E. Conoepcion. CoLKiBK, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 2 m. S. Fakenham. Area 1,310 ac. Fop. 467. Coll, one of the western isls. of Sootl., on the W. coast of Mull, pa. and 2i m. N.E. the, isl. Ti- ree. Length N.W. to S.W. 12 m.; average breadth 2J m. Area 10,000 ac. Pop. 1,412, em- ployed in rural and maritime industry, and in manufacturing domestic implements. It contains COL many hamlets, and a residence and feudal strong- hold of the Macleans. About l-3d is cultivated and in pasture, the rest is rocky and barren. GoiiLACE, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 7 m. N.E. Perth. Area nearly 5 sq. m. Pop. 702. CottARES, a market-town of Portugal, 12 m. W.N.W. Lisbon, on the Kio-des-Macas, N. of Cape Koca. Pop. 2,200. — IL a small tovm of Brazil, prOT. and 40 m. N.N.E. Belem, on an isl. in the Para river. CoLtE, several towns of Italy. — I. Naples, prov. Molise, dist. and 17 m. S.S.E. Campobasso. Pop. 4,020. It ha.9 various ecclesiastical edifices, a hospital, and a larg:e annual fair in September. — II. Tuscany, prov. and 22 m. S.S. W. Florence, on the Elsa, with 3,800 inhabs. ; a cathed., a castle, & paper mills. — III. (Corvino), Naples, prov. Abruz- zo Dlt; I., 4 m. E. Civlta-di-PenDe. Pop. 1,800. CoLtESAKO, a town of Sicily, intend, and 25 m. E.S.E. Palermo, on the N. declivity of the Ma- donia mountains. Fop. 2,800. CoLLESsEAH, a petty maritime town, isl. Soco- tra, Indian O., on N. coast, 80 m. W. Tamarida. CoLLEssiE, a pa. of Scotl., co. Fife, S m. W. Cmpar. Pop. 1,846. Here are two ruined castles. Colleton, a dist. U. S., N. Amer., in S. part of S. Carolina, on the Atlantic. Area 2,100 sq. m. Pop. 23,478, of whom ] 9,246 are slaves. Sur- face entirely level, & chf. products rice & cotton. Colletobto, a town of Naples, prov. Molise, dist. and 10 m. S.S.E. Larino. Pop. 2,620. CoiLiEBLT, a township of England, co. and 11 m. N.W. Durham, pa. Lanchester. Pop. 853. CoLLiNGBOUBNE-Ducis, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 2J m. N.N.W. Ludgershall. Area 3,570 ao. Pop. 518. Cattle fair, December 11, CoLUNGBOTJBNE-KiNesTON, a pa. of Engl., CO. ■Wilts,3m. N.N.W. Ludgershall. Ac. 7,150. P,933. CoLLiNQHAM, three pas. of Engl I. co. York, W. Riding. 2 m. S. W. Wetherby. Area 2,200 ac. Pop. 357 —II. (North), CO. Notts, 5^ m. N.N.E. Newark. Area 1,820 ac. Pop. 911.— III. (5oMtfi), sameco.,4fm. N.N.E. Newark. Ac. 3,220. P. 721. CoLLiNGTON, a pa. of England, co. Hereford, 3} m. N. Bromyard. Area 1,120 ac. Pop. 160. CoLLiNOTKEE, a pa. of England, co. and 3^ m. S. Northampton. Area 1,190 ac. Pop. 232. Collins, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., N. York, CO. Erie, on Cattaraugus Creek. Pop. 4,267. CoLLio, a vill. of Lombardy, deleg. and 14 m. N.N.E. Brescia, on rt. b. of the Mella. Pop. (1843) 2,266. It has iron mines and forges. CoLLioORB, a comm. & fortified seaport town of France, dep. E. Pyr&fes, on the Mediterr., a little N. Port Vendres, and 15 m. S.E. Pei'pig- nan. Pop. (1846) 3,073. It is defended by 3 forts, and has some trade in wines, wool, & anchovies. CoLLO, a town of Algeria, prov. Coustantine, 68 m. W. Bona, on bay of same name, in the Mediterranean. Pop. 2,600. CoLLOEKifeEES, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Var, cap, cant,, arrond, and 19 m. E,N,E. Toulon. Pop. 1,890, partly engaged in iron, lead, and coal mines. CoLLOGNE, a pa. and vill. of Switzerland, cant. Valais, opposite St Maurice, onr. b. of the Rhone, elevation 5,302 feet. CoLLON, a market-town and pa. of Irel,, Lein- ster, CO. Louth, on an affluent of the Boyne, here crossed by a stone bridge, 6^ m. N.W. Drogheda. Area of ^a. 8,813 ac. P. of pa. 3,276; do. of town 936. It IS neatly built, and has a good market- house and pa. church, with a cotton factory and a bleaching ground. Stocking and linen -weaving employs many of the inhabs, Mkt, Tues, ' Fairs, June 3 and Sfovember 21. CoUon house is the 352 COL residence of Viscount Ferrard, chief propi-ietor in the parish. CoLLOOKET, a mkt.-town of Irel., Connanghl;, CO. & 6J m. S.W. Sligo, on the Owenbeg. P. 651. CoLtuMBKiLL, 2 pas. of Irel., Leinster. — I, co. Longford, 3 m.W. Granard. Ac. 20,314, includg. Loughs. P. 9,273.-11. co. Kilkenny, incldg. apart of Thomastown, which see. Ao. 4,473. P. 1,116. CoLLtiMPTON, a mkt.-town and pa. of Engl,, CO. Devon, on the Culm, a tributary of the Exe, and on the Great Western railway, 12 J m. N.E. Exeter. Area of pa. 5,790 ac. Pop. 3,909.' The town, in a broad vale, has many antique houses, a church, originally collegiate, and containing a beautifiil chapel and many rich ornaments, and a large serge factory. Market, Saturday. Fairs, 1st Mon(£y in May and November. It has co. sessions, and is the polling-place for N. divis. of CO. A fire in 1889 destroyed great part of the tOM-n. Colly- Weston, a pa. of Engl., co. Northamp- ton, 3i m. S S.W. Stamford. Ac. 1,690; Pop. 434, CoLMAE, Columbaria, a comm, & city of FrancpJ cap, dep. H. Rhin, on the Lauch, near its confi. with the 111, 41 m. N.N.E. Strasbourg, with whicli it is connected by railway. Pop. (1846) 18,200. It is well built ; & its old ramparts are now con- verted into planted boulevards. Princip. edifices, the cathedra], town-hall, theatre, prison, court- ho. It has a comm. college, with a collection of paintings, and library of 40,000 vols., and several hospitals. It is the seat of a superior court, and a tribunal of commerce ; & it has active manufs. of cotton fabrics, tapes, cutlery, paper, leathei bfnshes, combs, &c., which articles, with oorQ& other produce, it expts. into Switzerl'd. Colmiur' was an imperial city in the middle ages, and had an active share in the civil wars under Rodolpli of Hapsburg and Adolphe of Nassau. It was ceded to France by the peace of Ryswickin 16U7. CoLMABS, Collis Martis, a comm. and town of France, dep. B. Alpes, 24 m. N. Castellane, on I. b. of the Verdon, 4 m. from the Sard, frontier. Pop. 1,000. It is defended by walls & forts. CoLMENAB, several towns of Spain. — L prov. & 15 m. N. Malaga, cap. dist. Pop. 5,949.-11. (del Arroyo), prov. and 33 m. S.E. A.vila. — III. (de Oreja), prov, & 80 m. S.S.E. Madrid. Pop. 4,552.— IV. (de la Sierra), prov. and 35 m. N. Guadalaxara, on 1. b. of the Jarama. — ^V. (Yi^jo), prov. and 17 m. N. Madrid, between the Manza- nares and Tejada. Pop. 3,810. CoLMONELL, 3, pa. of Scotl., CO. Ayr, 5 m. N.E, Ballantrae. Pop. 2,801. In it are various re- mains of ano. forts and cairns. CoLirwoETH, a pa. of England, co. Bedford, 6J m. W.S.W. St Neots. Ac. 2,310. Pop. 675. CoLN, two pas. of England, co. Gloucester.-^ I. (St Aldwyn), 3 m. N. Fairford. Area 3,420 ac. Pop. 428.— II. (St Dennis), 3 m. S.S.W. North- leach. Area 2,430 ac. Pop. 200. CoLNBEOOK, a chapelry of Engl, cos, Middle- sex and Bucks, pas. Stanwell, Hortou-Iver, and Langley Marsh, on the Colne, here crossed by several bridges, & on the Bath road, 17 m. S.W. London. Pop. 1,060. Cattle fairs, April 5, and. May 3. It had formerly a mkt.-town. CoLNE, three rivs. of England. — I. cos. Herts , and Middlesex, rises between Hatfield & St Al- bans, flows successively S.W. & S. past Watford, Rickmansworth, TJxbridge, W. Drayton & Coin- brook, and joins the Thames at Staines. Course about 30 m. — II. co. Essex, rises near the N. es-^ tremity of the co., flows S,E,ward past Halstead and Colchester, and joins the North Sea by a. broad estuary, separated from thatof the Blacfc- water by Mersea Isl, Course about 30 m,— HI, COL 353 COL CO. Qlp'ster, joins the Isls, near Le^hlade, after a SE.Ward course of about 25 m. CoLNE, a mls;t.-town of England, cp. Lancaster, ta. Wlialley, on an affl. of the Calder, and on tlie Leeds and Liverpool canal, 32 m. by railw., N.E. Manchester. Pop. 8,615. It has two qhapels of ease, agrammar school of which Archbishop Til- lotson was a pupil, a cloth hall, and large manu- factures of cotton calicoes, mousselins-de-laine, which have almost entireljf superseded its ano. woollen mauufactme. Its mills are partly wrought by water power. Coal, slate, and lime abound in the vicinity. Alkt. Wednesday. Fail's for cattle, March 7, May 12, October 10. — Also of same name. — I. co. Huntmgdoii, 1^ m. S.E. Somersham. Area 1,980 ac. Pop. 544.— II. {Earls), co. Essex, Si m. S.E- Halstead. Area 2,910 ac. Pop. 1,385, F^, March 25. — III. {Engain), same CO., 2^ m. E. H^tead. Area 2,020 ac. Pop, 685.— IV. (Wake\ same co., 5J m. E.S.E. Halstead. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 444 ^V. ( White), same CO., 4^ m. E. Halstead. Area 1,730 ac Pop. 419. CoLNET, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3J m. E. Norwich. Area 750 ac. Pop. 110. CoLN-RoGEES, a pa. of Engliid, co. Glo'ster, 4 m. W.S.'W. North-Leach. Ac. 1,480. P. 137, CoLOGNA, a town of N, Italy, gov. Venice, deleg. and 19 m, S.E, Verona. Pop, (1843) 6,315. Ma- nufactures silk. — Cotogno is amkt.-town of Lom- fiardy, deleg. & 8 m. S.S.E. Bergamo. P. 2,650. ' CoLOGSE (Germ. Koln, anc. Ayrippina Colo^ rua), a fortified city of W. Germany, formerly cap. electorate, how cap. Rhenish Prussia, on 1. b. of the Rhine, across which a bridge of boats con- nects it with its suburb Deutz, 45 m. N.N.W. Co- blenz. Lat. of cathedral 50° 56' 29' N., Ion. 6° 57' S2' E. Pop. (1846) 78,500. It is finejy situated, strongly defended, & surrounded by higli walls, but vSry ul built ; streets narrow & filthy ; houses in great part of wood, & its quay is of a very inferior kind. It has, however, some noble edifices, includ- ing its vast cathedral, begun about 1248, & stUl un- finished. Subscriptions have recently beea raised for carrying it On, and the first stone of the new bnil&gs was laid by the King of Prussia in Sep- temfier 1842 ; several churches, one with an altar- piece by Rubens, and the Mennonite church, hiving the tomb of Duns Scotus ; a fine town- hall, new court-ho., the archbishop's palace, ex- change, and an arsenal with curious specimens of anc. armour. Its university, founded in 1388, was suppressed by^the French ; it has, however, a Protestant and a~ Roman CathoUc college, the latter possessing a valuable library, an archiepis- copal seminary, various other schools, a large public library, and numerous literary institutions. It commnuicates by railway with Hamm, Bonn, Aix-la-Chapelle, MechUn, and has extensive pas- sage traffic with steam-packets on the Rhine. It has manufe. of cotton yam & etna's, silk fabrics, velvets, woollen cloths, hosiery, lace, cordage, tobacco, hats, wax lights, starch, needles, clocks, gold and silver articles, vinegar, sealing-wax, eai^h^n and lacquered wares ; and 24 factories of eqn-iIe-Cologne Its position gives it an exten- sive^ and increasing trade between Gerimanjf and the IJetherlands, and, undei!' the French, it was tW cap. dep. Roer. ' Coi'ogSk, a conim. and town of France, dep. Gers, -art-ohd; a:nd 18 m. N. Lombez, On the Sarranipion. Pop. 939. OoLooNO, a Called town of Lombardy, prov. & 8 A. a'S.E. Bergamo, Pop. 2,'650. It suffered repeatedly in the wars of the Guelphs and the Ghibelins. ' CoiOMA (Santa), 2 towns of Spain. -I. {de Faenm), pirov. & 18 m. S;S.W. Gerona. Pop. 3,526. —II, prov, Barcelona, 9J m. S.E. Gervera. CoiOMB*.s DE ViLLABS (St), a vUl. of Savoy, prov. Maurienne, 6i m, N,W. St Jean de Mau- ricnne, on the Glandon, Pop. (1838) 1,883. CoLOMBANO (San), a town of Lombardy, deleg. and 9 m. S, Lodi, on the Lambro. Pop. 6,000. CoLOMBE (Sx), a comm. and town of France, dep. Rhdne, cap. cant., 16 m. S. Lyon, on rt. U of the Rhone, opp. Vienne. Pop. 720.^ — Numerous oomms. & vills. of France have the same name. CoLOMBEi, two vills. of France, — I, dep, Seintf, on the railway between Paris and St Germainsj 6 m. N.W. Paris. Pop. 1,660. ■ It had formerly a royaj castle, in which Queen Henrietta of Eng- land died in 1669. — II. dep. Isire, arrond, Le Tbnrrdu-Pin, Pop. 1,200. CoLOMBEsr, a comm, and town of Francey dep. Meurthe, cap, cant., arroud. and 10 m, S, Toul, Pop. 1,000. ' Colombia, an extensive region in the N. part of S. Amer., now divided into the repubs. Vene- zuela, New Granaba, and Ecoadoe. CoLOMEiEB, a pa. & vill, of Switzerland, cant, and 4 m. S.yf. N.euchatel, near W. bank of the lake. Pop, 1,000. It has an ano, castle of the Dukes of Longueville, Princes of Neuch^tel II, a comm. and vill. of France, dep; Isfere, arrond. and 16,m, N.E. Vienne. Pop. 1,312. , Colombo, or Coxumbo, the principal seaport town and mod. cajp. of Ceylon, on its W. coast, in lat. 6° 56' N., Ion. 79° 49' E. , Pop. (1831) 31,549. The fortified town, about Ij^ m. iff circ^j stands on a rocky peninsula, on three sides suV- rounded fey the sea, and haviiig landward a lake, a moat, and drawbridges ; internally, it is more- like a European town than any other in India, except Goa ; its buildings are mostly in a plain Dutch style, and some of its streets are lined with trees," Climate salubrious, though humid. : Meaff temp, of year 80° .7 ; winter 79° ,1 ; summer 80! .9, Fahr. Thefortified town is the residence ;of the civil and, military authorities, and the principal: European residents of Ceylon ; the open town to the E. is occupied by a mixed pop. of Dutch and Portuguese descent, & the suburbs are inhabited by native Singhalese. Princip. edifices, the go-^ vemment-house, court-house, Enghsh, Dutch, & Portuguese churches, chapels, extens, barracks, a good military hospital, and. the hght-honse. It has various museums, schools, hotels, & libraries/ 'The harb., defended by several forts, is small, & the roadstead is safe only during the S.E. mon- soon ; but Colombo is the entrepot for most of the foreign trade of Ceylon. Value of exports (1845) 491,026Z, ; do, of unports, 1,188,418/, Cus- . toms revenue, 107,617?, It was occupied by the Portuguese in 1517 ; taken by the Dutch in 1603, and by the English in 1796, CoLOMEBA, a town of Spain, prov. & 12 m. N. Granada, on rt. b. of riv. of same name. P. 2,200, CoLOHA-Di-BnBiANO, a vill. of Tuscany, 8 m. N.E. Castiglione-della-Pescaia, remarkable for. the remains of Cyclopean walls, and Roman and Etruscan antiquities. , . , CoLONELLA,, a town of Naples,,prov. Abruzzo, Ult. I., 'dist. and 16 m. N.E. Teramp, near the MediterrMiean. Ppp., .2,000. •,. , ColonJia do SANxissTMO.SACHAfiENTO, a forti- fied maritune town of S. Amer., Uruguay, on the N. bank of the estuary of the Plata, opp. Buenos, Ayres, 98 m. W.N.W. Monte Videp. Pop. 2,500. In'184S,'it was taken by the Eugjish and French fleets from the troops of Rosas. ,, CoLdNNA (Cape), Sumum, Greece, is the most S, point of Attica, 26 m.S.S.E., Athehs, Lat. of COL 354 COL, temple, 37° 8' 61' N., Ion. 24° V 48' E. On it are the remains of a temple of Minerva, from thie " columns" of which it derives its name. — Colonmt, Pontif. sta., is a small town, 13 m. E. Home. CoiONNE, or Nao, a cape of Naples,, prov. Calab. Ult., in the Ionian Sea, at the entrance of the (iTilf of Taranto. The Lacimum promont. of the ancients, so called from a temple of Juno liaoinia, the remains of which still exist. CoLONSAT, an isl. of the Hebrides, Scotland, included in Argyleshire, 9 m. W.N.W. Islay, sepa- rated from the isl. Oronsay by a narrow sound left dry at low water. Length of both isls. 12 m., and from 1 to 3 m. in breadth. Area 9,000 ac, of which one-half is cultivated. Pop. included in ?a. of Jura. Surface irregular, but not mntnoos. lOch Fad is in the centre. The island was an- ciently the seat of a rnonastery. Colorado, sevl. rivs. of America.— I. Upper California, rises by many heads in the Anahuac plateau, flows mostly S.ward, and, with the Gila, enters the head of the Gulf of California by an estuary, in lat. 32° N., Ion. 114° W. Total course estim. at 700 m., but it is stated to be innavigable from its source to its mouth, on account of its ra- pidity. — IL Texas, rises by many heads near lat. 104° W ., flows very tortuously S.E.ward, through the dists, Bastrop, Fayette, Colorado, and Mata- gorda, and enters the Bay of Matagorda. Total course estimated at SOD m., including that of tbe Pasigono. The towns Austin, Bastrop, La Grange, Columbus, and Matagorda are on its banks. It traverses a good cotton country and well-wooded tracts ; but its navigation is greatly impeded in its lower part by a " raft " or collec- tion of floating and submerged timber HI. a name of the Desaguadero. ft'LAiA (Li).] ' CoLOKNO, a mkt. town of N. Italy, duchy and 8 m. N. Parma, with a ducal palace, on rt. b. of the Parma. Poj). 3,000. CoLossiE, a ruined city, Asia Minor, Anatolia, near lat. 37° 47^ 30' N., Ion. 29° 24' E. ; its re- mains comprise a theatre & nnms. sepulchres. CoLsiBRWOBTH, a pa, of England, co. and 32^ m. S. Lincoln. Area 3,000 ao. Pop. 1,017. Sir Isaac Newton, whose father was lord of the manor, was bom here on Christmas day 1642. Coiston-Bassei, a pa. of Engl., co. and 10 m. E.S.E. Nottingham. Area 2,530 ac. Pop. 403. CoLTisHALL, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 8 m. N.N.E. Norwich. Area 1,060 ac. Pop. 897. CoLTON, two pas. of England. — I. co. Norfolk, Bi m. N. Wymondham. Area 1,020 ac. Pop. 282.— II. CO. Stafford, IJ m. N.N.E. Rugeley. Area 387 ac. Pop. 672. Ann. rev. of endowed school about 50/. [CoriTou,] ' CoLTiMB, St. (Major), a mkt. town and pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 32 m. S.W. Launceston. Area of pa. 11,680 ac. Pop. 3,140. Mkt.Thurs. Fairs Thurs. after Nov. 13, and Thurs. in Mid Lent. It is the head of a poor-law union, & the seat of petty sessions and a braucli bank, — II. {Minor), a pa. of same co., 6J m. W.S.W. St Co- lumb-Major. Area 6,520 ac. Pop. 1,631. Fair, July 9th, Columbia, a federal dist., U. S., N, America, lying on both sides of the Potomac river, about 120 m. from its mouth, between Virginia and Maryland, by which states it was ceded to the Kepublic in 1790, for the seat of the United States Congress. Area 100 sq. m. Pop. (1860) 61,687, of whom 9,973 are free coloured, and 3.687 slaves. Surface undulating. Soil sandy, and no* productive. Besides Washington, the cap. of the republic, it comprises Alexandria and George Town. Principal trade consists in the transport of flour, by the Potomac, The district under the immediate gov. of congress, is divided by the Potomac into two cos., in one of which the laws of Virginia remain in force, and in the other those of Maryland Columbia is the name of numerous places in U. S I. a co. in N. part of N. York, on the Hudson riv. Area 624 sq. m. Pop. 43,252. Soil genial, rich, and highly cultivated. It con- tains iron, lead, marble, and other minerals. — II. a 00. in E. part of Pennsylvania. Area 700 sq. m. Pop. 24,267 III. a co. in E. part of Georgia. Area 600 sq. m. Pop. 11,350, of whom 7,313 are slaves IV. a co. Florida. Area 4,320 sq. m. Pop. 2,102. —V. a tnshp. New York, 76 m. N."W. Albany. Pop. 2,129. — VI. a town, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna, here crossed by a" bridge resting on stone piers, 6,690 ft. in length, 30 m. S. E. Harrisburgh. Pop. 2,719, It has a town- hall, mkt,-house, library, academy, and by railw, sends timber, coal, and iron to Philadelphia,— VII, a town, cap, state S, Carolina, on Congaree riv,, 120 m, N.N,^, Charleston, with which it i^ connected by railway. Pop. 3,500. It has a state- house, court-house, gaol, mkt.-honse, sevl. banks, academies, & churches, & a state college founded in 1804. — VIII. a tnshp. Missouri, cap. co. Boone, 36 m, N, Jefferson. Pop, 3,365,— IX. Ohio, 6 m. E, Cincinnati, Pop. 3,043. — X. a town, Penn- sylvania, CO. Lancaster. Pop. 2,716.— It is also the name of cos. in Georgia and Florida. Columbia, or Oeeoon Kiveb, N.W. Amer., British and U. States doms., the main river of Oregon territory, rises in the Rocky Mountains, British territory, about lat. 64° N., flows succes- sively N., S.,and S.W.ward, & after a total course estimated at 1,000 m., enters the Pacific in lat. 46° 6' N., 150 m. S. Fuca strait. The lower half of its course lies wholly within the U. States ter-' ritonr, in which also it receives its great affluents Clark and Lewis rivers. At the influx of the latter it is 960 yards across ; below this it has some extensive rapids & falls, to near which it is navigable from the sea for sloops, though obstruct- ed by rocks at its month where it is 7 m. across. By the Orep;on treaty its entire navigation is open to British vessels. Columbiana, a co., U. S., N, Amer., in E. part ofOldo. Area 760 sq.m. Pop. 40,378. Surface hilly but fertile. CoLUMBRETES, 3. picturcsquc group of volcanic isls. and rocks in the Mediterranean, off the E. coast of Spain, 66 m. N.E. Valencia. Lat. of Mount Colibre, in the largest isl., 39° 63' 58' N., Ion. 0° 44' 27' E., supposed to be the ancient OphiuscB. These islands have long been the resort of privateers and Barbary corsairs. Columbus, several places, U. S., N. Amer.— I. a CO. in the S. part of N. Carolina. Area 625feq. m. Pop. 39,411, of whom 1,086 are slaves.-^II. cap. state Ohio, Scioto river, at the mouth of the Whetstone. Lat. 39° 51' N., Ion. 83° 3' W., 210 m. N.E. Cincinnati. Pop. (1850) 17,367. Chief edifices, the state-house, court-house, sevl. hand- some churches, a state penitentiary, lunatic, deaf- mnte, and blind asylums, a theological seminary. The city was founded in 1812. — III. Georgia, cap, CO. Muscogee, on the Chatahoochee, here crossed by a bridge, 124 m. W.S.W. Milledgeville. Pop. (1844) 7,000. It is a large mart for cotton sent hence by steam-boats to the ports of the G. of Mexico. — IV. Mississippi, cap. co. Lowndes, on the Tom- bigbee, at the head of the steam-boat navigation, 141 m. N.E. Jackson. Pop. 4,000. It has A bridge across the Tombigbee, a court-house, jail, academy, theatre, &c.— V: a township,IildiJ aha, dap. co. Bartholemew, 41 m. S.S.E. Indiano- COL 3fi5 COM polls. Pop. 2,438. — VI. a township, Warren, co. Pennsylvania. Pop. 1,169. CoLVEND (formerly CiUwen), a pa. of Scotland, stewartry and 11 m. E. Kirkcudbright, on Sol- way frith. Pop. 1,495. CoLVESTON, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 6J m. N.N.E. Brandon. Area 1,100 ao. Pop. 42. CoLviLLE, a fortifd. station of Brit. N. Amer., on the W. side of the Kocky mountains, near the river Columbia. Lat. 48° 37' N. Houses neat ; wheat & maize raised, and cattle abundant. CoLWALi, a pa. of Engl., eo. Hereford, 3J m. N.N.E. Ledbury. Area 3,800 ac. Pop. 940. CoLWicH, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, on the Trent, 3 m. N.N.W. Rugeley. Area 8,800 ac. Pop. 2,824. Lord Anson was born here in 1697. The vill. is remarkably picturesque. CoLwicK, a pa. of Engl., co. and 2J m. E. Not- tingham. Area 1,010 ac. Pop. 109. ^CoLWiNSTON, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamor- gan, 4 m. W. Cowbrid^e. Pop. 287. The " gol- den mile," in this pa., is a common free to all the parishioners. CoLTTON, a small market-town & pa. of Engl., CO. Devon, on the Coly, a small affluent of the Axe, 22 m. E.Exeter. Area of pa. 6,430 ac. Pop. 2,451. Ann. rev. of pa. lands (the gift of Henry vin.) 2311. The town is built of flint, and is a titnlar bor. Market, Thur. Fairs, 1st Wed. in May, 30th November. It is the seat of co. petty sessions. — II. a pa. of England, co. Devon, 3 m. W. Sidmouth. Area 1,190 ac. Pop. 2,451. CoizEAN CAStLE, the fine seat of the Marquis of Ailsa, Scotland, co. Ayr, pa. Kirk-Oswald, on a basaltic cliff projecting into the sea, 4 m. W. Maybole. Near it are some remarkable caves. CoMACCHio, a strongly fortified town of Italy, Pontif sta, leg. and 28 m. B.S.E. Ferrara, in the midst of the marshes termed Vdlli-di-Comacehio, 3m. from the Adriatic. Pop. 6,783, chiefly empld. in fishing eels, &c., in the surrounding lagoons. By the treaty of 1815, the Austrians acquired the right to garrison this town and Ferrara. CoiusEBRT, a mntn. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Wicklow, 3 m. W. Glendalough. Elev. 2,268 ft. CoMATAGCA, formerly VAtLAnoLiD, a city of Cent. Amer., state and 170 m. E. Guatemala, cap. dep. Honduras, on a riv. flowing to the Pacific. Pop. 12,000 {?). Chief ediBces, a cathed., a college, and a richly endowed hospital. Combe, several pas. of Engl — I. co. South- ampton, 9J m. N. Andover. Area 2,190 ac. Pop. 203.— II. {Abbas), co. Somerset, 3| m. S. Wmcanton. Area 2,020 ac. Pop. 461.— III. [Florey), same co., 5 m. N.E. Wiveliscombe. Area 1,500 ac. Pop. 304.— IV. {Hay), co. Somer- set, 3i m. S.W. Bath. Area 1,180 ac. Pop. 259. —V. {Long), co. Oxford, 2J m. S.W. Woodstock. Area 1,450 ac. Pop. 605— VI. (Martin), a pa., CO. Devon, on an inlet of the English Channel, 4J m. E. Diracombe. Area 4,730 ac. Pop. 1,399. Fair, Whit.-Monday. The vill. and cove are en- compassed, except on the N.W., by romantic hills. The pa. contains argentiferous lead mines. —VII. {Si Nicholas), a pa., co. Somerset, 2J m. N.W. Chard. Area 4,100 ao. Pop. 1,293.— VIIL {MoncUm), co. Somerset, 2\ m. S.S.E. Bath. Area 720 ac. P. 1,107, extens. freestone quarries. CoMBBB, or Cumber, a mkt. town and pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Down, on the W. side of Lough Strangford, 8 m. E.S.E. Belfast. Area of pa. 17,419 ac. Pop. 9,022; do. of to?m 1,964. It is tolerably well built, and has remains of ec- clesiastical and other edifices of the 12th century, with a trade in linens and spirits, & 4 ann. fairs. CoMBERMERE, 3, tnshp. of Engl., CO. Chester, pa. Acton, IJ m. N.W. Nantwieh. Pop. returned with pa. Combermere abbey, founded in 1133, is the seat of the Cotton family, to whom this town- ship gives the title of Baron. CoMBEBTON, three pas. of England. — I. co. & 5 m. W.S.W. Cambridge. Area 1,034 ac. Pop. 520.— II. {Great), co. Worcester, 2j m. S.S.E. Pershore. Area 960 ao. Pop. 215 ni.{Little), sameco., 2Jm. S.E. Pershore. Ac. 770. P. 229. CoMBiN, a mntn. of Europe, between Switzer- land, cant. Valais, and the Sardinian states, prov. Aosta, one of the culminating points of the Pen- nine Alps, E. of Great St Bernard, 9 m. S.E. Martigny, 14,124 feet in elevation, and containing extensive glaciers. CoMBiNTiNHEAD, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 3 m. E. Newton-Bushell. Ac. 2,000. Pop. 426. CoMBLES, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Somme, cap. cant., 26 m. E.N.E. Amiens. P. 1,677. CoMBOocoHnM, a town of Brit. India, presid. Madras, dist. and 20 m. N.E. Tanjore, in the delta of the Cavery. It was the anc. cap. of a sovereignty, its former importance being attested by numerous pagodas, and fine tanks. Most of its inhabitants are Brahmins. CoMBOURG, a comm. and town of France, dep. Ille-et-Vilame, arrond. & 20 m. S.S.E. St Malo. Pop. 1,247. It is the birth-pl. of Chateaubriand, and has an extensive trade in cattle. CoMBBAiLLES, an old division of France in the prov. Basse-Auvergne, the cap. of which was Evreux. It is now comprised in the dep. Creuse. CoMBRONDE, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 15 m. N. Clermont. P. 1,488. Combs, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 1^ m. S. Market-Stow. Area 3,060 ac. Pop. 1,064. CoMEBOoiiiT, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. Kajishaye, near a branch of the Ganges, 64 m. S.E. Moorshedabad. CoMitiA, a town of British India, cap. dist. Tiperah, 50 m. S.E. Dacca. CoMiNES, a town of France. [Commines.] CoMiNO, an isl. of Mediterranean. [Cumino.] Comisa, a town of Dalmatia, circ. Spalatro, dist. and on the W. coast of the isl. Lissa. Pop. (1843) 2,619, mostly employed in fishiijg. CoMiso, a town of Sicily, intend. Syracuse, 8 m. W. Kagnsa. Pop. 10,000 {?).—Comiti, or Co- miiini, is a market town, intend. Trapaui, 8 m. N.E. Mazzara. CoMiTAN, or CoMiiiAK, a town of Mexie. con- federation, state Chiapas, on the Grijalva, 40 m. S.E. Ciudad Real. Pop. 10,000 (?). It has a su- perb church, and a large Dominican convent, & it has become a place of considerable contraband trade, as, in consequence of heavy duties at the Mexican ports of entry, most , European goods consumed in S. Mexico are smuggled hither through Balize and Guatemala. CoMMENDA, a Brit, fort of W. Africa, Guinea coast, 16 m. W.S.W. Cape Coast Castle, having near it a town with 3,000 inhabitants. — iittle Commenda is a Dutch fort on the same coast. CoMMEROY, a comm. and town of France, dep. Meuse, 20 m. E. Bar-le-Due, on 1. b. of the Meuse. Pop. 3,424. It has two churches, a town-hall, barracks, a mkt.-house, and a theatre. Mauufs. of cotton and leather, and a brisk trade in corn, wood, oil, and cattle. It was formerly fortified. Commines, a comm. & town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arrond. and 9J m. E. Ypres, on I. b. of the Lys, & on the frontier of France, opposite the French town of same name, with which it com- municates lay a drawbridge. Pop. 3,187. Celeb, manufs. of ribbons, thread, handkerchiefs, and tobacco. — II. a comm. and town of France, dep. COM 356 Nor4, on rt, b. of the Lys, opposite the above town, and 8 m. N. Lille, Pop. 2,988. Manufs. of ribbons and thread. The old town of Corn- mines, which comprised both the above towns pre- vious to the cession of French Flajiders to France, was fortified, but dismantled by the French in 1672. Birth-place of Philippe de Commines. CoMO (Lake or), German Comersee, anc. La- rius Lams, a lake of N. Italy, Lombari^, prov. Como, forming the greatest sinus of the river Adda, which enters it at the foot of the Lepon- tine and Rhetian Alps, and quits it at Lecco, in the midst of mntns. of from 1,000 to 1,300 ft. m .elevation. It is of a very irregular sljape, being . separated into the 2 branches of Comp & Lecco, by the promont. of Bellagio. Extreme breadth between Menaggio and Varena, 3 m. Length, ^Como to Riva, .35 n;i. Como is, on account of the beauty of its basin, and its favourable expo- sure, the most celebrated of all the lakes of N. Italy. Its shores are covered with elegant villas, among which are the Villa d'Este, long the resid. of Queen Caroline of Engl., and the Villa Lenno on the supposed site of Pliny's villa. The lake abounds in all kinds of fish ; its navigation is liable to Interruption from sudden storms ; regu- lar steam communication is estabhshed between its principal towns. Como, Comum, an anc. episcopal city of Lom- bardy, cap. prov. same name, in a picturesque situation, at the S. extremity of the lake of Como ; e)ev. 702 ft. Pop. (1845) including its 9 suburbs, 18,600, of whom 7,400 belong to the city proper. It has a public library of 15,000 vols., a botanic garden, 3 gymnasia, and a museum of antiquities. , Chief edifices, the cathedral, commenced 1396, built entirely of marble and decorated with nu- merous works of art -, an anc. town-hall, also of marble. Manufs. comprise woollens, silks, cotton, and soap. Trade is much facilitated by naviga- tion in the lake, and by excellent roads. Many of its inhabitants emigrate, as masons & makers of barometers. It was the birth-pl. of the younger (and probably also of the elder) Pliny, of Volta, and of Pope Innocent xi. A colossal statue has been recently erected to Volta. CoMODO, an isl. of the Malay Archip., between Sambawa and Flores, lat. N.E. peak 8° 22' S., Ion. 119° 37' E. Length N. to S. about 35 m. ; average breadth 16 m. CoMOBiN (Cape), the S. extremity of India. State of Travancore, in the Indian ocean. Lat. 8° 6' N. ; Ion. 77° 30' E. CoMORN, a town of Hungary. [Komobn.] CoMOBO Isles, a group of volcanic islands ui the Mozambique channel, 350 m. from the N.W. coast of Madagascar, & 200 m. irom the E. coast of Africa,, between lat. 11° and 13° S., and Ion. 43° & 45° 30' E. Pop. estimated at 80,000, com- prising Arabs and negroes. The professed re- ligion is Mohammedanism ; but feticism is prac- tised. The group consists of the islands Anga- ziya, or Great Comoro, Aniouan or Johanna, Mkyqtta, and Mohilia. The islands are mntnous., & fertile in tropieai productions. The meadows maintain great herds of cattle, and the rivers abound in fish. The Arate manuf. coarse cloths, jewellery and small arms. Commerce formerly important, and extended to India. Chief expts. cocoa-nut-oil and tprtoise-shell. The Comores are governed bysqltans, one, of whom resides in ' nearly every town. The island of Mayotta was ,fieded to France in 1841, & the cession was con- firmed in' 1845, A British consul has recently been appointed for. the islands. CoMPiftoNE, Compendium, a coram. & town of France, dep. Oise. cap. arrond., on 1, b, of the Oise, and on the railw, (m progress) from Paris to St Quentin, 33 m, E.S.E. Beauvais. Pop. (1846) 8,106, It is a tribun. of commerce, and has a comm. college, & public library of 28,000 vols,, manufs, of muslins, hosiery and cordage, and commerce in wood and grain. Chief edifices the church of the anc. abbey of St Corneille, burial place of many of the early kings of France ; the Hotel de Ville, & the Pont NeuiC It has a splendid palace, one of the finest in France, rebuilt under Louis XIV., XV. & XVI., and magnificently' re- stored by Napoleon, surrounded by spacious parks and a forest of 35,000 acres. It was formerly strongly fortified, and in defending it while he- sieged by the Duke of Burgundy, Joan of Arc was made prisoner, in 1430, & afterwards basely sold to the English. Here Napoleon espoused Marie-Louise in 1810. CoMjPpSTELLA, a town of the Mexic-Confed., dep. Xalisco, and formerly its cap., 100 m. 'W. Guadalaxara. It has silver mines, but is nearly deserted on account of its unhealtliy climate'. CoMPBEiONAC, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H.-Vienue, near the source of the Vincon, a hill, 12 m. N. Limoges. Pop, 2,280. CoMFSTALt, a vill. of Engf., co. Chester, pa. & 5 m. E. Stockport. Pop. engaged in manuis. CoMPTAT d' Avioson, an old divis. of France, which, with the Comtat-Venaisin, forms nearly the whole of the dep. Vaucluse, It was held by the popes from 1228 to 1791, when it was united to France by a decree of the National Assembly. CoMPTON, numerous pas. of Engl. — I. co. Berks, 2 m. E.S.E. East Lsley. Area 4,050 ac. P. 544. — II. CO Hants, 2^ m. S.S.W. Winchester. Area 1,800 ac. P. 304.— III. co. Surrey, 3i m. N.N.'ff. Guildford, Area 1,790 ac. Pop. 522 IV. co. Sus- sex, 8 m. S.S.W. Midhurst, Area 1,750 ac. Fop. 274— V. (Abbas), CO. Dorset, 8 m N.N.W, Dor- chester. Area 2,170 ac. P. 91. — ^VI. (A66as), same e6.,3m. S.Shaftesbury. Area 1,330 ac. P. 439. —VII. (Abdale), co. Glo'ster, 3i m. N.W. North- Leach. Area 240 ac. Pop. 260.— VIII. (Basset), CO. Wilts, 3 m. E.N.E. Calne. Area 1,930 ac. Pop. 498. — IX. {Beauchamp), co. Berks, 5J m. S, Great Farringdon. Area 1,890 ac. Pop. 167.— X. (Bishop), CO. Somerset, 2 m. W. Axbrid^e. Area 2,510 ac. Pop. 802— XI. (Chaniberlmn), CO. Wilts, 4 J m. W.S.W. Wilton, Area 2,130 ac. Pop. 350. — ^XII, (Dando), co, Somerset, 2 m, E.N.E. Pensford. Area 1,210 ac. Pop. 358.— XIII. (Dundon), same CO., 2} m. N. Somerton, Area 2,790 ac. Pop. 679.— XIV. (Fetmy), co. Warick, 51 m. E. Kington. Area 2,330 ac. P. 65.— XV. (Greenfield), co. Glo'ster, 6i m. N.N.W. Bristol. Area 640 ac. Pop. 65— XVL (Little), same eo.,4Jm.W.N.W. Chippiug-Norton., Area 1,670 ac. Pop. 301.— XVII. (Lotig), co. War- wick,4m.N.N.W.Chipping-Norton. Area3,530 ac. Pop, 829,— XVIII. (Martin), co. Somerset, 7Jm. N.Wells. Area 2,260 sq. m. Pop. 601.— XIX. (Nether), co. Dorset, 3 m. W.N.W; Sher- borne. Area 1,390 ac. Pop. 456.— XX. (Over), same co., 3i m. W. Sherborne, Area 1,520 ac. Pop, 151.— XXI. (Pauncefoot), co. Somerset, 4J m.W.S.W. Wincanton. Area 870 ac. Pop. 256.— XXII. (Vallance), CO. Dorset, .7m. tV.N.W. Dor- chester., Area 2,310 ac. Pop. 116.— XXIIL (Wyniales), an extra-parochial dist., co. Warwick, 6 m. E.N.E. Shipston-on-Stour. Area 930 at Pop. 46. Compton Wyniates house, is a large structure, built of the ruins of Fullbroke castle. CoMRiE, a pa. of Scotl,, co. Perth, with a vill., 6 m. W. Crieff. Length of pa. about 16 lii.; breadth 12 m. Pop. 2,471 ; do. of vill., 803, en- COM 857 CON gaged in distilling and in woollen and cotton weaving. The vill., on the Earn and Leduook, here crossed by a stone bridge, has a handsome church, and near it is a granite obelisk to the late Lord Melville. Fairs on Wednesday, 6 times annually. Severe shocks of earthquakes have been repeatedly felt in this pa., especially on Oct. 23, 1839. Among its antiquities are remnants of several Druidic buildings, and the vestiges of a Roman camp, whence it has been supposed that tne engagement between the forces of Agricola and Galgacus took place in this parish. CoMTAH, two towns of India. — I, dom. & 8 m. N.E. Nazpoor. — II. British India, presid. Madi'as, dist. Malabar, 12 m. N.N.W. Onore. CoNAC, a comm. and town of France, dep. Charente-Inf., arrond. & 14 m. W.S.W. Jonzac. Pop. 1,598. CoNAN, a riv. of Scotl., co. Ross, which after an E. course of 35 m. enters Cromarty Firth near Dingwall. Afflts., the Garve & Orrin. It affords valuable salmon & trout fisheries. — Conan bridge, is a vill. on its banks, 2i m. S. Dingwall. CoNABAH, a maritime town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. & 28 m. N.E. Yizagapatam. CoxcAN, a subdivision of British India, presid. Bombay, stretching along the W. coast of Hin- dostan, mostly between lat. 16° and 20° N., and Ion. 7'^' 40' & 74° E., bounded E. by the Ghauts, and having N. the dist. Surat, and S. the Sat- tarah dom. It is separated into the dists. N. & S. Concan. Length 220 m. ; breadth 35. United area 12,270 sq. m., and pop. 1,044,121. Surface mostly a collection of rocW mountains & jungly ra\Tnes, interspersed with fertile rice tracts, and presenting many shallow harbours along the coast, near the centre of which is the fine inlet of Bombay. Principal products, grain, hemp, co- coa nnts, spices, and sugar. The S. Concan is assessed on the ryotwar, but the N. on the native village system. Princip. towns, Callianee, Gorah, Jaghur, and Ghariah. CoHOABHEAu, 3, maritime comm. and town of France, cap. cant., dep. Finistfere, on an isl. in the bay De-la-For^t, Atlantic Ocean, 12 m. S.E. Quimper. Pop. 2,024, chiefly engaged in taking and cnring pilchards. It is defended by a fort, and surrounded by ancient walls. CoNCEicAO d' Itamabca, scv. towns of Brazil, — I. prov. Pemambucco, 16 m. N. Olinda, cap. dist. of the isl. of Itamarcaon its W. coast. P. of dist. estun. at 12,000. This town has long been in a state of decay, but its restoration was decreed by the government in 1836. — II. {de Noguega), prov. Minas Geraes, 85 m. N.N.E. Ouro Preto. Pop. 1,200. A rich gold mine was discovered here in 1785 III. a modem city, prov. and 340 m. N.N.E. Goyaz. Pop. 2,000 IV. (deZagoa), prov., & in the centre of the isl. of Santa Catherina, E. Desterro. Pop. 3,000. — V. {da Serrd), prov. Espiritu-Santo, N.N.W, Victoria. Pop. 1,500 VI. {do Serro), prov. Minas Geraes, N.N.W. Ouro Preto. P. of dist. 8,000, employed in gold mines. Concentaina, a town of Spain, prov. and 28 m. N. Alicante. Pop. 5,972. It has extensive manufs. of woollen cloths. Chief edifices, a square Moorish tower, and a Franciscan convent. CoircEPCioif, a dep. Chile, between lat. 36° & 37° 30' S., & Ion. 70° and 74° W., having N. the dep. Maule, E. the Andes, W. the Pacific Ocean, and S. indep. Araucania. Area 6,210 sq. m. Pop. (1827) 102,000. Principal rivs., the Biobio and Ilata, It contains the most extensive plains in Chile. The travesia of Tumbul, 60 m. in length, is almost a desert. The forests, on the hilly tract between the plains and the Pacific, consist of small trees, not fit for ship building, but fruit trees abound. Coal of an inferior quahty is also abundant, a little wine is exported. — Concepdon, the cap. of the jprov., on the Biobio, occupies about 1 sq. m. of surface, and has houses mostly of one storey, and built of ufl- baked brick. Formerly had a massive cathedral, but this, with most of its other buildings, was ruined by the earthqualce of 1835. Its port, Tal- cahuano, is situated 10 m. N. The principal exports are tallow and hides. — Concepdon Bay is an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, 8 m. N. the town. It is about 5 m. across, and has an entrance on either side of the isl. Quiriquino. It receives the Biobio riv., and almost everywhere affords good anchorage. CoNCEPCioN, or Conception (La), an isl. of Bahamas, 25 m. S.E. St Salvador. — II. an isl. & headld. on the N. side of the isthmus of Panama, 78 m. E. Puerto Bello.— III. (de la China), Plata confed., dep. Entre Kios, on the Uruguay, 160 m. N.N.E. Buenos Ayres. Pop. 2,000.— IV. (del Poo), S. Amer., Venezuela, prov. and 110 m. S. Barcelona. — Other places of same name are in Peru, New Granada, Bolivia, Spain, and Texas. CoHCEPTioN Bat, an inlet, Newfoundland, on its E. coast, N.W. St John's, lat. 48° N., Ion. 63° W., and which gives name to the most flourish- ing districts of the colony. It has several ports, the principal being Harbour-Grace.— Conception Strait is an inlet, T. del Fuego, between Hanover isl. and the Madre archip., and continuous with Mesier channel. CoNCHAGDA, an extinct volcano, Cent. Amer., state and 70 m. E.S.E. San Salvador, at the W. side of the entrance to the Gulf of Conchagiia. Though not very lofty, it commands fine views, embracing as many as 18 other volcanoes.— 'TAe Gulf of Conchagiia or Fonseca, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, between the states San Salvador and Nicaragua, is 40 m. in breadth, and receives several considerable rivers. CoNOHEs, a comm. and town of France, dep. Euro, arrond. and 10 m. S.W. Evreux, with 1,673 inhabs., partly engaged in nail-makuig, and in fancy steel work. CoNOHOs, a riv., Mexican confed., deps. Du- rango & Chihuahua, joins the Rio Bravo del Norte, near lat. 29° 50' N., Ion. 104° 40' W., after a N. course, estim. at 300 m. Its valley is the most pop. & best cultiv, in the table-land of Chihuahua. Concise, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Vaud, cap. circ. on the Lake of Neuchatel, 6 m. N.N.E. Yverdun. Pop. 1,500, partly engaged in raising wine, which is the best of the district. CoNCOBELLO, a town of W. Africa, on the Congo river, near lat. 4^° S., Ion. 10° E. CONpoED, several towns, &c., U. S., N. Amer. — I. cap. New Hampshire and co. Merrimac, 63 m. N.N.W. Boston, on the riv. Merrimac, here crossed by 2 bridges. Lat. 43° 12' 29" N., Ion, 71° 29' W. Pop. 4,897. It has a handsome state house, anci a state prison, both built of granite ; a court-ho., various churches, manufs. of hardwares, & a considerable trade with Boston, with which it communicates by a railway.— II. a tnshp., Massachusetts, 14 m. N.W. Boston. Pop. 1,784. A marble monument here marks the spot where the first blood was spilt, in the war of the revolution.— III. New York, co. Erie, 25 m. S. Buffalo. Pop. .3,021.— IV. Ohio, co. Boss. Pop. 2,549.— V. Michigan, 85 m. W. Detroit, CoNOOBniA, a pa., U. S., N. Amer., Louisiana, on the Mississippi. Area 1,300 a6. Pop; 9,414, of whom 8,000 are slaves. Soil veiy fertile. Chief product cotton. CON 358 CON Concordia (di qua), a town of N. Italy, gov. deleg. and 34 m. N.E. Venice, on 1. b. of the Limene. Pop. 1,330. It was or importance dur- ing the Boman dominion, and remams a bishop's see, although now in decay. — II. a walled town of the duchy, and 17 m. N. Modena, on r. b. of the Seoohia. Pop. 3,600. CoNDAMiNi: Biteh, E. Australia, is a head stream of the Darling riv., lat. 28° S., Ion. 161° E. CoNDAPiLLT, a town of Brit. India, presid. Ma- dras, dist. and 55 m. N.W. Masulipatam, on the Kistnab, formerly the cap. of one of N. Ciroars. CoNDAT, several comms. and vills. of France. —I. dep. CorrSze, 16 m. N.N.W. Tulle. Pop. 1,730 — 11. dep. Puy de D6me, 26 m. W. Cler- mont. Pop. 1,700 III. (ere Feniers), dep. Cantal, 32 m. N.E. Aurillac. Pop. 3,630. CoNDATOHT, a bay and vill. of Ceylon, on its "W. coast, 120 m. N. Colombo. It is the centre of the celeb, pearl fishery of the Gulf of Manaar. Cond£, sev. comms., towns, & vills. of France. — ^I. dep. Nord, at the confl. of the Haine and Scheldt, cap. cant., 7 m. N.N.E. Valenciennes. Pop. (1846) 3,604. It is enclosed by strong for- tifications, and well built. It has a handsome church, a town-hall, arsenal, military hospital, a harbour for river-craft, manufs. of chicory, starch, leather, and cordage, extensive trade in coals and cattle, large weekly corn-markets, and an annual fair of 8 days in Oct. It was frequently taken during the eariy wars, and by the Austrians in 1798. — II. {Ccmii meux), a vill., dep. Nord, on r. b. of the Scheldt. Pop. 2,981.-111. (sur Noireau), dep. Calvados, cap. cant., at the confl. of the Noireau and Dronance, 25 m. S.S.W. Caen. Pop. (1846) 5,485. Manufs. linens, cotton, and mixed fabrics, muslins, cotton-yam, cutlery, & leather, and trade in cattle, horses, and honey. — IV. {sur Vire), a coram, and vill., dep. Manche, on r. b. of the Vires, 5 m. S.S.E. St L6. Pop. 2,164.— V. {mr Ruine), dep. Orne, 7 m. S.E. Mortagne. Pop. 1,362. — V.(«Mr/ /-.ni!" . ' /, CowTON (East), a pa. of Engil, co., York„If. Riding, with a station on the Gneat W. of Engl. raUw., 6 m. NiE, Catterick. Area 3,150 ao;, Pc^. 464. — North and' South Cowton are tnshps. in the same parish. , , , Coxe's Bazae, a town of British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, diet, Chittagong, on the river Naiif, hear its mouth, 70 m. S. Islamabad. CoxHOE, atnshp. of Engl,, CO. andSJm. S.S.E. Durham, pa. Kelloe, with a station on the New- castle and Carlisle railway; Pop. ,8,904l'» !:.! ,i CoxLODBB, a tnshp. of Engl., co. NortftuiBhec- land, pa. Gosforth, 2J- m. N.N.W. N«wflastle. P. 924. The Newoas. race-course is in this tnshp. CoxsACKiE, atnshp.i U. S., N. Amer.jN; Yorit, Greene co., 22 m. S. Albany. Pop, 8,539. > ■ , j CoxwELL (Gkeat), apai-of jEngI,, co. Betks, 1^ m. S.W. ar«a of445isq. m. Pop. 146,p()0,. and qon»priges, be- sides the city, the towns Chrzanow. &,fe'?^owioai It was incorporated with the Austrian empire', afteraninsun!ection,-in December 1846. .,. ,'1 Cradi-ey, a chapelry of EngW co> Worcester, CRA 377 CRA pa. and 2J m. N.W. Hales-Owen. Pop, 2,686.— 11. {East tend West), a, ■pa,., CO. Hereford, Gj m. N.N.E. Ledbury. Area 6,460 ac. Pop. 1,504. Rev. oSpoor's lands about 501. per annum. Cradook, a dist. in the E. of the Cape Colony, S. Africa, having E. British Kaffraria, S. the dist. Somerset, N. Colesberg, and W. Graaf Keynet. Area 3,168 sq.m. P. (1845) 8,118. Surface alter- nately fertile & arid, bare of ivood, or oticnmbered with mimosa bnshes. Principal rivers, the Great Fish, Brakke, and Tarka. — The vill., Cradock, on 1. b. of the Great Fish river, 3 m. N. Somerset, has a Dutch church and chalybeate springs. Craio, Inch Brioch, a maritime pa. of Sootl., CO. Fopftir, comprising the vills. Ferr-yden, Rossie, and Csan. Area 3,308 Scotch ac. Pop. 1,945. ' eBAiciiE,apa. of Scotl., co. & 9 m. E.N.E. Ayr. Pop. 779. Among its antiquities are ruins of the old castle of Craigie. CKAieMii,i.AR Castle, a picturesque ruin, co. and 3 m. S. Edinburgh, on an eminence in Lib- berton pa., formerly a royal residence, and the seat of a famous conference in 1566. ' Ckaignethan Castle, is a fine ruin of Scot]., CO. and S.W. Lanarlt, pa. Lesmahagow, on the riv. Nethan. Craigneish, a marit. pa. of Scotl., co. Argyle, comprising a peninsula N. of Jura Soimd, "with a vill., 1dm. W.S.W. Inverary. Pop. of pa. 873. Surface level, and here are various remains of Danish encampments. Okaig-Phabbic, a lofty hill of Seotl., co. and near Inverness, and having extensive remains of an^ancient fortress composed of vitrified stones. CsAie's ViLLAeE,-a vill. of British Guiana, a few m.from the inouth of Berbice riv. P. 1,500. Gbaike, a pa. of Engl., co. Durham enclosed bv the CO. Tork, N. Siding, 2^ m. N.E. Easing- wold. Area 3^00 ao. Pop. 679. Cbaikhall, a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, N. Rid- ing, pa. and If m. W.NiW. Bedale. Pop. 576. Cbaii,, a royal and pari, bor., seaport town, & pa. of Seotl., CO. & in the" East Neuk" of Fife, on the N. Sea, 9 m. S.B. St Andrews. Pop. of pa. 1,7S7 ; do. of town 1,221. It has many mas- sive and antique houses, an ancient church, once collegiate, and some remains of a royal palace. Its harb., formerly a great rendezvous for boats employed in the herring fishery, is small & incon- venient. It existed as a town in the middle of 9th century, and was called Caryll ; its trade and mannfs. have now decayed. The bor»imtes with St Andrew's, Anstmther West and East, Cupar, Kilrenny, and Pittenweem in sending 1 m. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 47. Gbailino, a pa. of Scotland, co. Roxburgh, in Teviotdale, 6m. S.W. Kelso. Pop. 667. Here are traces of Roman camps and a Roman road. CBAiLSHEiM,at.,'WiJrtemberg. [Krailsheim."] Ceambe, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Riding, 6m.S.S.'W.NewMalton. Area 8,710 ac. P. 610. CEAMtiNOTON, a chpll^. of England, co. Nor- thumberland, pa. St Andrews, 8^ m. N.N.E. New- castle, on railway. Pop. 2,634. CbAmond, a pa. of Scotl., cOs. Edinburgh and LinBthgow, with a vill. at the mouth of the Al- mond, '5^ m. W. Edinburgh, and 1 m. N. Cra- tnond brig'. Pop. of pa. 1,981, mostly employed in extensive iron works. In this pa. are Corstor- phine lulls, Ofamond and Inch Mickery island, and Cramond brig across the' Almond. CbaSaqb, a township of Engl., CO. Chester, pa. Sandbaich, 3J m. E.N.E. Middlewich. P. 612. CbahBessbT, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, co. & 11 m. S.W. Butler. P. 1,822. ' Crane OBN*, a market-town and pa. of Engl., CO. Dorset, 9 m. N.N.E. Winborne, & 13 m. S.W. Salisbm'y. Area of pa. 13,730 ao. Pop. 2,651. The town is pleasantly sit., & has some remains of a castle & ano. church, originally part of a priory. Mkt., Thurs. Fairs, Aug. 23 & 6 Deo. Bishop Stillingfleet was born here in 1636. Cranboi'ne Chase is a tract of wood and parkland extending nearly to Salisbury, and still abounding in deer. Its castellated marision-ho., cohtaining the Chase prison, was formerly a royal lodge.' Cbanbrooke, a mkt. town and ' pa. of Engl., CO. Kent, 7 m. S.S.W. the Staplehul'st station on the S. E. railw., and 13 m. S. Maidstone'. Area of pa. 10,460 ac Pop. 3,996. It has a fine Gothic church. Rev. of grammar school, founded by Q. Elizabeth, 1351. per annum. Mkt. (for hops, &c.), Sat. Fairs, 30th' May, 29th Sept. The town was one of the earliest seats of the woollen manufacturing establishments in England. ' ' Cbanmeld, a' pa. of Engl., co. Bedford, 6 m. W.N.W. Ampthill: Area 3,500 ao. Pop. 1,371. CBANTOBn, two pas." of Engl. — I. co. Middle- sex, IJ m. from the Southall station, Gt. W. raik way, and 2J m. N.W. Hounslow. Area 790 ac. Pop. 370. — II. CO. Northampton, 3J m.E. Ketter- ing. Area 2,420 ac Pop. 698. ' Cbanganoee, a marit. town of S. India, Tra- vancore dom., rajahship and 16 m. N. Cochin, on the backwater of the Malabar coast, formerly possessed by the Portuguese, and latterly by the Dutch. It IS the see of a Rom. Catholic bishop. CKANHAMjtwo pas. of Engl. — I. CO. Glo'ster, 2^ m. N.N.E. Painswick. Ac. 1,970. P. 428.— II. co. Essex,4im.E.S.E. Romford. Acli880. P. 280. CRANLEV,'a-pa. of Engl., co. Surrey, 8 m. S.S.E. Guildford. Ac 7,420. P. 1,357. Most part of the vill. is built around an open common. Its church has 'a fine chancel. Fair, Whit-Tueaday. Cranmoee, two contig. pasJ of England, co. Somerset. — 1. {East), 4} m. E. Shepton-Mallet. Area 980 ac Pop. 66.— II. (West), 3} m, E. Shepton-Mallet. Area 2,160 ac Pop. 319. Ceahoe, apa., Engl., co. Leicester, 5|m. N.N.E. Market-Harborongh. Ac. 990. Pop. 137. Ceamsfoed, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 2 m. N.E. Framlington. Area 2,180 ac. Pop. 303. Ceanshaws, a pa. of Scotland, co. Berwick, 8 mi N.W. -Dunse. Pop. 120. It comprises a por- tion of the Lammermoors. Cranshaws castle, for- merly a fortress of the Douglasses, under the name of Ravenswood castle, has' been rendered famous by Sir W. Scott, in the " Bi-ide of Lammermoor." Cranslet, a pa. of England, co. Northampton, 3 m. S,W.' Kettering. Area 2,610 ac Pop. 319. Ceanston, a pa. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, 3 m. S.E. Dalkeith, Area about 7J sq. m. Pop. 1,128. Coal, limestone, and sa'nd are raised here in considerable quantities.' It gives the title of Baron to the Cranston family. Cbanston, a tnshp. of the U. States, N. Amer., Rhode Island, co. and 5 m. S.W. Providenbe. Fop. 2,962, partly employed in cotton factories. Crantock, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 6 m. N.W. St Michael. Area 2,480 ac. Pop. 450. Cranvpell, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 4 in. N.W. Sleaford. Area 2,480 ac. Pop. 230. Ceanwick, a pa. of England, Co. Norfolk, 6 m, S.E. Stoke-Ferry. 'Area 1,580 ac. Pop. 108. Ceanwobth, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 5 m. N.E. Watton. ' Area 1,100 ac Pop. 340. CeAon, a comm. and town of France; dep. Mayenne, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Oudon, 18 m. S.W. Laval. Pop. (1846) 3,163. Volney was bornhere in 1765'. ' ' Ceaonne, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aisfte, cap. cant., 12 m. S.E. Laon. Pop. 1,066. CRA 378 In the battle of Ccaomie, 7th March 1814y the army under Bliicher was routed by STapoleon.: Cbaposne, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Loire, cap. cant., arrond. and 19 m. N. Le Puy. P. 2,260. Manufa. of lace. & woollen fabrics. Cratfield, a pa. of England, CO. Saffollt, 5 m. W.S.W. Halesworth. Area 1,930 ac. Pop. 720. Ann. rev. of charities about 1501. Crathobnb, a pa., Engl., co. York, N. Biding, 3 J m. S.S.E. Yarmouth. Ac. 2,460. Pop. 294., Ckathies and Bbagmab, an extensive united, & the most inland parish of Aberdeenshire, Scot- land, in the dist. of Marr, and intersected by the Dee riv. Pop. 1,712. Length of inhabited part 30 m. ; breadth 8 to 10 m. The high mntns. Ben Macdhui,* Benaven, and Caimtoul are on the N. W., and Lochnagar, Ben Uam, Sue., on the Si' The 'Dee, taking its rise in Braemar forest, forms a cascade at Linn of Dee,& winds through the beautiful valley of Crathy, where there are situated, Balmoral, on rt. b. of the Dee, a royal residence ; the adjoining estate of Birkhill, the property of his R. H. Prince Albert, pur- chased at 14,900?. ; Marr Lodge, Earl of Fife, & Invercauld, Farquharson. The ancient Cale- donian forest of Marr, formerly covered the whole pa., and part still remains at Braemar, where are also extensive plantations of fir and larch. Prin- .eipali lakes, lochs Callader & Brolachan ; in Glen @aliader, the junction of granite with primary schistose rocks is well marked. _ The great mili- tary road from Blairgowrie to Fort George in- tersects the dist. ' [Braemab.] Cbati, Crathis, a riv, of Naples, prov. Calab. Cit., rises in the forest of Sila, flows N. & E., and enters the Gulf of Taranto, 13 m. E.S.E. Cassano. Total course about 50 m. Chief affls. the Cos- cile and Busento. On it is the city Cosenza. Ceato, a town of Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, cap. Comarca, near 1. b. of the Ervedal, , 11 ■ m. W. Portalegre. Pop. 3,000. It was formerly an import, fortu. ; but its defences are now in decay. . Cbato^ a city of Brazil, prov. Ceara, cap. co- marca, 180 m. S. FortaXeza., Pop. of prov. (1845) 10,000. It is situated in a fertile dist. with a ra- pidly increasing pop. It received the title of city in 1817, previous to which the pop. of the dist. was only 3,000. Crau (La), LapidtBi Campi, a pUin, S. France, occupying the W. part of tbe dep. Bouches-du- BhSne, arrond. Aries & Aix, between the Rhone and the ^tang de Berre, its N. part traversed by a branch of the canal of Craponne> Surface generally arid and covered with boulders,-but it is interspersed with some excellent. vineyards, and various olive and mulberry plantations. Craven, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. of N. Carolina. Area 1,100 sq. m. Pop. 13,438, of whom 3,702 are slaves. Surface level, somewhat marshy, but fertile. Ceawforo, the name of 8 cos. of U. States, N. Amer.— I. in N. of Pennsylvania. Area 1,016 sq. m. Pop. 31,724.-11. in W. of Georgia. Area 360 sq. m. Pop. 7,981, of whom 3,668 are slaves.— III. in N. of Ohio. Area 500 sq. m. Pop. 13,152.— IV. in S. of, Indiana. Area 432 sq. m. Pop. 5,282 V. in S.E. of Illinois. Area 426 sq. m. Pop. 4,422.^VI. in N.W. of Wis- consin. Surface mntnous. and wooded. Pop. 1,502.— VII. in S.E. of Missouri. Area 1,650 sq. m. Pop. 8,661 — VIIL in N.W. of Arkansas. Area 7,800 sq. m. Pop. 4,266.— Also a tnshp., New York, 93 m. S.S.W. Albany. Pop. 2,075. CEAVrFOED, or CEAWFOED-DonGLAS, a pa., of SeoU., CO. Lanark, including the vUl. of Lead- hill (which see), 15 m. S.S.E. Lesmahagow. Area about 76,000 ac. Pop. 1,684. The vill, of CrftWjt ford on the Clyde, here crossed by a chain-bridge, hM opposite to it the ruined castle of Crawford,- Lindsay, the anc. seat of the Earls of Crawford. Cbawfoedt John, a pa. of Scotl., co. & 12J m. S.Lanark. Area 21^23 Scots ac. Pop. 993, On Netherton hill are the traces of an anc. camp j and in the pa. are some feudal strongholds. Ceawfoed Taee ant, a pa. of Engl., CP. Dorset, 3.i m. S.S.E. Blandford-Forum. Ac. 600. P. (67. Ceawlet, several pas. of Engl. — ^I. co. South- ampton, 6 m. N.N.W. Winchester. Area 4,170 ac. Pop. 483. — II. CO. Sussex, with a statiop, on the London and Brighton railway, 8 m. N.N.E. Cuckfield. Area 820 ac. Pop. 449. Faijs, 8th May, 9th Sept.^III. {North), co. Bucks, 3J m. E. Newport-Pagnell. Area 4,060 ac. Pop. 865. Ceatj several contig. pas. of Engl., co. Kent. —I. (Foots), Hi m. E.S.E. London. Area, 6?p ac. Pop. 368. Foots-Cray Place is an el^nt mansion built ^fter a design by Palladio. — ^I^. (JVbrtA), 1 m. BT.E. Foot's-Cray. . Arpa 1,160^. Pop. 517.— III.;(/S«il^oryx),3 m. S. Foot'SrCray. Area 2,220 ac. Pop. 997. Ann. rev. of endowed schools, lai. Fairs, 2d Feb., 1 Otl> Sept.^IY. ,(St PauVs), 4^ m. E. Bromley. Area 630 ac. Pop. 564. The above 4 pas., caljed 'ItheCraySii' ate so named from the small rivr Cray,;^hich joins the Darent, 2 m. N.N.W. Dartfofd. ' , / Cbatfobd, a pa. of England, co. Kent, on the Cray, 8 m. E.S.E. Greenwich. Area 2,380 a*. Pop. 2,403. The vilL had formerly a mkt. In its vicinity are extensive bleaching grounds, silk and calico-printing establishments, & numerous chalk pits. Hsre, in 457, Hengist totallydefeated Vortimer in the second great battl^ between,tl^ Saxons and Britons. Cbeacoube, a pa. , of England, co. Devon, ,^ m. E.S.E. South'^MoWon. Area 3,190 ac, Pop,6& Crbagh, two pa£. of Ireland I. Munst^ eo. Cork, inclnding a part of the town of Slpbbereen. Area 5,802 ac. Pop. 6,415.-11. Connaught, oa. Roscommon, comprising a part of the town of Ballinasloe. Area 8,868 ac. Pop. 2,888. Cbeakg, two contig. pas. of England, co. Nor- folk L (North), 3 m. S.S.E. Bumham-Westeate. Area 3,460 ac. P. 648.— II. (South), 4 m. S.S.W. Bwmham-Westgate. Area 3,820 ac. Pop. 940. Cbeances, a comm. and town of France, dep. Manche, 12 m. N.N.W. Coutances. Pop. ,8,350. Cbeaton (Gbbat), a pa. of EngL, co. and 8 m. N.N.W. N»rthainpton. Area790,ae., Pop.5pci. flolmby-house, in which Charle? i. was kept prisoner, is in this pa. — Little Crfoton ^s a lif^Qf- let, same co., 7 m. N.N.W. Northampton, Cbect, or Cbesst, sev. small towns & vills.of France. — I. dep. Somme, cap. cant., 10 m. N. Ab- beville, on the Mayfi, famous in British history ,for the signal victory gained here, Aug, 26, 1346, by the troops of Edward iii. of England; over a large French army under Philip of Valois. — ^E(,'|dep. Seine-et-Marr(e, cap. cant., on the Grand Mppn riv., 25 m. E. Paris. Pop. 1,049 ^III. (fur Safe), a comm. and town, dep. Aisne, cap. cant., 10 iq. N. Laon. Pop. 2,044. Credenhill, a pa, of England, co„ and 4} m. W.N.W. Hereford.; Area 1,170 ac. Pop, 192. Credin, a comm. and vill. of Francg, dep. Morbihan, 10 m. N.W. Ploermeh. Pc5),i,83p.,., CBEniiON, a mkt. town and pa. of,£ng]and^ co. Devon, on the Crede, near its confl; with the Exe, 8 m. N.W. Exeter. Area 11,440 ac. Pop. S^«. The town, in a narrow vale, between 2 steep hills, is in 2 separate divisions, and mostly wellbuilt. It has a noblechurch of the Tudor era, a flijiii^h- ing grammar school, founded by Edward yt, a CRE 379 CKE Mae coat school, & other well endowed charities 5 a union work-he, and mkt.-ho., with trifling mannis. of woollens, once extensively woven here. Mkt., Sat. Fairs, May 11, Ang. 21, Sept. 21. It is a polling-place for N. Devon. In olden times it was the see of a bishop, afterwards transfer- red to Exeter. Ckee, a riv., S.W. Scotland, rises in Loch Dor- nal, CO. Ayr, flows S.E. between the cos. Wigton and Kirkcndbi'ight, and joins Wigton bay, by the estuary Loch Cree, after a course of 20 m., in the latter "part of which it is navigable. Newton- Stewart & Creetown are on its banks. Creech (St Michael), a pa. of Engl., co. So- merset, 3m. E.N.E. Taunton. Ac. 2,150. P. 1,296. Cbeed, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 1 J m. N.N.E. Tregony. Area 2,710 ac. Pop. 768. Creek, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Pennsyl- vania, Washington co. Pop. 2,006. Creeksea, or Ckixith, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 2 m. N.W. Burnham. Ac. 690. P. 154. Creek Town, a vill. of Guinea, on an affl. of the Old Calabar riv., 70 m. above its mouth. Lat. 5° 56' N., Ion. 8° 40' E. Creetiko, several pas. of Engl., co. Suffolk. —I:..(AU Saints), 2 m. N. Needham. Area 1,780 ac. Pop. 286. — 11. (St Olave), adjoining the above. Jidp. 44 lU. (St jMary with St Olave), 1 m. N.E. Needham. Area 2,080 ac. Pop. 256.— IV. (St Peter), 2} m. E.S.E. Stow-Market. Area includ- ing Greeting All Saints. Pop. 213. Cbeetoh, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 3} m. S.S.E. Corby. Area 490 ac. Pop. 64. Cbeetows, or Ferrttown or Ckee, a marit. vill. and burgh of barony, Scotland, Stewartry Kirkcudbright, pa. Kirkmabreck, at the mouth of the Cree in Wigton Bay, 4 m. N.E. Wigton, with which it communicates by packet-boats. Pop. 984. It has good anchorage, and some coasting trade. Near the vill. is an extensive granite quarry, employing upwards of 300 hands. Dr Thomas Brown was bom here in 1780. Ceefelb, a thriving town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 12 m. N.W. Dusseldorf, cap. eirc. Pop. 23,420. It is well built, and is the principal town in the Prussian dom. for the manuf. of silk goods ; a branch of industry introduced here by refugees from Juhers in the 17th and 18th centuries, and employing about 2,500 looms in the town and vicinity, the products of which are estim. worth nearly 1,000,000?. annually. Many silks intro- duced into Great Britain as French, are from Crefeli Here are also manufs. of woollen, cot- ton, and linen fabrics, lace, oil-cloths, &c., with potteries, tanneries, and distilleries. An old castle in the vicinity is now used as a dye-house. Ceeggaw, apa. of Irel., Ulster, cos. Armagh & Lough,9m. N.W. Dundalk. Ac. 24,816. P. 16,602. Cbeorina, a pa. of S. Wales, 00. Kadnor, 4J m. E.N.E. Builth. Pop. 112. Cbeii,, a comm, and town of France, dep. Oise, cap. cant., 6 m. N.W. Senlis, on the Oise. Pop. 2,161. It was formerly strongly fortified, and has remains of an old royal palace, on an isl. in the riv. ; a large porcelain factory, and some trade in oil, timber, and corrl. Crema, a town of Lombardy, deleg. Lodi and Crema, on r. b. of the Serio, 26 m. E.S.E. Milan. Pop. (1843) 8,610. It is enclosed by old fortifica- tions, is well built, and has several handsome chiircbes and palaces. Manufs. of lace, hats, thread; and silk. Ceemeatj*, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Loire, 11 m; S.S.W. Roannc. Pop. 1,640. Cremieux, a town of France, dep. Isere, cap. cant., 43 m. N.W. Grenoble. Pop. 1,986. Cbemmen, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. & 26 m. N. Potsdam. Pop. 2,460, Cremona, a fortified city of Lombardy, cap, deleg., on the Po, here crossed by a bridge 48 m. S.E. Milan. Pop. (1843) 28,318. It is handsomely built, & has a cathedral & numerous other churches rich in works of art; also the loftiest clock tower in Italy, a richly adorned edifice 372 ft. in elevation ; a fine baptistry, city- hall, 2 theatres, barracks, hospitals, and charitable institutions. Its corso is fine and much resorted to. Its infant schools were the first established in Italy. Its violins and other musical instru- ments formerly had a high reputation ; the mannf. of these articles has now declined ; but Cremona has flourishing manufs. of silk and cotton fabrics, porcelain, dyes, and chemical products. In the 16th and 17th centuries it was the seat of a highly meritorious school of painting. Crendon (Long), a pa. of England, co. Bucks, 2 m. N. Thane. Area 3,120 ac. Pop. 1,666. The remains of Nuttley abbey, founded here in 1162, are now converted into a farm-house. Crept, or Crespt, 2 oomms. & towns of France. — I. dep. Oise, cap. cant.,arrond. & 13m. E. Senlis. Pop. 2,607. It has a handsome church, the re- mains of an old castle, manufs. of fine cotton fabrics, coarse linens, lace, paper, and leather, monthly markets, and two annual fairs. — II. (en Lannois), dep. Aisne, arrond. and 6 m. N.W. Laon. Pop. 1,520. Crescent Islanu, Pacific Ocean, is one of the most easterly of Dangerous Archipelago. Lat. 23° 20' S., Ion. 134° 36' W., and SJ m. in length. Crescenxino, a town of the Sard, sta.. Pied- mont, prov. and 18 m. W.S.W. Vercelli, at the confluence of the Dora Baltea with the Po. Pop. 5,647. It has achurch founded 8th cent., manura. of ^ilk and woollens, and Roman remains. Creslow, a pa; of Engl., co. Bucks, 5J m. N. Aylesbury. Ac. 620. Pop. 7: It has no chhrcfi. Cbespans, a vill. of N. Italy, gov. Venice, deleg. Treviso, dist. and 4 m. N.W. Asolo. Pop. 2,020, engaged in woollen and hnen weaving. • CrBspino, a town of N. Italy, gov. Venice, cap. dist., on the Po, 40 m. SiS:W. Venice. Pop. 4,000, chiefly engaged in trade on the river. Cressing, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 3 m. S.E. Braintree. Area 2,960 ac. Pop. 660. Cressingham, two pas. of Engl., co. Norfolk. —I. (Great), 4i m. W.N.W. Walton. Area 2,49C ac. Pop. 476.' Fair, 12th August.— 11. (Little), 3J m. W.S.W. Walton. Area 1,699 ac. P. 244. CRE.s.iiT, a vill. of France. [Chect.] Crest, a comm. & town of France, dep. Dr6me, cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Drfime, 14 m. S.S.E. Va- lance. P. (1846) 3,807. It stands at the foot of ahill, crowned by the remains of an old castle. It has manufs. of woollen and silk fabrics, printed cotton fabrics, and silk and cotton twist. — II. a market-town, dep, Puy-de-D6me, 7 ra. S.S.E. Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. 1,080. Crete (vulg. Candia, Turk. Kiridi), a large & famous isl. of the Mediterranean,now belongingto Turkey, between lat. 34° 66' and 35° 43' N., and Ion. 23° 30' and 26° 20' E. Length 160 m.; breadth 6 to 35 m. Pop. estimated at 158,000, comprising 100,000 Greeks, and 44,000 Turks. It is traversed throughout its entire length by a chain of mountains. Mount Ida, near its centre, rises to 7,674 feet in height. The N. coast has many good harbours, while the S. is almost in- aocessiole. Caverns are very numerous, > and one of grea* extent near Mount Ida, is sup- posed to have been that anciently celebrated as the retreat of Minotaur. Climate mild & healthy CRE 380 CRI Soil of the valleysi very fertUe jipritioipi products, tobacco, oil, oranges, lemons, silki wine, raisins, carobs, valonea, wod, cotton,' &' honey. Soap is its staple alfticle of manufacture , The cornTaised i«ansufficient for home consumption., Manufe. mostly domestic, comprise- some, , leather and spirits, with coverlids, sackingj ajidi coarse cloths. Exports in 1839 amounted in Talue, to 126,4:00i. Ipiteorts in do-, consisting mostly of cotton gaods . aad other mamiM.pi'bduetSi colonial goods, rice, wheat, & barley, amounted to 111,780?., & came mostly from' the Turidsh dom., Greece, and Italy. Crete is divided into the 3 provs. of Candia, Ue- timo, and Canea (or Khania), itstprin^p.'towns. Eor a long pepio^--it has been one of i the worst governed Kegioh* in the civilized *oria, and for- midable insurrections have repeatedly broken out here in late years. It was annexed to the Bgyptian dom. on therecognition of Greek 'inde- pendence, but re-annexed to Turkey on the ex- pulsion of the Egyptictns irom Syria. 'Cketeii, a comm. and Till, of France, : dep. Seine, on the Marne, 6 m. S.E. Paris. Pop. 1,570. Cretinoham, a pa. of Engl., oo. Siiffolfcy H m. W.S.W. Framlington. Ac. 1,700. Pop. 411. Cbedillt, a comm. and 'town of France, dep. Calvados, 10 m. N.W. Caen, on rt. b._6f the Seule. Pop. 1,000. Ithas manufs. of lace:, Credse, a riv. of France, deps. Creuse & In- dre, joins the Vienne, 12 m. N. Chatelleraxilt, after a N.N.W. course of nearly 160 m-, of which , only the last i m. are navigable. AiBs.- the Gar- tempe and CJaise. On it are the towns Aubus- son, Argenton, and Le Blanc. Creuse, a dep. in the centre of France, cap. Gueret, situated between the deps. Indre, H. Vienne, Correze, Puy-de-D6me, Allier,-& Cher. Area 2,244 sq,.,'m. Pop. (1846)285,680. Climate cold and moist. Surface mostly mntnous-i' and ,great part of it arid. This is one of the poorest -deps: of France ; from 20,000 to 24,000 of its la- bouring pop. emigrate annly. to Paris, &c., as ma- sons & other artisans. The corn raised is insuffi- cient for home consumption, & the rearing live- stock is the chief branch of rural industry. Prin- cipal mineral products, coal & salt. The manuf. of carpets; is the only one in the dep. It is> di- vided into the, 4 arronds. of Aubnsson, Bourga^ neuf, Boussac, and Gueret. ' ■ Cketjx (Cape), Prom. Orudis, the most E. point of the Spanish peninsula, forming the W. luuit of fte Gulf of Lion. Lat. (of ruin) 42° 19' 2" N., Ion. 3° 20' 34' E. Creuzbues, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. & 24 m. N.N.E. Oppeln. Pop. 3,710. Greczot (Le), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Saone-et-Loire, 12 m. S.S.E. Autnn. Pop. 6,308, employed in raising iron and coal, and in blast-furnaces, steel-mills, foundries, forges, and steam-engine factories. Cbeveoodb, 2 comms. and vills. Of France. — I. dep. Oise, cap. cant., 12 m. N. Beauvais. Pop. 2,126.-11. dep. Nord, on the Scheldt, 5 m. S. Cambrai. Pop. 1,875. Crbveoceub, a fort, Netherlands, prov. N. Bra- bant, on the Maas, 4 m. N.N.W. Bois-le-Duc.-^ II. a Dutch fort of Guinea. [Accra,] Crewe, a mkt. town and great railway depdt of England, co. Chester, pa. Barthomley, on the London and N. W. railw., at its junction with the Chester & Holyhead line, 34 m. SwE. from Liver- pool, 47 m. N.N.W. Birmingham, 21 m. S.E. Chester, and 166 m. N.W. London. Pop. Chiefly employed in stations & foundries connected with the respective railways here Centering;, & with the recent construction of which the town has entitely sprung up. It consists mostlji of houses and neat cottages with gardens, for flie railwajr officers and'servants ; has a handsome statioiliin the Elizab.i style, a fine hotel, elegant church, R. Catholic chapel,, schoolsif lecture-room, libraj^, mechanics' institute, baths, and numerous shops. Mkt. Sat. It gives the title of Baron to the Crewe family,: whoseiseat is'ini the vicinity. Cbevillente, an anc. town of Spain, prov. ^ 20 m. W.S.W. Alicante., Pop. (1845) 7,226. , e Crewkerne, a mlrt; town and pa) of England CO. Somersetj 10 m. S.S.W. Ilchester. -Ai-eaof pa. 5,810 ac. Pop. 4,414, The town, paved and lighted with gas, has a fine cruciform ehurch, iA the Tudor style, and,-ricWyornameated.j agranu: school with 4 eschibitions to 0!xfordjnni!versity/& a rev; of 320Z. a year, an alms-house: (ann. veil. 1331.), a mkt.ho., manufs. of sail-cloth & dowlas, a large com mkt. on Sat.,, and a faifin-Septio' Cbevsse & Crezahcy, two oomms. of France; the former, dept Lot, 16 m. N.E. Gourdon.i fop. 1,410; the latter, dep. Cher, airomd. Samoai*. Pop. 1,500. ..,|: I '.., , i",l--f,.l U'j r - ' '-"'7,- Creich, a pa. of Engl., co. & 12 m. N. Derby, near the N. 'Midland railway. ' Area 6,180 ac. Pop. 3,698, partly employed in manufeiof !si3k & cotton. Fairs, Lady and Michaelmas days. The vill. had formerly a mkt. ' ' Crichton, a pa.i of Scotland, oo. & 11 m. S.E. Edinburgh, on the Tyne,here crossed by a hand- some 6 arched bridge. Area of pa. (whichiiU'- cludesthe villi Pathhead), about 3,900 Scots ac. Pop. 1,384; do. of Crichton Till. 122. The vill. is thriving ; and near it are limestone quarrie^, and the ruins of Crichton castle, described! by i Sir W. Scott, in f? Marmion.'^ , ■! ,mt,. ,;,>,, Cbiok, a pa. of England, co^ Northampi^it, with a station, on the London and BinnSngham rajlway,i4i m. N. Weedon.j Ac. 3,930i P. 1^. Ckickadarn, a pa. of S.- Wales; co. Brecon, 7 m. N.N.W. Talgarth. Pop. 441. ' ,■> i.;j Crickeith, or Criccieth, a'Contribt! pafl. bor., mkt. town, and pa. of N.Wales, ccCafr narvon, on Cardigan bay, 9 m. E.N.E. Pwllheh. Pop. of pari. bor. 604, mostly engaged in the her- ring fishery, and in an import trade in limestone and coal. Mkt. Wed. Fairs, May 23, July 1, Oct. 18. It unites with Carnarvon, Bangor, Conway, Nevin, and Pwllheli in ,sendingi Ijmeni- ber to H. of Commons. Reg., elects. (i847i) 30.- . Cricket, two pas. of Englandj CO. Somerset — I. (MelherUe), 2 m. S.E. llminste^i' Areft, 350 ac. Pop. 36.^11. {St Thomas), 4 m. S.W. Crew- kerne. Area 540 ac. Pop. 78., ' 'Cbiokbow&IiIi, a market town and pa. of S. Wales, 00. ,& 12J m. E.S.B; ■ Brecon, on the Usk, here crossed by a- bridge of 14 arches. . Pop. of pa. 1,267. The town, picturesquely situated, and greatly resorted to both by. tourists and invalida^ has the remains of a castle, and is the headr pf,T» poor-law union, and the seat of petty se^ion* Mkts., Thnrsd. and Sat. Fairs, Jan. 1, Febir 1, April 13, and May 12. ^ , , ' Cricklade, a pari, bor., and market town of England, co, Wilts, on the Isis, and the Thames and Severn canal, 3^ m. N. the Purton station of the Gloucester and' Swindon railway. Area of old bor., comprising 2 pas. (St Mary, ^ St Sam- son); 6,840 ac. Pop.,2,128. Pop. of mod. pari. bor., which embraces most part of 4 adjac.iun- dreds, & the town Swindon, 34,381. Ithas2 ant^ne ohurdxes, an anc. cross, a union workhousei an^ the remains of an old priory. Ann. ire»f.^o£ chit rities,. 293/. Mkt. Sat. Fairs, 2d Tihu5sday,.in April, and Sept. 21., The bor. sends 2 mems.4P H.ofC. Reg. electors (1847), 1,659. , ,, -"».' CRT 381 ORO CiiiEeH, or Cbbich, two pas. of Seotl.— I. co. Fife. Area 9,814 ae. Pop. 480; Comprising two tUIs., Lnthrie and Brunton, the castle of Greich, formerly tlie property of the Betliune family, & remiuns of Roman camps. — II. co. Satlierland, 11 m. N. W. Dornoch, 40 m. in length, and ahout l-3d cultivated. i Ckieff, a town, hurgh of barony, and pa. of Scotiand, co. and IS m. W. Perth, on the Earn, a tributary of the Tay, here crossed by a 4 arched bridge. Pop. of pa. 4,333, do. of town 3,584. It stands near the fbot of tlie Grampians, at the entrance of one of the principal passes to the highlands, and ranks as the second town in the CO. It has 3 good churches^ a small jail, a town- hous^ seTeiel branch banks, an elegant assem- Vty room, subscription and circulating libraries, active manufactures of cotton, linen, worsted and woollen stnfis, tanneries, com and oil mills, dis- tiUeries, and a trade in tambouring and flowering webs for Glasgow houses. Previous to 1770, it was the site of the largest cattle mkt. in Scotld., which was then transferred to Falkirk. It has 9 annual fairs. > < i i ' Gkiffei., or Ckifflb, a granite mntn. of Scot- land^ Bnmfties & Gallowayshire. 'Eler. 1,893 ft. Criggiestone, a tnshp. of England, co. York, W. Riding, pa. Great Sandal, 3 m. S.W. Wake- fieM. Area 2,950 ae. Pop. 1,479- Cbimka, Taurica Chersonesia, a peninsula of S. Russia, formed by the sea of Azov and the Black Sea, comprising the chief part of the gov. of Taurida, and divided into the dists.' of Sim- pheropol the eap. Eupatoria, Theodosia & Pere- kojh, the chief tonms. Pop. of the peninsula in 1837, estim. at 190,063. It is separated into 2 distinct regidns by its largest river, the- Salghir, the N.W. portion forms a vast plain, the soil of which is impregnaited with salt, -and only fit for pastorag«, while tiie S.E. part is in generalmonn- tainous, and interspersed with fertile valleys. IChe mntn. chain runs in a direction N.E. to S.W., its culminating point, Tchatir dagh' (anc Beros- tus), is 5,180 feet in elevi The climate of the N.Wi poHion is cold and humid in winter, and hof and dry in summer ; but the S.E. partjidet fendea by the Inntns. from the N. winds, is mild and BalUbriouSi The soil is rich and fertile, pro- ducing in abundance all the grains and iruits of S. Europe ; ^he mntns. are coveredwithvaluable forests, and present thS most; varied and pictu- resque sfcenery. Vast herds of cattle are reared, and'the'hohey of the Crimea is celebrated for its excellent quality. Among the Tartar pop. the dlroinedairy is used as a beast of burden. This eountiy was called Taurida by the Greeks,- who formed in it the small kingdom of Bosporus ; it was held hj^ the Mongols in the ISfh cent., sub- jected to the Turks in 1475, and ceded to Russia in 1783. Its changing-history is indicated by the circumstance that^eaoh of its towns has at least 3 different names. ' Ceimmitzsohac, a town of Stfxony, circ. and 10 m. N.W'. Zwickau, on the Pleisse, and on rail- way from Altenburg to Zwickau. Pop.4j300, em- ployed in woollen, cotton, and needle factories. Ckimond, a marit. pa. of Scotl., co. Aberdeen, 6 m. S.E. Fraserburgh. Area 4j600 ao. P. 767. ' CuimplSsham:, a pa. of Engl.', co. Norfolk,^ 4^ m. N.W. Stokeferry. -Area 1,630 ac. Pop. 368. ' Ckinan Oasal; Scotland, co. Argyle,' connects IcJch Gilp with Jura Sound, across the bead'of the peninsula of Kintyre. Length about 9 m. ; awrage width 24 ft., and depth 12 ft. It has 15 locks, is navigable for vfessek of 200 tons, and was completed between 1793 and 1801, at a coiit of 183,000/i Near its extremities are the vills, Crinan and Lochgilphead. Cbinqleford, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 3 m. S.W. Norwich. Area 1,080 ac. Pop. 191. CuiNow, a pa. of S. Wales, coi Pembroke, 2 m. N.E. Narberth. Pop. 53. Cbiquebcbuf, two comms. and vills. of France. — I. (en Caux), dep. Seine-Inf., ciip. cant., 20 ni. N.E. Havre. Pop; 1,827.-11. (svir Seine), dep. Eure, arrond. Lonviers. ' Pop. 1,260. Criquetot, two comms. and vills. of France, dep. Seine-Inf. — I. (Lesneval), cap. cant., 12 m. N.N.Ei Havre. Pop. 1,500,-11. {sur Omille), an-ond. YvetOt. Pop. 1,020. ■ Critchell, two contiguous pas.' pf Engl., co. Dorset.— I. (Long), 6 m. W.S.TV. Cranborne. Area 2,310 ao. Pop. 120.— II. (Moore), 6J m. S.W. Cranborne. Area 2,020 ac. Pop. 316. Crittenden, a co., U. S., N. Amer., on N.E. of Arkansas. Area 2,100 sq. m. Pop. 1,561. - Crivitz, a town of N. Germany. [Krivitz.] CRiJSAy a city of Brazil, prov. and 135 m. N. Goyaz,;and 10 m. S. of the l.b. of riverof same name. The title of city was conferred on the old borough of Crixa in 1836. Pop. 5,000 (?). Cboagh, a pa. of Irel., Munster, co. Limerick, 3} m. N:N.E. Rathkeale. Area 7,221 ac. Pop. 3,186, of whom 187 are in the vill. Its church was formerly collegiate. It has 4 annual fairs. Cboaqh Pateick, or Reek, a mntn. of Irelj, Connaught, co. Mayo, on the S. side of Clew bay, 6 m. W.S.W. Westport. ' Elev. 2,630 ft. An object of superstitious reverence by the Irish. - Ceoatxa (Germ.' Kroatien), a prov. of the Austrian Empire, dependant on the crown of Hungary, bounded - N. by Illyria, Styria, and Hungary, E. by Slavonia and Turkish Croatia, S. by Dalmatia, and W. by the Adriatic. Area 9,800 sq.m. Pop. - 588,763. It is divided ikito Civil Croatia, capi Agram, chief towns Warasdin and Creutz ; and Military Croatia, chief towns Carlstadt, Belovar, Zeng, and Carlopago.- The form and surface of Croatia are very irregular, between the Save and the Adriatic,'it is traversed by a range of limestone mntns., an extension of the Julian Alps, varying in height from 3,500! to SjOOO ft. Its minerals 'comprise 'copper, i iron, lead, and coal. It has salt mines,' and many mineral springs. Climate mild and salabi^ioiisin the SJ districts ; on the higher summits snow lies during a great part of the year, and it is visited by violent and excessivelv cold N.E. winds. The plains of the E. and N.E. are very fertile, and famish various kinds of grain, fruits, and especially a wine of excellent quality ; there are extensive forests of oak and beech ; the chief occiipation of the inhabs. is cattle rearing ; the*e are almost no manufs. The inhabs. areof Slav- onian descent, and mostly belong to the Roman Catholic and Greek churches..— Ooaiia, MilitiiS- grenze. ' [Militaey Feohtiee.] Croatia (Tdrkish), a part of ano. CroatiA, comprised in the Turkish Empire, in which it forms the sanjak of Banialuka, depehdent on the eyalat of Bosnia; It is situated between Austrian Croatia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina; Ceoce Fieschi, two vills. of Sardinia — I. prov. and 13 m. N.N.E Genoa, with the palaces of Bam Si Daglio. Pop. 3,687.-11. (Afosso), prov. Biella. Pop. 1,630. . i, Croce (Santa), Italy. [Santa CrOoe.p. 1137.1 Ceoft, several pas. of Engl — I. co. Hereford, 5m.' N.N. W.Leominster. Area 1,980 ac. Pop. 144.— II. CO. Leicester, 6\ m. E.N.E. Binokley. Area 1,010 ao; Pop. 821.— III. co. Lincoln, 74 m. E.S.E. Spilsby. Area 5,840 ao. Pop. 649.— CRO 382 CRO IV. CO. York, N. Riding, with a station on tlie Great N. of Engl, railway, 11 m. N.N.W. Nor- thallerton. Area 7,060 ao. Pop. 744. Cbofton, a pa. cff Engl.j co. York, W. Riding, 4 m. S.E. Wakefield. Area 970 ac. Pop. 389. Cboghan, apa., Irel., Leinster, King's co. P.^15. " Cboolin, a pa. of Engl., co. Cumberland, 4* mi 'Jf'.N.E. Kirkoswald. -'Area 9,189 ac. P. 336. Croia, a town of Albania, 45 m. S.E. Scutari. It is the chief town of the Mirdites, a Roman Cftthohc people, nearly independent. P. 6,000. - Cboisio (Le), a comm. and seaport town of France, de^. Loire-Inf., cap. cant., on a point of land between the mouths of the Loire & Vilaine, 44 m. W. Nantes. Pop. (1846) 2,196. It is ill built; but has a handsome pa. church, its steeple forming an important land mark, an exchange, a school of navigation, tribunal of eomrmeree, and a port of great extent and depth; with active fisheries of herring, mackarfel, and pilchard; and Tefineries of salt and soda procured ftom neigh- bouring salt-marshes. About 6 m. seaward, is ie Four, an extensive and dangerous reef of rocks, now marked by a lighthouse. Ceoisille (La), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Vienne, 20 m. S.E. Limoges. Pop. 2,120. Cboix-Rocssb (La), a comm. and town of France, dep. RhSne, arrond. and cant. Lyon, of which it forms a suburb, on rt. b. of the Rhone. Pop. (1846) 18,933. It'has manufe. of silk. Cnoix (St), two rivers, ITj S., N. America, — I. Maine, rises in Grand Lake, in lat. 45° 40' N., Ion. 67° 3' W., flows tortuously S.E.ward> forming a part of the boundary between the U. States & New Brunswick, and enters Passamaquoddy bay. Total length 64^ m., for the latter 12 m. of which, or to Calais, it is navig£l.ble for large vessels. PHncipal affl. the Schoodie. — II. a CO., Wisconsin, S'.W. of Lake Superior ; boundaries extensive, but not much peopled. Chief town, riv., & lake same name. The riv. has mostly a S.war4^cour5e, traversing Lake St Croix, & joins the Mississippi, lat. 45° N., below the Falls of St Anthony.— III. an isl., banish W. Indies. [Ceoz (Santa), jo. 1134.] Ckoix (Ste.), numerous comms. and vills. of France, the principal bting.^^Ij dep. Gironde, arrond. and 22 m. S.E. Bordeaux. Pop. 1,126 II. dep. H. Rhin, arrond. & 4m. S. Cohnar. Pop. 1,609 — III. {flux Mi«£tf)i dep. Vosges, arrond. & 15 m. N.W. Colmar. Pop. 3;625.--IV. {de VdI- vestre), dep. Ariege, cap. cant., arrond. and 9 m. N; St Girons. Pop. l,761.^Vi a vill., Switzer- land, cant. Vaud, on the French frontier, 7 m. W. Granson. Pop. 2,900, many of whom are en- gaged in watch and lace-making VI. a vill., Lr. Canaida, on the S. bank of the riv. St Lawrence, 25 m. S.W. Quebec. CRorx (STE.),the S.most & largest of the Virgin isls., and the most important of the Danifeh pos- sessions in the W. Indies. Area 100 sq. m. Pop. (1845) 26,600, of whom 18,400 were slaves, cap. Christiansted. It was possessed successively by the Dutch, English, Spanish, and French, and was sold to Denmark in 1733. Cbolles, a comm. and viU. of France, dep. Isfere, 11 m. N,E. Grenoble. Pop. 1,550. Ceomabtt, a small co. of Scotl., forming the promontory caUed Ardmeanaeh, or " Black Isle," consisting of about 174 sq. m., but including also 9 detached portions of land in various parts of Ross-shire. The dist. is now included in the sheriffdom of Ross, with which it joins in send- ing a member to H. of C, and a sheriff court is held every alternate Friday, at the town of Cro- marty. The pa. and co. belonged to the eccen- tric Sir Thomas Urquhart.— Cromarty, Sparl'. bdr,,' seaport town, & ,pa., cap. above co., beauti- ftdly situated on Cromarty Firth, at theS. side! of its entrance, near S. Sutor, 16 m. E.N.E. Ding- wall. Pop. of pa. 2,662; do. of pari. bor. 1,938. It is a neat place ; it has two churches, some ship building docks, an excellent harbour, and a pier accessible by vessels of 400 tons, manufe. of rope*;^ sacking, sail-cloth, and beer. Exports of pork to En^nd, estimated some years ago at 20,000^; in annudl value ; and a considerable share in the herring fishing. Steamers ply weekly between it and Leith.- Market^ Friday. Fairs' in August and October. The bor., which was once a Iroyalf burgh, now unites with Kirkwall, Wick, Ding^al^ Dornoch, and Tain in sending 1 mem. to Hv df C. Reg. electors (1848) 35. l^ Cbomabty FiTivK, Partus Saliitii,aa inlet of the N. Sea, Scotland, and one of the finest bays in Britain, on its N.E. coast, immediately Wi Moray Firth, and between the cos. Cromarty and Ross. Length N.E. to S. W. 18 m. ; breadth with- in varies from 3 to 5 m. ; average depth 9 to 12 fathoms ; it is entered by a strait, between wood- ed headlands, called S. and N. Sutors, only 1 J m. across. On it are the towns Dingwall and Cro- marty, and thevUls. Inverbreckie, Resolia, Drgu- hart, Kilteam, Kihnuir-Easter, and Nigg; > The old red sandstone of this locality contains fossil fishes. Lias rocks, with numerous fossil remains, are also found on S.E. shore: Cbombie, an ane. pa., SootL [Tobbybukn.] Cbomdale, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 25 m. S.E. Inverness, with 3,560^ inhabitants, on the Spey, the ICw banksof which here are celebrated in song as the " Haughs of-Cromdaile," a place where the adherents of the Stuarts were draeat- ed by the royal forces in 1690. ' ' ■ i.i Cbomeb, a small seaport town and waterings place of England, co. Norfolk, on its N. coast; '31i m. N. Norwich. - Area of pa. 800 ac. Pop. 1,240; The town has many handsome modem houses on a high cliff; and inferior old ones on the beach, some remains of anc. walls,' and of an abbey, a fort and batter j-j a fine church in the Tudor styl^ with baths,' hotels, and a, public library^j About i m. E.ward is tiie first of 4 light-lujuses be- tween it and Yarmouth.: All attempts.to form a harb.-have been baffled by the heavy sea which is here continually gaining on the land, & vessels load and unload on the >open beach. Nearly the whole of the old' town, formerly 'Called Shipden, and 1 pa. chtirch, haveibeen. swept away by the sea. The inhabitants are mostly engaged in fish- ing. Fair, Whit-Monday. — Cromer Bayi&em the danger of its navigation has berai named by seamen the " devil's throat." Ceomfobd, a neatly b'uilt mkt.-town of Engli, CO. Derby, pa. Wirksworth, in the pidaresque valley of Mattock-dalC, at thte terminus o6' the Peak forest railw., 2 m. S. Matlock. Pop.'l,409, mostly employed in the cotton factories 'of the Arkwright family, who have a handsome seat teire, and whose celeb, member. Sir R. Arkwright, es- tablished here in 1771, the first great cotton mills ever erected. It has a neat church and school- house. Market Saturday. ' ' '' Cbomhall, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 2i nu W.N.W. Wi'ckar. Area 2,810 ac. Pop. 732. Cbompton, a township of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. 01dham-cum-Prestwich,4m. S.S.E. Rochdale. Pop.: 6,729, mostly employed in cotton manufe. Cbomwell, a pa. of England, co. Notts; 5 m. N. Wewtoh.-: Area 1,170 ac. Pop. 203. Cbonbebg, or CkonenbebS, a towm of Nassiia; arrond. and IJ m. E. Konigstein. Pop, 3;183. Near it is the mineral spi-ing of Kronthalt CRO 383 CRO CRONDAii, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 3 m. N.W. Farnham. Area 9,540 ac. Pop. 2,199. Cbonstadt or Kbonstadt, a fortified town of Rossia, gov. and 18 m. W. St. Petersburg, of which it forms the port, on a small island in the Gulf of Finland. Lat. of cathedral 59° 69' 46' N., long. 29° 46' 38' E. Pop. in summer, 53,000, including garrison and marine. In winter, during several months of which the port is ice-hound, it is nearly deserted. Its vast port, the most important of the Russian marine, is (Uvided into 3 parts, — tliat on the E. is the military port, whicli usually contains the greater part of the Russian fleet; the middle port is used for refitting ships of war, and that on the W. for the lading and dis- charging of large merchant vessels, which cannot approach St Petersburg: they are all strongly defended by ramparts and bastions. The streets are all in straight lines in the direction of the island, and the town is traversed by 2 navigable canals. It has 5 Russian chiu'ches, 1 Lutheran, and 1 English church, and a celebrated school for Baltic pilots. The inhabitants are mostly sea^&ring people. Cronstadt was founded by Peter the Great in 1703. Cbonstadt, Ti'ansylvannia. [Kiionstatit.] Ckook and Billy-Row, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Dorham, pa. Brancepatb, 5 m. N.W. Bishop- Ankland. Pop. 638. Ckooked Islands (Gkeat & Little), two isls. of the Bahamas. Lat. of Moss's flag sta., 22° 47' 5' »., Ion. 74° 20' 86' W. Great Inague Island. Cbookhavbn, a vill., Irel., Munster, co. Cork, on Crookhaven harbour, 19 m. W.S.W. St Kib- bereen. Pop. 395. Near it are remains of acastle. Cbooh, a town and pa. of Ireld., Munster, co. Limerick, 5 m. S.S.E. Adare. Area of pa. 13,437 ac. Pop. 7,097 : do. of town 1,470. It was of considerable importance in earlier ages, and still has a strong castle, built in the reign of king John. Fairs 3d May, 1st Sept., 22d June, 8th December. Cbooue, several pas. of Engl., co. Worcester. — L (EarVt), IJ m. N.E. Upton-on-Sevem. Area 1,650 ac. P. 194— n. (JXAMtot), 4 m.W.S.W. Pershore. Area 1,610 ac. P. 119 l\l. {Hill), ^ m. G. Upton-on-Sevem. Area 840 ac. P. 201. Cboppenstadt, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, reg. Magdeburg, circ and 7 m. S.S.E. Osehersleben. Pop. 2,061. Cbofbeadt, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, 4 m. N. Banbury. Area 8,460 ac. Pop. 2,706. Ckopthoek, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, 4 m.E.S.E. Pershore. Area 3,520 ac. Pop. 732. Cbopwell-Bishop, a pa. of Engl., co. and 7J m. E.S.E. Nottingham. Area 1,380 ac. Pop. 533. — Cropwell-BnUer is a hamlet, same co., pa. Tythby, 7 m. E.S.E. Nottingham. Pop. 678. Ceosbt, several places in Engl. — I. {Garret), CO. Westmoreland, 3 m. W.N.W. Kirby-Stephen. Area4,580a«. Pop. 274. The village is in a pic- turesque secluded vale at the foot of Crosby-Fell. — II. {Great), a chplry., co. Lancaster, pa. Seph- ton, an the Irish sea, 7 m. N.N.W. Liverpool. Pop. 1,946. — III. {Ravensworth), a pa,, do. West- moreland, 4 m, N. Orton, Area 16,460 ac. Pop, 909,— IV. ( Upon Eden), oo.Cumberl., 3| m, N,N,E, Carlisle. Area 3,590 ac. Pop, 403,— V, {Little Croaiy), is a tnshp,, co. Lancaster, pa, Sephton, 8 m, W,N,W. Liverpool, CbOscombe, a pa. of Engl,, eo, Somerset, 2 m, W,N,W, Shepton-Mallet, Area 1,420 ac. Pop, 804, Fair, Lady-day. Cboss a pa, of the Orkney isls., Scotland, in island of Sanda, Pop, 516. Cboss, (St), South-Elmham or Sandceopt, a pa. of Engl., CO. SufFolk, 4 m. S.S.W, Bungay. Area 1,010 ac. Pop. 268.-7-II. a famous hos- pital and church, 1 m. S. Winchester, and incl. m that city. The hospital founded in 1132, main- tains a master, steward, chaplain, and 13 poor brethren, and provides refreshment for every wayfai'er who calls for it at the gate, Cbossbovne, a pa. of Ireland Connaught, co. Mayo, 2 m. S.Claremorris, Ac. 16,234, P, 6,702. Cbossen or Keossbn, a town of Prussia, prov, Brandeub., reg. and 32 m. S..E. Frankfurt, at the confluence of the Bober with the Oder. Pop. (1846) 6,460. It has manufs. of woollen cloth & hosiery,, tanneries and distilleries. It is walled, and has an old citadel. It was taken by the Russians in 1768. Cross-Fell, a mntn of Engl,, co, Cumberland, 11 m, E,N,E, Penrith, Elevation 2,901 ft, Gbossfobd, a vill, of Scotl,, co, Fife, pa, and 2^ m, W, Dunfermline. Pop. 443, mostly weavers. Crossgab, a vill, of Ireld,, Ulster, co, Down, 5 m, N,W, Downpatrick. Pop, 696, Cboss (or La Cbosse Lake), Brit, N, Amer,, 20 m, in length N, to S,, receives the Beaver, and gives origin to the Mississippi. On its W. side is Fort La Crosse, lat. 65° 26' N., Ion. 108° W. Cbossoates, a vill. of Scotland, co. Fife, chiefly in pa. and 3J m. E, Dunfermline. Pop. 646, It has sevl, ann. fairs, & mkts, for horses & cattle, Crossland (South), a tnshp. of Engl,, co, York, W. Riding, 3 m. S.S.W, Huddersfleld, Pop, 2,705. Cbosbmaqlen, a neat market town of Ireland, Ulster, cOi Armagh, 10 m. N.W, Dundalk, Pop. 646. Mist, weekly. Fairs 6 times annually. Ceossmiohael, a pa, of Scotland, stewartry Kirkcudbright. Area 7,696 ac. Pop. 1,321. It has several Pictish and other antiquities, Ceossmolina, a mkt. town and pa. of Ireland, Connaught, eo. Mayo, on the Deel, 6J m. S,W, Ballina, Area of pa. 67,201 ac, mostly mntnous. Pop, 12,221 ; do, of town, 1,672. The latter, well built, has a good church, and the remains of an old castle,' and an abbey of the 10th century, Ceoss-Rivee, Guinea, [Calabae,] Ceoss-Sounb, Russ, America, separates King George ni. archipelago, N,W, from the mainland. Cross Cape is at its S,W, entrance, i Crosthwaite, a pa, of England, co. Cumber,*: land, comprising the town of Keswick, Borrow-! dale, and the lakes Derwentwater, Thirlmere, & a part of Bassenthwaite water. Area 68,330 aC; Pop. 4,759, partly engaged in woollen weaving. Ann. rev. of gramm. school, 100?. ; of charities generally about 300?. — Orossthwaite and Zyth is a chapelry, co. Westmoreland, pa. Hevershamj 4i m. W.S.W. Kendal. Pop. 717. Cboston, a pa. of England, co. Lancaster,i 6 m. W. Chorley. Area (including sev. tnshps.) 17,840 ao. Pop. 3,939. Ann. rev. of charities 135?. Fair, Monday before Shrove Tuesday. ; • Ceostwick, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3 m. S.S.W. Coltishall. Area 650 ac. Pop, 147. Cbotona, Italy. [Coteone.] Ckostwight, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3 m. S.E. Walsham. Area 710. Pop. 69 ac. Ceotot (Le), a comm. and town of France, dep. Somme, arrond. and 10 m. N.W. Abbeville, with a small port on rt. b, of the Somme, near its mouth. It has an extensive oyster bed & remns. of a fortress in which Joan of Arc was imprisoned. Cbocghton, a pa. of England, co. Northamp- ton, 31 m, S,W, Brackley, Ac, 2,620, P. 472. Cboulin Isles, a group, Scotland, off the W. coast of Boas-shire, 14 m. S.W. Loch-Carron. The largest island is about 1 m. in length. Cbowan, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 4J m. N.N.W. Helstone. Area 7,340 ac. Pop. 4,638. CRO 884 Cbowcombe, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 6J m. N.N.E. Wiveliscombe. Area 8,220 ac. Pop. 673. Fairs, 1st Friday in May, 1st Monday after 1st Aug., and 28th October. Tlie vill. is a titu- lar hoV; and governed by a portreeve. CBOV7ELL, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 4 m. E.S.E. Tetswortli. Area 1,160 ac. Pop. 169. Crowhdkst, two pas. of Engl., co. Surrey, 8.J m. S.E. Godstone. Ac. 2,260. Pop. 350.— II. co. Sussex, 2i m. S. Battle. Ac. 2,180. Pop. 326. Crowlakd, a town of England. [Cboylahd.] Ceowlb, a market-town and pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, near the confl. of the Trent and Don, Sj m. E.S.E. Thorne. Area of pa. 7,350 ac. P. 2,644. Ckowle, a pa. of Engl., co. "Worcester, 5 m. S.S.E. Droitwich. Area 1,640 ac. Pop. 626. Ckowmabsh-Giffokd, a pa., Engl., co. Oxford, IJ m. E.N.E. Wellingford. Area 480 ac. P. 330. Cbottn Point, a township of the U. S., N. America, New York, on Lake Champlain, 106 m. N.E. Albany. Pop. 2,212. Cbownthorpb, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 2 m. N.W. Wymondham. Area 680 ac. P. 111. Oboxali with EDiNeHAi,L, a pa. of Engl., cos. Stafford & Derby, 6 m. N. Tamworth. Ac. 3,160. Pop. 658. Cboxbt, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 6 m. E.S.E. Caistor. Area 1,690 ac. Pop. 106. Cboxi>eh, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, 4J m. N.N.W. mtoxeter. Ac. 2,400. Pop. 268. Here are the remains of an abbey founded in 1176. Ceoxton, several pas., &c., of England. — I. co. Cambridge, 8J m. W. Coxton. Area 1,901 ac. Pop. 264.— II. CO. Lincoln, 6it m. E.N.E. Gland- ford-bridge. Area 1,680 ac. " Pop. 105 — IIL co. Norfolk, 2i m. N. Thetford. Area 3,450 ac. Pop. 330. The church is supposed to date from the Saxon era. — IV. a township, co. Stafford, pa. and 8i m. W.N.W. Eoeleshall. Pop. 887.— V. (Keyrial), a pa., co. Leicester, 9 m. N.E. Mclton- Mowbray. Area 3,900 ac. P. 650.— VI. (South), same CO., 8 m. S. Grimston. Area 1,760 ac. P. 297. Ckot, apa. of Scotl., cos. Nairn and Inverness, 8 m. N.E. Inverness. Pop. 1,684. It comprises the moor of CuUoden, memorable in hist, for the total defeat of Pr. Charles" army in 1746, by the royal troops under the Duke of Cumberland. — II. a station on the Edinburgh & Glasgow railw. Ceoydon, a market-town and pa. of England, CO. Surrey, on the London and Brighton railway, 10^ m. S. London-bridge. Area of pa. 9,840 ac. Pop. 16,712. The town is well built and increas- ing in size ; principal edifices, a handsome pa. church, with many tombs of archbishops of Can- terbury, various other places of worship, the town-hall, occasionally used as a corn market, the poultry market-house. Trinity hospital for maintenance of 40 poor persons (rev. upwards of 2,000Z. a-year), several alms-houses, the jail, union work-house, and near the town some barracks. Addington park, the seat of the archbishop of Canterbury, is near Croydon. Ann. rev. of chari- ties, exclus. of the hosp., nearly 600Z.ann. Among its num. publ. schools are archbp. Tenison's for 30 children (income 1211. a-year), and a school of the society of Friends, removed to Croydon from Islington in 1826. Addisoombe college for cadets in the E. I. company's service, is about 1| m. distant, and has 14 professors with 120 to 160 pupils. Croydon alternately with Guildford, is the seat of the co. assizes, and the place of elec- tion of members of parliament for E. Surrey. It has a court of requests and petty sessions. An active trade in- corn for the London markets is carried on ; and the direct London and Ports- mouth railway here joins the Brighton line. Market, Saturday. Fairs, July 6, and October 2, 3, and 4. Croydon is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient NoviomaguSf and near it many remains of antiquity have been discovered. — 11. a pa. of England, co. Cambridge, 6 m. S. Caxton. Area 2,656 ac. Pop. 441. Cboilaitd, or Ceowland, an anc. town and Ea. of Engl., CO. Lincoln, on the river Welland, ere crossed by a bridge built in the time of Edward ii., and much admired by antiquaries, 14 m. E.N.E. Stamford. Area of pa. 29,070 ac. P. 2,973. The town is in a rich district, formerly a marsh, has a picturesque appearance from being intersected by streams bordered with willows. It is celebrated for the ruins of its once splendid abbey founded in 716, & out of the rems, of which a church has been constructed. Pop. mostly em- ployed in the dairy, rearing geese, fishing, & tak- ing wild fowl. Fairs, June 28tb, September Sth. Ceozon, a comm. and town of France, dep. FinistSre, cap. cant., 25 m. N."W. Quimper, on a peninsula S, Brest roads. Pop. 8,858, chiefly supported by navigation and fishing. — II. a vill,, dep. Indre, 6 m. S.W. La Chatre. Pop. 1,080. Cedaoh-Lussa, or Cruach-Lusach ("the mountain of plants"), a mntn. of Scotland, co. Argyle, dist. Knapdale, 8,000 feet above the sea. Cedoes, a vill. of S. Amer., New Granada, dep. and on the Isthmus, 20 m. N.N.TV. Panama, and to which boats ascend the Chagres river. CBtTDEN, a pa. of Scotl., CO. and 20 m. N.N.E. Aberdeen. Pop. 2,349. Here are the remains of a Druidical temple, and the fine castle of Slaines, the seat of Earl of Errol. In the 11th century, this pa. was the scene of a battle between the forces of Malcolm ii. of Scotland, and of Canute, afterwards king of England. Cbudwell, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 4 m. N.N.E. Malmesburj'. Area 4,820 ac. Pop. 681. Cruit Island, Ireland, Ulster, co. Donegal, is in the Atlantic, immediately off its N.W. coast, 6 m. N.N.W. Dungloe, Length N. to S. 2 m. Crumlin, a mit. town of Irel., Ulster, co. An- trim, 12 m. W.N.W. Belfast. Pop. 668. Mkts., 1st Friday in every month. Fairs, July 23, Nov, 20. Near the town is Glendarragh ho., the seat of Col. Heyland, lord of the manor II. a pa., Leinster, co. and 2.^ m. S.W. Dublin, Area 1,817 ac. Pop. 1,024 ; do. of vill. 268. Crommock-Water, a lake of Engl., co. Cum- berland, between Buttermere and Lowes Water. Length 4 m., breadth | m. The Cocker carries its superfluous waters to the Derwent. The sur- rounding mntn. scenery is beautiful. Scale- Force, the loftiest cascade of " the lakes," having a fall of 166 ft. in one clear leap, is in its vicinity. Crumsai,!, atnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. and 3 m. N. Manchester. Pop. 2,746. Crundal, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 7 m. S.S.W. Canterbury. Area 1,530 ac. Pop. 278. Crhnweab, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 6 m. E.S.E. Narberth. Pop. 282. Cruwvs-Morchard, apa. of Engl., CO. Devon, 5i m. W. Tiverton. Area 6,299 ac. Pop. 670. Ceux-Easton, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 6 m. N.N.W. Whitchurch. Area 950 ac. Pop. 102. Ceuybeke, and Ceuvshantem, two vills. of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders ; the former, 6 m. S.W. Antwerp ; the latter, 11 m. S.W. Ghent. Ceuz (Santa). [Santa Ceoz.] CsABA (pronounced Tsahd), a vill. of Hungary, beyond the Theiss, eo. and 7 m, S.S.W. Bekes. Pop. of dist. (1846) 24,590. This is the largest village in Europe. It has a Roman Catholic and a Protestant church, and an extensive trade in com, cattle, fruit, wine, hemp, and flax. CSA 386 CUB CsAKVAR, a viU. of Hungary, county Stuhl- weissenburg, 27 m. W.S.W. Buda, with a castle and a Protestant church. Fop. 4,840. CsAKAD, a market town of E. Hungary, cap. CO., 44 m. N. Temesvar, on the Marcs. Pop. 3,730. It was once a flourishing town, and has the remains of an ancient castle. CsiTSAK or TsATSAK, a town, Servia, on the Uorava, 90 m. S.W. Belgrade, & lately rebuilt in a regular style. It is the see of a Greek-bishop. CsETNEK, a market town of N, Hungary, co. Gomor, 8 m. W. Rosenau, on an affl. of the Sajo. Pop, 2,500. It has iron & antimony mines, Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, and schools. CsoNGBAD, a market town of Hungary, cap. CO. of same name, at the confluence of the Theiss & Koi-os, 70 m. S.E. Pesth. Pop. (1845) 13,686. It is well built. Its co-council and high court has been transferred to Szegedin, S2 m. S.ward. CsoBNA, a mkt. town of W. Hungary, co. & 80 ra. E.S.E. Oedenburg. P. 3,990. It is surrounded by gardens, & has a Benedictine abbey, built 1180. CuAjMEQu ALPA, a town of Central Amer,, state of Gnatemala, and the largest between that city and Sonsonate. Pop. from 2,000 to 3,000. CuAnrrjAY-AMiLPAS, a town of the Mexican confederation, dep. and 70 m. S.W. La Puebla. Cuba, the largest of the W. India isles, situ- ated between lat. 19° 50' and 23° 9' N., and Ion. 74° 8' & 84° 68' W, It is of an elongated narrow shape, greatest length 764 m., breadth varying from 25 to 130 m. Area, including its dependant isls., about 32,800 sq. m. The census of 1775 gare a pop. of 170,370; that of 1817, 551,998, and that of 1841; 1,007,624^ of whom 418,291 were whites, 152,838 free coloured, and 436,495 negro and coloured slaves. The coasts are sur- rounded with reefs and shallows, and only l-3d of them accessible to vessels ; on this part, however, there are several excellent harbours. There are numerous islets surrounding the coast, the prin- cipal of wMch are Los Pinos, Bomano, Turig- nano, Cruz, Coco. The S.B. part of the ish is intersected by a mountain range, the Montanos del Cobre, the highest parts attaining an elevation of 7000 ft. ; this chain extends along the greater part of the length of the isl. The northern part is more leirel, with rich valleys and plains. Ex- tensive lagoons and salt marshes lie along the flat shores. There are no large rivers. ,, Some are navigable for a few miles inward for boats ; others are nsed for irrigating the flelds. The climate is more temperate than that of the other W. Indian isls., but also more variable. Snow never appears even in the highest parts ; but hail- storms occur sometimes, and ice occasionally is formed at an elev. of a few hundred feet. Hurri- canes are less frequent on land than in the other islst, though common in the neighbouring ocean, bnt earthquakes are frequent, w. winds prevail during the cold season, and raiij faHs every month of the year. Except in the low marshy gropnds the climate is salubrious, and invalids from the U. States resort to the isL Primary rooks and limestones prevail in the mountain districts ; good bituminous coal has been found near Havana ; copper mines were worked pear Santiago in 17th cent., aftprwards aban4o)p^d,,but have again been re-opened am} vorfced with some success, and a copper mine has been recently opened near Santa Clala by an American company. Gold & silver to any extent have never been found in the isl. Extensive districts, especially in the mountain re^ons, are covered with dense forests, among which the m^estic ceiba and mahogany trees are conspicuous, with other valuable wood fit for ship- building, & palms, plantains, & beautiful orna- mental trees abound. Only a small propor- tion of the land, about 2 milhons of acres, is yet under cultivation, but it produces abundant crops of maize, yams, bananas, potatoes, sugar, oofifee, tobacco, & to a small extent, cotton, cocoa, indigo. The uncultivated portions contain extensive and fertile prairies, where upwards of 1^ millions of cattle are reared. Only one indigenous quadruped has ever been found, the huiia, resembling a rat, and 18 inches in length. Amphibious reptiles, as the alligator, manatai, tortoise, abound, and ser- pents from 10 to 12 ft. in length. Birds of beauti- ful plumage are numerous, and fish of various kinds swarm along the coasts. Cuba is divided into 3 prov. (iniendmcias), the N. & central bein^ the richest and most pop., and contains 22 cities and towns, & 204 vills. & hamlets. Chief towns, Havana, Santiago, Matanzas, Santa Clara, Santa Maria, Trinidad, &c. The commercial prosperity of Cuba has been of late years greatly on the increase. Provisions of all kinds, & manufactured goods, are the chief articles of importation, which, in 1842, amounted to 24,637,519 dollars, l-8th of which was from England, and l-4th from Amer. The exports amounted to 26,684,602 dollars, of which l-3d were to England, and l-5th to Amer. With all this trade it has not a single bank, and though it has only a specie currency, in no other country is there so much paper-money. The internal traffic is now facilitated by improved roads, and 800 m. of railroad opened in 1847. The government of the isl. is vested in a captain- general, who is supreme military commandant & civil governor of one of the provs. There is a governor of the other provs., who has: independent civil power, responsible only to the Court of Spain. There is a military garrison of several battalions, and a marine force of 1 frigate, 2 steam-ships, & 16 small craft. Steam-boats ply between Ha-t vana and other parts of the coast. No foreigner; can land on the isl. without procuring the security of a native of responsibilityfor his good behaviour. Cuba was discovered by Columbus in his first voyage, 1493. In 1511 the first settlement was made by the Spaniards, and soon after the abo- riginal inhabitants were wholly extirpated. In 1762, Havana was captured and taken possession of by the British, but restored to the Spaniards next year. Cuba, from its position, and the nature^ of the trade-winds and gulf stream, might con- trol the trade and intercourse of the whole Gulf of Mexico and the islands in the Caribbean Sea. [For education, &c., see Havana.] Cuba, a town of U. S., N. America, New York, 280 m. W.S.W. Albany. Pop, 1,768. CnBAanA, a small isl, of S. Amer., Venezuela, dep. and 30 m. N. Caracas, in the Caribb. sea, between Margarita and the mainland. A pearl fishery was carried on off its coast. CuBBEBiv, a pa. of Engl.,ico. Glo'ster, 6iti. S.S.E. Cheltenham, Area 3,800 ac. Pop. 231. CDBBiNaxoN, a pa. of Engl., co. and 6^ jiu, E.N.B Warwick. Area 1,780 ao. Pop. 830.. CuBEET, a pa. of. Engl, co. Cornwall, 6J m, W,N.W. St Michael's, Area 2,320 ac. P. 868.. , Cdblby, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, 6 m. S. Ashbourne. Area 2,410 ac. Pop. 426,; Fair November 30, , , . , . CcBLiNQioN, a pa. of, Engl., co, Bucks, 6.1n. N.N.E. Aylesbury. Area 1,290 ac. Pop.. 290. CnBLizE,a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Kh6ne, arrond, Vill«-Franohe-8ur-Saone, on r. b, of the Rhone, 27 m. N.W. Lyon. Pop. 3,040. CuBZAc,acQmm.&vill,ofFranee,d6p. Gironde, . arrond, and 11 m. N.N.E. Bordeaux, on r. b. of 2b CBO 386 CUL the Dordogne, with a small port, and fine sus- pension bridge. Pop. 1,000. CuDDAioRE, a marit. town, Brit. India, presid. Madras, dist. S. Arcot, on the Bay of Bengal, 16 m. S. Pondioherry. Lat. 11° 43' N., Ion. 79° 45' 7" E. It is large, well built, populous, and has on the N. a suburb with some good European buildings. Several years since it had some Euro- pean looms, and a paper factory. Cdddapah, Oripa, an extensive dist. of Brit. India, presid. Madras, enclosed by Bellary, Arcot, Nellore, and Guntoor, the Nizam's and the My- sore doms. Area 12,753 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 1,063,164. It consists of a portion of the table- land above tlie ghauts ; its rivs. being mostly afBs. of the Pennar. Products comprise cotton, indigo, tobacco, red-pepper, soda, and nitre, with coarse cotton stuffs & sugar. Land rev. (1836-7), 191,247?.; total rev. 233,i06l.—Cuddapah, the cap. above dist., on the Cuddapah riv., 138 m. N.W. Madras. It was formerly the cap. of an independent state, and has a mud fort containing the rajah's residence, the court -ho., and prison. The diamond mines are 7 m. N.E. of the town, on the Pennar. Ctjdbesdeit, a pa. of England, co. and 6J m. E.S.E. Oxford. Area 2,700 ao. Pop. 1,483. CuDDiNGTON, two pas. of England. — I. co. Bucks, 5J m. W.S.W. Aylesbury. Area 980 ac. Pop. 626.— II. CO. Surrey, 1 m. N.N.E. Ewell. Area 1,850 ac. Pop. 168. Henry viii. built in this pa. his magnificent palace of Nonsuch, which was destroyed in the wars of 17th century. CuBHAM, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 6| m. S.S.E. Bromley. Area 5,930 ao. Pop. 776. Cddkefin, a town of Switzerland, cant. Vaud, with a small port on E. bank of the Lake of Neuchatel, dist. & 5 m. N.W. Avenches. P. 636. CuDWOKTH, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 3 m. S.E. Ilminster. Area 1,070 ac. Pop. 165. — II. a tnshp,, CO. Tork, "W. Kiding, pa. Royston, 3J m. E.N.E. Barnesley. Pop. 652. CuELLAB, a town of Spain, prov. and 30 m. N.N. W. Segovia. Pop. 2,851. It has a fine castle, formerly belonging to the Albuquerque family. Its environs are very fertile, & famous for poul- try. Its inhabitants manufacture linens. CtTENCA, a city of Spain, cap. prov. of same name, near the confl. of the Huecar and Jucar, 84 m. S.E. Madrid. Pop. (1845) 6,980. It is en- closed by high walls, and has 7 gates, a richly adorned cathedral, a handsome episcopal palace, 14 pa. churches, 13 convents, sevl. colls. & hospi- tals, a diocesan school, & 8 bridges across the rivs. In its vicin. are agreeable promenades. Manufs. woollen stuffs and paper. It gives its name to the Sierra Cuenca, a part of the Iberian mntns., which traverse the province. Cuenca, a city of S. America, Ecuador, dep. Assuay, cap. prov., in a wide plain, 8,640 ft. above the sea, 85 m. S.S.W. Quito. Pop. 20,000 (?) Though not well built, it is regularly laid out, & it has a cathed., various other ecclesiastical edi- fices, a university, and trade in cheese, confec- tionery, hats, bark, and rural produce. In its vicinity are various Peruvian antiquities. CcEEDEN, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Leyland, 5 m. N.N.W. Chorley. Pop. 573. Ctjernavaca, a town of Mexican confed., state and 40 m. S. Mexico, on a mntn.spur jutting into a valley. It consists of numerous steep & narrow streets with ranges of one-storied houses, fronted with balconies and porches, and has quite "a Neapolitan appearance." Its suburbs, inhabited by Indians, are also very picturesque. In its vi- cinity is an old isolated mount with Indian ruins. CoBBS, a comm. and town of France, dep. Var, cap. cant., arrond. and 11 m. N.E. Toulou. Pop. 3,909. "Trade in wine, brandy, and oUve-oil. CuEVA DE Veba, a town of Spain, prov. and 42 m. N.E. Almeria, at the mouth of the Almanzor in the Mediterranean. Pop. (1846), including its .suburbs, 10,140. Many of its inhabs. are occupied in fishing, in the manufe. of saltpetre, and in potteries. It has risen into importance from the silver mines recently discovered in its vicinity. CttEVAS DE ViNEOMA, a towu of Spain, prov. and 23 m. N.E. Castellon de la Plana. P. 2,600. CuFFEiGHTEiN, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co, Antrun, 2 m. E. Ballycastle. Area 26,338 ac, above half of which is mntn. & heath. P. 4,577. CnGQioNO-MAQeioBE, a town of Lombardy, deleg. and 18 m. W. Milan. Pop. (1845) 3,629, mostly engaged in manufactures. CnOLiEBi, a town of Sardinia, div. Sassari, cap. intend., 9 m. S.E. Bosa. Pop. (1838) 4,052. CuisEACx, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Saone-et-Loire, cap. cant., arrond. & 12 m. S.E. Lonhans. Pop. 1,760. It has a fine church of the 14th century, with peculiar & grotesque carvings. CuisEBT, a comm, and town of France, dep. Saone-et-Loire, cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Seille, arrond. and 11 m. S.W. Louhads. Pop. 1,660. CmvRE, a tnshp. of the U, S,, N, Amer,, Mis- souri, CO, St Charles, Pop, 2,093, CuLBOKKE, a pa, of England, co, Somerset, on the Bristol Channel, 8^ m. W. Minehead. Area 1,560 ac. Pop. 34. The vill. and church are so buried among lofty & almost perpendicular hills, with an elevation of 1,300 feet, that for 3 months in winter the sun is never seen. Cdlchexh, a tnshp. of England, co. Lancaster, pa. Winwick, 4 m. E. Newton, Pop. 2,193. CuLDAFF, a pa, of Ireland, Ulster, co, Donegal, 9 m. N.N.W. Moville. Area 20,089 ac. Pop. 6,883. Here are remains of anc. fort. CutEBKA, a seaport of Central America, state Costa Rica, in lat. 10° 35' N., Ion. 85° 38' W.— II. a river, same state, enters the Caribbean Sea, near the L. Chiriqui. — III. one of the Virgin isls., W. Indies, 8 m. long by 2 wide. Pop. 300. CuLFOKD, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 4J m. N.N.W. Bury St Edmund's. Ac. 2,490. Pop. 352. CoLHAM, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, IJ m. S.S.E. Abingdon. Area 1,680 ac. Pop. 396. CuLiACAN, a town of Mexican confed., dep, & 90 m, S,E. Sinaloa, in a fertile tract, on the riv. Culiacan. Pop. (1836) 11,000. It is a depot for goods passing between Guaymas and Mazatlan. Cttllatooe and Cullooe, two towns of India; the former British India, presid. Madras, dist. Tinnevelly; the latter Nizam's dominions, 200 m. E.N.E. Hyderabad, Ctillen, a pari, and munic. bor., seaport town, and pa. of Sootl., co. and 12 ra. W.N.W. Banff, on the Cullen, here crossed by a bridge at its mouth in Cullen Bay (N. Sea). P. of town 2,622 ; do. of pari. bor. 1,564. It is well built, and ranks as the second town in the co. It has an ancient church, a good market-place, some manufs. of damasks and other linen goods, and a trade in dried and cured fish with Montrose, Arbroath, Dundee, and Leith. Cattle and horse fairs, tliird Friday in May, and last Tuesday in September. Corp. rev. (1843-4) 111. The bor. unites with Elgin, Banff, ICintore, Peterhead, Macduff, and Inverury in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors 38. It gives the title of baron to Lord Seafield, chief proprietor, whose mansion, rich in valuable paintings, is adjacent. Cdi.len, several pas. of Irel.— I. Munster, co. Cork, 6 m. N."W. Mill-Street. Area 13,674 ac. CUT. 387 CUM Pop. 5,490. Here are the remains of sev. bar- onial castles — U. co. and 6 m. N.N.E. Kinsale. Area 4,250 ae. Pop. 1,330 III. co. and fi m. N.W. Tipperary. Area 1,986 ac. Pop. 1,013, of whom 275 are in the village. Cullen's Wood, Ireland, Leinster, is a suburb of Dublin, on its S.E. side, and having 5<16 in- habitants, and many handsome residences. CoLLERA, Sucro, a maritime town of Spain, prov. and 2i m. S.S.E. Valencia, on the Mediter- ranean at the mouth of the Jucaj-. Pop. (1845) 7,114.— Cope Ctillera, 3 m. N.,is in lat. 39° 9' N., Ion. 4° 61' 41' E. CuLLEBCOATs, 3, towuship of Engl., CO. Nor- thumberland, pa. andlj m. N.N.AV. Tynemouth. Pop. 730. The vill. is frequented for sea-bathing. Cdlloden, or Dku.mmossie-Moor, a VTide moory ridge of Scotl., co. and from 3 to 5 m. E. Inverness, pa. Croy, and memorable for the total defeat of Prince Charles' army, on the 16th April 1746, by the royal troops under the Duke of Cum- berland. On the moor, 4 m. E.N.E. Inverness, stands Culloden house, the old seat of the Forbes family, in which Prince Charles lodged on the night previous to the battle. CuiLT, a town of Switzerl., cant. Vaud, on the Lake of Geneva, 5 m. E.S.E. Lausanne. It has some Roman antiquities. The pop. is almost entirely employed in the culture of the vine. Culm and Culmbach. [Kulm, Kuimbach.] CuLMiNGTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 6 m. N.N.W. Ludlow. Area 3,160 ac. Pop. 541. Cdimstock, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 6^ m. N.E. Collumpton. Area 4,630 ac. Pop. 1,446. Fairs, May 22, and October 1. CuLXA, Khalana, two towns of British India, presid. & prov. Bengal. — I. dist. Jessore, on an arm of the Ganges, 78 m. E.N.E. Calcutta. — II. dist. Burdwan, of which it is the port, on the Hooghly river, 43 m. N. Calcutta. It is large, populous, and near it is a magnificent residence of the Burdwan rajah. CttLPEE, a town of British India, presid. and proT. Bengal, dist. of 24 Pergunnahs, in a jungly & unhealthy position, on the Hooghly river, about 34m.W.S.'W. Calcutta. CuiPEppEK, a CO. of the U. S., N. Amer., Vir- ginia. Area 672 sq. m. Pop. 11,393, of whom 8,069 are slaves. — II. a towhship and cap., same CO., 98 m. N.^W. Richmond. Cdipho, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 3J m. W. Woodbridge. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 70. CuiBoss, a pari, and munic. bor., seaport town, and pa. of Scotland, co. Perth, on the N. shore of the Firth of Forth, 19 m. W.N.W. Edinburgh. Pop. of pa. 1,444; do, of burgh 603; do. of pari, bor. 687. It stands on a steep acclivity, and is meanly built; chief edifices, a pa. church, for- merly collegiate and belonging to a monastery, the remains of an ancient chapel, and those of Culross abbey, successively the seat of the Bruce and Dnndonald families. It has various schools and charitable institutions, and some damask weaving. Its harb. was formerly of importance, but at present small craft can approach the town only at high water, and its traffic is now mostly confined to a small export of fish caught in the Forth. The bor. unites with Queensferry, Id- verkeithing, Dunfermline, and Stirling in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1847) 25. In the vicinity are the remains of two Danish camps, & the house of Castle-hill, on the site of an anc. stronghold of the Mafiduffs, called Dunnemarle, and where the murder of the wife and two children of Macdul^ by order of Macbeth, is reputed to have taken piace. CniSALMOND, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 11 m. N.W. Aberdeen. Pop. 1,104. Cdlteb, a pa., Scotl., co. & 11 m. S.E. Lanark. Pop. 536. Surface partly mountainous, and here are the remains of several circular camps, Cul- terfell mountain has an elevation of 2,430 feet. Cults, a pa. of Scotl., co. Fife, 3 m. S.W. Cupar. Area 2,100 (Scots) acres. Pop. 889. Its antiquities comprise a Roman camp, and in the pa. is the superb mansion of the Earls of Lind- say and Crawford. The celebrated painter. Sir D. Wilkie, was a native of Cults. CnLwonTH, a pa. of Engl,, co. Northampton, 7 m. N.E. Banbury. Area 2,060 ac. Pop. 713. Cdma, a fortress of S. Italy, 11 m. W. Naples, close to the Mediterr., occupying the site of the anc. CamcE, of which it has a few remains. CuMANA, a marit. city of S. Amer., Venezuela, cap. dep. and prov. on the Gulf of Cariaco, at the mouth of the Manzanares. Lat. of Ft. Boca del Rio 10° 27' 6" N., Ion. 64° 11' W. Pop. 8,000. It has several suburbs, and a fort on an adjacent height, but no remarkable edifices ; and, on account of frequent earthquakes, all its houses are low-pitched. Its roadstead is good ; export trade in cattle, smoked meat, salt fish, cacao, and other provisions pretty extensive ; and it is the oldest European city on the American continent, having been founded in 1623. In the year 1840-41, 24 vessels, aggregate burden 1,853 tons entered, and 22 do., burden 1,626 tons, cleared out of the port The dep., of which it is the cap., having W. the dep. Caracas, S. the riv. Orinoco, and on the other side of Caribbean Sea, has an area of 370,000 sq. m., and comprises, besides the cities Cumand and Barcelona, the towns of Cariaco, Carupano, Aragua, and El Pao. CuMANAcoA, a town of S. America, Venezuela, dep, prov, and 40 m, S.E. Cumand. P. 6,000 (?). It has a cool and healthy climate. CuMBEB (Uppeb and Lowbb), two contiguous pas. of Ireland and Ulster, co. Londonderry. — I. 10 m. "W. Dungiven. Area 26,329 ac. P. 7,052. —II. area 14,783 ac. Pop. 4,510. CnMBEHLAiTD, the most N.W. co. of Engl., hav- ing N. Solway firth and the Esk and Liddle rivers separating it from Scotland, W. the Irish Sea, and on other sides the cos. Lancaster, Westmore- land, Durham and Northumberland. Area 1,623 sq. m., or 974,720 ac, about two-thirds of which are enclosed and cultivated. Pop. 178,038. Sur- face mountainous, and highly picturesque. Slcid- daw rises to 3,166 ft. above the sea. Principal rivers, the Eden, Esk, and Derwent. In this co. are the beautiful lakes Derwent-water, Bassen- thwaite, Borrowdale, Buttermere, and Ulles-waten on the borders of Westmoreland. The co, is tra- versed by the Lancaster and the Whitehaven and Carlisle railways. Wheat, oats, and turnips are the principal crops ; agriculture has of late greatly improved. In the S. is a large extent of grazing land, and butter forms a principal export. Pro- perty is much subdivided : average rent (1810) 9s. 7^d. per acre. Near Whitehaven and New- ington are extensive and profitable beds of coal, and in Borrowdale is a famous mine of plumbago or graphite. Other mineral products are lead, iron ore, and various metals, slate, marl, & gyp- sum. There are iron forges at Carlisle, Dal- ston, and Seaton ; and this co. has thriving ma- nufactures of woollens, cottons, linens, earth- enwares, and glass. According to a recent parliamentary return, in 1847, 8,296 hands were employed in the production of woven goods, 2,300 of that number being engaged in the fabri- cation of cottons. Annual value of land 603,724?,, CUM a do. of real property 910,334:^. Co. poor rates, 36,921Z. Cumberland is divided into 5 wards, and 104 pas. Principal towns, Carlisle, White- haven, Cockermouth, Penrith, Keswick, and Egremont. It sends to House of Commons two members for each division of the county. Keg. electors (1846) for E. division 5,348 ; for W. divi- sion, 4,042. Within the limits of this co. is a con- siderable extent of the great Roman wall erected in the time of Hadrian. CcMBERLAND, a CO., E. Australia, lat. 34° S., Ion. 151° E., having E. the ocean, and landward the counties Northumberland, Hunter, Cook, and Camden. In it are the towns Sydney, Paramatta, Richmond, Windsor, Hawkesbury, and Liverpool, with Ports Jackson, and Hackins, & Botany Bay. CcMEEHLAND, scvcral places in the U. S., N. Amer I. a co., Maine. Area 990 sq. m. Pop. 68,658. Chief town same name. Pop. 1,616. — II. a CO. in S.W. of N. Jersey. Area 624 sq. m. P. 14,374. — III. a 00. in centre of Pennsylvania. Area 544 sq. m. Pop. 30,953. Soil rich.— IV. a CO. in S.E. of Virginia. Area 320 sq. m. Pop. 10,399. Surface hilly, soil fertile. Chief town same name V. a co. in S. part of N. Carolina. Area 1,300 sq. m. Pop. 15,284.— VI. a co. in S. border of Kentucky. Area 270 sq. m. P. 6,090, of whom 1,485 are slaves. — VII. a township of Pennsylvania, Green co. Pop. 1,958. — VIII. a township of Rhode Island, co. and 8 nu N. Pro- vidence. P. 5,225, extensively engaged in manufe. of cotton and in boat building. — IX. a large riv. rises in Cumberland mountains, Kentucky, and, after a S.W. course of 600 m., enters the Ohio riv., navigable for the last half of its length for vessels of 400 tons. CuMBEKLAND ISLAND, Brit. N. America, is a peninsula between Davis Strait and Nortlium- berland inlet.— II. an island. Pacific, Dangerous Archipelago group. — III. U. States, oif the coast of Georgia, N.E. St Mary's, 15 m. long and 5 broad. — The Cumb. i.sls. are a group off N.E. Australia. Lat. 20° to 21° S., Ion. 149° E. CnMBEKSAULD, a burgh and pa. of Scotl., co. Dumbarton, on the Edinburgh and Glasgow rail- way, 14 m. N.E. Glasgow. Area of pa. 17,260 ac. Pop. 4,501 ; do. of burgh, 2,227, mostly em- ployed in cotton weaving for Glasgow houses. The town, in a fine valley, has a good church and subscription library. Fair, 2d Thursday in May. Cumbernauld house, adjacent, is the property of Lord Elphinstone. In N. part of pa. are some remains of Antoninus' wall. CuMBEESDALE, a tushp. of Engl., CO. Cumber- land, pa. St Mary's, CarUsle. Pop. 620. CcMBEEWORTH, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 3 J m. E.S.E. Alford. Area 960 ao. Pop. 183.— IL a ohapelry, co. York, W. Riding, pa. Silkstone, 7 m. S.E. Huddersfield. Pop. 1,867.-111. {Salf), a tnshp., same co.,pa. Kirk-Burton. Pop. 1,298. Ctjmbkat, or Cimbbaes {Great & Little), two isls. of Scotland, co. Bute, in the Firth of Clyde, 2 m. S. W. Largs. Area of Great Cumbray and pa., 5,100 ac, of which 3,000 are arable. Pop. 1,413. Little Cumbray lies S.ward, separated from the co. Ayr by a channel 3 m. across, and has a lighthouse, in lat. 55° 43' 16' N., and Ion. 4° 58' W., both isls. contain remarkable trap dykes intersecting the old red sandstone. Combbe (La), a principal pass across the An- des, bctw. Santiago (Chile), and Mendoza, in lat. 33° S., Ion. 70° 20' W. Elev. 12,454 feet. Cdmbkes-Mazobes, a modern town of Spain, prov. and 55 m. N.N.E. Huelva. Pop. 2,056. Cdmbbia, an ane. British principality, com- prising, with the greater part of Cuniberland, the 8 CUN Scotch dists. Strathclyde, Galloway, Kyle, Car- rick, and Cunningham, in the cos. Wigtown and Ayr. Early in the 11th century it was given to Malcolm, Prince of Scotland, to be held as a fief of the crown of England. Its name is preserved not only in that of Cumberland, but in the isls. Cumbray, and in many places in Clydesdale. CoMiANA, a mkt. town of Piedmont, prov. and 7 m. N. Pignerolo, on the Cisola. Pop. 3,463. CuMiNESTOWN, a vill. of Scotland, co. Aber- deen, pa. Monquhitter, founded in 1760 by Cumine of Auchry. Pop. 477. Cuming, or Coming, a small isl. of Mediterr., between Malta & Gozo, IJ m. in length, by | m. across. Pop. 900. W. of it is the islet Commotio. CuMLT, or CooMBLA, a marit. town and fort of British India, presid. Madras, dist. Canara, on a peninsula surrounded by a salt lake, close to the Malabar coast, 20 m. S.E. Mangalore. Cummeetkees, a pa. of Scotland, co. Dumfries, on Solway Firth. Area 8,000 ac. Scots. Pop. 1,277. Here are Kinmount-ho., the superb seat of the Marquis of Queensberry, chief proprietor in the pa. ; and the anc. castle of Hoddam, built early in the 14th century. CuMMUM & CuMMUMAiT, two towHS of India; the former, presid. Madras, dist. and 75 m. N.E. Cuddapah ; the latter, Nizam's dom., cap. dist., 110 m. E. Hyderabad. CoMNGCK, two contig. pas. of Scotland, co. Ayr. — I. {Old), on Lugar Water, here crossed by 3 bridges, 12 m. E. Ayr. Pop. 2,836 ; do. of vill. about 1,200. It is irregularly laid out, lighted with gas, has an old church, many good shops, some banks, and public libraries, a manuf. of snuff boxes, of which between 25,000 & 35,000 ai'e produced annually, a trade in cotton stuffi, and earthenwares, and an active retail trade. Fairs in Feb., May, July, and Oct., O. S. It gives the title of Baron to the Criehton-Stuart family, who chiefly own the pa., and whose fine seat stands near the banks of the Lugar. — II. {New), imme- diately S. of Old Cumnock. Area of pa. 30,000 ac. Pop. 2,382. Extens. coal mines in the pa. CcMNOE, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, 6 m. N.N.E. Abingdon. Area 7,730 ac. Pop. 1,058. It has an endowed free school, & other charities. Cumnor palace, the anc. residence of the abbots of Abingdon, and supposed scene of the murder of Amy Robsart, Countess of Leicester (Sir W. Scott's " Kenilworth "), was situated in this pa. Cumkew, a pa. of Engl., co. Cumberland, 6 m. N. Kirk-Oswald. Area 2,760 ac. Pop. 183. It has the remains of an anc. cas. of the Dacre fam. CcMRU, a tnshp., D. S., N. America, Pennsyl- vania, Berks co. Pop. 2,939. CuMWHiTTGN, a pa. of Engl., CO. Cumberland, 7 m. E S.E. Carlisle. Area 6,670 ac. Pop. 633. CuNDALL and Leckbt, a pa. of England, co. York, N. Ridmg, 4} m. N.N.E. Boroughbridge;, Area 3,150 ac. Pop. 378. CoNDiNAMAECA, the Centre dep. of New Gra- nada, S. America, comprising the provs. Antio- quia, Mariquita, Neyva and Bogotil, in the region of the Andes, with large parts of the valleys of the Magdalena and Cauca. Estim. area 350,000 sq. m. The pop. consists of whites, Indians, and mixed races in about equal proportions. It com- prises the cap. city of the republic. Cuneg, a town. Piedmont. [Coni.] CcNDWAH, or KuNDAH, a town of Hindostan, dom. and 70 m. S.S.E. Indore, in an open plain, enclosed by a substantial earth rampart, and in 1820, comprising 800 houses. CuNHA, a town of Brazil, prov. & 135 m. N.B. Sao Paulo, near the Jacuhi. P. (with dist.) 3,000. CTJN CUS CuNLHAT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 11 m. N.W. Ambert. Pop. 1,890. Ccnningham's Isi^nd, a large and populous isl., U. S., N. America, Ohio, in the "W. part of Lake Erie, Ottowa co., 10 m. N. Sandusky bajf. CuoBGNi, a mkt. town of Piedmont, div. Turin, prov. and 12J m. W.S.W. Ivrea, cap. mand., at the foot of an eminence, on the Orca. Pop. (with comm.) 5,614. It has several churches & convents, an hospital, and a copper foundry. CnPAK- Angus, a burgh of barony, and pa. of Scotland, cos. Perth and Forfiir, on the Isla, a tributary of the Tay, 13 m. N.N.E. Perth, on the road to Aberdeen, and on the Dundee & New- tyle railway. Pop. of pa., 2,745 ; do. of town, 1,868. It has an elegant pa. church, a town-ho., & jail. Its inhabs. are chieflv engaged in weav- ing, bleaching, & tanning. Cattle mkt. weekly ; and fairs in March, May, July, October, Novem- ber, ajid December. Cupar-Fife, a royal, pari, and municip. bor., market town, and pa. of Scotland, cap. co. Fife, in the centre of the " Howe "of Fife, on the Eden, 9 m. W. St. Andrew's station, Edinburgh & Nor- thern railway. Pop. of pa., 6,758 ; do. of burgh, 8,567; do. of pari, bor., 5,137. It has a good pa. church, a handsome co.-hall, with a town-hall, JMl, public Hbrary, various dissenting chapels, reading rooms, newspaper offices, and banks ; an active manuf. of linen goods, spinning mills, corn, snuff, and fulling mills, breweries, and tanyards. Its weekly com mkt. is well attended. Monthly feirs, mostly on Thursdays ; and it is the seat of a sheriff's court, and coimty quarter sessions. Corp. rev. (1843-4) 1221. The bor. unites with St Andrew's, the two Anstruthers, CraU, Kil- renny, and Pittenweem in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 335. On a mound, E. of the town, was anciently the principal resid. of the Macdnfe, feudal Earls of Fife ; and here are also some other historically interesting sites. Cuba, a town of S. Amer., state & dep. Vene- zuela, 45 m. S.W. Caracas. Pop. 4,000. CuBAgAO, or Cubacoa, an isl., Caribbean Sea, belonging to the Dutch, off the N. coast of Venezuela. Lat. 12° N., Ion. 69° W. Length 40 m., breadth 6 to 10 m. Pop. (1847) 16,164, of whom 9,728 are slaves. Shores bold; surface billy ; soil not rich, and deficient in water, yet a good deal of sugar, indigo, tobacco, & maize are raised. Government, vested in a stadtholder, as- sisted by a civil and military council. It con- tains 12 schools, and 1,043 pupils. Chief town, Willemstad, or Curajoa, a small neat place. CuKBBiDOE, a hamlet of Engl., co. Oxford, pa. and 2 m. W.S.W. Witney. Pop. 596. CuRowoETH, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 3 m. N.N.W. Coleshill. Area 3,170 ac. Pop. 693. CuBiA MuEiA (or KuKiA Mdbia) Isles, a group of 5 isls., off the S.E. coast of Arabia, Hellaniyah, the largest and only inhabited isl. being in lat. 17° 33' N., Ion. 56° 6' E. Surface sterile. CuBiBUM, a town of Brit. India, presid. Mad- ras, prov. Orissa, about 82 m. N. Chicacolc. CuBico, a town of Chile, dep. Colchagua, 120 m. S. Santiago. Pop. 2,000. (?) Cubische-Haff, a lagoon, or baok water of the Baltic, E. Prussia, extending along the coast for about S3 m. S. of Memel, separated by a narrow sandy ridge— the Curische-Nehrung — from the sea, with which it communicates at its N. ex- tremity by Memel Deeps, a channel 800 yards across, and 12 feet deep. It receives the Niemen. CuEiTiBA, a town of Brazil, cap. eomarca of same name, prov. Sao Panio, lat. 25° 40^ 8., Ion. 50° 5' W., 108 m. W. Paranagua, on 1, b. of the Curytiba. Chief building, the church of St Luz. Manufs. coarse woollens. Its dist. has a pop. of 12,000, mostly employed in agriculture. CuBLAND, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 6 m. W.N.W. Ilminster. Area 1,160 ac. Pop. 228. CuBNouL, or KuBNOOL, 3, dist. and town of British India, Madras, on r. b. of Toombuddra, with a strong fort, taken by the British in 1816. CuBEAH, or KuEEAH, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, upper provs., dist. and 38 m. N.W. Allahabad, on the Ganges, with numerous Mo- hammedan remains on the high hanks of the river. CuEEiE, Coria, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 6 m. S.W. Edinburgh. Pop. 2,000, of whom 297 are in the viU. Here are the remains of a Ro- man camp, and of several baronial strongholds. CuBBiN, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, cos. Monaghan and Fermanagh, 6 m. S.S.E. Clones. Pop. 6,928. CuEBODE, a town of British India, presid. Bom- bay, on the Nerbuddah, dist. and 25 m. E. Snrat. CuBBiTucK Island, a long and narrow isl., U. S., N. Amer., off the coast of N. Carolina, at its N.E. extremity. CuKRUOKDKAH, a town of British India, presid, Bengal, dist. Bhangulpoor, 100 m. S.E. Patna. CuEEUCKPOOB, a town and zemindary of Brit. India, prov. Bahar. Cubby, several pas. of England, co. Somerset. —I. (Mallet), H m. N.N.W. Ilmmster. Area 1,700 ao. Pop. 620.-II. (North), 6 m. E.S.E. Taunton. Area 6,020 ac. Pop. 2,028. It has a small mkt. on Tues. Fairs, 1st Tues. in Sept. —III. (Bevelle), 2i m. W.N.W. Langport. Area 3,870 ac. Pop. 1,660. Fair, Monday after Lam- mas. The Earl of Chatham has a seat in the pa. Cdeeybaeey, an extensive zemindary of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, E. of the Brahmaputra. CuEiis's Islands, Pacific Ocean, are in lat. 80° 36' S., Ion. 179° 14' W. CuKUGUATT, a vill. of Paraguay, 136 m. N.E. Assumpgion. It is a depot for yerba-mati, or Paraguay tea, collected in its vicinity. CuEVALE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Tarn, on the Ranee, 16 m. E. Albi. Pop. 2,567, partly employed in adjacent lead mines. CuKT, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 4^ m. S.S.E. Helston. Area 3,420 ac. Pop. 541. CuEzoLA, Corcyra Nigra, an isl. of Dalmatia, circ. Ragusa, on the Adriatic, separated by a narrow strait ft'om the peninsula Sabioneello. Lat. 43° 55' N., Ion. 16° 46' E. Length E. to W. about 26 m., average breadth 4 m. ; the greatest part of it is covered with trees. Pop. 4,268, mostly employed in commercial navigation and fishing. Principal products, timber, corn, wine, and fruits II. a town on its N.E. coast, with 1,846 inhabs., a cathed., and two small harbours. —Curzolari Isles, coast of Greece. [Kuezolaei.] CusANo, a town of Naptes, prov. T. di Lavoro, cap. cant., in the mntns., 19 m. N.W. Benevento. Pop. 4,000. It has 3 churches and an hospital. CusHENDALL, Or Newtownglens, a small mkt. town of Ireland, Ulster, co. Antrim, on the Dall, near its mouth, 32 m. N. Belfast. Pop. 645. Frequented as a watering-place. Cusop, apa. of Engl., co. Hereford, li m. E.S.J), Hay. Area 2,570 ao. Pop. 223. CossAO, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Vienne, 21 m. S.W. Limoges. Pop. 1,990. CussET, a comm. and town of France, dep. Allier, cap. cant , 32 m. S.S.E. Moulins. Pop. (1846) 3,856. It is pleasantly situated in a valley, and has manufs. of coarse woollens and paper. Cusav-EN-MoEVANT, a vill. of France, dep. Sa6ne-et-Loire, 12 m. N.W. Autnn. Pop. 1,760. CUsTEin, a fortfd. town of Prussia. [Kustkin.J CUT 390 CWM CoTOOMBE, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 6 m. S.S.W. DuDster. Area 7,760 ac. Pop. 843. CoiOH, or Ktjtoh, a state and prov. of W. Hindostan, mostly betw. lat. 23° and 24° N., and Ion. 68° 30' and 71° E., having W. the Koree branch of the Indus, S. the Indian Ocean, E. the Gulf of Cutch, and N. the Eunn— an extensive salt morass, which separates it from the Indian desert, formed after an earthquake in 1819, the estim. area of which is 7,400 sq. m. A chain of jocky hills extends through the country from E. to W., and abounds in volcanic products, else- where rare in India. Rivers small, and the soil is in many parts sterile from want of water. Chief products, cotton, dates, iron ore, horses and goats, which are exported to Scindc and the Malabar coast, in return for corn and other pro- visions. The ruling family is Mohammedan. Principal towns, Bhooj the cap., Anjar, Teerah, Luckput, and Kuntcote, all fortified, and besides which the country is studded with fortresses. The people are treacherous and demoralized. CuTCH-GuNDAVA, a prov. of Beloochistan, mostly between lat. 27° 40' and 29° 50' N., & Ion. 67° 21' and 69° 15' E., having W. the provs. Sara- wan and Jhalawan, N. Afghanistan and E. Sciude. Length N. to S. 160 m., breadth 130 m. Area 10,000 sq. m. Pop. 100,000 ?. Surface low and generally level, but ill watered, and destitute of forest land ; and the climate is oppressively hot. Where irrigated, however, fine crops of grain, pulse, cotton, sugar, madder, and fruits are pro- duced, and this is the most valuable part of the khan of Kelat's dom. It has also some com- mercial importance, from being traversed by the principal routes from Seinde into Afghanistan. Principal towns, Gundava, Dadur, Bhag, Lehree, and Kotree. CuTTAOK, a large marit. dist. of British India, Eresid. and on the W. side of the Bay of Bengal, etween the Midnapoor and Berar, ceded dists., and the N. part of the Madras presidency. Area 9,000 sq. m. Pop. (1822) 1,296,365 (?). Surface marshy along the coast, hilly in the W., and the latter region abounds with valuable forest trees. Besides the Mahanuddy and Brahminy, it has several rivers of considerable size. Products very various ; amongst the most valuable is salt of great purity, from a monopoly of which, the government derives a large revenue. Total rev. 67,286i. Principal towns, Cuttack, Balasore, and Juggernaut. — Cuttack (Catac, "a royal resid- ence"), cap. of dist., is situated on the Mahanuddy, 220 m. S.W. Calcutta. Lat. 20° 27' N., Ion. 86° 6' E. Pop. 40,000 (?). It has a good main street, a spacious mkt.-place, some military canton- ments, and some handsome Mohanuneoan struc- tures, the whole secured against inundation by solid embankments along the river. It is a place of resort for bathing, and one of the healthiest stations in India. In some seasons, large impor- tations of rice take place here ; and a good deal of timber, destined for Calcutta, is floated hence down the Mahanuddy. Cdttebah, a vill. of British India, presid. Ben- gal, upper provs., dist. and 30 m. S.E. Bareily. Here the Oude and British forces totally defeat- ed the Rohillas in 1774. CcTTUB, a small town of British India, presid. Bengal, upper provs., dist. and 13 m. S. Delhi, with many tombs of Mogul emperors, and the Cuttub-Minar, an edifice of a kind unrivalled in Hindostan, 242 ft. in height, with several bal- conies, ascended by a staircase, and erected early in the 13th century. Cdtwa (Hindostan Kangtoya), a town of Brit. India, presid. and prov. Bengal, dist. and 30 m. N.E. Burdwan, on the Hooghly river. CuTO, a riv. of W. Africa, Lower Guinea, Ben- guela, enters the Atlantic, 120 ra. S. of the Coanza, after a course estunated at 400 m. CuxHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, 4J m. S.S.W. Tetsworth. Area 520 ac. Pop. 222. CuxHAVEN, a seaport vill. of N.W. Germany, dom. and about 58 m. W.N.W. Hamburg, on the W. bank of the Elbe, at its mouth, in lat. 53° 53' N., Ion. 8° 44' E. Pop. 1,000. It has public baths, and a regular packet communication with Engl. CuxTow, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 2f m. S.W. Rochester. Area 1,330 ac. Pop. 376. CcxwoLD, a pa. of Engl., co. Luicoln, 3im.E. Caistor. Area 1,370 ac. Pop. 62. CnvABA, or CniABA, a city of Brazil, cap. of the prov. of Mato-Grosso, near 1. b. of river of same name. Lat. 15° 36' S., Ion. 56° W. Pop. (1848) 3,000. It is ill built and irregular ; houses mostly of clay; chief edifices, the churches of Bom Jesus, N. S. do Bozario, and S. Antonio ; it has an imperial hospital, a lazaretto, a school of philosophy, a latin and other schools. Cuiaba supplanted Mato-Grosso as cap. of the prov. in 1820. It is the seat of the prov. assembly, of the military commandant, and of the bishop of the diocese of Mato-Grosso. Its commerce consists chiefly in the exchange of iron implements and other European manufs. for gold. The comar- ca, of which it is cap., comprises numerous villages, and has a pop. of 25,000, comprising miners, agriculturists, and many half civilized Indians. The rich gold mines of the dist. have been worked since 1719. CnvAHOSA, a CO. of the U. S., N. Amer., on N. part of Ohio, watered by river of same name. Area 475 sq. m. Pop. 26,506, — 11. (Cuyahoga Falls), a vill. same state, on the Cuyahoga river, and the Pennsylvania & Ohio canal, 128 m. N.E. Columbus. It has paper and other manufs. and great water power, the river here felling 240 feet by successive leaps through a deep channel. The Cuyahoga river, enters lake Erie at Cleveland, after a N.ward course estimated at 60 m. CuTDNi, CuTUNT, Or CuTuwiNi, a river of British Guiana, tributary to the Essequibo, which itjoinsfrom the W.,in lat. 2° 16' N., Ion. 5°43'W., after receiving the Maparoony. Its banks are less picturesque than those of the latter river, and it is much less navigable ; but it traverses a more productive region. Cuzco, a dep. of S. Peru, mostly between lat. 13° and 15° S., and Ion. 70° and 73° W., having W. and S. the deps. Ayaoucho and Puno. Area 44,900 sq. m. Pop. (1827) 263,924. Surface covered in the W. by the Andes, declines E.ward to the valley of the Urubamba. It is divided into 11 provs. ; its chief towns are Cuzco, Abanjay, and Urubamba. — Cuzco, cap. dep., and formerly the cap. of the Incas, 200 m. N.N.E. Areqnipa, & 11,380 feetabove the sea. Lat. 13° 30' 56' N., Ion. 72° 4' 10" W. P. (1826) 46,123, who manuf. cotton and woollen stufis, leather, embroidery, &c., which have considerable repute. Its cathed. and Augustine convent are among the finest edi- fices in S. Amer., & here are a mint, hospitals, col- legiate schools, and a university. Its Dominican convent occupies the site of a famous Peruvian temple of the sun ; and many massive specimens of ancient Peruvian architecture are extant in & around the city. On its N. side are remains of a vast fortress of a cyclopean kind ; & traces remain of a magnificent road extending thence to Lima, CwM, or CoMBE, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Flint, 2 ni. N.N.E. St Asaph. Pop 426. CWM 891 CZY CwMCARTAN, a pa. of S. Wales, & 4 m. S.S.W. Monmouth. Area 2,830 ac. Pop. 316. CwMDARE, a hamlet of S. Wales, oo. Glamor- gan, pa. Aberdare, 4 m. S.E. Merthyn-Tydvil. Pop. 2,404. In its vicinity is a cascade, the sclustous bed of which emits an inflammable gas. CwMDtr, a hamlet of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, pa. Llangynyd, 7J m. N.N.W. Bridgend. P. 3,880. CwMBHEiDOL, a towuship of S. Wales, co. Car- digan, pa. Llanbadarn-Fawr, 1 m. S.E. Abery- stwyth. Pop. 758. CwM-ToiDDWB, a pa. of S. Wales, co. and 2 m. S. Khayader. Pop. 883. Charities, with school, about 701. per annum. CwMYoi, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford and Monmouth, 6 m. Abergavenny. Area 9,870 ac. Pop. 718. The beautiful ruins of Lanthony Abbey, are situated on the summit of a chff, in the romantic vale of Ewyas, in this parish. Ctclades, are the principal isls. of the Grecian archip., situated between lat. 36° and 38° N., and Ion. 24° and 26° 30' E., belonging to the kgdm. of Greece, ot which they form the govs. Tenos, Syra, Naxos, and Thera, comprising the isls. Lyra, Kythnos, Thera, Tenos, Andros, Naxos, Melos. United area 13,000 sq. m. Pop. (1836) 18,908, many of whom are Roman Catholics. These isls. are generally mntnous., but most of them fertile. Produce of the whole, comprising wine, silk, barley, ohve oil, estimated in 1836, at 121,250Z. Total ann. revenue to the government, d5,168?. ; expenditure, 9,711?. In the same year, 972 ves- sels, aggregate burden 43,522 tons, were owned in the Cyclades. The inhabs., whose chief occu- pation is marit. trade, are amongst the most in- dustrious and best educated in the kingdom. Ctfoeih-t-Brenkik, a township of S. Wales, CO. Cardigan, pa. Llanfihangel-Genur-Glynn, 4 m. N.W.E. Aberystwyth. Pop. 1,191. Cvlch-s-Dee, a township of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, pa. St David's. Pop. 1,086. Ctlt-Cum, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Carmarthen, 5 m. N.W. Llandovery. Pop. 1,481. Ctnell-Mawb, a tnshp. of S. Wales, co. Car- digan, 5 m. N.E. Aberystwyth. Pop. 641. CtPBiLN Bat (St), an inlet of the Atlantic ocean, on the W. coast of Africa, Sahara, immed. N. Cape Barbas. Lat. 22° 35' N., Ion. 17° W. It receives the river St Cyprian, 60 m. in length. CrPKiEN (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. Dordogne, cap. cant., arrond. and 9 m. W. Sarlat. Pop. 1,680. — II. a vill., dep. Aveyron, 16 m. N.N.W. Rodez. Pop. 2,-384. CvPBUs, a femous isl., Asiatic Turkey, in the Mediterranean, 60 m. off the S. Coast of Asia Minor, in lat. 35° N., and between Ion. 32° and 34° iff E. Area estimated at 4,500 sq. m. Pop. (1841) 100,950, of whom 70,000 were Greeks, and 30,000 Turks. Two mountain ranges traverse it fi'om W. to E., having between them the valley of the Pedia ; and Mount Santa Croce (ancient Olympus) is said to be nearly 8,000 ft. in ht. The climate is cold in winter, and the summer heat excessive. Surface in many parts uninhabited and covered with heaths and wastes ; elsewhere very productive, and about 112,000 qrs. of corn, 63,000 do. of carobs, 1,246,000 gals, of wine, 198,000 cwt. of salt are stated to be an average produce annually ; besides which, madder, colocynfch, cot- ton, hemp, pitch, wool, tobacco, olive oil, cheeses, raisins, silk, lambskins, fine timber and fruit, are important products. Some carpets, sillis, and cotton goods are made. Value of exports in 1841, 66,69flZ. ; of imports in do., mostly cotton and woollen fabrics, dressed leather, other manuf. goods & colonial produce, 25,327?. Trade chiefly with the Turkish, Egyptian and Sardinian do- minions, and France. Principal towns Leflcosia, (or Nicosia), Larnica, Famagusta, & Bafi^a. The isl., at an early period, was colonized by the Phoe- nicians, then successively possessed by the Egyp- tians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Venetians, and lastly by the Turks, who now possess it. Cyb (St), numerous vills. of France. — I. dep. Seine-et-Oise, arrond. and 2.], m. W. Versailles. Its famous militia school estabUshed 1803, occu- pies part of the royal abbey founded by Louis XIV. in 1686. — II. dep. Seine-et-Marne, arrond. Coulommiers. P. 1,402. — III. dep. Var., arrond. Toulon. Pop. 1,704.— IV. {au Mont d'Or), dep. Rh6ne, near r. b. of the Saone, 3 m. N. Lyon. P. 1,830 V. {du Sailleul), dep. Manche, arrond. Mortain. Pop. 2,600.— VI. {en Pail), dep. May- enne, cant. Prez-en-Pail. Pop. 1,400. Cysoing, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Nord, arrond. and 8 m. S.E. Lille. Pop. 2,746. Cybbs (St), a pa. of Scotland, co. Kincardine, with a vill. on the N. sea, 5J m. N.N.B. Montrose. Length of pa. 6 m., breadth 3 m. Pop. 1,600; of vill. 207. Most part of the pa. is well cultiv., and in the N. Esk is a good salmon fishery. Cizictjs, a penins. of Asia Minor, Anatolia, extending into the sea of Marmora, S.E. of the isl. of Marmora, and 70 m. S.W. Constantinople, connected by a narrow neck with the mainland. Length S. to N. about 9 m. ; breadth 18 m. It is noted for picturesque beauty. On its isthmus are the remains of the ancient town Cyzicus, the princip. being those of a fine Rom. amphitheatre. Cz ABNiKO w (pron Tchamikov), a town of Prus- sia, reg. and 63 m. S.W. Bromberg, cap. circ, on the Netz. P. 3,510. Manufs. of linen fabrics. CzAENowo, a vill. of Poland, 80 m. E.N.E. Plock, on r. b. of the Orz, celeb, for a victory by the French over the Russians, Dec. 23, 1806. CzAsiAtr (pron. Chazlau), a town of Bohemia, cap. circ, 45 m. E.S.E. Prague. Pop. 3,400. In its church, which has an elevated spire, is. the tomb of the Hussite leader, Ziska. Here Fre- derick the Great gained a victory over the Aus- trians, 17th May 1742. CzEGLED, a large vill., centr. Hungary, co. and 40 m. S.E. Pesth. Pop. (1845) 16,650. It has Roman Catholic and Calvinistic churches, and a trade in red wines. CzEMPiN, a small town of Prussia, Poland, reg, and 20 m. S.S.W. Posen. CzENSTOCHAU, OT CzBNSTOCHOvA, a town of Po- land, prov. and 75 m. S.E. Kalisz, with 3,600 in- habitants, woollen manufs., and a fortfd. convent. It has a sta. on railway from Warsaw to Cracow. CzENSTOCHOw (AiT c& New), two coutiguous towns of Poland, 136 m. S.S.W. Warsaw, with which they comm. by railway. Joint pop. 6,500. CzEEEKWE, two Small towns of Bohemia, circ. and 34 m. E.S.E. Tabor. Czeeniejevo, a town of Prussia, Poland, reg. Bromberg, 10 m. S.W. Gnesen.— Czeraftisatown of Poland, prov. and 22 m. S.E. Warsaw. CZEBNOVPITZ, or TSOHBBNOWITZ, a towu of Austrian Poland, Bukowina, cap. circ. same name, on a hill near the Pruth, 146 m. S.E. Lemberg. Pop. 12,000. It has a Greek cathedral, 700 houses, a gymnasium', and high schools, manufs. of clocks, silver goods, hardwares, and carriages, and an active trade. — II. a vill. of Bohemia, circ. and 13 m. E.S.E. Tabor. CzOBTKOw, a town of Austrian Galicia, cap. circ. on the Sereth, 106 m. S.E. Lemberg, with 2,300 inhabitants, a castle and an important ma- nufacture of tobacco, CzYBKASST, a town of Russia. [Tchebkask.] DAB D Dabeb, afortifd. town of Prussia, reg. Stettin, 18 m. N.N.E. Stargard. Pop. 1,660. Dabo, a comm. & vill. of France, dap. Meurthe, arrond. Sarrebourg, cant. Phalsbourg. P. 1,226. Dabbinghausen, a vtll. of Rhenish Prussia, reg. Diisseldorf, circ. and 8 m. S.E. W. Lennep ; with manufs. of cotton and silk. Pop. 242. Dabul, a town of British India, presid. Bom- bay, dist. Concan, 83 m. S.E. Bombay. Dacca, a city of British India, ranking as the second in the prov. of Bengal, and formerly its cap., now the seat of one of the 6 circuit courts of its presid., & a cap. dist., on the Dallye creek, which connects the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivs., and is here crossed by 10 bridges, 155 m. N.E. Calcutta. Lat. 23° ir N., Ion. 90° 17' E. Estim. pop. 2OOi,O0O. It has an imposing external appearance, with its numerous minarets & spa- cious buildings, and some good European resi- dences with gardens attached ; but much of its interior is said to be like the worst parts of Cal- cutta. There are in the city and suburbs, 13 ghauts or landing places, 7 ferry stations, 12 ba- zaars ; Protestant, Rom. Catholic, Armenian, and Greek churches & cemeteries, 180 Mohammedan, and 119 Hindoo places of worship; other con- spicuous buildings being the ofBoes of the Brit, magistrate, judge, collector, and rev. commis- sioner, the post ofBce, jail, native hospital, lunatic asylum, Brit, military cantonments (unhealthily placed, however, on the borders of a large marsh), the commissariat dep., military orphan asylum, and elephant dep6t. Sevl. of its mined palaces were once fine edifices. It has a government college, and numerous Baptist missions, with Hin- doo and Mohammedan schools. The manuf. of fine and strong muslins for which Dacca was for- merly famous, is wholly extinct ; scarf embroider- ing, and manufs. of gold ornaments, musical in- struments, necklaces, and idols are important branches of industry. Much of the trade is in the hands of Armenians. Dacca is a compara- tively modern city. In 1608, the seat of govern- ment was removed from Rajmahl to this place. Daoca,& Dacca Jelalpoob, two contiguous dists. of British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, enclosed by the dists. Mymunsing, Tiperah, Ba- ehergung, Jessore, and Bajeshaye, & intersected by the main streams of the Brahmaputra and Ganges. United area 4,455 sq. m. Pop. upwards of 1,000,000. Surface highly fertile, producing rice, cotton, sugar, indigo. A good deal of the land has been brought under culture ; but it is still divided into very small properties, the limits of which are continually altering by shifting of the riv. courses. Manufs. of damasks and cotton fabrics are important. Besides the city Dacca, the dist. Dacca contains the towns Narraingunge, Soonergonge, and Rajnagur. [Fueeedpoob,] Daet, a prov. and town of Luzon, Philippine archipelago, the town is situated on the small riv. of same name, which falls into the Pacific at the mth. of the bay of San Miguel. P. of prov. 12,420. Dachau, a mkt. town of Upper Bavaria, on the Ammer, 10 m. N.N.W. Miinchen. Pop. 1,300. Dachstein, a comm. and town of France, dep. B. Bhin, 10 m. W.S.'W. Strasbourg, Pop. 565. Daoee, a pa. of England, co. Cumberland, 4J m. W.S.W. Penrith. Area 8,130 ac. Pop. 975. It has an anc. church built out of the ruins of a monastery ; and a castle, the anc, seat of the barons of d'Acre, whose ancestor's exploits as a crusader at Acre, in Palestine, obtained for the family this name. — II. a tnshp., co. York, W. Rid- ing, pa. Ripon, 5J m. W. Ripley. Pop. 696. Near it are valuable lead mines. Dadakah, a large vill. of Scinde, on the Indus, 34 m. S.W. Larkhana. Dade, sevl. cos., U. S., N. Amer. — I. fa N.W. of Georgia. Area 226 sq. m. Pop. 1,364.-11. on E. coast of Florida,incIudingsevl. isls. Area 600 sq. m. Pop. 446 III. in S.W. of Missouri Dadbee, a town, N.W. Hindostan, Rajpootana, 66 m. S.W. Delhi. Daddb, a town of Beloochistan, prov. Cutch- Gundava, 6 m. E. of the Bolan pass. Pop. abt. 3,000. It is stated to be " one of the hottest places in the world." Here in Nov. 1840, the British troops routed a Kelat force. Dagelet, an isl. m the Sea of Japan, about midway between Japan and Corea, 8 m. in circ. Dagenham, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 3J m. S. Romford. Area 4,560 ac. Pop. 2,294. Daohestan, a prov. of Russia, extends along the W. coast of the Caspian Sea, mostly between lat. 41° & 43° N., and Ion. 46° & 50' E., bounded S. and S.W. by the Caucasus mntns.and Georgia, and N. by the prov. Kumiki. Surface mostly mntnous ; various grains, with hemp, madder, & tobacco are raised m the valleys, but the pop. is chiefly employed in cattle reanng. Chief towns, Derbend, Tarki, Nizabad, & Kuba. [Deebenb.] Daglinqvpoeth, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 3 m. N.W. Cirencester. Area 1,700 ac. Pop. 302. Dago, an isl. of Russia, gov. Esthonia, in the Baltic Sea, near the entrance of the Gulf of Fin- land, separated from the isl. Oesel, on the N. by Sele-Sund. Length nearly 34 m. ; breadth 15 m. Pop. 10,000, mostjy employed in fishing and rear- ing cattle. Coasts rocky, and soil poor. Dagsboeough, a vill. of U. S., N. America, Delaware, 44 m. S.S.E. Dover. Pop. 2,324. Dahhi & Dahhba, two towns of Arabia; the former in Yemen, 50 m. S.E. Loheia ; the latter, dom. and 80 m. S.S.W. Muscat. Dahleh, two towns of Germany. — I. Rhenish Prussia, reg. Diisseldorf, 4 m. S.W. GHadbach. Pop. 1,360. Manufe. woollen fabrics, lace, and soap. — II. Saxony, on railw.,circ. & 27 m. E. Leip- zig. Pop. 2,081. It has manufs. of linens. Dahmb, a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. Potsdam, on the riv. Dahme, 44 m. S. Ber- lin. Pop. 3,750. It is enclosed by walls, and de- fended by a strong citadel ; it has woollen cloth, tobacco, and linen factories. The French were defeated here in 1713. Dahna (At), a wide sandy plain occup. all the N.E. part of Arabia, bordering on the Turkish pash. Bagdad, and extending S. to abt. lat. 27° N. Dahomet, a country of W. Africa, Upper Guinea, extending along the coast, from the riv. Volta to Fort Badagry, between lat. 6° and 8° N., and Ion. 0° 30' and 2° E., bounded W. by Asban- tee, and E. by Xarriba, & comprising the coast dists. Whydah, Popo, and Kerapay. Surface level and well watered ; tropical products grow here in the utmost luxuriance. The inhabitants appear to be in the lowest stage of barbarism, & their longs are said to exercise the most abso- lute despotism. An active slave trade continues to be maintained here. Chief town, Abomey. DaiIiLy, a pa, of Scotland, co. Ayr, with a vill. DAI 393 DAL on the GirYan riv., 6 m. E.N.E. Gii'van. Area esUm. at 17,000 ac. Pop. 2,272. Daihiel, a modern town of Spain, prov. and 20 m. E.N.E. Giudad-Keal. Pop. (1845) 9,128. There are several salt marshes in its vicinity ; it has manufs. of woollens and linens, and is one of the richest & most import, places in La Mancha. Dain.\, a Till, of Syria, pash. and 20 m. W. Aleppo. Here are numerous ruins supposed to be IJiose of the anc. 7mma, and neai* it the convent and ruined pillar of St Simon-Stylites. Dairsie, a pa. of Scotland, co. Fife, 2J m. E. Cupar. Area 2,306 ac. Fop. 669. In it are the Till. Dairsiemuir or Osnaburg, and an old castle in which a parliament was held in 1355 ; subse- quently Archbishop Spottiswood resided in it, & built the church and bridge across the Eden. Dajel, a small town and fort of N. Scinde, 40 m. S.S.W. Dera Ghazee Khan, and commanding a route from the Indus through the Bolan pass. Dakhel, or Dakhleh (El), the W. oasis of Upp. Egypt, near lat. 25° 30' N., Ion. 29° E., 50 m. W. the oasis El-Kharzeh. Length E. to W. 28 m. ; breadth 15 m. Estim. pop. betw. 6,000 and 7,000. Soil very fertile, yielding large quan- tities of dates, olives, and other fruits. It con- tains the small towns El Kasr and Kalamoon, numerous vills., and the remains of many anc. towns, with a remarkable temple. — Dakkeh (anc. Pseleis), is a vill.' of Nubia, on 1. b. of the Nile, 40 m. N.E. Derr, with a temple of the Ptolemaic era. Opposite it, E. the Nile, are considerable remains of the anc. Metacompso. Dalai -Nob, a lake of Mongolia, near the Bus- sian frontier, lat. 54° N., Ion. 116° E. Dalaboe, a maritime vill. of Sweden, Isen and 20 m. S.E. Stockholm, with a fort on the Gulf of Bothnia. Pop. 600, mostly pilots and fishers. Dalbeattie, a vill. of Scotl., stewartry Kirk- cudbright, 4J m. E.S.E. Castle-Douglas. Dalbubt, a pa. of England, co. and 5| m. S.S.W. Derby. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 221. Dalby, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Lincoln, 3 m. N.N.E. Spilsby. Area 1,020 ac. Pop. 106. — IL CO. York, N. Kiding, 9J m. W-S-W. New Maldon. Area 1,480 ac. Pop. 141.— III. (Mag- na), CO. Leicester, 3J m. S.W. Melton-Mowbray. Area 3,080 ac. Pop. 479. — IV. {Parva), same Co., 4 m. S.S.E. Melton-Mowbray. Area 2,180 ac. Pop. 184. — V. (on the Wolds), same CO., 5J m. N.W. Melton-Mowbrav. Area 3,430 ac. Pop. 410. Dalbeebt, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 2J m. S. Homcastle. Area 660 ac. Fop. 57. Dale, a maritime vill. and pa., formerly a bor. and market-town of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, BJ m. W. Milford, on a peninsula bounding Milford- haven on the W. Pop. of pa. 892. In this pa. is St Ann's Head, lat. 61° 41' N.,lon.5° 10' 26" W., with two light-houses, elevation 192 feet. The Earl of Kichmond, afterwards Henry vii., landed here to contest the crown of Engl, in 1486. Dale, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. of Alabama. Pop. 7,397. Chief town Daleville. Dalecablia, or Dalabne, an old prov. of Sweden, now comprised in the laen Fahlun. Dal-Elf, ariv. of Sweden, Isens Fahlun & Gefle, formed by the union of the Oster & Wester-Dal, 20 m. W. Fahlun, flows successively S.E. & E., tra- versing many lakes, and enters the Gulf of Both- nia 10 m. E. Gefle. Total course, from the source of the Oster-Dal, about 250 m. It forms numerous cataracts, and except near its month, itis only navigable for raffs. On itare the towns Hedemora and Avesta. Dalen, a via. of Netherl,, prov. Drenthe, 2J m. N.E. Kolvorden. Pop. 1,600 Dalenhurg Is a town of Hanover, 16 m. S.E. Lunebnrg. P. 800. Daleszioe, a town of Poland, prov. and 9 m. S.E. Kielce, in a deep valley. Pop. about 1,520. It has a fine church. Neai' it are extens. mines. Dalpsen, avill.of the Neth'ds, prov. Overyssel, on the Vecht, 7 m. E. Zwolle, with a fine church. Dalgeit, a pa. of Scotl., co. Fife, on the Firth of Forth, 2 m. N.E. Inverkeithing. Pop. 1,265. It has a harbour, whence coal and salt are ex- ported. Donibi'istle house, in tliis pa., was in 1592 the scene of the murder of Earl Moray. Daliiam, apa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 6 m. E.S.E. Newmarket. Area 1,840 ac. Pop. 698. Dalhousie, a vill. of Scotl., co. and 8 m. S.E. Edinburgh, pa. Cockpen ; in its vicinity is Dal- housie castle, seat of the Earl of Dalhousie. Dalias, a town of Spain, prov. and 20 m. W.S.W. Almeria, near the Mediterranean. Pop. (1846) 11,970, chiefly employed in fishing. Dalihghoe, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 25 m. W.S.W. Wickham-Market. Ac. 1,110. P. 346. Dalkeith, a burgh of barony, market-town, & pa. of Scotland, co. and 6^ m. S.E. Edinburgh, between the N. and S. Esk rivers, and a station on the Hawick branch of the N. British rail- way. P. of pa. 5,830 ; do. of town 4,831. Town well built, paved, and lighted ; has a pa. church (a gothic edifice, formerly collegiate), several other chapels, a classical school, scientific insti- tution, subscription library, various banks, two market-houses, numerous good shops and resids., and one of the largest corn markets in Scotland. In and around it are extensive com mills, with breweries, iron foundries, tanneries, and coal works. Markets, Monday and Thursday. Fairs, first Thursday after Rutherglen May fair, and 3d Tuesday of October. In its vicinity is Dal- keith palace, the princip. seat of the Duke of Bucclench, and where George iv. resided during his visit to Scotland in 1822. Dalkey, a maritime pa. of Irel., Leinster, co. and 8 m. S.E. Dublin. Area 467 ac. Pop. of pa. 1,449 ; of vill. 304. The latter on the Irish Sea, immediately outside DubUn Bay, was a seaport town of some consequence in the 17th century, and its harbour is protected by 7 strong forte, now in part dismantled. Dalkey isl. and battery are sep. from the mainland by a narrow sound. Dallas, or Dollas, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 8 m. S.W. Elgin. Pop. 1,179. Dallas, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer., in centre of Alabama. Area 926 sq. m. Pop. 25,199, of whom 17,208 are slaves. Dallinqton, two pas. of Engl — I. co. and 1\ m. N.W. Northampton. Ac. 1,520. P. 618.— IL CO. Sussex,6m. W.N. W. Battle. Ac.3,890. P.612. Dallya, or Dalja, a market-town, Austrian dom., Slavonia, co. Verotz, on r. b. of the Danube, 19 m. E.S.E. Eszek. Pop. 3,430, partly engaged in extensive sturgeon fisheries in the river. Dalmacherky, a town of British India, pre- sid. and 100 m. N.W. Madras. Dalmatia (Kingdom of). Germ. Dalmaiien, the S.most portion of the Austrian empire, situ- ated between lat. 42° 16' and 44° 64' N., and Ion. 14° 30' and 19° E., and forming a narrow strip of country, bounded W. by the Adriatic, E. by Turkey (Herzegovina), N. and E. by Croatia: cap. Zara. Area, including 60 isls. & numerous islets, 5,816 sq. m. Pop. (1845) 410,000, mostly of Slavonic origin & Roman Catholics. Surface mountainous, covered by offshoots of the Dinaric Alps, traversed on the N. by a ridge of limestone mountains, and on the W. by a similar ridge parallel with the coast. Culminating point Mt, UAL 394 Orien, 6,332 feet in elevation, Dinara 6,040 feet, Pastovo 5,929 feet, and Velebich 5,439 feet. Chf. rivers the Zermagna, Kerka, Settina, & Narenta. Soil good ; agriculture in a very rude state ; chf. products, Indian com, rye, barley, the fig, and olives. Coal of inferior quality is worked at Dernis : iron exists in the mountains, but is not worked. Salt is a profitable article of export. Fishing employs 8,000 of the coast pop., and the country is remarkable for the number of its birds. Ship building is an active branch of in- dustry, and all parts of the coast afford excellent harbours. Climate resembles that of Naples, but is more healthy. Temp, seldom below freezing. Maximumheat in June and July 89° Fahr. ; winter short ; snow seldom lies, except on the mountains. The Sirocco blows 100 days in the year, and is much dreaded on the coast in winter. DaJmatia is divided into the 4 deps. Zara, Spalatro, Kagusa, and Cattaro. Education is far behind, the chief schools are a gymnasium at Kagusa, and another at Spalatro. It formed part of ancient Ulyricum. In 1805, Napoleon incoqjorated it with the king- dom of Italy, and created Marshal Soult Duke of Dalmatia. Dalmatov, or Dolmatov, a town of Asiatic Bussia, gov. Perm, on the Iset, 100 m. E.S.E. Ekaterinburg. Pop. about 1,000. Dalmellington, a pa. and burgh of barony of Scotland, co. and 13 m. S.E. Ayr. Pop. of pa. 1,199, partly engaged in woollen manufs., and in coal works. Fairs, Shrove-Tuesday, Hallowe'en, and Friday after Whitsunday, O. S. The scenery of the Doon in this pa. is remarkably picturesque. Dalmeny, a pa. of Scotl., co. Linlithgow, on the Firth of Forth, 1^ m. E.S.E. Queensferry. Pop. 1,393. It has, among other antiquities, a picturesque castle of the Earl of Rosebery, and a Saxon church in fine preservation. Daxmow, a town of India, dom. Oude, on N. b. of the Ganges, 64 m. S. Lucknow. Dalmy, a small isl., Persian Gulf, off the Arabian coast, in lat. 24° 36' N., Ion. 52° 24' E. inhabitants partly engaged in pearl fishing. DaI/RV, a vill. and pa. of Scotl., co. Ayr, the vill. having a station on the Glasgow and Ayr railway, 18 m. N.N.W. Ayr, 15 m. S.W. Paisley. Pop. of pa. 4,791, of which the vill. contains a half. There are coal and iron works, a brisk manuf. of woollens, and 6 annual fairs. — II. a pa. stewartry of Kirkcudbright, on the Ken, 3m. N.W. New Galloway. Pop. 1,216. Height of Black- larg mouatain 2,890 feet. Dalbvmple, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 4J m. S.E. Ayr. Area about 12 sq. m. Pop. 909. The vill., situated on the Doon, gives name to an emi- nent Scottish family, anciently lords of the barony. Daibymple (Pokt), Tasmania, is an estuary at the mouth of the Tamar, N. shore of Van Diem. Ld. Lat. of lightho. 41° 3' 5" S., Ion. 146° 47' 6' E. Dalseef, a pa. of Scotl., co. Lanark, on the Clyde, 6 m. S.E. Hamilton. Ac. 7,220. P. 3,205. Dalston, a pa. of Engl., co. Cumberland, 5 m. S.S.W. Carhsle. Area 10,890 ac. Pop. 2,874. The seat of the Bp. of Carlisle, Kosecastle, stands in a beautiful valley in this pa. — II. a hamlet, co. Middlesex, forming a N. suburb of London, pa. Hackney, 31 m. N.N.E. St Paul's. It is pleasantly situated. Dalton, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 10 m. E. Dumfries. Area about 11 sq. m. Pop. 638. Dalton, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Massachus- etts, 9 m. N.E. Lenox. Pop. 1,264. Dalton, several pas., &c. of England. — I. {In Wurrms), with a mkt. town, co. & 18 m. W.N.W. Lancaster. Area of pa., including several isls. on the coast, 16,210 ae. Pop. 3,231, mostly engaged in iron mines and foundries, and in malting. The town has an old church, an ancient tower used as a court-house, gaol, and a free grammar school, rev. 135Z. per ann. In its vicinity are the splendid ruins of Fumess abbey, and remains of a castle called the Peel of Foundey, erected on an islet, to defend the harbour — II. (Ze-Dak), CO. Durham, 6J m. S. Sunderland. Area 3,940 ac. Pop. 2,709. Annual rev. of charities 501 III. (North), CO. York, E. Ridmg, 7 m. S.W. Great Driffield. Area 4,860 ac. Pop. 606— IV. (South), same co. and Riding, 6} m. N.W. Bever- ley. Area 1,730 ac. Pop. 269.— V. a tnshp., co. Lancaster, pa. & IJ m. E.S.E. Bnrton-in-Kendal. Pop. 1,006.— VI. (On-Tees), a tnshp., co. York, N. Riding, pa. Croft, 5 m. S. Darlington. P. 602. Dalupiri, one of the Philippine isls., N. Luzon. Lat. 19° 16' N.,lon. 121° 34' E., 30 miles in cire. Dalwoob, a hamlet of Engl., co. Dorset, pa. Stockland, 3J m. N.W. Axminster. Pop. 513. Dalziel, a pa. of Scotl., co. Lanark, 2 m. N.E. Hamilton. Pop. 1,457. 'The mansion-house of Dalziel is a fine antique structure. It has a single arched bridge across the Calder. The pa. was intersected by the Great Western Roman road. Damaghan, a fortified town of Persia, prov. Khorassan, 60 m. S.S.E. Astrabad. Its ruinous walls are about 2^ m. in circ, but not one-half of the space within them is occupied by buildings. Damak, a town of Java, near its N. coast, 15 m. N.E. Samarang. Damaxa, a vill. of Greece, Morea, dep. Argolis, 26 m. E.S.E. Argos, on the G. of Egina. It was the seat of a congress during the Greek, revol. Near it are the remains of the anc. Trcezen. Damanhour, Hermopolis-parva, a town of Lower Egypt, cap. prov. Bahireh, 37 m. E.S.E. Alexandria. It has cotton-spinning & woollen- weaving factories, in which latter are woven coarse capotes for the army, afterwards sent to Boulack to be finished. — Damanhour CSoSro is a vill. on the Nile, 5 m. N. Cairo, and where the Egyptian pasha has a summer residence. Damab, a town of Arabia, Yemen, 60 m. S.S.E. Sana, with a citadel, a college, & 5,000 houses. Damaban, an isl. of Asiatic Arcliip., E. Pala- wan, lat. 10° 46' N., Ion. 120° 5' E., 46 m. in circ. Damascus, the largest pashahc of Syria, com- prising all that country between Lebanon & the Euphrates, lat. 31° to 36° N., Ion. 36° to 41° E., having N. the pashs. Aleppo and Diarbekir, W. those of Tripoli, Acre, and Gaza, E. and S. the Arabian desert. Surface mostly level, except in the W. ; in parts it is extremely fertile. Prinoip. rivs., the Orontes and Jordan ; and it comprises the Dead Sea, a part of the L. of Tiberias, and several smaller lakes. Corn, hemp, flax, madder, tobacco, cotton, silk, and cochineal are raised, and live-stock of all kinds numerous. Chief cities, Damascus, Horns, Hamah, & Jerusalem; here also are the remains of Palmyra, and other cities, celebrated in ancient and sacred history. The pash. is divided into 20 dists., or governor- ships, has 8 cities and towns, 1,522 villages, and a pop. of 526,812, exclusive of Bedwins. Damascus, Es-Sham, a famous city of Syria, cap. pash., in a hilly fertile plain, E. of Anti- Libanus, and 53 m. E.S.E. its port Beyrout. Lat. 33° 27' N., Ion. 36° 23' E. Pop. estimated at from 80,000 to 100,000, of whom 12,000 are Chris- tians, and 12,000 Jews. It is enclosed by walls and towers, and has extensive suburbs, many handsome mosques, the principal of which is 650 feet in length, by ISO ft. in width ; Greek, Maro- nito, Syrian, and Armenian churches, 3 Fran- DAM 395 DAN ciscan convents, 8 synagogues, an extensive khan, and numerous bazaars of less size, all well supplied with goods ; various hospitals, 20 large and many smaller Mohammedan schools, a Greek college, Jewish, and Armenian schools, and a large fortified palace of the pasha in the centre of the city. Its private buildings are mostly mean externally, but internally often fitted up with great magnificence ; a large and increasing trade attests the wealth of its inhabs. It is the seat of a tribunal of commerce, and had a few years ago 4,000 looms for silk and cotton stuffs, important manu&. of soap, saddlery, cabinet-work, jewellery, and sabres. Caravans come to it several times annnally from Bagdad, Mecca, Aleppo, &c., and there is daily communication with Beyrout, Tri- poli, and Acre. Large quantities of wheat, mad- der, hemp, and tobacco are raised in its vicinity, which is one of the "four paradises" of eastern poetry ; the city imports British and other Euro- pean goods to a considerable amount. Damascus is probably one of the earliest cities in the world which attained to consequence ; it is men- tioned in Genesis xiv. 15. It was taken by David (2 Sam. viii. 6) ; but soon afterwards re- covered its independence. The city was taken by the Saracens, a. b. 632. In 161G it fell into the hands of the Turks, and in 1832 was captured by Ibrahim Pacha. Damaus ("the border"), a frontier prov. of Afghanistan, between the Solymaun mntns. & the Indus. Lat. 30° to 33° N., & Ion. 70° to 71° E. Surface mostly a bare, clayey plain ; but it is ir- rigated and fertile aronnd its towns Dera-Ismael, D.-Ghazee Khan, &c., and under the Sikhs it yielded an annual rev. of about 150,000?. — II. a town of W. Hindostan, belonging to the Portu- guese, on the Gulf of Cambay, 59 m. S. Snrat. Estimated pop. 6,000. It has several churches and convents, a Parsee temple (the fire in which is reputed to have been burning for 1,200 years), atolerable roadstead, & some trade in ship-buildg. Damazan, a comra. and town of France, dep. Lot-et- Garonne, 11 m. N.N.W. Nerac. P. 1,680. Dambach, a comm. and town of France, dep. B. Khin, 4 m. N. Schelestadt. Pop. 3,485. Near it are mines of iron and manganese. Dambooloo, a vill. of Ceylon, 40 m. N. Kandy, with cave temples, and Buddhic sculptures. Damboesciiitz, a mkt. town of Moravia, circ. and 17 m. S.E. Brijnn. Pop. 1,617. Dameb, a town of Nubia. [Ed-bahmeb.] Damebhau (Socth), a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 10 m. S.S.W. Salisbury. Ac. 4,310. Pop. 728. Damebt, a comm. and town of France, dep. Mame, arrond and 4 m. W.N.W. Epemay, near r. b. of the Marne. Pop. 1,770. It has a hand- some church, and a trade in esteemed red wines. Damgaeten, a town of Prussia, prov. Pome- rania, reg. and 26 m. W. Stralsund. Pop. 1,411. Damiano (Saw), several small towns of Italy. — I. Pontif. sta., leg. and 8 m. S.S.E. Forli. Pop. 1,300 II. (d'Asti), Sard, sta., div. Alessandria, prov. and 6 m. W.S.W. Asti, cap. mand., on the Borbo. Pop. (1838) with comm. 6,767. It is partially fortified. — III. {di Com), div., prov. and 6 m. W.S.W. Coni. Pop. (with comm.) 2,674. Damietta, a town and riv. port of Lr. Egypt, on r. b. of the great E. branch of the Nile, at its delta, 8 m. from its mouth, in the Mediterranean. Lat. 31° 25' N., Ion. 31° 49' E. Pop. estimated at 28,000. It is in general meanly built, but it has some good mosques, houses, and marble baths, a school for infantry officers, and a cotton- spinning factory. Its harbour is bad, and its commerce having become mostly monopolized by Alexandria, it has now little more than a coasting trade with the ports of Syria, &c., in dried fish & agricultural produce Old Damietta, repeatedly taken by the Christians during the Crusades, was about 4 m. N., where are some of its remains. Damm, a fortified town of Prussia, prov. Pome- rania, reg. and 5 m. E.S.B. Stettin, on the railw. to Stargard, at the mouth of the Slonc, in L. Damm. Pop. 2,890. Manufs. woollen cloths. Damma, a small island of the Molucca group, E. Arohip., N.E. Timor, lat. 7° 5' S., Ion. 128° 80' E. It yields a consid. quantity of sulphur, and has some good anchorages. It was settled on by the Dutch in 1646, but afterwards abandoned. Dammabie, several comms. and vills. in the central deps. of France; the principal in Eure-et- Loir, 8 m. S. Chartres. Pop. 1,131. Dammabtin, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, cap. cant., arrond. and 11 m. N.W. Meaux. Pop. 1,827.— Some vills., deps. Doubs, Jura, H. Marne, &c., have the same name. Damme, a fortified town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 4 m. N.E. Bruges, on a canal. P. 800. — II. a vill., N. Germany, duchy and 43 m. S. Oldenbm'g, with an extensive cattle market. Dammee, an isl. of Asiatic Archip., off the S. extremity of Gilolo, in lat. 1° S., Ion. 128° 10' E. Dammbeschb-see, a lake of Prussia, prov. Pomerania, reg. Stettin, formed by the Oder near its mouth. It is navigable in all its extent. Dampiek Abchipelago is off the N.W. coast of Australia, lat. 21° S., Ion. 116° to 117° E., and comprises Enderby, Lewis, Rosemary, Legendre, Depuch, and many smaller isls. — Dampierre Str. between the isl. Waygiou & Papua, is 35 m. broad. Dampiebbe, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Jura, cap. cant., near r. b. of the Doubs, 12 m. N.E. Dole. Pop. 591.— II. {sur SdXon), a mkt. town of France, dep. H. Saone, cap. cant., on the Salon, 9 m.N.E. Gray. Pop. 1,422. — J?ampierre is the name of several vills. in Central and W. France. Dampoob, a town of British India, presid. Ben- gal, TJpp. provs., dist. & 38 m. N.W. Moradabad. Damsa, a beautiful islet of the Orkneys, in bay, & forming part of pa. of Firth. Circuit abt. 1 m. Damville and Damvillees, two comms. and vills. of France, caps, of cantons ; the former, dep. Euro, arrond. and 11 m. S.S.W. Evreux. Pop. 804. — The latter, dep. Mouse, arrond. and 13 m. S. Montmedy. Pop. 1,075. Dan, a city of antiquity in Palestine, at the N. extremity of the "Promised Land" (Beersheba, or Bir-saba, 140 m. distant, forming its S. limit). The site of Dan has been fixed by Robinson at the Tell-el-Kady, 3 m. W.N.W. Banias. Dana, a vill. of N. Syria, pash. and 20 m. W. Aleppo. In and around it are many remains of antiquity, remarkable mounds and caverns. Danakil, or Dankali, a country of N.E. Af- rica, extending along the W. coast of the Red Sea, between lat. 12° and 16° N., and Ion. 40° & 43° 30' E., having W. chiefly the dom. of Tigre, Abyssinia. It is a rocky, bare, and desolate re- gion, with numerous salt lakes, the salt from which forms the principal article of traffic. Danbuky, a pa. of England, co. Essex, on the Chelmer, 4J m. E.S.E. Chelmsford, and with a hill and anc. Danish camp, whence its name. Area 3,670 ac. Pop. 1,189. Fair, 29th May. Danbuet, a township and bor., of the U. S., N. Amer., Connecticut, Hartford. P. of tnshp. 4,504. It was burned during the revolutionary war. Danby, two pas. of England, co. York, N. Rid- ing. — I. 8J m. S.E. Gainsborough. Area 13,860 ac. Pop. 1,273.-11. ( WMshe), SJ m. N.W. North- Allerton. Area 4,360 ac. Pop. 646. BAN 396 DAN Danbt, two townships of U. S., N. Amer — I. New York, 168 m. W.S.W. Albany. Pop. 2,570. —II. Vermont, 13 m. N. Manchester. P. 1,379. Dande, a riv. of S.W. Africa, bounds N. the state Angola, enters the Atlantic, 60 m. N. the mouth of the Coanza, after a N. course estimated at 200 m. (?) — Daiule is a vill. near its mouth. Danseau, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Eure-et-Loir, 9 m. N. Chateaudun. Pop. 1,500. Dangerous Akohipelaqo, a group of isls.. Pacific O., in lat. 21° S., Ion. 140° "W., comprising the Palliser, Resolution, Harp, & numerous other isls. — The Isles of Danger are a small group in the Pacific. Lat. 11° S., Ion. 166° W. Daniele (San), a mkt. town of N. Italy, gov. Venice, 13 m. N.W. Cdine, cap. dist., with a mag- nificent bridge on the Tagliamento. Pop. 3,500. Danilisha, a populous vill. of Russia, gov. & adjacent to Perm, of which it is a suburb. Dankaba, a town of W. Africa, Upp. Guinea, cap. kgdm. of same name, on the Gold Coast, 47 m. W. Coomassie. The kingdom is tributary to Ashantee, and contains rich gold mines. Danilov, a town of Euss., gov. & 40 m. N.N.E. Jaroslavl, cap. circ, on the Pelenda. Pop. 1,764. It is surrounded by collieries, and has manufs. of candles, and dye-works. — Danilovetschi, is a mkt. town, gov. & 80 m. N. Minsk. Pop. 1,200. Danisohe-'Wald, a country, Denmark, Schles- wig, between the gulfs of Eclsernfiorde and Kiel. Dankov, or DoNKOv, a town of Russia, gov. and 90 m. S. Riazan, cap. circ, at the confluence of the Vesovaja with the Don, Pop. 2,500. It is mostly built of wood, and has 6 churches. Dannaikenootta, a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 32 m. N. Coimbatoor. Dankemakie, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. H. Rhin, cap. cant., arrond. and 12 m. E. Belfort, on the canal of the RhSne and Rhine. Pop. 1,214. — Also comms., deps. Doubs, &e. Daxnenberg, a walled town of Hanover, landr. and 30 m. E.S.E. Luneburg, cap. oo., on the Jeetze. Pop. 1,500, engaged in breweries, &c. Dannemoba, a mining town of Sweden, ten & 22 m. N. Upsal. Its mines are the largest, and yield the best iron m the country. Dansville, a township of U. States, New York, 25 m. N.W. Bath. Pop. 2,725.-11. a vill., same state, near Sparta. Pop. 1,600. Danube (German Donau, anc. DanubiMs and Ister), an important river, and, next to the Volga, the largest in Europe, originates in the Serge, a mntn. torrent which rises in the E. dechvity of the Schwarzwald in Baden, at an elevation of 2,850 feet above the level of the sea. This stream, when joined by the Brigach, and by the waters of a spring from the castle garden of Donaue- schingen, takes the name of the Donau. It flows first generally E.N.E. through an alpine countrv to TJlm, thence E.N.E. and E.S.E. to Passan it traverses the plain of Bavaria. From Passau to Vienna E.S.E., it intersects a hilly region, and the remainder of its course, E.S.E. to Waitzfe, S. to Baoz, and E. to the Black Sea, is through a country, generally flat, except at the defile of the " iron gate," E. of Orsova. Length (direct) 1,000 m., or includhig windings, 1,725 m. It drains the waters from a surface of nearly 260,000 sq. m. ; its average fall is 18 inches per m., but below Pesth it is only 3 inches ; at Ulm it is 1,400 feet, at Regensburg 1,000, at Passau 800, at Vienna 460, and at Pesth 300 feet above the level of the sea. Its breadth at Ulm is 108 feet, and in its lower course 6,000 feet ; depth at Ulm, 6 ft., at Passau 16 feet, and lower down average 20 feet. It passes Sigmaringen and Ulm in Wiirtemberg, Dillingen, Hochstadt, Donauworth, Ingolstadt, Regensburg, & Passau in Bavaria; Linz, Diem- stein, Korneuborg, & Vienna, in Austria ; Pres- burg, Komom, Gran, Waitzen, Bnda, Pesth, Peterwardein, and Carlowitz in Hungary ; Bel- grade, Semendria, and Orsova in Servia ; Widin, NicopoU, Rutschuk, Silistria, and Hirschova in Bulgaria ; Giurgevo, and Brahilov in Wallachia. The chief affls. of the Danube are, on the right, the Iller, Lech, Isar, Inn, Ens, Raab, Drave, Save, Morava, Timok, Isker, Vid, & Jantra ; & on the left, the Altmiihl, Nab, Regen, March, Vaag, Gran, Theiss, Temes, Chyl, Aluta, Jalomnitza, Sereth, and Pruth. Near its mouth in the Black Sea it separates into several branches, the S.most of which, called the branch of St George, forms, by the treaty of Adrianople, the boundary between the Ottoman empire and Russia. It communi- cates by canals with the Elbe by means of the Moldau, & with the Rhine by the Altmiihl. It is navigable for vessels of 100 tons from Uhn. Steam packets were established on the Danube in 1830. In 1840, there were 10 steam vessels em- ployed between Presburg, Pesth, and Constan- tinople, and 2 between Regensburg and Linz. Danube, a tnshp., U. States, New York, 70 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 1,960. Danube (Cibole beyond the), (Germ. Kreise jensdts der Donau), one of the great divisions of Hungary, comprising nearly all the kmgdom on the right or W. of the river. The " circle on this side the Danube," diesseits der Donau, extends along the left, or N. and E. of the river. Danube (circle of), one of the 4 circles of Wiirtemberg, cap. Ulm. Pop. (1845) 403,315. Danvees, a tnshp., U. S., N. America, Massa- chusetts, on the Atlantic, N.W. Salem, of which its principal vill. is a suburb. Pop. 5,020. Danville, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Vermont, 30 m. N.E. Montpellier. Pop. 2,633,— II. a vill., Pennsylvania, 50 m. E.N.E. Harrishnrg, on the Susquehanna, here crossed by a bridge. Pop. 1,000. — III. a vill., Virginia, on the Dan, an affluent of the Roanoake, 28 m. W.N.W. Rox- borough. Pop. 1,200. It is situated on an emi- nence, & has two banking houses & a masonic haU.— IV. a vill., Kentucky, 40m.W.S.W. Frank- fort. Pop. 1,223. It has a deaf & dumb asylum and a college with 7 professors. — V. a vill., Mis- souri, cap. CO. Montgomery, 47 m. N.E. Jefferson. Danzig {Dantzic trdansk), an important fortifd. city & seaport of W. Prussia, cap. reg., on 1. b. of the Vistula, SJ m. from its outlet at Weichsel- mijnde, and here joined by the Mottlau & Rsm- danne, which traverse the city. Lat. (of parish church) 54° 21' 4" N., Ion. 18° 39' 34' E. P. (1846) including its 9 suburbs, 67,933. Mean temp, of year, 45° 6; winter, 30°; summer, 61° 9Fahr. It is very old, its streets are narrow & gloomy. Prin- cipal public edifices, a cathedral, finished in 1503, numerous Lutheran & Roman Catholic churches and chapels, 2 synagogues, an English church, several monasteries and nunneries, a gymnasium, a royal school of navigation, schools of commerce, arts, and trade, a public library with 30,000 vols., an observatory, a museum, society of natural history, an orphan asylum, ho. of industry, and several hospitals, 2 town-haJls, an arsenal, and an exchange. Vessels drawing 8 or 9 feet water can reach the city ; others lie in the Neufahr- wasser, at the mouth of the river, or in the roads, which afford good anchorage for vessels of any burden. Principal manufs. fire-arms, tobacco, silks, vitriol, and jewellery ; and it has numerous distilleries, breweries, flour mills, dye-works, & sugar refineries. Princip. exports wheat, rye, DAN 897 DAR barley, oats, pease, flour, linseed, rape, biscuits, provisions, ashes, zinc, bones, timber, staves, flax, hemp, linens, spirits, black beer, and wool. Imports comprise woollen and silken stu£fe, and other manufiictured goods, colonial products, dyes, wine, oil, spice, fruit, salt, & furs. In 1845, its e.xports of wheat amounted to 34,106 lasts, of which 23,343 do. were sent to Great Britain. The corn granaries, with warehouses for linens, ashes, hemp, &c., are all situated on a small isl. formed by the Mottlau. Danzig was occupied by the Teutonic Itniglits from 1310 till 1454, when it became independent under the protection of Poland, and was for a long period a principal member of the Hanseatic league. It was as- signed to Prussia at the second partition of Po- land. It capitulated to the French in 1807. Since 1815, its fortifications have been greatly extended and improved, and works have been constructed by which the whole adjacent country may be laid under water. It is the birth-place of Fahrenheit— The Gulf of Danzig, E. and W. Prussia, is an inlet of the Baltic, 65 m. in breadth at its entrance. It is separated from the Frische Half by the Frische Nehrung, a long narrow tongue of land on the S.E. On it are the towns Pillau, Putzig, and Hela. Daoudcaundt, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, on the Brahmapootra, 30 m. W. Comillah. Daoudnaguk, a town of British India, Bahar dist, on the Sone, 30 m. S.S.W. Patna. Daoulas, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Finistere, cap. cant., arrond. and 10 m. E. Brest, with a port on the Atlantic. Pop. 501. Daoukia, a country of Asia, in Russia & China, comprising in the first the gov. Irkutsk, the cap. of which is Nertchinsk, and in the second, a part of Mantchuria. The Daourian mountains, are a part of the Stanovoi chain, between the basin of the Amour and Lake Baikal, they are rich in sil- ver, zinc, copper, iron, and mercury. Daba, a ruined town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. Bagdad, 20 m. S.S.E. Mardin, with extensive re- mains of granaries, tombs, and reservoirs Dar, Darah, and Darah are vills. of Scinde. Dababohebd, or Dababjerd, a town of Persia, prov. Fars, 130m. S.E. Shiraz. It is large, popu- lous, and surrounded by orange groves. Dabajee, a town of Scinde, in the delta of the Indus, 39 m. S.S.W. Tattah. Pop. about 2,000. Dae-al-Beida (the "white house"), a small fortifd. maritime town of Marocco, kingdom Fez, on the Atlantic, 46 m. N.E. Azamor. Dabasaoub, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, on the Ganges, 67 m. N.E. Delhi. Dabapobam, apopulous town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 42 m. S.E. Coimbatoor. Daedanelles, or Hellespont (Channel op), a narrow strait betw. Europ. and Asiatic Turkey, connecting the sea of Marmora, and the SIgean Sea, betw. lat. 40° and 40° 30' N., and Ion. 26° 10' and 26° 40' E., having S.E. Asia Minor, and N.W. the peninsula of Gallipoli. Length N.E. to S. W. 40 m.; breadth 1 to 4 ra. As the key of Con- stantinople and the Bosporus it is strongly forti- fied ; on its shores are several castles, the towns Gallipolli and Lamsaki, the sites of anc. Sestos, Abydos, &c. The invading armies of Xerxes and of the Turks crossed it to enter Europe. Dabdenne, a town of U. S., N. America, Mis- souri, 160 m. N.E. Jefferson. Pop. 1,605. Dabent, a river of Engl., co. Kent, rises near Bradsted, flows mostly N.E. past Dartford, and joins the Thames near Erith. Total length 20 m. It is navigable from the Thames to Dartford, and manv mills are seated on its banks. Dabhesheim, a town of Prussian Saxony, circle and 11 ra. N.W. Halberstadt. Pop. 1,665. Dabenth, a pa., Engl., co. Kent, on the Darent, 2} m. E.S.E. Dartford. Area 2,080 ac. P. 698. Darfielo, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, on the river Dearne, with a station on the N. Midland railway, 4^ m. E.S.E. Barnesley, Area 12,740 ac. P. 7,519. Ann. rev. of charities 51/. Daefub, a country of Central Africa, E. Ni- gritia, consisting of an oasis, near lat. 14° N., Ion. 27° E., and W. of Kordofan. It is very little knoBTi, but said to be very infertile. Pop. 200,000 (?) Arabs and Negroes. Copper & iron are among its chief products, and these with camels, ivory, feathers, gum, leather, and slaves are exchanged by its merchants for Asiatic and European manufs., and other goods brought by caravans from Egypt and Nubia. Chief towns Kobbd the cap., Kubcabia, and Zeghawa. Dariel, a Russian fortress of Circassia, in a narrow defile of the Caucasus, on the Terek, 80 m. N. Tiflis. It is the ancient PyltB Caspieel?). Daeien, a town of the U. States, N. America, Georgia, on the navigable river Altamba, 8 m. above its mouth in the Atlantic. It has an ex- port trade in cotton. — II. a township. New York, near Lake Erie. Pop. 2,046. — III. a township, Connecticut, 74 m. S.W. Hartford. Pop. 1,080. Darien (Gulf of), a portion of the Caribbean Sea, New Granada, in lat. 9° N., and km. 7° W., having W. the isthmus of Darien or Panama. Shores steep, and on it are few good places for embarkation. At its S. extremity an inlet termed the Bay of Choco, receives the river Atrato. Darien, (Isthmos). [Panama (Isthmus or).] Darke, a Co., U. S., N. Amer., in W. of Ohio. Area 714 sq. m. Pop. 13,282. Soil very fertile. Dabkehmen, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 15 m. S.S.W. Gumbinnen, cap. circ, on the Anger- app. Pop. 2,260. Mannis. linens and woollens. Daekhan (Mount), a lofty granite mountain range, Mongolia, 140 m. S.E. Ourga, near the route thence to Pekin; on it is a monument to which the Mongol tribes repair annually to cele- brate the memory of Genghis Khan. Dabking, a town of England. [Dobking.] Dablaston, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, on the Union Walsall, IJ m. N.N.W. Wednesbury. Ac. 770. Pop. 8,244, employed in hardware manufs., &c. Coal and iron ore are extensively wrought. Daeleton, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 3 m. E.N.E. Tuxford. Area 1,530 ac. Pop. 203. Darley, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, on the Der- went, 3 m. N.W. Matlock. Area 7,860 ac. Pop. 1,929. In the churchyard is a yew tree of great antiquity. Fairs, May 13th, Oct. 27th. — Darley Abbey, a township, same CO., pa. Alkmund, is on the Derwent, 1} m. N. Derby. Pop. 1,069. Daeling, a principal river of Cent. Australia, rises by numerous heads, between lat. 26° and 27° S., and Ion. 151° & 152° E., it flows S.W.ward, and has been traced as far as lat. 32° 24' 20" S., Ion. 142° 24' 26" E., where it has a S.ward course, and unites with the Murray near lat. 34° S., Ion. 142° E. It receives the Bogan fi'om the S.E., traverses a bare and sterile country, and in most part of its course its waters are salt. — Darling Downs, area grassy hill- chain N.E. of its source. Lat. 28° S., Ion. 152° E., and with an average elevation of 2,000 feet above the sea,.— Darling range, is a granite series of mountains, W. Aus- traha, parallel with the coast, and abounding with sandal-wood and other large timber trees. Daelington, a market-town and pa. of Engl, CO. & 18 J m. S. Durham, on the Great N. of Engl, railway, 45 m. N. York. Area of pa. 7,630 ac. DAR DAR Pop. 11,877 ; do. of town 11,033, a large number of whom are Friends. Streets, which diverge from a spacious marlcet-place, well built and lighted. It has a bridge of three arches across the Skerne, an affluent of the Tees, a fine church of the 12th century, and formerly collegiate, a new church, a grammar school founded by Queen Elizabeth, rev. (from real property) 2i5l. per an- num, a blue coat school, union work-ho., formerly an episcopal palace, a town-hall, mechanics' in- stitution, manufe. of worsted & linen yarn, metal foundries. Market, Monday. Fairs, first Mon- day in March, and in Easter and Whit-Mon- day week, Nov. 22, &c. It is a titular bor. under the bishop of Durham, and the place of election for S. division ; of co., petty sessions, and bor. courts are held. It communicates by railway with Bishop Auckland and Stockton. It gives the title of earl to the Duke of Cleveland. Dabiington, a dist. of the U. S., N. America, in E. part of S. Carolina. Area 1,050 sq. m. Pop. 14,822, of whom 7,560 are slaves. General surface, sandy & light ; rich soil on riv. margins. Dakmstadt, a town of W. Germany, cap. grand-duchy Hessen-Darrastadt, and of the prov. Starkenburg, at the N. W. extremity of the Oden- wald, & on the Frankfurt & Mannheim railway, 68 m. N.E. Carlsruhe. Pop. (1846) 27,000. It consists of an old and new town, both enclosed by walls ; the former is ill built ; the latter has broad and handsome streets. It has an old and new ducal palaces ; the former of which contains a picture gallery, museum of natural history, with valuable fossils, and of ancient and modern sculp- ture; a hall of antiquities, collections of cork models, armoury, and a library of 200,000 vols. ; other edifices are the palaces of the hereditary prince, and the landgrave Christian, the opera-ho. in the Italian style, artillery dep6t, sev. churches, one of which contains the tombs of the land- graves, ancient princes of this territ., the Casino, hall of the commons, milit. hospital, royal stables, orphan asylum, ducal chapel, synagogue, &c. It has an agricultural normal school, a gymnasium, school of arts and sciences, artillery, sculpture & drawing. The presence & expenditure of the court form the chf source of sub*sistence to the inhabs. ; manufe. of tobacco, wax-candles, carpets, silver articles, paper, cards, starch, &e., are carried on. Daknac, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Vienne, 8 m. N.N.W. Bellac. Pop. 2,214. Daknawat Castle, the seat of the Earl of Moray, Scotland, co. Elgin. [Dvke.] Daknetal, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-Inf., cap. cant., on the Aubette, arrond. and 2 m. E. Rouen. P. (1846) 5,850. It has manufs. of woollen cloths, blankets, flannels, &c. Daknet, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Vosges, 16 m. S. Minecourt. Pop. 1,880. Daknlet Island, Torres Strait, Australasia, is about 100 m. N.E. Cape York. Darooa, a town of Spain, on the Jiloca, prov. and 48 m. S.W. Zaragoza. Pop. 2,610. Darowen, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Montgomery, 6 m. E.N.E. Machynllaeth. Pop. 1,043. Dabkinoton, a pa., Engl., co. York, W. Riding, 2i m. S.E. Pontefract. Area 4,590 ac. Pop. 668. Dabsham, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 1| m. E.N.E. Yoxford. Area 1,700 ac. Pop. 528. Dakt, a riv. of Engl., oo. Devon, rises in Dart- moor, flows S.E. ward past Totnes, and after a course of 36 m. joins the English Channel by an estuary which forms the harbour of Dartmouth. Daktfgeii, a market-town and pa. of England, CO. Kent, lathe Sutton, on the navigable Darent, here crossed by an ancient bridge, and near the line of the London and Gravesend railway, 16 m. E.S.E. London. Area of pa. 4,150 ac. Pop. 6,619. The town, situated in a narrow valley, , has a large church, a grammar school, a church charity school, rev. 1301. per annum, alms-house founded in reign of Hen. vi., considerable money charities, some remains of a nunnery founded about 1366, and made a royal residence at the reformation, a co. bridewell, union work-house, market-house, branch bank, with large gun- powder, paper, oil, & flour mills, an extens. steam engine factory, and considerable trade with Lon- don by the river. Market for corn, &c., Saturday. Fair, August 2d. It is the seat of lathe sessious and a court of requests. The insurrection EiiioiicA,i)idymotichos, a (own of Em'opean Turkey, Rumili, on the Maritza, at the foot of a castle-crowned hill, 26 m. S. Adrianople. Pop. 8,000. It is well built, has sevl. Greek churches, ^schools. It was the residence of Charles xii., for a year after the battle of Poltava. Denaih, a oomm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, a station on the railway from Aliscon to Valen- ciennes, 14 m. E. Douai. Pop. (1846) 6,648. In 1712, Villars gained a victory here oVer Prince Eugene. Denbigh, a pari, andmunicip. bor., mkt. town, and pa. of N. Wales, co. Denbigh, on an aiB. of the Clwyd, 6 m. S. St Asaph. Pop. of pa. 3,406 ; do. of pari, borough, including three other towns, 6,328. It s^inds on a .steep acclivity, crowned by the ruins of its stately castle, and has many handsome antique houses, an old pa. church, an anc. chapel, two free schools, a town-hall, assembly-room, literary society, and mkt.-house, with some manufs. of gloves & ^oes. Mkt. Wed. Fairs, May 14, July 18th and Sept. 25th. Quarter sessions. Corp. rev. (18^7), 1221. 17s. The bor. is a polling-place for co., & joins with Wrexham, Ruthin, and Holt in sending 1 member to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) of united bors., 908. The Eistedfibd, or triennial assembly of the Welsh bards, is sometimes held here. It gives the title of Earl to the Fielding fam, DENBiGHSHiBE,amarit. CO. ofN.Wales,having N. the Irish Sea, E. the cos. Flint and Chester, S. Shropshire, Montgomery, and Merioneth, and W. Carnarvon. Area 633 sq. m, or 405,120 ac ; of which about 160,000 are estimated to be arable, the rest being mostly in pasture. Inhabited houses 18,437. Pop. 88,866. Surface mostly rugged and mntnous., but it contains the fertile valley of Llangollen. Princip. rivs., the Clwyd, Dee, Conway, and Valle-Crucis. The Conway forms its W., and the Dee most part of its E, boundary. Farms mostly small ; chief crops rye, barley, and oats. Sheep & goats are numerous ; wool is manufd. into stockings, flannel, and coarse cloths by the rural pop. Average rent of land (1810) 9s. per ac. Annual value of land (1842-3) 284,345?. Total value of assessed pri^erty 371,3492. Coal, lead, iron, flint, and slate are raised; in the Bhuabon hills are several iron works, and a cannon foundry. Gloves & shoes are among the manufd. products. Co. rates (1847) 9,395Z. ; disbursement 8,611?. The Holy- head railway crosses the N. part of the co. Denbighshire, is divided into 64 pas. in the dio- ceses of St Asaph and Bangor. Exclusive of its bors., it sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1846) 3,939. Chief towns, Denbigh, Rnthin, Wrex- ham, Llanrwst, Abergely, Holt, and Rhuabon. IJenbiirv, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 6 m. W.S.W. Ashburton. Area 1,270 ac. Pop. 470. Denby, a pa. of Engl., co. and 7 m. N.N.E. Derby. Area 2,580 ac. Pop. 1,338, partly em- ployed in collieries. Flamstead the astronomer was born here in 1646. — II. a chapelry, co. York, W. Riding, 8 m. W. Bamesley. Pop. 1,690. Denchwobth. a pa. of England, co. Berks, 2J m. N.N.W. Wantage. Area 1,060 ac. Pop. 246. Dendeb, a riv. of Belgium, provs. Hainant & E. Flanders, after a N. course of 42 m. joins the Scheldt at Dendermond; besides which town, Alost, Ninove, Grammont, Lessines, and Ath, are Qi^ its banks. It is navigitMe ft-otothe S&ydt tb Atii, by tUehelp of numerous sluices, & serves extensively for the conveyance of (soal. — ll. a riv. of Nubia, trib. to the Blue Nile, which it' joins 40 li. N. Sennaar, after a N.W. course of 250 m. Dendebah, Tentyra, a vill. of Upper Egipit, near the 1. b- of the Nile, opposite Keneh, im- portant for its antiquities, & especially its grand temple, which is i220 ft. in length by 50 ft. in breadth, with a portico supported by 24 columns. In it is also a famous zodiacal ceiling ; its plani- sphere was removed to Paris in 1822. Dendebmonde (Belg. Termonde), a fortified town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, cap. arrond., at the confl. of the Dender and the Scheldt, and DEN 405 DEN on the railw. from Jtechlin to Osteiid, 16 in. E. Ghent. Pop. (18i2) 8,o48. It has a citadel of the 16th cent., a town-hall and hospital, lunatic and orphan asylums, several chui'ohes and con- vents. Manufs. of cotton-yarn, lace, & woollens. Denekamp, a pa. and vill. of the Neth'ds, prov. Overyssel, SJ m. N.E. Oldenzaal. Pop. 4,068. Deneudiston, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 5 m. N. Clare. Area 1,230 ac. Pop. 339. Denford, a pa. of England, co. Northampton, IJ m. S. Thrapston. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 329. Dengie, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 3J m. S.W. Bradwell. Area 1,750 ac. Pop. 219. Denham, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Bucks, 2 m. N.N.W. TTxbridge, & oj m. N. the W. Dray- ton station of the Great W. railw. Area 4,860 ac. Pop. 1,261. It has a lunatic asylum. — II. CO. Suffolk, 6i m. W.S.'W. Bury-St-Edmund's. Area 1,990 ac7 Pop. 182.— III. same CO., 25 m. E.N.E. Eye. Area 2,300 ac. Pop. 313. Denholm, a vill. of Seotl., co. Roxburgh, p'a. Cavers, 5 m. E.N.E. Hawick. Pop. 696. It is neatly built. Birth-place of Leyden the poet.^ Denu, a marit. town of Spain, prov. and fe m. N.E, Alicante, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 2,980. It is enclosed by walls, and has a ruined castle, and several hospitals ; manufs. of woollen and linen cloths, and an export trade in fruits. Its harbour is now mostly choked with sand. Denio, a pa. of S. Wales, oo. Carnarvon, in- cluding the township Pwllheli. Pop. 2,.367. Denis (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine, cap. arrond^, with a station on the raUw. du Nord, 6^ m. N. the centre of Paris. Pop. (1846) 9,166. It is well built, and has a theatre, public library, very various manufs., and several annual fairs ; but it is chiefly cele- brated for its church, which, from the 7th century, was the principal burial place of the kings of France. This is a noble Gothic edifice, 41o.J ft. in length, 106^ ft. in breadth, with two towers, and a spire ^ ft. in height ; in the vaults are some of its anc. tombs, which escaped destruction in the first Kevolufion. Its anc. abbey is now used as a ho. of instruction, founded by Napoleon, for the daughters of members of the legion of honour. — The canaJ of St Denis is a short branch of the canal d'Ourcq.— II. a vill. of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 4^ m. N.E. Mons, with cotton spinning works in the ancient abbey. Denis (St), cap. town of the French colony of the isl. Bourbon, Indian Ocean, on the N. coast of the isL, at the mouth of the riv. St Denis. Lat. 20° 5r N., Ion. 55° 30' 24" E. Pop. with dist. 19,140, of whom 10,096 are slaves. It is the residence of the governor of the isl., the seat of a high court, and has a college, hospital, botanic garden, a bank established in 1826, cap. 1 million francs, & an active general trade. It is situated on an exposed roadstead, the best in the island. Denis (St), numeroas comms. and vills. of France.— I. dep. Charente Inf., in the isl. Oleron, with a small port.— II. (dCAryoy), dep. Mayenne, 12 m. E. Chateau-Gontier. Pop. 2,696.-111. (S.E. Sivas. Deeetschin, a mkt. town of Russian Poland, gov. and 63 m. S.E. Grodno. Pop. 1,500. Debs (Lodqe), Ireland, is the longest & most picturesque of the expansions of the Shannon, & separates Munster (co. Tipperary) from Con- naught (CO. Galway). Shape serpentine ; length N. to S. 24 m. ; breadth varies from 2 to 6 miles. Area 29,570 ac. At its N. and S. extremities re- spectively, are the towns Portumna & EiUaloe. It receives several small rivs., and the surplus waters of lakes O'Grady and Craney.— 11. a lake, Ulster, at the S.E. extremity of the co. Donegal, about 9 m. in circ. ; and containing the famous islet termed, St Patrick's Purgatory, which is visited annually by 18,000 devotees. Debna, or Debne, Dends, a seaport town of N. Africa, Tripoli dom., 140 m. N.E. Bengaai. It is regularly, but meanly built. It was one of the cities of Pentapolis. Debnis, a vill. of Dalmatia, cap. dist., circ. & 50 m. S.E. Zara, on the Cicola. Pop. 1,010. It was formerly fortfd., and had the rank of a tovra. Deept, a town of Russia. [Doepat.'J Deke, or Deeb, a town of E. Africa, cap. of Nubia, on S.E. bank of the Nile. Lat. 22° 44' N., Ion. 32° 16' E. It is stated to be increasing in trade and importance, and is the residence of a native Nubian kaschef under the Egyptian pasha. It is celebrated for its ancient temple. J)eeeai.ossoet, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, Co, Wicklow,8m.N.Rathdrum. Ac. 45,966. P. 4,897. Debet, a co. & city of Irel. |T/0in)0NDEKRT.] DsitET, several tnshps., U. Si, N. Amer. — I. New Hampshire, 28 m. S.E. Concord. Pop. 2,034.-^11. Pennsylvania, comprising Lewistown. Pop. 1,080.-^111: Pennsylvania, 12 m. S.E. Harris- burg. Pop. 1,816:— IV. 84 m. N.N.E. Harris- burg. Pop. 1,7'34. Debet, the prefix of sev. pas. in Ireland. — I. (Derryaghy), Ulster, co. Antnm, 2 m. N. Lisburn. Area 12,480 ac: Pop. 6,397.-11. (DerryMghan), Ulster, CO. Antrim, 5 m. N.N.E. B^lymoney. Area 7,643 ac. Pop. 3,167.-111. (Derryloran), Ulster, CO. Tyrone, comprising Cookstown (which see). Area 12,100 ac. Pop. 8,480 (IV.Den^- rmose, or Madden), Ulster, CO. Armagh, 4 m. S.S.W. Ready. Area 15,049 ac. Pop. 9,089.— V. {Berryvullen), Ulster, co. Fermanagh, com- prising Lowtherstown (which see). Area, includ- ing loughs, 23,646 ac. Pop. 10,675. Deesingiiam, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 4 m. N.N.E. Caatle-Rismg. Area 8,340 aq. Pop. 676. Deetingen, a mkt. town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, 4 m. N. Maulblonn. Pop. 1,800. DER 409 DES De Ruvter, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, 13 in. S.W. Eaton. Pop. 1,800. DekvaI/, or Dakval, a thriving manufg. vill. of Scotl., CO. Ayr, pa. Loudon, on Ii-vine water, 9 m. E. Kilmarnoolc. Pop. 1,362. Debtocr, a neat vill. of Ireland, tJlster, co. Antrim, i. m. N.N.E. Ballymoney. Pop. 64fl. Debwen, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Denbigh, 6 m. S.S.W. Ruthin. Pop. 569. Dbbwbnx, several rivs. of Engl. — I. co. Derby, rises in the High Peak, neai- the N. extremity of the CO., flows S.S.E., past Chatsworth, Matlock, and Helper, to Derby, whence it proceeds in a navigable S.E. course, and joins the Trent on the border of Leicestershire. Length nearly 50 m. Chief affl., the Wye. Its upper vale is steikingly picturesque. — II. co. York, E. Riding, a large part of which it drains, rises in the Wolds, and after a S.ward course, past New Malton, joms the Ouse at Barmby, whence it is navigable to Malton. Total course about 60 m. — HI. co. Cumberland, rises in the dist. Borrowdale, and after forming the cataract of Lodore, flows N. through the ladies of Derwent-water and Bas- senthwaite-water, & thence W.S. W. past Cocker- mouth to the Irish Sea, which it enters at Work- ington. Chief affls,, the Greta and Cocker. Its waters are singularly clear, and its banks abound with fine scenery, especially where it expands into the celebrated lake of Derwent-water. Debwent, one of the principal rivs. of Tas- mania, Anstralasia, rises n*om Lake St Clare, in centre of the isl., flows very tortuously S.E., through the dist. New Norfolfi, and betw. Rich- mond and Hobartown, enters Storm bay by an estuary, 4 m. across. — Hobartown and New Nor- folk are on its banks. Debwekt-wateb, or Keswick Lake, a cele- brated and picturesque lake of Engl., co. Cum- berland, in Borrowdsde, stretches S. from Kes- wick for 4 m., and is about its centre 1^ m. across. Its banks are rooky and abrupt ; in it are seve- ral richly wooded isls., and a remarkable mass of soft land, which sometimes partly floats on its surfece. It is an enlargement of the Derwent riv., which enters at its S., and emerges at its N. extremity. DESAauADEBO, a riv. of Bolivia, dep. La Paa, rises from the Late Titicaca, and after a S.ward course, estimated at 190 m., enters Lake Uros, 160 m. N.W. Potosi. It is the only riv. of any importance, the entire basin of which is wholly within Bolivia. — II. a riv. of Plata confed., betw. the deps. San Luis and Mendoza, but dried up in summer. — Desaguadero de Osomo is a lake of Araucania (Chile), 36 m. in length, by an average breadth of 6 m., and which discharges its surplus waters by the Osomo riv. into the Pacijac Ocean. D£sAiGNEs, a comm. and town of France, dep. Ardfeche, on r. b. of the Doux, arrond. and 16 m. W.N.W. Toumon. Pop. 3,974. Desbobouqh, a pa. of Engl., oo. Northampton, 6 m. N.W. Kettering. Area 2,410 ac. P. 1,388. Deseaoa, an isl,, W. Indies. [Desibabe.] Desenzano, a town of Lombardy, deleg. and 16 m. E.S.E. Brescia, on the S.W. bank of the L. di Garda, on wluch it has a fishing port. Pop. 3,600. It is defended by an old castle on an adjacent height, & has a gymnasium, several churches, barracks, and manufs. of silk-hosiery. Desebt, a prefix of several pas. of Ireland. — I. (Deserterdght), Ulster, eo. Tyrone, IJ m. S.W. Cookstown. Area 14,399 ac. Pop. 7,675, many enjployed in linen weaving. — II. (Desertlyn), Ulster, CO, Londonderry, including part of the town of Moneymore. Area 6,501 ac. Pop, 3,2SJ.— HI. {Desert martin], Ulster, co. London- derry, 3 m. S.E. Tubbermore. Area 9,680 ac. Pop. 5,023, of whom 256 are in the village. — IV. (Desertoghill), Ulster, co. Londonderry, 4 m. W.N.W. Kilrea. Area 11,469 ac. Pop. 4,901.— V. (Desertserges), Munster, co. Cork, 6 m. W.S. W. Bandon. Area 16,730 ac. Pop. 6,327. Desebtas (Las), a group of islets in the Atlan- tic Ocean, S.E. Madeira ; the largest is 6 m, long, and i m. broad. It supports many cattle. They are visited by shepherds from Madeira. Desfobd, a pa. of England, co. Leicester, 6m. E. Market-Bosworth. Area 3,830 ac. P. 1,006. DEsrut, a town of Persia. [Dizfhl.] Desha, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. of Ar- kansas. Area 800 sq. m. Pop. 1,699. Desima, an artificial isl. of Japan, immediately opposite the city Nangasaki, with which it com- municates by a stone bridge, strictly guarded. The island is about 600 feet in length by 250 in breadth, and to it the Dutch merchants in Japan are in general closely restricted. Desio, a town of Lombardy, deleg. and 11 m. N. Milan. Pop. 2,000. Desibade, an isl. of the Little Antilles, 4 m. W. Guadaloupe, of which it is a dependency. Length N.E. to S.W. 6 m. ; average breadth 2 m. Pop. 2,668, of whom 2,070 slaves. Surface elevatedand infertile. Itwasthefirstisl. discover- ed by Columbus, on his second voyage, Nov. 1493. Deskfoud, a pa. of Scotl., co. Banfl', 3 m. S. CuUen. Pop. 860. It has a ruined castle. Des-Moines, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. of Iowa, watered by river of same name. Area 410 sq. m. Pop. 5,577. Desna, a riv. of Russia, govs. Smolensk, Orel, & Tchemigov, joins the Dnieper nearly opposite Kiev, after a S. course of nearly 600 m., for the most part of which it is navigable. On it are the towns Elnia,' Briansk, and Tchernigov, Desoto, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer., in N. of Mississippi. Area 925 sq. m. Pop. 7,000. Desolation (Cape), Greenland, is the S.W. extremity of Nunar-Soak isl. Lat. 60° 50' N., Ion. 48° 60' W.— II. a headland, Tierra-del-Fu- ego, on one of its W. isls. Lat. 55° 45' 40' S., Ion. 71° 37' 10' W Kerguelen's Land. Despoto Daoh, Rhodope, a mountain chain of European Turkey, Rumili, leaves the Balkan, about 40 m. E. Ghiustendil, extends S.E., and terminates on the bank of the Maritza, the basin of which riv. it bounds on the S.W. Elev. 7,800 ft. Dessau, a walled town of N. Germany, cap. duchy Anhalt-Dessau, on 1. b. of the Mulde, near its confluence with the Elbe, here crossed by a fine bridge, 67 m. S.W. Berlin. Pop. (1846) 12,000, of whom 800 were Jews. It consists of an old and anew town, and several suburbs, and is well built and lighted. Principal public edifices, the ducal palace, built in 1470, and having a theatre, a good collection of paintings and other works of art ; two other palaces, the Amelia asylum, the riding-school, Lutheran, Roman Catholic, and 2 Calvinist churches, and a synagogue. It has a college, a normal school, schools of music, a se- parate female school, and a Jewish classical seminary, with manufs. of woollens, hats, an,d leather, numerous distilleries, and a brisk trade in com. In the vicinity are 2 summer palaces. Destebbo, a city of Brazil, cap. of theprov. of Santa Catharina, nearly in middle of W. coast" of the island Santa Catliarina, 460 m. S.W. Rio- Janeiro. Pop. of dist. (1846)6,000. Chi^f build- ings, the palace of the presideiit of the jrov., an arsenal & small hospital. It is defended by se- veral forts, and has an excellent port. DES 410 DEV Dest&es, a oomm. and town of France, dep. Paa-de-Calais, cap. cant., arrond. and 11 m. E.S.E. Boulogne. Pop. 2,816. It has manufs. of coarse woollen cloths, earthenwares, & leather, Detmold, a town of N.W. Germany, cap. prin- cip. Lippe-Detmold, on the Werra, 47 m. S.W. Hanover. Pop. (1846) 4,716. It consists of an old and new town, with a suburb ; the new town is well built. Prmoipal public edifices, a neat palace of the prince, a Lutheran and two Cal- vinist churches. It has a normal school, a gym- nasium, a good library, a bible society, a school of arts and sciences. Manufs. of linens and leather, and several breweries, with numerous well frequented annual fairs. In the vicinity is a summer palace of the princes, and the battle field on which the army of Varus was destroyed by the Germans under Heri-mann (Arminiuis), A. D. 9, to commemorate which event, a monu- ment was erected there in 1838. Detkoit, a city of the TJ. S., N. Amer., cap. Michigan, on the W. side of the river or Channel of same name, which divides the United States from Canada, and unites Lakes St Clair and Erie, 225 m. W. Buffalo. Pop. in 1840, 9,102 ; in 1860, 21,057. It is built mostly of wood, but has many good private houses, a handsome state-house & city-hall, state bank, state penitentiary, govern- ment magazines, 3 mkt.-houses, 8 or 9 churches, including a cathedral built of granite ; a theatre, museum, public garden, merchants' hall, various charities, schools, and literary societies. Iron and brass foundries, ship-building, and the general trade of the lakes, for which this is the principal emporium, employing most of the pop. Tonnage of the port (1840} 11,432 tons, including many steamers. Detroit was founded in 1670 by the .French, and incorporated into a city in 1816. Detroit Riveb, has its origin in Lake St Clair, and extends 28 m. to Lake Erie, forming part of the boundary between Canada and the U. States. At Detro"it it is J of a m. wide, and is navigable throughout for vessels of any burden. Grosse, Fighting isl., and other isls. are near its mouth. Navigation open for 8 months of the year. Principal channel on the E. side Canada shore. On its banks are numerous thriving settlements. Dettelbach, a town of Bavaria, circ. Lower Franeonia, cap. dist., on the Mayn, 10 m. E.N.E. Wiirzburg. Pop. 2,445, partly engaged in rais- ing wines. It has two churches, one of which is much resorted to by pilgrims. — Dettenheim is a vill., circ. Middle Franeonia, 25 m. S. Anspach. Dettingen, several market-towns of S. Ger- many. — I. Wiirtemberg, circ. Black Forest, on the Erms, 6 m. S.W. Niirtingen. Pop. 2,851. It has a cutlery and coach factory II. circ. Danube, 18 m. E.S.E. Niirtingen. Pop. 2,283. —III. circ. Jaxt, 15 m. N.N.E. Ulm. Pop. 1,437. — IV. a vill., Bavaria, circ. Lower Franc, on rt. b. of the Mayn, 8 m. N.W. Aschaflfenburg. In June 1743, the allied British and Austrian army under George ii., gained a victory here over the French, under Marshal Noailles. Dettwii.lee, a comm. and town of France, dep. Bas-Khin, 4J m. E.N.E. Saverne, on 1. b. of the Zom. Pop. 1,846. Manufs. cottons. Dettva, a town in N.W. of Hungary, co. Sohl, in a valley E. of Altsohl. Pop. 7,240. Deuslemont, a comm. and town of France, dep. Nord, arrond. & 8 m. N.W. Lille, P. 2,126. DEroAB, a t., Nemul. Lat. 28° 8' N., Ion. 82° E. Deule, ariv. of France, rises in the dep. Pas- de-Calais, passes Lille to Quesnoy, dep. Nord, & joins the Lys on the right The Canal-dt-la- Deule joins the Scarpe and the Lys, and passes Lille and Quesnoy. Length 41 miles. Deulina, a vill. of Russia, gov. and 33 m. N. Moscow, on the Voria. A treaty was concluded here in 1618, between the Poles and Kussians. Deubne, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, near the Peel marsh, 6 m. E. Helmond, Pop. (with comm.) 3,354. — II. a comm. of Bel- gium, prov. and 2 m. E. Antwerp. Pop. 5,196. Deotichem, or Doetichem, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, on the Old Yssel, 16 m. E. Aruheim. Pop. 1,831. Dedtschbbod, a town of Bohemia. [Bbod.] Deutschendobf, or Popkab, a town of N. Hungary, co. Zip8,7 m. S.W, Kesmarkt. P. 1,370. Deutsch-Krone, a town of W. Prussia, reg. Marieuwerder, cap. circ, on the L. Badnor, 61 m. W.N.W. Posen. Pop. 3,000. Detjtschlahs, eonntiy, Europe. [Gebmahv.] Deutsohes-Bunb. [Geemahv.] Dectz, or DuTTZ, aiEbrtified town of Rhenish Prussia, on rt. b. of the Rhine, reg. & opposite Cologne, with which city it is united by a bridge of boats, at the head of the railway to Minden. Pop. 3,088. It has an ancient Benedictine abbeyi and manufs, of velvets and silken fabrics. Debxhill, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 4 m. S.S.W. Bridgenorth. Area 470 ac. Pop. 45. Debx-Ponts (German Zweibriichm), "two bridges," a town of Rhenish Bavaria, formerly cap. an indep. duchy, and since 1814 of a dist. and CO., on the Erbach, near its confl. with the Serre, 50 m. W. Spires. Pop. 6,920. It is well built & has remains of an ancient ducal palace, a Lutheran cathed., Calvinist& Lutheran churches, a college, and manufs. of woollen cloths, leather, cotton, & tobacco. In the vicinity are the ruinsof a fine castle, built by Stanislaus, K. of Poland. Deax- Ponts with its duchy formed from 1802 to 1814 an arrond. of the French dep. Mont-Tonnerre. Dedx-Sevkes, a dep. of France. [Sevbeb.] Deta, (Germ. Diemnch, or Schlossberg), a market-town of Transylvania, co. and 10 m. N. Hunyad, on the Maros. Pop. 4,000. In the vicinity are a copper mine, and paper mills. Deva, a town of Spain, prov. Guipuscoa, with a small port on the Deva, near its mouth, in the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 2,490. Detapbataga, a town of N. Hindostan, Gurh- wal, reckoned holy to Hindoos as being the place where the Bhagirathi and Alakananda rivs. unite to form the Ganges. It has an anc. temple, and numerous stone houses inhabited by Brahmins. Devenish, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Fer- managh, 5 m. N.N.W. Enniskillen. Area, in- cluding loughs, 32,243 ac. Pop. 8,381. Detenter, a fortified town of the Netherlands, prov. Overyssel, cap. arrond., on the Tssel, 18 m. S. Zwolle. Pop. (1840) 14,379, including 872 mili- tary. Chief edifices, a cathed., 6 other churches, and the town-hall. It is the seat of courts of assize, and has an athenseum, a latin and several other schools, and an observatory founded 1839. Manufs. of stockings, carpets, and linen goods. Devereux (St), a pa. of England, co. & 6J m. S.S.W. Hereford. Area 1,600 ac Pop. 191. Devebhill, two pas. of England, co. Wilts.-^ I. (Longbridge), 3 m. S. Warminster. Area 4,230 ac. Pop, 1,352.-11. (Monclam), 4^ m. N,N,E, Mere. Area 1,320 ac. Pop. 207. Detebon, a riv. of Scotl,, cos. Aberdeen and Banff, rises in the pa, Cabrach, flows N.E. past Huntly & Turriff, and enters the N. Sea at Banff. Length 40 m. Principal affls. Bogie and Isla. Deticotta, a town of British India, presid, Madras, dist, and 60 m, N,E, Tanjore. DEV 411 DEW Dfivii.LE-Lfes-RoiF.N, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine-Inf., on the Cailly, 2 m. N.W. Rouen. Pop. 3,610. Manufs. cotton cloths. Detil Island, Tierra del Fuego, is in lat. 64° 58' 30' S., Ion. 69° 4' 50' W Cook gave the name of DeviVs Basin to a port in Christmas Somid, T. del Fuego, lat. 55° 16' S., Ion. 70° W.— Devirs Bridge crosses the Reuss, in Switzerland, cant. Uri, 16 m. S. Altorf. Detil's Bit Modntains, a mountain range of Trelalid, Munster, co. Tipperary, but partly on the limit of King's co., Leinster, extending S.W. Co ]S'.E. for ahout 24 m., & separating the basins of the Shannon and Suir. Height 2,084 feet. Devizes, tie Vize, a pari, and munic. bor. and town of England, co. Wilts, on the Kennet and Avon canal, 23 m. N.N.W. Salisbury, and 10 m. S.E. the Chippenham station of the Gt. Western railway. Area of bor., including 2 pas., 660 ao. Pop. 6,156. It is built on an eminence near the N. limit of Salisbury plain. The main streets, branching from a large mlrt.-place, are spacious, well paved, and lighted. Houses generally hand- some. Principal buildings, 2 anc. churches, an endowed school & almshouse, a handsome town- hall and cross, large co. jail, and a union work- house. Annual revenue of charities, 250/. De- vizes has numerous inns, baring formerly been a great halting place on the Bath Road ; also mills for silk-throwing, manuft. of snuff, malt, and on Thursday one of the largest markets for corn in W. of England. Fairs, Valentine's day. Holy Thursday, April 20, Jnly 5, Oct. 2, and 20. It is the seat of co. summer arizes, co. quarter ses- sions, and petty sessions. Corp. rev. (1846-7), l,058i. ; expend. 775/. It is the place of election for the N. division of the co. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848), 385. Detoch-Wateb, a lake of England, co. Cum- berland, 4^ m. E. Ravenglass, and formed by the sources of a tributary of the Esk. Area 300 ac. Devoh, ariv. of Scotl., cos. Perth & Clackman- nan, rises in the Ochil mntns., pa. Blackford, and after a course of about 25 m., successively E., W., and S., joins the Forth near Alloa. It has remark, falls near the viU. Crook of Devon, & its fine scenery has been celeb, by Bums. — Devon is the abbreviated name of the co. Devonshire. Devon (Nobth), a tract of the Arctic region, in N. Amer., lat. 76° N,, Ion. 80° to 92° W., having E. Baffin bay, W. Wellington strait, and S. Bar- row strait, separating it from North Somerset, Devonfobt (until 1824, called Plymotith Dock), a pari, and munic. bor., marit. & fortified town, and naval arsenal of Engl., co. Devon, at its S.W. extrem. on the E. shore of the estuary of the Tamar, termed the Hamoaze, 2 m. W.N. W. Plymouth. The bor. comprises pas. Stoke-Da- merel & E. Stonehouse. Pop. 43,532. The town stands on high ground, & is enclosed by ramparts, defended by various batteries. Its extens. naval dockyard, occupies 96 acs., the buildings on which are mostly of granite & limestone. In 1848, 629 hands were employed in this yard, but as many as 3,000 have been sometimes engaged there. Prin- cipal structures, the residence of the port-admiral, the barracks, the military hospl,, chapels of ease, assembly-rooms, theatre, and a Doric column erected on a height to commemorate the changing the name of the town. Devonport has breweries, soap factories, and an extensive trade in refitting & victualling ships. Mkts. Tues., Thurs., & Sat. Corp. rev. (1846-7) ],.373/. ; expend. 1,420/. It sends 2 mems. toH, of C. Reg. elects. (1848)2,161. Devonshire, a large marit. co. of England, forming part of its S.W. peninsula, and having N. the Bristol Channel, E. the cos. Somerset and Dorset, S. the English Channel, and W. Corn- wall. Area 2,585 sq. m., or 1,654,400 ac, of which about 1,200,000 ac. are reported to be arable or in pasture, and upwards of 300,000 waste. In- habited houses, 94,704. Pop. 633,460. Surface greatly broken and diversihed, but except the wild sterile tracts, Dartmoor and Exmoor (which see), generally remarkable for fertility. The vale of Exeter, & the dist. bordering the English Chan- nel, called the S. Hams, are especially beautiful & rich. Climate rather moist, & in summer cool, but in winter so unusually mild, that even orange & lemon trees require little sheltering. Mean winter temp. 44° .9; mean.summer 60°.9, Fahr. Prineip. rivs. the Exe, Dart, Tamar, Taw, Torridge, Teign, & Axe, the estuaries of most of which form good hai'bs. The inlets of Torbay & Plymouth Sound are respectively upon its S.E. & S.W. sides. Most kinds of corn are raised ; and the co. is famed for its cider. Grazing & dairy farms numerous. The red Devon breed of cattle is highly esteemed ; and Dartmore feeds large numbers of small ponies. Estates and farms usually small. Ave- rage rent of land (1810) 14s. 8Jd. per ac. Ann. value of land (1842-3), 1,666,180/.; of all real pro- perty, 2,689,376/. Herring, pilchard, mackarel, dory, & other fisheries are important. Mines of copper & tin extens. Ann. value of mines, 16,265/. Woollen weaving & spinning has declined, but in 1847, employed 1,480 hands. Gt. Western railw. extends through the S. part of the co., past Exeter to Plymouth. Co. rates (1847), 21,761/. 17s. ; ex- pend. 21,849/. 16s. Poor rates (1844-5), 159,936/. Devonshire is divided into 38 hundreds, & about 470 pas. in the diocese of Exeter (the cap.). Ply- mouth, Devonport, Tavistock, Tiverton, Barn- staple, Honiton, Totness, Ashbnrton, and Dart- mouth, are the other chief towns & bors. ; & to- gether send 18 mems. to H. of C. The co. sends 2 for its N. & 2 for its S. division. Keg. co. electors. (1848) for N. division, 8,494; for S. div., 10,191 ; total 18,685. It gives the title of Duke to the Cavendish, and of Earl to the Courtney family. Devbighi, NicopoHs, a town, Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 62 m. E. Sivas, on the Egkin. Dewangaet, a populous vill., Bootan, 2,100 feet above the sea, and having sevl. Buddhic temples. Dbwass, a town of India, prov. Malwa, 23 m. S.E. Oojein. It is the cap. of a rajahship, under British protection. Ann. rev. 42,500/. Dbwchuroh, 2pas.,Engl. — I. (Much), co. & 6 m. S.S.W. Hereford. Ac. 4,890. P.579.— II.(iitt/e), same co.,5Jm. S.E. Hereford. Ac. 1,640. P. 330. De-Witt, a township, TJ. S., N. Amer., New York, near Onondaga. Pop. 2,802. De-Witt LAND,aregion, Australia, on its N.W. coast, between Ion. 120° and 123° S., opposite Dampier archip., discovered by De Witt in 1628. Dewlish, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 95 m. W.S.W. Blandford -Forum. Ac. 3,480. P. 389. Dewsah, a considerable town, W. Hindostan, 32 m. E. Jeypoor, enclosed by a wall. Dewsall, a pa. of England, co. and 4J m. S.S.W. Hereford. Area 3,480 aC. Pop. 40. Dewsbubt, a market and manufacturing town, pa. and township of England, co. York, W. Eld- ing, on the Calder, 8 m. S..S.W. Leeds, and having a station on the Manchester and Leeds railway, 7 m. W.N.W. Wakefield. Area of pa. 9,620 ac. Pop. of pa. 23,806 ; of township, 10,600. The town lies low, bnt has some good streets, and stone houses, and it is well paved and lighted. It has a free school, revenue about 108/. per annum; a mechanics' institute, branch banks, a blanket- hall, with large and thriving manuft. of blankets. DEX 412 DIE carpets, drugpfets, flushings, paddings, and other low woollen rabrics, made from refuse woollen rags, re-spun. In the vicinity are some collieries. The Calder navigation connects the town with Hull and Liverpool. Fairs, Wednesdays before May 12, and bei^re October 10. Dexteb, a township, TJ. S., N, Amer., Maine, S6 m. N.N.E. Augusta. Pop. 1,464 II. a vill. of Jefferson co.. New York. — III. Dexlermlle, New York, is a recently formed vill. on the N. side of Lake Chatauque, with a trade in timber. Detuze, a town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, cap. cant., on the Lys, and the Ghent and Cour- trai railway, 9 m. S.W. Ghent. Pop. (1842) 3,630. It has celebrated manufe. of gin. Detpaulpook, a town of Hindostan, dom. and 22 m. N.W. Indore, having 1,000 houses. Deteah Doon, a town of N. Hindostan, prov. Gurwal, between the Jumna and Ganges. Dhalak, or Dahajlak, Orine, an isl. in the Red Sea, 25 m. E. Massowah, Abyssinia, 23 m. in length N. to S., by 16 m. in average breadth. Surface flat. Its inhabs. are chiefly employed in a coral fishery. On its S. coast is the vill. Dhalak. Dhamie, one of the Sikh states, N.W. Hindo- stan, S. the Sutlej, protected by the British. Pop. 8,000. Ann. rev. 350?. Armed force 100 men. Dhamonee, or Dhamani, a fortified town of India, dom. and 150 m. S.S.E. Gwalior. Dhab, or DHARANUoeuK, a city of Central Hindostan, cap. a Rajpoot state of 1,466 sq. m., Bubsid. to the British, 32 m. W.S.W. Indore, elevation 1,908 feet. It was formerly important. DHOLE.A, a town of Hindostan, presid. Bom- bay, dist. and 20 m. W.S.W. Kaira. DnooBCATEE, the smallest of the Sikh states, N.W. Hmdostan, protected by British. Pop. 200. Dhooewye, a rajahsMp of India, Bundeleund, under Brit, protection. Area 18 sq.m. Pop. 8,000. Dholpoob, a town, Hindostan, 34m. S.E. Agra. Dhawalachei, a lofty peak of the Himalaya mntns,, N. Hindostan, formerly supposed to be the culminating point of the earth's surface; betw. Nepaul and Tibet, in lat. 29° N., Ion. 82° 50' E. Estimated elevation 28,000 it. [Himalaya.] DiABLEBEXs, a remarkable mntn. of Switzerl., in the Bernese Alps, between the cants. Bern & Valais. Height above the sea, 10,1 90 feet. DiADiif, a town of Turkish Armenia, pash. & 26 m. W.N.W. Bayazid, on the N. branch of the Euphrates. It has a iarge ruined fort, and was, until lately, a place of some importance. DiAMANT, a comm. and town of the French colony of Martinique, in the Antilles, on the S. coast of the isl., 8 m. S.S.E. Fort Eoyal, near the Mome de Diamant, a volcanic mntn., 1,568 feet in elevation. Pop. 1,534, of whom 1,183 are slaves. DiAMANTiNA, a flourishing modern city of Bra- zil, prov. Minas-Geraes, cap. of the old dist. of Tejuco, situated in a valley surrounded by high mntns., 220 m. N.N.E. Oaro-Preto, 5,700 ft. above the level of the sea. It was erected into a city in 1831. It is bnilt in the form of an amphi- theatre. Streets wide and paved ; its dist. com- prises several vills., and a pop. of 14^000 II. a town of the prov. Mato-Grosso, at the confl. of the rivs. Ouro and Diamantino, 70 m. N.N.W. Cuiaba. Pop. 4,500. The river Diamantino, so called from the valuable diamonds found in its basin, was discovered in 1728. The Spanish government closed the dist. in order to monopo- lize the gold & diamonds, which led to an ex- tensive emigration in 174S. The present town of Diamantina occupies the site of the old vill. of Alta Paraguai-Diamantina. Diamond (Haebouk), British India, presid. Bengal, is in the riv. Hooghly, 34 m. below Cal- cutta, with which it communicates by a good road. Situation swampy and unhealthy. — {I/land); Bur- mese dom., is in the estuary of the Bassain riv., 12 m. S.E. Cape Negrais. It abounds with turtles. — {Point), Sumatra, bounds W. the Strait of Malacca. Lat. 5° 16' N., Ion. 97° 40' E. DiANO, a town of Naples, prov. Princip, Citra, cap. cant., in the Val-di-Diano, on the . Calofe, 46 m. Salerno. Pop. 5,000. — II. D-Marino, Sard, states, div. Nice, prov. & IJ m. N. Oneille. Pop. 2,538.-111. tTAlbai^Toy. & 3^ m. S. Alba. P. 1,793. DiAEBEKiB, a pash. of Asiatic Turkey, form- ing the W. part of Turkish Armenia, mostly be- tween lat. 37° and 39° N., and Ion. 37° and 39° E., having N.W. and S. the Euphrates, separating it from the pashs. Erzeroum, Sivas, Marash, & Da- mascus ; and E. the pash. Van, and Kurdistan. Its centre is traversed by the Upper Tigris. Chf. cities, Diarbeldr, Orfah, and Mardin. — Diarbejdr, the cap., is situated near the Tigris, in lat. 37° 55' 30" N., Ion. 39° 52' E. Pop. about 8,000 families, chiefly Turks & Armenians. It is enclosed by a vast wall of dark stone, is substantially built, and has a citadel, some cotton & silk looms, & copper works; but its manufs. have of late materially diminished. It is the see of a Chaldean patriarch. DiBDEN, a pa. of England, co. and 2^ m. S.W. Southampton. Area 2,000 ac. Pop. 490. . Dickinson, a tnshp., U.. S., N. Amer., Penn- sylvania, 24 m. S.W. Harrisburg. P. 2,701.-11. a tnshp.. New York, 16 m. S.W. Malone. P.1,005. DicKLBBUEGH, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 2* m. N.N.E. Scole. Area 2,590 ac. Pop., 83& Dickson, a co., U. S., N. America, in N.W Tennessee. Area 100 sq. m. Pop. 7,074. DiDAM, a vUl. of Netherlands, prov. Gelder- land, 13 m. S. Zutphen. Pop. 2,100. DiDBEOOKE, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 3 m. N.E. Winchcombe. Area 2,330 ac. Pop. 353. DiDCOT JusoTiON, a station on the Gt. West- ern railway, Engl., co. Berks, 63 m. W. London. DiDDiNGTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Huntmgdon, 4 m. N. St Neot's. Area 1,450 ac. Pop. 212. DiDDLEBDRY, a pa. of Engl., CO. Salop, 7 m. N. Ludlow. Area 7,400 ac. Pop. 896. DiDiEE-LA-SfiAuvE (St), a comm. and town qf France, dep. H. Loire, cap. cant., 14 m. N.E. Yssengeaux. Pop. 1,999. Manufs. sUk twist. DiDiEE (St), numerous comms. and vills. of France, mostly in the E. and central deps. — L {D.-au-Mont (TOr), Rhfine, 5 m. N. Lyon. Pop. 1,800. — II. (de Chalaronne), Ain, arrond. and 16 m. N. Trevoux. Pop. 2,859.-111. (de la Tour), Isfere, arrond. La Tour du Pin. Pop. 1,318. — IV. {sur Doulon), H. Loire, arrond. and 8 m. E. Brioude. Pop. 2,000. — V. (surSochefort), Loire, arrond. and 16 m. N.W. Moutbrison. Pop, 1,5P0. DiDLiKS, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 4 m. S.W, Midhurst. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 119. ■- DiDMNGTON, a pa. of Engl., CO. Norfolk, 5 J m. E.S.E. Stoke-Ferry. Area .1,810 ac . Pop, 77. DiDMABTON, a pa. of Engl., oo. Glo'ster, 6J m. S.W. Tetbm-y. Area 170 ac. Pop. 96. DiDSBDEY, a chapelry of Engl., co. Lancaster, on the Mersey, 3 m. W. Stockport. Pop. 1,248. Die, Dea Vocontiorum, a comm. and walled town of France, dep. Drome, cap. arrond., on r. b. of the Drome, 26 m. E.S.E. Valence. Pop. 3,382. It has rnanu^.. of silks, paper, & leather. Die (St), Satictum Deodatum, a comm. & town of France, cap. arrond., dep. Vosges, 24 m, E.N.E. Epmal, on the Meurthe. Pop. (1846) 6,433. It has a commercial college, cotton spin- ing, iron forges and wire works. In its vicinity are iron & copper mines, & marble quarries. DIE 413 DIJ DiS (St), a coram, and town of Fiance, dep. Loir-et-Cher, on I. b. of the Loire, arrond. and 8 m. N.E. Blois. Pop. 1,261. Maiiufs. vinegar. DiEBUBG, a town of Central Germany, Hessen Darmstadt, prov. Starkenburg, cap. dist., on the Gersprenz, 9 m. E.N.E. Darmstadt. Pop. 8,100. It is defended by a strong castle. DiEQC (San), a harbour and marit. vill. of Upper California, on the Pacific O. Lat. 32° 39' 6' N., Ion. 117° 17' W II. a shoal of the G. of Mexico, between Pensacola (Florida) and the mouth of the Mississippi. — Gape San Diego is the E. extremity of Staten-Land, T. del Fuego. Diego Gabcfa, the S. most of the Maldive isls., Indian Ocean, with an excellent harbour Diego is a bay, Anegada, W. Indies. — D. Sauriez or British Sound, a fine harbour, near the N. ex- tremity of Madagascar ; and Diego Ramirez^ an isl. group, S. Pacific, 60 m. S.W. Cape Horn. DiEKiRCH, a town of Belgium, prov. and 18 m. N. Luxembourg, on the Sure. Pop. 3,000. DiELi.1, a fortified town of the isl. of Timor, on the N. coast, cap. of the Portuguese gov. of Dielli, and residence of the governor. ' DiEMEL, a riv. of Central Germany, Prussian Westphalia and H. Cassel, joins the Werra, 24 m. N. Cassel, after a N.E. course of 50 m., past the towns Stadtberg and Reinhardtswald. DiENvrLLE, a comm. and town of France, dep. Anbe, 13 m. N.W. Bar-Snr-Anbe. Pop. 1,264. DiEPENBEK, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. Limbonrg, and 3 m. S.E. Hasselt. P. 2,508. DiEPHOLz, a town of Hanover, cap. co., landr. & 60 m. W.N.W. Hanover, on the Hunte. P. 2,523. Dieppe, a comm. and seaport town of France, cap. arrond,, dep. Seine Inf., at the mouth of the Arques, on the English Channel, and .33 m. N. Rouen. Lat of lighthouse, 49° 56' 7" N., Ion. 1° o 2' E. Pop. (1846) 16,604. It is divided into the town proper, and the suburb le Pellet, which communicate by a flying bridge, both being well furnished with water from an aqueduct sup- plying nearly 200 fountains. Principal edifices, an old castle on a cliff W. the town, 2 churches, the town-hall, comm. college, theatre, public library, baths, and a school of navigation. The port, enclosed by 2 jetties, and bordered by quays, can accommodate from 60 to 80 vessels under 600 tons ; bnt it dries at low water, and is otherwise inconvenient. Dieppe has an active general trade, ship building docks, manufs. of ivory wares, watches, lace, &c., & it is a packet station, communicating daily by steamboats with Brighton, the traffic having increased consider- ably since the opening of the Paris and Rouen railway. It is also resorted to by summer visiters ; bnt its inhabitants depend chiefly on its fisheries of herrings, mackarel, and oysters. DiEBSDOKF, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 14 m. N.N.E. Coblenz, on the Wiedbach. Pop. 1,400. It has a fine castle, & manufs. of woollen cloths, linens, and leather. DiESBACH (Obeb), a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 11 m. S.E. Bern. Pop. of pa. 6,916.— Unier Diesbach is a vill. same cant. Pop. 1,330. DiESSEN, a mkt.-town of Upper Bavaria, on L. Ammer, 13 m. S.E. Landsberg. Pop. 1,330. DiESSENHOFEN, a town of Switzerland, cant. Thurgau, on 1. b. of the Rhine, SJ m. E. Schaff- oausen. Pop. 1,517, mostly Protestants. DiEsT, a walled town of Belgium, prov. S. Brabant, on the Demer, arrond. and 17 m. N.E. Louvain. Pop. (1842) 7,720. It has* manufe. of woollens and hosiery. It was taken by Marl- borough in 1705. DiETiipriiEiM, a town of Wurtomberg, circ. Danube, on the Iller, 16 m. N.E. Biberich. Pop. 1,261. It has a fine church, and ruins of a castle. DiETPUHT, a town of Bavaria, circ. Upp. Palat., on the Ludwigs-canal, at the mouth of the Alt- miihl, 23 m. W. Regensburg. Pop. 957. — II. a vill., circ. Middle Franc, on the Altmiihl, 2 ni, N.W. Pappenheim. — Dietigheim, or Dittigheim, is a vill. of Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, on the Tauber, 1 m. S. Bischopheim. Pop. 989. DiETiKON, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. & 8 m. W.N.W. Zurich. Pop. 1,000. DiBU, an isl., W. coast of France. [Ile-d'Yeu.J DiEU-LE-FiT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Dr6me, cap. cant., in amntnous. dist., arrond. & 17 m. E. Montelimart. Pop. (1846) 3,041. It has Roman Catholic and Protestant churches, a model Protestant school. Manufs. of woollen cloths, earthenwares, and glass. In the town are two accidulated mineral springs, and 2 m. N.E. is a curious stalactitic cave called " Tom- Jones.' — Dieulouard is a comm. & vill., dep. Meurthe, 10 m. N.N.W. Nancy. Pop. 1,430. DiEuzE, Decern Pagi, a comm. & town of France, dep. Meurthe, cap. cant., arrond. and 9 m: E. Chateau-Salins. Pop. 3,863. It is enclosed by walls, & has a large church, 2 hospitals, manufs. of linen cloth, hosiery, hats, and soda. Diet (St), a town of France. [Die St.] DiEz, or DiBTZ, a town of Germany, deleg. & 10 m. N.E. Nassau, cap. dist. on the Aar, at its mouth in the Labn. P. 2,204. It consists of an old & a new town, & has an anc. castle, used as a house of correction, 2 churches, and a school of horticulture ; 3 m. from the town is the castle of Oranienburg, the resid. of the dukes of Nassau. DiGBY, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 6 m. N. Sleaford. Area 2,800 ac. Pop. 364. Digby, a vill. of Nova Scotia, on Annapolis harbour, 11 m. S.W. Annapolis. — Cape Digby is on the E. side of Kerguelen Land, Inman Ocean. DiGHTOK, a t., U. S., N. Amer., Massachusetts, on the Taunton river, 37 m. S. Boston. P. 1,378. DiGNANO, a town of Ulyria, circ. Istria, gov. & 48 m. S.S.E. Triest, pleasantly situated on an eminence about 3 m. from the Adriatic. Pop. 3,600. It has a cathedral, and 2 monasteries. DiGNE, Dinia, a walled town of France, cap. dep. B. Alpes, on a hill side, near 1. b. of the Bleone, 55 m. N.E. Aix. Pop. (1846) 3,730.^ It has a cathedral, a bishop's palace, courts of assize and commerce, a public library, tanneries, and trade in prunes^ almonds, corn, hemp, and cattle. DiGoiN, a comm. and town of France, dep. Sa6ne-et-Loire, cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Loire, at the entrance of the Canal du Centre, arrond. and 14 m. W. Charolles. Pop. (1846) 2,603. Manufs. earthenwares, and trade in salt. DiGSWELL, a pa. of England, co. Herts, 1 m. S.S.E. Welwyn. Area 1,270 ac. Pop. 187. DiHONG, the great western stream forming the Brahmaputra riv.. Further India, wliich breaks through the Himalaya, near lat 28° 15' N., Ion. 95° 10' E., and has been supposed identical with the San-po, Tibet. [Bbaiimaputba.] Dijon, Divio, a comm. and town of France, cap. dep. C6te-d'0r, at the confl. of the Ouche and Suzon, on the Canal de Bourgogne, and on the railway (in progress) from Paris to Lyon, 160 m. S.E.Paris. Pop. (1846) 26,674. Mean temp, of year 62°.9 ; winter 35°.4 ; summer 69°.6 Fahr. It IS enclosed by ramparts, and has many fine public walks, and beautiful environs. Chief public build- ings, a palace of the princes of Conde, a castle built by Louis xi. and xii., and serving for bar- racks, the town-hall, prefecture, a large old court- house, a theatre, hospitals, prisons, and an orphan DIJ 414 DIN asylum. It has 2 public libraries, a cabinet of natural history, a national court for the deps C6te d'Or, H. Marne, and Sa6ne-et-Loire, courts of assize & commerce, a university academy, 8 col- leges, schools of medicine and the fine arts, and a botanic garden. Manufs. linen, cotton, & woollen fabrics, hats, earthenware, soap, beer, & leather ; but its chief dependence is on its wine trade, it being the principal dep6t and market for the sale of Burgundy wines. Bu:thplace of Bossnet, Cer- billon, and Daubenton. DiJONNAis, an old division of France, in the prov. Burgundy, the cap. of which was Dijon, now comprised in the dep. C6te d'Or. DiKEWiD, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Cardigan, 5 m. S.S.E. Aberaeron. Pop. 518. Fair 9th May. DiLHAM, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 4 m. S.E. North Walsham. Area 1,390 ac. Pop. 488. DiLHORNis, a pa. of England, co. Stafford, 2 m. N.W. Cheadle. Area 3,650 ac. Pop. 1,579. It has 2 schools. Excellent coal found in the parish. DiLLN (Hung. Bela-Banya), a town, N.W. Hun- gary, CO. Houth, 2 m. N.E. Schemnitz. P. 2,597. DiLLENEDEO, a towu of Germany, duchy and 37 m. N.E. Nassau, cap. dist., on the Dille. Pop. 2,500. It has an anc. ruined castle, a college, hospital, and orphan asylum ; manufs. of woollen fabrics, and numerous annual fairs. In the vici- nity are copper mines, potash, and lime works. DitLiNGEif, a town of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, cap. dist. on 1. b. of the Danube, 24 m. N.W. Augsburg. Pop. 3,453. It is enclosed by ancient walls, & has a palace, the residence of the bishops of Augsburg, 3 Roman Catholic churches, an orphan asylum-, barracks, gymnasium & superior schools ; ship building docks, & manufs. of cutlery, — II. a vill. of Kheuish Prussia, reg. and 28 m. S. Treves. Pop. 1,390. It has paper mills, and copper and iron foundries. DiLMAN, a new and considerable town of N. Persia, prov. Azerbijan, 50 m. N.N.W. Urumiyah. Pop. 15,000 (?). Around it are numer. gardens. DiLTOtf, a chapelry of Engl., co. Wilts, pa. and 2 m. S.S.W. Westbury. Pop. 1,848. DiLWOBTH, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, on the Kibble, 7 m. N.E. Preston. Pop. 845. DiLWTN, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 2 m. N.E. Weobley. Area 6,080 ac. Pop. 1,060. DiMA, a large town of Abyssinia, state Am- hara, dist. Gojam, near lat. 10° 30' N., Ion. 38° 5' E. It is divided into many quarters by stone walls ; houses mostly of stone, and its church is one of the largest edifices in the country. DiMCHUBCH, a pa. of Engl. [Dtmchcboh.] DiNABURO, a town of Eussia. [Dcnabcrg.] DiNAGEPOOR, a dist. of British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, enclosed by the dists. Purneah, Rungpoor, and Bajeshaye. Area 5,374 sq. m. Pop. 2,341,420, about 2-3d Mohammedans. Sur- face undulating, and havhig no mntns. or lakes, traversed by affluents of the Ganges ; about 2-3d of the land is occupied and under cultivation ; rice, grain, and pulses are raised ; fish abound in the rivers. Farms are small, and the condi- tion of the people very poor. Public rev. (1839-40) 192,953?.; expend. 19,391?.— -Dinajrcpoor ("the abode of beggars") the cap. of the dist. and the seat of a Brit, jurisdiction, is 106 m. N. Moorshed- abad. Estimated pop. 30,000. It is meanly built. The vicin. is sandy soil & ill supplied with water. DiNAN, a comm. and town of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, cap. arrond., on a height near the Ranoe, 14 m. S. St. Malo. Pop. (1846) 7,705. It is enclosed by a wall, defended by a fine old castle. Prmcipal edifices, two Gothic churches, a clook-tower, the town-hall, comm. college, hospital, public library, conoert-hall, &c. It has manufs. of sail-cloth, linen and cot- ton fabrics, shoes, hats, and leather; salt re- fineries, beet-root sugar factories, and a brisk trade in butter, hemp, Unen thread, &o., carried on by means of the river, which is navigable up to the town. In 1389 it was besieged by the Duke of Lancaster, and defended by du GuescUn. DiNANT, a town of Belgium, prov. and 16 m. S. Namur, on the declivity of a rocky and castle crowned height, near the Meuse. Pop. (1842) 6,388. It has a Gotliic cathedral, two hospitals, a Latin school, manufs. of hardwares, woollen fabrics, paper, and leather. DiNAPOOB, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. and 14 m. W. Patna, with a quay on rt. b. of the Ganges ; handsome military can- tonments, & 3,200 houses, chiefly of mud & tiled. DiNAKic Alps, consist of that portion of the Al- pine system, which connect the Juhan Alps with branches of the Balkan in Turkey, and cover S. Croatia, Dalmatia, and Herzegovina with their ramifications, separating the basin of the Save from the region watered by the Kerka, Narenta, and other rivers flowing to the Adriatic Sea. They seldom rise to more than 7,000 ft. inheight, and are chiefly of a calcareous formation. DiNAs, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, on the coast of Newport B., 4m. N.E. Fishguard. P. 819. DiNAS-Movmnr, a decayed bor. and market- town of N. Wales, co. Merioneth, pa. Malwydd, on the Dovy. Pop. 300. It is most picturesquely sit. on side of a precip. mntn,, and though but a miserable vill., has the local designation of a "city." DiNDEB, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, on the river Brue, 2 m. S.E. Wells. Ac. 1,050. P. 248. DiNDiGut, an old subdivision of the Madras presid., British India, now comprised in Madura. Also a town, the cap. dist. and 30 m. N.W. Ma- dura, elev. 400 feet. Fort on a high granite rock. DiNDiNG Isles, a group ofi' tiie W. coast of the Malay peninsula, 70 m. S.S.E. Penang. Lat. 4° 20' N., Ion. 100° 32' E Pulo Binding is a granitic and wooded islet 250 feet in length. DiNEDOB, a pa. of Engl., co. and 2J m. S.S.E. Hereford. Area 1,740 ac. Pop. 289. DiNEVAWR Castle, a mined fortress of S. Wales, CO. Carmarthen, pa. Llandefeysant, anc. a seat of the Cambrian princes, & now giving the title of baron to the Cardonnel family. DiNGfi, a comm. and town, of France, dep. Me- et- Vilaine, 17 m. N. Rennes. Pop. 1,830. Dingelstadt, a walled town of Prussian Sax- ony, reg. Erfurt, on the Unstrut, 10 m. N.N.W. Miihlhausen. Pop. 3,062. Manufe. of cotton, linens, and woollen stu£^. DiNGESTOw, a pa. of Engl., co. &3Jm.W.S.W. Monmouth. Area 2,120 ac. Pop. 190. Dingle, a seaport, and market-town, pa., and disfranchised bor. of Ireland, Munster, co. Kerry, on the N. side of Dingle Bay, 8 m. E. Dunmore Head. Area of pa. 9,097 ac. Pop. 6,205; do. of town 3,386. Its linen manuf. has declined. Dingle Bay is much exposed to the swell of the Atlantic, but the harbour is safe. DiNGLEY, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 2J m. E. Market-Harborough. Area 1,500 ac. Pop. 144. Dingley-hall, in the vicin., is a noble man- sion, which belonged to the knights of St John. DiNGOLFiNG, a town, Lr. Bavaria, on a rock n. rt. b, of the Isar, 10 m. W.S.W. Landau. P. 1,897. Ecclesiastical councils were held here in 772 & 932. Dingwall, a royal bor. and pa. of Scotland, cap. CO. Ross, at the head of Cromarty Fu*, where joined by the PeflFer, 11 m.N.W. Inverness. P. of pa. 2,100; do. of bor. 1,7.39. It has wharves DIN 415 DIT for vessels drawing 9 feet water, but very little trade. Average carp. rev. about 170A The soil in tJie vicinity is ricli and fertile. The bor. joins with Tain, Dornoch, WJek, & Ku'kwall in sending I mem. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1818) 107. DiNKELSBuHL, a fortified town of Bavaria, circ. Middle Franc, cap. dist., on the Wernitz, 20 m. S.W. Anspach. Pop. 5,019. Itwasformerly a fi'ee town of the empire, and has manuts. of woollen cloths, camlets, leather, stockings, and gloves, and a brisk trade in corn. DiNEXAGE, a vill. of Sf. Germany, grand duchy Oldenburg, cap. dist. and lordship, 8 m. S.W. Vecht. Pop. 1,384. It has four annual fairs. DiNNiNGTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Tork, W. Rid- ing, 7 m. N.W. Worlcsop. Area 1,510 ac. P. 279. DiNSDAiE, a pa. and watering-place of Engl., CO. Nortliampton. on the Tees, 6 m. S.E. Dai'- lington. Area of pa. 1,340 ac. Pop. 169. It has a medicinal spring, with baths and hotel. DiNSLAKEN, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 21 m. Diisseldorf. Pop. 1,624. It has manufs. of woollen, linen, and cotton stufls. DiNTELOOED, a Till, of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 5 m. "W.S.W. ^\■illemstad. P. 1,000. DixTixG, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Derby, on the Sheff. and Manches. railw., 30 m. N.W. Sheffield. DiNTOii, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Bucks, 3.4 m. W.S.W. Aylesbury. Area 4,100 ac. Pop. 818 II. CO. Wilts, 5.% m. W. Wilton. Ac. 2,420. P. 565. DiKwrDDiE, a CO., U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. of Virginia. Area 616 sq. m. Pop. 22,538. DiNXPEKi.0, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, 7 m. S.W. Breedwoort. Pop. 700. Diois, an old district of France, in the prov. Dauphin^ tlie cap. of which was Die. In 1414 it was ceded to Charles vi, by Louis-de-Poitiers. DioMA, a river of Eur. Russia, gov. Orenburg, after a N.N.E. course of 150 m., joins the Biela near Ufa. Many copper mines on its banks. DioHEDE Island, a group in Behring Strait, midway betw. Asia and America, consisting of Fairway, Krusenstem, and Ratmanow isls., the central one in lat. 65° 46' N., Ion. 168° 55' W. Diog-GTOB,a market-town of N. Hungary, co. Borsod, in a pleasant valley, 5i m. W. Miskolcz. Pop. 3,264. It has manufs. or barrels and toys. Near it are important iron mines. Digs (Nohbbe de), a town of Mexico, state and 50 m. S.E. Durango. Pop. 7,000. DiozEGH, two market towns of Hungary. — I. CO. Bihar, 23 m. S.E. Debreczin. — II. co. and 26 m. E.N.E. Presburg, on the Dndwag. P. 1,714. DipiGSAKo, a vill. of Naples, prov. Calab. Cit., cap. cant., 3 m. S. Cosenza. Pop. 2,400. DippoiDiawAtBE, a town of Saxony, circ. and II m. S. Dresden, on the Weisseritz. Pop. 2,406. It lias manuis. of woollen and linen cloths. DiPTFOBD, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, on the Avon, 5 m. W.S.W. Totness. Ac. 4,150. P. 756. DiRHAM, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 4J m. S.S.E. Chipping- Sodbury. Ac. 3,290. P. 630. DiBiLto, Achates, a river of Sicily, intend. Syracuse, enters the Mediterr., 24 m. W.N.W. Modica, after a W.S.W. course of about 30 m. Dibk-Habtog Island, off the W. coast of Australia. Lat. 26° S., Ion. 113° E, Coast steep ; length, N. to S., 45 m. ; breadth, 10 miles. DiBLETON, a maritime pa. of Scotland, oo. and 61 m. N. Haddington, on the S. shore of the Firth of Forth. Area 7,500 Sc. acres. Pop. 1,497. Its vill,, one of the most beautiful in Scotland, is situated in a plain, on one side of which are the noble ruins of Dirleton castle. DiBMSTEiN, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, ciro. PfaJz, and 4 m. E.N.E. Grunstadt. Pop. 2,049. DiBsciiAU, a town of E. Prussia, cap. ciro. Stargard, reg. and 20 m. S.S.E. Dantzic, on 1. b. of the Vistula. Pop. 3,510. It has tanneries, breweries, and a transit trade on the river. Dis, a walled town of S. Arabia, near the coast, 63 m. E.N.E. Makallah, with 1,000 inhabitants. Disappointment (Isls.), a group in the Pacific, in lat. 14° 5' S., & discovered by Byron in 1765. DisciiiNGEN, two market towns, Wiirtemberg. — I. circ. Jaxt, on the Egge, 5 m. S.S.E. Nere- sheim. Pop. 1,150 II. (Upper), circ. and on the Danube, E. Ehingen. Disoo, a large island in Davis' Strait, off the W. coast of Greenland. Lat. 70° N., Ion. 65° W. DiSENTis, or Dissentis, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Grisons, in the valley of the Upper Rhine, 34 m. S.W. Chur, 3,809 feet above the sea, with 1,436 inhabs., & a monastery of the 7th century. Disewokth, a pa. of England, co. Leicester, 6i m. N.W. Loughborough. Ac. 1,880. P. 789. Dismal-Swamp, a large morass, U. S., N. Amer., commencing S. of Norfolk, Virginia, and extending for 30 m. into N. Carolina. Area about 236 sq. m. It is thickly covered with wood, has Lake Drummond in its centre, & is traversed by the Dismal Swamp canal, 23 m. in length. DisoN, a vill. of Belgium, prov. Li^ge, arrond. and 2 m. N.N.W. Verviers. Pop. 2,900. It has important manufactures of woollen cloths. Diss, a market town and pa. of England, co. Norfolk, on the Waveney, 20 m. S.S. W. Norwich. Area 3,460 ac. Pop. 3,205, partly engaged in manufs. of hemp, flax, and cotton. Fairs, last Friday in July, 8th November. DissAis and Dissat, two comms. and vills. of France I. dep. Vienne, 9 m. N.N.E. Poitiers. Pop. 1,566. — II. dep. Sarthe, arrond. and 21 m. S.S.W. St Calais, on 1. b. of the Long. P. 1,600. DissEN, a market town of Hanover, landrost and 13 m. S.S.E. Osnaburg. Pop. 1,550. DisSERTH, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Radnor, on a branch of the Wye, 4} m. N.E. Builth. P. 627. DissNA, a town of Russia, gov. & 110 m. N.N.E. Minsk, cap. circ, at the confl. of the Dissna, with the Dune. Pop. 2,219. DisTiNGTON, a pa. of England, co. Cumberland, 3 m. S. Workington. Area 2,910 ac. P. 1,108. DisTLET, a chapeliy of England, co. Chester, pa. and 6^ m. S.E. Stockport. Pop. 2,191. DiTCHE AT, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 3 m, N.N.W. Castlecarey. Area 6,220 ac. P. 1,244. DiTCHELLiNG, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 3 m. E.S.E. Hurstpierpoint. Area 5,270 ac. P. 1,148. DiTCHiNGHAM, 3, pa. of Engl., CO. Norfolk, 2 m. N. Bungay. Area 1,720 ac. Pop. 1,124. DiTMAKscH, N. and S. (Dan, Norder, ■ S.W. London by rail- way. Ac. 2,900. P.2,196.— VI. (Jfood), CO. Cam- bridge, 3m. S.E. Newmarket. Ac. 4,899. P. 1,016. DiTWYL, or DiETWTL, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 8 m. N.N.E. Lucerne, on the Reuss. Pop. 2,500, mostly engaged in agriculture. Diu, a fortiiied maritime town of W. Hindos- tan, belonging to the Portuguese, on an isl. off the S. coast of the Gujerat peninsula E. of Diu-head. Pop. 4,000. (?) It has the remains of a once famous Hindoo temple, a citadel, & a good harb — Viu- head Cape is in lat. 20° 43' N., Ion. 71° 3' 2" E. DiTEN, or DiTiK, several market towns, E. Europe.— I. (Hung. Diveny), Hungary co., Neo- grad, 20 m. S.E. Altsohl. Pop. 1,056. It has glass-works and a ruined castle. — II. S. Bussia, prov. Daghestan, on the Kubass, 22 m. "W.S.W. Derbend.— III. Russian Poland, gov. Grodno, about 20 m. S.S.E. Kobrin. Dives, a comm. and town of France, dep. Calvados, arrond. and 12 m. W. Pont I'Ev^que, on r. b. of the Dives, opposite Cabourg. Pop. 589. It has a small harbour. DivONNE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Ain, cant. & 6 m. from Gex. It has paper mills and iron foundries. Pop. 1,500. DixAB, a town of Abyssinia, state Tigre, 65 m. N.E. Axum, on the Danakil frontier. DixcovE Fort, a British settlement of W. Africa, on the Gold coast. Lat. 4° 48' N.,lon. 1° 57 W., in a fine bay, in which ships of 100 tons can load. The town, which lies below the fort, has a permanent pop. of 1,200. Behind Dixcove is a small lake wim bracldsh water, in which the negroes maintain a number of crocodiles. DixMONT, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Yonne, 20 m. N. Auxerre. Pop. 1,540. DixMUDE (Flem. Dixmuydeii), a town of Bel- gium, prov. W. Flanders, pleasantly situated on the r. b. of the Tser, 12 m. N. Tpres. Pop. (1842) 3,666. It has a handsome pa. church, a hospital, and a work-house, breweries, and tanneries. Dixon's Entkance, a strait, N. Amer., W. coast, lat. 54° 30' N., Ion. 133° W., between Queen Charlotte island and the Prince of Wales's archip. Length, W. to E., 100 m. DixTON (Newton), a pa. of Engl., co. and 1 m. S.E. Monmouth, on the Wye. Ac. 4,280. P. 751. DizruL, a city of Persia, prov. Khuzistan, in which it is now the principal mart, on the Dizful river {Coprates), here crossed by a fine bridge of 22 arches, 32 m.W.N.W. Shuster. Pop. 15,000 (?). It is not so well built as Shuster ; and from the inferior size of its bazaar, the merchants expose their goods for sale in private dwellings or cara- vanserais. Near it are many mounds, evidently of Sassanian origin ; it has ruins of anc. build- ings, and Mr Layard supposes that here was the site of the " Castle of Oblivion," in which Shah- poor confined the Armenian king, Arsaces ii. DiziEK (St), a comm. & town of France, dep. H. Marue, cap. cant.,, on the r. b. of Marne, where it becomes navigable, arrond. and 10 m. N. Vassy. Pop. (1846) 6,460. It is handsome, & was formerly fortified ; it has a comm. college, a fine new town-hall, a hospital, & ruined castle ; ducks for buildings vessels, cotton and iron fac- tories, and an active export trade in iron and timber. In 1644, it sustained a memorable siege by the Emperor Charles v. ; and in 1814, the French troops here twice defeated a part of the allied army. — II. a comm. and vill., dep. Creuse, arrond. and 5 m. N. Bourganeuf. Pop. 81,764. Dj, For places sometimes spelled with these initial letters, & not found here, refer to Dl & G. Djahgdtai, a mkt. town of S. Russia, prov. Daghestan, 60 m. N.W. Derbend. Pop. 6,000. Djab, or El Djab, a marit. town of Arabia, Hedjaz, on the Bed Sea, 45 m. S.S.E. Yembo. Djavat, a town of the Russian Transcaucasia, prov. Shirvan, on 1. b. of the Kour, at its junc- tion with the Aras, 36 m. S. Novo-Shamaln. Djesb-Ebkene, a town of Em-op. Turkey, Rumili, on the Maritza, at its confi. with the Erkene, 18 m. S.E. Adrianople. Pop. 2,000. Djokjoeakta, a Dutch residency of Java, on the S. coast of the isl. near its centre. Pop. (1840) 330,000. The cap. town of same naine, lat. 7° 47' S., Ion. 10° 24' E., is well built, & con- tains the old palace of the Sultan and the Dutch fort. Pop. 90,000. This was formerly one of the most important native states of Java. Dmitrov, a town of Russia, gov. and 40 m. N. Moscow, cap. circ. on the Jakhrama, an afil. of the Volga. Pop. 3,000. It is anc. and ill built; and has a college, and manufe. of woollen cloths and leather. Near it are a porcelain factory, and the palace of the counts Soltikov, burnt by the French in their retreat, October 1812. Dmitrovsk, a town of Russia, gov. and 40 m. S.W. Orel, cap. circ, on the Nerussa, and on the high road from Moscow to Kiev. Pop. 3,935. Dnieper, Sorysth&ies, a riv. of Russia, rises in the gov. Smolensk, flows generally S., & passes Smolensk (where it becomes navigable), Mohilev, Kiev, Ekaterinoslav, Kherson, and enters the Black Sea on the N. Length 623 m. (including windings 1,230 m.) Chief affls., on right, Drutz, Berezina, Pripet, Bug, — left, Soj, Desna, Soula, Korol, and Samara. The navigation is interrupt- ed by rapids for 47 m. below Ekaterinoslav. Dniester, Tyros or Danaster, a navigable riv. of Austi-ia and Russia, rises in the Carpathian mntns. (Galicia), separates Bessarabia from the govs. Podolia and Kherson, flows E.S.E., passes Sarabor, Halicz, Choczim, Mohilev, Bender, Akerman, and enters the Black Sea on the N.W. Length 400 m. (including windings 600 m.) Chf. affls., right, Stry, Reout, and Botna ; left, Sered, and Podhorce. Navigation difficult. Dniefbovsk (Vbekhne), a town of Europ. Russia, cap. dist. same name, gov. and 41 in. W.N.W. Ekaterinoslav, on the Dnieper. DoAB (" two waters"), a name applied in Hin- dostan to tracts between two rivers, & especially to that between the Ganges and Jumna. The (" Jullunder doab"), between the Sutleje & Beas rivs. Punjab was acquired from the Sikhs hy the British in 1846. DoAN, a town of Arabia, near its S.E. coast, 110 m. W. Dofar. Doazit, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Lan- des, 18 m. S.S.W. Mont de Marsan. Pop. 1,600. DoBARVA, the most N. town Of Abyssinia^98 m. N. Axum, formerly important. DoBBO, a town of E. Archip. [Arru Isl.] Dobeln, a town of Saxony, circ. and 35 m. E.S.E. Leipzig, on an isl. forined by the Mulde. Pop. (184^ 5,952. It has 2 churches, an hospital, and manufs. of woollen cloth, Unen, and cotton. Doberan, a mkt. town and sea-bathing estab- lishment of Germany, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, DOB 417 DOL duchy and -tO m. N.N.E. Schwerin, cap. dist., on a smaU riv. wliich ftJls into the Baltic, 2J m. be- low the to\TO. Pop. 3,223. It has a grand-dueal pivlace, sea^water baths, at the mouth of the river, and mineral springs and baths, temp. 42° Fahr. DoBLES, or DoBLEHN, a large mkt. town of Kussia, gov. Courland, circ. and 18 m. W. Mitau. DoBLiNG, a subm-ban viU. of Vienna, 3 m. N. the city, with mineral baths, and numerous villas. DoBoi, a town of Europ. Turkey, B6snia, on 1. b. of the Bosna, 42 m. N.E. Travnik. DoBOKA, a viU. of Transylvania, co. Doboka, 1 2 m. W.S.W. Szamos-Ujvar. The co. of Doboka, is partly mntnous; & infertile. Pop. (1846) 66,900. BoBRA, a town of Poland, prov. and 25 m. E.N.E. Kalisz. Pop. 1,000. It has two churches, a synagogue, and manuis. of linens, gloves, and hosiery. — II. (O. Bonopolis), a N-ill. of Transyl- vania, CO. Hunvad, on the Maros, and on the frontier of the Banat, 50 m. W.S.W. Karlsburg. DoBBiLTJCK, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- l)urg, reg. and 66 m. S.S.W. Frankfurt, on the Dober. Pop. 1,200. Manufe. of woollens. DoBROMiL, a town of Austrian Galicia, circ. and 23 m. E. Sanok, cap. landship, on the "Wirwa. Pop. 1,600. It has important cattle fairs. DoBROTA, a mkt. town of Dalmatia, circ. and-2 m. N. Cattaro, on the Adriatic. Pop. 1,700. DOBKDSCHKA, Or DoBRlTSKA, a tOWTl of Bo- hcmia, circ. and 15 m. E.J^'.E. Koniggratz. Pop. 1,900. It has a trade in com, flax, yarn, & wine. DoBBZAif, a town of Bohemia, 'circ. and 8 m. S.S.W. Pilsen, on r. b. df the Radbuza. P. 2,000. DoBEZTH, a town of Poland, gov. Ploek, on the Drewenz, 18 m. N.N.W. Lipno. Pop. 2,200, one- half of whom are Jews. It has a fine castle and manuis. of woollen cloth and leather. DoBSCHAU, or DoBsisA, a mkt. town of N. Hungary, co. and 21 m. N.N.E. Gomor, on the Dobsina. Pop. 5,410, mostly Germans. It has extensive iron, copper, and cobalt mines. DocE, a riv. of Brazil, rises in the prov. Minas Geraes, flows N.E. between the provs. Porto Seffuro and Espiritu Santo, and enters the At- lantic, 60 m. N. Victoria. Length 320 miles. DoCHABT, a lake of Scotl., co. Perth, pa. Killin. Length about 3 m. Its banks are beautifully wooded, there are ruins of a castle on an islet, & a curious floating island A river of same name, 8 m. in length, carries its surplus waters through Glen-Dochart, into the Lochy. Docking, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 5 m. S.W. Bumham. Area 4,030 ac. Pop. 1,537. DooKLOw, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 5 m. E.S.E. Leominster, Area 1,420 ac. Pop. 215. DoDA, a town of N. Pimjab, on the Chenab, here crossed by a cable-bridge, 116 m. N. La- hore. It has a fort and a good bazaar. DoDAiBEB, a town of India, Deccan, Mysore dom., 22 m. E.N.E. Cliittledroog. DoDBBOKE, a small market-town and pa. of England, co. Devon, J m. E. Kinesbridge. Area 420 ac. Pop. 1,229. Market, Wednesday. Fair, Wednesday before Palm Sunday. DoDOENHAM, 3, pa. of England, co. and 6 m. W.N.W. Worcester. Area 830 ac. Pop. 260. DoDDEBHiLL, a pa. of England, co. Worcester, J m. N. Droitwich. Area 5,150 ac. Pop. 2,130. DoDDiKQHCBST, 3. pa. of England, co. Essex, 3J m. N.W. Brentwood. Area 3,460 ac. Pop. 419. DoDDiBGTON, Several pas. of England. — I. co. Ca(nbridge, 4 m. S. the station of the Peterboro' and Ely railway at March. Area 38,240 ac. P. 8,648 II. CO. and 6 m. W.S.W. Lincoln. Area 4,330 ac. Pop. 220.— III. CO. Kent, 4} m. S.S.E. Sittingboume. Area 2,000 ac. Pop. 473.— IV, CO. Northumberland, 23 m. N. Wooler. Area 9,110 ac. Pop. 941. In the vicinity is a valuable coaJ mine. — V. (Dry), co. Lincoln, 8 m. N.N.W. Grantham. Area 2,160 ac. P. 216.— VL (Great), CO. Northampton, 2 m. S.S.W. Wellingborough. Ai'ea 1,310 ac. Pop. 474. DoDDiscoMBSLEioH, apa. of Eugl,, CO. Devon, 5J m. S.W. Exeter. Area 2,390 ac. Pop. 378. DoDDLESTON, a pa. of England, co. and 4} m. S.S.W. Chester. Areii 2,420 ac. Pop. 826. DoDPOBD, a pa. of England, co. Northampton, 2| m. E.S.E. Daventry. Area 1,180 ac. Pop. 228. DoDiNGTON, two pas. of Engl I. co. Glouces- ter, 2J m. S.E. Cliipping-Sodbliry. Area 1,670 ac. Pop. 143. — II. CO. Somerset, 8 m. W.N.W. Bridgewater. Area 600 ao. Pop. 114. Don WORTH, a township of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, 2J m. W.S.W. Barnsley. Pop. 1,474. DoEuiBERG, a principal summit of the Swiss Alps, 17 m. S.S.W. Glarus, at the S. extremity of the canton. Height 11,887 feet. Elevation of pass between the valleys of the Linth and Vorder Rhein, 9,609 feet. DoESBUKG, a fortified town of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, cap. dist., on the Yssel, 10 m. E. Arnhem. Pop. (1840) 3,347. DoESSAH, a large vill. of British India, presid. Bengal, 66 m. S.W. Ramghm-. DoFREFELD, or DoFBiNES, the Central portion of the mntn, chain of Scandinavia, [Norway,] Dogger-Bank, a sand bank occupying all the centre of the North Sea, between lat, 64° 10' and 57° 24' N,, and Ion. 1° and 6° 7' E., intermediate between the shores of England and Denmarlf. It is the seat of important fisheries. On 6th August 1781, an obstinate contest took place be^ tween the English and Dutch off its S. extremity. DoGNACSKA, a market-town of Hungary, co. Krassova, 8 m. S. Boksan. Pop. 2,335. It has mines of copper, lead, and zinc. Dog Island, Pacific Ocean, in Timor group. Lat. 7° 40' S., Ion. 126° 2' E. DoGLiANi, a town of the Sardinian sta., prov. and 11 m. N.N.E. Mondovi. Pop. 4,644. DoGMEBSFiELD, a pa. of Engl., CO. Southamp- ton, 2 m. E.N.E. Odiham. Ac. 1,660. Pop. 305. DoGMEL (St), a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 2 m. W. Cardigan. Pop. 2,478, chiefly employed in fishing. The vill. has the ruins of a fine abbey. Dogs (Isie or), or Poplar Marshes, a penin- sula of the Thames, England, co. Middlesex, 3J m. E.S.E. St Pauls. The West India doclcs arc here sit., and the city canal intersects it. In for- mer times the king's hounds were kept here. DoGSTHORPE,aharalet of Engl., CO. Northamp- ton, IJ m, N, Peterborough. Pop. 514. DoGSWELL (St), a pa. of S. Wales, with medic, spring, CO. and 8 m. N. Pembroke. Pop. 461. DoHUD, a considerable town of India, Gwalior dom., 98 m. W.S.W. Oojein. DoKKTjM, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Friesland, cap. dist., on the ship-canal Dokknm- diep, 6 m. from tlie North Sea, and 12J m. N.E. LeeuWarden. Pop. 3,797. It is the principal mkt, for flax, has a town-hall, a Latin school, ship- building docks, salt refineries, and breweries. DoL, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. lUe-et- Vilaine, cap. cant., 13m. S.E. St Malo. Pop. (1846) 3,387. It IS enclosed by old fortifications, & is ill built, but it has a fine cathedral, a hospital, and trade in com, hemp, and cider. Dol-Ben-Maen, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Car- narvon, H m. N.W. Tremadoc. Pop. 401. Dolce (Gulf and Rivek). [Dolce.] DoLOF. AcQUA, a market-town of the Sard, sta., div. and 21 m. E.N.E. Nice, cap. niand., on 2i> DOL 418 XJ \J «i the Nervia. Pop. (with comm.) 1,892. — Dolcedo, avill. in the proT. Oneglia. Pop. 2,568. Dole, a comm. and town of France, dep. Jura, cap. arrond., at the foot of a vine clad hill, on r. b. of tlie Doubs, 29 m. N. Lons-le-Saunier. Pop. (1846) 9,322. It is irregularly built ; principal edi- fices, court-house, old & new prisons, 2 hospitals, and a theatre. It has a public library, mannfs. of straw-hats, leather, earthenwares, hardwares, and an active trade in agricultural produce. Dole (La), a mountain of Switzerland, cant. Vaud, in the chain of the Jura, on the French frontier, 16 m. N. Geneva, 5,609 feet in elevation. It is celebrated for its magnificent prospects. DoLGELLY, or DoLGELLEN, a market town and pa. of N. WaJes, cap. co. Merioneth, on the My- nach, here crossed by a bridge near the foot of Cader-Idris, 46 m. W. Shrewsbury. Pop. of pa. 3,695. The town, surrounded by magninoenthill scenery, is irregularly built ; principal edifices, a church with fine tower, a co. hall, jail, and house of correction. It Jias manufs. of coarse woollens, considerable markets for flannels on Tuesday, and 6 yearly fairs. It is the seat of co. summer assizes, and the head of a poor-law union. The vicinity is much frequented by tourists. Here Owen Glendwr held a parliament in 1404. DoLGOi, an isl., Caspian Sea, off the coast of Khiva. Lat. 45° N., Ion. 51|° B. — II. an island, European Russia, gov. Archangel, in the Arctic Ocean, 55 m. S. the island Vaigatz. DoLiNA, a town of Austria, Galicia, circ. and 22 m. S.S.E. Stry. Pop. 3,120. It has Roman Cathohc and Protestant churches. Dollar, a pa. of Scotland, co. Clackmannan, 10 m. N.E. StirUng. Pop. 1,562. The vill. is beautifully situated on the Devon. Fairs in May, June, Aug., and October. Dollar academy is an elegant structure founded in 1819, under the will of Capt. M'Nab, who left nearly 80,000?. for the purpose. Coal is wrought here; ironstone is abundant, and lead and copper mines were for- merly wrought in the Ochills. The fine old ruin of Castle- Campbell is in this parish. Dollab-Law, a mntu. of Scotland, co. and 9J m. S.S.W. Peebles. Elevation 2,840 feet. Dollart, agulf of the German O., at the estuary of the Ems, between Hanover & the Netherlands, 10 m. in length N. to S., by about 7 m. across, & which owes its origin to a destructive inundation in 1276. The town Emden is on its N. shore. DoLMATOv, a town of Asiat. Russia, gov. Perm, on 1. b. of the Iset, 30 m. W.N.W. Shadrmsk. Pop. 1,600. It has a fine monastery, and an ann. fair, visited by merchants from Siberia. DoLO, a town of N. Italy, gov. and 13 m. W. Venice, on the Brenta and Brentano. Pop. 3,600. Dolores, a town of Spain, prov. and 21 m. S.S.W. Alicante, on the Segura. Pop. 2,4.33.— II. a town, Mexic. Confederation, dep. and 45 m. N.E. Guanajuato. DoLPHiKXON, a pa. of Scotland, co. Lanark, 6 J ra. N.N.E. Biggar. Area 2,926 ac. Pop. 305. Elevation of Dolphinton Hill, estimated at 1,560 feet Dolphinston is a hamlet, co. Haddington, 2 m. W. Tranent ; and Dolphistan, a vill., co. Rox- burgh, on the Jed, 5} m. S.S.E. Jedburgh. DoLTON, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 6 m. N.N.E. Hatherleigh. Area 2,180 ac. Pop. 922. DoL-WvDELLAK, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Car- narvon, on theriv. Ledan,6Jm. S.S.W. Llanrwst. Pop. 754. On a rocky hill in this pa., are the ruins of Dol-Wydellan Castle, in which Llewellyn the Great was born. DoMAizE, a vill. of France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 22 m. S.S.E. Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. 1,671. DoM ALAIN, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, 22 m. E. Rennes. P. 2,830. DoMART, a comm. and town of France, dep. Somme, cap. cant., 14 m. N.W. Amiens. P. 1,314. DoMBAi, a large vill. of Asia Minor, 20 ra. W. Uln-bowilu. Near it are many remains of antiq. DoMBES, an old division of France, in the prov. Bourgogne, cap. Tr^voux, now comprised in the dep. Ain. The principahty of Dombes was long governed by particular princes. The district is unhealthy, from numerous artificial marshes. DoMBROviTZT, a town of Russian Poland, gov. Volhynia, 138 m. N.N.W. Jitomir. Pop. 2,645. DoMBDBG, a small town, Netherlands, prov. Zeeland, on the W. coast of the island Walcheren, 6i m. N.W. Middelburg. DomSine, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. IsSre, cap. cant., 5 m. N.E. Grenoble. Pop. 1,590. DoMENicA (Sta.), a town of Naples, prov. Calab, Cit., dist. Paola, 3 m. E. Scalea. Pop. 2,686. DomSrat, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Allier, 3 m. W.N.W. Montlnson. Pop. 3,022. DoMFBONT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Orne, cap. arrond., on a steep rock near the Va- renne, 35 m. W.N.W Alengon. Pop. 2,086. It has a fine old church, maoufe. of coarse linen and hempen cloths, and 11 large annual horse and cattle fairs. It was founded in the 11th century, and was formerly one of the strongest fortified posts in Normandy. — II. a vill., dep. Sai'the, 10 m. N.W. Le Mans. Pop. 1,440. DoMiMGO (San), afortified seaportcity of Hayti, W. Indies, on the S.E. coast at the mouth of the Ozama, which forms its harbour. Lat. 18° 29' N., Ion. 69° 59' W. Pop. about 15,000. It was the first permanent settlement made by Euro- peans in America ; it is regularly laid out in the old Spanish style, and has a Gothic cathedral, numerous other churches, some convents, hospi- tals, colleges, an old and a new national palace, an arsenal, lighthouse, and large barracks. Its harb. is secure, but unfit for large ships. [Hatti.] DoMiNso (Sah), an islet of the W. Indies, on the Great Bahama bank, 90 m. N.E. Las Nue- vitas (Cuba). — II. a small town. New Mexico, on the Rio Grande del Norte, 28 m. S.W. Santa Vi. — III. a mission. Lower California, near the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 30° N., Ion. 115° SC W.— IV. a town, S. America, New Granada, dep. Cundina- marca, 60 m. E. Antioquia. — V. (Suriano), a vill., Uruguay, on the Rio Negro, near its confl. with the Plata, 80 m. N. Buenos-Ayres. Dominica, or Domenica, a Brit. W. India isl., Leeward group, lat. of Roseau 15° 18' 4' N., Ion. 61° 24' 1" W., 22 m. N. Martinique and S. Gua- daloupe. Length N. to S. 29 m., breadth 16 m. Area 186,436 ac. Pop. (1842) 18,291, of whom 700 were whites. It is of volcanic origin, and the most elevated of the lesser Antilles, the extreme height 6,314 ft., being in part mountainous and rugged, though interspersed with fertile valleys, well watered. Hot and sulphureous springs abound. Soil fertile, and well suited for coffee and sugar; other products are maize, cotton, cacao, tobacco, splendid timber trees, and cabinet wood. Hogs, poultry, bees, and game are plen- tiful. Temperature of the low districts ranges from 69° to 88° Fahr., but in the more elevated parts it is much lower, the air being frequently chill. Wet season from September to January, but rainfalls frequently during the other months. Thunder storms not generally severe, earthquakes of rare occurrence. There are one Episcopal & two Dissenting churches, four day schools, and two infant do. In 1846, 52,700 cwts. of sugar, 8,866 do. of molasses, 22,205 galls, of rum, 21,086 DOM 419 DON lbs. of coffee, with cacao, cane-juiee, copper ore, Sic, were exported to the United Kingdom. Total value of exports (1844) 72,718/, of wliich those to Great Britain stood for 65,916/. ; value of imports, 67,656/. In the same year, 343 ships, aggregate burden 14,783 tons, entered, and 350 do., burden 14,595 tons, cleared, from the ports of the island. Registered shipping 14 ves- sels, aggregate burden 502 tons. Principal har- bours, Roseau on the W., and Pr. Rupert bay on the N. coast. Government in the hands of a governor, council, and legislative assembly of 20 members, and well organized militia. Public rev. (1845) 10,468/. 10*. The island is divided into 10 pas. Chief towns, Roseau, the cap., and St Joseph. It was discovered by Columbus in 1498, and ceded by France to Great Britain in 1763. DoMiNicK (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 2J m. S.E. Callington. Area 2,680 ac. Pop. 825. DoMiso, or DoMENico (San), the largest of the Tremeti isls., Adriatic Sea, 14 m. N. the promon- tory Gargano, Naples. Length 2 m., breadth 1 m. DoMiTz, a fortified town, N. Germany, Mecklen- burg-Schwerin, deleg. & 33 m. S.S.W. Schwerin, cap. dist., at the confl. of the Elde with the Elbe. Pop. 2,545. Its citadel, on an isl. in the Elbe, is now used as a house of correction. It has ma- nufactures of tobacco, distilleries and breweries. DoHM&, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. and on the Dordogne, cap. cant., 36 m. S.E. Peri- gueux. Pop. 1,444. It has monthly cattle fairs. DoHMEL, a riv. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, after a tortuous N. course of 45 m. joins the Maas at Fort CrevecoBur, 4 m. N. Bois-le- Duc, which town and Eyndhoven are on its banks. DoHMiTSCH, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. Merseburg, 8 m. N.N.W. Torgau. Pop. 2,050. DoMNAn, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 23 m. S.E. Konigsberg. Pop. 1,281. It has an ancient castle, a Lutheran church, and an hospital. DoMO d'Ossola, a town of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. Novara, cap. mand., on the Simplon route, near the Swiss frontier, and 16 m. N.W. Lago Maggiore. Pop., with comm. (1838), 2,025. It is built chiefly of stone and defended by a small fort. DoMPAiBE, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vosges, arrond. and 7 m. S.E. Mirecourt, cap, cant. Pop. 1,600. It has manufs. of lace. DoMpiEBBE, several comms. and vills. of France. — L dep. Charente Inf., 6 m. N.E. La Rochelle. P. 2,686. — II. dep. Allier, cap. cant., 16 m. E.S.E. Moulins. Pop. 1,620.-111. dep. H. Vienne, 12 m. N.E. Bellac. Pop. 1,700. DoMBEMr-LA-PucELLB, a conuu. and vill. of France, dep. Vosges, arrond. and 7 m. N. Neuf- chateau, on 1. b. of the Meuse, is the native place of Joan of Arc, whose house is preserved as a national relic. Opposite to it is a handsome mo- nument, with a colossal bust of the heroine. DouBiAssK, a market-town of European Rus- sia, gov. and 40 m. N.N.E. Perm. Pop. 1,600. DoMDS, a maritime town of Brit. India, presid. Bombay, dist. and 16 m. S. W. Surat, at the mouth , of the Taptee, in the Gulf of Cambay. Dow, Tajiais, a river of Europ, Russia, rises in the gov. Tula, flows generally S., passes Dankov, Lebediau, Tcherkask, Nakhitchevan, Azov, Ros- tov, and enters the sea of Azov by many mouths on the N.E. Chief affluents on the right, the Sosna, and the Donetz ; left, the Voronetz, Kho- per, Medvietza, Sal, & Manitch. Length, direct, 468 m., including windings, 995 m. The naviga- tion of the Don is difficult in summer when the water is low, but in winter it is traversed by lar^e vessels. The Don and the Voronetz communi- cate by canals with the Oka, affl. of the Volga, & tlius unite the Sea of Azov to the Caspian. Don, two rivers of Britain. — I. Engl., co. York, W. Riding, rises in the moors W. of Pennistone, flows at first S.E. to Sheffield, and thence N.E. past Rotherham and Doncaster to Goole, where it joins the Ouse after a course of 56 m. ; navig. from Sheffield. Affluents, the Hodbeck and Wente. It communicates by canals with the Trent and the Calder. — II. Scotl., co. Aberdeen, rises in Ben Aven, flows tortuously E. past Towie, Alford, Monymusk, Inverury, and Kintore, and enters the North Sea li m. N. Aberdeen, after a course of 62 m. Principal affluent, the Uric. Banks mostly level, except in the last part of its course, where it flows rapidly through a narrow channel, and it is navigable n-om the sea only for a short distance. Its salmon fisheries were lately rented for 2,000/. per annum. Balgounie Bridge, is an old Gothic one-arched bridge near its mouth, alluded to by Lord Byron; a splendid new bridge of 6 arches, crosses the river a little further down. Don, a river of France, deps. Maine-et-Loire and Ille-et-Vilaine, joins the Vilaine 6 m. E.N.B. Redon, after a W. course of about 40 m., for the last 10 of which it is navigable. Dona (San), a town, N. Italy, cap. dist., deleg. and 18 m. N.E. Venice, on left bank of the Piave. Pop. 4,600. DoNABATE, a vill. and pa. of Irel., co. and 10^ m. N.N.E. Dublin, with a station on the Dublin and Drogheda railway. Area 2,715 ac. P. 479. DoKAGH, two pas. of Ireland. — I. co. Ulster & 5 m. N.N.E Monaghan. Ac. 16,202. P. 10,244. — II. CO. Donegal, comprising the town of Earn. Area 25,259 ac. Pop. 5,447. DoNAGHADEE, a sca-port, market-town, & pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Down, on the Irish Chan- nel, 16i m. E.N.E. Belfast. Area 9,693 ac. Pop, 8,567 ; do. of town 3,151. It is well built, & has a good harbour, with a lighthouse. Embroider- ing is here carried on to a considerable extent, and in the town are many flax mills. Steainers ply hence to Portpatrick. Fairs, 6th June, 4th July, 16th Aug., 10th Oct., and 2d Wed. m Dec. DoNAGHCLONEY, 3, pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Down, 2^ m. S.E. Lurgan. Ac. 6,698. P. 6,373. DoNAGHEADT, a pa., Ircl., Ulster, co. Tyrone, 7J m. N.E. Strabane. Ac. 39,398. Pop. 10,608. DoNAGHEAVY, or FiNDONACH, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Tyrone, comprising the town of Fin- tona. Area 23,052 ac. P. 11,229. Linen weaving. Donaqh-Henbt, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Tyrone, includ. Stewartstown and a part of Coal Island. Area 7,165 ac. P. 5,673. Linen weaving. Donaghmobe, numerous pas. of Ireland. — I. Ulster, CO. Donegal, including the town of Castle Linn, 4 m: S.W. Lifl'ord. Area 46,378 ac. Pop. 12,965.-11. CO. Tyrone, 2J m. N.W. Dungan- non. Area, 18,410 ac. Pop. 12,333, of whom 642 are in the vill. Fairs first Tuesday of every month, — III. Munster, co. Cork, 11 J m. E.N.E. Macroom. Area, 22,308 ac. Pop. 7,491. It gives title of earl to the Hely-Hutchison family.— IV. Ulster, co. Down, 4^ m. N. Newry. Area 8,396 ac. Pop. 4,436. — ^V. Leinster, co. Wicklow, 4 m. N.N.E. Baltinglass. Area, 23,428 ac. Pop. 3,910. —VI. CO. Wexford, 6 m. S.S.E. Gorey. Area 7,478 ac. Pop. 2,497. — VII. Queen's co., about 2i m. N.N.W. Rathdowney. Area 3,529 ae. Pop, 1,620, of whom 496 are in the vill VIII. co, Meath, includmg part of the town of Navan. Area 3,966 ac. Pop. 1,624. — IX. Munster, co. and 2J m. S.S.E. Limerick. Area 943 ac. Pop. 727.— X.co. Tipperary.lim. S.W.Fethard. Areal,797 DON 420 DON ac. Pop. 469.— XI. co. Cork, 7J m. E.S.E. Clona. Area 312 ac. Pop. 458.— XII. Leinster, co. Meath, 4 m. E.S.E. Ratoath. Area 3,413 ac. Pop. 391.— XIII. CO. Kildare, IJ m. E.S.E. May- nooth. Area 301 ac. Pop. 29. DoNAQHMOiNB, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, co. Mo- naghan, 3 m. N.N.E. Carrickmacross. Area 25,604 ac. Pop. 15,110. DowAonPATBicK, twopa9.,Irel. — I. Connaught, CO. Galway, 3 m. E.N.E. Headford. Area 10,342 ac. Pop. 3,770. — II. Leinster, co. Meath, 4i m. N.W. Navan. Area 4,028 ac. Pop. 786. DoNALDSONViLLE, a Till., U. S., N. Amer., Loui- siana, 63 m. W.N.W. New Orleans. Pop. 1,000. DoNATO (San), several mkt.-towns of Italy. — I. Naples, proT. T.-di-Lavoro, 11 m. E. Sora. Pop. 2,500.— IL duchy and 3 m. E.S.E. Parma.— III. Tuscany, prov. and 7 m. S.E. Florence. , Don Benito, a town of Spain, prov. and 67 m. E.N.E. Badajoz, near 1. b. of the Guadiana. It is cap. of partido of same name, comprising 8 vills. Pop. (1846) 16,124. It has manufs. of woollens. D0NAT-1.B-R0MAN (St), a comm. and town of France, cap. cant., dep. Drome, 13 m. N. Valence. Pop. 2,084. It has manufe. of crapes and silk. DoNATTs (St), two oontig. pas. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan I. on the Bristol Channel, 5 m. S.W. Cowbridge. Pop. 151. The church, in a beautiful secluded deU, contains several monumts. of the StradUngs, who for 7 centuries occupied the fine anc. castle, part of which is still inhabited. —II. ( Welsh), 2 m. N.E. Cowbridge. Pop. 275. DoNAU, a river of Europe. [Danube]. DoNADESOHiNaEi(r,a town of S. Germany, grand duchy Baden, circ. Lake, 37 m. N.W. Constance, at the confl. of the Brigach and Brege. Pop. 3,050. It is well built, and has a fine resid. of Prince Fiirstenberg, in the courtyard of which is a spring considered the fountainhead of the Danube. DoNAusTAUF, a town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Palatinate, 9 m. W.N.W. Worth, on 1. b. of the Danube. P. 1,164. Nearitis the Walhalla temple. . DoNAUwoETH, a towu of Bavaria, circ. Swa- bia, cap. dist., at the confl. of the Wernitz with the Danube, the latter here crossed by a bridge, 26 m. N.N.W. Augsburg. Pop. 2,700. It was formerly a free town of Sie empire, is enclosed by walls, and well built. It has several churches and hospitals, a monastery, and a fine public promi- nade. . Its iuhabs. are mostly empld. in raising fruits, flax, hemp, and hops, in brewing, and a transit trade on the Danube. In 1704, Marlbo- rough here gained a victory over the Bavarians. DoNCASTEB, Darmm, a municipal bor., market town & pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, on the navigable riv. Don, here crossed by 2 fine stone bridges, and on the great N. road, 32 m. S. York, and 9 m. E. the Swinton station of the N. Mid- land railw. Area of pa. 5,840 ac. Pop. 11,245 ; do. of town, 10,194. It is pleasantly situated, & is one of the cleanest and best built towns in the kg-dra. The High Street, nearly 1 m. in length, is remarkably handsome. Chief buildings, the parish church, a noble cruciform structure with a tower, Christ church, an elegant modern edi- fice, a grammar school supported by the Corpo- ration, St Thomas' hospital for decayed house- keepers, rev. (1837) 424i. ; a large county deaf and dumb institution, union workhouse, a noble mansion house, or residence for the mayor, the town-hall, jail, & cross, public library, theatre, lyceum, branch banlts, numerous mshionable hotels, betting room, and on the celebrated race- course adjoining the towu on the S.E., a magni- ficent grand stand, noblemen's stand, with every other convenience for its far-famed races, which directly or indirectly contribute to the chief re- sources of the inhabitants. They were estab- lished in 1703. In 1776, the famous St Leger stakes for 3 year olds were founded by Col. St Leger, and have been since annually run for in September by the best horses in Engl. Charities (1827) 890Z. per annum. Mkt., large, for corn, Saturday. Large wool markets from June to Aug. Fair, Monday before Old Candlemas, Feb. 13, April 6, Aug. 6, and Nov. 26. Corp. revenue (1846-7) 16,854Z. ; expend. 18,467Z. It is a polling- place for the W. Biding. DoNCHEKY, a comm. and town of France, dep. Ardennes, on rt. b. of the Meuse, here crossed by a stone bridge, arrond. and 3 m. W. Sedan. Pop. 2,032. It is surrounded with walls, and was formerly strongly fortified. On a large open space are a town-hall, and residence for a milit. governor ; it has an hospital, cavalry barracks, and manufs. of serge, linen cloths, and lace. Don Cossacks Countet. [Cossacks.] DoNDEA Head, the S.most extremity of the isl. Ceylon. Lat. 6° 55' N., Ion. 80° 38' E. DoNEeAL, a maritime co. of Ireland, Ulster, having E. and S. the cos. Londonderry, Tyrone, and Fermanagh, and on other sides Donegal bay & the Atlantic. Area 1,862 sq. m., or 1,186,641 ac, of which 393,191 ac. are arable, and 769,587 do. waste. Inhabited houses 61,389. Pop. (1841) 296,448. Surface mntnous. ; principal rivs. the Swilly and Leenan. Shores greatly indented, & the CO. contains Loughs Swilly and Mulroy, with Sheephaven, Gliddore, Guybarra, and Lochrns bays ; and many isls. ofF the coast. Inland lakes numerous ; the principal is L. Derg, in which is the isl. St Patrick's purgatory. Soil not very fertile ; timber is scarce ; potatoes, oats, barley, and flax are the chief crops. Properties are large ; farms small. Annual value of property 226,049?. Fisheries in 1836, employed 13,700 hands, and 3,000 vessels. Principal manuf. is of linens ; the woollen stocking manuf. has declined. Trade chiefly conducted through the city of Lon- donderry. The CO. is divided into 6 baronies & 61 pas. Princlp. towns, Ballyshannon & Letter- kenny, with the ports Rathmelton, Donegal, and Killybegs. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 701. — Donegal Bay, an inlet of the Atlantic, extends inwards abt. 25 m. ; breadth at entr. 20 m. — II. a seaport, mkt. town, & pa. in same co., at the mouth of the Esk in Donegal bay, 11 m. N.N.E. Ballyshannon. Area of pa. 23,260 ac. Pop. 6,688 ; do. of town 1,366. It is ill built, but it has a neat church, a spacious mkt.- place, a bridewell, workhouse, sulphur baths, the ruins of a monastery, the remains of a fine castle, a harbour for vessels drawing 12 feet water ; and it exports corn and butter. Six annual fairs. Donegal, several tnshps., U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania I. S.W. Pittsburgh. Pop. 2,261. —II. 37 m. N.N.E. Pittsburg. Pop. 1,747.-111. an adjacent township, co. Butler. Pop. 1,615. Donebaile, a market town and pa. of Ireland, Munster, CO. Cork, on the Awbeg, here crossed by a handsome stone bridge, 6 m. N.N.E. Mai- , low. Area of pa. 20,442 ac. Pop. 8,350 ; do. of town, 2,722. It is a poor place, with a few good residences, a neat church, large Eoman Catholic chapel, nunnery, dispensary, and mkt.-ho. Mkt. Sat. Fairs 12th Aug., and 12th November. It gives the title of viscount to the St Leger family. The ruined castle of Kilcolman in its vicinity was a favourite residence of the poet Spenser. DoNETz, a river of S. Russia, and the princip. affl. of the Don, rises in the gov. Koursk, flows mostly S.E. through the gov. Kharkhov and the DON 421 Don Don-Cossack country, & joins the Don on rig-lit, 40 m. N.E. Novo-Toherkaslf, after a course of 400 m. It is wide & deep, & its banks are higlily fertile. Principal afiis. the Oskol, Aidar, and Kalitva, all from the N. On its banks are the towns Bielgorod, Tmiev (where it becomes navi- gaWe), Izinm, and Slavianoserbsk. DoNGES, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Loire Inf., 25 m. N.N.W. Nantes. P. 2,700. DoNG-NAi, a town and river of Anam ; the riv. enters the China Sea by many mouths, near lat. 10° 20' N., Ion. 107° E. It is navigable for large ships to the city Saigon, 40 m. from its mouth. On one of its tributaries is the town Dong-nai, 25 m. N.E. Saigon. DoNGOLA, a prov. of Nubia, in its central part, consisting of the valley of the Nile, between lat. 1S° and 19° 30' N., and comprising the towns New and Old Dongola. The Slamelukes took posses- sion of this country on escaping from Egypt ; it was taken from them by Ibrahim Pacha in 1820. DoNGOLA (New), or Maraka, a town of Nubia, cap. prov. Dongola, on the W. bank of the Nile. Lat. 19° 10' 19' N., Ion. 30° 22' 15' E. It is populous, and important, both as a miUtary depot .ind a place of trade ; its expts. are chiefly slaves in return for goods of aU descriptions from Cairo. It has an indigo factory belonging to the Egyp- tian pasha. — Old Dongola is a ruined town on rt. b. of the Nile, 75 m. S.S.E. New Dongola. DoNHEAD, two pas. of England, co. Wilts. — I. (St Andrew), 5J m. S. Hindon. Area 5,600 ac. Pop. 900.— II. {St Mary), 5^ m. S.S.W. Hindon. Area 2,680 ac. Pop. 1,596. DoN-IsLE, or DuNHiLL, a pa. of Ireland, Mun- ster, CO. ■Waterford, 6 m. S.E. Kilmacthomas. Area 6,287 ac. Pop 2,160. Here are the ruins of Don-Isle castle, destroyed by Cromwell. DoKiKGTos, two pas. or England. — I. (Castle), CO. Leicester, 2 m. from Keyworth station, on the Midland railw. Area 4,260 ac. Pop. 3,508. Mkt. Sat. Fairs, March 18, Whit-Thursday, & Sept. 29 II. (on Bain), co. Lincoln, on the Bain, 6J m. S.W. Louth. Area 1,890 ac. Pop. 344. DosjOH (Le), a comm. and town of France, dep. Allier, cap. cant., on the Odde, 26 m. S.E. Monlins. Pop. 1,800. It has manufe, of cloths. DoNKOv, a town of Russia, gov. and 90 m. S. Siazan, on the Don, cap. dist. Pop. 2,600. DosNiNGTON, several pas., &c., England. — I. a market town and pa., co. and 27 m. E.S.E. Lin- coln. Area of pa. 6,180 ac. Pop. 2,026. A canal connects the town with Boston. Hemp is largely cultivated. Mkt. Sat. Fairs, 17th Aug., 26th May, 4th September, 17th Oct. — II. co. Salop, 4J m. S.E. ShifEnall. Area 2,000 ac. Pop. 380. It has the remains of a priory — III. co. Sussex, on the Arundel and Portsmouth canal, and 1| m. S.Chichester. Ac. 1,090. P. 206.— IV. co. Here- ford, 2i m. W.S.W. Ledbury. Ac. 740. P. 100. DoHNTBROOK (St Mary's), a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. and 2 m. S.E. Dublin, including the small towns of Irishtown, Ringsend, and Sandy- mount (which see). Area 1,689 ac. Pop. 9,826, of whom 1,610 are in the vill. ; the latter on the Dodder, here crossed by a handsome bridge, has an elegant pa. church, a large hospital, a dispen- sary, a hat factory, & several mills, but is chiefly famous for its fair held during the week com- mencing August 26th. DoJTOBEW, a town of the Burmese dom., prov. Pegu, on the Irrawadi, 60 m. above Rangoon. DoNOHiLL, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. and 4 m. N. Tipperary. Area 13,914 ac. Pop. 4,834. DoNTREix, a comm. and vill, of France, dep. Creuse, 20 m. E. Anbusson. Pop. 2,250. DofTYATT, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, IJ m. W.S.W. Uminster. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 525. DoNTLAND (East), a pa. of England, co. Essex, 3i m. S.S.E. Colchester. Area 1,430 ac. P. 793. DoNZDOBF, a town, Wijrtemberg, ciro. Danube, on the Lauter, 5 m. N. Geisslingen. Pop. 1,659. DoNZENAC, a comm. and town of France, dep. Corrfeze, cap. cant., 5 m. N. Brives. Pop. 1,800. DoNzliRE, a comm. & town, France, dep.Dr6me, on the Rhone, 35 m. S. Valence. Pop. 1,707. DoNZT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Nievre, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Nonain, arrond. and 10 m. E.S.E. Cosne. Pop. 2,196. DooDPUTLEE, a town of Further India, Cachar, 40 m. E. Sylhet, and where, in 1824, a British de- tachment was repulsed by the Burmese. DooiSH, a mntn. of Irel., Ulster, co. Donegal, 10 m. W.N.W. Letterkenny, height 2,143 feet. DooLEA, a consid.town of British India,presid. Bombay, dist. Candeish, 34 m. W. Arundool. DooLURiA, a town, Brit. India, presid. Bengal, S.W. ceded dists., 13 m. S.W. Husseinabad. DooLET, aco.,tl. S., N. Amer., in S. of Georgia. Area 1,600 sq. m. Pop. 4,427, of whom 1,185 are slaves. Surface elevated, and well watered. DooN, a riv. of Scotland, co. Ayr, flowing from Loch Doon, in a N.N.W. course of about 18 m. into the Frith of Clyde, 3 m. S. Ayr. Bums has immortalized the name of this beautful stream. — . Loch Doon, 22 m. S.S.E. Ayr, is about 5 m. in length, and | m. in breadth, is enclosed by mntns., & has an islet, on which are the ruins of a castle. Doon, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. and 9 m. N.N.W. Tipperary. Area 27,630 ac. Pop. 7,896. DooNGURPOOB, a town of W. Hindostan, Raj- pootana, 48 m. S. Odeypoor, and the cap. of a small rajahship, tributai'y to the British. DooKN (Great and Little), two rivers of S. Africa, Cape Colony, tributary to Elephant river, in the dist. George. — Doom is the name of com- munes in the Cape Colony and the Netherlands. DooRNiK, a city of Belgium. [Todknat.] DoORNSPYK, a pa. and vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, on the Zuyder-Zee, 1 J m. S.W. Elburg. Pop. of pa. 2,815. DoosHAK, a town of W. Afghanistan. [Jela- LABAn.] — II. a walled village of W. Afghanistan, on the route between Herat and Candahar. Dora, Duria, Major and Minor, two rivers of N. Italy, Piedmont, tributary to the Po. — I. (D. Saltea, D. Major), rises at the foot of the Little St Bernard, and after an E. and S.E. course of nearly 90 m., joins the Po near Crescentino. The towns Cormajor, Aosta, Chatillon, & Ivrea are on its banks ; and under the French it gave name to a dep. of which Ivrea was the cap. — II. (D. Ripaira, D. Minor), rises in the Cottian Alps, and after an E. course of 60 m., joins the Po near Turin. On it are Cozanne, Oulx, and Susa. Dor, or Dorb (Mont), a group of mntns. in France, comprised in the mntns. of Auvergne, dep. Puy-de-Dflme. Lat. 45° 32' N., Ion. 2° 60' E. The principal summit is the pic de Sancy, 6,188 ft. in elevation. These mntns. contain many volcanic products and some craters. The rivers Dor and Dogne have their sources here, and the celeb, mineral baths of Mont Dor are situated in the N. of the mntns. The Dor mntn. is often mistaken for the Mont d'Or, in the dep. Rh6ne. Dorak, a town of Persia, prov. Khuzistan, 90 m. S. Shuster. It is walled, and reported to be populous, and to have some thriving manufs. — S.E. of it are the remains of Eski (or Old) Dorak. DoRAMA, a town of Central Arabia, Nedjod, 30 m. N.E. Derrayah. It is a place of provisioning for the Mecca caravans. DOR 422 DOR DoBAN, a town of Arabia, Yemen, on a mntn., 30 m. S. Sana, It has some remarkable tombs. DoBAT (Le), a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Vienne, cap. cant., 7 m. N. Bellac. Pop. 1,852. DoBCHESTEB, Duriwvaria, a pari, and munic. bor. and town of England, cap. co. Dorset, on an eminence on the r. b. of the Frome, 8 m. N. Wey- mouth, on the English Channel, & 115 m. S.W. London, on the South Western railw. Area of bor., comprising 3 pas., 1,870 ac. Pop. 5,402. It is almost wholly surrounded by fine avenues, and handsomely built, the poorer edifices being con- fined to the adjoining suburban vill., Fording- ton. It has 3 churches ; St Peter's is an ancient structure, containing some curious monuments & stained glass; a small grammar school, having exhibitions to the university ; several ancient en- dowed poors' hospitals, a co. hospital, union workho., handsome town hall with mkt. ho., neat ^ire hall, co. jail and ho. of correction, large cavalry barracks, theatre, some banks, and seve- ral interesting Roman remains, including traces of the anc. walls ; and in the close vicinity of the town two strongly entrenched stations, and the remarkable amphitheatre of Maumbury, the most perfect in the kingdom. The last is enclosed by sloping sides or seats of chalk, rising 30 ft. above the spacious arena. Dorchester has a flourishing retail trade ; breweries of celebrated ale ; & large fairs for the vast numbers of sheep and lambs pastured on the adjacent downs. Mkts., Wed. and Sat. Fairs, Feb. 14, July 6, Aug. 6, Oct. 25. Races in Sept. Corp. rev. (1846-7) 2691. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. elects. (1848) 396. It gives the title of baron to the Carleton family. Judge Jefferies' "bloody assize" was held here m 1685. DoBCHESTEB, DoTocina, a vill. and pa. of Engl., CO. & 9 m. S.S.E. Oxford, on the Thames, here crossed by an elegant stone bridge. Area 900 ac. Pop. 1,078. The vill. had formerly a mkt. Its anc. cruciform church was originally the cathedral of St Birine, who fixed here the seat of his bishopric (the largest ever formed in England), about a.d. 635. It still contains the tomb of the Saint and his leaden font, said to be the most anc. of the kind known. The vicinity abounds in Roman remains. Fair, Easter-Tuesd. DoBCHESTEB, a CO., U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. of Maryland. Area 640 sq. m. Pop. 18,843, of whom 4,223 are slaves II. a tnshp., Massachu- setts, on an inlet of Boston harbour, 4 m. S. Boston. Pop. 4,875, employed in various manufs., and in whale and cod fisheries. DoBDoajsE, a dep. in the S.W. of France, betw. the deps. H. Vienne, Charente, Charente Inf., Gironde, Lot-et-Garonne, Lot, and Correze. Cap. P^rigueux. Area 3,520 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 603,657. Chief rivers, Dordogne and Vezere, both navigable, H. Vezere and Isle. CUmate healthy, but cold in the mntnous. districts. Sur- face in many parts uncultivated, & has numerous marshes. SoU generally dry and sandy, is rich in minerals, including iron, copper, lead, coal, man- ganese, and lithog. stones ; it has marble quarries and mineral springs. Corn deficient, but wine abundant for the population. Chesnuts are ex- tensively cultivated, and the truffles are the best in France. It is celebrated for hams. The prin- cipal manufs. are iron, paper, brandy, & liqueurs. Dordogne is divided into the arronds. Bergerao, Nontron, P^rigueux, Riberac, and Sarlat. DoEDOGNE, a riv., S.W. of France, formed by the junction of the Dor and Dogne, dep. Puy-de- D6me, flows generally W., through the deps. Correze, Lot, Dordogne, and Gironde, and after a course of 220 m., 167 of which are navigable, joins the Garonne, 13 m. N. Bordeaux. Affls., the Vezere and L'Isle. On its banks are the towns Argentac, Bergerac, Liboume, and Bourg. DoEDEECHT, a town, Netherlands. [Doet.] DoEE, a chapelry of England, co. Derby, pa. Dronfield, 8i m, N,W. Chesterfield. Pop. 675. —II. {Abbey), a pa., co. and 12 m. S.S.W. Here- ford. Area 6,790 ac. Pop. 542, DoEEBAT, a town of Arabia, Yemen, 45 m. E N,E, Mocha, and the residence of a sheikh, DoEE l'Eqlise, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 12 m. S. Ambert. Pop. 2,090. DoEES, a pa. of Scotland, co, and 8 m, S,S,W. Inverness, on Loch Ness. Pop. 1,746. DoEOALi, a vill. of the isl. Sardinia, cap. dist., prov. Nuovo, 62 m. E.S.E. Sassari. Pop. 3,386. DoBHEiM, a market town of Hessen-Cassel, in a territory enclosed by Hessen-Darmstadt, prov. and 16 m. N, Hanau, on the Wetter, Pop. 688, DoBJBiiNO, or Dabjeelinq, a vill, and water- ing-place of N. Bindostan, Sikkim, on a hill range near the source of the Mahanada river, 110 m, N.N.E. Purneah. It has hotels, and is re- sorted to by invalid Europeans irom Bengal, DoEKiNG, or Daeking, a market town and pa, of England, co, Surrey, in a valley famed for picturesque beauty, 21 m, S,S,W, London, Area of pa. 10,160 ac. Pop, 6,538, Town pretW well built, stands chiefly on a slope facing the Nt, and contains many new and handsome residences; a church newly rebuilt, containing the mausoleum of the Dukes of Norfolk, lords of the manor; and in the cemetery of which are traces of the Roman Stone street; some alms-houses, and a work- house for a union comprising 67 sq, m. Market, Thursday, at which a good deal of com is sold, and there is a large fortnightly market for sheep and cattle. Trade in lime and chalk from ad- jacent pits is considerable. Around the town are numerous fine seats and mansions, including Deepdene, the residence of the late Mr Hope, author of " Anastasius ; " and the Rookery, the birth-place of Malthus, DoBLA (Uppee and Lowee), two contiguous vills, of Prussian Saxony, reg. Erfurt, 3 m. S.S.W, Miihlhausen, United pop, 2,170, DoBMAGEN, Sumomagus, a vill, of Rhenish Prussia, reg, & 10 m, S,S,E. Diisseldorf, near the Rhine, Pop, 1,486, employed in distilleries, &c, DoBMANS, a comm, and town of France, dep, Marne, 14 m. W. Epemay. Pop, 1,629, DoEMiNGTON, a pa, of England, co, & 4^ m, E, Hereford, Area 1,150 ac. Pop. 164, DoBMSDEN, a pa, of England, co, Suffolk, li m, S.S,E, Needham. Area 770 ac. Pop, 61. DoEMSTON, a pa. of England, co. Worcester, 6i m. W. Alcester, Area 830 ac. Pop, 115, DoBNACH, a comm, and vUl, of France, dep. H. Rhin, 2| m. by railway N.W. Miihlhausen. P. 3,065, engaged in cotton spinning & weaving. DoENACH, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 19 m. N, Soleure, Celebrated for the victory of the Swiss over the Austrians, 22d July 1499, DoENBACH, a vill, of Lower Austria, 3 m, N, W. Vienna, with the castle of Neuwaldegg. Pop, 960. DoENBiEN, or DoEHBiJEN, B. market town of Austria, Tyrol, princip, Vorarlberg, circ, and 6 m. S, Bregenz, at the confluence of the Fussach with the Lake Constance, Pop, 4,600, DoENBHEG, a small town of Germany, duchy and 16 m, E, Weimar, on the Saale, Pop. 600. DoBNES, a vill, of France, dep. Nievre, cap. cant., arrond. and 21 m. S.S.E. Nevers. Pop. 1,106. It has 8 annual fairs II. a market town of Portugal, on the Zezere, 14 m. N.E. Thomar DOR 423 DOR DoKNET, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, 2{ m. W.N.W. Eton. Area 1,190 ac. Pop. 324. DoKNHAS, a! town of Wiirtemberg, oiro. Black Forest, 7 m. W. Snlz. Pop. 1,650. DoRNo, a town of Piedmont, div. Novara, 3 m. S.E. Mortara. Pop. (witli coram.) 3,683. Dornoch, a royal & pari, bor., mai'itime vUl., & pa. of Scotl., cap. co. Sutherland, on the Firth of same name, 14 m. N. Cromarty. Pop. of pa. 2,714; do. of bor. 451. The town is poor, but has a church (originally a cathedral), elegantly fitted up by the late Duchess of Sutherland ; and fine remains of the bishop's castle, a part of which has been converted into the co. jail. Markets and sheriff courts are held. Bor. revenue 31. ISs. per ann. It unites with Kirkwall, Cromarty, Ding- wall, Tain, and Wick, in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 38. Dornoch was, until the revolution, the seat of the bishops of Caith- ness. The last victim in Scotland of the laws against witchcraft was burnt in tliis pa. in 1722. Dornoch Firth, a deep inlet of the North Sea, on the N.E. coast of Scotland, between the cos. Sutherland & Ross. Breadth of entrance about IS m. The vills. Tain and Dornoch are on the Firth, the navigation of which, for large vessels, is obstructed by sand-banks. DoRNOCR, a pa. of Scotl., co. Dumfries, on the Solway Firth, 2 m. E.Annan. Ac. 3,880. P. 847. DoBNSTETTEN, Tarodujiurjij 3, towa of Wiirtem- berg, circ. Black Forest, 6 m. E.N.E. Frenden- stadt. Pop. 1,200 — Domum is a vill. of Hanover, landr. and 13 m. N.W. Aurich. Pop. 1,580. DOROGOBUSH, or DoROGOBUJ, 3, town of Rus- sia, gov. and 55 m. E.N.E. Smolensk, cap. circ, on &e Dnieper. Pop. 5,000. It is enclosed by walls, well built, and has numerous churches, a fine market-place, a ruined citadel, and a brisk general trade. On the 12th October 1812, the French were defeated here by the Russians. DoBOCoi£, a town of Moldavia, in Its N. part, 70 m. N.W. Jassy, on rt. b. of the river Schig. DoBOSMA, a vill. of Central Hungary, Little Cumania, 6 m. W.N.W. Szeged. Pop. 8,030. Dorp AT, or Derpt (Russian Jurieo), a town of Russia, gov. Livonia, cap. circ, on the Em- bach, here crossed by a stone bridge, and on the road between Riga & St Petersburg, 160 m. N.E. Riga. Pop. 12,000. Mean temp, of year 41° .8 ; winter, 30° .1 ; summer, 63° Fahr. It has a very picturesque appearance, is well built and paved, & comprises a town proper, & the suburbs St Peters- burg & Riga. Its old fortifications have been con- verted into ornamental gardens & public walks. Principal edifices, the ancient, but partly ruined, cathe^al, the government offices, a college fonnded in 1589. Female & numer. other schools, and a spacious market-house. Its celebrated university, originally founded in 1632 by Gusta- vus Adolphus of Sweden, and re-estab. by Paul i., had in 1846, 80 professors, 574 students, an exten- sive library, a museum of arts, an observatory, & a botanic garden. It is the chief school for the Protestant clergy in Russia, and the reformed synod of Wilna send their students to Dorpat. DoBBE Island, W. Australia, is 16 m. N. Dirk Hartog isl., and with it bounds Shark Bay on the W. Lat. 25° W S. Length N. to S. 20 m. DoBRHA, or DoEEOw, a pa. of Ireland, Mun- ster, CO. Tipperary, 9 m. E.N.E. Portumna. Area 15,798 ac. Pop. 4,267. Dorrinoton, a pa, of England, co. Lincoln, 5 m. N. Sleaford. Area 680 ac. Pop. 379. DoRSBL, a tnship., U, S., N. Amer., Vermont, 76 m. S.S.W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,426. Dorsetshire, a marit, co. of England, on its S.W. coast, having N.W. the co. Somerset, N. Wilts, E. Hants, W. Devonshire, & S. the English Channel. Area 1,006 sq. m., or 643,840 ac, about l-3d of which is estimated to be arable, l-9th waste, and the remainder in pasture. In- habited houses 34,576. Pop. 176,043. Surface in the N. mostly level ; in the centre, traversed by chalk downs, on which many sheep are pastured ; in the S. finely diversified by hill and dale ; in the E. are some wide heaths. Principal rivers, the Stour and Frome. Coast on the S. presents the islands of Portland and of Purbeck, with St Alban's Head, and on the S.E., the inlet Poole harbour. Wheat, barley, hemp, and linseed are principal crops ; some hops are raised. Sheep are estimated at nearly a million. Dairy hus- bandry is highly important ; excellent butter, ale, and cider, are products of importance. Estates and farms mostly large. Average rent (1810) 16s. ajd. per acre. Assessed value of land (1842-3) 613,607?. ; of all real property, 917,077?. Port- land and Purbeck stone, coarse marble and pot- ter's clay, are raised in large quantities. In 1847, 1,120 persons were employed in linen, sUk, and woollen factories. Poor rates (1844-5) 82,721Z. The S.W. railway from London, now (1850) ex- tends^ through the S.E. part of the co., to Dor- chester. The CO. is sub-divided into 34 hun- dreds, and 276 pas. in the W. cu-cuit, and forms an archdeaconry of the diocese of Salisbury. Principal towns, Dorchester, the cap., Poole, Bridport, Shaftesbury, Sherborne, Weymouth, & Beaminster. It sends, with its bors., 12 mems. to H. of C, 3 of whom are returned by the co. Co. reg. elects. (1848) 6,094. DoRsiNGTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 7 m. N.N.W. Chipping-Campden. Ac. 910. Pop. 141. DoESTEN, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 36 m. S.W. Miinster, on the Lippe. Pop. 2,900. It has manufs. of woollen cloth. DoRSTONE, a pa. of England, co. Hereford, 5\ m. E. Hay. Area 4,700 ac. Pop. 638. DoRT, or Dordrecht, a town of the Nether- lands, prov. S. Holland, cap. dist., on an isl. in the Merwe (Meuse), 10 m. S.E. Rotterdam. Pop. (1840) 20,991. Chief edifices, a fine town-hall, a Gothic church, with a tall square tower, and nu- merous monuments and curious works of art. It has a latin school, and many public institutions ; several quays and canals, a good harbour, build- ing docks, numerous saw mills, salt and sugar re- fineries, linen-bleachmg grounds, white lead and tobacco factories, and a large trade in flax, corn, salt-fish, train oil, & timber, floated hither down the Rhine. Dort was the original residence of the counts of Holland, and the place where, in 1672, the independence of the United Provs. was first declared. It is the birth-place of the brothers De Witt. The famous Synod of Dort, which anathematized the doctrines of Arminius, & was productive of much intestine disturbance in the Netherlands, was held here in 1618 & 1619. Dortmund, a walled town of Prussian West- phalia, reg. & 27 m. W.N.W. Arnsberg, cap. circ. on the Emster, on the Cologne & Minden railw. Pop. (1846) 7,620. It is the seat of a mining- board, and has a Roman Catholic and 4 Luth. churches, 3 monasteries, 3 hospitals, a prov. acad., fonnded in 1543. Manufs. of linen, woollen, and cotton stuffs, tobacco, nails, and cutlery. DoBTON, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, 12 m. E. Oxford, Area 890 ac. Pop. 161. It has a chalybeate spa and handsome bath estabs. DoBUM, a town of Hanover, duchy and 44 m. N.N.W. Bremen, cap. of thedist. Wurstdn. Pop. 628. DOR 424 DOU DoBZBACH, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. and on the Jaxt, 7 m. S. Mergentheim. Pop. 1,480. Dos Bakkios, a modern town of Spain, prov. and 27 m. E.S.E. Toledo, in a plain. Dos Heemanas, a town of Spain, prov. and 6 m. S.S.E. Sevilla, near the Guddiara. Pop. 2,916. DoTis, a market town of W. Hungai'y, co. and 12 m. S.E. Komorn. Pop. 4,869. It consists of an upper and a lower town, between which are ruins of a celebrated anc. castle, which was in- habited by Mathias Corvinus ; it has also a castle, with fine gardens, belonging to the Esterhazy family, a Calvinist, and several Koman Catholic churches, a synagogue, a Capauchin monastery, a Piarist college, gymnasium, and high school. Manufs. of porcelain and woollen cloths, &c. DoPAi, or DouAT, a fortified town of France, dep. Nord, cap. arrond., on the Scarpe, and on the railway du Nord, at the junction of the branches to Lille and A''a]enciennes, 18 m. S. Lille. Pop. (1846) 16,935. It is well built, and has several handsome old churches, a fine arsenal and cannon foundry, several hospitals, a theatre, botanic garden, national college, univ. academy, and other public schools, and it is the seat of a national court, and nomerous flourishing scien- tific institutions. It has important manufs. of lace, gauzes, cotton stuffs, earthenware, beet root sugar, glass, soap, and refined sugar. DouAKNENEz, 3, comm. and town of France, dep. Finist6re, cap. cant., on the bay of Douar- nenez, arrond. and 12 m. N.W. Quimper. Pop. 3,958. It has a considerable fishery. DouBS, Dubis, a riv. of France, rises in the Jura, at the S. extremity of the dep.Doubs, passes Pontarlier, Morteau, St Hippolyte, Besangon and Dole, where Its natural navigation commences, & joins the Sadne on the left at Verdun-sur-Sa6ne, it is accompanied by the canal of the Rhone and Rhine from Voujancourt to its junct. with the Saone. Length 288 m. Chief afSuent the Loue. Near Morteau, it forms a cataract 88 feet high. DouBS, a dep. in the E. of France, formed of part of the provs. of Franehe-Comt^, cap. Be- sangon. It is situated between the deps. H. Rhin, H. Safine, and Jura, and on the frontier of Switzerland. Area 2,020 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 292,347. Chief rivs., the Doubs and Loue. In the N.W., the Oignon forms part of the limits of H. Saone. The canal of the RhSne and Rhine traverses the dep. from S.W. to N.E. Climate cold in the E. Surface mountainous, and elev. nearly covered with ramifications of the Jura range. Soil in many parts fertile, rich in the valley of the Doubs. Corn insufficient for con- sumption. It has mines of iron, salt, gypsum, & mineral springs. Excellent pasturage, and is celebrated for its draught horses. It has nume- rous iron foundries, and manufs. of iron goods, watches, cutlery, cotton and yarn fabrics, paper and leather. Exports comprise cheese & butter. It is divided Into the 4 arronds., Beaume-les- Dames, Besangon, Montbeliard, & Pontarlier. Douce (vulg. Djouce), a mntn. of Irel., Lein- ster, co.Wicklow, 6^ m. S.S.W. Bray, elev. 2,392 ft. DoncHT, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, on the Selles, 27 m. S.S.E. Lille. P. 1,658. DouDEViLLE, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Seine-Inf., cap. cant., arrond. and 8 m. N. Yvetot. Pop. (1846) 1,786. Dorfi, a comm. and town of France, dep. Maine-et-Loir, cap. cant., arrond. and 10 m. W.S.W. Saumur. Pop. (1846) 3,053. It has vast Roman ruins and curious grottoes in its vicinity. DouEKA, a walled town of Algeria, cap. dist., 10 m. S.W. Algiers. Pop. 1,573. Douglas, a seaport, market town, watering place, and cap. of the Isle of Man, on a fine bay on its E. coast, 81 m. N.W. Liverpool. Pop. 8,647. Its old streets are narrow, irregular, and dirty ; but several handsome ones, with terraces, a crescent, and numerous detached villas, have been recently built. It has 4 episcop. churches, several meeting-houses, a handsome custom-ho., market-ho., general post office for the island, house of industry, assembly rooms, libraries, baths, with excellent lodging houses and hotels, including a very elegant one, formerly a seat of the Duke of Athol. The harbour, wWch admits of vessels drawing from 10 to 12 feet at high water, but dries at low tide, has a good pier, 520 feet in length, with a light-house at its N. head. Lat. 54° 10' N., Ion. 4° 29' W. Liverpool, Glas- gow, and Irish steamers, often touch here, and bring many visitors, attracted by marine scenery, and the partial exemption from taxation. Small vessels are also built, and the town has soma coasting trade and fisheries. Chief markets on Saturday. Fair, Nov. 6. It is the seat of the Deemster Court for the island. Douglas, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 9^ m. S.S.W, Lanark, on a stream of same name, which rises in Caimtable mountain, and flows 16 m. N.E., through Douglas-dale into the Clyde. Area of pa., which is mostly pastoral, estimated at 28,000 ac. Pop. 2,467, more than one-half of whom re- side in the vill., & are employed in cotton-weav- ing and collieries. The pa. gives the title of Baron to its almost sole proprietor, the heir-at- law of the Douglas family, and that of Marquis to the Duke of Hamilton. The ruin of St Bride's church is full of family tombs, including the beau- tiful one of " the good Lord James," the friend of Bruce, and the hero of Sir W. Scott's " Castle Dangerous." The remains of that fortress still stand near the princely, though incomplete, mo- dern seat of Lord Douglas, in a park stretching to Caimtable mountain, Douglas, a township, U. S., N. Amer., Mas- sachusetts, 40 m. S.W. Boston. Pop. 1,617, who manuf. cotton and leather goods, &c. ; also a township, Berks, co. Pennsylvania. Pop. 1,133; and Montgomery co., do. Pop. 1,090. — II. Fort- Douglas, British N. Amer., is near the confl. of the Assiniboine and Red rivs. — III. Douglas-Island, Russian Amer., is between Admiralty Isl. and the mainland. Lat. 58° 15' N., Ion. 134° 24' W. DouLEVAHT, a comm. and town of France, cap. cant., dep. H. Marne, arrond. and 9 m. S. Vassy, on 1. b. of the Blaise. Pop. 707. DouLLENS, a comm, and town of France, dep, Somme, cap. arrond., on the Anthie, 17 m. N, Amiens. Pop. 2,419. It has a citadel, a prison, theatre, cotton-spinning mill, & a trade in coarse hempen cloths, corn, &c. It was taken by the allies in 1814. DouLTiHG, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, If m. E. Shepton-Mallet. Area 4,630 ac. P. 666. DouNE, a vill. of Scotland, co. Perth, pa. Kil- madock, beautifully situated on the Teith, Sj m. N.W. Stirling. Pop. 1,659, mostly employed in the extens. adjacent cotton works of Deanston, Large cattle fairs in Feb., May, July, Nov., and Dec. Doune Castle, one of the most m^estie feudal remains in Britain, was built in the 14th century, and last occupied as a fortress by the adherents of Prince Charles, in 1745. Dock, a comm, and town of Belgium, prov, Hainaut, cap, cant., arrond. and 9 m. W,S,W, Mons, Pop, 5,833, It has a custom-house, and extensive iron and coal works, — II. a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. & 83 m. N.N.W. Bagdad, DOU 425 DOV on the Tigris. — III. a vill. of Persia, prov. Irali- Ajemi, 75 m. N.W. Ispalian. DouRDAN, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, cap. cant., on the Orge, 18 m. S.W. Versailles. Pop. 2,323. It has an old castle, a handsome Gotliic church, manufs. of silk hosiery and coarse woollen goods. DouKGNE, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Tarn, cap. cant., arrond. and 9 m. S.S.W. Castres, at the foot of Mt. Noire. Pop. 1,009. DoDKNAZAC, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Vienne, arrond. and 15 m. S.E. Kochechouart. Pop. 2,310. It has important iron foundries. DoPBO (Spanish Duero), an important river of Spain & Portugal, rises in the prov. Soria (Spain), flows generally W. through Leon to Miranda, then turns S.S.W., forming the boundary between Spain and Portugal ; and, lastly, again W., and having divided the Portuguese provs. Tras-os- Montes and Beira, and intersected the prov. Oporto, enters the Atlantic at San Joao da Foz, 3 m. "W. Oporto. Total course estimated at 400 m. Its basin, between the Asturian mntris. N., and the Sierras Guadarrama and Estrella, &c., is the most extensive in the Spanish peninsula, but its course is chiefly through narrow and craggy valleys. Chief tributs., the Pisuerga,Elsa,Eresma, Tonnes, and Tavora. The cities and towns, Soria, Aranda,Toro, Zamora, Miranda, St Joao de Pes- quiera, and Oporto, are on its banks. Its course is rapid and so impeded by rocks, that until lately, it was navigable only to San J. de Pesquiera ; but it has recently been rendered so into the Spanish territory. About 50 m. E. of Oporto, commences the wine country of the Douro. DouRO, or DuKRO, a recently formed prov. of Portugal, in the N., having W^the Atlantic O., and on the other side the provs. Minho, Tras- os-Montes, Upp. Beira, and Estremadura. Area 3,872 sq. m. Pop. (1841) 839,908. It comprises the comarcas of Oporto, Aveiro, and Coimbra. DocsTBE andDoDVE, two small rivs. of France, the former, dep. Correze, joins the Dordogne near Argentat, after a S. course of 25 m.; the latter, dep. Manche, enters the English channel at Carentan, after a S.E, course of 30 m. DouvAiHE, a town of the Sard, sta., prov. Chablais, 9 m. S.W. Thonon, near the S. shore of the Lake of Geneva. Pop. 1,140. DotrviiES, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Calvados, cap. cant., 8 m. N. Caen. Pop. 1,311. • Donx and Docze, two rivs. of France; the former, dep. Ardfeche, joins the Rhone near Toumon, after a S.E. course of 25 m. ; the latter, deps. Gers and Landes, joins the Midon at Mont- de-Marsan, after a N.W. course of 55 m. DovADOLA, a town of Tuscany, 10 m. S.W. Terra-del-Sole, on the Montone. Pop. 2,293. Dove, a riv. of Engl., between the cos. Derby and Stafford, rises near Buxton, and, after a S. course of 39 m., joins the Trent below Burton. Its banks are highly picturesque, especially in the vicinity of Ashbounie, where it winds through a re- markable chasm 2 m. in length, termed Dovedale. Dover, Dubris, a pari. & munic. bor., cinque port, and town of Engl , co. Kent, on the N.W. side of Dover Strait, at the terminus of the S.F/. railway, 66 m. E.S.E. London, 21 m. from Cape Gris-nez, on the opposite side of the English Channel, and 25^ m. N.W. Calais. Lat. of castle, 61° 7' 8' N., Ion. 1° W h" E. Area of bor. 320 ac. Pop. (1801) 7,084; (1841)17,795. The town consists mostly of a collection of old streets on the N. side of its harbour, and a long street on ■ the banks of a small stream, the whole enclosed and backed l)y chalk downs, on which are the castle, citadel, and several strong detached forts. On the E., extending between the harbour and castle, are a series of residences, newly built, and resorted to by visiters in the bathing season. On the W., the railway enters the town through a tunnel cut in the cliffs, which here abut into the sea. The castle is a collection of formidable works, occupying 35 acres ; its foundation has been attributed to the Romans, and it contains Roman and Saxon towers, a spacious keep form- ing a bomb proof magazine & barracks for 2,000 men. Other principal edifioes are a military hospital, the 2 pa. churches, a handsome new chapel of ease, numerous dissenting chapels, a synagogue, the town-hall and jail (previously the victualling office), and the hospital Maison-Dieu, custom-ho., work-ho., theatre, assembly rooms, museum, baths, docks, bonding warehouses, and numerous good hotels. The harbour consists of 3 basins, the outer one enclosed between two piers 150 feet apart ; large sums have been spent upon it in different reigns, since Henry vii., but its en- trance is unfortunately impeded by a moveable shingle bar. It is proposed to establish here a harbour of refuge, by throwing out jetties of great magnitude still further into the sea. Dover, the chief port of communication between England and the continent, has continual intercourse by steam-boats with Calais & Boulogne. It imports large quantities of eggs, fruit, and other rural produce, from France, and has a thriving coast- ing trade and fishery. Customs rev. (1846) 23,590Z. 14*. Ship-building, with sail, rope, and paper making, employ many of the pop. Reg. shipping (1847) 109 vessels ; aggregate burden, 5,249 tons. The bor. is divided into 3 wards, & governed by a mayor, 6 aldermen, and 18 coun- cillors. Corp. rev. (1846-7) 6,049?. 7s. ; expend. 4,620Z. 15s. Assessed taxes (1847) 5,297?. 18». Markets, Wednesday and Saturday. Fair, Nov, 23. Dover is the seat of quarter sessions, a board for licensing pilots, and a court of the constable of the cinque ports. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1847) 2,060. Dover, sev. towns, &c., of the U. S., N. Amer. — I. a borough, cap. Kent, co. Delaware, 60 m. S. Wilmington. Pop. 3,790. It has regular streets, a fine public square, and handsome houses, most- ly of brick, an elegant state-house, 13 churches. — II. a township, cap. Strafford co.. New Hamp- shire, on Piscatogua riv., 57 m. N.N.E. Boston. P. 6,458. It is beautifully situated on the falls of the Cocheco, has a court-house, jail, bank, churches, with cotton and other manure., and considerable shipping. — III. a township. New York,- 74 m. E.S.E. Albany. Pop. 2,000. -IV. New Jersey, 24 m. S. Freehold. Pop. 2,752.— V. York, co. Pennsylvania, 18 m. S. Harrisburg. P. 1,930.— VI. and cap. Piscaliquis, Maine, 83 m. N.N.E. Augusta. Pop. 1,697.— VII. a township, Ohio, 62 m. S. Cleveland, by the Ohio canal. P. 2,247. —VIII. Lafayette, co. Missouri, 121 m. W. Jef- ferson. Pop. 1,217. Dover (Strait of), (French Pas-de-Calais, anc. Fretwm GaUicum), the strait which separates Engl, and France, and connects the English Chan- nel with the N. Sea. It extends from Dunge- ness (co. Kent), and Cape Gris Nez (dep. Pas- de-Calais), N.E. to the S. Foreland and Calais. Length 22 m.; breadth (where narrowest) 21 m. DovERDAT.E, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, 2J m. W.N.W. Droitwich. Area 890 ac. Pop. 54. DOVKEFIELD, or DOFEINK MTS. [NOBWAT.] DovERiDOE, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, 2 m. E.N.E. Uttoxeter. Area 4,000 ac. Pop. 816. DovT, or Dvvi, a riv. of Wales, cos. Merioneth DOW 426 DRA and Montgomery, rises near Bala, and, after a S.W. course of about 30 m., joins the Irish Sea 7 m. N. Aberystwith. DowiLLT, a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth, 3 m. N.N.W. Dunkeld, with which it is united. Area 11,600 ac. Pop., exclusive of Dunkeld, 656. Here was aroyaJ chase, & the hills are still partly covered with wood, abounding in red & roe deer. DowDESWELL, a pa. of Engl., co. Gloucester, 4J m. S.E. Cheltenham. Area 3,250 ac. Pop. 249. DowiAND, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 3f m. N.N.E. Hatherleigh. Area 2,330 ac. Pop. 244. DowLES, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, on the Se- vern, IJ m. N. Bewdley. Area 1,080 ac. P. 80. DowiETABAD (DcogMr, " the fortunate city "), a town of India, Deccan, Nizam's dom., in dist. of same name, 7 m. N.W. Aurungabad, and with a remarkable rock fortress, about 500 ft. high. Near it are the cave-temples of Elora, which see. —II. a ruined fort, W. Afghanistan, on the Fur- rah-rood, 140 m. S. Herat. DowLisH, two pas. of Engl., co. Somerset I. rWaAe),Jm. S.S.E.Ilminster. Ac. 680. P. 374.— 11. (fresO.lJm. E.S.E. Ilminster. Ac. 450. P. 31. Down, a maritime co. of Irel., DIster, having W. the cos. Antrim and Armagh, and on other sides the Irish Sea and Belfast Lough. Area 9,560 sq. m., or 611,209 ac, of which about 614,000 are arable. Inhabited houses 65,102. Pop. 361,446. Carlingford bay separates it from Leinster on the S., and the Newry canal and La- gan rivers form its boundaries on the W. Other rivers are the Bann and Annahill. It contains Lough Strangford, Dundrum bay, & the Mourne mountains, the highest of which, Slieve Donard, is 2,796 ft. Surface mostly mountainous or hilly, but in many parts tolerably fertile. The S. part consists of granite and primary rooks, the N. of secondary limestones and trap rocks. The rural population are said to be better off in this than in most other Irish cos. Principal crops, potatoes, barley, oats, and flax. Timber is scarce. Estates large ; farms mostly small. Average value of land (1847) 455,874^. Fisheries in 1843 employed about 14,000 hands. Linens, muslins, hosiery, leather, salt, and cotton thread are the chief ma- nufd. products. Exports comprise these goods, with com, butter, pork, hides, and skins. The Ulster railway crosses the N. part of the co. Down, is subdivided into 10 baronies and 70 pas. in the dioceses of Down and Dromore. Princi- pal towns, Downpatrick, the cap., Newton-Ardes, and Newry. The co. returns 2 members to House of Commons, lleg. electors (1848) 1,754. Down, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Kent, 5i m. S.S.E. Bromley. Area 1,380 ac. Pop. 444 — II. {East], CO. Devon, 6J m. N.N.E. Barnstaple. Area 3,390 ac. Pop. 473.— III. ( West), same co., 6 m. N.N.W. Barnstaple. Area 5,000 ac. P. 637. —IV. (St Mary), same co., 6 m. W.N.W. Credi- ton. Area 1,890 ac. Pop. 407. DowNE, a town, U. S., N. Amer., co. Cumber- land, New Jersey, 14 m. S.E. Bridgeton. P. 1,920. DowNiiAMjtwopas. ofEngl.— I.co. Cambridge, 3 m. N.N.W. Ely. Ac. 10,650. P. 2,140.-11. co. Essex, 3i m. E. Billericay. Ac. 790. Pop. 254. Dowhham-Makket, a market-town and pa. of Engl., CO. Norfolk, on the Ouse, here crossed by a stone bridge, with a station on the E. Anglian railway, lOJ m. S. Lynn. Area of pa. 2,880 ac. Pop. 2,953. The town is well built, has an an- tique church, a union workhouse, a large bell- foundry, and markets on Saturday, well supplied with fish and wild-fowl, and dairy produce. DowNHEAi), a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, Si m. E.N.E, Shepton-Mallet. Area 1,.310 ac. P, 207. Down-HollakK, a township of Engl., co. Lan- caster, pa. Halsall, 4 m. W. Ormskirk. Pop. 740. Crossed by the Leeds and Liverpool canal. DowNHOLME, a pa., Engl., co. York, N. Riding, 4J m. S.W. Richmond. Area 6,800 ac. P. 248. Downpatrick, a parliamentary and municipal borough, seaport town, and pa. of Irel., Ulster, cap. CO. Down, near the mouth of the Quoyle, in L. Strangford, 21 m. S.S.E. Belfast. Area of pa. 11,485 ac. Pop. 8,812. Area of borough 1,487 ac. Pop. 4,866 ; do. of town 4,651. Town well- built, consists chiefly of four streets stretching up hills from a centre in a confined valley, and is di- vided into English, Irish, and Scotch quarters. Principal edifices, the cathedral, parish church, chapels, diocesan school, co. court-house, prison, infirmary, fever hospital, alms-house's, large bar- racks, and a union workhouse. It has a Ubrary, news-room, various schools, some convenient quays, manufs. of linen, leather, soap, breweries, monthly fairs, and a market on Saturday. Near the town are the ruins of the old cathedral, a re- markable ancient mound ; a race-course, on which races take place every other July, and wells, re- sorted to by Roman Catholic pilgrims. It is the seat of county assizes, quarter and petty sessions, and sends one member to the House of Commons. Registered electors (1848) 386. Downs (The), a portion of the N. Sea, off the S.E. coast of Engl., co. Kent, between the N. and S. Foreland, and opposite Ramsgate, Deal, &c., where valuable shelter is insured for shipping by the Goodwin sands, which serve as a breakwater, and where large numbers of ships are often lying. DowNTON, a disfranchised borough, town, and pa. ofEngl., CO. Wilts, on the Avon, which here divides into three arms, each crossed by abridge, 6 m. S S.E. Salisbury. Area of pa. 11,420 ac. Pop. 3,663. It has a long irregular street, with some good houses, a large cruciform church, se- veral chapels, a grammar school, and some traces of an ancient castle. Fairs, 23d April, 13th October. About 2 m. distant is the mansion and estate of Standlinch, the national gift to Horatio Lord Nelson. — II. a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 6^ m.W.S. W.Ludlow. Area 1,170 ac. Pop. 104. DowsBT with Gkabt, a pa. of Engl., co. Lin- coln, 6 m. N.N.E. Bourn. Area 1,900 ac. P. 232. DoYLESTOWN, 3, borough, U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, 95 m. E. Harrisburg. P. 2,127. DotNTON, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 5J ra. S. Chipping-Sodbury. Area 1,720 ac. Pop. S29. Deac, a i-iv. in the S.E. of France, deps. H. Alpes & Isfere, rises in the Alps, & joins the Is6re 3 m. below Grenoble after a N.W. course of 70m. Dkachenfels, a celebrated mountain peak, one of the range of the Sieben-gebirge, in Rhen. Prussia, on r. b. of the Rhine, 10 m. S.E. Bonn, elev. 1,056 ft. Its summit, crowned by the ruins of a castle, commands a noble prospect. Dkacdt, a township, U.S., N. Amer., Massa- chusetts, 27 m. N.N.W. Boston. Pop. 2,188. Draqomkstre, Astacus, a seaport town of Greece, Hellas, gov. Acarnania, on an inlet of the Ionian Sea, 28 m. S.S.E. Vonizza. The Bay of Dragomestre, sheltered on the S.W. by the Dra- gonera isls., is 6 m. in length by 1 m. across. Dragomib, European Turkey. [Radomje.] Dragomiena, a vill. of Austrian Poland, Buko- vina, circ. and 36 m. S.W. Tchernovitz, on the frontier of Moldavia. Dragonera, several isls., Mediterranean.— I. belonging to Spain, off the W. end of Majorca, about 2 m. in length, and having a fort on its highest point, but otherwise uninhabited.— II. a group, Ionian isls., immediately off the coast of DEA 427 DRE Acarnania, 6 m. S.W. Dragomestre. — III. a group, S. the Morea, and immediately E. Cerigo. Draqoni, a town of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, 12 m. N.N.E. Capua. Pop. 2,400. Dkagon's Mouth is the passage between the isl. of Trinidad and tlie peninsula ofParia, S. America, 12 m. across from E. to W., and inter- spersed by islets The Boca del Drago is a pas- sage, N. Granada, prov. Veragua, leading from the L. Chiriqui into the Caribbean Sea. Dkagor, a maritime vill. of Denmark, on the Sound, at the S.E. extremity of the isl. Amager, 7 m. S. Copenhagen. P. 1,800, mostly seafaring. Dbagten, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Friesland, 15 m. S.E. Leeuwarden. Pop. 4,400. Dbagcignan, a comm. and town of France, dep. Var, 40 m. N.E. Toulon. Pop (1846) 7,S30. It is picturesquely situated, and has many public fbontains, botanic garden, & manufs. broad-cloth. Dbah, or Dbaha, a riv., prov., and town of Marocco, the riv. in the Tafilet E. of Atlas and lost in the desert after a S. couree of 250 miles. Dbaini, a maritime pa. of Scotl., co. and 4 m. N. Elgin, on the Moray Firth. Pop. 1,516. Drake's Chasnel, Brit. W. Indies, is immed. S.E. the isl. Tortola. — Drake's Island, Engl., in Plymouth Sound, off the town of Plymouth, has a ?ort and military quarters. Drama, a town of European Turkey, Ma- cedonia, sanj. and 30 m. E.N.E. Seres. It has some trade in cotton fabrics, and tobacco raised in its vicinity. A few miles S.E. is the celebrated plain of Philippi, on which the forces of Brutus and Cassins were defeated b.c. 42. Drambitbg, a town of Prussian Pomerania, reg. and 50 m. S.S.W. Koslin, cap. circ, on the Drage. Pop. 3,321. It has manufs. of woollens. Dbamhes, a seaport town of Norway, stift Ag- gersbuus, amt. Buskerud, on both sides of the Drammen, near its mouth in the Christiania fiord, 22 m. S.W. Christiania. Fop. (1845) 8,095. It consists of the two formerly separate vills. Bra- gemses and Stromsoe, which are united by a bridge across the river. It is well built, though straggling, and has a college, various schools, dis- tilleries, manufs. of carriages, sail cloth, rope, to- bacco, and earthenwares, and an active trade in timber, iron, pitch, and other Baltic produce. Deanse, a riv. of Savoy, prov. Chablais, enters the Lake of Geneva, 2J m. N.E. Thonon, after a N. course of 24 m. [Bagnes-le-Chable.] — II. ariver, Switzerl., cant. Valais, joins the Khone near Martigny, after a N. course of 24 m Drau- vided into Nithsdale, Annandale, and Eskdale, watered by the three principal rivers, the Nith, Annan, & Esk. There are nine lochs in vicinity of Lochmaben, and Loch Skene, near head of Moffat water, at an elev. of 1,300 feet. Lochar moss, covering 10 m. of the valley between Nith & Annan, is principallj; a morass. A consider- able part of the county is mntnous., especially to- ward the N. & N.E. Amongst the highest mntns. are Black Larg 2,890 feet, Loivther 3,130 feet, Queensberry 2,140 feet, Hartfell 3,300 feet. The high grounds afford good pasturage ; and cattle, sheep, and pig rearing forms an important branch of rural industry. Soil fertile in the lowlands, and agriculture has greatly improved within the pre- sent century. Estates mostly very large ; farms average in the lower dists., from 100 to 600 ac. ; in the hill dists., from 500 to 10,000 ac. Average rent of land (1810) 6s. Id. per ac. Manufs. un- important. Annual value of land, 266,647?. ; do. of assessed property in 1843, 319,760?. The Glas- gow, Dumfries, & Carlisle railway, is (1849) in pro- DUM 435 DUN gress. The co. is subdivided iuto 4S pas. Prin- cipal tovfns, Dumfries, the cap., Annan, Sanquliai', & Lochmaben,wliicli are royal borouglis ; Thorn- liill, Moifet, Loclcerbie, Langham, & Ecclefeciian. The CO. send.s 1 mem. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 2,149. Dumfries originally comprised the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, and by the Romans was comprehended under the prov. Valeniia. DcMMEB, a pa. of England, co. Southampton, 6i m. S.W. Basingstoke. Ac. 2,100. Pop. 412. Ddmmodah, a river of British India, presid. Bengal, joins the Hooghly river 30 m. S.W. Cal- cutta, after a S.E. couree estim. at 300 m. On it are the towns Bamghar & Burdwan. Its valley is capable of furnisMng large supplies of coal. Dcmpo, a town of Tibet, 40 m. S.S.W. Gar- dokh. Lat. 31° 6' N., Ion. 80° 15' E. Dtra, several comms. and towns of France. — I. (fe Palleteau), dep. Creuse, ai'rond. and 14 m. N.W. Guerei cap. cant. Pop. 1,421. — II. (Je Roi, Castrum Sum), dep. Cher, arrond. and 11 m. N. St Amand Montrond, on rt. b. of the Auron, cap. cant. Pop. (1846) 3,950. It was an important city in the 15th century.— III. (rar Meuse), dep. Mense, arrond. and 12 m. S.S.W. Montmedy, on L b. of the Meuse. Pop. 966. Formerly fortified. Dns, a pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar, 4 m. N.W. Montrose. Area about 12 sq. m. Pop. 581. DilNA, or SoDTHEKX DwiNA, Turunius, an im- portant riv. of Russia, rises in the W. of the gov. Tver, near the sources of the Volga, with which it is connected by a canal, flows at first S.W. be- tween the govs. Smolensk and Pskov, and after- wards N.W., in the lower part of its course sepa- rating Courland on the S. from the govs. Vitebsk and Livonia, and enters the Gulf of Riga 7 m. S.W. Riga. Length direct, 400 m., for nearly all of which it is navigable ; though its mouth & many other parts of t£e river being encumbered by shoals, its navigation is unsafe, and only fit for small vessels, except during the spring thaws and autumnal rains. Opposite Riga it is about 2,400 feet broad, & crossed by a floating bridge, wliich is taken down annually in September and again erected early in April. Principal affluents, the Evst and Drissa from the N., and the Meja and Desna from the E. and S. On its banks are the towns Velij, Suraj, Vitebsk, Polotzk, Drissa, Diinaburg, and Riga. It is connected by canals with L. Ihnen, the Beresina, and the Niemen. DnHABDBe, a strongly fortified town of Buss. Pciand, gov. Vitebsk, cap. circ, on rt. b. of the Diina, 57 m. W.N.W. Drissa. Pop. 6,300. It has Greek united and Roman Catholic churches. Ddkaeetzi, a market town of Russian Poland, gov. Podolia, 12 m. N. Kamenietz. Pop. 3,000. DtTHAGHT, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, co. Antrim, 6^ m. N. Ballymena. Ac. 13,743. P. 3,881.— -Dwna- manoyAisa vill., CO. Tyrone, 8m. E.N.E.Strabane. DiJwAMiSNnE, a fortress of Russia, gov. Livonia, circ. and 9 m. N.W. Riga, on an island at the month of the Diina, which it defends. It has a custom house, and a quarantine establishment. Dona Vecse, a market town of Centr. Hun- gary, CO. & 40 m. S. Pesth, on 1. b. of the Danube. P. 7,910 II. a vill. of Europ. Turkey, Bulgaria, on rt. b. of the Danube, 22 m. from its mouth. Ddnbae, a royal pari, and munic. bor., seaport town, and pa. of Scotland, co. and 10 m. E.N.E. Haddington, on an eminence at the mouth of the Firth of Forth, & with a station on the N. Brit, railway, 2SJ m. E.N.E, Edinburgh. Pop. of pa. 4,471; do. of town 3,013; do. of pari. bor. 2,978. It is regularly laid out, and has mostly modern houses, a new Gothic pa. church, Dtinbar house, the residence of the E. of Lauderdale, an old town-hall, handsome assembly rooms, various public libraries, ship building docks, sail uloth & cordage factories, iron foundries, breweries, dis- tilleries, and the remains of an anc. castle. The harbour, though its entrance is impeded by rocks, is accessible by vessels of 300 tons ; principal im- ports, coal and foreign grain; exports, corn, whisky, and fish for the London markets. Mkt. Tuesday. Corp. rev. (1843-4) 1,062/. The bor. joins with North Berwick, Haddington, Lauder, & Jedbtu'gh in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 149. DuNBAB, a township of the U. S., N. America, Peunsylv., Fayette co., 8 m. N.E. Union. P. 2,070. DoKEAKNiE, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 35 in'. S.S.E. Perth. Pop. 1,104. It is intersected bj the Earn, and abounds with fine scenery. DuNBEATH, a marit. vill. of Scotland, co. Caith- ness, pa. and 3 m. S.W. Latheron, with a castle on a peninsular rock in the North Sea. Dunblane, or Dumblane, a burgh of barony, mkt. town, pa., and formerly an episcopal city of Scotland, co. and 23 m. S.W. Perth, on the Allan, here crossed by a single arched bridge of the 16th century. Pop. of pa. 3,361 ; do. of town 1,911. It is ill built, but a good deal resorted to in sum- mer for the sake of a mineral spring. Remains of several ecclesiastical edifices exist here, and the choir of its ano. cathedral now serves for the pa. church ; it has also a public library, founded by Bishop Leighton. Its business is mostly con- fined to that at a weekly mkt. and 4 ann. cattle fairs. Near it, on the 13th November 1715, was fought the indecisive battle of SberifFmuir, betw. the royal forces under the Duke of Argyle, and the troops of the Pretender under the Earl of Mar. Dunblane gives the title of viscount to the Osborne family. Dunboe, a pa., Irel., Ulster, co. Londonderry, 5 m. W.N.W. Coleraine. Ac. 14,811. P. 4,627. Dunbog, a pa. of Scotland, co. Fife, 6 m. W.N.W. Cupar. Area 1,900 ac. Pop. 219. Dunbog house is a mansion of the E. of Zetland. DuNBovHE, a pa. of Ireld., Leinster, co. Meath, 9^ m. N.W. Dublin. Area 13,686 ac. Pop. 2,347. DoNCANNON, a marit. vill. of Ireland, Leinster, CO. Wexford, on Waterford harbour, 2 m. S.S.E. Ballyhack. Pop. 521. It has a fort, and gives the title of Viscount to the E. of Besborough. Duncan Island, Pacific O., near the centre of the Galapagos group. — II. China Sea, belongs to the Paracels (which see). — III. Duncan Channel^ inlet Prince of Wales' archip., Russ. America. Dunoansby Head, the N.E. headland of Scot- land, CO. Caithness, pa. Cannisby, about 1^ m. E.N.E. John O'Groat's House. Lat. 58° 39' N.. Ion. 3° 1' W. On its highest part is an ancient watch tower, commanding a magnificent view. DuNCHiDEOOK, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 4 m. S.W. Exeter. Area 790 ac. Pop. 208. DuNCHDROH, a pa. of England, co. and 13J m. E.N.E. Warwick. Area 5,010 ac. Pop. 1,390. DuNCTON, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 3^ m. S.S.W. Petworth. Area 1,330 ac. Pop. 308. _ Dundalb:, two baronies, and a pari. & munie. bor., seaport town and pa. of Ireland, Leinster, CO. Louth, on the S. bank of Castletown riv., near its mouth in Dundalk bay, 46 m. N.W. Dublin. Area of pa. 6,202 ac. Pop. 13,204. Area of town and bor. 450 ac. Pop. 10,782. It has some good streets, but a large part of the town is filthy and miserable. Principal buildings, a spacious pa. church, large Roman Catholic chapel, county court house, co. jail, market and custom houses, infirmary, guild-hall, linen-hall, news & assembly rooms, a large barrack, union workhouse, and DUN 430 DUN several ruined ecclesiastical edifices. It has va- rious schools, one called the Dundalk institution, and steam flour mills, a pin factory, breweries, tanneries, and a large distillery. Harbour safe ; fisheries somewhat important, and it exports a good deal of rural produce, with timber, slates, & coal. Customs rev. (1846) 40,666^. Reg. ship- ping 2,636 tons. Markets, Monday. Fairs, 3d Wednesday in each month. Steamers ply be- tween it and Liverpool. It is the seat of co. as- sizes, and quarter and petty sessions, and sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Keg. elects. (1849) 42^.— Dun- dalk bay is a shallow inlet of the Irish sea, between Cooley and Dunany points, and 8 m. in length & breadth. It contams large oyster beds, and re- ceives the river Dee, Fane, and Castletown. DuNDAS, a town of Upper Canada, cap. dist. Gore, at the head of Burlington bay, L. Ontario, 41 m. S.W. Toronto. — [Island), British N. Amer., is in the Pacific, 40 m. N.E. Queen Charlotte Island. — [Islands), off the E. coast of Africa, be- tween the equator and lat. lj° S., comprise nearly 600 coral islets, from 2J to 4 m. in length, but with only one secure harbour near the mouth of the Durnford riv. — [River), an afflu. of English riv., Delagoa bay, E. Africa [Strait), N. Aus- tralia, separates Melville island from Coburg peninsula, and is 18 m. across. Dundee, a pari., munic, royal burgh, seaport town and pa. of Scotland, co. and 14 m. S.S.W. Forfar, on the N. bank of the Tay, 10 m. W. Sud- denness light, at the entrance of its firth. Lat. of light-ho., 56° 8' N., Ion. 2° 68' W. Area of pa. 3,700 ac. Pop. of pari. bor. 62,873; of royal burgh 59,135. Mean temp, of year, 61°. 9 ; winter, 41°. 4 ; summer, 63° .4 Fahr. It stands mostly on the de- clivity between the riv. & Dundee-law, wliich has an elev. of 525 feet, up the sides of which, as also to the E. and W., it has of late considerably ex- tended. It is irregularly built : some of its prin- cipal streets in the old town meet in a spacious market place, termed the cross; others extend along the shore. Principal edifices, a town hall, the new public seminaries, exchange coffee-room, trades' hall. Watt institution, St Andrew's and some other churches, a great number of dissent- ing chapels, of which Roman Catholic & Glassite are conspicuous, excellent barracks, the jail and bridewell, infirmary, lunatic asylum, dispensary, and numerous other charitable mstitutions. The most prominent object in the town, is the old square tower of the cathedral church, founded by David, Earl of Huntingdon, which rises to the height of 166 feet. The churches connected with this ancient tower, have suffered many dilapida- tions, and were nearly destroyed by fire in 1841. The Luokenbooths, at W. end of High Street, now nearly demolished, was the birth-place of Anne of Buccleugh, Duchess of Monmouth, and the temporary residence of General Monk, and afterwards, in 1715, of the Pretender. Whitehall, an old building, now demolished, which stood near the Cross, was the scene of frequent con- ventions of estates and meetings of general as- semblies of the Scottish Kirk. The town was formerly surrounded by fortified walls begun by the English and completed by the French in 1647, no vestige of these remain but the names of the gates. Dundee is the principal seat of the linen manufs. in Great Britain. Its fabrics con- sist of Osnaburghs, sheeting, duck and coarse linens generally ; besides which, linen yarn, cot- ton-bagging, canvass, and cordage, are goods extensively manufactured. In 1839, there were in the town and immediate vicinity, 47 spinning Bais, impelled by steam, & producing 12,960,000 spindles of yarn ; in the same year, from 4,000 to 6,000 hands were employed in weaving, and the estimated value of the manufd. goods exported, amounted to 1,810,466?. Kid ^love-makiflg, tan- ning, refining sugar, iron working & machinery, and ship-buildmg, the last including the con- struction of iron steamers, are also important. Dundee has a tide-harbour, and several large wet docks, recently constructed at a great expense. Total shipping of port (1847) 320 vessels; aggreg. burden 48,742 tons, many of which are employed in the whale fisheries and the Baltic & American trade. There are 3 local banks and a savings banli, and 4 weekly newspapers. This town com- municates hourly by a steam ferry with Newport on the opposite shore of the Tay, and by railway with Edinburgh to the S., Arbroath, Montrose, &c., to the N. ; with Perth, Cupar Angus, Forfar, Newtyle, &c., by the Scottish Midland railway ; also by steam with Newbnrgh, Perth, Aberdeen, Leith, Hull, and London. Previous to 1834, the town formed only one pa. It was then by act of assembly, divided into 12 mood sacra pas. The municipal borough is divided into 3 dists., town council consisting of a provost, 4 bailies and 10 councillors, including dean of guild. Corp. rev. (1843) 3,055Z. Since the Reform Act, Dundee sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1848; 2,727. Markets, Tuesday and Friday. Among its celeb, natives are Hector Boethins, Hallibur- ton, who was the first openly to profess the re- formed religion in Scotl., Sir Geo. M'Kenzie, Lord Advocate, Fergusson the poet, & Admiral Lord Duncan. Sir Wm. Wallace was educated here. DuNDONALD, a pa. of Scotland, co. Ayr, dist. Kyle, 4 m. S.S.W. Irvine. Area about 17 sq. m. Pop. 6,716. On Firth of Clyde are ruins of a castle, supposed to have been built by the Stuarts before their accession to the throne, and in which they afterwards frequently resided. It gives the title of Earl to the Cochrane family. DuNDEENNAN, the old name of a pa. of Scotl., CO. Kirkcudbright, containing the ruins of a once famous abbey. [Rekkfck.] Ddndrdm Bat, Ireland, Ulster, co. Down, is a bay of the Irish sea, 7 m. S.W. Downpatrick, having St John's point on its N.E. side, and the Mourne mntns. skirting it on the S.W. Breadth at entrance about 10 m. A heavy S. and S.E. swell sets into it, and near its N. side are the rocks Cow and Calf, connected by a reef with the mainland. The Great Britain steam-ship was stranded here in 1846. — II. a vill., inner harbour of this bay ; also a vill. 4J m. S. Dublin. DuNDBV, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 4i m. N.W.Pensford. Ac. 2,828. P. 536. Fair, 12th Sept. DuNEAN, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. and 85 m. W.N.W. Antrun. Area 13,128 ac. Pop. 6,369. Dunes, a comm. and town, France, dep. Tam- et-Garonne, 29 m. W. Montauban. Pop. 1,248. DuNFANAQHT, a market town of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Donegal, on the S. side of Dunfanaghy harh., 12J m. N.W. Kilmacrenan. Dunfeeney, or Doonfeeny, a pa. of Ireland, Connaught, co. Mayo, 10 m. N.W. Killala. Area 31,261 ac. ■ Pop. 4,819. Dunpebmlinb, a pari, and munic. bor., ma- nufacturing town and pa. of Scotland, co. Fife, 13 m. N.W. Edinburgh. Pop. of pa. 20,217; do. of town 7,860 ; do. of pari. bor. 13,296. It is generally handsome, though irregularly built, on an eminence separated from a large suburb ou the W ., by a ravine crossed by a bridge. Principal edifice, its fine collegiate church, erected in 1821, contiguous to the ruins of the ancient edifice. The abbey, originally founded by Malcolm and DUN 437 DUN his Queen between 1070 & 1086, was a monastery of Culdees. Here Edward of England resided for some months in 1304, and on leaving it set it on fire. It was rebuilt by Brace, and here his body was interred. In 1589, the abbey, with its lands, was erected into a temporal lordship, and conferred upon Anne of Denmark, wife of James VI. The nave and tower, and some parts of the refectory still remain, and are partly Saxon and partly Norman architecture. In the town are various other places of worship, a guildhall with a spu'e 132 feet in height, town hall and jail, se- veral public schools, a flourishing mechanics' in- stitute, several learned associations, and subscrip - tion libraries. The linen maunf. here dates from the 17th century, and, since 1778, the finest kinds of table linen, diapers, damasks, have been woven at Dunfermline, the finer yai'ns being sup- Elied trom Yorkshire and Ireland, and the rest •om mills in the vicinity, and fi'om Dundee, &c. The weavers work in their own houses ; and, in 1S36, there were in Dunfermline and its vicinity 3,517 looms, employing upwards of 5,000 persons, and estimated to produce goods to the annual value of 351,700/. Here aie also some breweries, rope, tan, and soapworks, tobacco factories, and a steam-flour mill. Coal, lime, & iron, are raised in large qnantities in the pa. ; many of the col- lieries and lime- works belong to the Earl of Elgin, who also owns a railroad, extending hence to Charleston, the port of Dunfermline on the Firth of Forth. The town, erected into a royal burgh in 1588, unites with Stirling, Inverkeithing, Cm- ross, & Queensferry, in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Keg. elects. (1848) 564. Adjoining the abbey was a palace, enlarged by James rv. in 1500, in which Charles i. was bom in 1600, and where Charles II., in 1650, subscribed the league and covenant. Dusfokd-Bkidge, a station on the Shefiield and Manchester railway, 18j m. N.W. Sheffield. DuNGANSON, a pari., and munic. bor., and market town, Ireland, Ulster, co. Tyrone, near a branch of theBlackwater, 11 m. N.N.W. Armagh. Area 230 ac. Pop. of town and pari. bor. 3,801. It stands on a hill slope, consists of an old and a new town, is regularly and pretty well built, and has a good church, an endowed royal school, founded in 1628, an union workho., fever hospital, bridewell, several branch banks, court & market houses, manufs. of linen & earthenware. Markets, Monday and Thursday. Fairs, 1st Thursday of every month. The bor. sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1848) 473. It gives title of Viscount to the Hill-Trevor family. Ddsganstown, a pa. of Irel., Leinster, co. and 5 m. S.S.W. Wicklow. Area 14,287 ac. P. 3,434. Ddngakvan, a pari, and munic. bor., seaport tOYra, and pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. and 25 m. ■W.S.W. Waterford, on the Colligan„ near its mouth in the bay of Dungarvan, and across which a handsome one-arched bridge connects it with its suburb Abbingside. Area of pa. 9,413 ac. Pop. 13,321. Area of pari. bor. 8,499 ac. Pop. 12,382; do. of town 8,626. It is neatly buflt, and resorted to for sea-bathing. Principal edifices, the pa. church, 4 Roman Catholic cha- pels, a convent, a castle of the 15th century, now used as a barrack, a bridewell, session-house, union workhouse, and market-house. It has little trade, its harbour being only fitted for ves- sels under 150 tons ; and most of the pop. derive resources from fishing and the supply of summer visitors. Markets daily. Fairs 4 times annually. Co. quarter and petty sessions. It sends 1 mem- ber to the House of Commons. Reg. electors (1848) 442, and gives the title of Viscount to the Earl of Cork.— II. a pa. of Leinster, co. Kilkenny 3 m. W.S.W. Gowran. Area 6,881 ac. P. 1,806. DiJNGEN, a vill., Netherl., prov. W. Brabant, 3 m. S.E. Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1,100. DuNOENESs, a headland of Engl., forming the S. extremity of the co. Kent, and projecting into the English channel, about 3J m. S.E. Lydd. It has a fort and lighthouse in lat. 60° 64 59" N. ; Ion. 58° E. Elevation of lighthouse 92 ft. DuNGivEN, a market-town and pa. of Ireland, Ulster, CO. and 16i m. E.S.E. Londonderry, on the road from Armagh. Area of pa. 29,328 ac. Pop. 6,169 ; do. of town 1,016. Town regularly built, has various ecclesiastical remains, and an old castle; market on Saturday, and 8 annual fairs. DuNGLASs, a promontory of Scotl., co. and 2J m. E.S.E. Dumbarton, pa. Old Kilpatrick, pro- jecting into the Clyde. Here was the W. termi- nation of the walls of Antoninus, which is crowned by a ruined castle of the Colquhouns. Dunham, several pas., &c., of Engl., co. Notts, on the Trent, here crossed by a bridge of 4 arches, SJ m. E.N.E. Tuxford. Area 2,030 ac. Pop. 638. Fair, 12th August.— II. (Great), co. Norfolk, 51 m. N.E. Swaffham. Area 2,180 ac. Pop. 620. Ann. rev. of charities about 65i!.— III. {Little), same co., 6j m. N.E. Swaffham. Area 1,860 ac. Pop. 298. Rev. of charities 60?. per ann. — IV. {Massey), a township, co. Chester, pa. Bow- den, 5| m. N.N.W. Nether- Knutsford. P. 1,257. In the vicinity is the seat of the Stamford family. Dtjnholme, a pa. of Engl., co. and %\ m. N.N.E. Lincoln. Area 2,270 ac. Pop. 310. DuHiEBEs, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Loire, arrond. and 10 m. N.E. Tssengeaux, on 1. b. of the Dunieres. Pop. 2,409. DuNiNo, a pa. of Scotland, co. Fife, 4 m. S. St Andrews., Pop. 471. It has 3 ruined castles. Dhnipace, a pa. of Scotland, co. Stirling, con- joined with Larbert, Falkirk. Pop. 1,578. Here are two singular artificial mounds of Celtic or Roman origin. Torwood, a part of tbe old Ca- ledonian forest, still remains in this parish. DuNKELD, a burgh of barony, & market town of Scotland, co. Perth, Old Dankeld (pa. Dunkeld and Dowally) being 13 m. NiN.W. Perth, on the great E. pass to the Highlands, and on the N. bank of the Tay, across which it communicates with the suburb, Little Dunkeld, by an elegant bridge of 7 arches. Area of Old Dunkeld pa., about 14 sq. m. Pop. 1,752 ; do. of town 1,096. The town is old and meanly bmlt ; but it has fine remains of a cathedral, the choir of which is now used as the pa. church. In ancient times, Dunkeld is said to have been the seat of the Pictish kings. A cell of Culdees was here early established, & in 1130 was made the seat of a bishopric by David ii. The municipal jurisdiction of the town is vested in a baron bailie. In its vicinity is Dunkeld ho., the superb seat of the Duke of Athol. The pa. of Little Dunkeld has an area of about 31,000 ac. Pop. (1841) 2,718. Both pas. possess the most romantic scenery, and numerous antiquities. DuNKEHQUE(Eng.2>imAirA),afortified seaport town, and the most N. of France, dep. Nord, cap. arrond., on the Strait of Dover, 40 m. N.W. Lille, and 45 m. E. Dover, at the junction of 3 canals, & on the railway du Nord. P. (1846) 24,662. It is defended by a citadel ; has a town-hall, theatre, concert-hall, several fine churches, a lofty belfry, several hospitals, military and civil prisons, bar- racks, a college, and public library, soap, starch, and iron-works, rope-works, tanneries. Harbour, chiefly artificial, is shallow, but the roadstead is good, and since Dunkcrque was made a free port in 1826, it has had a brisk and increasing trade in DUN 438 winea. It has also many vessels engaged in the herring and cod fisheries. In 1888, it was burned py the English ; in 1664, Chai-les ii. of England sold it for 200,000i. to Louis xiv., who had it strongly fortified at a vast expense. DuNKEETON, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 5 m. S.S.W. Bath. Area 910 ac. Pop. 826. DcNKESWELii, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, S m. "W.N.W. Honiton. Area 5,160 ao. Pop. 536. It has the remains of an abbey founded in 1201. , PuNKiBK, an extra-parochial dist. of Engl., co. Kent, 2i m. AV.N.W. Canterbury. Area 4,380 ao. Pop. 638. — II. a town of France. [Duhquerque.] Dunkirk, a vill., U. S., N. Amer., New York, on Lake Erie, 40 m. S.W. Bufifalp, ajid 470 W. New York, at terminus of N. York & Erie railw. DusKiTT, or DuNKELX), a pa. of Irel., Leinster, CO. Kilkenny, 4J m. N.W. Waterford. Ai'ea 6,773 ac. Pop. 2,709. DrNLAVAN, a town and pa. of Irel., Leinster, CO. Wicklow, 6 m. N.W. Donard. Area of pa. 5,852 ac. Pop. 2,594 ; do. of town 990. DuNiECKNET, a pa. of Irel., Leinster, co. Car- low. Area (with Bagnalstown) 7,956 ac. P. 4,743. DuNLEER, a disfranchised bor. and pa. of Irel., Leinster, co. Louth, 11 m. S. Dundalk. Area of pa. 2,379 ac. Pop. 1,551 ; do. of town 808. DutTLOP, a pa. of Scotl., cos. Ayr and Renfrew, 7i m. N.E. Irvine. Pop. 1,206. It is famous for its excellent cheese. DuNLtcE, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Antrim, including part of the town of Bushmills. Area 9,381 ac. Pop. 3,381. Dunluce castle, a structure of the 14th century, is now a picturesque ruin. DuHMAHWAV, a market town of Irel., Munster, CO. Cork, 13 m. W. Bandon. Pop. 3,086. DnsMOHE, a vill. of Scotl., co. and 7 m. S.E. Stirling, pa. Airth. Pop. 153, The castle is the ancient seat of the. Murray family, to whom it gives title of Earl. — II. a town and pa., Ireland, Connaught, co. Galway, 7i m. N.N-E. Tuam. Area of pa. 34,939 ac. Pop. 11,776 ; do. of town 917. It has a small barrack. — III. a pa., Leinster, CO. and 3i m. W.N.'W. Kilkenny. Area 2,380 ac. Pop. 767. Here is a curious cave of considerable extent. — IV. {East), a seaport town, Ireland, Munster, co. & &\ m. S.E. Waterford, on Water- ford harbour. Pop. 302. It is well built, and much frequented as a watering-place. It has a handsome church, and a harbour & quay. Mail steam-packets ply regularly between it & Milford. DuNMOvf (Great), a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. Essex, on the Chelmer, 12 m. N.N.W. Chelmsford. Area of pa. 7,910 ac. Pop. 2,792. The town, supposed to have been the Komau Ccesaromagus, is pleasantly situated on an emi- nence, and well built. It has a fine church, a market-cross built in 1578, a union workhouse, & some manufs. of sacking. Market, Saturday. Fairs, 6th May and 8th Nov II. {Little), a pa. Of Engl., CO. Essex, 2 m. E.S.E. the above. Area 1,390 ac Pop. 385. The church & manor house consist of the remains of a priory founded 1104. DuHNET, a marit. pa. of Scotl., co. Caithness, on Pentland Firth, with a vill. 7j m. E.N.E.- Thurso. Pop. of pa. 1,880. Dunnet-head in i\as pa. is a rocky peninsula, forming the N. extrem. of Gt. Britain, and having on it a lighthouse, 340 ft. above the sea, in lat. 58° 40' N., Ion. 3° 21' W. On the S.W. side is the deep inlet Dunnet bay. DuNNicHES, a pa. of Scol3., co. & 4 m. E.S.E. Forfar. P. 1,626. Fair, 3d Wed. in Mar., O. S. DuNNiNa, a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth, with a neat viU. 8J m. S.S.W. Perth. Pop. of pa. 2,128. Fairs in May, June, and Oct. Dunoruib, anc. seat of the Hollo family, is in this pa. DoNNiNGTON, a pa. of Engl., co., ainsty, and 4 m. E. York. Area 3,110 ac. Pop. 766. Ddnnose, a lofty headland. Isle of Wight, near the centre of its S.E. coast. Lat. 60° 37' 7' N., Ion. 1° 11' 36" W. DnNNOTTAB, a pa. of Scotl., co. Kincardine, ou the N. Sea, and comprising the town of Stone- haven. Pop. 1,873. The extensive ruin of Dun- nottar castle, formerly the seat of the Keiths, Earl-Marisohals, stands on a perpendicular roek, 160 ft. above the sea, and almost separated from the mainland by a deep chasm. The castle was taken in 1296 by Sir W. Wallace. Durmg the commonwealth, the Scottish regalia were kept there ; and on the surrender of the garrison to Cromwell, the crown was secreted in the church of Kineff. In 1685 many covenanters were im- prisoned in the dungeons of Dunnottar. It was dismantled after the rebeUion of 1716. DuNOLLT, a ruined castle, Scotl., co. Argyle, dist. Lorn, on a rock forming the N. point of Oban bay, 1 m. N.E. Oban. It commands a mag- nificent view. The M'Dougals, descendants of the lords of Lorn, are its proprietors. Dunoon and Kilmun, a pa. of Scotland, co. Argyle, on the W. side of the Firth of Clyde, 7i m. W. Greenock. Estim. area 72 square m. Pop. 4,211. The vill. is frequented as a watering- place, and numerous steamers touch there. It has the ruins of a castle of the early Stuarts. DuNBEGGAN, a vlll. of Scotl., CO. & 16 m. N.W. Dumfries. Pop. 277. A bridge across Dalwhat water connects it with the viU. Minnyhive. DuNBOBiN Castle, Scotl., co. Sutherland, is a resid. of the Duke of Sutherland, pa. Golspie, on a height on Dornoch Firth, 7 m. E.N.E. Dornoch. DuNRossNEss, a pa. forming a peninsula at the S. extremity of Shetland mainland, & terminating in Sumburgh Head. Pop. 4,494. DuNSBY, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, i\ m. N.N.E. Bourn. Area 2,420 ac. Pop. 195. DuNsooRE, a pa. of Scotland, co. & 9 m. N.W. Dumfries. Area 24 sq. m. Pop. 1,517. Ellisland farm, resid. of the late poet Burns, is in this pa. DuNSE, a burgh of barony, market town, and pa. of Scotl., CO. Berwick, on an eminence at the S. point of Dunse Law, & on branch of N. British railway, 13 m. W. Berwick-upon-Tweed. Area of pa. about21 sq. m. Pop. 3,162; do. of town, 2,656. It is well bmlt, & has many private schools, a town- hall, subscription and other libraries, a reading- room, 2 branch hanks. Mkts., weekly. Fairs, 7 times a year for cattle, horses, & sheep. Near it is Dunse Castle, apart of which dates from the tune of Robt. Bruce. The famous divine. Duns Scotus, was a native of this pa., as also Boston & M'Crie. DuNSPOLD, a pa. 6f Engl., co. Surrey, 6 m. S.S.E. Godalming. Area 4,240 ac. Pop. 669. DuNSFOED, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 7} jn. W.fi.W. Exeter. Area 6,560 ac. Pop. 925. DuNSHAUGHLiN, a market town and pa., Irel., Leinster, co. Meath, 11 m. S.S.E. Navan. Area of pa. 3,264 ac. Pop. 1,681 ; do. of town, 624. DuNsiNNANE, One of the Sidlaw hills, Scotl., co., and 7 m. N.E. Perth, pa. Collace. Elev. 1,114 ft. It has been a military station, surrounded by ramparts and fosse, attributed to Macbeth. It is 15 m. S.E. of Bimam. DuNsiNSK, a vill., Irel., Leinster, co. Dublin, 4 m. W.N.W. Dublin castle, and on a hill neai- which is Trinity college observatory. Dunstable, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. and 18 m. S.S.W. Bedford, on the Watling Street, at the E. base of the Chiltem hills, 10 m, E.N.E. the Box'more station of the London and N. Western railway. Area of pa. 620 ac Pop. DUN 43D DUE 3,582. The town, situated amongst chalk downs, consists of antique but mostly respectable brick houses, and has a church originally the nave of a celebrated priory, founded by Henry i. Rev. of public school upwards of 830?. per ann. ; do. of alms-hos. & other charities, including one for the relief of clergymen, about 4342. per ann. Dun- stable is the principal seat of the British straw- plait manuf., in which many females are engaged. Larks are caught on the downs in immense num- bers between Sept. and Feb. Mkt., Wednesday. FsuTS, Ash Wednesday, May 22, Aug. 12, Nov. 12. The early Norman kings had a palace here. DuNSTAFFNAOE, an anc. royal castle, Scotl., co. Argyle, on Loch Etive, 2J m. N.E. Oban. It be- longed to the Scottish monarchs in early times, & is of unknown antiquity. The famous palladium stone of Scotl., now in Westminster Abbey, was kept here previous to its removal to Scone. DmiSTAN (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, J m. W. Canterbury. Area 320 ac. Pop. 1,209, Ddnster, a market town and pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 32} m. W.N.W. Somerton. Area of pa. 2,500 ac. Pop. 1,078. The town, finely situated in a vale near the Bristol Channel, has the re- mains of a castle. Market, Friday. DussTEw, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 2 m. S.S.W. Deddington. Area 1,370 ac. Pop. 449. DuNSTON, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. and 7^ m. S.S.E. Lincohi. Area 4,620 ac. Pop. 618.— II. CO. Norfolk, on the Yare, 4 m. S. Norwich. Area 500 ac. Pop. 107. DmcsTBE, a pa. of Scotland, co. Lanark, 7 m. N.N.E. Biggar. Pop. 288. DuNTEBTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 4J m. S.S.E. Launceston. Area 1,170 ac. Pop. 212. DoNTON, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Bedford, 3 m. E.S.E. Biggleswade. Area 2,840 ac. Pop. 434. — II. CO. Bucks, 4 m. S.E. Winslow. Area 1,550 ac. Pop. 107.— in. co. Essex, 3^ m. N.N.W. Homdon-on-the-Hill. Area 2,790 ac Pop. 194.-^17. CO. Norfolk, 2 J m. W.N.W. Faken- ham. Area 1,570 ac. Pop. 147. — V. (Basaetf), co. Leicester, 4|m. N.Lutterworth. Ac. 1,860. P. 563. DuHTSBOBNE, two contiguouspas.of Engl., co. Glo'ster.— I. (.446ofe). Ac. 3,290. Pop. 354.— II. (Boi«e),3Jm.N.W. Cirencester. Ac. 1,730. P. 138. Ddwvegah, a bay and headland of Scotland, on the W. coast of the Isle of Skye. DuNVEGAU FoET, British N. Amer., on the Peace river. Lat. 56° 14' N., Ion. 117° 30' W. DuHwicH, a decayed bor., seaport, and pa. of England, co. Suffolk, on the N. Sea, 26 m. N.E. Ipswich. Area of bor. and pa. 3,240 ac, mostly heath or sea beach. Pop. 237, chiefly engaged in fisliing. It was anciently an important city, the cap. of East-Anglia, but has been almost en- tirely destroyed by inroads of the sea ; and the ruins of a monastery, a church, and a chapel, are all that remain of its ancient ecclesiastical edi- fices, said to have been 50 in number. Revenue of Maison-Dieu charity (1830) 93?. The corp. revenue was recently about 1501. per annum. The bor. formerly sent 2 mems. to H. of C. It was 3 Roman station, & the cap. of East Anglia. Ddplin, a CO. of the TI. S., N. Amer., in S.E. part of N. Carolina. Area 600 sq.m. Pop. 11,182. Ddppau, a market town of Bohemia, circ. and 18 m. E.N.E. Elnbogen, in a deep valley on the Aubach. Pop. 1,400. It has a gymnasium. DuppLiN, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 4 m. W.S.W. Perth. Pop. returned with Aberdalgie, to which the pa. is united. Dupplin castle, the noble seat of the Earl of Kinnonl, is in this pa. Durance, a river of S.E. France, rises near Mont Genfevre, dep. H. Alps, and after a tortuous S.W. course, dividing that dep. from B. Alps,- and Vaucluse firom the Bouches-du-Rhone, jom» the Rhone, 3 m. S.W. Avignon. Course 160 m. Chief afSuents, the Buech and Verdon. It is rapid and innavigable, but is used to float doivn numerous rafts from the mountains. On it are the towns Briangon, Mont-Dauphin, Embrun, Sisteron, Cavaillon, and Orgon. Ddrango, a dep. of the Mexican confederation, mostly between lat. 24° & 28° N., & Ion. 102° 30' and 107° W., surrounded by Coahnila, Zacatecas, Xalisco, Sonora, Chihuahua. Area estimated at 64,500 sq. m., & pop. at 150,000. Surface mostly mountainous, and much of it is a rocky and irre- claimable desert; but along the banks of its small rivers are some fertile tracts, yielding maize, rice, and other grains, flax, cotton, and indigo. Other products are cattle, cochiueaj, iron, and precious metals ; the most productive silver mines are in the Sierra Madre. The N. part of the dep. has been of late extensively ravaged by In- dian tribes. Chief towns Durango, Nombre-de- Dios, Mapimi, and San Bartolomeo. — Durango is the cap. above dep., and at an elevation of 6,848 feet, in the Sierra Madre, near the Culiacan riv., 150 m. N.W. Zacatecas. Pop. 22,000. It is regularly built and handsome ; chief edifices, a cathedral and other churches, severaJ convents, a theatre, and a mint, at which, in 1845, gold to the value of 43,732 dollars, and silver to 600,608 do. were coined. Iron mines are wrought in its vicinity, and its inhabitants also manuf. wooden articles, woollen stuffs, and leather. DuKAHGO, a town of Spain, prov. Biscay, 13 m. S.E. Bilbao, on rt. b. of the Durango, over which it has 3 stone bridges. It has an hospital, sevl. public schools, and 2,246 inhabitants. DuEAS, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, 12 m. N. Marmande. P. 1,700. DuBAS, or KiNVAEBA-DuBAS, a pa. of Ireland, Connaught, co. GaJway, 8 m. N.W. Gort, & com- prising the town of Kinvarra. Ac. 11,290. P.6,586. DuRAVEL, a comm. and town of France, dep. Lot, 18 m. W.N.W. Cahors, on r. b. of the Lot. P. 3,120. It has a large annual cattle fair in Oct. DvBAZZAHO, a vill. of Naples, prov. T, di La- voro, dist. and 7 m. E.S.E. Caserta. Pop. 2,300. DoBAzzo, Dyrrachium, a fortified marit. town of Europ. Turkey, Albania, sanj. & 30 m. W.N.W. El-Bassan, on the rocky penin^la of Peli, in the Adriatic. Pop. from 9,000 to 10,000. Its harbour is safe, and though moderate sized vessels must anchor more than 1 m. from the shore, the town has an active import trade in Manchester and Birmingham goods by way of Triest, and an ex- port of tobacco and corn to Italy. DuRBEN, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. Courland, on the S.E. shore of the L. Durben, 16 m. E.N.E. Libau. Pop. 1,600. It has an anc. castle. DnEBUT, a small town of Belgium, Luxem- bourg, cap. cant., on r. b. of the Ourthe, 11 m. N.N.E. Marche. Pop. (1842) 312. DuBEN, Marcodurum, a town of Rhen. Prussia, reg. and 18 m. E.N.E. Aix-la-Chapelle, cap. circ, on the Roer, here crossed by a stone bridge^ and on the Cologne and Aix-la-Chapelle railw. Pop. 8,010. It is pleasantly situated, and has a Roman Catholic, & numerous Luth. & Calviuist churches, a high female school, manufs. of wool- len cloths, cassimeres, cotton goods, nails, cutlery, watches, soap, leather, and coloured silks. In its vicinity are oil, paper, and wire mills. Charle- magne here defeated the Saxons, and held diets in 776 and 779. • It was cap. of the dep. Roer under the French empire. Durham, a marit. co. of Engl., in its N. part, DUK 4i.esbokoi7qh, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, S m. N.E. Ivinghoe. Area 4,350 ac. Pop. 1,722. Eddlestone, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 3 m. N. Peebles. Pop. 742. Eddlestone water intersects it firom N. to S. EnsTSTOinB Liohthouse, on the Eddystone rocks, Engl. Channel, off the coast of Cornwall, 14 m. S.S.W. Plymouth breakwater. Lat. 60° IV 64' N. ; Ion. 4° 16' 63' W. It was built in 1759, of Portland stone encased in granite, and is about 72 feet in elevation, furnished with 16 powerful argand-burners, which give a fixed light of the first magnitude. Ede, a station on the Amsterdam & Arnhem railw., Netherlands, between Utrecht & Arnhem. Ede, a vill. and pa., Netherlands, prov. Guel- derland, cap. cant., lOJ m. N.W. Arnhem. Pop. of yai. 1,000, of pa. 8,326. Eden, a riv. of Engl., rising in county West- moreland, near the borders of co. York, & flow- ing through Cumberland, after a N."W. course of 48 m. into Solway firth. Chief affl. the Eamont. Kirk-Oswald and Carlisle are on its banks, which in many parts are very beautiful. The salmon fisheries of this river are valuable. — II. a riv. of Scotl., CO. Fife, flowing, after an E. course of 18 m., into the Bay of St Andrews, in the N. Sea. The town of Cupar is on its banks. — III. a riv. of Scotland, joins the Tweed after a S.E. course of 18 m., 3J m. below Kelso. Edes, a township, U. S., N. America, New York, 14 m. S. Buffalo. Pop. 2,174 II. a town- ship, Ohio, 8 m. S. Tiffin. Pop. 1,471. Edenebidge, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, with a station on the South-Eastem Railw., 6 m. N.N.E. Godstone. Area 5,290 ac. Pop. 2,029. Edehsebbt, a mkt. town of Ireld., Leinster, King's County, near the bog of Allen, 32J m. W. Dublin. Pop. 1,850. Edesfielb, or Eaton Field, a chapelry of Engl., CO. Lancaster, pa. & 6i m. N. Bury. Pop. (returned with pa.), employed in cotton manufs. Edenhai,!, a pa. of England, co. Cumberland, 3 m. N. Penrith. Area 6,110 ac. Pop. 639. The church contains monuments of the Musgrave family,whosenoblemansion gives name to the pa. Edenhah, a pa., Engl., co. Lincoln, 2 J m. N.W. Bourn. Area 7,760 ac. P. 699. Grimsthorpe castle, seat of Lord W. D'Eresby, is in this pa. Edenkeillie, a pa. of Scotl., co. Elgin, on the Findhom, in the centre of the co. Area about 65 sq. m., a large part of which is woodland. P. 1,237. It has remains of 3 anc. fortifications. Edenkoben, a mkt. town of Khenish Bavaria, circ. Pfalz, 7 m. N. Landau. Pop. 4,900. It has mineral springs and important grain markets. Edensob, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, on the Derwent, 2} m. E.N.E. Bakewell. Area 4,900 ac. Pop. 748. Chatsworth, the magnificent seat of' the Duke of Devonshire, is in this parish. Edeston, a vill. of U. S., N. Amer., N. Carol., cap. CO. Chowan, on a bay of same name, con- necting with Albemarle Sound, 66 m. S. Norfolk. It has a handsome court-house, 2 churches, a bank, academy, and considerable shipping. Edeb, a tpwn of W. Hindostan, dom. and 100 m. N.N.'W. Baroda, and estimated, in 1820, to comprise 2,500 houses. Edebnion, a beautiful valley of N. Wales, co. Merioneth, between Corwen and Bala. It con- tains many fine seats, including Crogen, formerly the residence of Earl Dudley and Ward. Pop. of hundred 4,905. Edekn, a comm. & town of France, dep. Finis- tfere, 8 m. S.E. Chateaulin. Pop. 1,734. Edeten, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Carnarvon, 3 m. W.N.W. Nevin. Pop. 624. Edfou (Coptic Atbo, anc. Apollinopolis Magna), a vill. of Upper Egypt, on the W. bank of the Nile, 50 m. S.S.E. Thebes, consisting of a cluster of mud huts, around some of the finest ruins in Egypt. Pop. from 1,500 to 2,000, Arabs and Copts, which last manuf. blue cotton cloths and earthenware, similar to the anc. Egyptian pottery. The remains of antiquity comprise a quay and 2 fine temples, both of which appear to have been constructed in the age of the Ptolemies. Ed^ab, a CO; of U. S., N. Amer., in E. part of Illinois. Area 600 sq. m. P. 8,225. Edbabton, a seaport of U. S., N. Amer., Massa- chusetts, 76 m. S.S.E. Boston. Pop. 1,736. It has a good harbour, and some shipping. EnoE, a tything of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 2 m. N. Stroud. Pop. 1,510. — II. toshp., co. Chester, pa. Malpas. Pop. 320. Edqebaston, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 2 m. S.W. Birmingham, of which it forms a suburb. Area 2,790 ac. Pop. 6,609. Edgecott, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, 10^ m. W.N.W. Aylesbury. Area 650 ac. Pop. 195.— II. CO. Noi-thampton, 6 m. N.N.E. Banbury. Area 960 ac. Pop. 83. In the wars of the Koses the adlierents of Edward iv. were defeated here. Edgeoombe, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in E. of N. Carolina. Area 660 sq. m. Pop. 15,708, of whom 7,439 are slaves. — II. a seaport town of Maine, 32 m. S.S.E. Augusta. Pop. 1,238. Edgecumbe (MonNi), a picturesque hill of Engl., Devonshire, on the Tamar, opposite Ply- mouth, on which is the beautiful seat of the Mount Edgecumbe family, Edgecombe (Bat), E. Australia, is an inlet of the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 20° S. ; Ion. 147° 30' E. Edgefield, a dist. of U.S., N. Amer., in W. of S. Carolina. Area 1,689 ac. Pop. 32,862, of whom 17,538 are slaves. Soil light, and adapted for cotton, the chief produce. Chief town same name, 140 m. N.W. Charleston. Pop. 1,200. Edgefield, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 3 m. S, Holt. Area 2,230 ac. Pop. 638. Edoehill, an elevated ridge, Engl., co. War- wick, 7 m. N.W. Banbury. Here was fought, a.d. 1642, the first battle between Charles i. and the parliamentary forces. At the foot of the hill is the vale of Red-Horse, so called from the colossal figure of a horse cut on the side of the hill. — TT. CO. Lancaster, a suburb of Liverpool, which it ac^oins, and with which its pop. is united. The Liverpool botanic garden is situated here. Edge WABB, a pa. of England, co. Middlesex, 10 m. W.N.W. London. Area 1,990 ac. Pop. 669. Edgewoeth, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 6J ra. N.W. Cirencester. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 1,697, EDG 443 EDI EDdEWOKTHSTOWN^apa. of Irel.^ Leinster, co. and 6i m. E.S.B. Longford. Area 10,943 ac. Pop. 4,933. Fairs, 6 times yearly. Itwastheresid. of K. L. Edgeworth, Esq., & his gifted daughter. Edqmond, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, IJ m. W. Newport. Area 8,270 ao. Pop. 2,486. Edgtoit, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 4^ m. E.S.E. Bishop's Castle. Area 2,840 ac. Pop. 219. Ebowobth, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Bolton, 7 m. W.N.W. Bury. Pop. 1,697. Edinbtibg, a tnshp., TJ. S., N. Amer., New York, S2 m. N. Albany. Pop. 1,468.-11. Ohio, 146 m. N.E. Columbus. Pop. 1,085. EniNBUBaH, a city, pari, bor., and the metro- polis of Scotland, is situated on the S. bank of the estuary of the Forth, in lat. 55° 67' 3" N., Ion. 3° 11' AV.,392 m. N. of London. Pop. in 1801 (including Leith) 82,560. In 1841, of city and suburbs, 138,182. Number of houses (including fiats) 22,898. The city is most picturesquely situated upon two ridges of hills. Elev. of High Street, at Tron Church, 255 ft. ; do. of Kegister House, 217 ft. The old town occupies the more elevated ridge which termmates on the W. by the bold rocky eminence of the Castle Hill (elev. 383 feet). Between the old and new town is a deep ravine, now converted into gardens, and crossed on the E. by a spacious bridge, and communicating about the centre by an earthen mound. The new town extends to the N. of the old, and forms an extensive parallelogram, with wide & straight streets intersecting each other at right angles, & relieved at certain places by squares, a Circus, and a spacious octagon. To the S. of the old town extends the rural suburbs of Newington and Momingside. The principal feature in the old town is the long spacious High Street, which, with the Canongate, extends along the elevated ridge from the Castle on the W., to Holyrood Palace on the E., with narrow wynds or closes on each side. The houses on this part, built on the old continental system, are very lofty, and each story divided into distinct dwelling apart- ments or fiais. In this line of streets are the High Church of St Giles, built in the cathedral style, with a tower in the form of an imperial crown; the Tron Church; the Assembly Hall, with a spire 238^ ft. high ; the Parliament House, ^ntaining the old parliament hall, with oaken roof, built 1632, and the various courts of justice, advocates' and writers' libraries, and Eoyal Ex- change. At the E. extremity of Canongate, in the valley between Arthur Seat and Calton Hill, are situated the abbey and palace of Holy- "ood, founded in 1128 by David i. The ruins of the choir of the ancient abbey remain ; and the tower of the N.W. corner of the palace, built 1628 by James v., and containing Queen Mary's apartments, have been preserved and in- corporated with the more modern buildings erected after the restoration in 1671. The castle, built on a precipitous rock of basaltic green- stone, contains some ancient apartments, the crown and regalia of Scotland, an armoury and barracks for soldiers. The university, founded 1680, by charter of James vi., is a noble institu- tion. The building, founded 1789, forms a large quadrangle, with a spacious court in the centre, and contains a library with 90,864 printed books and 310 MSS., museum and class-rooms for the professors, who amount in number to 31, and who deliver courses of lectures on literature and science, theology, law, medicine, agriculture, and music. Ann . average of students (since 1800) 1,636. There is also a Free Church College, and a Theological College of United Presbyterians. A college of physicians and of surgeons, with* handsome haJl and anatomical museum, the royal society, Highland & agricultural society, society of arts, antiquarian soc, royal academy of paint- ing ; a botanic garden, ori^nally founded in 1670, and reconstructed in its present position in 1824; the high school, an elegant building on the Cajr ton Hill, a naval & military academy, new Edin- burgh academy, several other schools for the in- struction of youth, a mechanics' institute, school of design and philosophic institution, united ser- vice and new clubs. The most remarkable public buildings of the new town are the ivyal institu- tion, adorned with a statue of her Majesty Queem Victoria, St George's and St Andrew's churches, Lord Melville's monument, 139 feet high, . Sir Walter Seott's monument, the national monu- ment on the Calton Hill, an astronomical obser- vatory, general post-office and stamp-ofBce, ■Waterloo Place. Edinburgh is divided into 17 pas., and 13 quoad sacra pas. Besides these there are 23 Free Church congregations, 15 United Presbyterian, 9 Episcopahan, 2 Roman Catholic chapels and nunnery, 3 Independent, several Baptists, a Methodist, Society of Friends, and other churches. The charitable institutions are — Trinity hospital, founded 1461 by Mary of Gueldres, consort of James ii. ; eight institutions for education and maintenance, of childrep.; the orphan hospital, George Heriot's hospital, founded 1624 — a very wealthy institution ; Watson's hos,- pital, Gillespie's do., the merchant maiden, trades maiden, and orphan hospitals, Donaldson's hos- pital, Stewart's hospital, an asylum for the blin^ deaf and dumb institution, a royal infirmary, re- ceiving from 3,000 to 4,000 patients annly., & sevL public dispensaries ; night asylum for the houseless poor, & house of refuge. There are 3 poor's houses & 2 ragged schools connected with the city and suburbs. The principal banking establishments are — the Bank of Scotland, Royal Bank, British Linen Co., Commercial, National, Edinburgh and Glasgow, Union & Clydesdale, City of Glasgow, ■Western, and a savings' bank. Edinburgh has never been famous as a manufacturing city, it contains few general merchant^, its trade being chiefly retail ; but Leith, which may be consi- dered its seaport, holds a conspicuous rank for its extensive shipping, &c. Coach-building, flint glass maldng, and strong ale brewing, are its chief manufs. It has long held a high standing as a printing and publishing centre, with engrav- ing, book-binding, and those trades connected with literature. There are 10 newspapers pub- lished in the- city, 1 of which is published three times a week and 6 twice a week ; 6 quarterly re- views, literary, scientific, religious, and medical ; 6 monthly magazines, and various other periodi- cal works. Edinburgh is the central point where the great lines of railway meet, and a part of the new town is traversed by an extensive tunnel of the Northern Railway. The elevated situation of the city allows of a free ventilation ; and the sup- ply of water brought from the Pentlands, 8 m. S. W., is now abundant. Mean temperature of the year 47° .l,Fahr. ; mean of summer heat, 67° .2; winter, 38° .4. Annual fall of rain 24 inches. In 1841 the annual registered mortality of the city was 3,507, making the deaths in the proportion of 1 to 36 .45. The climate of Edinburgh is reckoned salubrious, and is comparatively dry & mild. The varied beauty of the scenery of the vicinity is unrivalled. From the Calton Hill and summit of Arthur Seat, is obtained an extensive view of the plains of Mid-Lothian, the Lammer-. moor and Pentland Hills, the blue waters of the EDI 119 EDI Firth of Forth, the neighbouring shores of Fife, and the distant Ocliil Hills ; the situation of the city, amidst surrounding scenery, bearing in many respects a resemblance to that of Athens. The city is governed by a Lord Provost, elected for 3 years, who is also high sheriff of the royalty, lordlieutenantof CO. of the city, & admiral of Firth of Forth, & has precedence of all official peraons within his jurisdiction, i bsiilies, a dean of guild, treasurer and council ; the whole amounting to 33. There is a guildry and merchant company, and 14 incorporated Uades. The city is divided into 5 wards. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. elects. (1848) 6,462. Annual revenue of city about 25,000/. The court of session, or supreme civil and criminal court for Scotland, is composed of 13 judges, 5 of whom sit as lord ordinaries, to decide canses in the first instance, and 4 sit in each of the two divisions of the inner house. The court of justiciary is composed of the Lord Justice-General, the Lord Justice-Clerk, and 5 lords commissioners. The faculty of advocates (barristers) consists of advocates who have the privilege of pleading causes before the court of session. The advocates' library cont^ns 148,000 printed volumes, and 2,000 MSS. The society of writers to the signet, who have also a large library, practise as agents or attorneys before the court of session. The solicitors is another society who practise before the supreme courts, but with in- ferior privileges to the W.S. There are also the sheriff court, justice of peace court, &c. The Register House, an elegant building E. end of Princes Street, erected in 1774, with an equest- rian statue of Wellington in front, contains the pubUc records, and records of landed property, for Scotland, under the direction of the lord re- gister and clerks of court of session. The police establishment and society of high constables, form an effective protection for the peace of the city. The prisons for the city and co. are situated S. of the Calton Hill, & are tmder excellent regulation. Simeon of Durham, writing in the year 854, mentions the fortress or castle under the name of EdwineshuTch, or castle of Edwin, probably so called after Edwin, Prince of Northumberland. In 1128 the town received a charter from David I. In 1215, Alexander ii., son of 'William the Lion, held a parliament here for the first time. After this it frequently became the residence of the Kings of Scotland, and latterly the perma- nent seat of the Scottish parliament, courts of justice, and executive government. Edinbubghshibe, or Min-LoxuiAir, is situated in the eastern part of the S. division of Scotland, bonnded on the N. by the Firth of Forth, on the E. by Haddington and Berwick shires, S. by Peebles and Selkirk shires, and W. by LinUth- gowshirc. Extreme length W. to E. 38 m. ; average breadth 15 m. Area 358 sq. m., or 229,120 ac. Pop. 225,454. Bythe census of 1841, there were in the Co., and It may be presumed chiefly inhabiting the city, 9,012 English, and 7,100 Irish. The S.E. part of the co. is inter- sected by the Moorfoot hills, abranch of the Lam- mermoors, of greywackfe or lower Silurian for- mation. From the S.W., the Pentland range runs towards the N.E., composed of porphyry, while the greenstone hills of Corstorphine extend from the Firth of Forth S.ward, & are continued by the greenstone and basaltic elevations of the castle rock, Arthur's Seat, & Calton, in the vicinity of the capital. Carnethy, the most elevated of the Pentland range, is 1,802 feet above the sea. From the S. the co. gradually slopes towards the borders of the Firth, and on the E. and W. ex- tends into level and fertile plains. The principal rivs., none of which are large, arc the Water of Leith, flowing along the N.W. declivity of the Pentlands, till it joins the FirthatLeith. TheEsk, deriving its origm by two branches N. and S., in the southern part of the same mountain range, uniting to the E. of Dalkeith, and joining the sea at Musselburgh. The Almond, flowing through the N.W. valley of the co., and the Tyne, taking its origin from the Moorfoot hills, and flowing E. into Haddingtonshire. The greater part of the CO. belongs to the coal formation, and coal is extensively wrought. A bed about 15 m. in length and 8 m. in breadth, extends across the district from Carlops to Musselburgh, contain- ing 33 seams, from 9 inches to 6 feet thick, partly horizontal and partly edge. Sandstone of a very superior quality abounds, and is exten- sively quarried at Craigleith, Granton, & Hailes. Limestone is found in many localities, especially at Gilmerton, Crichton, & Burdiehouse. SUght indications of lead and copper have been noticed, but no metal is wrought except iron, which exists as ironstone in the coal strata. The co. is chiefly agricultural, and farming is conducted on the best modern principles. In the vicinity of the metropolis, extensive nurseries and vegetable & fruit gardens are established. There are exten- sive paper mills on the Esk, and Water of Leith, and several distilleries, breweries, potteries, but no other manufs. of importance. The Edinburgh and Glasgow, N. British, and Caledonian, and Edinburgh and Northern railways, traverse the CO. Edinburgh, the cap., is the only royal burgh. Dalkeith is a burgh of barony, and Musselburgh a burgh of regality. Principal vills., Porto- bello, Newhaven, Lasswade, Loanhead, Hatho, Penicuick, Roslin, &c. Leith is the principal seaport, and Granton is an excellent steam-boat harbour. The co. (exclusive of Edinburgh and suburbs) contains 29 pas. and 5 quoad sacra do. It sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Keg. elects. (1848) 2,088. Polling places, Edinburgh, Dalkeith, and Mid-Calder. Mid-Lothian and the surrounding districts, at the period of the Roman conquest, was formed into the prov. of Valentia. The country was subsequently occupied by Saxon in- vaders from the N. of England, and by them chiefly retained till about the year 1020, when the Lothians were ceded to the Scottish monarch, Malcolm ii. EDiNBUBGH(NEw),a seaport ofS.Amer., prov. and 118 m. E.S.E. Panama, on the Gulf of Darien. Edinshall, or Eoinoale, a pa. of Engl., cos. Stafford and Derby, 5 m. N. Tamworth. Area 730 ac. Pop. 197. Edinolt, a pa. of Engl., co. Notts, 2| m. W.N.W. Southwell. Area 1,800 ac. Pop. 429. Edingthorpe, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 3 m. E.N.E. North Walsham. Area 690 ac. P. 195. Edington, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 3i m. E.N.E. Westbury. Area 5,260 ac. Pop. 1,136. The bishops of Salisbury had formerly a palace here, destroyed (1460) by the populace, who dragged the bishop from the altar and stoned him to death. — Beatton-Mll, in this pa., a Danish encampment, which was taken by liing Alfred. The figure of a white horse, cut on the side of the hill, is supposed to commemorate this victory. Edisto, a riv., U. S., N. Amer., S. Carolina, rises in Edgefield distr., and flowing S.E. and S., enters the Atlantic by two branches, which en- close Edisto isl. (12 m. in length) about 20 m, S. W, Charleston. The river is navigable for 100 m. Edith- Weston, or Edwestok, a pa. of Engl., CO. Rutland, 4J m. S.E. Oakham. Ac. 1,810. P. 343. 2ff EDL 430 EGE Ediaston, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, 3 m. S. Ashbourne, Ai-ea 1,560 ac. Pop. 214. EDLiNaHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Northumber- land, 6} m. W.S.'W. Alnwick. Area 11,570 ac. Pop. 669. Has remains of an old castle. Edlington, a pa., Engl., co. Lincoln, 2 m. N.W. Horncastle. Ac. 2,900. P. 254.— II. co. York, W. Riding, 5 m. S.S.W. Donoaster. Ac. 1,680. P. 127. Edmeston, a township, U.S., N. Amer., New York, 15 m. W. Cooperstown. Pop. 1,907. Edmondbyeks, a pa. of Engl., co. Durham, 9 m. N.N.W. WaJsingham. Ac. 15,260. Pop. 1,025. Edmondthobpe, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 7 m. E.S.E. Melton-Mowbray. Ac. 2,100. P. 261. Edmonsham, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, IJ m. S. Cranborne. Area 2,720 ao. Pop. 298. Edmonson, a CO., U.S., N. Amer., in centre of Kentucky. Area 250 sq. m. Pop. 2,914. Edmonton, a pa. of Engl., co. Middlesex, on the London and Cambridge railway, and the Kerr river, 8m. N.London. Area 7,480 ac. Pop. 9,027. It has a large ancient chapel, an endowed school, many handsome mansions and villas, and has considerable trade in timber by the river Lea. Edmonton, a fortified vill., Brit. N. Amer. Lat. 53° 45' N., Ion. 113° 20' W. It is built of red earth, enclosed by high pickets, and entered by battlemented gateways. Its Vicinity is rich in coal and other minerals. EDMUND's-BnKT. [BuKT St Edmtind's.] Ednam, or Edenham, a pa. of Scotl., co. Kox- \ burgh, on the Eden, 2^ m. N.N.E. Kelso. Pop. 615. It has an obehsk to the memory of Thom- son, " poet of the Seasons," who was born in the manse of Ednam, a.d. 1700. Edolo, a vill. of Lombardy, deleg. and 44 m. N.E. Bergamo, on r. b. of the Oglio. Pop. 2,000. Edbom, a pa. of Scotl., co. Berwick, 3J m. N.E. Dunse. Area 13 sq. m. Pop. 1,415. Edstone, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Hiding, 11^ m. W. Pickering. Area 1,190 ao. Pop. 156. Edw ALTON, a pa. of Engl., co. and 3^ m. S.S.E. Nottingham. Area 830 ac. Pop. 117. Edwakds, a CO., U. S., N. America, on S.E. of niinois. Area 200 sq. m. Pop. 3,070. Sur- face undulating, soil fertile Edwardsmlle is a township, same state, cap. co. Madison, 48 m. ■W.S.W. Vandalia. Edwabdstone, apa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, SJ m. W. Hadleigh. Area 1,780 ac. Pop. 495. Edwin- Loach, apa. of Engl., co. Worcester, 3i m. N. Bromyard. Area 360 ac. Pop. 62. Edwin-Ralph, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 2 m. N.N.W. Bromyard. Area 1,060 ac. P. 166. Edwinstow, a pa. of Engl., co. Notts, 2 m. W. Ollerton. Area, including the N. part of Sher- wood forest, 17,270 ao. Pop. 2,418. Edwoeth, a pa. of Engl., co. Bedfordshire, 3 J m. S.E. Biggleswade. Area 1,100 ac. Pop. 105. Edzell, a pa. of Scotl., co. Forfar, 6^ m. N.N."W. Brechin. Pop. 1,064. It has ruins of a stately castle, and several Druidical remains. Eeohakk, a town, India, presid. Bengal, cap. raj. and one of the largest zemindaries in the dist. Ramghur, 103 m. S.S.E Patna. Eeokeren, a town of Belgium, cap. cant.,prov. and 4 m. N. Antwerp. Pop. 3,934. Eeoloo, a eomm. and town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, cap. arrond. on the post-road be- tween Ghent and Bruges, 11 ra. N.W. Ghent. Pop. (1842) 9,151. It has a town-hall, ancient convent, prison, several churches, numerous schools, and manufs. of woollens, tobacco, and chocolate, with breweries, and salt refineries. Eeoholm (Great and Little), 2 small isls. of Denmark, in the Great Belt, 2j m. W. Seeland. Eejmdt, a small town of Scinde, near the Indus, 17 m. S.E. Shikarpore. Lat. 27° 55' N., Ion. 68° 56' E. Eela, a city, Chinese Turkestan. [Ill] Eemnes, a viU. of the Netherlands, prov. Utrecht, near the Eem, 8 m. N.N.W. Amersfort. P. 1,396. Eesaughdb, a town and strong fort, Hio- dostan, dom. and 100 m. W.S.W. Gwalior, cap. of a pergunnah. Efat, a prov. of Shoa, Abyssinia. [Abissinia.] Efenechttd, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Denbigh, 2 m. S.W. Ruthin. Pop. 234. Effebding, a town of Upper Austria, near the Danube, 13 m. W. Linz, with an old stronghold of the Princes of Starkemberg. Pop. 1,300. Effingham, a pa. of Engl., co. Surrey, 3J m. S.W. Leatherhead. Area 2,940 ac. Pop. 581. Its vill., formerly a large town, gives title of earl to a branch of the Howard family. Ega, a town of Brazil, prov. Para, on r. b. of the Teff4 near the Amazon. Pop. chiefly In- dians, who cultivate manioc, rice, maize, pacao, and sarsaparilla, in which they trade by barter. Egadi, Egates, a group of isls. in the Mediter- ranean, W. of Sicily ; the chief isls. are Favig- nana, Levanso, and Maretimo. Egdean, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, IJ m. S.E. Petworth. Area 620 ac. Pop. 121. Egea de Los Caballeeos, a town of Spain, prov. and 34 m. N.N.W. Zaragoza. Pop. 8,082. Egedesmindb, a dist. of N. Greenland, com- prising nums. islands. It was named from Hans- Egede, who visited it as a missionary in 1741. Egeln, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. aud 16 m. S. W. Magdeburg, on the Bode. Pop. 2,800. Egelshofen, a vill. of Switzerland, 1 m. S. Constance. Pop. 1,000, partly wine growers. Eqensbueg, a town of lower Austria, circ. and 18 m. N.N.E. Krems. Pop. 1,262. Egee, a riv. of E. Germany, rises by numerous heads near the Fichtelbirge, N. Bavaria, flows N.E. through Bohemia, nearly parallel to the Erzgebirge, and joins the Elbe 33 m. N.N.W. Prague, after a course of 125 m. ASis. the Sau- bach and Tepl. It is innavigable; the towns, Weissenstadt, Eger, Falkenau, Ellbogen, Saaz, Laun, Budin, Theresienstadt, are on its banks. Egee (Bohemian Cheb), a frontier town of Bo- hemia, cap. circ, on r. b. of the Eger, 92 m. W. Prague. Pop. (1845) 10,500. It is built on a rock, and was formerly an important fortress. In its old castle, in 1634, the principal friends of Wallenstein were put to death, while Wallenstein himself was assassinated in a house in the mar- ket place. Eger has some handsome buildings, including the town-hall and pa. church, college, barracks, numerous schools, and hospitals, and manuis. of chintz, cotton fabrics, and woollens. Near it are the baths of Franzenbrunnen. Egeedib, a lake & town of Asia Minor, pash. Anatolia, 15 m. N.E. Isbarta. The lake, 27 m. in length N. to S., greatest breadth 10 m., is highly picturesque, and communicates at its N. end with Lake Hoir-an . A t its S. extremity is the town, in lat. 37° 62' N., Ion. 31° 6' E., at the foot of a high cliff, and with a castle on a promontory in the lake. From 500 to 600 houses, all Turkish. Egeei, a small lalje of Switzerland, cant, and 4 m. S.E. Zug. Length 3J m. ; breadth varyuig to IJ m. ; depth very great. Near its S. extremity is the vill. Morgarten (which see), twice the scene of a victory in favour of Swiss independence. Egeri is the name of two adjacent pas. {Ober and Tinier), with a united pop. of about 2,500. Egeesund, a maritime town of Norway, ami and 38 m. S. Stavanger. on the strait which EGE EGU separates it from the small isl. of Egoroo. Pop, 1,262. It has a sranll port, and is the centre of an extensive herriu^ fishery. Egebszeo, a vil!. of W. Hungary, cap. circ, on the Zala, 70 m. S.S.W. Kaab. Pop. 3,422. EeEBTON, a pa. of Engl., co, Kent, 7 m. W.N. W. Ashford. Area 2,750 ac. Pop. 880. Egga, a large town of Guinea, on the S.W. bank of the Niger (Qnorra), 70 m. N.N.W. its junction with the Chadda. Lat. 8° 42' N., Ion. 6° 40' E. It extends for more than 2 m. along the river, and is very populous. A large pop. also live here on board of canoes, and trade up and down the Niger fi'om Egga, importing Be- nin and Portuguese goods. Near it, on the op- posite bank, is a considerable market town. Ego-Buckland, a pa. of Engl., eo. Devon, 2J m. N.N.E. Plymouth. Area 3,800 ac. Pop. 1,296. EgCtEnbebo, a vill. of Styria, circ. and near Gratz, with a castle of the Prince of Eggenberg, and extensive gardens. Pop. of dist. 3,516. Eggesfoed, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 2 m. S. Chumleigh. Area 2,500 ac. Pop. 168. Egg Habboub (Gbeat), a township of the V. S., N. Amer., New Jersey, 48 m. S.E, Woodbury. P. 2,739—11. (itHfe), 35 m. S.E. Mt. HoUy. P. 1,875. Also two bays and rivers in same state. Eggintos, a pa. of England, co. Derby, 3 J m. N.N.E. Bnrton-on-Trent. Area 2,030 ac. P. 374. Egglestos Abbey, apa. of Engl. [Eokebt.] Egglestose, a chapelry of Engl., co. Durham, pa. Sliddleton-in-Teesdale, 5J m. N.N.W. Bar- nard castle. Area 7,700 ac. Pop. 617. Eggmbhle, a vill. of Bavaria. [Eckmuhi.] Eggolsheim, a market town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Franeonia, on the Numberg and Neue- markt railway, 11 m. S. Bamberg. Pop. 918. Egham, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, on the Thames, 3 m. E. Windsor. Area 7,440 ac. Pop. 4,448. The vill. is connected with Staines in Middlesex by an iron bridge over the Thames. Adjoining it is the field of Rimnymede, where King John held the memorable conference with his barons, which ended in the signing of Magna Charta, A. D. 1215. A fair and races are held on this field, 19th September. Cooper's hill, in this pa., is celeb, in the poetry of Denham and Pope. Eghoim, a small island of Denmark, diocese Fionia, in the Little Belt, 4 m N.E. Mroe Island. Also a small island in the Liimfiord, Jiitland. EomisTADT, Transylvania. [Enyed (Nagt).] Eouf, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. Sivas, on the Euphrates, 22 m. N.E. Arabgir. It stands in a wooded ravine, terraced into gardens. Egisa, an isl. and gnlf of Greece. [jEgina.] Egleton, a pa. of Engl., eo. Rutland, IJ m. S.E. Oakhaia. Area 1,450 ac. Pop. 138. Eglingham, a pa. of Engl., co. Northumber- land, 6 m. N.W. Alnwick. Area 17,650 ac. Pop. 1,648. Here are ruins of a border tower. Eglinton-Castle, the seat of the Earl of Eglinton, Scotland, co. Ayr, pa. Kilwinning, on the Lugton, 2 m. N. Irvine. It is a magnificent modem Gothic structure, surrounded by a park of 1,200 ac. It gives the title of earl to the Mont- gomerie family, whose ancestor, a relative of the Conqueror, commanded the van at the battle of Hastings. The castle was, in 1839, the scene of a brilliant pageant, in imit. of an ane. tournament. Eqlisad, a small town of Switzerland, cant. & 14 m. N. Zurich, on rt. b. of the Rhine, near the Baden frontier. Pop. 1,600. It has a tall watch tower and the remnant of an old castle. EoLisH, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, King's co., 3| m. N.N.E. Birr. Area 14,799 ac. Pop. 3,494. ~II. Ulster, CO. Armagh, i m. N.N.E. Tynan. Area about 10,600 ac. Pop. 5,601. Elm park, the resid. of Earl of Charlemont, is in this pa. Eglon, an ancient city of Palestine, identified with the vill. Ajlan, pash. and 18 m. E.N.E. Gaza. Egloshayle, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, on the Camel, j m. E. Wadebridge. Area 6,170 ac. Pop. 1,357. — II. (Bglosherry), a pa., same co., 3i m. W.N. W. Launcestou. Area 3,060 ac. Pop. 552. Eglvpysbkewis, a pa., S. Wales, co. Glamorg., 4 m. S.E. Cowbridge. Pop. 24 Eglwys (which signifies church) is the prefix to other pas. in Wales. — I. {Oymmyn), co. Carmarthen, 4 m. from Llangham. Pop. 349. It has ruins of 2 castles ; and 2 subterranean rivers fall here into Carmarthen bay II. {Eirw), co. Pembroke, 6 m. S. Cardigan. P. 660. The ruins of Pencilli chapel are in the pa. — HI. (Fach), cos. Denbigh and Carnarvon, 6 m. N. Llanrwst. Pop. 1,632. Fairs, Feb. 24, May 11, Aug. 24, and Nov. 24. — IV. {llarC), CO. Glamorg., on the Taff, 9^ m. N.W, Cardiff. Pop. 3,813, partly employed in coal mines. Annual revenue of 2 endowed schools upwards of 101. Here is a bridge across the Taff, having a single arch of 140 ft. span. It was built by a self-taught architect. — V. {Rhos), co. Car- narvon, near the mouth of the Conway, IJ m, N.N.E. Conway. Pop. 630. EoMANTON, a pa. of England, co. Notts, IJ m. S. Tuxford. Area 2,220 ac. Pop. 391. Egmere, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 2^ m. W.N.W. Walsingham. .Irea 1,440 ac. Pop. 54. Egmond-aab-Zee, a marit. vill. of the Nether- lands, prov. N. Holland, on the N. Sea, 5 m. W. Alkmaar. P. 1,.338. — Egmond-hinnen & the castle of Graven (Counts), Van Egmond, are adjacent. Egmont (Bay), an inlet of the Gulf of St Law- rence, N. America, on the S.W. coast of Prince Edward isl. Lat. 46° 34' N., Ion. 64° E IL (Island), Low Archipelago Pacific. Lat. 19° 24' S., Ion. 139° 15' W.— HI. (Island), the largest of the Santa Cruz Archipelago, or Q. Charlotte isls.. Pacific. Lat. of co. Mendana, 10° 63' S., Ion. 165° 60' E. Length, 20 m. ; breadth, 10 m. It is of coral formation, steep, well wooded, & fertile. — IV. (Mount), an active volcano of New Zealand, N. isl., 18 m. S. New Plymouth, & rising to about 8,840 ft. above the sea. Lat. 39° 15' S., Ion. 174° 13' E.— V. (Port), W. Falkland isl., oflr its N. coast, between Keppel and Saunders isls., in lat. 51° 21' S., Ion. 60° W. It affords anchorage, and fresh water, but little or no wood. Egnach, a pa. and vill. of Switzerland, cant. Thurgau, 2J m. W. Arbon. Pop. 3,276. Egoi Isles, Pacific Ocean. [Caeolines.I Egremont, a market town and pa. of England, CO. Cumberland, on the Ehen, 37 m. S.S.W, CarUsle. Area of pa. 2,850 ac. Pop. 1,750. It has ruins of amassive Norman castle, with manufs. of linens, canvass, and paper. Corn mkt.. Sat. Fair, 19th Sept. It is a jjoUing place for the E. division of the co., and gives title of Earl to the Wyndham family. — II. a pa., S. Wales, co. Car- marthen, 4 m. N.W. Narberth, Pop. 140, Egbeville, a comm. and town of France, dep, Seine-et^Marne, arrond. and 17 m. S.S.E. Fon- tainbleau. Pop. 1,477. It has mannf. of serge. Egbipo, or Negbopont, Greece. [Eubcka.] EoTON, a pa. of England, co. York, N. Biding, 7J m. W.S.W. Whitby. Area 13,670 ac. Pop. 1,128.-11. a chapelry, co. Lancester, pa. & 4 m. N.N.E. Ulvcrstone. Pop. 547. Eguilles, a comm. and town of France, dep. Bouches-du-Rhone, 5 m. N.W. Aix. Pop. 1,687. EouisHEiM, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Rhin, on the Strasbourg & Mulhausen railw,, arrond. & 4 m. S.W. Colmar. Pop. 2,149. ' EGY 452 EGT EoTPT, JEgyptus, the Misraim of Scripture, & Massr of the Arabs, a country of N.E. Africa, situated between lat. 23° 6V and 31° 86' N., and Ion. 26° and 3i° E. ; bounded N. by the Medi- 'terranean, E. by the Isthmus of Suez & the Red Sea, S. by Nubia, and W. by Barbary and the Sahara. Length, N. to S., 520 m. ; breadth, un- defined. Area, uncertain. Pop. estimated at 2,895,500. Cap.; Cairo. The territory of Egypt is composed of a long narrow valley, enclosed by a double range of WUs, which extend from As- souan to Cairo, and traversed by the Nile. N. of Cairo, where the mntns. teiTOinate, the Nile separates into numerous branches, of which the two principal flow, the one N.E., and the other N."W., to the Mediterr., enclosing a triangular space, having the sea for its base, and called the Delta from its resemblance to the Greek letter A. These mntn. chains, which defend the valley of the Nile from the sands of the surrounding desert, rise to a height of about 2,000 ft, in the vicinity of Thebes ; in many places they are merejy low hills stretching into the desert. On the It. of the Nile the range terminates abruptly in Jebel Mokketam, near Cairo, and runs E. to- wards the Isthmus of Suez. On the E. of the Nile the desert is mountainous, and traversed by ravines & valleys, the most remarkable of which form the caravan routes between Cairo & Suez, and between Kenneh and Cosseir. The desert of Libya contains many oases, which owe their fertility to the lowness of their situation, enabling them to retain moisture. In the N. of the Ly- bian desert are 2 contiguous valleys, inclosed by tranches of the "W. mntns., in one of wiiich, called the " valley of the Natron lakes," are found small pools, which in winter exude a liquid of a violet- red colour, to the height of 6 or 8 ft. This, when evaporated by the heat of the sun, leaves the snbstance called natron, a mixture of marine salt and sulph. of soda. The principal lakes are Bir- ket-el-Keroun or lake Mseris in Middle Egypt, and Mareotis, Bourlos, and Menzaleh, in Lower Egypt, which last are shallow lagoons, separated from the Mediterranean by numerous peninsulas of sand. The climate of Egypt is characterized by extreme dryness, which is evinced by the per- fect preservation of the colours & the sculptured surfaces of the temples on the banks of the Nile. There are but two seasons, the temperate, which lasts from Oct. to March, & the hot season, from March to Sept. The heat, during the day, is ex- cessive in summer, owing to the confined position of the country, & the lowness of its surface ; but the nights are cool and agreeable. In winter the weather is mild & pleasant. At Cairo, lat. 30° 3' N., the mean temp, of the year is 72° .2 ; winter, 58° .4 ; summer 85° .1 ; and at Kenneh, lat. 26° 10' N., mean temp, of year 79° .9 ; wmter 63° .6 ; sum- mer 92°, Fahr. Upper & Middle Egypt are more healthy than the Delta. On the subsiding of the inundation, fevers, dysentery, and opthalmia pre- vail over the whole country. N. & N.W. winds blow permanently during the progress of the sun towards the Tropic of Cancer ; but, on his return to the Tropic of Capricorn, it varies betw. S.E. and W. During the spring equinox, the country is visited by the pestilential wind called the Simoom or Khamsin, a hot S.S.W. wind of 60 days' dura- tion, when the diseases peculiar to the country assume their greatest virulence. The mirage oc- curs on the extensive plains after the surface has been heated by the sun, on whicli occasion the country appears like a vast lalte studded with islands. Rain is unknown in Upper Egypt ; in the Delta it falls frequently from Nov. to March. Showers are slight and infrequent at Cairo, yet in 1824 rain fell continuously for 8 days, & caused the destruction of several houses. During the French scientific expedition, the number ofrainy days was 15, and the latest observatioils give 13 in a year in Lower Egypt. Fogs arS rare, but very dense when they do occur. Snow never falls except in the vicinity of the coast, and then in very small quantity. In 1833 snow fell at Alex- andria, Rosetta, and Atfeh, to the amazement of the inhabs., to whom the phenomenon was totally unknown. With the exception of the oases, the fertility of Egypt is confined to the valley inun- dated by the Sile, in the Delta, & a space of from 6 to 25 m. on the banks of the river, in Middle and Upper Egypt. The soil is composed of successive deposits of earth brought down by the river, and enveloping the sands of the desert. The Nile re- gularly inundates its valley for several months in the year. This periodic inundation commences in June, and attains its maximum height in Sept. After having remained stationary for several days, the waters subside, and disappear at the end of Nov. The distribution of the water is favoured by the slightly convex form of the central valley of the Nile, and is assisted by lateral canals. On the left or W. side of the river, the chief of these is the canal of Joseph, which feeds the ane. lake Mseris, at the bottom of the fertile valley of Fayoum. As a potable water, that of the Nile is reckoned the best in the world. Egypt has no metals, & the only minerals are natron, saltpetre, salt, marble, & the celebrated red granite called " Syene marble," employed in the construction of the pyramids, & in many of the monuments Of Italy ; the principal qua,rries are situated in the mntns. of Upper Egypt. Emeralds are found in the mntns. on the shore of the Red Sea, but the mines are abandoned. The cultivation of the soil is divided into that of the low groimds, or those watered naturally, and the high grounds, which depend for their productiveness on artificial in- undations ; the greater part of Upper Egypt is thus watered, & many means have been employ- ed to facilitate the process. In anc. times lake Mseris was formed for a reservoir ; & a complete barrage of the Nile, now in progress, promises greatly to augment the fertility of the soil. The plants peculiar to Egypt comprise the lotus, the pap^jrns (from which the first substance used for writing upon was made), the ziziphns, and many aromatic plants. The date palm flourishes to the lat. of Thebes, & on its fruit many of the inhabs. of Upper Egypt depend for nourishment. Egypt has always been considered one of the most fertile countries in the world. The chief cultivated plants are cotton, Unt, hemp, indigo, sugar, to- bacco, opium ; the principal grains are millet, maize, wheat, & rice. Durrah {Sorghum Vulgare) forms a chief article of nourishment. The cereajs of Egypt have always been celebd. ; and onions, melons, cucumbers, are extensively used. The vine, widely cultivated in anc, times — extirpated by the Mussulmans — has been again introduced, and its cultivation actively promoted by the late Mehemet Ali, The fruit trees comprise those of tropical countries ; those of Europe do not flourish; numerous plantations of mulberries have been made by Mehemet Ali ; there are no forests ; and sycamores and palm; are thinly distributed. Among wild animals are the hippopotamus, cro- codile, ichneumon, jerboa, and the fox ; the do- mestic animals comprise the ox & buffalo, horse, ass, mule, came], and dromedary. Among hir Js are the iljis, celebrated in antiquity, the vulture, pelican, plover, bittern, and tlie quail, wliich ar- EGY 453 EHR rives in great flights from the interior of Africa. The rearing of fowls, pigeons, and hees, is an Important branch of industry among the peasan- try, who hatch eggs by means of artificial heat. Fish is abundant in the lakes of the Delta and in the Nile, the salmon of which is excellent. Rep- tiles are numerous ; and sponges, coral, the poly- pus and madrepores, are found on the shores of the Red Sea. The maunfactures of Egypt aie almost entirely monopolized by the Govern- ment. In 1839 there were upwards of 20 cotton- spinning factories distributed through the diffe- rent towns. There are large dyeing and printing works at Cairo ; woollen cloths for military clothing are manufd. at Boulac, where there is an extensive iron-fonndery. Carpets are made at Benisouef, red caps at Foulah, and fire-arms & military accoutrements at Cairo. [Boulac. — Caibo.] The principal manufe. of the natives are of woollen cloths (which, however, have lost their ancient renown), pottery-ware, and carpets. The trade with Europe is carried on tliro' Alex- andria. In 1842 the total value of exports was estimated at 1,813,825/., & imports at 2,470,866?. The traffic with the interior of Africa is carried on by means of caravans, which bring, in ex- change for Eoropean & Egyptian products, ivory, gold-dust, skins,, wool, gum, ostrich feathers, and metals (the slave market of Cairo was abo- lished in 1846). The chief commercial rela- tions with Arabia and India are carried on by Cosseir and Snez. Since the establishment of regular steam packets in the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean, Egypt has become the route to India for all the correspondence of Europe, as well as for the greater portion of travellers. The principal means of communication at present are the Nile, which is traversed by steam packets, & the canals, many of which have been repaired by Mehemet AJi ; but even the best of them are often innavigable during a great part of the year. The route from Cairo to Suez (180 m.) is traversed by horses and vans, and the mail is conveyed in 18 hours. The project of uniting the Mediterranean with the Bed Sea, by reopening the anc. canal, jias been recently revived, but it is surrounded with difficulties, and not likely to be carried into effect. The more practicable and safe plan of a railway communication between Cairo and Suez has been resolved on, and is likely soon to be realized. This may again render Egypt the principal entrepot of commerce between the E. and the W. worlds. Egypt was one of the earliest civilized countries in the world. It is believed that a colony of Ethiopians first introduced a form of religion, & the art of cultivating the soil. The empire was greatly extended under Sesostris and Rameses ; it was subjugated by Cambyses, King of Persia, 525 e. c. At that time it was occupied by an industrious population, had nume- rous cities and monuments of astonishing gran- deur — of which the pyramids still exist, — the obelisks, many of which were carried to Rome & Paris, and numerous temples and palaces. For 24 centuries it has been subjected to foreign do- mination, and has fallen successively into misery and ignorance. It was taken by Alexander in 332 ; after his death it formed a separate kingdom under the Ptolemies, till the year 30 b. c. Au- gustus then reduced it to a Roman province. The Mohammedan Arabians seized it in the 7th century. The Caliphs possessed it for 2 centuries. In 1250 it came into the power of the Mamelukes, who were subjected to the Turks at the com- mencement of the 16th century. The French conquered it in 1798 ; in 1802 tney were driven from it by tlie English, and in 1811 Mehemet AU rendered himself master of the coUntrjj by the massacre of the Mamelukes. liy a judicious go- vernment & great reforms, Egypt under Mehemet All has made rapid progress in civilization ; he has added to his territory Nubia, Kordafan, and part of Abyssinia ; he had also extended his dominion over Syria, Ci-ete, and part of Arabia, but in 1840 he was deprived of all his Asiatic possessions. By the treaty of London, 15th July 1841, the go- vernment is hereditary among the descendants of Mehemet AH. E^'pt comprises the provinces of Said, or Upper Egypt ; Vostani, or Middle Egypt ; and Bahari, or Lower Egypt. These are divided into 7 intendencies, which are subdivided into departments and arronds. Besides the go- vernors of these divisions, the Fellahs have pre- served their hereditary sheiks. The highest tri- bunals are those of the cadis ; inferior causes are judged without appeal by the magistrates. In the absence of an official census, the following estimate of the pop. is based on a recent official return of the number of houses, allowing 8 per- sons to each house in Cairo, and 4 for the rest of the country : — Egyptian Mussulmans, 2,600,000; do. Copts, 160,000 ; Osmanli Turks, 12,000 ; Bed- win Arabs, 70,000; Barbaras, 5,000; negroes, 20,000; Abyssiniaus, 5,000; Circassian and Geor- gian slaves, 5,000; Jews, 7,000; Syrians, 5,000; Armenians, 2,000; Greeks, 5,000; Europeans domiciled in Egypt, about 9,500. The chief cities are Cairo and Alexandria. The largest pyramids are near Gizeh, 7 m. S.W. Cairo, but others occur at intervals on and near the 1. b. of the Nile, over a space of 70 m. ; the greatest temples and sculptures are found on the site of Thebes, and at Edfou, Denderah, &c. The chief establishment of public instruction is the Uni- versity of El-Agha at Cairo. Mehemet Ali has established schools of medicine, languages, and agriculture— miUtary and naval schools. The most of the primary schools and the hbraries are dependant on the mosques. The Egyptian army, also created by Mehemet Ali, is raised by con- scription. In 1841 it comprised 58 regiments, with 148,032 regular troops, of whom 11,644 cavalry, besides irregular troops, national guards, and a batallion of labourers and workers in the arsenal— in all, 146,341 men. The fleet consists of 71ine-of-battle ships, 6 frigates, 4 corvettes 7 brigs, 2 steam packets, 23 transports. Public rev. in 1833 amounted to 2,225,725?, chiefly de- rived from the land and capitation taxes, & from the Pacha's monopoly on raw and manuf goods. Expenditure same year 2,102,525?. JEgypt has no public debt. Ehen, a riv. of England, co. Cumberland. It rises near Borrodale, and flows through the lake and vale of Ennerdale, past Egremont, & thence S. to the Irish Sea. EniNGEN, a town of 'Wiirtemberg, circ. Danube, cap. dist, 15 m. S.W. Ulm. Pop. 3,000. It has a Roman Catholic gymnasium, an hospital, and four churches. Manufactures cotton goods. Ehnheim, a town of France. [Obbbnai.] Ehningen, a large market town of "Wiirtem- berg, circ. Black Forest, 5 m. E. Urach. Pop. 5,010, many of whom travel as venders of lace & linens II. a vill., circ. Neckar, on the Wuzin, 4 m. S.W. Boblingen. Pop. 1,530. Ehrenbehg (Alt and Neu), two contiguous vills. of Bohemia, cu:c. Leitmeritz. Pop. Alt 2,579 i Neu 1,320, chiefly employed in linen weav- ing and cotton manufactures. Ehresbkeitstein, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg,' circ, and immediately opposite Coblenz EHR 454 EIN with which it is connected by a bridge of boats. Pop. 2,100. It is situated at the foot of a rocky mntn., 408 feet in elevation, and thence called Ehren. im Thale ; it commands extensive views of the Rhine, and has a steam-cooking apparatus whiohprepares provisions for 1,000 men daily. — The Fortress of Ehrenbreitstein (Broad Stone of Honour), which covers the rock, was originally a Roman castrum. It was in vain besieged by the French in 1632 and 168S. It was again besieged by General Marceau in 1796, and talcen in 1799 ; it was demolished after the peace of Lun^ville, but has been restored by the Prussian govern- ment since 1815 ; and is now a first class fortress, capable of containing a garrison of 14,000 men. Ehkenfbiedersdobp, a town of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, 4 m. W. Volkenstein. Pop. 2,160, mostly employed in mining and lace making. Ehrenhauses, a town of Austria, Styria, circ. and 12 m. N. Marburg, on the Vienna and Triest railway. It has a fine castle of Prince Eggenberg. Ehbenstetteh, a market town of Baden, circ. Upper Rhine, 8 m. S.W. Freiburg. Pop. 1,664. EiBAU (Alt and Neu), two contiguous vills. of Saxony, circ. Budissin, on the Rumburger. Pop. 4,900. This is one of the chief seats of the cele- brated linen manufacture of Lnsatia. EiBELSTABT, a town of Bavaria, circ. Lower Franc, 5^ m. S.B. Wiirzburg. Pop. 2,000. EiBENsOHxixz, a town of Moravia, cire. Znaym, oil the Iglawa, 12 m. S.W. Briinn. Pop. 8,549. EiBENSTOcK, a town of Saxony, circ. and 16 m. S.S.E. Zwickau. Pop. 4,666. Manufs. of chemical products, muslin, and lace. Tin mines and stone quarries in vicinity. EiBiswALD, a market town of Styria, circ. and 24 m. ■W.N.W. Marburg. Pop. 917. It has a castle, and extensive coeS mines and iron works. EiCHHOBif, a vill. of Moravia, circ. and 10 m. ■W. Brunn, on the Schwarzawa, with an old fort- ress, powder mills, and iron works. EiOHSTABT, a town of Bavaria, circ. Middle franc, cap. of a princip. given in 1817 to Prince Eugene Beauharnais, 42 m. W.S.W. Regensburg, on the Altmiihl. Pop. (1846) 7,396. It has a ducal residence, a cathedral, and several other churches, a Capuchin convent, bishop's palace, gymnasium, Latin and other schools, a public library, museums, and manufs. of earthenwares, hardwares, and woollen goods, with breweries & stone quarries. It was the head-quarters of the French under Dessaix in 1796. EicHSTETTEN, a market town of Baden, cire. Upper Rhine, on 1. b, of the Dreisam, 8 m. N.W, Freiburg. Pop. 2,617. EiDEB, Eidora, an important riv. of Denmark, rises in Holstein, 8 m. S. of Kiel, and flows gene- rally W. to the German Ocean, past Rendshurg and Friedrichstadt, forming, with the canal of same name which continues it, the limit between the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. Lengtli 90 m., for 70 m. of which it is navigable. It opens a communication between the Baltic and the German Ocean, and the tides are felt as far as Rendshurg. Chief affl. the Trenn. Ems VOID, a town of Norway, amt. Aggershuus, 32 m. N.N.E. Christiania, on r. b. of the Vermen- Elf. It has iron forges, and was the seat of the National Assembly, held after the treaty of Kiel, January 14, 1814, by which Denmark abandoned Norway to Sweden. EiGEB, a mntn. of Switzerland, cant. Bern, in the Bernese Oberland, 2 m. N. of the Monch. Elevation 13,045 feet. EiGS, or Ego Island, one of the Hebrides, Scotland, co. Invprness, pa. Small Isls., 12 m. W. Arisaig, on the mainland. Area 6,5S0 ac. Scot"!. P. 546. Here are some remarkable basaltic cliffs, EiKEN, a vill. olf Switzerland, cant. Aargau, near the Rhine, 10 m. N. Aaran. Pop. 1,078. EiL (Loch), a lake of Scotland, forming the upper part of Loch Linnhe, on the borders of Cos. Argyle & Inverness. Here is the residence of the chief of clan Cameron. EiLATJ (Dedtsch), a town of Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, reg. and 29 m. E.S.E. Marienwerder, on the Lake of Genserich. Pop; 2,280. EiLAU (Pbeussisch), a town of Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, cap. circ, reg. and 22 m. S.S.E. Konigsberg, on the Pasmar. Pop. 2,580. It is well known for the victory gained by the French over the Prussians and Russians, Feb. 8, 1807. EiLDON HrLLS, three conical peaks of Scotl., CO. Roxburgh, pa. Melrose. Elevation of the loftiest 1,350 ft. Tradition relates that these hills were originally one mntn., cloven into 8 parts by the power of the wizard Michael Scott ! The view from their summits embraces some of the most interesting scenery of the border. EiLENBUBG, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 27 m. E.N.E. Merseburg, on an isl. in the Mulde. Pop. (1846) 8,740. It is enclosed by walls, and has an old castle. Luther preached here at the commenc. of the reformation in 1522. EiLSEK, a vill. of N. Germany, Lippe-Schaum- burg, amt. and 2 m. E.S.E. Biickeburg, on the An, at the foot of the Haarlberg mntn. It has cele- brated mineral springs, and a bathing establish- ment. Temp, of water 62° to 56° Fahr. EiMBECE, a town of Hanover, landrost Hilde- sheim, cap. principality Grubenhagen, on the Ihn, 39 m. S.E. Hanover. Pop. (1846) 6,867. It is enclosed by fortifications. The S. side, re- stored since the burning of 1826, is well built and regular, has a gymnasium and various endowed institutions. Manufs. linen fabrics and hosiery. EiMEO, one of the Society Isls., Pacific Ocean, N.W. Tahiti. Lat. 17° 30' S., Ion. 150° 10' W. Length 9 m. ; breadth 5 m. Estimated pop. 1,300. It is mntnous., has an abrupt coast, & is noted for its excellent timber. It is the church station of the missionaries in these isls., who have established here some cotton, rope, and other factories. [Societt Isls.] Eindhoven, a town of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, cap. cant, on the Domrael, at the infl. of the Gender, 19 m. S.E. Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 3,028. It has a Latin school, and manufs. of linens and woollens. It was foimerly fortified. EiNOD, a vill. of Austria, Styria, circ. and 5|di. N."VF. Judenburg, with minersJ springs. In 1797, a skirmish took place here between the Austrians and French under Massena. There ai-e numerous vills. in Germany called Einod, or Einode. EiNsiEDEL, a vill. of N. Huugarv, circ. Zips, on the Golnitz, 114 m. N.E. Pesth. Pop. 2,370. Einsiedeln, a town of Switzerland, cant, and 9 m. N.N.E. Schwytz, in the valley of the Sihl. Pop. 3^000. It comprises about 75 inns and ale- houses for the reception of pilgrims, &c. ; & owes its origin to the famous Benedict, abbey, superior of all the Benedict, abbeys in Switzerland, with an extensive parish, & a pop. of 8,000, including the town. The abbey is situated above the town, at an elevation of 2,985 feet above the sea, in a cold exposed district. It was founded in the 9th cen- tury, has spacious apartments, an hospital, library, with 26,000 vols., museum of paintings & Roman antiquities, and a marble chapel with an image of the virgin, which, on the 14th September annually, attracts on an average 160,000 pilgrims. Its rich treasui7 was despoiled by the French in 1798. The EIN «5 EL B reformer ZwingU vas curate of Einsiedein, which is the birthplace of Paracelsus EiNURU, a tovm of British India, presid. Mad- ras, dist. Canara, in lat. 13° 6' N., Ion. 75° IC E., and having a Brahm. and numerous Jain temples. E»viu.E, a comm. and mlct. toivn of France, dep. Meurthe, 4J m. N. Lun^ville, with a cliateau, in which Stanislaus of Poland resided. Pop. 1,146. EiKKE, a pa. of Ireland, Lelnster, cos. Queen's and Kilkenny, 4 m N.N.W. Urlingford. Area nearly 19,000 ac. Pop. 5,678. Eisenach, a town of Central Germany, Grand Dnchy Saxe- Weimar, cap. princip. of Eisenach, on the Hiirsel, at the foot of the Wartbarg, and on the railway from Leipzig to Cassel, 44 m. W. Weimar. Pop. (1846) 9,439. It is the principal town in the Thoringian Forest, and has many good public edifices, including a ducal residence, mint, town-hall, prisons, and hospitals. It has a gymnasium, forest and various other schools, ma- nnfe. of cotton goods, soap, and white lead, dye- works and tanneries. Near it is the castle of Wartbnrg, once the residence of the landgraves of Thuringia, and in which Luther passed 10 months of durance, from 4th May 1521 to 6th March 1622, under the friendly arrest of the Elector of Saxony. The princip. of Eisenach has an area of 285 sq. m., and a pop. of 76,845. EisENBEBG, a town of Central Germany, Saxe- Altenbnrg, duchy and 24 m. W.S.W. Altenburg. Pop. 4,744. It lias a castle, with an observatory, manufe. of woollen stuffs and porcelain. This is the name of several vills. in Bavaria, &c. EisENEBz, a mkt. town of Styria, circ. and 19 m. N.W. Briick, in an Alpine region at the foot oftheErzberg. Pop. 1,500. [Erzbero.] EisEKSTADT, a free royal town of E. Hungary, circ. and 12 m. N.N.W. Odenburg, near the W. bank of Lake Nensiedl. Pop. (1840) 5,700. It is divided into the town dist., and the demesne of Prince Esterhazy. The former has a town-ho. & a Franciscan convent ; and the latter contains the magnificent palace of the Prince, with a chapel, theatre, and other splendid apartments. In the park, is an immense orangery, containing 400 orange trees, and 70,000 species of exotic plants. N. the town are the princely zoological gardens. EisEY.apa. of Engl., CO. Wilts, on the Thames, 1 m. N.N.E. Cricklade. Ac. 1,840. Pop. 188. EisEELD, a town of Central Germany, Saxe- Meiningen, principality and 8 m. E. HUdburg- hansen, on the Werra. Pop. 2,796. It has an old castle, and manufs. of cottons. EisoKUB, a market town of Moravia, circ. and 29 m. S.S.E. Briinn, on the Thaya, with 1,961 inhabs., and a fine seat of Prince Liechtenstein. EisiEBEN, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. Merseburg, cap. circ, 23 m. N.W. Merseburg. Pop. (1846) 8,340, employed in linen weaving, & mines of silver and copper in the vicinity. It is divided into an old town enclosed by walls and ditches, a new town, with suburbs ; & has an old castle, a gymnasium, and the house in which Luther was bom (1483), now a charity school. Eixo, a town of Portugal, prov. Beira, 27 m. S.S.W. Lamego, nearr.b. of the Vouga. P. 3,100. Ekatebineubg, a fortified town of Russia, cap. dist,,gov. Perm, on the E. slope of the Ural mntns., & on the riv. Isset. Lat. 66° 48' 67' N., Ion. Cl° 35' E. Pop. 11,000. Mean temp, of year 32° .9 ; winter 4° .7 ; summer 60° .9, Fahr. It was found- ed by Peter the Great in 1723, & is regularly built. Chief edifices, a mint, an arsenal, and a custom- house, a gov. school, & an hospital with a botaidc garden. It is the seat of a council of mines, and the centre of all the forces and mines belonging to the crown. Tlie pop. is chiefly employed in tlie mining works, and m polishing the precious stones, porphyries, agates, and jaspers procured in the adjacent mountains. Ekatebinodab, a town of Russia, gov. Taurida, on rt. b. of the Kouban, 150 m. W.N.W Stavropol. It is cap. dist. of the Cossacks of the Black Sea (or the Tchernomersk Cossacks). Pop. 3,000. Ekatebinoslav, a fortfd. town of New Russia, cap. gov. of same name, 820 m. S.S.E. St Peters- burg, near r. b. of the Dnieper. Lat. 48° 27' 50' N., Ion. 35° 5' S3' E. Pop. (1842) 13,500. It is the see of an archbp., & has an eeoles. seminary, and manufs. of cloths and silks. It was founded in honour of the Empress Catherine in 1787. Ekeboe, one of the Aland isls., G. of Bothnia, immed. W. Aland. Length 12 m., breadth 4 m. Ekhmim {Panopolis and Chemmis), a town of Upper Egypt, on the Nile, 63 m. S.S.E. Siout. Pop. about 3000. It has some rems. of antiquity. Eknao or Ekenes, a town of Russia, Finland, on a fiord of the G. of Finland, 65 m. S.E. Abo. Pop. 1800. It has a small fishing port. Ekbon, an anc. town of Palestine, identif. with the vill.Akri,pash. Gaza, 23m.W.N.W. Jerusalem. El Abaish (the garden of pleasure), improperly Labache, a fortif. seaport town of Maroccp, on a decliv. near the mouth of a river in the Atlantic, 45 m. S.S.W. Tangier. Lat. 35° 13' N., Ion. 6° 9' W. Pop. 4,000, of whom 1,300 are Jews. It has a castle, a handsome mosque, a large mkt. place, and a dockyard. The port receives only small vessels, & its trade has oflate very much declined. Elba (Latin Ilva, Greek ^thalia), the largest isl. of Tuscany, in the Mediterr., betw. Corsica and the coast of Italy, from which it is separated by the channel of Piombino. It is of a triangular form, rounded on W., coasts elevated and steep, deeply indented by 7 gulfs, which form several good ports, the best of which is that of Porto- ferraio, the cap. Length, E. to W., 17J m. ; breadth, 2i to lOJ m. The pop., which has been gradually increasing, was, in 1842, 18,448 civilians, of whom 7,646 were proprietors of the soil. The isl. is entirely mntnous., covered with the contre- forts of 3 chains, which meet S.E. of the cap., the culm, point is 3,134 ft. in elev. The climate is temjiprate and healthy, except in some low dists. on the shore. Excellent wine and delicious fruit are produced- Iron abounds in many parts of the isl., but is worked only near Porto-ferraio. The port of embarkation for all the minerals of Elba is FoUonica, on the Gulf of Piombino. By the treaty of Paris, 1814, the isl. was erected into a sovereignty for Napoleon, and it was his residence from 3d May 1814 to 26th Feb. 1815. Elba, a tnshp,, U. S., N. Amer., New York, 7 m. N. Batavia. P. 3,161. El-Bassan, Albassan, or Ilbassan, a town of Albania, cap. sanj., in a fertile plain on the Scombi,28ra. N.N.E. Berat. Pop. 6,000. It has a strong castle, the residence of the pasha, and manufs. of iron and copper wares. Elbe, Albis, an important river of Germany, rises in the western slopes of the Schnee-Koppe, in the Riesengebirge, Bohemia, from 30 springs, the S.most of which, the Elb-hrunnen, is sit. at an elev. of 4,600 ft. above the sea. It flows generally N.W., and waters Bohemia, Saxony, Prussia; separates Hanover and Mecklenburg, and forms part of the S. boundary of Denmark. It enters the German Ocean near the port of Cuxhaven, and passes in its course Leitmeritz, Konigstein, Dresden, Torgau, Wittemberg, Magdeburg, Lau- enburg, Hamburg, Altona, and Gliickstadt. Length, direct dist., 396 m. ; including windnigs, ELB 466 ELE 630 m. Chief affls. on r. the Havel, augmented by the Spree ; on 1. the Moldan, Eger, and Saale. It is navig. from the confl. of the Moldau, but its navig. is impeded by the lowness of its bed, the greater part of which is only from 150 to 300 ft. above the level of the sea. It is 14 m. wide at its mouth, and ships drawing 14 ft. water can ascend it at all times to Hamburg, but its estuary is en- cumbered by sandbanks. It is connected by canals with the Oder and the Trave, an affl. of the Baltic ; and light steam-packets ascend it as far as Melnik in Bohemia. Elbebfeld, a town of Bhenish Prussia, cap. circ, on both sides of the Wupper, 16 m. E. Dusseldorf, with which it is connected by railw. This is one of the richest and most important manufacturing towns in Germany. Pop. (1846) 35,100. Mean temp, of year 50° ; winter 36° .5 ; summer 63° .1 Fahr. It is long, straggling, & irreg. biiilt, but in the newer parts of the town are sev. good streets, well paved, & lighted with gas. It is the seat of several commercial companies, and has a gymnasium, with a library and museum, a school of manufs., and 22 burgher schools, with 7,743 pupils. It has 5,500 families, and 160 great houses engaged in manuis. Its chief business is in dyeing, printing, and cloth-weaving. It has 70 dyeing estabs., 10 bleaehing-grounds, 6 cotton- spinning factories, and 1 woollen mill. It is famed for the dyeing of Turkey-red, and a great amount of yarn is annually sent here to be dyed from Great Britain and other places. Elberfeld and Barmen, which adjoins it, supply all Germany with tapes and bands. [Babmen.] It has ex- tensive exchange transactions, a Khenish- West- Indian trading co., and a mining co. Bleachfields were estab. here in 1460, but it first assumed im- portance at the conclusion of the 7 years' war. Elbebt, a CO., U. S., N. America, N.E. of Georgia. Area, 660 sq. m. Pop. 11,125, of whom 4,975 are slaves. Surface hilly. Soil good, pro- ducing grain, cotton, &c., and a little silk. EtBEBTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 2i m. S.W. Thornbury. Area, 1,420 ac. Pop. 190. Elbe-teinitz, atown of Bohemia, circ. and 19 m. W. Chrudim, on r. b. of the Elbe, and on the Prague and Olmutz railway. Elbeuf, or Elbceuf, a' comm. and town of France, cap. cant, dep. Seine Inf., arr. and 12 m. S.S.W. Kouen, on 1. b. of the Seine. Pop. (1846) 16,010. It is celebrated for its manufac- tures of cloth, which employ more than two-thirds of the population, and about 2,000 of the inhabi- tants of the neighbouring comms. Elbins, a fortif. seaport town of E. Prussia, reg. and 34 m, E S.'E. Danzig, cap. circ, on the Elbing, 5 m. from its mouth in the Frische Haff. Pop. (1846) 20,000. It consists of an old town, a new town, and suburbs, the last partly enclosed irithin the town-walls, which are entered by 7 gates. Principal edifices, a R. Cath. and 8 Pro- test, churches, a synagogue, a, gymnasium, with a public library, and numerous schools and cha- ritable estabs., including a house of industry, founded by Cowle (an Englishman), and in which 400 children are educated. Manufs. of woollen cloths, refined sugar, vitriol, pearl-ash, tobacco, sailcloth, oil, starch, soap, chicory, in some of -.which steam machinery is empld. Trade exten- sive, and about 500 vessels are employed. Elbingeeode, a town of Hanover, landr. Hil- desheim, in the Harz, 20 m. E. Klausthal. Pop. 3,061, empld. in mining, iron forging, & brewing. Elbogen, or Elnbogen, a town of Bohemia, cap. circ, on 1. b. of the Eger, 78 m. W. Prague. Pop. 2,000. Manuf. of fine china ware. Elbridge, a tnshp., U. S., N. America, Sew York, 13 m. W. Syracuse. Pop. 4,647. Elburo, a town of the Netherl., prov. Guelder- land, on the Zuyder-Zee, 40 m. E.N.E. Amster- dam. Pop. 2,000, mostly employed in fishing. Elburz, Elbruz, or EtBURj (the watch-tower), a mountain of Asia. [Cano ASirs.] Elche, Illid, a town of Spain, prov. and 13 m. S.W. Alicante. Pop. (1845) 18,068. It is encld. by walls, and has wholly an Oriental appearance, being built in the Moorish style, aiid surrounded on all sides by extensive plantations of date palms, which furnish Its principal article of export. Ship- ped from Alicante as " Barbary dates." Chief edifices, a fine old castle of the D. of Arcos, a church with a maj estic dome, convents, schools, & a handsome bridge across aravinewhich intersects the town. It has many Roman inscriptions, and a palace and fortalice called Callaforra, of ancient and magnificent architecture. It is the birth-pl. of Don Jorge Juan, the travelling companion of Ulloa in S. America. — II. {E. de la Sierra), prov. and 65 m. S.S.W. Albacete, on the Segura, with manufactures of coarse cloths. Elchinoen, a vill. of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, on 1. b. of the Danube, 8 m. N.E. Ulm. Celeb, foi' a victory of the French over the Austrians, 14th Oct. 1806, which procured for Marechal Key the title of Duke of Elchingen. Elba, Adellnm, a town of Spain, prov. and 26 m. N.W. Alicante, on 1. b. of the Elda. P. 3,846. It hasmanufe. of paper, soap, lace, leather, & brandy. EiDAGSEN, a town of Hanover, prineip. Kalen- berg, 16 m. S.S.W. Hanover. Pop. 2,210. Elden, a pa. of Engl. [EtvEDON.] Eldena, a vill. of Prussian Pomerania, with'a royal school of agricul., circ. & 5 m. E. Griefswalde. Elsebsfield, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, 6 m.W.S.W. Tewkesbury. Area 3,400 ac P. 837. Eldebslie, or Elleeslie, a vill. of Scotl., co. Renfrew, pa. and 2 m. N.E. Paisley. Pop. 1,686, chiefly weavers, spinners, and colliers. This is the ancient patrimony and supposed birth-pl. of Sir W. Wallace, in whose family it remained until the last century. A noble oak, still standing near the vill., bears the name of the patriot, whom its branches are said to have shelt. from the English. Eldon, a township of England, co. Durham, pa. St Andrew-AncHand, 3 m. S.E. Auckland. Pop; 186. It gives the title of earl to the descend- ants of the Lord Chancellor Eldon. Ele, a city of Chinese Turkestan. [Im.] EiiECHEE, or Ilitsi, Turkestan. [Khoten.] Eleioh, or Monks-Eleioh, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 6 m. N.N. W.Hadleigh. Ac 1,670. P. 732. Elena (St), a point and maritime vill. of S. America, Ecuador, dep. Guayaquil, prov. Manabi, point St Elena, in lat. 2° 12' S., Ion. 81° W. ; and the vill. on the bay of St Elena, 30 m. S.E. Elephant Bat, S.W. Africa, Bengnela, is an inlet of the Atlantic, in lat. 13° 14' S., Ion. 12° 33' E. It has excellent anchorage, but no fresh water.-^/rfand), Senegambia, in the Gambia river, 100 m. from its mouth. It is vei'y popu- lous, and on it the French formerly had fort Po- ior. —(Rive/r), S. Africa, Cape Colony, enters the Atlantic after a course pi 140 m. Elephanta, a small isl. of British India, pre- sid. and in the harbour of Bombay, 7 m. S.W. the city; It is 6 m. in circ, & has some remarkable cave-temples, in one of which is a colossal bust 15 ft. in height, representing a triune Brahmini- oal divinity. A gigantic figure of an elephant (whence the name of the isl.) formerly stood near the shore, but it has now fallcm to decay. The great temple-cave is 130 feet long and 123 broad, ELE 457 ELI rests on 26 pillars, & contains many mytijologi- caJ figures of a remote and unknown age. EiEPHAHTisfi (Arabic Jeziret-el-Chaf, "islet of flowers"), an isl. of Upper Egypt, in the Nile, opposite Assouan (Syene). It is 1 m. long, and i m. broad, highly fertile, and covered with gar- dens, dwellings, and mills, interspersed among can^ and ruins. It has extensive quai-ries of granite, traces of Roman edifices, and remains of temples erected by the Pharaohs. Eleiz, a city of Russia. [Jeletz.] Eledsis, an ancient and famous city of Greece, the remains of which exist near Lepsina,gov. At- tica, at the mouth of the Sarandaporo, in the G. of .£gina, 12 m. N.W. Athens. The whole plain around is strewed with rains, and the anc. cause- way hence to Athens, forms the modern highway. ElEUTHERA ROTAI ISLAND AND KeTS, One Of the Bahama isls., W. Indies. Lat. of Pigeon Key, 25° II' N., Ion. 76° 15' W., 50 m. N.E. New Providence, and separated from Abaco by the Providence Channel. Length 80 m. ; breadth 10 m. At its N. end is a harb. fort. Pop. 2,568. ELEnTHEBOPOLis, Or BEToaABBA, an ancient city of Palestine, identified with Beit-Jibrin, a vill., pash. and 28 m. E.N.E. Gaza, with ruins more extensive than any in S. Palestine, except those at Jerusalem and Hebron, and comprising a large Roman fortress & massive vaults. Near it are remarkable artificial caverns. Ei.rDAi.EN, a pa. and Till, of Sweden, Isen and 72m.N.W.Fah]un. Pop. 2,700. It has porphyry quarries and iron works. Elfbld, or Eltville, a town of Central Ger- many, duchy Nassau, cap. dist. Rheingau, on the Rhine, 5 m. S.W. Wiesbaden. Pop. 2,234. Elfobd, a pa. of England, co. Stafford, 4^ m. N.N.W. Tamworth. Area 1,840 ac. Pop. 434. Elfsboks, a fortress of Sweden, now a prison, laen and 5 m. W. Goteborg, on the Kattegat. Elgab, an islet Orkney, Scotl., S. of Shapinsay. Eloo, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 18 m. N.E. Zurich. Pop. with adjacent hamlet 3,000. It has an old castle and a glass factory. Elgin, a royal par. munic. bor., ancient city, and pa. of Scotland, cap. co. Moray or Elgin, on the Lossie, 118 m. N. Edinburgh, and 5 m. S.W. Lossiemouth, its seaport. Area of pa, about 18 sq. m. Pop. of do. 6,083; do. of bor. 3,911 ; in- habited houses of do. 99G. Mean annual temp. 47°.7, Fahr. Annnal rain 24 inches. The town is situated in a fertile valley anciently called " the garden of Scotland," and extends about a mile in length along the r. b. of the Lossie, with the sub- nrhan vill. of Bishopmill on the left. About the beginning of the present century, the town still retained the antiquated and stately aspect of an ancient ecclesiastical metropolis ; but more re- cently, most of the old hoases have given place to modem structures. It contains a neat modem church in centre of the high street, occupying the locality of old St Giles', a modem court- house and prison, Gray's hospital or infirmary on elevated ground to the W., endowed with 26,000/., to which is attached a lunatic asylum ; an orphan institution, endowed (1832) with 70,000/, by General Anderson, a native of the town, and who left it for India a private soldier. There is an English chapel, free church, and sev. other churches. A literary and scientific insti- tution with museum, assembly rooms, public fountain. There is also an excellent academy. Trades schools and infent school ; some ancient alms-houses, and other charities for the poor. The ruins of the cathedral, by far the most ex- tensive and beautiful of any ancient Scottish re- mains, are on the N.E. of the High Street. The cathedral was founded in 1224 by bishop Andrew Moray, was burned 1390 by the Wolfe of Bade- noch, and rebuilt by bishop Barr. It is in the form of a cross, 289 feet in length ; breadth of transept 120 feet ; height of two western towers, between which is the grand entrance, 83 feet. The great central tower and spire which fell in 1711 was 198 feet high. The chapter house is entire and highly ornamented. The architecture is a mixture of Saxon and middle Gothic. An ancient wall enclosed a space of ground called " the college," in which resided the dignitaries of the cathedral. Several of the old mansions still remain entire. There are remains of a mona- stery of Grey Friars, and a conical eminence called Lady hill, the ruins^of an ancient castle or stronghold of the Earls of Moray, on which is now erected a pillar to the memory of the late Duke of Gordon. Elgin is supposed to have de- rived its name from Helgy a Norwegian genera}, and was created a royal burgh by WUliam i. Along with Banff, CuUen, Inverury, Kintore, and Peterhead, it returns 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg, electors (1848) 238. Corp. revenue (1840) 538?. Here is held the sheriff and head burgh court tff CO. Market-days, Tuesday and Friday, and 9 annual fairs. In the vicinity is Grant Lodge, a seat of the Earl of Seafield. The Earl of El^n derives his title from this town. The beautuul and secluded valley of Pluscardine, in S.W. of pat contains the ruins of Pluscardine priory, founded in 1230 by Alexander ii., it is a model of Melrose on a smaller scale, and less ornamented, but of beautiful proportions, and simple style of archi- tecture. The church walls are pretty entire, and the refectory has been fitted up as a chapel of ease for the S.W. part of this extensive parish. Elgin-shiee, a co. of Scotl. [Mobat-shiee.] Elgiobab, a town of Spain, prov. Guipuzeoa, lOm.W.S.W. St Sebastian, on the Deva. P.2,035. Elham, a small market town and pa. of Engl., CO. Kent, 6J m. N.N.W. Folkstone. Area of pa. 6,240 ac. Pop. 1,291. Market, Monday. 3 Fairs. El-Hatz, a small oasis of the Libyan desert. Lat. 28° 8' N., Ion. 28° 63' E. El-Helleh, a vill. of Upper Egypt, prov. Keneh, on rt. b. of the Nile, opposite Esn^. Elias (Mount St), the name of many summits in Greece, &c. — I. (anc. Taygetus), Morea, gov. Laconia, in Maina, 10 m. S.W. Mistra. Height 7,829 feet.— II. (anc. Ocha), near the S.E. extrem. ofthe isl.Euboea. Height 4,607 feet. Here have been discovered the remains of a temple of Nep- tune.— III. isl. Ceos.— IV. isl. Melos.— V. isl. Pares, Grecian Archip. — VI. Santa Maura, Ionian isls.,4^ m. S.W. Amaxichi. Height 8,000 feet VII. a volcanic momitain of N. America, forming a part of the boundary between the British and Russian territories. Lat. 60° 18' N., Ion. 140° 30' W. Estim. height 17,860 feet. It is said to be perceptible 120 m. off at sea. Eliangoodv, a large and populous vill. of British India, presii. Madras, dist. Madura, 25 m. N.W. Bamnad. Elie, or Eli, a pa. of Scotland, co. Fife, on the Firth of Forth, here forming the Bay of Ely, 2i m. S.S.E. Colinsburgh. Area 1,670 ac. Pop; 907. The vill. has an excellent harbour & piftrt The ruins of Ardross castle are in the vicinity. Eling, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, at the mouth of the Anton river, 3i m. W. Southampton. Area 14,960 ao, Pop. 5,404. Fair, July 6. It has ship-building docks. Elis, a dep. of the kingdom of Greece, on the N.W. coast of the Morea. Chief town Pyrgos. ELI 45S Elisabetqbad, a, fortified town of S. Kussia, gov. and 130 m. N. Kherson, on the Ingul. Pop. 10,000. It is regularly built, has several suburbs, military magazines, and a large hospital. Elisabethstast, a royal free town of Tran- sylvania, circ. and on the KHkullo, 35 m. N.E. Hermannstadt. Pop. 4,000. Elisabetofol, or Ganjeh, a fortified town of Georgia, cap. prov., 90 m. S.E. Teflis. Pop. 12,000. It was formerly important as the residence of an Aghovavan primate, and a Per- sian Khan. Near it are the vills. of Anenfeld and Helmendorf, two German colonies. Elizabeth, nums. tnshps., &c., U. S., N. Amer., of which the principal are : — I. New Jersey, on Staten Isl., Sound. Pop. 4,184.-11. Pennsyl- vania. P. 3,317, employed in collieries & various manufs. At the vill., 16 m. S. Pittsburg, many steamboats are built III. Pennsylvania, co. Lancaster. Pop. 2,049. — IV. Ohio, co. Lawrence. Pop. 1,640.— V. (City), a co. in E. part of Vir- ginia. Area 64 sq. m. Pop. 3,706, of whom 1,706 are slaves. — YI.(C^fy), N. Carolina, the Pasquotank, 40 m. S.W. Norfolk. Pop. about 2,000. It is accessible to vessels drawing 7 ft. water. — (Islands), Massachusetts, the name of 16 islets between Buzzard Bay and Vineyard Sound. — ^Vin. (Port), New Jersey, on Staten Island, 12 m. S.W. N. York. Pop. of township about 2,500. It has a court-house, 5 churches, and a harbour Fhich admits of vessels of 300 tons. Steamboats ply daily to New Tork. The railway to Somer- ville commences here. — IX. (River), Virginia ; it flows N.W., 26 m., into the estuary of James riv., its mouth forming the fine harbour of Norfolk. — X. (Cape), Maine, at the S.W. entrance of the Bay of Caaco. Lat. 43° 33' N., Ion. 70° 10' W. Elizabeth (Cape), Chinese Empire, is the N. estremity of Sagalin isl., in the sea of Okhotsk. Lat. 64° 24' N., Ion. 142° 47' E.— II. Russian America, E. of tlie entrance to Cook inlet. Lat. 69° 8' N. ; Ion. 151° 3' W.— (Island), or Hender- son's isl.. Pacific, in lat. 24° 21' S., Ion. 128° 18' W., is of a peculiar coral formation, 6 m. in length by 1 m. in. breath, and thickly covered with shrubs. — (Port), Cape Colony, dist. Uiten- hage, on the W. side of Algoa bay, and the most frequented seaport along the S. coast of Africa. — (Siver), U. States, Virginia. EtizABETHTOWN, numcrous tnshps., U. States, N. Amer. — I. New Jersey, 40 m. N.E. Trenton, on Elizabethtown riv. and two railways. Pop. 2,500. It has a court-house, and is accessible from Staten Island Sound for vessels of 30 tons. — II. New Tork, W. of Lower Champlain, 110 m. N. Albany. Pop. 1,061. — III. Virginia, cap. co. Marshal], 12 m. S. Wheeling. It has a conrt-ho., & ancient tumuli. Elizokdo, a town of Spain, Navarra, cap. of the yalley of Bastan, 20 m. N. Pamplona. Pop. 1,100. El-Jemm, Tsydnis, a vill. of Barbary, dom. & 106 m. S. S.E. Tunis, with remains of ampliitheatre, inferior in size only to those of Rome and Verona. Elk, the prefix to several places in the U. S., N. Amer I. Elk Creek, a township, Pennsyl- vania, 16 m. S.W. Erie. Pop. 1,645.-11. Elkhart, a 00. in N. of Indiana. Area 460 sq. m. Pop. 6,660. Consists of woodland and prairie, well Watered. — III. Elk Sidge-Landing, a vill.of Mary- land, on the Patapsco, 8 m. S.S.W. Baltimore. Pop. about 1,000, partly employed in iron works. The Washington branch railway, and the Balti- more and Ohio railway intersect at this place, the former is here supported on a granite viaduct. El Kab, Eiletkyas, a town. Upper Egypt, on rt. b. of the Nile, 40 m. S.S.E. Thebes. El-Kash, a large vill. of Upper Egypt, cap. the great W. oasis of Dakil, in lat. 26° 41' N., Ion. 29° E. It is the residence of a sheikh, is surrounded by palm and acacia plantations; and has sulphnr springs, and remains of an E^ptian temple. El-Khaboeh, a town. Upper Egypt, cap. the Great Oasis. Lat. 26° 28' N., Ion. 30° 40' E. Pop. 6,000. Among numerous ruins are those of a temple, and near it is a remarkable necropolis. El KHATir (or Khatipf), a maritime town, Arabia, on the W. side of the Gulf of Bahrein. Elkington, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 10} m. N.N.E. Daventry. Ac. 1,720. Pop. 46. It has no church. — II. (North), co. Lincoln, 3Jm. N.N.W. Louth. Ac. 1,290. Pop. 91 IIL (South), 2J m. N.W. Louth. Ac. 2,660. Pop. 273. , El-Kos (a " bow," so named from its wind- ings), a river of Marooco, prov. Fez, enters the Atlantic at El-Araish, after a N.W. course. It has a bar at its mouth, within which is a port. El-Kosh, a market town of Asiatic Turkey, Kurdistan, at the foot of the Sote mountains, 30 m. N. Mosul. Pop. from 2,000 to 3,000, said to be aU Roman Catholics. It is a place of consider- able strength, with stone houses anda synagogue, resorted to by many Jewish pilgrims. Elkslet, a pa. of Engl., co. Notts, 4} m. N.W. Taxford. Area 2,600 ac. Pop. 414. Elkstoke, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 7J m. N.N.W. Cirencester. Area 2,100 ac. Pop. 335. — II. a township, co. Stafford, pa. Alstonefield, 5J m. E.N.E. Leek. Pop. 772. Ella-Kirk, a pa. of Engl., co. Tork, E. Rid- ing, 6 m. W. Hull. Area 4,390 ac. Pop. (in- cludes many wealthy inhabitants of Hull) 1,061. Ellanb, a chapelry of Engl., co. Torki W. Riding, on the Calder, pa. and 4 m. S.E. Halifax, with a station on the Manchester and Leeds rail- way. Pop. 6,470. Manufe. of coarse woollens. Ellastone, a pa. of Engl., co. StafPord, H m. W.S.W. Ashbourne. Area 7,970 ac. Pop. 1,308. EllS, a riv. of France, between the deps. Mor- bihan and Finistere, enters the Atlantic 30 m. S.W. Quimper, after a S. course of 38 m. It is navigable from Quimperld (8 m.) to the sea. Ellel, a chapelry of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Cockerton, 4 m. S.S.W. Lancaster. Pop. 2,223. Ellens OKOVOH, a township of Engl., co. Cum- berland, pa. Durham, on the small river Ellen, SJ m. W.N.W. Cockermouth. Pop. 766, chiefly colliers. It gives title of Earl to the Law family. Ellehhall, a pa. of Engl., co. StafFord, 1} m. S.S.E. EccleshaU. Area 1,800 ac. Pop. 280. Ellebb dbn, a pa. of Engl., co. Tork, N. Riding, 3} m. E.N.E. Pickerhig. Area 2,060 ac. Pop. 216. EtLEBTON (PmoBvJ, 3, pa. of Engl., co. Tork, E. Riding,8Jm. N.N.W. Howden. Area2,320ac. Pop. 320 II. (On Swale), a township, N. Rid- ing, pa. and 1^ m. E.S.E. Chatterick. Pop. 152. Henry Jenkins, who died in 1679 at the extraor- dinary age of 169, was born here. Ellebt, a township, U. S., N. Amer., N. York, 343 m. W.S.W. Albany. Pop. 2,242. ELLESBOBOuan, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 2} m. W.S.W Windover. Area 3,310 ac. Pop. 708. Ellesmebe, a market town and pa. of Engl, and Wales, cos. Flint and Salop, 16 m. N.N.W. Shrewsbury. Area of pa. (including a small lake from which it takes its name), 25,280 acres. Pop. 7,081. _ Charities (1830) 92it. It is head of a poor law union ; has a branch bank, and a large trade in malt, carried on by a canal, which communi- cates with Welshpool, Chester, and the Mersey. Market, Tuesday, The site of the ancient casUe commands a rich and varied prospect. Ellezelles, a comra. and town of Belgium, prov, Hahiaut, 16 m. N.E. Tournay. Pop. 6,305. ELL 459 ELO Ellice Islands, a group of islets on a coral reef, surroundiDg a lagoon in tlie Pacific, dis- cov. 1819. Lat. 8° 30' S. ; Ion. 179° 13' E. P. 250. Ellichpoor, a city of India, Nizam's dom., 98 m. W. Nagpoor. Lat. 21° 14' N., Ion. 77° 36' E. It is partly enclosed by walls. E1J.ICOTT, a tnshp.,U. S., N. Araer., New York, 18 m. S.E. Maryville. Pop. 2,511.— BllicoHsville, cap. CO. Cattaraugus, same state. Pop. 1,084. Ellinoen, a town of Bavaria, circ. Middle Franc, on the Rezat, 28 m. S.S.W. Nuremberg. Pop. 1,329. It has a manuf. of pianofortes. Ellingham, sev. pas. of Engl. — 1. co. Norfolk, 2.J m. N.E. Bungay. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 398.— ll CO. Northumberland, 8 m. N. Alnwick. Area 13,970 ac. Pop. 861.— III. co. Hants, 2^ m. N. Ringwood. Area 1,860 ac. Pop. 301.— IV.(Gt), CO. Norfolk, 2 m. W.N.'W. Attleburgh. Area 2,540 ac. Pop. 838.— V. (Little), 4 m. N.W. Attleburgh. Area 1,410 ac. Pop. 250. Elltsgtox, a pa. of Engl., eo. and 5J m. W. Hnntingdon. Area 2,910 ac. Pop. 448. Ellington, 2 townships, 0. S., N. Amer.— I. Connecticut, 15 m. N.N.E. Hartford. Pop. 356. —11. New York, 25 m. E. Mayville. Pop. 1,725. Elliot, a township, U.S., N. Amer., Maine, 102 m. S.S.W. Augusta. Pop. 1,889. Ellisbukg, a tnshp., TJ. S., N. Amer., New York, on lake Ontario, 140 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 5,349. Ellisfield, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants. 4 m. S. Basingstoke. Area 2,360 ac. Pop. 246. Ellon, a pa. of Scotl., co. Aberdeen, on the Ythan, 16 m. N. Aberdeen. Pop. 2,941. Ellobe, a considerable town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 38 m. N. Masulipatam, & formerly cap. of one of theN. Circars ; is the residence of the district collector. Ellough, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 3 m. S.S.E. Beecles. Area 600 ac. Pop. 155. Ellodghtok, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Bid- ing, 4m. S.S.E. South Cave. Ac. 1,420. Pop. 664. Ellbich, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 45 m. N.N.VV. Erfurt. Pop. 2,600. Near it is the remarkable calcareous grotto of Kille. Ellswoeth, atownship, U. S., N. Amer., Maine, 89 m. E.N.E. Augusta. Pop. 2,263. Ellwanges, a town of Wurtemberg, cap. circ. Jaxt, on the Jaxt, 45 m. E.N.E. Stuttgart. Pop. 2,938, employed in bleach-works and tanning. It has a castle, cathedral, gymnasium and hospital. Elm, a pa. of Engl., co. Cambridge, isl. of Ely, 2 m. S. Wisbeaeh. Area 11,230 ac. Pop. 1,742. It has an endowed school; revenue (1836) 531. Other charities 154?. — II. a pa., co. Somerset, 2 m. W.N. W. Frome. Area 820 ac. Pop. 421. Elm, a pa. and vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 10 m. S.S.E. Glaris. Pop. 1,013. Its sulphur springs were formerly celebrated. El Masabah, a vill. of Egypt, prov. Ghizeh, 10 m. S. Cairo, opposite the site of ancient Mem- phis, with extensive ancient quarries, to which a railway has recently been laid down. Elmdon, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 4} m. W.S.W. Coleshill. Ac. 1,680. Pop. 107.- II. co. Essex, 5 m. W.N.W. Safifron- Walden. Area 2,480 ac. Pop. 680. El Metemneh, a town of Nubia, on the left bank of the Nile, nearly opposite Shendy. Elhau (North), a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 5J m. N. East Dereham. Area 5,000 ae. Pop. 1,219.-11. (;S?OT««A),apa., co. Suffolk,6m. W.N.W. Halesworth. Area 1,150 ac. Pop. 224. [St Margarets, St Michael (South Elmham).] Elmina, or St Geokqb del Mina, a town and fort, cap. of the Dutch possessions, on the Guinea coast, Africa. The fort is in lat. 6° 4' 45" N. ; Ion. 1° 20' 30' W. The town is irregular, ill built, and dirty. Pop. 8,000 to 10,000 blacks. The fort of Elmina is the strongest on the whole coast, it is surrounded with double walls and deep ditches, has 3 rows of guns next the sea, and the land side is defended by Fort St Jago, the key of Elmina. Elmika, a tnshp. of II. S., N. Amer., N. York, cap. 00. Chemung, on the Chemung canal & N. York and Erie railw., 162 m. W.S.W. Albany. Pop. 4,791. It exports vast quantities of timber, Elmlev Castle, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, 4 m. S.W. Evesham. Area 2,200 ac. Pop. 403. Elmlev (Isle of), a pa. of Engl., 00. Kent. Isl. of Sheppey, 3J m. S.E. Queenborough. The isl. is 3^ m. long by 2 m. in breadth. Area 1,640 ac. Pop. 42. — II. (Lovett), a pa., co. Worcester, 5 m. S.S.E. Kidderminster. Area 2,350 ac. Pop. 381. It gives title of viscount to the Lydon family. Elmore, a pa. of Engl., co. and 4J m. W.S.W. Gloucester. Area 1,790 ac. Pop. 379. Elmsall (North and South), 2 adjacent town- ships of Engl., CO. York, W. Biding, pa. South- Kirby, 64 m. S.S.E. Pontefract. Pop. 799. Elmsett, a pa., Engl., co. Suffolk, 3.J m. N.N.E. Hadleigh. Areal,810ac. P. 446. Here is a curious petrifying spring, called the Dropping-well. Elmshorn, a town, Denmark, Holstein, on the Elbe, & on the Kiel & Altona railw., 10 m. E.S.E. Gliickstadt. Pop. 5,600. Active trade in grain. Elmstead, a pa., England, co. Essex, 4^ m. E. Colchester. Area 3,490 ac. Pop. 809. Elmsted, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 6J m. E.N.E. Ashford. Area 2,5.30 ac. P. 505. Fair, 25th July. Elmsthorpb, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 3 m. E.N.E. Hinckley. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 36. The church, which is in ruins, was occupied as the head quarters of the officers of Kichard iii.'s army, before the battle of Bosworth. Elmstone, a pa., Engl., co. Kent, 2i m. N.N.E. Wingham. Ac. 360. P. 81.— II. (Hardwiche), co. Glo'ster, SJ m. N.N.W. Cheltenham. Ac. 2,730. Pop. 410. Elmswell, apa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, on the E.- union railw., 7i m. E.S.E. Bury. Ac. 2,380. P. 671. Elmton, apa. of Engl., co. Derby, 7J m. E.N.E. Chesterfield. Area 2,970 ac. Pop. 433. Elmuhchillt, a vUl. of Brit. India, presid. Madras, dist. and 31 m. S.W. Vizagapatam, in a valley, with a temple and some curious sculptures. Elnbogen, a town of Bohemia. [Elbogen.j Elne, Illiberis, Helena, a comm. and town of France, dep. Pyren. Orient., on 1. b. of the Tech, 8 m. S.S.E. Perpignan. Pop. 2,303. It was once a place of importance. Illiberis was the place where Hannibal first encamped after passing the Pyrenees ; having been rebuilt by Constantino, it received the name of his mother Helena. El-Obeid, the cap. town of Kordofan in Africa, in a plain, 240 m. S.W. Sennaar. Lat. 13° 11' N. ; Ion. 30° 8' E. Estim. P. 30,000, it having doubled since 1828. Dwellings mostly reeds or straw, & in the shape of corn stacks, & a few of sun-dried bricks. Exports comprise gold, silver, hides, ivory, gum-arabic, and slaves. Seven m. S.E. is the village of Milbess, finely situated, & the sum- mer resid. of the govern, officers of the Pacha. . El Oos, an isl. & town in the Euphrates, Asi-Jt atic Turkey, 8 m. N.N.W. Hit. The isl. is 1 m.' in length, with 500 houses, and some mosques. Eloka or Ellora, a vill of Hindostan, Nizam's dom., in lat. 20° 5' N., & Ion. 75° 15' E., about 1 m. E. of which are some cave-temples excavated in the W. slope of a hill, and in magnitude and execution surpassing all other structures of their kind in India. (For full particulars and delinea- tions of th^se remarkable caves, see Asiatic Re- ELO 460 ELV searches, vi. 382-424 ; Trans, of Lit. Soc. ofBotrt- bay, iii. 281, &c. ; Joum. o/Asiat. Soc. of Bengal, vi. 1038-41 ; the works of Erskine, Seely, &c., and a brief article in M'CuUoch's Geographical Dictionary, i. 768.) Elobeio, a town of Spain, prov. Biscay, 18 m. S.E. Bilbao. Pop. 2,280. Celeb, annual fair. Elot (St), a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Puy- de-D6me, arrond. Riom, is an exten. coal basin, the mines of which furnish ann. 40,000 quintals. Elphiw, a mkt. town, pa. & bishop's see of Ireld., Connaught, co. Roscommon, 17^ m. W.N.W. Longford. Area of pa., which contains some of the richest grazing land in the kingdom, 12,544 ae. Pop. 6,781. Pop. of town 1,561. Itscathed. is a small plain church with an ano. tower ; the episcopal palace & deanery are substantial struc- tures. The diocese comprises 76 pas. in cos. Roscommon, Sligo, Galway and Mayo, and is now annexed to the sees of Kilmore and Ardagh. The family of Goldsmith resided in this pa., & by some, the poet is said to have been born here. El Rosabio, a town of Mexican confederation, dep. Sinaloa, 55 m. E.N.E. Mazatlan. P. 6,000. It had some rich gold and silver mines, no longer wrought, and is now important chiefly as a dep6t for the trade between Mazatlan and the interior. Elsa, two rivs. of Tuscany 1. provs. Siena & Florence, joins the Amo, 3J m. W. Empoli, after a N.W. course of 30 m. — 11. an atfluent of the Albegna ; total course 12 m. Elsass, a. country of Germany. [Axsace.] Elsdon, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. Northumberland, 16 m. W.N.W. Morpeth. Area of pa., including much mountain woodland, 62,470 ac. P. 1,680. Mkt. Tuesday. The castle, built in reign of Henry iii., is now the rectory house. The pa. abounds in eoal, lime and ironstone. Ejcsenham, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 2 m. N.E. Stansted-Mount-Fichet. Ac. 1,810. Pop. 491. Elsfield, a pa. of Engl., co. and 31 m. N.N.E. Oxford. Area 1,200 ac. Pop. 185. Elsfleth, a mkt. town of Oldenburg, on the Weser, at the influx of the Hunte, 18 m. N.W. Bremen. Pop. 2,000, employed in ship-building. EI.SHAM or AiLESHAM, a pa., Engl., co. Lincoln, 4 m. N.N.E. Glandford-Brig. Ac. 4,110. P. 458. Elsing, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 6 m. E.N.E. Dereham. Area 1,530 ac. Pop. 457. Elsinoke or ELSiNBtrn (Dan. Helsingor), a sea- port town of Denmark, isl. Seeland, on its E. coast, at the narrowest part of the Sound, 24 m. N. Copenhagen. Lat. 56° 2' 11' N. ; Ion. 12° 36' 49' E. Pop. (1846) 8,000. It stands on a declivity, sloping to the shore, and on its N.E. side is the fine fortress of Kronborg. Here the Sound-dues are levied irom all merchant ships, except Danish and Swedish, passing into or out of the Baltic, which perform quarantine in a roadstead. In 1846, 18,766 passed the Sound. Elsinore is the assumed scene of Shakspeare's tragedy of Hamlet. Elsok's Bay, an inlet of the Arctic Ocean, Russian America, immediately E. Point Barrow. Lat. 71° N. ; Ion. 156° W".— Elson , Isl. in the Pa^ cific is one of the Gambler isls. Elstead, 2 pas., Engl I. co. Surrey, 4 m. W. Godalming. Area 4,400 ac. Pop. 743 II. co. Sussex, 4fm.W.S.W.Midhurst. Ac. 1,790. P.212. Elster, 2 rivers of Germany. — I. ( White), rises near Asch in Voigtland, flows N., and joins the Saale, 3 m. S. Halle (Prussia) passing Adorf, Plauen, Greitz, & near Leipzig ; length 110 m. Chief affl. the Pleisse on right.— II. {Black), rises 2 m. S.> Elster (Saxony), flows N.W. past Hoierswerda, Elsterwerda, & Herzberg, & joins the Elbe, 8 m, E. "Wittemberg (Prussia), length 105 m. Chief afB. the Roder, on left — Elster is a vill. of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, cant. Voitsberg, on the little Elster, with mineral springs. Elstebbebg, a town of Saxony, circ. & 16 m. S.W. Zwickau, on 1. b. of the White Elster. P. 2,379, employed in woollen & cotton weaving. Elstebwebda, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 66 m. E.N.E. Merseburg, on the Blaok Elster. Pop. 1,442. Elston or Elveston, a pa. of Engl., co. Notts, 4J m. S.W. Newark. Area 1,640 ac. P. 285. Elstow, a pa. of Engl-, co. and 2 m. S. Bed- ford. Ac. 1,522. P. 562. John Bunyaai, author of the " Pilgrim's Progress," was born herein 1628. Elstbee or EnLESTBEE, a pa. of Engl., cp. Herts, 3 m. N.N. W.Edgeware. Ac. 1,370. P. 360, Elswiok, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Northumber- land, pa. St John, 1 m. W. Newcastle.' P. 1,789. Elswobth, a pa. of Engl., co. Cambridgej 3J m. N.N.E. Caxton. Area 3,700 ac. Pop. 915. Elteklein, a mining town of Saxony, circ. & 19 m. S.E. Zwiokaui Pop. 1,910. Manufs. laoei Eltham, a town and pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 7 m. E.S.E. London. Area of pa. 4,230 ac. Pop. 2,810. The town is pleasantly situated, and has remains of a royal palace, formerly consisting of 4 quadrangles, & possessing great magnificence, the existing edifice of which is the hall, now or lately a iam, but in good preservation. Eltham was a favourite residence of the Plantagenet and Tudor monarchs ; in 1315 a son of Edward n. was born here. The palace and parks were destroy- ed during the Commonwealth. EI.TISLEI, a pa., Engl., co. Cambridge, 2j m. W.N.W. Caxton. Area 1,941 ac. Pop. 372. Eltmakn, a town of Bavaria, circ. Lr. Franc, on the Mayn, 35 m. E.N.E. Wiirtzburg. P. 1,392, Elxow, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Durham, 21 m. W.S.W. Stockton. Area 1,060 ac. Pop. 92. — II. CO. Hereford, 4 m. S.W. LudJow. Area l,700ac. Pop. 99.— in. co. Hants,5im. W.N.W. Stilton. Area 3,250 ac. Pop. 844. Charities (1830) 2Wl — IV. 00. and 12 m. E.S.E. Notting- ham. Area 980 ac. Pop. 81. — ^V. a tnshp., co. Chester, pa. Warmingham, 2 m. W.S.W. Sand- bach. Pop. 670.— VI. a tnshp., co. Derby, 6 m. N.W. Matlock. Pop. 636.— VII. a tnshp., co. Lancaster, pa. and 13} m. W. Bury. Pop. 5,202. Elton (or golden lake), a salt lake of Russia, 70 m. E. of the Volga, gov. and 160 m. S.S.E. Saratov. Area 130 sq. m. It receives several rivers. Upwards of 100,000 tons of salt are ob- tained annually from its waters. Eltsch (Hung. Jolsva), a town of Hungary, CO. and 13 m. N.N.W. Gomor. Pop. 4,600. It has mines, and an extensive trade in iron. Eltviile, a town of W. Germany. [Elpeld.] El-Tth (Desekt of, or of " the wandering^) so called because it was the place of the 40 years' sojourn of the Hebrews in the desert, is a name appUed to that peninsula between the gulfs of Suez and Akabah, and Egypt and Palestine. It is mntnous., comprising the Jeb-el-Tyh, Mt. Sinai, &c ^The Wady.~el-Tyh, or " valley of the wan- dering," is in Middle Egypt, extending betw. anc. Memphis and Suez, immed. S. the Jeb-el-Ataka. EiVAN Water, a small affl. of the Clyde, Scotl., co^ Lanark, pa. Crawford. It flows N.E. Par- ticles of gold have been often found in its sands. Elvas, a fortif. ffontier city, of Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, 40 m. N.E. Evora, and 12 m. W. Bada- jos, on r. b. of the Guadiana. Pop. 16,460. It stands on a bill, on which are the fortresses, of Santa Lucia, and Lippe* Town generally ill-built and dirty. Its streets are lined with venerable Moorish buildings, Chief edifices, the cathedral. ELV 461 EML sev. churches and convents, the arsenal, bomb- proof tarracks for 6,000 or 7,000 men, a theatre, college, seminary, public hospital, prison, and a remai'kable tower. A large Moorish aqueduct supplies the city with water from a hill 3 m. W. Maunft. of arms and jewellery. Elvas was taken by mai'echal Junot, and held by the French from Jiarch to Aug. 1808. Eltastox, a pa. of Engl., co. and 4 m. E.S.E. Derby. Area 2,760 ac. Pop. 618. - Elvastou Hall, seat of E. of Harrington, is in the pa. Elvedon, or Elden, a pa. of Engl., eo. Suffolk, 3J m. S W. Thetford. Area 5,290 ac. Pop. 240. El's'en, a comm. and town of France, dep. Morbihan, cap. cant., 10 m. N.E.Vannes. P. 8,320. In its castle, now a ruin, Henry of Richmond (afterwards Hem-y tti. of Engl.), remained a pris. for 14 yeare after the battle of Tewkesbury. Eltetham, a pa, of Engl., co. Hants, 4.i m. N.N.E. Odiham. Area 2,980 ac. Pop. 552." Elvington, a pa. of Engl., co. Tork, E. Riding, 7 m. E.S.E. Tork. Area 2,120 ac. Pop. 478. Elvis (St), a pa, of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 4 m. E.S.E. St Darid's. Pop. 34. Elwiok-Hall, a pa. of Engl., co. Durham, 8^ m. N.N.E. Stockton. Area 4,150 ac. Pop. 165. Elwoetht, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, ii m. N. Wiveliscombe. Area 1,880 ac. Pop. 210' Elwt, a riv., S. Wales, eo. Glamorgan, joins the Severn at Pennarth. — ^11. a riv., N. WaJes, co. Denbigh, falling into the Clwyd at St Asaph. Ely (Isle or), a dist. of Engl., co. Cambridge, lying north of the centre of the co., from the rest of which it is separated on tlie S. by the Ouse. Pop. 61,610. Area 225,150ac., comprising 4 hun- dreds, and consisting of fens interspersed with small elevations, generally crowned with viUs. A smaller tract, of about 7 m. by 4 m. is, however, now viewed as forming the isle strictly so called. It is surrounded by marsh, formerly covered with water, whence the name. The soil is very fertile, but requires artificial draining. The dist. exhibits a level monotonous plain, containing many marsh plants and aquatic birds, but few other objects of interest. [BBDroEB Level.] ELT,acity andepisc. see of Engl., cap. of above isl, on the navig. Ouse, 16 m. N.N.E. Cambridge, & 72 m. N.E. London, on E. Counties railw. Area, incldg. 2 pas., 17,480 ac. P. 6,825. Houses mostly ane. The cathedral, chiefly built betw. the reigns of Wm. Rufus & Edward m., exhibits a singular yet imposing combination of the Saxon, Norman, & Gothic styles. It is 535 ft. in length by 190 ft. in the transept ; has an elegant octagonal central tower, & many interesting monuments. Trinity Church, founded in 1.321, is a beautiful structure. The bp's. palace is neatly built of brick. Here are also a gram, school, founded by Henry vm. ; an endowed cliari^ school, rev. (1836) 323/. ; several oil mills, manufs. of earthenware & tobacco pipes. In the environs are rich orchards & mlit. gardens. Mkt., Thurs. Ely is governed by a custos-rotu- lorum, & is the only city in Engl, which sends no mem. to H. of C. Its bishoprick was founded in 1107. It now extends over pas. mostly in cos. Camb., Bedf„ and Hunt. Episc. rev. (1845) 5,500/. The bishop of Ely has the gift of about 100 livings, and a large patronage in the Univ. of Camb. The celeb. Abbey of Ely, on which the bishoprick was founded, was estab. by St Etheldreda or Audry, daughter of a Saxon king, A. d. 673. It was de- stroyed by the Danes about the year 870. The city and isl. are said to owe their name to the number of eels which still abound here. Ely, a beautiful demesne, Irel., Ulster, co. Fermanagh, comprising several woody islets about tho liead of Lower Lou^h Erne, 4 m. N. Ennis- killen. It gives title ot marquis to the Loftus family. Elvria, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Ohio, 105 m. N.N.E, Columbus. Pop. 1,036. Elz, a riv., S.W. Germany, Baden, joins the Rhine 20 m. S. Strasbourg, after a tortuous course of 33 m. past 'Waldkirch and Kenzigen. — The JElza is a riv. of Tuscany, joining the Arno near Empoli after a N.W. course of 35 m. Elze, a town of Hanover, landr. & 9 m. W.S. W . HUdesheim, near the Saale. Pop. 2,036. Ematbis, a pa of Irel, Ulster, co. Monaghan^ 3 j m. W. Ballybay. Area 12,298 ac. Pop. 7,643. Emanuel, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in centre of Georgia. Area 1,100 sq. m. Pop. 3,129. Emba, or Djem, a riv. of central Asia, forming a part of the boundary between the Russ. gov. Orenburg, and the Kirghis territ. (indep. Turk- estan), enters the Gulf of Emba at the N.E. ex- tremity of the Caspian sea, after a S.W. course, estim. at 250 m., where it expands into numerous shallow lakes, and has valuable fisheries. Embden, a town of Hanover. [Emden.] Embekton, or Emmerton, a pa. of Engl., co*. Buckingham, 1^ m. S. Olney, and 8 m. from Wol- verton station on the London and N. W. railway. Area 1,860 ac. Pop. 658. Embleto'n, a pa. of Engl., co. Northumb., 6i m. N.N.E. Alnwick. Area 12,810 ac. Pop. 2,030. It has an endowed sch II. a chapelry, co. Cumb., pa. Brigham, 2f m. S.E. Cockermouth. P. 408. Embomma, a t. of Africa, Lr. Guinea, Congo, on rt. b. of the Zaire, 70 m. W.N.W. San Salvador. Emboreow, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 6J m. N.E. Wells. Area 2,400 ac. Pop. 210. Embeun, JSbrodunum, a comm. & fortified town of France, dep. H. Alpes, cap. arrond., on r. b. of the Durance, 19 m. E. Gap. Pop. 2,209. It has a cathed., with a lofty tower. Under the Romans it was an important military post ; and its arch- bishop's see, suppressed at the Revolution, is said to have dated from the time of Coustantine. Embsay, a tnshp., Engl., co. York, W. Riding, pa. and 2 m. E.N.E. Skipton. Pop. 962. Emden, or Embden, a fortified seaport town of Hanover, landr. Aurich, princip. E. Friesland, on the Dollart, 14 m. S.W. Aurich, with which it communicates by a canal. Lat. 53° 22' 3' N., Ion. 7° 12' 38" E. Pop. 11,907. The town is in- tersected by canals connected with the harbour ; princip. edifices, the council and custom-houses, barracks, exchange, gymnasium, school of navig. The port, consisting of an outer and two inner harbours, is shallow ; but the roadstead is deep enough for vessels of any size. Emden is a free port, but its trade has been declining ever since the 16th century, and its herring fishery is almost extinct. It has shipbuilding docks, and manufs. of linen fabric's and yarn, hosiery, hats, soap, starch, tobacco, and sail-cloth, with breweries, distilleries, and tanneries. Exports corn, butter, clieese, spirits, tallow, honey, wax, wool, & hides ; imports timber from the Baltic, hemp, & potash. Emenabad, A,minabad, a town of the Punjab, 36 m. N. Lahore. Lat. 32° 10' N., Ion. 74° 8' E. Emessa, a town of Syria. [Homs.] Emilion (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. Gironde, 8 m. S.E. Libourne. Pop. 3,000. It is celeb, for its wines, and has a ruined castle. Emineh, a cape of European Turkey, forming the termination of Mt. Balkan in the Black Sea. Emley, a pa. of England, co. York, W. Riding, 7 m.E.S.E. Huddersfield. Ac. 3,120. P. 1,676. Emly, a small market and episcopal town, and pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. and 8 m. W.S.W. EML 462 ENG Tipperary. Area of pa. 9,183 ac. Pop. 4,011. Pop. of town 650. It has ruins of a cathedral. Emltfasd, a pa. of Ireland, Connanght, co. & llj m. S.S.W. Sligo. Area, including the town of Ballymote, 9,463 ac. Pop. 4,811. It has ruins of a small abbey, and of a castle built in 1300. Emmaus, or NicoPOLis, an anc. town of Pales- tine, supposed to be the vill. Amwas, pash. Gaza, on a conical hill, 13 m. W.N.W. Jerusalem. Emmen, two rivers of Switzerland. — I. {Great), cant. Bern, rises in the Bernese Oberland, flows N. and joins the Aar li m. N.E. Soleure, after d course of 46 m. Its vafiey "the Emmenthal," is one of the finest in Switzerland, and feeds large herds of cattle.— II. (Little), cant. Lucerne, rises near the source of above riv., & after a N.E. course of 30 m., joins the Keuss 1 J m. N.W. Lucerne. Emmendingen, a town of Baden, circ. Upper Rhine, on the Elz, and on the Duke of Baden's railway, 9 m. N.N.W. Freiburg. Pop. 2,000. It has manufs. of paper and cotton. Emmerich, a walled town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 49 m. N.N.W. Dusseldort^ on rt. b. of the Rhine. Pop. (1846) 6,380. It has a custom-ho. and manufs. of woollen stuffs, hosiery, and soap. EMMETTiiBUBG, a viU. of the U. S., N. Amer., Maryland, 80 m. .W. Annapolis. Near it is the Roman Catholic college of Mount St^Mary. Emmington, or Ammington, apa. of Engl., co. Oxford, 3 m. S.E. Thame. Ac. 1,230. Pop. 97. Emneth, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 2 m. S.E. Wisbeach. Area 2,810 ac. Pop. 1,065. Emfingham, a pa. of England, co. Rutland, 6 m. E. Oakham. Area 2,780 ae. Pop. 914. Empoli, Empulum, a town of Tuscany, prov. and 16 m. W. Florence, on 1. b. of the Arno. Pop. 5,600. It has manufs. of straw hats. Empshot, a pa. of Engl, co. Hants, 6 m. S.S.E. Alton. Area 1,230 ac. Pop. 148. Ems, Amisus, a river of N.W. Germany, rises in Prussian Westphalia, N. of Paderborn, iiows at first W., then N. through the Hanover dom., and joins the North Sea by an estuary, between the Netherlands and E. Friesland, after a course of 160 m. Near itsmouth it expands into a basin called the Dollart. Aifluents, the Werse, Haase, and Leda. On its banks are the towns Wahren- dorf, Rheine, Lingen, Meppen, Aschendorf, Ol- dersum, and Emden. Ems, or Bad-Ems, a quiet watering-place of Nassau, on the Lahn, 15 m. N. Wiesbaden. Pop. 1,800. It is shut in by hills, and has a pleasant terrace along the Lahn, with fine scenery on the heights around it. The Kurhaus is a large ducal chS.teau, let out in apartments to visiters. The springs vary in temp, from 93° to 136° Fahr. Emswobth, a small maritime town of England, CO. Hants, on an arm of Chichester harbour, and on the Chichester and Portsmouth railway, 8J m. E.N.E. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,165. It is neat and clean, and has some trade in ship-building, with extensive oyster beds. ENAnE,a large lake of Russian Lapland, about lat. 69° N., Ion. 28° E. Area 685 sq. m. It eon- tains numerous islands, and communicates with the Arctic Ocean by the Patsjoki river. On its W. shore is the fishing vill. Enare. Pop. 350. Enabea, a country of N.E. Africa, Abyssinia, S.W. Shoa, and between lat. 7° & 8° N., & Ion. 36° and 37° E. Nearly all the coffee, & a large pro- portion of the slaves and ivory brought through Abyssinia to be sent to the marts N. and E., are from this country. Principal town, Saka. Enbobne, a pa. of England, co. Berks, 2^ m. S.W. Newbury. Area 2,650 ac. Pop. 384. Ekoina-Sola, a town of Spain, prov. and 60 m. N.N.E. Huelva. Pop. 3,441. Manufs. of woollens and linens. Enoounteb Bat, S. Australia, mlat. 35 30' S., Ion. 139° E. It receives the outlet of Lake Victoria, and is E. of Kangaroo isl., under shelter of which is good anchorage for small vessels. Endava, a riv. of S. Amer., N. Grenada, rises in lat. 5° 30' N., Ion. 69° 20' W., & after an E. course, joins the Orinoco near the influx of the Meta. Ende, a seaport town of the Malay Archip., on the S. coast of the isl. Flores, in lat. 8° 52' S., Ion. 121° 42' E. It has an excellent harbour, & formerly belonged to the Dutch. EsDEAVoDK (Rivee), E. Australia, enters the Pacific, in lat. 15° 26' S., Ion. 145° E. -(Sfraft), N. Australia, is between Cape York & Wolf Isl.j E. of the Gulf of Carpentaria. Lat. 10° 45' S., Ion. 142° 10' E. Breadth 8 miles. Endellion, a marit. pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 4} m. N.N.E.Wade Bridge. Ac. 3,530. P. 1,154. Endebbt, a pa. of Engl., co. and 4J m. S.S;W. Leicester. Area 1,810 ac. Pop. 1,336.— IL (Bag), CO. Lincoln, 5 m. N.N.W. Spilsby. Area 860 ac. Pop. 102. — III. (Mavis), same co., 2| m. W. N.W. Spilsby. Area 1,510 ac. Pop. 379.— IV. (Wood), same co., 3i m. S.S.E. Horncastle. Area 990 ac. Pop. 233. Endebbt Land, a considerable extent of ter- ritory in the Antarctic Ocean, lat. 67° 30' S.,lon. 50° E., discov. Feb. 1831, by Biscoe, who so named it after the enterprising London merchants, by whom he had been sent out on his voyage. Endebi, or Andbeeva, a town of Russia, in the Caucasus, 35 m. S. Kizliar. Previous to the Russian conquest it had an extensive slave mar- ket, which is now abolished. Endeemo, a port of Japan, on the S. coast of the isl. Jesso. Lat. 42° 20' N., Ion. 141° 5' E. Endfoed, or Enfoed, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 8m.W.N.W. Ludgershall. Ac. 7,880. P. 947. Endian, a town of Persia. [Hindian.] Endingen, a town of Baden, clrc. Upper Rhine, 12 m. N.N.W. Freiburg, betw. Rhine and the Baden railw. Pop. 3,000. It has linen manufs. & exten. vineyards. — ^11. a vill. of Wiirtemberg, circ. Black Forest, IJ m. S.W. Bahlingen. P. 746. Endon, a chapelry of Engl., co. Stafford, pa. & 4^ m. S.W. Leek. Pop. 671. Endoe, a vill. of Palestine, pash. and 18 m. S.E. Acre, on the W. declivity of Mt. Hermon. Endeick, a small river of Scotland, rises in co. Stirling, and flows through the picturesque valley of Iimerdale into Loch Lomond, near Buchanan. Enfield, a mkt. town and pa. of England, co. Middlesex, on the London and Cambridge railw., 2 J m. from Bonder's End, and 10 m. N.E. London. Area of pa. 12,460 ac. Pop. 9,367. It has an anc. church, with several subordinate chapels ; a free school, founded in 1413; and remains of an anc. royal paJaoe. Mlrt., Saturday. Fairs, Sep- tember 23, and St Andrew's-day.— II. a vill. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Meath, with a station on the Dublin railw., 24 m. W.N.W. Dublin. Enfield, several tnshps., U. S., N. Amer.— I. Connecticut, on Connecticut riv., here crossed by a bridge, 15 m. N.N.E. Hartford. Pop. 2,648. It has a Shakers' settlement, and a large carpet factory II. New York, 6 m.W. Ithaca. P. 2,340. - III. N. Hamp., 40 m. N. W. Concord. P. 1,514. Engadine, an extensive valley of Switzerland, cant. Grisons, league of " God's house," between two principal chains of the Rhsetian Alps, and consisting of the upper valley of the Inn. Length; S.W. to N.E., 45 m. ; average width 1^ m. Ele- vation 5,753 feet above the sea. Pop. lOjOOO. , It is subdivided into the Ober and Unter-Engadiiie. ENG 463 ENG EsGANO, an isl. of the Malay Arcliip., 6ff the S.W. coast of Sumatra. Lat 3° 21' S, Ion. 102° 20' E. It is about 30 in. in circnit, rather lofty, and well wooded.— II. an isl., off the N. coast of Fapna. Lat. 2° 28' S., Ion. 135° E. Length about 15 m. ; breadth 5 m. — III. a cape, at the N.E. extremity of the isl. Luzon (Pmlippmes), Lat. 18° 40' N., Ion. 122° 20' E.— IV. the most E. cape of HaytL Lat. 18° 86' N., Ion. 68° 20' W. Enoelberg, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Un- terwalden, 9 m. S.E. Sarnen, 3,284 feet in eleva- tion, with 1,500 inliabs., and a remarkable Bene- dict, convent, having a fine church and library. Enoelhakdszell, a town of Upper Austria, 28 m. N.W. Wels, on the Daimbe. Pop. 1,100. It has a castle of the Prince of Wrede. Engelholm, a seaport town of Sweden, Isen Christianstad, on the Konne Aa, near its mouth in a bay of the Kattegat. Pop. 1,088. Engelsbebo, a town of Austrian Silesia, circ. and 24 m. W.N.W. Troppau. Pop. 2,200. EsQEN, a town of Baden, cu'c. Lake, on the Aach, 23 m. N.W. Constance. P. 1,472. The French defeated the Anstrians here, 3d May 1800. EsGEB, atOBTi of Prussian Westphalia, reg. & 18 m. S.W. Minden. Pop. 1,560, engaged in linen manufs. In its pa. church is a monument to the Saxon chieftain Witikind. Enghien, a town of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, cap.cant,16m.N.N.E.Mons. Pop. 3,742. It has a chateau with a park and gardens, a gymnasium, manufs. of linen and cotton fabrics. It belongs to the Aremberg family, but gave the title of duke to that of Bonrbon-Conde, till the death of the last duke, shot by order of Napoleon in 1804.^ II. a vill. of France. [Montmorencv.] Enoia, or Egi»a, an isl. of Greece. [.Sgina.] Ehgi^akd, is the largest & most populous por- tion of Great Britain, comprising the S. part of the island, between lat. 50° and 55° 46' N., and Ion. 1° 45' E., & 5° 45' W., having N. Scotland, E. the German Ocean, S.E. and S. the English Channel, separating it irom Belgium and France, and W. the Atlantic Ocean, the Bristol Channel, Wales, and the Irish Sea. Length from Berwick to the Land's End 430 m ; breadth E. to W. varies from 67 to 320 m. Area 32,247,680 ac. The surface is elevated in the N. and W. where it borders on Wales ; a region in the centre gent- ly undulating; and along the eastern shores, ex- tending into alluvial plains and low lying marsh ground. The principal summits are in the N., where Scafell rises to an elevation of 3,166 feet, HelveDyn to 3,065 ft. A mntn. range there, con- tinuous with ranges in S. Scotland, mostly sepa- rates the cos. Northumberland, Durham, & York on the E., from Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Lancashire W.ward ; and continuing S.ward through the cos. Derby and Warwick, unites it- self to the high lands of the S. by the Coteswold hills (Gloucestershire) ; having separated the basins of the rivs. Tyne, Tees, Humber, Trent, and Thames, from those of the Severn, Mersey, and Eden. The mntn. system of S. England has its centre in Salisbury Plain and Marlborough Downs (Wiltshire), whence proceed two long chains, the S. and N. Downs, through the cos. Hants, Sussex, Surrey, and Kent ; a third range N. of the Thames, and which in the cos. Oxford & Bucks receives the name of the Chiltern hills ; some ranges further N.E.ward; and a prolonga- tion to the S.W. ; the last in the centre of Devon- shire, expands into the region of Dartmoor, where Cawsand hill has an elev. of 1,782 ft. Prin- cipal rivers are the Severn, Medway, Dee, Mersey, on the W. coast ; and the Thames, Trent, Hum- ber, Tyne, on the E. Besides these there are on the N., Ouse, Derwcnt, Aire, Don, and Wharf, all tributaries to the Humber ; the Wear & Coquet farther N., & the Nen, S. Ouse, Waveney, Stour, and Medway, all disemboguing on the E. ; the Wye, Usk, Teme, and Upper and Lower Avon, affls. of the Severn, besides the Kibble, Parrott, Taw, and Torridge, entering the sea on the W. ; and the Tamar, Dart, Exe, Frome, Stour, Hamp- shire — Avon, Anton, and Arun, on the S. coast. Lalies are mostly confined to Cumberland, West- moreland, and Lancashire, where are Winder- Mere, UUeswater, Derwent, Bassenthwaite, arid Conistone Waters, deservedly renowned for picturesque beauty. In the S., Whittlesea-Mere (Huntingdonshire), is the only collection of fresh water deserving notice. Area (exclusive of Wales), pop., and subdivisions, as follows : — Counties. AjtA in Pop. (1041), Co. or Cliiof Towns. Bedfordshire, 463 107.936 Bedford. Bei-kshire, 762 161,147 Beading. Buckin gham sh i re. 738 155,983 Ajiesbuiy. 857 164,469 Camhridgfi. Cheshire, . 1,063 395,660 1 iPhester. Tlodmin. Cornwall, . 1,330 341,279 Cumberland, 1.623 178,038 Carlisle. Uerbyshire, 1,028 272,217 Derby. Devonshire, 2,686 633,460 Exeter. Dorsetshire, 1,006 176,043 Dorchester. Durham, . 1,097 324,384 nurham. £3sex. 1,533 344,979 Chelmsford. Gloucestershire, , 1,258 431,383 les 113,878 Hereford. Hertfordshire, 630 167,207 Hertford. H un ti ngdoiishire. 372 68,549 Huntingdon. Keul, 1,557 648.337 Canterbury. Ijfuicashire, > 1,768 1,667,054 (Manchester and Liverpool). 806 315,867 Leicester. liincolnsbire. 2,611 363,603 Lincoln. Midaiesex, 282 1,676,636 Brenjiford (Loudon). 496 134,355 Horfolk, . 2,024 113,664 Norwich. 1,016 199,338 IfOTthunibcrland, 1,871 260,278 Newcastle on Tyne. 837 349,910 Nottingham. Oxfordshire, 766 161,613 Oxford. Butlandshire, 149 21,302 Oakham. Shropshire (Salop), 1,343 339,048 Shrewsbury. Somersetshire, 1,645 436,983 Bath. Southamptoiisliire, 1,626 356,004 Winchester (& (Uampahiro or Hants) StatTordshiie, Southampton). 1,181 510,504 Stafford, Suffolk, 1,615 315,073 Ipswich. Surrey, 759 682,678 Guildford. Sussex, 1,466 399,763 Chichester. Warwickshire, 897 401,716 Coventry. Westmoreland, 762 56,454 Appleby. Wiltshire, 1,367 258,733 Salisbury. Worcestershire, , 733 333,336 Worcester. Yorlishire, 1,119 Eaet JSidiog, 194,936 Beverley. North Riding, 3,056 204,122 Northallerton. West Biding, 3,676 1,164,101 Eipon. City and Ainstey, Fraction unexxdained. 86 38,331 Tork. 7 Total. 50,387 14,095,138 The coasts of Engl, are extremely irregular, & abound with inlets. On the W. are Moreoambe bay, the estuaries of the Kibble, Mersey, Dee, and Severn, and Bideford bay ; and on this side of the isl. are the important harbs. of Liverpool, Pres- ton, Whitehaven, Bristol, and Glo'ster. On the S. coast are the harbs. of Falmouth, Plymouth, Dart- mouth, Torquay, Exmouth, Weymouth, Poole, Southampton, and Portsmouth. On the E. are the Wash, and the estuaries of the Thames, Or- well, Humber, and Tees, and the ports of Dover, Harwich, Ipswich, Yarmouth, Lynn, Boston, Hull, Scarboro', Whitby, Stockton, Hartlepool, Shields, Sunderland, Newcastle, and Berwick. The geological structure of England, com- mencing on the W., consists of the Silurian sys- tem of rocks which form the country bordewng ENG 464 ENU on Wales, and extend into that principality. This system is composed of clay, slates, & grey- waok^, intersected in various places by porphyries and other greenstone rocks. To this succeeds the Devonian or old red sandstone, which prevails through the cos. of Hereford, Monmouth, Devon, and Cornwall. The midland part of Engl., com- mencmg at Berwick in the N., has a basis of mountain limestone, which extends S. & "W., with some interruptions, into Devonshire, and contains the principal lead mines. Above this lie the great coal formations, commencing in Northum- berland, & extending through Durham, W. York- shire, Lancashire, Staffordshire, into S. Wales. Above the coal deposits lie the new red sand- stone and magnesian limestone, in some localities abounding in salt and gypsum. East of the coal and sandstone districts in a waving line from Whitby to the S. coast of Dorset, extend the Lias and Oolite. These are succeeded east- wai'd by green sand and chalk, and the Wealden beds of Sussex. Diluvial clays and tertiary for- mations constitute the Norfolk & Suffolk districts, & basins of the Thames & S. Hampshire. [Bm- TAi», CoBNWAiL, WALES.] The following table exhibits the*iean annual temp, of England : — Placet. M. of Winter. M. of Summer. M. of Year. London, Plymouth, Liverpool, Maneheater, York, Kendal, See. Fahr. ^39.3 44 .9 41 .3 38.3 36 .a 87 .0 60 .9 61 .1 S9 .9 62 .3 57 .8 "■«•„"■'"■ 50 .6 Si .0 50 .8 48 .8 ^ .3 47 .0 Mean of England, 39 .5 60 .8 49 .7 The prevailing winds for the summer, autumn, and part of winter, are S. W. and W. In spring and other portions of the year, dry and scorching £. and N.E. winds are common. Most rain falls in summer and autumn. The greatest annual amount of rain falls in Cumberland (amounting to 51 inches), and in the W. coast generally. The least annual amount on the E. coasts (from 20 to 25 inches). Mean ann. fall of rain about 81 inches. From the year 1838 to 1845 there were in the pop. of England 1 in 64 persons married, one birth in every 31, one death in every 46, and an average of five children to each marriage. Estates and farms vary very much in size; but throughout the major part of the country, landed property is very much divided ; & 200?. has been loosely estim. as the average value of estates. In 1843, the total annual value of property in England (exclusive of Wales) assessed to the property tax, amounted to 82,337,016^, of which that of the land was estimated at 37,795,904?. ; and, in 1831, it was found that about 834,000 families were wholly or chiefly supported by the cultivation of the soil. Agriculture, in some of the E. counties, has attained great superiority, and, throughout England generally, it is better conducted than in most parts of Europe, though in many districts, particularly in the W., it is backward. Wheat is the principal crop, espe- cially in the E. and S.E. cos. ; barley is raised chiefly in the central cos., and oats in the N., though they are cultivated more or less in all parts of the country. Pease, beans, potatoes, & turnips, are the crops next in importance. Bye & buckwheat are only partially cultivated ; rape, flax, hemp, and mangel-wurzel, are only cultivated in certain parts. Hops are nearly confined to Kent, Herefordshire, and the vicinity of Farnham in Surrey, and their average annual produce is esti- mated at 30 mill. lbs. Adjacent to the large towns, a good deal of the land is commonly laid out in kitchen gardens, and in Bedfordshire an extensive district is appropriated to raising vege- tables for the London markets. In the S.W. COS., large quantities of apples are produced, and Devoil and Hereford are famous for their cider. ■ Perry is made chiefly in Worcestershire; and mead in many of the cos. contiguous to Wales. The grape does not flourish so as to produce wine ; beer and ale bein^ universally the populai; beverages which supply its place. A full half of the cultivable lands are estimated to be in meadows and pasturage ; and hay forms an important crop, for which Middlesex and the adjacent cos. are especially famous. The stock of horses (in England and Wales) has been lately estimated at 1,500,000 ; 2-3ds of which are em. ployed in farm labour. Among the rest, a con» siderable proportion are partially or wholly de- scended from the English race-horse, a noble breed, originally derived from crossings of the Arab, Persian, and Barbary breeds. Homed cattle are estimated at 4,000,000, l-4th of which stock is annually slaughtered ; of these the Lan- cashire, Holdemess, Northumberland, Durham, Devon, Hereford, Sussex and Suffolk, are the chief breeds ; in addition to which, many have of late been introduced from Guernsey, Aldemey, &c. Butter is a highly important product in Essex, Cambridgeshire, and Dorset. Cheese in Cheshire, Gloucester, Wilts, Leicestershire and Devonshire. The number of sheep has been es- timated at 26,000,000. The long-woolled com- prise the Eomney-marsh, Tees-water, Lincoln, & New Leicester breeds; and the short-woolled, the South Down, Dorset, Wilts, and Hereford. Total annual produce of wool in England, has been estimated at 470,000 packs, of 240 lbs. each (upwards of 1,000,000 cwt.). Hogs are very ge- nerally kept, and are especially numerous in the forest lands of Hants, Berks, Gloucester, and Hereford, the former of which cos. are as famous for their bacon, as Yorkshire and Westmoreland are for their hams. Geese are reared in large numbers in Lincoln fens, partly for the sake of their quills. Many other kinds of poultry are also common. England is generally well-wooded, and 62,620 ac. of royal forest lands are enclosed for the growth of timber. The New Forest in Hamp- shire, the forests of Sherwood (Notts), Dean (Gloucestershire), are among the largest of the forest- tracts ; but the oak, so valuable a material for the construction of our navy, grows to the greatest perfection in the weald of Sussex, Sur- rey and Kent, a tract comprising all the country between the N. and S. Downs, and many parts of which have remained densely wooded ever since the Roman period. The fisheries, though they have never been chief sources of national wealth, are highly important in some localities. In the N. Sea, the herring fishery is that principally pursued, and about 100 smacks of from 40 to 50 tons burden, are annually employed from Yar- mouth, which has an extensive trade in herrings. The towns of Sunderland, Whitby, Scarboro', and Harwich, are also a good deal interested in the same trade. On the coasts of Devon and Corn- wall, alarge proportion of the pop. are employed in the pilchard fisheries, which flsh visit those shores in vast shoals during the summer. Cod, mackarel, soles, flounders, salmon, in some of the N. estuaries, and oysters, are the other fish of most importance taken in the British seas. At many of the ports, ships are fitted out for ENG 465 ENG whale fisheries in the N. and S. oceans, and these employ many thousands of seafaring people. England is indebted for the high rank she holds, in a great degree, to her extraordinary mineral weal£. The abundant supply of coals obtained in Lancashire, W. Yorkshire, Northumberland, Durham, Staffordshire and Warwiclsshire, have rendered those cos. the seats of the largest and most flourishing manufs. in the world, and it is supposed that from 210,000 to 250,000 of the pop. are directly dependent for subsistence on the iron trade. [For stat. of coal and iron see Britain]. Tin is produced only in Cornwall and Devon, and copper is almost confined to that region; the produce of the former is estimated at 1,500 tons, worth from 292,000i. to 360,000i. ,• and that of the latter at 13,000 tons, valued at 1,170,000?. to 1,300,0002. a year. Lead is r^sed in Somerset, Derbyshire, and Cumberland, the mines being supposed to employ 1,100 men. The total quan- tity obtained annually in England and Wales, is estimated at 50,000 tons, from which silver to the value of about 30,000Z. is usually extracted. Plum- bago is found in the greatest purity at Boirow- dale in Cumberland, and some of inferior quality in Devonshire, where also manganese is raised. Zmc, nickel, arsenic, alum, salt from beds and springs in Cheshire and Worcestershire, potters' clay in Staffordshire and Cornwall, lime, free- stone and granite, are among the most valuable minerals. Mann^. are in the greatest variety. By far the most important are those of cotton goods, the great seat of which is S. Lancashire, and it is estimated that cotton fabrics and yarn to the value of 35,000,0002. are annually produced in England, by the manufacture of which from 1,000,000 to 1,200,000 individuals derive their support. The woollen manufs. are chiefly seated in W. Yorkshire, especially at and around Leeds, Wakefield, Huddersfield, Halifax, Bradford, and Dewsbury ; also in the cos. Lancaster, Cumber- land, Gloucester, Wilts, Devon, and Somerset. In Leicestershire 12,000 stocking frames are supposed to be at work ; and Norwich has still some trade in worsteds. The manuf. of linens is pursued principally in Yorkshire, Lancashire, Dorham, and Dorset; and that of silks in the metropolis (Spitalfields) and at Manchester, Mac- clesfield & Coventry, in which last town ribbons are chiefly woven. Norwich is the principal seat of the crape manufacture. The Mregoing manufs. are now mostly wrought with the aid of steam, & the following table exhibits, with other particulars, a comparative view of the number of hands employed in them in 1838 and 1817 : — Mini wotkiiiK (1838). Stum O.or») power. TaL(hon«) power em- ployea. Ferione PBrsone "li?)!'' Ootioi), Woollen, KM, ; Silk, . 1,589 1,029 416 178 963 40.589 10.838 5,863 3,134 S,309 47.917 16,370 6,857 3,881 218159 47;a65 31,634 16,671 33,653 276,797 61,058 51,797 19,840 43,690 Krtoli, 3,475 63,733 77,921 346,974 468,182 Next in importance to the manuf. of woven fabrics is that of hardwares. The more ponder- ous iron machinery is wrought in Shropshire, Staffordshire, in the vicinity of Birmingham, and in the great naval dookyarcls. Sheffield, London and Birmingham, are the principal seats of the manuf. of cutlery. Watch and clock works are made especially in Lancashire : and the total an- nual value of the hardwares produced, is esti- mated at 17,000,0002. Leather gloves are made at Worcester, Yeovil, and Woodstock ; boots and shoes in large quantities in the cos. Northampton and Stafford ; and the leather manuf. is estimated to employ in all nearly 234,000 hands, and to produce goods to the value of 13,000,0002. a year. Earthenwares manufactured in the potteries of N.W. Staffordshu'c, & china wares in Derbyshire and Worcestershire, are supposed to amount to 2,300,0002. aimually ; & glass wares chiefly made in the N. COS. to 2,000,0002. a year, their manufac- ture employing 50,000 hands. Paper to about 1,500,0002./ hats to double that amount; bricks & tUes, soap, gunpowder,chemical wares, straw-plait. & all goods required for ordinary use, are produced in Engl. Extensive sugar refineries, distilleries, and breweries, are established in all the larger commercial towns; and the London breweries are estunated to supply annually from 1,800,000 to 2,000,000 barrels of porter. Ship-building is a most extensive and important branch of indus- try : the largest ships of the line are built at the great dock-yards of Portsmouth, Plymouth, and Chatham ; and others at the yards of Sheerness and Deptford. Mercantile vessels of large bur- den are chiefly built in or near London, Liver- pool, Sunderland, Newcastle, Hull,- Yarmouth, Bristol, Southampton, & Cowes. Internal com- munication is effected by numerous navigable canals, and in every direction by the best turn- pike roads in any country in the world ; but both these means of traffic have been in a great part superseded by a most extensive series of railways, which already extend like a net work over the greater part of the kingdom. London, though placed near one extremity of the island, is the great centre of the principal railways ; from it branch out the Great Western to Bristol, with a prolongation to Exeter and Plymouth; the S. Western to Southampton and Gosport; the S. coast railway to Brighton and Portsmouth ; the S.E. to Dover ; the North Kent, the E. Countiesi to Norwich and Yarmouth, the Great Northern to York, and the N.W. to Birmingham. Man- chester, Derby, Leeds, York, and Stockton, are centres of numerous railways. The gross cus- toms duties received at all the ports of England in 1846, amounted to 18,198,7302. ; and the ship- ping registered as owned at the same ports in 1847, consisted of 18,119 vessels, aggregate bur- den 2,397,587 tons. England, in the early middle ages, composed a heptarchy of 7 kingdoms — ^viz. Kent, Sussex, Wes- sex, Essex, Northumbria,E. Anglia, including the S.E. COS., and Mercia including the Midland cos. These provinces, under the Saxon monarchy, have, with a few exceptions, long been obsolete'; but ecclesiastically, the country is divided into the two provs. or arohbishoprieks of Canterbury & York. The former of these, comprising all the country S. of the Dee and Humber, is sub-divided into the sees of Canterbury, London, Winches- ter, Lichfield, Lincoln, Ely, Salisbury, Exeter, Bath and Wells, Chichester, Norwich, Worcester, Hereford, Rochester, Oxford, Peterboro', and Gloucester, together with the 4 Welsh bishoprics ; and the province of York comprises the see of that city, with those of Durham, Carlisle, Chester, Kipon, and the Isle of Man. There are 10,718 parishes or parochial benefices, the incumbents of which enjoy an aggregate revenue of about 3,250,0002. annually. The cos. are territorial divisions, some of which were established during the heptarchy. In each are a lord lieutenant & one or more sheriffs appointed by the Crown, a variable number of magistrates commissioned by royal authority to act as justices of the peace, «■ 2o ENG 466 JEJN JN one or more coroners, elected by the commonalty. Besides parishes, the cos. are generally sub-m- vided into hundreds and tythings, and pa. unions ; in addition, Sussex is divided into rapes, Kent into lathes, Lincoln into parts, the extreme N. cos. into wards, and Torlshire into wapentakes and ridings, all which are more extensive divi- sions than those previously named. Cities and boroughs are governed by their own corporations, which, since the Municipal Reform Act, have consisted of a mayor and a variable number of aldermen, and three times their number of coun- cillors or burgesses, elected by the different bor. wards. The cities of London, Bristol, Canter- bury, Coventry, Exeter, Gloucester, Lichfield, Lincoln, Norwich, Worcester, and Tork, and the towns, Hull, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Nottingham, Poole, and Southampton, are cos. of themselves, and participate in the regulations applying to COS. in the election of representatives to Parlia- ment. [For government, commerce, and elective franchise, see Bbitain.] Enoiamd (New). [New Englakd.] EHaLEFiELi>,a pa. of England, co. Berks, 5^ m. W. Reading. Area 1,510 ac. Pop. 373. EsaLEWooD-FoREST, a wide moor in England, CO. Cumberland, near Carlisle. It was disforested by Henry viii. Enqlish Bazab, a town of British India, pre- sid. Bengal, dist. Dinajipoor, on the Mahanuddy, Sd m. N. MooTshedabad. E^faI.ISH Channei, that portion of the Atlantic which separates Great Britain from France, ex- tending from Dover Strait to Land's End, Corn- wall. Width at Dover 20 m., at Land's End 102 m. ; greatest width 155 m. Eholish-Combe, a pa. of England, co. Somer- set, 2J m. S.E. Bath. Area 1,760 ac. Pop. 486. Enolish (Company's IstANns), a group off the N. coast of Australia, 40 m. N.W. Cape Arnhem. Lat. 12° 10' S., Ion. 136° 35' E.—Cove, a bay on the S.W. coast of New Ireland, Pacific. Lat. 4° 64' S., Ion. 162° 35' E.— Harbour, S. coast of the isl. Antigua, is one of the best harbours in the W. Indies. Lat. 17° 3' N., Ion. 61° 45' W.— II. Central America, Costa Kica, on the Pacific. Lat. 8° 60' N., Ion. 83° 65' W.— River, an estu- ary in Delagoa Bay, S.E. Africa, about lat. 26° 58' 2' S., Ion. 32° 36' T E., which receives the Mat- toll, Dundas, and Temby rivers. It flows through a mud flat covered with mangroves. Ensoeba, a town of Spain, prov. and 47 m. S.W. Valencia. Pop. 5,761. It has manufs. of woollen stufis, and a considerable trade. EsHAM, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 2 m. N. Andover. Area 2,490 ac. Pop. 184. Enikale (Strait of), S. Russia. [Yenikale.] ENKHnvsEN, or Enkhuizen, a fortified sea- port town of the Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, cap. cant., on a peninsula in the Zuyder-Zee, 28 m. N.N.E. Amsterdam. Pop. (1840) 4,988. It has a fine town-ball, a large cannon foundry, and trade in salt, fish, timber, and cattle ; though its harbour is now choked wiUi sand & nearly useless. Enkibch, a vill. of Rhenish Prussia, reg. Co- blenz, 4 m. S.W. Zell, on the Moselle. Pop. 2,090. Enkiofiwo, a town of Sweden, laen and 27 ra. S.W. Upsal, near Lake Maelar. Pop. 1,263. Enmore, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 4 m. W.S.W. Bridgewater. Ac. 930. Pop. 302. SirE. Tierney, Baronet, has here a fine moated castle. Ennaska, one of the Fox isls., N. Pacific O., 90 m. S.W. Oumnak. Lat. 62° 40' N. EssBDA, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 1 m. S.E. Glarus, on the rt. b. of the Linth. Pop. 2,129. Ennei, or Belvedere, a lake of Irel., Lein- ster, CO. Westmeath, 2 m. S.S.W. Mullingar. Area 3,603 ac. It is studded with wooded islets, and has several fine seats on its banks. Enhebdale- Water, a lake of England, co. Cumberland, 1 m. E. of the small vill. of Enner- dale, & about 7 m. N.E. Egremont. It is formed by the river Eken, and is surrounded by inland mountain scenery. Length 2J m. ; breadth | m. Ennezat, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Pay-de-D6me, 10 m. N.E. Clermont. Pop. 1,516. Ensis, a pari, and munic. bor. and market town of Ireland, cap. co. Clare, on the Fergus, 20 m. W.N.W. Limerick. Pop. 9,318. It has 3 bridges across the Fergus, a co. court-house, iaU and infirmary, a fever hospital, town-hall, barrack, work-house, market-house and linen market, 3 branch banks, a pa. and a large Ro- man Catholic church, a Roman Catholic college, two convents, and ruins of a fine abbey. Mar- kets, Tuesday and Saturday, for com and other provisions. Fairs, April 26, September 3. The Corp. has no revenue nor jurisdiction. The bor. sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1848) 191. Enhiscobtht, a munic. bor. and market town, of Ireland, Leinster, co. & 12 m. N.N.W. Wex- ford. Pop. 7,016. It has a court-house, district bridewell, Roman Catholic cathedral and con- vent, a stately Anglo-Norman castle, the property of Lord Portsmouth, and still in good repair ; remains of a priory granted by Queen Elizabeth to the poet Spenser. Most of the corn raised in the CO., sent to Wexford. Markets, thrice week- ly. Pah's, monthly. General sessions, Easter and Michaelmas. Enniscorthy was the scene of frightful outrages during the rebellion of 1793. Enniskeen, a pa. of Irel., Ulster and Leinster, cos.Cavan&Meath. Area 21,000 ac. Pop. 11,648. Enniskebbt, a beautiful vUl. of Irel., Lemster, CO. Wicklow, 11 m. S.S.E. Dublin. Pop. 448. EsNiSKiLLEN, aparl. and munic. bor., thriving market town, and pa. of Ireland, Ulster, cap. co. Fermanagh, mostly built on an isl., on the river connecting Upper and Lower Lough Erne, 87 m. N.W. Dublin. Area of pa., which is noted for its picturesque scenery, about 26,600 ac. Pop. of town 6,686. It is well built, & has a co. court- house and prison, a town-hall, in which are pre- served the banners borne by the Enniskilleners at the battle of the Boyne, a richly endowed school, large barracks, an infirmary, union work- house, linen-hall, two or three branch banks, two weekly newspapers, &c., a small manuf. of cut- lery. Large markets on Tuesday and Thursday for cattle, timber, coals, provisions, and linens. Corp. revenue about 6001. per annum. The bor. sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 260. Enniskillen was founded in 1641 by Sir W. Cole, to whose family it still mostly belongs, and now gives the title of Earl. The inhabitants warmly supported the Protestant cause in the war of 1689, successfully defended their town against King James' forces, and afterwards distinguished themselves at the battle of the Boyne. A part of their soldiery were subsequently formed into the gallant reg., known as " the Enniskillen dragoons." Ennistrahdl, a small isl. off the N. coast of Ireland, Ulster, co. Donegal, 7 m. E.N.E. Malm- Head. It has a light-house with revolving light. Ehnistimon, a mkt. town of Ireland, Mnnster, CO. Clare, on a small river of same name, near its mouth in Liscanor bay, 14J m. W.N.W. Ennis. Pop. 2,089. It has a union work-house and dist. bridewell, with 7 yearly fairs between March and December. In the environs, which are singularly picturesque, is an old castle of the O'Briens. ENN 4G7 EPE Enns, or Ens, A7iesas, a river of Austria, rises ill tlie circ. Salzburg, 11 m. S. Radstadt, flows E. through Styria, & then N., separating the provs. of Upper and Lower Austria, past Radstadt, Steyer, and Enns, and enters the Danube on r., 11 m. S.S.E. Linz. Chief affls., the Steyer on r., aud Salza on left. Length 112 miles. Enks, Lauriaciim, a town of Upper Austria, circ. Traun, on 1. b. of the Enns, near its junction with the Danube, 10 m. S.E. Linz. It has 3,400 in- habs., and manufs. of iron and steel. The town is enclosed with old walls (the expense of which was defrayed with a part of the ransom of Richard i. of England), and has a tower, erected by the Em- perorMaximilian. It was the head-quarters of Napoleon in 1809. Near it is the castle of Ennseck. Ehodeb, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 2} m. N.E. St Micl-ael. Area 4,050 ac. Poo J,127. Fans, Holy-TSursday, July 26, September 26. Enontereis, a Till, of Russian Lapland, on the Tomea river, 190 m. N.N.W. Tomea. Pop. 800. Enobe, a Till, of BritL^i India, presid. and 8 m. N. Madras, on the bank of a salt lake. Ends, or Eosos, ^nos, a seaport town of Enrop. Turkey, proT. Rumili, sanj. and 38 m. N.W. Gallipoli, on the .Sgean Sea, at the mouth of the Maritza, in the Gulf of Enos. Pop. 7,000 (?). It is the actual port of Adrianople, & the seat of some trade ; but its harbour is choked with sand, & admits only small vessels. — Tlie GulfofEjios, N. of the town, is 14 m. in length, by 5 m. in breadth, and entered by a strait 2J m. in width. Enosbcbg, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer.,"Vermonti S6 m. N.N.W. Montpellier. Pop. 2,022. Enschede, a frontier town of the Netherlands, proT. Overyssel, 40 m. S.E. Zwolle. Pop. 6,000. Ehsehada he Babbaqoh, a bay and vill. of the Plata Confed., dep. and 30 m. S.E. Buenos Ayres, in the estuary of the Plata river. Ensham, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, on the Isis, 5 m. E.S.E. Witney. Area 6,060 ac. Pop. 1,893. The vill., formerly a market town, is very ancient. It has 2 handsome stone bridges across the Isis, a fine Gothic church, a very curious anc. cross, & remains of an abbey founded in the 13th century. The vicinity has deUghtfiil scenery. Ehsisheih, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Ehin, on the 111, 15 m. S. Colmar. Pop. 2,590. It has manufs. of Calico and straw hats, and was formerly cap. of Austrian Alsatia. EssivAL, a vill. of Belgium, prov. Liege, on the Vesdre, 7 m. N. Spa. Pop. 2,720. Enstone, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, 4 J m. E. S.E. Chipping-Norton. Area 4,850 ac. Pop. 1,121. EntiiEbdch, a pa. & vill. of Switzerland, cant. Lucerne, cap. valley of same name, on the Little Emmen, 12 m. S.W. Lucerne. Entbaioues, or Entbatoites, the name of several comms., towns, and vills. of France ; the principal being — I. in dep. Aveyron, 16 m. N.W. Espalion, on the Lot. Pop. 1,806 II. three vills., .deps. Isere, Nievre, and Vauolnse. Entbaoue, a vill. of the Sard, sta., prov. and 13 ui. S.S.W. Coni. Pop. with comm. 3,147. Entrecasteatix, a comm. and town of France, dep. Var, 12 m. N.E. Brignolles. Pop. 2,187. Entee-deux-Mees, Bimaris, a vine country of France, dep. Gironde, between the Dordogne & Garonne, interspersed with com fields & country seats ; the best wine is produced from the vine- yards of Sainte-Foy-la-Grande. Ehtee-Doubo-e-Mikho, Portugal. [Minhc] Entbe Bios, a dep. of the Plata Confed., S. Amer., between the rivers Uruguay and Parana (whence its name), having E. the rcpub. Uru- guay, and on other sides, Conientes, Santa F4, and Buenos Ayres. Estimated area 32,000 sq. m. Pop. 160,000 (?). Surface alternately swampy and in wide prairies, on which large herds of cattle and horses wander ; its S. part is an alluvial plain, annually inundated. Climate equable and healthy ; there is no frost. Cultivation is very limited. Principal products are hides, horns, tal- low, 4; jerked beef. Chief towns, Bajada de Santa Fd or Parang Tbicuy, & Concepcion de la China. Entbevaux, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. B. Alpcs, cap. cant., on a height near the Var, arrond and 17 m. N.E. Castellane. Pop. 1,704. Ehtet Island, or Kapiti, an isl. off the W. coast of New Zealand, N. isl., in Cook Strait. Lat. 40° 60' S. ; Ion. 174° 46' E. It is 5 m. in length N.E. to S.W., by IJ m. in breadth, and rises to 1,800 feet above the sea. Water, wood, and stock are plentiful, & the isl. is a native depot for flax. Entwisle, a township of England, co. Lancas- ter, pa. and 6J m. N.N.E. Bolton. Pop. 556. Enville, or Enfield, a pa. of Engl., co. Staf- ford, 6i m. W.N.W. Stourbridge. Area 4,930 ac. Pop. 814. Lord Stafford has a fine mansion here. Ented (Nagt), a town of Transylvania, cap. circ, near the Maros, 32 m. S. Klausenburg. P. 5,448. It has an evangelical and a Greek church, and a Protestant lyceum. Enz, a river of Germany (Wiirtemburg and Baden), rises in the Schwarzwald, 12 m. S. Wild- bad, flows N.E. and E. past Pforzheim, and joins the Neckar on 1. at Besigheim. Length 55 m. Enzeli, Enzilli, or Inzili, a seaport town and a lake of Persia, prov. Ghilan ; the town, on a low spit of land between the Caspian and the lake, 18 m. N.W. Reshd. Estimated pop. 2,500, mostly Russians. It consists of 200 wood & reed houses, caravanserais, a bazaar, & a few detached towers for its defence. The lake, about 25 m. in length E. to W., communicates with the Caspian, imme- diately E. Enzeli, by a channel 500 yards across. It forms the port of Enzeli, and is frequented by Russian craft of from 30 to 70 tons ; larger ves- sels anchor in the Caspian, opposite the town. Enzebsdorf, a smaU fortified town of Lower Austria, on 1. b. of the Danube, 8 m. E. Vienna, on railway to Stockeran. It was bombarded by the French in 1809. EooA, or Middlebdeg, one of the Friendly Isis., Pacific O. Lat. 18° 19' S., Ion. 176° 37' W. Circuit about 30 m. Surface rocky and barren, rises to 600 feet above the sea. It was discover- ed by Tasman in 1643. Epaignes, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Eure, 6J m. S.S.W. Pont-Audmeer. Pop. 2,317. Epeht, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Somme, 10 m. N.E. Peronne. Pop. 2,019. Epebies (Hung. Heperjes), a royal free town of Hungary, cap. circ. Saros, on the Tarcza, an affl. of the Theiss, 143 m. N.E. Pesth. Pop. (1846) 8,600. It is one of the best buUt towns of Upper Hungary, bemg surrounded by walls & gardens ; it has a Luth. and 4 Roman Catholic churches, a synagogue, town-halls, Cath. and Luth. gymna- siums, an episcopal library, manufs. o{ linens and woollens, earthenware, and beer. Near it are chalybeate springs, and a royal salt mine. Epeenat, Aquce Perermes, a comm. and town of France, dep. Marne, cap. arrond., near 1. b. of the Marne, 19 m. W.N.W. Chaions-sur-Marne. Pop. (1846) 6,926. It was formerly fortified, & is neat and clean. It is the principal cntrepfit for Champagne wines, which are here kept bottled in curious vaults, excavated in the sandstone on which the town is built. Eperhon, a comm. and town of France, dep. EPF 468 ERE Eure-et-Loir, 14 in. N.N.E. Chartres. Pop. 1,553. Epfio, a comm. and town of France, dep. Bas- Khin, arrond. & 6^ m. N. Sohelestadt. P. 1,946. Ephesus, a famous ancient city of Asia Minor, Anatolia, the ruins of which exist on the banks of the Mendere (Cayster), near its mouth in the Gulf of Scala' Nova, 35 m. S.S.E. Smyrna. Its remains comprise a magnificent theatre, a stadium 687 feet in length, ancient walls and towers of the Greek, Boman, & Byzantine periods, and in a marshy tract the traces of a vast edifice, apparent- ly those of the celebrated temple of Diana, or of a church subsequently erected on its site. Ephe- sus was anciently the cap. and one of the twelve cities of Ionia, and had one of the seven Christian churches founded by the Apostles. Subsequently a Mohammedan city was erected out of the ruins of the former, but it has also faJlen into utter decay. A few scattered villages now only remain, and the sea has retired and left its ancient port a desolate marsh. The celeb, painters Apelles _and Parrhasius were natives of this city. Ephbatah, two townships of the U. S., N. America. — I. New Tork, 52 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,009.-11. Pennsylvania, 38 m. E.S.E. Har- risburg. Pop. 2,083. It was founded by the German sect of Tunkers. EpiDAUKns, or Pidaveo, a seaport viU. of Greece, Morea, gov. and 23 m. E. Argos, on the Gulf of .SIgina. Its inhabitants raise vegetables for the markets of Athens. It was the place where the first Greek congress assembled in 1821. The remains of JS. Limera exist in the gov. La- conia, on the iGgean, 3 m. N. Monemvasia. Epila, a town of Spain, prov. and 22 m. W. Zaragoza, on the Jalon. Pop. 3,152. Epinao, a comm. and viU. of France, dep. Saone-et-Loir, 10 m. E.N.E. Autun. Pop. 1,630, engaged in extensive coal and iron mines. It is connected by railw. with the canal of Bourgogne. Epinal, a comm. and town of France, cap. dep. Vosges, on both sides of the Moselle, 190 m. E.S.E. Paris. Pop. (1846) 9,583. It is generally well built, and has a ruined castle, and several large and fine public edifices, including a Gothic church, the prefecture, and a theatre ; a public library of 17,000 vols., and museums of paintings and antiquities. It is the seat of manufs. of em- broidery, lace, linen fabrics and thread, hosiery, earthenware, oil, paper, and chemical products. Epinat, the name of several comms. and ^ills. of France, the principal being in dep. Seine, 9 m. N. Paris, & comprising many-handsome country villas. — Another (E. Sur Oiye), dep. Seine-et- Oise, on the Paris and Orleans railway, 2J m. from Longjumeau, has quarries of paving stones. EpiBns, a county of European Turkey, in the S. of Albania, in which it is now included. Eppekstone, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 4^ m. S.W. Southwell. Area 2,280 ac. Pop. 518. Eppinq, a market town and pa. of England, co. Essex, 16 m. N.N.E. London. Area of pa. 5,250 ao. Pop. 2,424. The town, originally a hamlet of Waltham abbey, is pleasantly situated, and much visited in summer. It has a union work- house, and with surrounding district, is noted for its excellent cream, butter, sausages, and pork. Market, Friday. Fairs, Whit-Tuesday and 3d November. The famous royal forest of Epping still boasts of some beautiful woodland scenery. The river Koding divides Epping Forest from the forest of Hainault on the S.E. The two forests together cover about 10,000 acres. EppiNaEN, a town, Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, on the Elsenz, 25 m. E.N.E. Carlsrnhe. P. 3,237. EppstB!i;i»,a rofliantic vill.,with amineral spring and ruined castle in Nassau, N. Germany, 5 m. S.W. Konigsten. Pop. 346. Epsom, a town and pa. of England, co. Surrey, 14 m. S.W. London, and 8 m. W.S.W. Croydon station, on the railway to form a part of the direct line to Portsmouth. Area of pa. 3,970 ac. Pop. 3,533. It has a town-hall, a national school endowed with 72/., and other charities. Epsom is famous for its medicinal spa (dis- covered in 1618), and from which the sulphate of magnesia takes the name of Epsom salts; but cmefly for its races, which are held on the week preceding Whitsunday, and are, especially on the Derby day, more numerously attended than any other in the kingdom, from 300,000 to 400,000 persons, mostly from London, resorting hither during the week. Ep WORTH, a market town and pa. of England, CO. Lincoln, 10 m. N.N.W. Gainsboro'. Area of pa. 8,140 ac. Pop. 1,882, mostly employed in the culture, dressing, & spinning of fiax, &c. Mar- ket, Thursday. Fairs, first Thnrsda,y after May 1, and after Sept. 29. John Wesley, founder of the sect of Methodists, was bom here in 1703. Equadob, republic, S. America. [Ecdabob] Ebbach, a town of Hessen-Darlnstadt, prov, Starkenburg, cap. co., on the Mimling, 22 m. S.E. Darmstadt. Pop. 2,078. It has a ducal residence, with interesting collections of armour and antiquities. Erbach is the name of several vills. of Wiirtemberg and Nassau, and of a river of Rhenish Bavaria, which passes Deux-Ponts and joins the Bliese, after a a course of 20 m. Ebbil, a town of Asiatic Turkey. [Aebil.] Ebbistock, a pa. of N. Wales, cos. Flint and Denbigh, 5 m. N.W. Ellesmere. Pop. 99. Ebcali. (High), a pa. o^ Engl., co. Salop, 6i m. N.W.Wellington. Area 11,780 ac. Pop. 1,999. Ebce, a comm. & town of France, dep. AriSge, 12 m. S.E. St Gu-ons. Pop. 1,236.-11. (en £a- mee), a vill., dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, 23 m. N.E. Ke- don. Pop. 3,040. Ebcildown, a pa. of Scotland. [Eabi^ston.] Ebcsi, or Erscseht, a vill. of Hungary, co. Stuhlweissenburg, with a steam packet station on rt. b. of the Danube, 9^ m. N. Adony. P. 3,296. Ebdeven, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Mor- bihan, arrond. & 12 m. S.E. L'Orient. P. 3,002. Ebdinq, a town of Upper Bavaria, 20 m. N.E. Munich. P. 1,826, employed in woollen weaving. Ebdod, a town of E. Hungary, circ. Szathmar, 56 m. E.N.E. Debreczin, with glass works, and a ruined castle. Pop. 1,670. Ebbbe, a riv. of France, dep. Loire-Inf., joins the Loire at Nantes, after S.W. course of 45 m., for the last 16 of wWch it is navigable. Ebebus, Volcano of. [Victoeia Land.] Ebech, a town of Hindostan, Bnndelcund, on the Betwah, 40 m. N.E. Jhansi. Lat. 26° 49' N., Ion. 79° 2' E. Ebeoli, or Erekli, Heraclea, a seaport town of Asia Minor on the Black Sea, 128 m. E.N.E. Constantinople. Lat. 41° 16' 30' N., Ion. 31° 28' E. It has 300 houses, of which about 60 are Greek, some mosques and khans, a castle, and huge blocks of stones & architectural fragments of the ancient city; a good port, and ship-bnild- ing yards. Exports timber, silk, and wax ; im- ports colonial produce, tobacco, and iron. It was anciently of considerable importance, and here 10,000 Greeks, under Xenophon, embarked on their return to Greece. — II. (anc. Archelais), a town, pash. Karamania, 80 ra. E.S^E. Konieh, at the N? foot of the Bulghar Tagh,'consistin^ of about 800 poor houses, the inhabitants of Which EKK 469 ERL cultivate a good deal of madder in the vieiuity. — III. (anc. Peritdhus), a seaport town, European Turkey, Rumili, on the sea of Marmora, S3 m. W. Constantinople. Ebetz, a foi-tified town of Russian Transcau- casia, district Shirran, near the Kur, SO m. W.N.W. Nova Shamaki. Erfurt, or Erfurtu, afortified town of Prus- sian Saxony, cap. reg., on the Gera and on the Thnringian r^lway, 14 m E. Gotha. Pop. (1846) 24,640. It is old and irregularly built, prmoip. edifices, a cathedral, with a famous bell weighing 275 cwt. ; numerous churches and spires, an Dr- saline convent and girls' school, an orphan asylum, occupying the Augustine convent, of whichLuther was a member. The university founded here in 1392, was closed in 1816, and the pharmicenic institute was abolished in 1828, but Erfurt has a Protestant and Roman Catholic gymnasia, a Normal school, an academy of sciences, scien- tific and literary associations, museums, abotanic garden, and a public library of 15,000 vols. It has a garrison of 4,000 men. Erfurt has an ex- tensive manuf. of shoes, with others of woollen and cotton cloths, leather, vinegar, vermicelli, and pearl barley. In 1808, a memorable inter- view took place here between Napoleon and the Emperor Alexander of Russia. I&iBOLi. (Loch), an arm of the sea, N. coast of Scotland, co. Sutherland, pa. Durness. It is about 10 m. in length, and irom 1 to 3 in breadth. Ebiceiba, a maritime town of Portugal, prov. Estremadura, near the Atlantic, 22 m. N.W. Lisbon, Pop. 2,550, mostly fishers. Ebicht (Loch), a lake of Scotland, cos. Perth & Inverness, pas. FortingaU and Lagan. Length 14 m. ; breadth 1 m. It lies in a vast uninhabit- ed district, considered the wildest and most in- acc^sible in Scotland. Prince Charles Edward found refiige here after the battle of Culloden. — II. a liver, E. of co. Perth, flowing into the Isla, opposite Balbrogy, after a course of 17 m. Its banks are singu&ly picturesque. Erie (La£.e), one of the five great lakes of N. America, mostly between lat. 41° 25' and 43° N., and Ion. 79° and 83° 30' W., having N. Upp. Canada, and on other sides the states New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan. Length 240 m.; breadth 60 m. Area 9,600 sq.m. Height of its surface above the sea 565 feet, being 16 feet be- low the level of Lake Huron, and 333 feet above that of Lake Ontario. It is less deep than any of the other great lakes, being on an average 84 feet in depth. Its water is pure and transpa- rent. Near its W. end are several groups of isls., and it there also receives the Detroit river from Lake St Clair. On its N. side the Ouse or Welland, and some smaller rivers join it ; and from the S. the Portage, Sandusky, Cuyahoga, Cattaraugus, but most of these have bars at their months. Near its W. extremity it discharges Itself into Lake Ontario by the Niagara river, and communicates through the Ouse by the Wel- land canal. The Erie Canal borders most part of its S. shore, and the Ohio canal connects it with the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. The towns of Bufl'alo, Dunkirk, Portland, Erie, Cleveland, Dover, Port Talbot, and Sherbroke are on the banks of Lake Erie, which was lately navigated by 300 vessels of various kinds, and 50 steam boats. Erie, several cos., U. S., N. America. — 1. in W. of New York. Area 876 sq.m. Pop. 62,465. Surface pretty level but hilly towards the S. — II. in N.W. part of Pennslyvania. Area 720 sq. m. Pop. 31,344. Surface well adapted for grazing. ^III. in N. of Ohio. Area 160 sq. m. Pop. 12,699. Surface level and fertile. — Also a bor. and port and cap. of this Co., on the above Lake, 330 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,412. The har- bour has 8 to 10 feet water on the bar. — Fort Erie, Upper Canada, is at the commencement of Niagara river, immediately opposite Blackrock, New York. Lat. 42° 64' N., Ion. 79° W. EMNO-BLiSTBO, Tltespia, a vill. of Greece, gov. and 10 m. W. Thebes, on the slope of Mount Zagros (ancient Helicon). Erisay, and Eriskat, two islets of the He- brides ; the former between Harris & N. Uist ; the latter immediately S. of S. Uist, 2 m. in length N. to S., and the place where Prince Charles Ed- ward Stuart first landed, in 1745. Erith, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, on the Thames, 2} m. N. Crayford. Area 3,860 ac. Pop. 2,082. The church is an ancient picturesque edifice. EnrvAN, a fortified town of Russian Armenia, cap. prov., on the Zengui, an afiluent of tlie Araxes, 115 m. S.S.W. Teflis. Pop. (1834) 11,284. It is ill built, but has a large bazaar, several Ar- menian churches, an Armenian convent, Greek church, mosques, and curious aqueducts. Near it is a citadel on a scarped rock, in which are the governor's residence, a fine mosque, a cannon foundry, and barracks. Erivan is interspersed with numerous gardens; it is hot and unhealthy in summer, but proverbial for excellent fruits. It has some manufs. of cotton stuff's, leather, and earthenware ; is a station for caravans from Teflis and Erzeroum ; and has considerable trade with Russia and Turkey. It was taken by the Rus- sians in 1827, and confirmed to them by a treaty with Persia in the following year. Eekelenz, a town of Rhenish Prussia, oirc, and 23 m. N.N.E. Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 2,070, engaged in linen weaving and lace making. , Ebkehek, a vill. and pass in Mount Taurus, Asiatic Turkey, pash. Marash ; the pass is 45 m. N.E. Someisat, on the Euphrates, elevation 3,828 feet above the sea. Erlach (French Cerlier), a town of Switzer- land, cant. Bern, on the Lake of Bienne, 24 m. W.N.W. Bern, with 640 inhabitants, and a castle of the 11th century, now used as a prison. Erlanoen, a town of Bavaria, circ. Middle Franc, near the Regnitz, on the railway from Bambergto Niimberg, 11 m. N.N.W. Niirnberg. Pop. (1846) 10,630. It is walled, and divided into an old and new town, which latter is one of the best built places in Germany. Here is the only Protestant university in Bavaria, founded in 1743 by one of the Margraves of Bayreuth, occupy- ing their ancient palace, and with which the uni- versity of AltdoriNvas incorporated in 1809. This institution has faculties of theology, medicine, and arts ; museums of natural history, a library of 105,000 vols., and a botanic garden, the pro- menades of which are elegantly adorned with statues ; number of students in 1847, 364. The town has manufs. of woollen goods, hosiery, hats, gloves, and leather ; a large plate-glass factoi^', breweries, and an active trade in cattle. Eblai) (Htmg. Eger, Slav. Jager), a fortified town of Himgary, cap. co. Heves, on the Erlau or Eger, 67 m. N.E. Pesth. Pop. (1846) 19,800, mostly Roman Catholics. It is entered by six gates, has a cathedral, a bishop's palace, a dio- cesan lyceum, with a library and observatory, a gymnasium and high schools, various public in- stitutions ; it is the seat of a large trade, in fine red wines raised in its vicinity, It has also manufs. of woollen and linen fabrics. Erlenbach, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 20 m. S.E. Bern, on the Simmen river, at the foot EK M 470 ERZ of the Stockhom mountain. Pop. 1,187. — II. a vill. of Khenish Bavaria, 6 m. 8.B. Landau. Ermatihoen, a vill., Switzeri'd, cant. Thurgau, on the Dnter3ee,4:m. W.N. W. Constance. P.1,S84. Ebme (St), a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, Si m. N.N.B. Truro. Area 8,780 ac. Pop. 552. Fairs April and November. — II. a river, rising in Dartmoor, oo. Devon, and flowing S. into the English Channel, i^ m. S.S.W. Modbury. Ebmeland, an old div. of Poland, forming the E. part of the palatinate of Marienburg, now comprised in the Pruss. regency of Konigsberg. Ebmenonv:lle, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Oise, 7 m. S.E. Senlis, with an elegant ch^ teau, celeb, as the place in which Rousseau died. Ebmbsleben, a town of Pruss. Saxony, reg. & 88 m. N.W. Merseburg. Pop. 2,290. Ebminoton, a pa. of England, co. Devon, on the Erme, IJ m. 'W.N.W. Modbury. Area 4,920 ac. Pop. 1,607. Fairs, February 2, June 23. Eemont, a station on the Great Northern rail- way of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise,9J m.N. Paris. Ebmsleben, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. & 38 m. N.W. Merseburg, on the Selke. P. 2,296. Ebhe, a river and two celebrated lakes of Ireland, Ulster. The river issues from Lake Ganny, co. Cavan, and flowing N. merges into Upper and Lower Lough Erne, from whence re- issuing, it flows into Donegal bay. It is navig- able for vessels drawing 12 feet to Ballyshannon, where it forms a fine cataract. The scenery on its banks and on its two lakes is in many parts magnificent. United length of the two lakes and their connecting river, about 60 m. Area of upper lake 9,463 ac. ; do. of lower lake, 27,646 ac. The lakes are studded with numerous islets. Elevation of lower lake above Donegal Bay 148 feet. The Ulster canal will connect these waters with Lough Neagh and Belfast. Ebnee, a comm. and town of France, dep. Mayenne, cap. cant., on an affluent of the Mayenne, 17 m. N.N.W. Laval. Pop. 3,577. It has a comm. college, and manufs. of needles. EensthaIi, a town of Saxony, circ. and 12 m. N.E. Zwickau. Pop. 2,700. Mannf. woollens. Ebpinoham, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 2| m. N. Aylesham. Area 1,360 ac. Pop. 476. Ebbiqal, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. London- derry, 6 m. W.N.W. Kilrea. Area 19,626 ac. Pop. 6,748 — II. {Kerogue), a pa., co. Tyrone. Area 21,139 ac. Pop. 9,171. It has anc. ruins and much fine scenery. — III. (Trough), cos. Mo- naghan and Tyrone. Ac. 26,000. Pop. 9,585. Eebingdek, a township of England, co. York, W. Kiding, pa. and 7 m. W. Halifax, near York and North Midland railway. Pop. 2,221. Ebbis, a maritime district or barony of Irel., Connaught, in the N.W. of co. Mayo. Area 332,889 ac., singularly wild and desolate mountain scenery. Pop. 26,428.— ^rraiead, a lofty pro- montory in this district, forms the W. point of the Bay of Broadhaven, 6J m. N. Belmallet. Eeeol, a pa. of Scotl., co. Perth, on the Tay, 10 m. W.S.W. Dundee. Area 8,626 ac. Pop. 2,832, chiefly weavers. The vill. is beautifully situated, and gives title of earl to the Hay family. Ebboad, a town of British India, presid. Ma- dras, dist. and 58 m. N.E. Coimbatoor, on the Coleroon riv. Station for a garrison of sepoys. Ebeomanqo, & Eeeonaw Isls. [Poltkebia.] Eeboob, a small marit. town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. Malabar, 60 m. S.E. Calicut. Eesek-itjvab, a market town of Hungary, co. and 22 m. S.S.E. Neutra, on 1. b. of the Neutra. P. 6,785. It has a Franciscan & a normal school. Ebskine, a pa. of Scotl., co. Renfrew, on the Clyde, 6 m. W.N.W. Renfrew. Area 6,365 ae. Pop. 1,407. The Earls of Mar took their sur- name from this pa., formerly their property. Eestein, a comm. and (own of France, dep. Bas-Rhin, cap. cant., on the 111, & on the railway thence to Mulhausen, 12 m. S.S.W. Strasbourg. Pop. 3,357. It has extensive manufs. of cotton goods, cordage, tobacco, tiles, and earthenware. Ebth (St), a pa. of England, oo. Cornwall, 3 m. N.E. Marazion. Area 3,060 ae. Pop. 2,462. Ebteaas-oe, an isl. of Norway, stift Trondheim, 40 m. N.E. Christiansand. Lat. 63° 13' N., Ion. 8° 20' E. Length and breadth about 12 m. each. Eetveldf,, a vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 9 m. N. Ghent. Pop. (including comm.) 3,060. Eevan (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 3| m. S.S.W. Padstow. Area 3,110 ac. Pop. 477. Ebvv, a comm. and town of France, dep. Anbe, 19 m. S.S.W. Troyes. Pop. 1,821. It has manufs. of coarse linens and wicker work. Ebwaetoh, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 7 m. S.S.E. Ipswich. Area 870 ac. Pop. 199. Ebwvets, a tnshp. of N. Wales, co. Denbigh, pa. Llanarmon, 4 m. E. Ruthin. Pop. 681. Eezbebo, a celebrated mining dist. of Styria^ circ. Brack. The mkt. town of Eisenerz lies at the foot of the Erzberg mntn. ; and here for up- wards of 1,000 years, extensive iron mines have been in operation. These yield annually 300,000 cwt. of the best iron. On the summit of the mountain a colossal iron crucifix, 25 feet in eleva- tion, was erected by the Archduke' John in 1823. [ElSENEEZ.] Ebzeh, Arziamrrum Oppidum, or Thoapia, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 86 m. E. Diar- bekir, on the Erzen river, an affl. of the Tigris. Near it on the E., is the small lake Thospitis. Ebzenoah, or Eezinoeit, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. Erzeroum, cap. sanj., in a fine plain on the Euphrates, 75 m. W.S.W. Erzeroum. It is said to comprise 3,000 houses. Ebzeboum (Pashalic of), one of the great subdivisions of Asiatic Turkey, comprising the major part of Turkish Armenia, mostly between lat. 89° and 41° N., and Ion. 39° & 44° E., having N. the pash. Trebizond,W. Sivas, S. Diarbekir & Bagdad (Koordistan), & E. Persia (Azerbijan), & the Russian dom. (Georgia, &c.). It is a lofty table-land; elevation estimated at 6,000 feet; traversed from E. to W. by several nmtn. chains, and containing the sources of the Euphrates, Araxes, Kur, and Tchoruk rivs. The winter and spring climate is severe, but the summer heat is considerable. It has many extensive and fertile valleys, producing rye, barley, flax, and fine fruits ; and rich pasturages, feeding numerous herds of cattle, &c. It is subdivided into the dists. of Erzeroum, Kars, Ipsera, Bayazid, Moosh, &c. ; principal towns of same name. Eezeeoum, EBz-RtiM, or Abzeeoom, the prin- cipal city of Armenia, Asiatic Turkey, cap. above pash., in a plain on the Kara *iv., or W. branch of the Euphrates, from 5,500 to 6,000 feet above the sea, 30 m. long and 20 m. broad, 120 m. S.E. Trebizond, and 155 m. W. Mount Ararat. Pop. before the Russian invasion in 1830 was estimated at 100,000 ; but in 1844 it was OTiy 40,000; it is, however, regularly increasing. Elevation 6,100 feet. It is partly enclosed by a wall 30 feet high, and has an extensive citadel. Streets narrow, filthy, and infested with dogs ; houses mostly of mud, timber, or sun-dried bricks. Principal buildings, Armenian and Greek churches and schools, about 40 mosques, a large custom-house, & numerous khans or caravanserais. Erzeroum has an extensive trade with all the adjacent ERZ 471 r,SK countries, and is a chief halting station for ciua- vans going from Teheran to Mecca. Imports comprise shawls, silk, cotton, tobacco, rice, in- digo, madder, & rhubarb, from the E. ; and broad cloths, cliintzes, shawls, and cutlery, from the W., by way of the Black Sea. Its vicinity is extremely fertile ; and near it many cattle, horses, mules, and sheep, are reared ; which with furs, galls, & c, form the principal exports. British goods are here superseding many native labrics ; on an average 6,000 bales of British manufe., value 300,000/., are annually retailed in the bazaars. Erzcroum was founded about 115, near the site of the ancient Arze, under the name of Theodosiopolis ; and it was the bulwark of Armenia under the Byzan- tines, a.s it still is under the Turks, its position rendeiing it an important military post. Erz-G£biboe (Ore mntns.), a mntn. chain of S. Germany, bounding Saxony on the E., and Bohemia on the N.W., and extending from the Fichtelberg N.E. to the Saxon Switzerland. To- tal length about 120 m. ; average breadth 25 m. ; average height 2,500 feet, but the Schwartz- wald rises to 4,590 feet. It is abrupt on its S.E. side, mostly of primary formation, and yields numerous met^Jhc ores, whence its name. EsciLi (La), a town of Spain, prov. and 18 m. N.E. Gerona, with a fishing port in the Mediter- ranean. Pop. 2,295. EscALOHA, a town of Spain, prov. and 28 m. N.W. Toledo, on the Alberche. Pop. SOO. It has a ruined palace, and remains of ancient walls. Nearer Toledo is Escdtordll, a vill. with 2,094 in- habs., and a mined castle. — II. a market town, prov. Ss 12 m. N. Segovia. Pop. 1,098. Escambia, a co., U. S., N. America, in W. of Florida. Area 600 sq. m. Pop. 3,993, of whom 1,356 are slaves. Escatbon, a town of Spain, prov. and 42 m. S.E. Zaragoza, near the confl. of the Martino and Ebro. Pop. 2,263. EsCAnT,ariv.ofFrance& Belgium. [ScHEtDT.] EscHENBACH, a town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Palat., 27 m. S.E. Bayreuth. Pop. 1,800.-11. a viB., circ. Middle Franc, 9 m. S.E. Aaspach. — III. a vill. of Switzerland, cant. & 6 m. N. Lucerne. EscHEBSHAusEK, a vill. of Brunswick, circ. Holzminden, on theLenne. Pop. 1,070, employed in Unen weaving. It has 3 yearly fairs. EscHMUNEiN, or EsHMouNETN, a vill. of Cent. Egypt, prov. and 22 m. S. Minieh, cap. arrond., on L b. of the Nile, on the site of Hervwpolw Magna, the remains of wliich have been greatly destroyed to procure lime and saltpetre. EB0HOI.TZ Bat, an inlet of Kotzebue Sound, Behring Strait, Russian America, near the Arctic Circle, Ion. 161° 10' W., and where some remark- able fossil remains have been discovered. EsoHWEOE, a walled town of Hessen-Cassel, prov. Lower Hessen, on the Werra, 26 m. E.S.E. Cassel. Pop. (1843) 6,042. It is a flourishing town, and has manufs. of woollens and linens. EscHWEiLEB, a town of Khenish Prussia, reg. circ. and 9 m. E.N.E. Aix-la-Chapelle, on the railway thence to Cologne. Pop. (1846) 7,884. Manufe. ribbons, woollens, canvas, needles, iron wire, and machinery. EscLtrsHAM (Above and Below), the name of two tnshps. of N. Wales, co. Denbigh, pa. Wrex- ham, about 6 m. S.W. Holt. Joint pop. 1,016. EsoOMBE, a parochial chapelry of England, co. Durham, IJ m. W.N.W. Bishop-Auckland. Area 840 ac. Pop. 510. EscoNDino, the name of several harbours in America, &c. — I. Cuba, on its S. coast, 60 m. E. Santiago.— II. Colombia, Vencz, dep. Zulia, prov. Coro, on the N. coast of the peninsula Paraguana. — III. New Granada, dcp. Isthmus, prov. Canca, on the E. side of the Bay of Panama, 140 m. S.E. Panama.— IV. Gulf of California, in lat. 26° 65' N., Ion. 110° 45' W., near Loreto. — V.Yucatan, at the N.E. extremity of Lake Terminos. Lat. 18° SC N., Ion. 91° 6' W. It is the name of the adjacent channel from Lake Terminos into the Gulf of Mexico, & of the Blewfields river. Cent. Amer. EsconiAL DE Abajo, a town of Spain, prov. & 24 m. N.W. Madrid, on the S.S.E. slope of the Sierra Guadarrama. Pop. 1,326. It is remark- able for the celebrated monastery and palace of the EscMTxal in its vichiity. This splendid edifice, built by Philip ii., is constructed in the form of a gridiron, and contains a magnificent mausoleum for the members of the royal family, an extensive collection of rare paintings, books, and MSS. It is the usual residence of the court in autumn. EsooRiAZA, a town of Spain, prov. and 33 m. S.W. St Sebastian, with mineral springs, on the Deva. Pop. 1,761. EscBicK, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Riding, 7 m. S.S.E. York. Area 6,400 ac. Pop. 895. Escnno de Vebasua, a river dividing Central from S. America, flows into the Caribbean Sea, opposite the isl. Escudo, after a course of 15 m. Lat. of Escudo island 9° N., Ion. 81° 30' W. EscciNTLA, a town of Central Amer., on the Pacific, 35 m. S.W. Guatemala. Pop. 2,500. EscDKiAL, a town of Spain. [Escobiai..] EsDBAELON (PtAiN of), (Turk. Merjlbu Amir), a famous plain of Palestine, pash. and from 10 to 30 m. S. Acre, between Mounts Carmel W., and Hermon and Gilboa E. It is highly fertile and watered by the Kishon. It has been the scene of numerous combats, both in ancient and modem times, and especially of the victory of Deborah & Barak over Sisera. (Judges iv. 12-16). EsENs, a town of Hanover, landr. Aurich, near the N. Sea, 26 m. N.E. Emden. Pop. 2,218. It has linen manufs., breweries, and distilleries. EsGHiEBA, a vill. of Portugal, prov. Beira, 22 m. N.E. Aveiro. Pop. 2,900. It has a Benedict, convent, the oldest in the kingdom. EsH, a chapelry of England, co. Durham, pa. Lanchester, 5^ m. W.N.W. Durham. Pop. 618. It has a handsome Roman Catholic college. EsHEH, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, with a station on the S.W. railway, 16 m. S.W. London. Area 2,120 ac. Pop. 1,261. The royal palace of Claremont in this pa., was built by the great Lord Clive, and purchased for the residence of the Princess Charlotte and Prince Leopold in 1816. It was the resid. of Louis Philippe, after his abdication, 1848. — Esher-place is a splendid Gothic structure, once occupied by Card. Wolsey, and now the property of the Pelham family. ESHMOUNETN, EgYPt. [EsOHMnNEIN.] EsHOLT, a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, pa. and 4 m. S.S.W. Otley. Pop. 443. Esholt- hall occupies the site of a nunnery. EsHTEMOA, an anc. town of Palestine, pash. Damascus, identified with the modem vill. Semua, 8m. S. Hebron, and has remains of antiquity. EsiNO, a riv. of Italy, Pontif. Sta., rises on the N. slope of the Apennines, flows N.W., and enters the Adriatic 7 m. N.W. Ancona, length 40 miles. EsK, a beautiful lake of Ireland, Ulster, co. & about 3 m. N.N.E. Donegal. Ac. 976 — II. a mntn. range, Munster, betw. cos. Cork & Kerry. EsK, a river of Engl., co. Cumberland, rises in Sea Fell, and flows S.W. for 20 m. into the Irish Sea, near Bavenplass. ISsK, several rivers of Scotland. — I. co. Dum- fries, formed by the confl, of the Black & White ESK 472 ESP Esk in Eskdalemuir, flows 24 m. into Solway Firth, near Sarkfoot. Its valley is noted for picturesque scenery. — II. {North), co. Forfar, rises in the Grampians, and floivs 32 m. into the Cerman Ocean, 3 m. N. Montrose. — III. (South), CO. Forfar, rises in the Grampians, in the N.W. of the CO., flows E. through Strathmore, after a course of 36 m. into Montrose harbour. The towns of Brechin and Montrose are on its banks. Fine pearls were formerly fished in this river. — IV. and V. {North & South), 2 small but beauti- ful streams, rise in CO. Peebles, flow through Mid- Lothian, unite near Dalkeith, and proceed to the sea at Musselburgh. The N. branch flows past Koslin castle and Hawthomden. Esk (Nobth and South), two rivs. of Tasmania (Van Dieman's Land), dist. Launceston, flow W., and join the Macquarrie and Quamby to form the Tamar river. The town Launceston is on the N., and Perth on the S. Esk. EsKDAiBMuiE, a pa. of Scotland, oo. and 22 m. N.B. Dumfries. Area 42,290 ac, mostly heath and mntns., the loftiest rising to 2,200 feet above the sea. Pop. 646. This formed part of the dist. of Eskdale, early settled by Norman barons. EsKE, a riv., Engl., co. York, N. Riding, rises near Eildale, & flows E. into the N. Sea at Whitby. EsKi (signifying "old"), a Turkish prefix of the names of numerous towns, &c., including the following. — I. {E. Adalia), the ruins of the anc. Side, Asia-Minor, pash. Adana, on the Medi- terranean, 35 m. N.W. Alaya, comprising the re- ' mains of defensive walls, & a large theatre. — II. •{E. Andaval), pash. Koniah, 6 m. N.E. Nigdeh, & famous in antiquity for its breed of horses. — III. {E.Saba), avill. of European Turkey, Kumili,sanj. Kirk-kilissia, 28 m. S.E. Adrianople IV. {E. Djumd), a town, Bulgaria, 18 m. W. Shumla. — V. (E Erekli), KumUi, sanj. Gallipoli, on the Sea of Marmora, 55 m. W. Constantinople. — E Stam- boul is the anc. Alexandria Troas (which see). EsKi-HissAK, two ruined cities of Asia-Minor, Anatolia ^I. (anc. Laodicea), 46 m. S.E. Ala- Shehr (anc. Philadelphia), has extensive remains of walls, two theatres, temples, &c. ; but having suffered greatly from earthquakes, its site is now wholly deserte"d.^II. (Stratoniccea), 55 m; S.E. Aiasaluk (anc. Ephesus), and also having exten- sive remains, incldg. a vast temple, & a theatre. EsKiLsxnsA, a town of Sweden, Isen Nykoping, 57 m. W. Stockholm, on the Hielmar. P. 2,486. Eski-Sagra, Beroa, a town of Europ. Turkey, prov. Rumili, on the S. slope of the Balkan mntns., 70 m. N.W. Adrianople. Pop. 20,000 (?). It is finely situated, and has manufs. of carpets and leather. Near it are hot min. baths well frequented. Eski-Shehb, a town of Asia-Minor, Anatolia, 27 m. E.N.E. Kutaiah, and supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Dorylaum. EsMEKELBA, a riv. of S. Amer., Ecuador, provs. Imbabura and Pichincha^ rises near Quito, flows N.W., and enters the Pacific, in lat. 0° 68' N., Ion. 79° 40' W., after a course of 110 m. At its mouth is a vill. of same name.^ — II. a mission settlement of Venezuela, dep. and on the Orino- co, 16 m. E. its bifurcation. — III. (Serra), a nmtn. chain of Brazil, prov. Minas-Geraes, between the Doce and Belmonte rivers. Lat. 18° 30' S. Length W. to E. about 170 miles. E'sHE (vulg. EsNBH, Copt. 'Sne), (anc, Latopolis), the principal commercial town of Upper Egypt, on 1. b. of the Nile, 25 m. S. Thebes. It stands on a mound of debris, 30 feet in height, and is the entrepot for the Sennaar caravans. It has manufs. of cotton shawls, pottery, a cotton spinning fac- tory, and a coptifc monastery ; but it is chiefly famous for a vast anc. temple, now converted into a cotton warehouse. Eso, an isl. of Dalmatia, circ. and 8 m. S.W. Zara, in the Adriatic, between the isls. Grossa & Ugliano. Length 7 m. ; average breadth IJ m. EsooAjf, a town of Egypt. [Assouan.] EsoPDS, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New Tork, on the Hudson riv., 7 m. S. Kingston. P. 1,939. EsPADACiNTA, a fortified frontier town of Por- tugal, prov. Tras-os-Montes, on rt. b. of the Douro, 20 m E. Moncorvo. EsPAiN (St), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, 18 m. S.S.W. Tours. Pop. 2,128. Esp ALIGN, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aveyron, cap. arrond., on the Lot, 16 m. N.E. Ehodez. Pop. 2,487. It has a large timber trade. EspaSa, a country of Europe. [Spain.] EspABBAOuEBA, a town of Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 14 m. N.W. Barcelona, on the Llobre- gat. Pop. 2,366. It has numerous cloth factories, paper mills, &c., and a celebrated annual fair. EsPEJO, a town of Spain, prov. and 25 m. S.E. Cordova, on the Salado. Pop. 5,284. It is very anc, & has remains of a Moorish castle, a college of primary instruction, an hospital, manufs. of pottery, and linen weaving. EsPELETTB, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. B. Pyrenees, 12 m. S. Bayonne. Pop. 1,500. ' . ■ EsFEBA, a town of Spain, prov. and 34 m. N.E. Cadiz, on the Guadalete. P. 1,577. Linen weaving. EsPEBANCE (Bay), an inlet, S. coast of Australia. Lat. 33° 50' S., Ion. 122° E.— (Cope), N.W. coast of the isl. Guadalcanal, Solomon group. Pacific O. EsPEEAZA, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aude, arrond. and 8 m. S. Limoux, on 1. b. of the Aude. Fop. 1,403. It has manufs. of hats. EspiCHEL (Cape), or Cape Spichgl, FortogaJ, prov. Estremadura, on the Atlantic, '21 m. S. Lis- bon, with a light-ho., in lat. 38° 24' N;, Ion. 9° 13' W. EspiEL, a town of Spain, prov. and 25 m. N.W. Cordova, near 1. b. of the Guadiato. Pop. 1,088. EspiEEBE, a vill., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 8 m. S.S.E. Courtrai, & where the French force was defeatedby the Austrians & English, May 22, 1794. EspiNHACA (Sebbo do), an extensive nmtn. chain of Brazil, which traverses from S. to N. the provs. Bahia, Minas Geraes, & S. Paulo, & extends to the Uruguay. It contains rich diamond mines. Espinosa-de-los-Mohtebos> a town of Spain, prov. & 52 m. N. Burgos, near 1. b. of the Trueha. Pop. 2,298. Victory of the French over the Spaniards, November 1808. EspiBiTU Santo, a small marit. prov. of Brazil, between lat. 18° 30' and 21° 20' S., having N: the prov. Porto-Seguro, W. Minas Geraes, S.: Kio Janeiro, and E. the Atlantic ; cap. Victoria. Pop. 40,000. Surface rises on proceeding inlamd. Principal rivers, the Doce on the N., & Parahyba on the S. border. Soil infertile, but adapted to the culture of sugar. — II. {Espiritu Saitto, or Villa Velha d ), the former cap- of the above prov., is situated on the S. shore of the bay of Espiritu Santo. P. 1,000 III. the largest & most W. of the New Hebrides isls., Pacific Ocean. Lat. 15° S., Ion. 167° E. Length N. to S. 65 m. ; breadth 20 m. Surface mntnous. ; but except in the most elevat- ed parts, fertile & well wooded IV. a cape, Tierra del Fuego. Lat. 62° 38' S., Ion. 68° 37'^W. EspiBiTu Santo, a town of Cuba, near the centre of the isl. Pop. 9,484, of whom 5,296 are whites — II. a vill.of Spain, Estremadura, prov.Ba- dajoz, 42 m. E.N.E. Llerena III. an isl. of the Gulf of California, 30 m. N. La Paz, and 13 m. in length, by 5 m. in breadth._IV. a group of the Bahama isls., 18 m. S. Andros. — V. a bay of the U. S., Florida, on its W. coast, in lat. 28f 40' N., ESP 473 ESS Ion. 82° 45' W., and divided into Hillsborougli & Tampa bays. — VI. a bay of Texas, forming a part of the backwater, dists. Victoria and Befugio. Lat. 28° 30' N., Ion. 97° 30' W. It is large ; at its opposite extremity it receives the Guadalupe riv. ; opposite the sea it is sheltered by Matagorda isl. ; ana S.W. it communicates with Aransas bay, and with the Gulf of Mexico by Espu-itu Santo inlet. EsPiTA, a town of Central America, Tucatan, about 30 m. N. Valladolid. Pop. 3,000. EsPLCSA DE Fkancoli, a town of Spain, prov. and 22 m. N.N.W. Tarragona. Pop. 2,702. EspOSENDA, a marit. town of Portugal, prov. Minho, at the mouth of the Cavado, 26 m. N. Oporto. Pop. 1,500. EsPKrr (St), a comm. and seaport town of France, dep. Landes, cap. cant., on r. b. of the Adour, opposite Bayonne, of which it is a suburb. Pop. 4463. It has a citadel, commanding the town and port of Bayonne. EsquBBMES, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord,arrond. Ulle. Pop. 1,707. Ess, a magnificent cataract of Ireland, Leinster, CO. Wicklow, 4J m. W. Glendalough, formed by the Avonbeg river. EssABTS (Les), a comm. and town of France, dep. Vendfe, cap. cant., 10 m. N.E. Napoleon Vendfe. Pop. 2,192. EssS, a comm. and viU. of France, dep. Ille-et- VUaine, arrond. and 16 m. S.W. Vitre, with 1,703 inhabs ; and near which is the Roche-aux-Fees, a dmidic monument, occupying a space about 20 yards in length S.E. to N.W., and consisting of 43 large blocks, 34 of which support 8 others. EssECK, EssEGo, Or EszEK (Slav. Oszik, anc. MursicC), one of the most strongly fortified towns of the Austrian Empire, cap. Slavonia, on the Drave, on which it has a steam-packet station, 13 m. from its confl. with the Danube. Pop. 12,262. The modem fortress contains many massive boildings, including an arsenal and barracks for 30,000 men, strei^thened by additional works on the opposite ba& of the Drave. Around it, beyond its glacis, are the upper, lower, and new towns, in which last most of the trade is conduct- ed. It has Boman Catholic, Greek, and other churches, a town council-house, a gymnasium & normal school. Manufs. of silk stuBs, and large fairs for com, cattle, and hides, 4 times a- year. EssEN, a town of Prussian Westphalia, on the Cologne and Minden railway, 19 m. N.N.E. Dus- seldorf. Pop. (1846) 7,296, employed in manufs. of fire arms, steam-engines, steel and iron wares, leather, vitriol, woollen and linen goods, and coal mines. It has Boman Catholic and Lutheran churches, an old capuchin convent, & a gymna- sium. It is the seat of a mining board, and a municip. court of justice. — II. a vUl. of Hanover, landr. and 13 m. E.N.E. Osnaburg. Pop. 832.— III. a vill. and pa. of Oldenburg, circ. Kloppen- bnrg, 31 m. S.S.W. Oldenburg. Pop. 748. EssENDisE, a pa. of Engl., co. Eutland, 4J m. N.N.E. Stamford. Area 1,440 ac. Pop. 152. EssEHnoN, a pa. of England, co. Herts, 3 m. E. Hatfield. Area 2,170 ac. Pop. 690. EasEQOiBO, or Essequebo, the principal river of British Guiana, S. Amer., enters the Atlantic in the N.W. part of that colony, by an estuary, 20 m. in width, lat. 7° N., Ion. 58° 40' W., after a course of at least 450 m. One of its sources has been reached by Sir K. Sehomburgk, in lat. 0° 41' N. Affls., the Bipununy or Bupunoony, Mas- seroony, and Cuyuui. Its course lies through forests of the most gigantic vegetation. It abounds with isls., and in its estuary are three or four of considerable size. About 60. m. from its mouth are the falls of Etabally. It gives name to a co. of British Guiana. Essex, a marit. co. of England, having N. cos. Cambridge and Suffolk, E. the N. Sea, S. the Thames, and W. Middlesex and Herts. Area 981,120 ac, of which nearly 900,000 ac. are arable & grass-land, and about 50,000 wood-land. In- habited houses 67,618. Pop. 344,979. Surface towards the Thames and the sea fiat, marshy, & much broken into peninsulas and islands ; in the centre and N. beautifully diversified and richly wooded. Princip. rivs., the Thames, Lea, Stour, Boding, Crouch, Colne, Chelmer, & Blackwater. Soil mostly a fertile loam. Climate on the coast damp, and producing agues ; in other parts clear and healthy, less rain falling, than, perhaps, in any other English co. The farming is ranked among the best in England. The quality of the Essex wheat is very superior. Besides the usual crops, teazels, saffiron, carraway, and hops, are largely grown. Great numbers of calves are fattened for the London market ; and the butter of Epping is of the finest quality. Stock of sheep estimated at from 600,000 to 600,000 head. Farms of all sizes, some of those rented being among the largest in the kingdom, while some farmed by their own proprietors are among the smallest. Average rent of land in 1810, 18s. 5|d. an acre. Leases not so common as formerly. The co. is almost wholly agricultural ; in 1847, however, 2,227 persons were engaged in silk manufactures. Oyster fisheries are said to employ a capital of from 60,000Z. to 80,000?. Value of land (1843) 1,289,646?. ; total value of assessed property 1,935,610?. Co. rates (1847) 63,737?. ; expendi- ture 60,332?. Essex contains 14 hundreds, 5 half- hundreds, and a royal liberty, comprising 406 pas., in the home circuit and dioceses of London and of Eochester. Chief towns, Chelmsford (the cap.), Colchester, Maldon, & Harwich. The co. is intersected by the E. cos. railw. It sends 10 mems. to H. of C. ; of which 2 are for its N., & 2 for its S. divisions. Beg. electors (1846-7) for N. division 6,461; for S. division 6,426; total 10,887. It gives the title of Earl to the Coningsby family. — This was the name of a kingdom of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy, comprising the above co. Essex, and parts of the cos. Middlesex and Hertfordshire. Essex, several cos., &c., U. S., N. Amer I. in N.E. of Vermont. Area 225 sq. m. P. 4,226. — II. in N.E. of Massachusetts. Area 300 sq. m. Pop. 94,987 — III. m N.E. of New York. Area 1,779 sq. m. Pop. 23,634.— IV. in N. of N. Jersey. Area 241 sq. m. Pop. 44,621.— V. in E. of Vir- ginia. Area 280 sq. m. Pop. 11,309, of whom 6,756 are slaves. — VI. a township of Vermont, 48 m. N.W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,824.— VII. a township of Massachusetts, 32 m. N.E. Boston. Pop. 1,450, employed in ship-building and fish- eries VIII. a vill., Connecticut, on Connecticut riv., 37 m. S.E. Hartford. Pop. about 1,000, em- ployed in ship-building, &c. — IX. a tnshp.. New Tork, on Lake Champlain, 118 m. N. Albany. Pop. 1,681. — X. the E.most co. of Upper Canada, between the Lakes Erie and St Clair. Essie- with-Nevat, a pa. of Scotl., co. & 7 m. W.S.W. Forfar. Area 5,120 ac. Pop. 732. EssiNGTON, a tnshp. of England, co. Stafford, pa. Bushbury, 5 m. N\E. Wolverhampton. P. 623. Ess:n6ton, N. Australia. [Pobt Essinsion.] Es-SiouT, a town of Upper Egypt. [Sioui.] EssLiHO, a vill. of Lower Austria, on the Danube,7m. E.Vienna, & where asevere engage- ment took place, 21st and 22d May 1809, between the French and the Austrians. IAspebn.] EssLiNGEN, a town of Wiirtemoerg, circ. Nee- ESS 47i ETA kar, on the Neckar, and on the railway to Ulm, 7 m. E.S.E. Stuttgart. Pop. 6,833. It is enclosed by walls, and ill built ; principal edifices, an old castle on a height, and a handsome town-hall. It has a richly endowed hospital, various semi- naries, manufs. of woollen and cotton cloths and yarn, lacquered tin wares, glue, and paper mills. EssoNNBS, a river of France, deps. Loiret and Seine-et-Oise, rises 12 m. N.E. Orleans, after a N. course of 45 m. joins the Seine at Corbeil. It turns numerous flour mills II. a comm. and vill. on the above river, dep. Seine-et-Oise, i m. S. W. Corbeil. Pop. 2,776, employed in flour full- ing, & tobacco mills, and manufs. of table-linen. Es-SouAN, a town of Upper Egypt. [Assouan]. EssOYES, a comm. & town of France, dep. Aube, cap. cant., 10 m. S.E. Bar-snr-Seine. Pop. 1,727. EsTACA (Cape), the most N. point of Spain, E.N.E. C. Ortegal. Lat. 43° 47' 50' N. ; Ion. 7° 38' 26" W. EsiAOET^, a comm. and town of France, dep. Pyren. Orient., on r. b. of the Gly, 11 m. W.N.W. Perpignan. Pop. 2,225, employed in distilleries and marble quarries. Birthplace of Arago. EsTAiRES, a comm. and town of France, dep. Nord, on 1. b. of the Lys, 13 m. W. Lille. Pop. 3,207, employed in manufs. of hneos and soap. EsTANOiA, a town of Brazil, prov. & 25 m. S.W. Sergipe, on 1. b. of the Piauhy. Pop. 3,000. EsTABAO, an old subdivision of France, in the prov. Guyenne, of which Mirande was the cap., now included in the deps. Gers and H. Pyrenees. EsTAVATER, Or EsTAVATfi (Gcrm. Staffis), a small town of Switzerland, cant, and 15 m. W.N.W. Freiburg, on the E. shore of L. Neu- chatel. Pop. of pa. 1,703. It has an old castle, a Dominican nunnery, and a Jesuits' college. EsTE, Ateste, a town of Lombardy, deleg. and 17 m. S.S.W. Padua, cap. dist. Pop. 8,000, employ- ed in manufs. of silk twist, linens, and earthen- ware. It is picturesquely situated, & well built ; its houses are supported on arches, and it has a church and leaning tower in the Komanesque style. The Rocca or castle, near the town, is a fine feudal fortress, on the site of the seat of the Este family, from whom the sovereigns of Great Britain, Hanover, Brunswick, and Modena, are descended. — II. Este is the name of a river of Hanover, which joins the Elbe, 7 m. W. Altona, after a N. course of 26 miles. EsTELLA {Stella and Alba), a town of Spain, prov. Navarra, 26 m. S.W. Pamplona. Pop. 6,192. It has an old castle, several churches & convents, an hospital, college, and manufs. of woollens. EsTEPA, Astapa, a town of Spain, prov. and 64 m. E.N.E. Sevilla, with a fine palace of the family of Centurion. Pop. (1845) 6,559. EsTEPHE (St), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Gironde, 30 m. N.N.W. Bordeaux. Pop. 2,145. EsTEPONA, a marit. town of Spain, prov. & 41 m. S.W. Malaga, on the Mediterranean. Pop. (1845) 9,251. Chief industry, flshuig, linen weav- ing, and manufs. of leather. It has an old Ro- man castle in the centre of the town. EsTEBHAzv (Hung. Bszterhaz), a vill. of Lower Hungary, circ. Oedenburg, near the S.E. ex- tremity of the Neusiedl lake, 41 m. W.S.W. Pres- burg. Pop. 375. Here is a magnificent palace of Prince Esterhazy, built in 1700 in the Italian style, surrounded by a noble park. EsTHONiA, or Revel (Germ. Esthland), a gov. of Russia, between lat. 68° 15' and 39° 40' N., and Ion. 22° 10' and 28° 6' E., having B. the gov. St Petersburg, S. Livonia and the Lake Peipus, N. the Gulf of Tinland, and W. the Baltic, in which it comprises the isls. Dago, Worms, &c. Area 7,790 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 310,400. Surface ge- nerally flat; shores rocky. Principal rivers, the Narva, Loksa, Keyel, all flowing N. Soil sandy or marshy, and climate humid ; about 2-3ds of it covered with pine forests, or un- productive. More corn is, however, raised than is required for home consumption ; besides flax, hemp, hops, and tobacco. Many cattle are reared, and the fisheries are important. Except distil- ling, the manufactures are ahnost wholly domestic. Principal exports, corn, spirits, salt fish, & hides. Principal imports, herrings and salt. The inhabs. are mostly of Finnish descent, and Protestants. The gov. is subdivided into 6 circs. Principal' towns, Revel, Hapsal, Weissenstein, & Wesenberg. EsTKELLA, a riv. of Central Amer., state Costa Rica, enters the Pacific near Quaypo, after a S.W. course of 60 m. — II. a town of N. Granada, prov. Antioquia, 5 m. S.W. Medellin.— III. {Porto da), a marit. vill. of Brazil, prov. and on the bay of Rio de Janeiro, 16 m. N. Rio. — IV. {Serra da), a mntn. range of Portugal, prov. Beira, extending from S.W. to N.E. for about 75 m., and having one peak which rises to 7,524 feet in height. — V. a mntn. chain of Brazil, prov. Rio de Janeiro. Length E. to W. about 18 m. ; aver. ht. 3,400 ft. EsTBEMADUBA, an old prov. in the S.W. of Spain, bounded N. by the prov. Leon, E. by New and Old Castile, S. Andalucia, and W. Portugal ; now comprised in the provs. Badajos and Caceres. Area 14,166 sq. m. Pop. (1833) 547,420. On the N. it is bounded by the Sierras de Gredos, Bejar, & Gata; on the S. by that of Constantina, a con- tinuation of the S. Morena ; and in the centre it is divided by the Sierras de Guadalupe and San Benito, into two regions, the N. watered by the Tagus, and the S. by the Guadiana. Soil very fertile, but almost wholly devoted to pasturage. Agriculture is greatly neglected ; much less corn, wine, flax, hemp, &c., is raised, than is required for home consumption ; & chesnuts form a large portion of the food of the inhabs. Four millions of merino sheep are said to be driven hither to feed every winter ; and vast herds of hogs, goats, and cattle are reared. Lead, copper, silver, and iron mines exist here, but they are n'early all neglected ; and manufe. are insignificant. EsTBEMADTiBA, an administr. prov. of Portugal, on the Atlantic Ocean ; cap. Lisbon. Area 7,176 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 782,875. The Tagus divides it into two nearly equal parts, the N. of which is more mntnous. than the S., but also more fertile. It is fi-equently visited by earthquakes. Princip. products, wine, fi-uits, oil, honey, cork, sumach, & salt. Nearly sufficient com is raised for home consumption. Few mines are wrought; and manufs. are unimportant. The prov. is sub- divided into the dists. of Lisbon, Leiria, and Santarem, besides which cities it comprises Seta- bal, Torres- Vedras, Thomar, and Cintra. EsTREMOz, a fortified town of Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, 23 m. N.E. Evora. Pop. 6,600. It has a strong castle on an eminence, an arsenal, and cavalry barracks, manufs. of earthenware, and a trade in hardwares. It is the seat of the authorities of the prov. Near it are marble quarries. EszEK, a town of Hungary. [Esseck.] Etables, a comm. and marit. town of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, on the English Channel, 8 m. N.N.W. St Brieuc. Pop. 1,018. Etajn, a comm. and town of France, dep. Mouse, cap. cant., on an afS. of the Moselle, in a marshy tract, 12 m. E.N.E. Terdun. Pop. 2,981. It has a communal college, & manufs. of cottons. Etai, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Northumberland, 9 m. N.N.W. Wooler. Pop. returned with pa. of ETA 475 ETS Ford. Here are ruins of a castle, built by Sir R. Manners in the reign of Edward i. Etale, a mkt. town of Belgium, prov. Luxem- burg, 24 m. S.W. Bastogne. Etampes (formerly Estampes), a comtn. and town of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, cap. arrond., stretching with its suburbs, for 2 m. along the post- road between Paris & Orleans, 30m. S.S. W.Paris. Pop. 7,672. It has a station on the Paris & Orleans railway, a Gothic church of the 13th century, and the remains of a royal castle. In the town & its vicinity are numerous flour mills, & it is estimated to supply Paris with nearly half the quantity of flour consumed in that capital. It has also ma- nufs. of soap, hosiery, and linen thread. Etaples, a comm. and seaport town of France, dep. Pas de Calais, on the Canche, near its mouth, 15 m. S. Boulogne. Pop. 2,030. Its importance, as a military post, has long ceased ; and its castle, built in 1160, is now a ruin ; but it retains trade in salt, and has breweries and distilleries. Etawah, a dist. of British India, presid. Ben- gal, upper provs., dist. Bareily, in the Doab, en- closed by the dists. Agra, Alighur, Ferokhabad, and Cawnpore, the Gwalior dom. and Bundel- cund. Area 3,450 sq. m. Principal towns, Min- pooree, Etawah, Kanoje, and Belah. — II. a town, cap. above dist., on the Jumna, 63 m. S.E. Agra ; with remains of former grandeur, now in decay. ETCHEI.LS, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Chester, pa. and 3.J m. W.S.W. Stockport. Pop. 1,476. Etchllhampton, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 2J m. E.S-E. Devizes. Area 3,160 ac. Pop. 282. Etchikgham, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 8 m. E.S.E. Wadhurst. Area 4,240 ac. Pop. 820. ExcHMiADzuf, a vill., N. Persia. [Echmiadzin.] Etienite (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. Loire, cap. arrond., on the Furens, a small affluent of the Loire, 32 m. S.W. Lyon, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. (1846) 47,302. It has been called the " French Bir- mingham," and hke that of England, it is sur- rounded by coal roines. It is irregularly laid out, but has some good houses built of a fine white stone. It has a national college, a school of mines, a chemical laboratory, & a public library. Principal edifices, the hotel de ville, comprising the town-hall, exchange, & a museum of the local mannis. ; court-house, theatre, public library, a handsome obelisk fountain, and the termini of the two railws. to Lyon and Eoanne. St Etien- ne has rapidly acquired prosperity in the two very dissimilar mannis. of iron wares and silk rib- bons. Hardwares to the value of 180,000/., and cutlery to 18,000?. or 20,OOOZ. yearly, with bayonets, files, nails, cast iron, and steel are made, and a great deal of coal is raised for exportation. The ribbon mannfs. are mostly in the suburbs and vicinity, and in 1841, the total produce of ribbons was estimated at 1,800,000?. It has also manufs. of other silk goods, lace, embroidery, muslins, cotton yam, glass, leather, paper, and lamp black. Etienne (St), the name of numerous comms. and towns of France. — I. (de Baigorry), dep. B. Pyrenees, cap. cant., on the Spanish frontier, 23 m. S.S.E. Bayonne. Pop. 3,196. It has iron mines & marble quarries. —II. (de Imgdaris), Ardeche, cap. cant., 31 m. W. Privas. Pop. 2,028.-111. (de Montluc), Loire-Inf., 10 m. N.W. Nantes. Pop. 4,540 IV. (deSt Gemn), Is6re, cap. cant., 20 m. N.W. Grenoble. Pop. 2,002— V. (du Remvray), Seine-Inf., near the Seine, 4 m. S. Kouen. P. 1,494. Etivb ^och), an inlet of the N. Sea, Scotl., CO. Argyle. Length about 20 m. ; breadth vary- ing, & often very narrow. Scenery on its shores very beautiful. ETJon, a town of Japan, isl. Kiusiu, 66 m. N.E. Nangasaki. Etko, a lagoon of Lower Egypt, 7 m. S.S.W. Rosetta, 18 m. in length, & from 3 to 6 in breadth, and separated from the Mediterranean by a nar- row sand-bank, on which is the vill. Etko, 14 m. E. Aboukir. This lagoon was formed by an in- undation of the Nile in 1801. Etna (Italian Mongibello), a celebrated volcanic mntn. of Sicily, on the E. coast of the isl., forming a nearly isolated cone, having E. the Mediter- ranean, and on the other sides the rivers Simeto and Onobello. The summit of the volcano is the culminating point of an irregularly triangular space, and its slopes are divided into 3 regions ; 1. the lava region covered with the richest vege- tation, elegant cities, and villas ; II. the wooded region; III. the upper region, covered with scoriae and ashes, in the midst of which rises the principal crater, which is always covered with snow. The highest point 10,874 feet above the sea, is in lat. 37° 43' 31" N., Ion. 16° E. The first recorded erruption of Etna is in the year 476 B.C., and the last occurred in 1832. Etoile, a comm. and town of France, dep. Drome, 7 m. S. Valence. Pop. 1,058. It has a fortified castle in which Louis xi. resided. Etolia, a prov. of Greece. [.ffiTOLiA.] Eton, a town & pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, on rt. b. of the Thames, opposite Windsor, with which it is connected by a handsome bridge. Area of pa. 690 ac. P. 3,526. Charities about 550?. per ann. Horse fair. Ash- Wednesday. The town which consists of one long winding street, is famous for its college founded by King Henry vi. in 1446, & now a favourite seat of preliminary instruction for the sons of the nobility and gentry. It con- sists of two noble brick quadrangles, with towers, cloisters, and gateways in the Tudor style, and has a fine chapel and hall, a valuable library, two statues of its royal founder, beautiful pleasure grounds, with 70 foundation scholars, and about 700 stipendiary pupils. The college is governed by a provost and fellows, and is richly endowed. The fellows of king's college, Cambridge, are en- tirely elected from Eton scholars. The ancient and curious triennial pageant of the Montem, when money is collected for the senior scholar on his removal to Cambridge, is now discontinued . Amongst the many great men who received a part of their education at Eton, may be named Waller, Boyle, Walpole, Bolingbroke, Fielding; Gray, Sherlock, Person, Chatham, Fox, Lord Grey, Canning, and Wellington. Etketat, a comm. & maritime vill. of France, dep. Seine-Inf., on the English Channel, 16 m. N.N.E, Havre. It affords facilities for an ex- tensive harbour, its port being defended by a natural dyke. It is celebrated for its oysters. Etbubia, in ancient times one of the most im- portant countries of Italy, now forms the duchy of Lucca, the greater part of Tuscany, and a portion of the Pontif. states. The name was re- stored by Napoleon, who by the treaty of Lun^ville, in 1808, formed, of the grand duchy of Tuscany, the kingdom of Etruria, which was united to the French Empire in 1808. [For an account of anc. Etruria, see Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. i.] Etbubia, a hamlet of England, co. Stafibrd, pa. Stoke-on -Trent, 1 J m. N.E. Newcastle-nnder- Lyne. Pop. returned with pa. It was the re- sidence and seat of the manufs. of the late Mr J. Wedgewood, inventor of the beautiful imitation of Etruscan vases, and the great improver of English porcelain, who died here in 1795. Etsoii, a river of N. Italy. [ Adige.] ETT 476 EUR Etteh, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 6 m. W.S.W. Breda. Pop. (with conun.) £,391, who trade in com, cattle, and fuel. Ettenheim, a town of Baden, circ. Upper Ehine, cap. dist., 18 m. N. Frieburg, on railway to Carlsruhe. P. 2,730, who manuf . linen fabrics. From 1790 to 1803, this town was the residence of the last prmce bishop of Strasburj', and here the Duke d'Enghien was seized and conveyed to Vincennes, May 16th 1804. Ettlingen, a town of Baden circ. Middle Khine, cap. dist., on railway and on the Alb riv., 4J m. S. Carlsruhe. Pop. 4,250. It has gun- powder, paper, and cotton mills. Etton, a pa. of Engl., oo. York, E. Biding, 4^ m. N.W. Beverley. Area 3,960 ao. Pop. 425 II. CO. Northampton, 6} m. N.N.E. Peterboro'. Area 1,270 ac. Pop. 118. Ettriok, a river of Scotland, rising in the S.W. of CO. Selkirk, through which it flows N.E., joining the Tweed after a course of 24 m., 2 m. below Selkirk. Chief affluent the Yarrow. —II. (Pen), a mountain near the source of the above river. Height 2,200 feet.— III. {Forest), a beautiful pastoral tract watered by the above river and its tributaries. It formed originally a part of the Great Caledonian forest, but is now almost entirely divested of trees. — IV. a moun- tainous pa., near the head waters of the above river, 17 m. S.W. Selkirk. Area 43,968 ac. Pop. 625. It was the ancient seat of the Buccleugh family, has several old border fortresses, and much romantic scenery. Hogg, "the Ettrick Shepherd," was born, and spent the greater part of his life, in this parish. Etwall, a pa. of Engl., co. and 6 m. "W.S.W. Derby. Area 3,680 ac. Pop. 689. Eu, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine- Inf., cap. cant., on the Bresle, near the English Channel, 17 m. N.N.E. Dieppe. Pop. 8,749. In its pa. church, with a crypt, are many effigies of the Artois family. Counts of Eu. The Chateau d' Eu, inherited by the ex-king Louis Philippe from this family, contains the finest collection of historical portraits in France, & is surrounded by apark& extens. gardens, The forest of Eu extends for a considerable distance to the E. & S. The town of Eu was burnt in 1445 by Louis xi., to prevent its falling into the hands of the English. This was the place of an interview between Queen Vic- toria and the King of the French in 1843. EuBOEA (formerly Egripos, or Negropont), the largest isl. of the kingdom of Greece, of which it forms a dep., in the.£gean Sea, lying along the N. coast of Thebes and Attica, between lat. 37° 67' and ST 12' N., and Ion. 22° 40' and 24° 40' E., separated n-om the mainland by the channels of Euboea (ancient Euripos, Egripos, or Negropont, crossed by a bridge at its narrowest point op- posite Chalcis), Talanta, and Trikeri. Length 115 m.; greatest breadth 33 m. Pop. (1840) 43,342. Surface mountainous, but very fertile. Highest mountain St Elias, near the S.E. extre- mity, 4,607 feet, and Delphi, near centre on N. coast, 5,725 feet. Principal products, corn, wine, cotton, wool, pitch, and turpentine. Many cattle, sheep, and goats are reared. Principal towns, Chalcis, cap. of the N. division (Euboea), Karystos chief town of the S. division. Euotin, a township, U. S., N. Amer., Ohio, on Lake Erie, 132 m. N.N.E. Columbus. Pop. 1,776. EuDOKEEF, or FooGT ISLANDS, a group of small isls. in the N. Pacific, ofiF the S.E. coast of Aliashka, Russian America. Eofemia (Santa), a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. II., near the Gulf of St Eufemia, 5 m. W. Nicastro. ' Pop. lylOO. It suffered severely in the great earthquake of 1638. Euoanean Hills, a lowrange of N. Italy, deleg. and 9 m. S.W. Padua, extending for about 10 m. from N.W. to S.E., and containing many fossil remains, and hot springs resorted to for bathing, EuLE, or ELAr, a mining town of Bohemia, circ. Kaurzim, 12 m. S. Pra^e. Pop. 1,360. It was formerly celebrated for its rich gold mines. EopiTOBiA, formerly Koslov, a seaport town of Russia, gov. Taurida, on the W. coast of the Crimea, 38 m. W.N.W. Simferopol. Pop. (1838) 7,000. It has a high Tartar school, hospital, cus-: tom-house, a large harbour, & considerable trade. EuPEN, a frontier town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 10 m. S.S.W. Aix-la-Chapelle, cap. circ, on the Vesdre, 4^ m. E. Limburg. Pop. (1846) 10,940. It has important manufs. of woollens, i Euphrates (native PhrcuHt, or Frat)j a famous river of Asiatic Turkey, the E.most part of which it drains ; rises by two heads in the table land of Armenia, the source of the principal, the Morad^ being between Lake Van & Mount Ararat, & that of the Frat, about 20 m. N.E. Erzeroum. Both branches have a W. course, and they unite in lat. 39° N., Ion. 39° E., whence the Euphrates has successively a S. and a S.E. course^ encom- passing on three sides the whole basin of iis chf. tributary the Tigris, and separating Turkish Ar- menia and Mesopotamia from Syria and the Ar- abian Desert. In lat. 31° N., Ion. 47° E.,the Tigris unites with it to form the Shat-ul-Arab; which about 130 m. below enters the head of the Persian Gulf, and including which, the total length of the Euphrates to the source of the Morad may be estimated at 1,800 mi In its upper third, it traverses a mountainous country, and near Someisat breaks through the Taurus chain, forming a double cataract; but from this point it is navigable to the sea, and in it; lower part flows through a rich & flat region, where it varies from 200 to 800 yards in width, having as high as Hillah a depth of 18 feet, and navigable for steamers drawing 4 feet water, from the sea to Bir, 100 m. E.the Gulf of Scanderoon, and the nearest point of its approach to the Mediterr. Besides the Tigris, it receives the Kara-su of Kaisariyeh, Ehabur, and Kerah rivers ; and on its banks are the Bassorah (on the Shat-ul-Arab), and the towns Aija, Semava, Lemlum, Hillah (the modern representative of Babylon), Anbar, Hit, Hadith, Kaskisia, Kakha, &c. ; and in Ar- menia, Melagherd, and Erzeroum. EuBE, Ebura, a river of France, rises in dep. Orne, flows N.E. through the deps. Eure-et-loire & Eure,pastChartres, Nogent-le-Eoi,Ivry, Lou-- viers, and joins the Seine on left, near Pont-dcr I'Ardeche. Chief affluent the Iton on left. Length 112 m., for 50 of which it is navigable. EuEE, a dep. in the N.W. of France, cap. Ev- reux, forms part of the old prov. of Normandy, situated on the estuary of the Seine, between lat. 48° 37' and 49° 28' N. Area 2,414 sq, m. Pop. (1846) . 423,247. Climate mild and humid ; surface generally flat. Chiefrivers, the Seineand its affluents, the Euro, Bille, Andelle,, and the Iton, affluent of the Eure. Minerals comprise iron, building and mill stones ; corn is raised for exportation; apples and pears are import&t crops; pasture is extensive, and forests cover one fifth part of the dep. ; excellent horses, cattle, and sheep are reared. Mining and manuf. inr dustry very active. Manufs. include woollens, cotton, paper, glass, iron, copper, and zinc wares. The dep. is divided into the arronds. Les Andelys, Bernay, Evreux, Louviers, and Pont-Audemer. EUU 477 EUR Edbe-et-Loib, b dep. in the N.W. of France, cap. Ghartres, forms part of the old provs. Or- leanais and Ile-de-France, between lat. 47° 57' and 48° 55' N. Area 2,361 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 292,337. Chief rivers, the Eure and Loire; there are many marshes in the W. Climate mild and temperate. Soil extremely fertile ; a ^eat amount of corn is raised, & it is considered the granary of Paris. Excellent cavalry horses are reared, and nnmerous cattle, sheep, and poultry. The dep. is poor in minerals, but has several iron worlts, and manols. of coarse cloths, cottons, and paper. It is divided into the arrouds. Chartres, Ch&- teandun, Dreux, and Nogent-le-Botrou. Edbipos Channel, Greece. [Ecbcea.] Edbofe, Europa, the smallest, but most civi- lised, and in proportion to its extent, the best peopled of the five great divisions of the globe ; forms a peninsular prolongation of Asia, from which it is separated on the E. by the river Kara, the Ural mountains and river, and the Caspian Sea ; and on the S. by the mountain chain of CaacasDS. On all other sides it is bounded by seas, bays, gnlis, and straits ; these are, on the N. die Arctic Ocean, W. the Atlantic, and S. the Strait of Gibraltar, the Mediterranean, the Sea of Marmora, and the Black Sea. The conti- nental portion of Europe is comprised between lat. 36° and 71° 12' N., and Ion. 9° 30' W. and 60° 50' E. Its greatest length from Astrakhan to Brest is %400 m., and its extreme breadth &om Cape Nord-Eyn to Cape Matapan 2,360 m. Area estimated at 3,77,499 sq. m., 3-4ths of which is occupied by plains, and l-4th by mountains and sigh lands. The peninsulas comprise l-4th, and the islands l-21st of the whole extent. The following table shows the area, pop., pro- portional value of life, and miles of railway com- munication in the different states in 1849 : 1 °i !■ Name of Stylaof Area in iq. Pop.]aat 1- ?.* Suict. Sutes. milet. ceoiuB. |_s SS . fl 1 milei. Aiutria, Empire. wm 38,000,000 lin33 652 Belgium, Honarchy, n,3i3 4.258,428 lin43 483 Bribiiii, Kingdom, ia>,344 26,831J06 lin45 4J0O Osunark, Honarchy, ajm 1,378,200 144 Fiance, BepabUc, m^ss 35,400,486 l!n44 1,412 GerniAn ' Enpiie (eid.of tlep» Aurtria, ■ Pnifiaia, Varioue(Bee Gemmny), n.*si 16,138,032 3,000 Demnk., and the Vether. landfl). Greece, Monarchy, 18.544 866,470 . , Ionian U., Bepublic, 1,096 219,797 . - Italy < (eicl. af Aoitr. T and ( Various(see Italy), U3/190 18/83,215 linBO 176 Trench \ H^ifl-di, Monarchy, 13,610 3,23«,741 lin33 152 5ss:'- Kingdom, 36,ia! 107,868 16312,918 l!n38 * ^^f} Empire, 3,089,999 60,708,502 lln28 218 Spain, ' •■ Monarchy, 183750 13,386,841 lin34 164 Sweden k\ Monarchy, 207,500 4,467,355 llnSO Bepabltc, 16,261 2,320,000 - Hi Tniltey,. Empire, 197.625 li/mjm Total, 3,773,499 256,719,618 One of the great characteristics of this quarter of the globe, is the vast number of inland seas and estuaries by which it is intei^sected, and the immense extent of coast line (17,000 m.), which in consequence it eiyoys. The principal pen- insulas thus formed are in the N. ; Scandinavia, between the Baltic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean ; Jutbnd, between the Baltic and the German Ocean ; the peninsula of Brittany, between the EngUsh channel and the Bay of Biscay. In the S., the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean ; the Italian peninsula, between the Adri- atic and the Tyrrhenian Sea ; the Hellenic pen- insula (Greece and Turkey), E. of Italy ; and the Crimea in the N. of the Black Sea. The prin- cipal islands are in the German Ocean, the Bri- tish Isles, the largest in Europe. In the Arctic Ocean, Iceland and Novaia Zemlia. In the Me- diterranean and its branches, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Malta, Elba, and the Balearic islanils. The isls. of Greece, Crete or Candia, the Ionian isls., and the islands of Dalmatia. The Baltic includes numerous islands, the chief of which are Seeland, Fiihnen, andLaaland,Bugen,Bornholm, Oeland, Gothland, and the archipelago of Stock- holm. Most of the rivers of Europe belong to two great basins, that of the Atlantic and its branches on the W., and the Mediterranean on the S. ; the line of separation, which follows the direction S.W. to N.E., is elevated on the W., where it is formed by the Sierra Nevada, part of the Pyrenees, the Cevennes & the Vosges moun- tains ; it meets the Alps near the sources of the Rhine & Rhone. After cutting the Carpathians on the N. of Himgary, the watershed traverses Russia, where its elevation is very inconsiderable. On the E. and S.E., the Volga and its affluents contribute their waters to the Caspian Sea, and on the N.E. the Dwina flows to the Arctic O. The mean height of Europe is 636 feet. A great part of N. Germany, Denmark, Holland, and part of Belgium are plains, little elevated above the level of the sea ; the great plains of Russia and Poland have a mean height of 360 feet ; the other countries of Europe are traversed by chains of mountains, the chief of which are the Scandi- navian Alps in Sweden and Norway, the Car- pathians and their contreforts, the Sudetie mntns: in Germany ; the Balkan mountains, the Dinaric Alps, and the chain of Pindus in Turkey ; the Alps between Italy, France, Switzerland, and Germany ; the Apennines in Italy, the Jura be- tween France and Switzerland, the Cevennes & the mountains of Auvergue in France, the Pyrenees between France and Spain, the Iberian & the Cantabrian mountains, the Sierra Estrella, the mountains of Toledo, the Sierra Morena, and the Sierra Nevada in Spain. The principal sum- mits of the different chains are, in the ^Ips, Mont Blanc, the culminating point of Europe, 15,810 feet, Monte Rosa 15,208 feet. In the Pyrenees, Pic Nethou or Maladetta 11,168 feet ; in the Sierra Nevada, the peak of Mulhasen 11,660 feet. The mountains of Great Britain cover the N. and W. parts of the island ; their general direction corresponds with that of the Scandina- vian mountains, and like them also the W. sides are abrupt, and broken up by numerous gulfs, while they slope gradually to the E, shores. The principal chains are the Grampians and the Cheviots, and the culminating point is Ben Nevis 4,368 feet. Iceland is covered with moun- tains, the highest of which is the Oriifiijokel, 6,405 feet in elev. The isls. of Sardinia and Corsica are traversed by a small chain of mountains, inter- rupted by the Strait of Bonifacio, culminating point Monto Rotbndo in Corsica 8,760 feet. Si- EUR 478 EXIR cily is traversed by a chain of mountains, sepa- rated from the Apennines by the Strait of Mes- sina, culminating point Mount Etna 10,874 feet. Some of these mountain chains contain numer- ous extinct volcanoes, and the volcanoes of Etna, Vesuvius, Heckla, and Stromboli are still in a state of activity. Europe is every where well watered ; it has no deserts like those in Asia and Africa. The most important rivers are the "Volga, Don, Dnieper, Danube, Po, Rhone, Ebro, Tagus, Garonne, Loire, Seine, Mense, Rhine, Elbe, Oder, Vistula, Dwina. Lakes abound in Sweden, the N.W. of Russia, Switzerland, Hungary, and Italy. The most remarkable are Wener, Wetter, Mselar in Sweden ; Ladoga and Onega in Russia ; Leman, Lucerne, and Zurich in Switzerland ; Constance between Switzerland and Germany; Neusiedl and Balaton in Hungary ; Maggiore, Como, and Gar- da in N. Italy. The climate of continental Europe presents the most striking contrasts, but it is in general temperate, and exempt from the extremes of heat and cold to which the other great divisions of the globe are exposed. This is partly owing to the seas by which it is surrounded, and partly to the gulf stream, the heated atmosphere from which, is carried by the prevailing S.W. winds to the W. shores of Europe. The numerous inland seas, lakes, and rivers which intersect it, soften the atmosphere, & induce a humidity favourable to vegetation. South of the parallel of lat. 45° N. ; extreme cold is rare, and oi short duration, while the heat is tempered by the mountains which cover this portion of Europe ; but the southern coasts frequently suffer from the hot wind of Africa, the Sirocco, which is occasionally arrested only at the foot of the Alps. The gi-eat plain of the N.E. being exposed to N. winds from the Arctic Ocean, has a much more severe climate than the other countries of Europe. The lower limit of perpetual snow in Europe, has, in the Alps and Pyrenees, an elevation of 8,000 feet ; and, in the interior of Norway, 4,000 feet. The soil of the different countries of Europe, is, on the whole fertile, and produces all the vegetable substances of temperate climates. In the pen- insulas of the S., where the vegetation re- sembles that of the tropics, the sugar cane, the cotton plant, the orange, citron, fig, pomegran- ate, vine, rice, and tobacco are cultivated, and the trees comprise the chesnnt, oak, and pine. In the central regions, comprising France, Swit- zerland, and the valleys of the Rhine, Elbe, Dan- ube, and Theiss, and on the shores of the Black and Caspian Seas, the vine is cultivated with success ; the orchards supply the walnut, peach, apricot, apple, and pear ; wheat, rye, and in some places tobacco and maize are cultivated; the poplar is common, the chesnut is rare, and the forests comprise the oak, beech, and fir. In the British islands, and the greater part of lower Europe valuable grain is cultivated, and the forests produce the oak, beech, birch, and pine. In the N. of Europe, barley and oats are culti- vated as far as lat. 60° N. in Lapland, and the forests produce the pine and the birch ; the N. of Russia is incapable of producing any kindof grain. The fauna of Europe is less varied than that of the other continents of the old world, but is rich in useful animals, and exempt (i'om the noxious species common to Asia and Africa. The horse, cow, ass, sheep, goat, pig, and dog are distributed nearly all over the continent; the buffalo, inhabits the marshy plains of Italy, Wallachia, and Hungary ; and the camel is found near the Black Sea. In the N. of Europe, the rein-deer renders valuable service to man ; many quadrupeds yield furs, and the eider duck fur- nishes the do?m so valuable in commerce. The forests are peopled with hares, foxes, deer, and wild boars, the wolf and the bear are common in Scandinavia. In the higher Alps and the Pyr- enees are found the chamois, the wild goat, the bear, and the eagle. , The birds of prey comprise the vulture, kite, eagle, and falcon. The mineral riches of Europe are highly im- portant, less on account of the precious metals, than the abundance of the commonest mmerale^ to which she greatly owes the development of her industry, & the superiority she has acquired over the other regions of the globe. The most productive gold mines in Europe are those of the Carpathians in the N. of Hungary, Transyl- vania, and Russia. The richest silver mines are those of the Erzgebirge, the Carpathians, and the Harz in Germany, and the Alps in Scandi- navia. Iron is very widely distributed, it is most abundant in Britain, and general in the Ceven- nes, the Vosges, the Jura, the E. Alps, the Rie- sengebirge, and other mountains in Germany and in the Scandinavian Alps. Lead is abundant in the E. part of the Sierra Nevada, in Corn- wall, and in the E. Alps. Copper in Cornwall, the E. Alps, and the Alps of Scandinavia. Tin is no where plenty, except in Cornwall, and zinc is mostly found in the Riesengebirge. The prin- cipal mines of mercury are those of Almaden in the Sierra Morena, and of Idria in the E. Alps. Salt mines occur principally in the Carpathians and in the E. Alps, but sea salt is obtained abun- dantly on the greater part of the coasts — especi- ally on those of the Black Sea. Coal is most abundant in Great Britain, but rich mines exist also in Belgium, in the Cevennes, and in the mountains between the Rhine and the Weser. The greatest amount of turf is obtained in the low plains of N. Holland, and at the mouths of the Meuse and Rliine in S. Holland. Europe, now mistress of the world, was to a great extent plunged in barbarism, at a time when Asia and Africa had powerful nations, and rich and popu- lous cities. The navigators of Phoenicia, Greece, and Tuscany diffused civilization and the arts through the countries of the S., while those of the middle and N. of Europe, separated by im- penetrable forests and vast marshes, were in- habited by nomade races, unacquainted with agriculture and commerce. Among these, how- ever, the Celts, Germans, and Sarmatians form- ed powerful nations, who held disputed sway, till the Romans subdued all the countries of the S. and W., and during five centuries gave them their language, then: arts, and their laws. In the 6th century the Roman Empire was dis- membered by irruptions of barbarians, & Europe again partially reverted to a state of barbarism. Modern civilization dawned amidst the struggles consequent on the founding of the empire of Charlemagne, at the end of the 8th century. It was much facilitated by the crusades in the 12th century, and far more by the invention of print- ing in the 15th century. The marit. discoveries of the 16th century, distributed over the globs the commerce and the colonies of Europeans, who now people the greater part of America, & have settled in Africa & the islands of the E. Ocean. The pop. belong entirely to the Indo-Enrop. family of the Caucasian race (except a few mon- golian tribes in the N. & E. of the continent). The varieties of this family consist of the Teutonic or German, distributed over the N. & W. of Europe; EUR 479 EVR the Slavonian in the centre & E. ; tlie Hellenic & Pelasgian in the S. ; the Celtic in the W., &c. (See Johnston's Phjisical Atlas). Christianity in its dif- ferent forms, IS professed by a great majority of the inhabitants. The Greek church prevails in Russia, Greece, the Ionian islands, Servia, Mol- davia, and Wallachia, parts of Turltey, Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, Slavonia, and Salmatia. The Roman Catholic church is dominant in the S. and VT. of Europe, in Italy, Spain and Portugal, France, Belgium, a great part of Austria, and some of the smaller German states, Switzerland, and Ireland. The Protestant church prevails in Prussia, Saxony, AVurtemberg, Hanover, and several of the smaller German states, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, and England, as well as in parts of France and Austria, and in the Baltic provs. of Russia. Mohammedanism is confined to the inhabitants of Turkey. The following table shows the comparative amount of instruction in the principal states of Europe in 1846 : Saxony, 1 pupil for everj- 6 of the pop. NetherfiuidSi 1 » 6 „ Great Britaiu, 1 Belgium, 1 Austans, 1 EuROTAS, ariv. of Greece, Morea. [Vasimko.] Edskibohen, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 20 m. S.W. Cologne. Pop. 3,100. EnsTATins (St), one of the Dutch W. India isls., leeward group, 12 m. N.W. St Christopher. Area 190 sq.m. Pop. (1847) 1,903. It is moun- tainous and has two extinct volcanoes. Climate healthy, but earthquakes & hurricanes frequent. Edston, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 3 m. S.S.E. Thetford. Area 3,910 ac. Pop. 279. Etjtin, a town of N. Germany, cap. princip. Lnt)eck, in a detached territory, enclosed by Hol- stein, 18 m. N. Lubeck. Pop. 2,816. It has a ducal palace on an isl. in an adjacent lake. EuxiME Sea. [Black Sea.] EnxTON, a chapelry of Engl., co. Lancaster, on the Manchester and Preston railway, 2 m. W.N.W. Chorley. Pop. 1,562. EvAL (St) a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 4} m. W.N.W.St-Columb Major. Ac. 2,300. P. 349. EvAHs, a township, of the U. S., N. America, New Tork, 311 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,807 II. (EvaasoUle), a vill., Indiana, on the Ohio, 172 m. S.S.W. Indianapolis. Pop. 2,500. EvAox, a comm. and town of Francft, dep. Creuse, cap. cant., arrond. and 21 m. N.E. Au- bnsson, with hot mineral baths. Pop. 1,391. EvEDOu, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 2J m. N.E. Sleaford. Area 2,300 ac. Pop. 91. EvENLET, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 1 m. S. Brackley. Area 2,760 ac. Pop. 487 II. a river of England, rising in the N. of co. Ox- ford, and flowing S.E. past Blandford and Blen- heim, into the Isis, 4 m. W.N.W. Oxford. EvENLODE, a pa., CO. Worcester, 2J m. S.E. Moreton-in-the-Marsh. Area 1,560 ac. P. 325. EvEKwooD, a township of England, co. Dur- ham, pa. St Andrew Auckland, 5 m. S.W. Bishop Auckland. Pop. 726. EvEBBECQ,a comm. andvill. of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 22 m. N.E. Toumai, with extensive salt refineries and linen manufactures. Pop. 4,084. EvEBCEEECH, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 4 m. S.S.E. Shepton -Mallet. Area 3,130 ac. Pop. 449. EvBBDOw, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 35 m. S.S.E. Daventry. Area 1,900 ac. Pop. 777. EvERGHEM, a vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flan- ders, cap. cant., 4 m. N. Ghent. Pop. 7,795. EvERiNQHjiM, a pa., Engl., co. York, E. Riding, 5 m. W.N.W. Market- Weighton. Ac. 3,080. P. 318. EvEBLET, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 4J m. N.W. Ludgershall. Area 3,370 ac. Pop. 354. EvEBSDEN (Great), a pa. of Engl., co. Cam- bridge, 5 m. S.E. Caxton. Area 1,200 ac. P. 300. —II. (Little), 5.i m. S.E. Caxton. Ac. 670. P. 226. EvEBSHOi.T, "a pa. of Engl., co. Bedford, 2J m. E.S.E. Woburn. Area 2,040 ac. Pop. 899. EvEEsHOT, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 6J m. E.N.E. Beauminster. Area 1,030 ac. Pop. 666. Fairs, 12th May. Melbury Hall, the seat of the Earl of Ilchester, is in this parish. EvERSLEYj a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 2 m. N. Hartford Bridge. Area 5,400 ac. Pop. 770. EvEBTON, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Beds, 4J m. N.N.E. Biggleswade. Area 975 ac. Pop. 233.— II. CO. Notts, 2i m. E.S.E. Bawtry. Area 4,630 ac. Pop. 1,094. — III. a chapelry, co. Lan- caster, pa. Walton-on-the-Hill, 2 m. N.N.E. Liverpool. Pop 9,221. It has two churches and many elegant villas. EvESBATCH, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 4 m. S.S.E. Bromyard. Area 830 ac. Pop. 98. Evesham, a pari, and munic. bor. and market town of England, co. Worcester, in the beautiful vale of the same name, and on the navigable Avon, 16 m. S.E. Worcester. Area, which in- cludes three pas., 2,150 ac. Pop. 4,246, mostly employed in garden work in the rich environs. It has some remains (including the stately tower) of its celebrated mitred abbey, founded in 709 ; two branch banks, with small manuis. of stock- ings, and large market on Monday for horticul- tural produce. It sends two mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 371. An act has been obtain- ed for a railway connecting Worcester & Oxford, and passing through Evesham. In 1265, Edward P. or Wales, afterwards Edward i., here totally defeated the barons, under Simon de Montfort. Evesham, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., New Jersey, 34 m. S. Trenton. Pop. 6,060. EviAN, a vUl. of Savoy, on the Lake and 26 m. N.E. Geneva. Pop. 2,084. Near it are the chalybeate baths of Amphion. EviE and Rendall, a pa. in the mainland of Orkney, Scotland. Pop. 1,447. EviNOTON, a pa. of Engl., co. and 3 m. E.S.E. Leicester. Area 1,630 ac. Pop. 286. EvoRA, Ebora and Liberalitas Julia, a city of Portugal, cap. prov. Alemtejo, on a heightSSm. E.S.E. Lisbon. Pop. 16,000. It is enclosed by ramparts, and has two ruined forts, a rich Gothic cathed., sev. convents & hospls., a house of charity, barracks, diocesan school, and a museum. An aqueduct still in use, and the remains of a temple of Diana (now a slaughter house) are attributed to the Roman general, Q. Sertorius. It has manufs. of hardware and leather, and a large cattle fair on St John's day. — Evoramonte is a market town, prov. Alemtejo, 16 m. N.E. Evora. EvRAN, a comm. and town of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, on rt. b. of the Ranee, 6 m. S.S.E. Dinan. Pop. 4,163. EvRE, a river of France, dep. Cher, rises in the marsh of Bourdelins, and joins the Cher near Vierzon. Length 41 m. EvRECx (anc. Mediolanum, afterwards Eburo- vices), a city of France, cap. dep. Eure, on the Iton, 53 m. W.N.W. Paris. Pop. (1846) 8,137. It is well built, and has many antique houses, a fine cathedral, the church of St Taurin, a clock tower, built during the English domination in 1417, a town hall, episcopal palace, theatre, and EVR 480 EXH a botanic garden. It has manufs. of cotton twist, woollen and cotton fabrics, and leather. In its environs is the fine chateau of Navarre, in which the Empress Josepliine resided after her divorce. EvBON, a comm. and town of France, dep. Mayenne, cap. cant., 17 m. E.N.E. Laval. Pop. 2,256. It has manufs. of linen goods. — Evry, is a sta. on the Paris & Corbeil railw., 13 m. S. Paris. Ewe (Loch), an inlet of the N. sea, Scotl., "W. coast of CO. Boss. It is connected by a short river with Loch Maree. Ewe (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 3J m. E.N.E, Tregoney. Area 6,100 ac. Pop. 1,468. EwELL, a small market town and pa. of Engl., CO. Surrey, with a station on the London and Epsom railway, 1 J m. N.N.E. Epsom. Area of pa. 4,170 ac. Pop. 1,867.-11. a pa., co. Kent, 2J m. N.W. Dover. Area 1,440 ac. Pop. 392. EwELME, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 2\ m. E.N.E. Wallingford. Area 2,170 ac. Pop. 663. It has an hospital, founded by the Duke of Suf- folk in reign of Henry vi. EwBNNV, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, 5 m. W. Cowbridge. Pop. 211. It has ruins of an abbey founded in 1141. EwEBBY, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 3 m. E.N.E. Sleaford. Area 2,620 ac. Pop. 433. EwESDAiE, a pa. of Scotland, co. Dumfries, on the small river Ewes, 4 m. N. Langholm. Area 341 sq. m. Pop. 328. The scenery is amongst the most beautiful on the borders. EwHTiEST, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, 10 m. S.W. Dorking. Area 4,390 ao. Pop. 942 II. a pa., CO. Sussex, 4 m. N.E. Robert's Bridge. Area 6,310 ac. Pop. 1,169. Fairs 21st May, 6th August. — III. CO. Hants, 6 m. N.W. Basing- stoke. Area 820 ac. Pop. 22. EwioE, a township of N. "Wales, ao. Flint, pa. Hawarden, 6 m. S.S.E. Flint. Pop. 1,404. EwTAS, a valley of S. Wales, co. Brecknock, near the point where it joins with the cos. Here- ford and Monmouth. It is watered by the river Honddy, surrounded by lofty mountains, and contains the picturesque ruins of Llanthony ab- bey. — II. (Harold), a pa. of England, co. and 10^ m. S.W. Hereford. Area 1,980 ac. Pop. 366. ExBorENE, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 4; m. E.S.E. Hatherleigh. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 693. ExBDBY, apa. of Engl., co. Hants, 6J m. E.N.E. Symington. Area 2,600 ac. Pop. 406. ExE, a river of England, rises in Exmoor, co. Somerset, and flows, after a S. course of 45 m., into the English Channel at Exmonth, from whence to Topsham(abont8m.),it has a navigable estuary. Chief afils., the Teo and Clist. Bampton, Tiver- ton, and Exeter are on its banks. ExEA, or EasA de los Cabai.lebos, a town of Spain, prov. and 33 m. N.W Zaragoza. Pop. 3,082. It has manu&. of linens and woollens. ExEtBT, a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, N. Rid- ing, pa. Burneston, 2 m. S.E. Bedale. Pop. 682. ExETEB, Isea Damnmdorum, a city, episcopal see, separate co., pari, and munic. bor., & river- port of England, cap. co. Devon, on the Exe, 10 m. N.W. from its entrance into the English Chan- nel, 64 m. S.W. Bristol, with which it is connected by the Gt. W. railw. Area of city & Co., which in- cludes 19 pas., 1,800 ao. Pop. 31,312 ; of pari. bor. 37,231. It occupies an eminence in a richly di- versified dist., has 2 main streets (each nearly 2 m. in length), & crossing at right angles ; considerable remains of its anc. walls, a fine bridge across the Exe, many handsome modern squares & terraces intermixed with anc. narrow streets, 2 noble mkt.- places, and several suburbs containing numerous elegant villas. Chief buildings, the cathedral, probably commenced in 1280, and though of a severer style of architecture than the later cathed- rals, surpassed by few in grandeur, or chaste- ness of proportion and of ornament. Its massive Norman towers over each transept, richly carv- ed W. front, painted windows, colossal organ and bell, episcopal throne, ohapter-ho., library, and numerous chapels, with the monuments of its bishops, and of the Bohurst Courtenays, de- serve special mention. The bishop's palace was built in the reign of Edward iv. ; the grammar school, founded in 1633, has an annual rev. ex- ceeding 800i., and about 16 exhibitions to the universities ; there are numerous other well en- dowed schools and ancient hospitals ; a modem CO. hospital, lunatic, blind, and deaf and dumb asylums, female penitentiary, infirmary, and work-house ; a co. sessions-ho. within the yard of the ancient castle of Rougemont, of which ves- tiges remain ; a co. and city gaol and bridewell, large cavalry and artillery barracks, an ancient guildhall containing some interesting portraits, a theatre, circus, baths, fine ball-room, beautiful park promenade, several fountains, a public library, museum, athenaeum, mechanics' institu- tion, scientific and literary institution, about 6 banks, 8 weekly newspapers, a custom-house, bonding-warehouse, & cloth-hails. Exeter is a great thoroughfare ; excellent mkts., and a beau- tiful vicinity induces many to reside here. It has still some manufe. of serges, paper, &c., with large breweries and iron foundries ; but its once immense trade has greatly declined, nothwith- standing the recent improvements of the porti the forming of a large floating basin, and the deepening of the anc. ship canal to Topsham, by which vessels of 300 tons now approach the city. The heavy port dues, consequent upon these im- provements, are said to check commerce. Cus- toms duties (1846) 97,716Z. Beg. shipping (1847) 176 vessels; aggreg. burden 16,286 tons. Mkts., Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday ; that on Fri- day being the largest for com & wool in the W. of England. Races in Aug. Corp. rev. (1847) 8,196?. Corp. debt, more than 2-3ds of which hasbeenin- curred by liie ship canal, about 150,000?. Exeter has sent 2 mems. to H. of C. since 1286. Beg. elec- tors (1847) 3,798. It is also the place of election for the S. division of the co. Its bishopric, fixed here in 1050 by Edward the Confessor, comprises 4 archdeaneries & about 640 benefices, occupy- ing nearly the whole of Cornwall and Devon. Episcopal rev. (1831) 2,700Z. Average rev. of dean and chapter (including 24 prebendaries), about 10,000?. Exeter gives title of Marquis to the Cecils. During the middle ages it sustained several sieges, and was noted for the number of its religious houses. ExETEB, several tnshps., U. S., N. Amer. — I. N. Hampshire, on Exeter riv., 33 m. E.S.E. Con- cord. Pop. 2,925. It has a well endowed academy. The riv., a branch of the Piscataqua, is navigable for vessels of 500 tons. — ^11. Ehode Isl., 26 m. S.W. Providence. Pop. 1,776.— IH. N. York, 77 m. W. Albany.— Pop. 1,423.-IV. Pennsylvania, co. Berks. Pop. 1,911,^-V. m same state, 129 m. N.N.E. Harrisburgi Pop. 1,529. The battle of Wyoming, noticed in Campbell's poem, was fought here in 1778. ExFOBD, a pa., Engl., co. Somerset, on the Exe river, 7^ m. N.N.W. Dulverton. Area 6,310 ao. Pop. 473. It has several anc. tuipili and much picturesque scenery. ExHALi,, a pa. of England, co. Warwick, 2 m. S.S.E. Alcester. Area 780 ac. Pop. 207.— 11. in same Co., 4} m. N.N.E. Coventry. Area 1,750 EXI 481 FAD ac. Population 936, partly employed in ribbon weaving. ExiLLES, a Till, of Sard, sta., Piedmont, div. & 37 m. W. Turin, prov. Susa, on the Doire. Pop. (1838) including comm. 1,785. ExiN (Pol. Ksynia), a town of Pruss. Poland, gov. Posen, reg. and 24 m. W.S.W. Bromberg, with 2,000 inhabs., and a famous convent. ExMiNSTER, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 3 m, S.S.E. Exeter. Area 4,040 ac. Pop. 1,177. ExMOOB, on extra parochial dist. of Engl., in W. of CO. Somerset, and N.E. of Devon. Area 19,270 ac. Pop. 163. It consists of ranges of hills, from 1,100 ft. to 1,600 ft. in elev., formerly forest, and tile resort of the ancient Druids, but now mostly heath or mai-sh. A few i-ed deer still breed in this tract. The river Exe rises here. ExMouiH, a town and watering-place of Engl., CO. Devon, pa. Littleham, on the Exe, at its mouth, in the English Channel, 9 m. S.S.E. Exeter. Pop. 4,356. It has a ball-room, baths, libraries ; the extreme beauty of its surrounding scenery, with the mildness of the climate, render- ing it a very iuvourite residence. The Beacon hill commands one of the finest views in England. Exmottth gives title of viscount to the Pel- lew family. ExNiNo, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 2i m. N.W. Newmarket. Area 5,710 ac. Pop. 1,259. ExToir, a pa. of England, co. Kutland, i\ m. E.N j;. Oakham. Area 4,860 ac. Pop. 282. The hall, an anc. seat of the Noel &mily, stands in a noble park. — ^11. co. Somerset, 4 m. N.N.E. Dulverton. Ac. 3,870. P. 380 III. co. Hants, 4^ m. N.E. Bishop's- Waltham. Ac. 2,210. P. 282. ExuHA (Gbeat and Little), two of the Ba- hama isls. ; the larger in lat, 23° SO' N., Ion. 75° SO' W., 30 m. in length, by 3 m. in breadth, and having one of the best harbours in these isls. ETAFiAiiA-ToKux, a volcano of Iceland, 15 m. 8.E. Mount Hecla, and which was the seat of vio- lent emptions in 1821-2. Etah, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, in a romantic wooded and rocky dell, 4J m. E.N.E. Tideswell. Area 5,030 ac. Pop. 1,^6. Eyam was once known as "the village of the plague," with which disease it was visited in 1666. Etbab, a town of Spdn, prov. Guipuzcoa, 23 m. W.S.W. St Sebastia.n. Pop. 1,771. It has extensive manufs. of arms. Etdon, a pa. of England, co. Northampton, 9 m. S.S.W. Daventry. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 647. Ete, a pari, and mtmic. bor., market town, and pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 11 m. from the Haw- ley-road station of tiie £. cos. railway, and 20 m. N. Ipswich. Area of pa. 4,320 ac. Pop. 2,493 ; of bor. 7,347. The town mostly consists of white washed and thatched cottages ; it has a fine Gothic church, a grammar school with two ex- hibitions to Cambridge, a handsome guildhall, jail, house of industry, alms-house, and a branch bank of England. Markets, Tuesday and Satui"- day. Eye formerly sent 2 mems, and now sends I to H. of C. The pai-1. bor. now extends over II pas. Keg. electors (1848) 330 II. a pa., co. Hereford, 2 m. N.W, Leominster. Area 4,530 ac. Pop. 739.— III. CO. Northampton, 3} m. N.E. Peterboro'. Area 2,670 ac. Pop. 1,359.— IV. a liberty, 00. Oxford, pa. Souuing, 5m. S.S.W. Henley-on-Thames. Pop. 808. Eyeford, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 2J m. W.S.W. Stow-ou-the-Wold. Ac. 1,380. P. 83. Etemodth, a seaport, market town, and pa. of Scotl., CO. Berwick, on the Eye, a small stream which rises in the Lammermoor range, and here enters the N. Sea, 8 m. N.N.W. Berwick. Pop. of pa. 1,401. It exports grain, and has a fishery. Market, Thursday. Here is a fine bay, with an excellent harbour. EvQuiEKES, a comm. & town of France, dep. B.- du-Rhone, cap. cant., 20 m. E. Aries. Pop. 2,660. Manufs. of woollen stuffs and silk twist. EvKB, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 3§ m. E.N.E. Woodbridge. Area 2,970 ac. Pop. 602. Eylau, two towns of Prussia. [Ellau.] Etmodtiers, a comm. & town of France, dep. H. Vienne, 23 m. E.S.E. Limoges. Pop. 1,842. Etnesbuet, a pa. of England, co. Huntingdon, i m. S. St Neot's. Area 3,640 ac. Pop. 1,003. EvNESFOKD, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 5J m. S.E. Foots-cray. Area 3,640 ac. Pop. 1,313. It has an anc. church & ruins of a Norman castle. Etbaques, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Bouches-du-Khone, 16 m. N.E. Aries. Pop. 1,844. Etbecockt, or Aiecouet, a small market town of Ireland, Connanght, co. Galway, 5 m. N.W. Banag'her. Pop. 1,419. In the vicinity is the residence of the Eyre family. Etthobne, a pa, of England, co. Kent, 6 m. N.N.W. Dover. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 423. Ettok, a pa. of England, co. Hereford, 2 m. N.N.W. Leominster. Area 850 ac. Pop. 177. — II. {on the Wildmoors), co. Salop, 2} m. N„ Wellington. Area 1,420 ac. Pop, 366. The celebrated Lord Herbert of Cherbury was born here in 1581. Etwoeth, a pa. of England, co. Beds, 4 m. N.N.E. Biggleswade. Area 1,370 ac. Pop. 128. EzCAEAY, a town of Spain, prov. and 31 m. W.S.W. Logroiio, on the Oja. Pop. 3,211. F Faabeb<}, a pa. and viU. of Norway, stifl and 85 m. N. Christiania, on the Longen. P. 4,780. Faabobo, a seaport town of Denmark, isl. Fuhnen, on its S. coast, amt. & 16 m. W. Svend- berg. Pop. 2,200. It has steam communication with Kiel, and exports com. Fabbeiabo, a city of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 29 m. W. Macerata. Pop. 6,619. It has a cathedral, and manufectures of paper and parchment. Fabbeica, a town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 11 m. E.S.E. Viterbo. Pop. 2,149. Fabeique la Nubva, a town of Spain, prov. Malaga, near the Guadiaro. Pop. 2,476. Fabics, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, 120 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,562. Faocombe, a pa. of England., co. Hants, 9 m, N.N.E. Andover. Area 3,170 ac. Pop. 276. Faohingew, a vill. of W. Germany, duchy and 9 m. E.N.E. Nassau, on the Lahn, with a celeb, spring, whence 500,000 flasks of mineral waters are annually exported. Factoet Island, one of the isls. de Los, off the W. coast of Africa, 75 m. N.W. Sierra Leone. Lat. 9° 28' N., Ion. 13° 44' W. Fad (Looh), a lake of Scotland, Isle of Bute, 1 m. S.E. Rothesay. Length 5 m. Fadievskoi, an island of the Arctic Ocean, Asiat. Russia, gov. Talcutsk, lat. 76° N., and Ion. 141° to 146° E., between the isls. Kotelnoi and New Siberia. Length, S.E. to N.W., 100 m. ; breadth, 35 m. It is mntnous. and uninhabited. 2n FAE 482 FAL F^OLOE, one of the Aland isls., Baltic, in the S. part of the group. Lat. 60° N., Ion. 20° 20' E. F^MDNB, a lake of Norway, dist. Hedemark, near the Swedish frontier, 85 m. S.E. Trondheim. Length N. to S. 37 m.; breadth varying to 6 m. F.SKeoE, an isl. in the Baltic, off the E. coast of Sweden. Lat 68° 13' N., Ion. 16° 67' E. Faenza, Faventia, a city of Central Italy, Pon- tif. Sta., deleg. and 19 m. S.W. Ravenna, at the junction of the canal of Zanelli with the Lamone. Pop. (1833) 19,752. It is enclosed by walls, and defended by a citadel. It has a cathedral, and a fine marble fountain, schools of painting, a college, hospital, lunatic and orphan asylums. It has manufs. of a peculiar earthenware called faience (from this city), silk twist, fabrics, and paper, and a brisk trade by the canal to the Po. It was sacked by Sir J. Hawkwood in 1376. It is the birthplace of numerous painters, and of the mathematician Torricelli. FiERDEB, a small isl. off the S. coast of Norway, with a light-house in lat. 69° 3' N., Ion. 10° 37' E. Faoan (St), a pa, of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, in the vale of the Elwy, 6 m. "W. Cardiff. Pop. 424. It has a modern castle. In 1648, the royalists were here defeated by the pari, troops. Fagnaho, several vills. of Italy. — ^I. Lombardy, deleg. and 19 m. N.W. Milan, on rt. b. of the Olona. Pop. 1,670. — II. deleg. and 13 m. S. Verona. Here in 1799, an engagement took place between the French and the Austrians. — III. Naples, prov. Abruzzo Ult. II., 14 m. S.E. Aquila.— IV. prov. Calab. Cit., 22 m. N.N.W. Cosenza. Pop. 1,800.— V. Pontif. sta., deleg. Kavenna, 10 m. S.W. Faenza Fahan, two pas. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Donegal. — I. {Lower), on L. Swilly. Area (mostly mntn- ous.), 24,782 ac. Pop. 6,823.-11. (Upper), 21 m. S. Buncrana. Area 10,040 ao. Pop. 2,949. Fahlitah, Persia, prov. Pars, cap. dist., 46 m. N. Kazerun ; a town of from 60 to 70 houses, but formerly of more importance. Fahlun, or Falun, a mining town of Sweden, cap. laen, on lake B.unn, 64 m. W.S.W. Gefle. Pop. 4,379. It is built of timber, has a school of practical mining, museums, and manufs. of cotton yarn, &c. W. of the town are the principal cop- per mines of Sweden. Faido, a town of Switzerland, cap. of the Val Levantine, cant. Tessin, 22 m. W.N.W. Bellin- zona, on 1. b. of the Ticino. Pop. 616. Fai-fo, a town of the empire Anam, Further India, and formerly the centre of its China trade, prov. Quang-nan, on a riv. near its mouth, in the China Sea, and 16 m. S. Turon, with which town it commuuicates by a canal. It has a large Buddhic temple, with 2 other Chinese temples ; its pop. being mainly Chinese. It has a large ann. fair. Princip. exports, sugar and cinnamon. Failsworth, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. and 4J m. E.N.E. Manchester. Pop. 3,879. Faibburn, a tnshp. of England, co. York, W. Riding, 2J m. N.N.W. Ferrybridge. Pop. 528. Fairfax, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in N.E. of Virginia. Area 450 sq. m. Pop. 9,370, of whom 3,463 are slaves. — II. a tnshp., Vermont, 67 m. N.W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,918. Fairfield, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 6} m. W.N.W. New Romney. Area 1,290 ac. Pop. 68. — II. a chapelry, co. Derby, pa. Hope, 1 m. N.E. Buxton. Pop. 599 III. a hamlet, co. Lancaster, pa. and 8J m. E.S.E. Manchester, on the railway thence to Stayley -bridge. Pop. (with pa.), mostly employed in cotton manufs. The Moravians have an establishment here. Eaibfihld, numerous tnsbps., &c., U. S., N. Amer. ; the chief of which are I. Maine, 22 m. N. Augusta. Pop. 2,198.-11. Vermont, 40 m. N.W. Montpelier. Pop. 2,448. — III. a seaport, Connecticut, in Long Island Sound, 62 m. S.W. Hartford. Pop. 3,654. It has a good harbour, and a light-house on Fair-weather Isl. — IV. a tnshp.. New York, 69 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 1,836.— V. New Jersey, 72 m. S.S.W. Trenton. Pop. 1,936. — VI. Pennsylvania, co. Westmore- land. Pop. 2,035.— VII. Ohio, co. Butler. Pop. 2,171.— VIII. Ohio, CO. Highland. Pop. 3,544.— IX. a CO. in S.W. of Connecticut, on Long Island Sound. Area 63 sq. m. Pop. 49,917. — X. a co. in centre of Ohio, Area 640 sq. m. Pop. 31,924. — XI. a dist. in centre of S. Carolina, Area 796 sq. m. Pop. 20,000, of whom 12,605 are slaves. Faibfieli>-Heai>, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Staf- ford, pa. Alstonfield, 7 J m. N.E. Leek. Pop. 991, Faibfobd, a mkt. town and pa. of England, co. Gloucester, on the Colne, at the foot of the Cots- wold hills, 24 m. S.E. Gloucester. Area of pa. 4,220 ac. Pop. 1,672. It is neatly built, & has a beautiful church of the reign of Henry vii. Faiehaven, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Massa- chusetts, on Acushnett riv., 59 m. S.E. Boston. Pop. 3,951, partly employed in the whale fishery. Faie Head, or Bekmore Head, a lofty pro- montory, N. coast of Ireland, Ulster, co. Antrim, 6 m. E.N.E. Ballycastle. It is an immense body of columnar greenstone, 630 feet in elevation. Faib Isle, Scotland, between Orkney and Shetland, 23 m. S.W. Sumburgh Head. Length 4 m. ; breadth 2\ m. Fop. 232. It is accessible for vessels at only one point, on the S.E. The Duke of Medina Sidonia, admiral of the Spanish Armada, was wrecked here in 1688. Fairley, a vUl. of Scotl., co. Ayr, on the coast, 3 m. S. Largs. Pop. 621. It has an old castle. Fairlioht, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 2i m. E.N.E. Hastings. Area 2,230 ac. Pop. 631. Fairlop, in Hainault Forest, England, 12 m. N.E. London, celebrated for an annual fair, and an oak of great age & size, now nearly destroyed. Fairsted, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 4 m. W.N.W. Witham. Area 1,690 ac. Pop. 306. Fairvtew, two tnshps., U. S., N. Amer., Penn- sylvania.— I. 17 m. N.W, York. Pop. 1,993.— IL Erie co., 267 m. N.W. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,481. Faibtveatheb, a cape and mntn. of Russian Amer. ; the cape is in lat. 68° 61' N., and Ion. 137° 36' W. Mt. Fairweather, 35 m. N.E., forms an important point of the Russian & British frontier, and is stated to have an elevation of 14,900 feet. Faisahs (Ile des), a small isl., formed by the Bidassoa, on the borders of France and Spun, near Ii-un. Here the treaty of the Pyrenees was concluded between France & Spain, Sept. 7, 1659. Faith (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Southampton, 1 m. S. Winchester, within the boundary of which city it is included. Pop, 438. Fajemmia, a fortified town of Africa, Sene- gambia, state Konkodu, & resid. of its chief, 60 m. S.E. Bambouk. Lat. 12° 60' N., Ion. 10° 35' W. Fakenham (Great), a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 5 m. S.S.E. Thetford, Ac. 1,660. Pop. 213. Fakenham-Lancasteb, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., CO. Norfolk, on the Wensum, 24 m. N.W. Norwich. Areaof pa. 2,640 ac. Pop. 2,164. It has a magnificent church. Fal, a riv. of England, co. Cornwall, rises near Tregonna hill, in the centre of the co., flows S. & S.W. past Grampouud, into the estuary which forms Falmouth harbour. Fala and Soutba, a pa. of Scotl., cos. Edin- burgh and Haddington, 14 m. S.E. Edinburgh. Pop. 393. There was an ancient hospital here FAL 483 FAL for the relief of pilgrims. Elevation of Soutra- hill 1,184 feet. FAI.ABA, a fortified town of W. Africa, Sene- gambia, cap. state Suliiuana, 215 m. N.E. Sierra Leone. Pop. 6,000 (?). Falaise, a comm. and town of France, dep. Calvados, cap. arrond., on r. b. of Ant^, 22 m. S.S.E. Caen. Pop. (1846) 8,621. It is enclosed by old walls, and has several suburbs. Chief edifices, the castle in which 'William the Con- queror was bom in 1024, town-hall, & 2 hospitals. Prmcipal manuft., cotton, yarn, and hosiery. In Guibray, a suburb on a height immediately E., a fomons &r is held from the 10th to the 25tli of August. FtJaix was formerly fortified, & was near- ly the last place held by the English in France. Faialu, one of the Caroline islands. Pacific Ocean, N.W. of Hogolen. Faiobs, a town of Spain, prov. and 29 m. S.W. Pamplona. Pop. 2,310. It has mineral springs and ruins of a Roman castle. Faicet, a town of Spain, prov. and 26 m. W.N.W. Tarragona. Pop. 2,995. It has re- mains of Roman walls, and a modem temple. Faiconara, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Cit., 10 m. W. Cosenza. Pop. 1,666. Falcoseba, a small isl. of the Grecian Archi- pelago, 26 m. N.W. Milo. Lat. 36° 60' 40' N. Faldijigwokth, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 4 m. S.W. Market-Raisen. Area 1,820 ac. Pop. 350. Fai,eh£, a river of Senegambia, W. Afiiea, affluent of the Senegal, which it joins 16 m. N.W. Galam, in lat. 14° 40' N., Ion. 11° 48' W., after a N.ward course of 200 m. Falfizld, a chapelry of England, co. Glo'ster, pa. and 3J m. N.E. Thombury. Pop. 1,597. Falken AC, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 6 m. W.S.W. Elnbogen, on the Eger. Pop. 1,900. Falkenbebg, a fortified town of Pruss. Silesia, reg. Oppehi, cap. circ, 14 m. S.W. Oppeln. Pop. 1,632 ^n. a seaport town of Sweden, Isen and 20 m. N.W. Halmstad, with a small harbour, 1,660 inhabitants, and an active salmon fishery. Falkesbukg, a town of Prussian Pomerania, reg. and 47 m. S. Koslin. Pop. 3,060. Faxeenhah, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 8J m. E.S.E. Ipswich. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 290. FALKENSTEitf, a towu of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, 11 m. E. Plauen. Pop. 3,346, employed in iron mines and in muslin weaving. FALEisenAH, a pa. of Engl. [Folkingham.] Falkirk, a pari, munic. bor., market town, & pa. of Scotland co. Stirling, on an eminence at the S.W. extremity of the fertile tract called the Cars* of Falkirk, 24 m. W.N.W. Edinburgh, on the Edinburgh and Glasgow railway, and Scottish Central railway. Pop. of pa. 15,621 ; of bor. 8,209. It has one good street, with many nar- row lanes, a town-house, pa. church, numerous schools, a public library, several branch banks, a foundry, and other small manufe. The great Carron iron works are within 2 m. of the town, which is famous for its three annual trysts, held the 2d Tuesday in August, September, and Oct., and which are the largest cattle fairs in Scotland, 300,000 head of cattle and sheep, on an average, appearing annually, & sales made to the amount of half a million sterling. Falkirk unites with Linlithgow, Lanark, Hamilton, and Airdrie in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 614. Traces of the Roman wall of Antoninus are visible in this pa. Here was fought, a. d. 1298, a battle between the troops of Sir W. Wal- lace and of Edward i., when the latter was vic- torious; also, in 1716, an engagement between the Highlanders under Prince Charles Edward, and the English army. Falkland, a royal & munic. bor. and pa. of Scotland, co. Fife, at foot of E. Lomond hill, 22 m. N.N.W. Edinburgh. Pop. 2,886, partly linen weavers. Houses mostly old. The only object of interest is the palace, a favourite hunting seat of the Scottish monai'chs. The chief part of the present edifice, which is in good repair and in- habited by the heritable keeper, was built by James v., who died here. Falkland gives the title of viscount to the English family of Carey. Falkland Islands (French Malouines, Spanish Malvinas), a group in the S. Atlantic, belonging to Great Britain, and consisting of 3 large and 200 small isla., between lat. 61° and 52° 30' S., & Ion. 57° 40' and 61° 20' W., about 310 m. E. the Strait of Magellan, Patagonia. Estimated area 13,000 sq. m. The E. Falkland isl. is nearly 100 m. in length N.E. to S.W. by 60 m. in greatest breadth, and the W. Falkland measures about 90 by 50 m. ; they are separated by Falkland Sound, from 9 to 12 m. in breadth. Others of the group are named the Great Swan, Saunders, Keppel, Pebble, Eagle, and Jason isls. Shores greatly indented, and mostly low, afford many good har- bours. Surface more lofty in the W. than in the E. portion of the group, but in the latter are some hills 1,700 feet above the sea. Clay slates of the Silurian system constitute the greater part of the level country, and quartz rock the moun- tain summits. Climate temperate and healthy, but moist westerly winds, often very violent, pre- vail. Mean temperature of year 47° .2 ; summer 63° .3 ; winter 39° .9, Fahr. Grass lands are extremely luxuriant, and these isls. are well adapted for rearing live stock, already very nu- merous in a wild state. The tussao grass grows to the height of 6 feet. Shrub trees are the only timber. Peat is abundant to the depth of 10 ft. Some vegetables are raised in the settled parts, but little or no corn. The only indigenous quad- ruped is a large fox ; sea-fowl are in considerable numbers ; snipe, quails, hawks, &c., and a species of vulture are found in the isls. Copper and iron ores have been discovered ; and seaJs and whales are plentiful around the coasts, and fish, especially cod, are abundant in the bays. These isls. form a convenient station for ships to procure provisions and fresh water, but are at present of little further value. An EngUsh garrison former- ly stationed at Port Louis, Berkley Sound, E. Falkland, is now removed to Stanly harbour, Port WilUam. The remaining inhabitants are mostly Buenos-Ayrean colonists, with some In- dians, Europeans, and occasionally the crews of whaling vessels. Value, in 1842, of exports to Great Britain, 3,729?. ; of imports from do., 938/. Receipts and expenditure of the colony (1844) 6,179?. The Falkland isls. were discovered by Davis, in 1592, colonised by the French In 1763, taken by the Spaniards in 1767, and ceded in 1771 to the English, who have held uninterrupted pos- session of them only since 1833. Falkopikg, a small town of Sweden, lien and 38 m. S.W. Mariestad, near which, in 1388, Al- bert, King of Sweden, was defeated and made prisoner by Margaret, Queen of Denmark. Fall Bivee, a seaport and township, U. S., N. America, Massachusetts, on the Fall river, at its entrance into a branch of Narraganset Bay, 61 m. S. Boston. Pop. of township 6,738. The town has two banks, various manufe., and con- siderable shipping. Falls, a township of the U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna, 163 m, S.E. FAL Harrisburg. Pop. 2,108. — 11. a township of same state, on the Delaware river, at its falls, opposite Trenton, with which it communicates by a bridge. P. 2,068 III. a town, Hocking co., Ohio. P. 1,625. Falls op St Anthony, on the Mississippi, N. America, are 9 m. above the influx of St Peter's river, 60 m. below the Big Falls, and 1,200 above the mouth of the Mississippi. Lat. 46° N., Ion. 93° 14' W. The river here flows in two channels from 200 to 300 feet in breadth, and falls 16 feet in perpendicular height, over a limestone rock. Falmeb, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 4 m. "W.S.W. Lewes. Area 2,840 ac. Pop. 493. Falmouth, a pari, munic. bor., seaport town and pa. of England, co. Cornwall, on a branch of the estuary of the Fal, 14 m. N.N.E. the Lizard Point, and 79 m. S.W. Exeter. Lat. 50° 8' 8' N., Ion. 6° 2' 7" W. Area of pa. 1,210 ac. Pop. of bor., including Budock pa., 7,966. Mean temp, of year 60° .6 ; winter 41° .9 ; summer 68° .1, Fahr. The town consists mostly of a long line of streets extending along the "W. side of the harbour, with elegant vUlas ranged on the emi- nence behind. It is generally well built, has a church and several meeting houses, a town-hall, gaol, market-house, custom-house, excise oflice, packet office, large bonding and other ware- bouses, 3 banks, public rooms, subscription lib- rary, baths, apolytechnicinstitution, a merchants' hospital for disabled seamen, annual rev. about 3002., and numerous schools. The harbour is formed by the estuary of the Fal, has numerous creeks, & is about 6 m. m length & 1 in breadth. The entrance is defended by Pendennis and St Mawe's Castle, both built in reign of Henry viii., and the former containing large barracks, maga- zines, &c. Its position, at the entrance of the English Channel, has rendered Falmouth for the last 150 years, a principal station for the foreign mail packets, and the great rendezvous for fleets proceeding to the S. and W. The foreign and coasting trade is considerable. Chief imports, rum, sugar, gold, silver, from the W. Indies and S. America; wines, spirits, and fruits from the Peninsula and Mediterranean ; timber, tallow, and hemp from the Baltic, and provisions from Ireland. Chief exports, tin, copper, pilchards, and fuel. Customs (1846) 12,118?. ; corp. rev. (1846) 331?. Keg. shipping (1847) 6,618 tons. Markets, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. With Penryu it sends 2 members to H. of C. Falmouth is a town of recent origin, and is first noticed in a charter of Charles ii., dated 1661. Falmodth, two seaport towns in the British W. Indies, one on the W. coast of Jamaica, in lat. 18° SO' N., Ion. 77° 40' W., and the other on the S. coast of Antigua, with a harbour & 2 forts. Falmouth, several townships, U. States of N. America, the principal of which are, — I. Maine, 6 m. N. Portland. Pop. 2,589.-11. Massa- chusetts, on the S.W. point of Cape Cod, 60 m. S.E. Boston. Pop. 2,071. It has some manufs. and considerable shipping. Faloub, or Filob, atown of India, Punjab, on rt. b. of Sutleje, 6 m. N.W. Loodiana. False Bat, an extensive inlet of the Atlantic, S. Africa, Cape Colony, the W. side of which is formed by the Cape of Good Hope. Length and breadth about 22 m. each. False Cape is a little E. of its entrance. Ships resort to Simon's Bay in this inlet from Table Bay, during the N.W. monsoon, and it is the principal station of the Cape naval squadron II. a bay of New Zea- land, on the W. side of North island. Lat. 36° 33' S., Ion. 174° 10' E.— III. an inlet of the Bay of Bengal, 60 m. E. Cuttack.— Cape False is the 484 FAN name of various headlands of California, N. Granada, Hayti, Honduras, &c. Falsteb, Falstria, an isl. of Denmark, in the Baltic, stift Seeland, and separated from that island, Moen, & LaaJand, by narrow straits. Lat. about 64° 50' N., Ion. 12° E. Length 30 m., breadth 2 to 13 m. Pop. (1846) 22,000. Surface flat and well watered ; and the isl. is so fertile in fruit, &c., as to be termed the " orchard of Den- mark," More com is grown than is required for home consumption ; timber, live stock, and bees are plentiful. Some vessels are built ; but ma- nufactures are almost wholly domestic. Principal town Nyldoping, Falsteebo, a small seaport town of Sweden, near its S. extremity, leen and 16 m. S.S.W. Malmo, on a peninsula in the Baltic. Falstone, a pa. of Engl., co. Northumberland, 7 m. N.W. Bellingham. Area 67,700 ac., mostly mntnous. sheepwalk. Fop. 660. Coal is abun- dant in the parish. Falteeona (Motiht), a summit of the Apen- nines, Tuscany, 25 m. E.N.E. Florence. Height 5,657 ft. The Amo rises on its S. side. Faltsi, a frontier town of Moldavia, cap. dist., on the Pruth, 70 m. S.S.E. Jassy. Falu, Fahlun, or Stoeba-Kopparbebg, a marit. prov. of Sweden, mostly between lat. 59° 52' and 62° 16' N., and Ion. 12° and 17° E., having W. Norway, and on other sides the Isens Oester- sund, Gefleborg, Westeras, Orebro and Carlstad. Area 12,232 sq. m. Pop. (1840) 138,141. Three offsets from the Dovreneld mntns. inclose its 2 principal basins, those of the Siljan lake, and E. and W. Dahl, which unite to form the Dahl. Little corn is raised ; cattle rearing, forest cul- ture and mining employ most of the inhabitants. Principal towns, Fahlun and Hedemora. Falun, a mining town of Sweden. [Fahlun.] Famagusta, a seaport town of Cyprus, on its E. coast, in lat. 35° 7' 40' N., Ion. 33° 69' E. Its defences are now insignificant, and the town, with its palace and numerous churches, is mostly in ruins ; its harbour is choked up, and useless except for small craft. Most of the inhabitants are Greeks. Famagusta is built on the ruins of the anc. Arsinoe. Under the Venetian rule it was one of the principal commercial cities of the Levant. 6 m. N.E. is old Famagusta (anc. Sala- mis and Constantiajj a site covered with ruins. Famars, Fanum Martis, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, arroad. and 3 m. S. Valen- ciennes. Pop. 606. It has the remains of a Roman fort, & anc. bronzes have been discovered here. Famatina, an extensive valley of S. America, Plata confed., dep. La. Bioja, about 150 m. in length, and 30 m. in breadth, bounded E. and W. by the mntn. ranges of Velasoo and Famatina. Its irrigated spots are very fertile ; but its sur- face is generally barren. It contains the town Chilioeto, numerous vills., and silver mines. Fambeidoe, two contiguous pas. of Engl., co. Essex I. {North), 6 m. N.N.W. Rochford. Area 2,100 ac. Pop. 142.— II. {South), 3 m. N.N.W. Rochford. Area 1,670 ac. Pop. 94. Fameliqao (Villa Nova de), a mkt. town of Portugal, 12 m. S.E. Barcellos. Pop. 2,000. Famieh, a town of Syria, pash. Damascus, on rt. b. of the Orontes, 32 m. N.W. Hamah. Sup- posed to occupy the site of the anc. Apamea. Fammamatz, a town of Japan, isl. Niphon,near the coast, 60 m. S.S.E. Okasaki. Fanano, a vill. of N. Italy, duchy and 30 m. S.W. Modena, near Monte Ceinone. Pop. 2,000. FAueFoss, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Riding, 3J m, N.W. Pocklington. Area 9S0ac. Pop, 185. FAN 485 FAR Fano-ki, a small isl. off the S. coast of China, pvov. Quang-tong. Lat. 21° 18' N., Ion. 110° 36' E. Faniru and Faniso, two vills. of Africa, Nigri- tia, state Houssa. — I. 64 m. N.W. Kano. — II. close to Kano, enclosed by a wall. Fanjeacx, Fanum Jovis, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aude, cap. cant., on a mountain, arrond. and 9 m. S.S.E. Castelnaudai-y. Pop. 1,776. It was taken and burnt by Edward the Black Prince, in, 1355. Faw-ling-tao, an isl. in the Sea of Japan, E. of Corea. Lat. 36° 48' N., Ion. 128° 50' E. Fanlobbds, a pa. of Irel, Munster, co. Cork, containing the town of Dunmanway. Area 35,606 ac. Pop. 12,258. Fannet, a township, U. S., N. America, Penn- sylvania, 16 m. N. Cnambersburg. Pop. 1,858. Fannet Point, a headland of Irel., Ulster, co. Donegal, with a hght-house at the W. side of the entrance of Lough Swilly. Fang, Fanum Forturue, a seaport town of Ceut- ral Italy, Pontif. states, leg. TJrbino and Pesaro, on the Adriatic, at the mouth of the Metauro, 7 m. S.E. Pesaro. Pop. 10,000. It is enclosed by old walls, with a lofty bastioned front toward the sea; and is superior in its treasures of art to every other town on the E. coast of Central Italy. Fano has one of the finest modem theatres in Italy, remains of a triumphal arch erected to Augustus, and several other antiquities. Its har- Donr is now choked op ; but it still has some trade, and mannfs. of silk twist. Fang, or Fanho, one of the Ionian islands, at llie entrance of the Adriatic, 14 m. N.W. Corfu, 9f which it is a dependency. Faroe, an isl. of Denmark, off the W. coast of .ntland, stift and 11 m. N.W. Rihe, 8 m. long, and 2 m. broad. Pop. 2,800, mostly fishers. Fastee, a marit. country of Guinea, about lat. 5° SV N., and Ion. 1° W., bounded S. by the ocean, and enclosed landward by the states Aguafoo, Wassaw and Assin. Soil fertile ; and the country is populous, owing to the protection of the British forts of Cape Coast Ca.stle, &c. Faoo (Lb), a comm. and town of France, dep. Finistfere, arrond. and 8 m. N.N.W. Chateaulin with a port on Brest roadstead. Pop. 877. Faocet (Le), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Morbihan, cap. cant., on the EIl^, arrond. and 24 m. W. Pontivy. Pop. 1,474. Manuf. paper. Faba, a town of Piedmont, prov. & 11 m. N.W, Novara. Pop. 1,804 II. a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo Cit., dist. and 7 m. S. Chieti. Pop. 1,420.— IIL (S. Martina), Abruzzo Cit., dist. and 13 m. S.W. Lanciano. Pop. 2,400. Fabades, a town of N. Africa, dom. and 38 m. S.E. Tunis, on site of the anc. Aphrodisium. FABiE, or Faro, an island in the Baltic belong- ing to Sweden, off the N. extremity of Gothland, of which it is a dependency, and separated from it by Farae sound, 2 m. across. Area 30 sq. m. Pop. mostly engaged hi fishing & taking wild-fowl. Fabafbeh, an oasis of the Libyan desert, Africa, in lat. 27° N., Ion. 28° 23' E., 100 m. N.N .W. the oasis of Dakhel. It comprises seve- ral vills., and a town with traces of Greek and Roman edifices. The inhabitants manufacture cotton yam, coarse woollens, & earthen vessels. Fabahabad, a seaport town of Persia, prov. Mazanderan, on the S. coast of the Caspian Sea, 16. m. N. Sari. Fabay, an islet of the Orkneys, separated by a narrow sound from Eday. Pop. 67 II. (S.), near the island of Flotta. Pop. 55. Faeoett, a chapelry of England, co. Hunt- ingdon, 2} m. S.S.E. Peterboro'. Pop. 620. Fabeham, a mkt. town and pa. of England, co Hants, at the N.W. extremity of Portsmouth harbour, with a station on the S.W. railway, 4J m. N.N.W. Gosport. Area of pa. 6,670 ac. Pop. 6,168. Charities (1826) 264?. The town is re- sorted to for sea bathing. It has a union work- house, a philosophical institution, and manufs. of ropes and earthenware, ship-building, and trade in timber, coals and corn. Market Monday. It is a polling place for S. division of the co. Fabewell, a pa. of England, co. Stafford, 2 m. N.W. Lichfield. Area 470 ac. Pop. 203. Farewell (Cape), the S. extremity of Green- land. Lat. 59° 49' N., Ion. 43° 54' W.— II. the N. extremity of Middle Island, New Zealand. Lat. 40° 31' S., Ion. 172° 47' E. Farforth, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 6^ m. S. Lonth. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 92. Fabgeau (St), a comm. & town of France, dep, Yonne, cap. cant., 14 m. S.W. Joigny. P. 1,858. Faeigliano, a vill. of Piedmont, prov. Mon- dovi, on rt. b. of the Tanaro. Pop. 2,040. Farilhao, a group of islets off the coast of Por- tugal, prov. Estrem., 12 m. N.W. Cape Peniche. Farim, a palisaded town of Senegambia, W. Africa, on the Cacheo river, 50 m. N.W. Jeba. Farindola, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo Ult. I., 22 m. S.S.E. Feramo. Pop. 2,566. Paringdon, a pa. of Engl., co Hants, 2\ m. S. Alton. Area 2,430 ac. Pop. 645. [Faeringdon.] Faelan, a pa. of England, co. Cumberland, 3 m. E. S.E. Brampton. Area 5,680 ac. Pop. 1,035. Faeleigh, several pas. of England. — I. {East), CO. Kent, on the Medway, 2^ m. S.S.W. Maid- stone. Area 2,060 ac, a large part of which is laid out in hop grounds and orchards. Pop. 1,377. — II. (West), a pa. adjacent to the above, 3J m. S.W. Maidstone. Area 1,050 ac. Pop. 403. The churchyard contains some of the finest yew trees in England. — III. (ffungerford), co. Somer- set, 6 m. S.S.E. Bath. Area 840 ac. Pop. 164. Adjoining the village are the ruins of a castle & a chapel, built about 1170. The environs abound in rich scenery. — IV. (Wallop), a pa., co. Hants, 3 m. S.S.W. Basingstoke. Area 1,820 ac. P. 94. Faelet, two pas. of England.— I. co. Surrey, 4J m. S.S.E. Croydon. Area 960 ac. Pop. 86. — II. (Chamherlyne), a pa., co. Hants, 6J m. W.S.W. Winchester. Area 1,930 ac. Pop. 149. Faelington, a pa. of England, co. Hants, on the coast, IJ m. W. Havant. Area 2,070 ac. Pop. 792. Here are extensive waterworks, supplying Portsmouth and its suburbs, Faelsthorp, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 2 m, S.E. Afford. Area 1,140 ac. Pop. 109. Farmboeough, a pa. of England, co. Somer- set, 7 m. S.W. Bath. Area 1,310 ac. Pop. 1,149. Faemington, a pa. of England, co Glo'ster, 1^ m. E.N.E. Northleach. Area 2,470 ac. Pop. 359. Farmington, several townships, U. States, N. America. — I. Maine, 32 in. N.W. Augusta. Pop. 2,613.— IL Connecticut, 9 m. W.S.W. Hartford. Pop. 2,041 III. New York, 205 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,122.— IV. New Hampshire, 28 m. E.N.E. Concord. Pop. 1,380.— V. Michigan, 20 m. N.W. Detroit. Pop. 1,684. And many smaller places. FAENBOEOtrait, various pas. of Engl. — I. co. Berks, 4 m. W.N.W. East Ilsley. Area 2,720 ac. Pop. 204 II. CO. Kent, 41 m. S.S.E. Bromley. Area 1,420 ac. Pop. 680. Fab, 12th September III. co. Hants, 6i m. N.N.E. Farn- ham, with a station on the London and S.W. railway, 4 m. E. Fleet-pond. Area 2,370 ac. Pop. 356.— IV. CO. Warwick, 6J m. E.S.E. Kington. Area 2,430 ac. Pop. 367. Farndale, a township of England, co. York, N. FAR 4 Riding, pa. Lastingham, 13 m. N.W. Pickering. Pop. 405. FAB^^DISH, a pa. of England, cos. Bedford and Northampton, 4 m. S.S.W. Higham-Ferrers. Area 810 ac. Pop. 86. Fabndon, several pas. of England. — I. co. and 7i m. S. Chester. Area 3,050 ac. Pop. 999. Speed, the antiquary, was born here in 1552. — 11. CO. Notts, 2i m. S.W. Newark. Area 1,710 ac. Pop. 575 III. (East), co. Northampton, 2 m. S.S.W. Market-Harboro'. Ac. 1070. Pop. 260. Fabne, or Fern Islands, a group of 17 islets and rocks off the E. coast of England, co. Dur- ham, pa. Holjr Island, lying between 2 and 5 m. from the mainland, opposite Bamborough. In- numerable sea-birds build on these islands, on which there are now 2 Ughtliouses, the highest, on S.W. point, revolving, the other, on N.W. point, fixed. Lat. 55° 37' N., Ion. 1° 39' W. And on one of which, where St Cuthbert died, are a square tower, a ruined chmrch, and the stone coffin of the saint. The passage between the islets is, in rough weather, very dangerous. Here the " Forfarshire " was wrecked in 1838, when 9 persons were saved by the heroism of the lighthouse-keeper & his daughter, Grace Darling. Fabseli., a pa. of Scotland, in the E. division of the CO. Forfar, 4 m. S.S.E. Brechin. Pop. 620. An ane. castle of the Ogilvies is here used as a kind of work-house. Fabnham, a market-town and pa. of Engl., co. Surrey, 6 m. S.W. the Farnboro' station of the S.W. railway, & 10 m W.S.W. Guildford. Area of pa. 10,510 ac. Pop. 6,615. The town has an ancient church, an endowed grammar school, and a castle, forming the principal palace of the bishops of Winchester, with a valuable library and collection of paintings. Farnham is chiefly noted for its very superior hops, grown in the vicinity. It has a manuf. of bagging, canvass, &o. Markets, Thursday. The town is governed by bailiffs, under the Bishop of Winchester. Two m. S. are the interesting ruins of Waverley abbey, founded in 1128. W. Cobbett was bom here in 1762.— II. a pa., co Dorset, 7 m. W.N. W. Cranborue. Area 2,200 ac. Pop. 341 III. co. Essex, 2J m. N. Bishop-Stortford. Area 1,360 ac. Pop. 649. Revenue of charities, 66?. per. annum IV. co. Suffolk, 2^ m. S.W. Saxmund- ham. Area 740 ac. Pop. 186. — V. co. York, W. Riding, 2 m. N. Knaresbro'. Area 2,780 ac. Pop. 680.— VI. (iJoyaO, CO. Bucks, 4 m. N. Wind- sor. Area 2,910 ac. Pop. 1,258. Charities (1832) about 105/. The Earls of Shrewsbury, who formerly held the manor, still have the privilege of its tenure confirmed, of supporting the left arm of the sovereign, while holding the sceptre at the coronation. Faenhill, a township of England, co. York, W. Riding, pa.. Kildwick, 3} m. S.S.E. Skipton. Pop. 1,618, partly employed in a lead mine. Faenhurst, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 4J m. N. Midhurst. Area 4,680 ac. Pop. 762. Fabninqham, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 5 m. S.E. Foot's-Cray. Area 2,880 ac. Pop. 701. A bridge of 4 arches here crosses the Darent, on which are several paper mills. Faenley, a chapelry of England, co. York, W. Riding, pa. and 4 m. S.W. Leeds. Pop. 1,630, mostly employed in woollen mannfs. It has an extensive wood. — II. a chapelry, same co. & Rid- ing, on the Wharfe, pa. and 2J m. N.N.E. Otley. P. 217. — III. (Tyas), atnshp., same co. & riding, pa. Ahuondbury,4m. S.S.E. Huddersfield. P. 844. Farnsfield, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 4 m. W.N.W. Southwell. Area 3,920 ac. Pop. 1,099. 6 FAB Fabnttokth, a chapelry of Engl., co. Lancas- ter, pa. Dean, 3 m. S.E. Great Bolton. P. 4,829. Fabo, a seaport city of Portugal, prov. Al- f' arve, cap. comarca, on the Valfennosa, near the . coast, 20 m. S.W. Tavira. Pop. 8,440. It has a cathedral, several convents and charitable es- tablishments, a military hospital, custom-house, arsenal, and superior schools. Its harbour is small, but it has a good roadstead. Exports, fresh and dried fruits, wine, cork, sumach, bas- kets and anchovies. — II. a viU., prov. Alemtejo, 12 m. W.N.W. Beja.— III. a vill. of Brazil, prov. Para, on a considerable lake, 40 m. W. Obidos. — IV. two vills of Sicily, on and near Cape Faro. Fabo, an island of Sweden in the Baltic, off the N.E. extremity of the island Gothland. Lat. 68° N., Ion. 19° 16' E. Length, N. to S., 10 m., breadth varies to 6 m. On its E. side is a vill. of same name. Fabo, Cape, Pelorus, the N.B. extremity of the isl. of Sicily, bounding, with the opposite coast of Calabria (rock of Scylla, &c.), the nar- rowest part of the Strait of Messina. Lat. of Ught-house 38° 15' 60' N., Ion. 15° 40' 40' E. On the hill above are two sea batteries and martello towers, the whole covered by a strong fort. The Faro-charmel is a name given to the Strait of Messina, and the two great divisions of the Neapolitan domiuions are accordingly called the Dominy-al-di-ld (on this side), and Al-di-guA (beyond) di Faro. Faboeb, or the Faboe Isles, a group of isls. in the N. Sea belonging to Denmark, 180 m. N.W. of the Shetlands, between lat. 61° 20' and 62° 26' N., and Ion. 6° 20' and 7° 40' W. They consist of 22 islands, of which 17 are inhabited, and extend 70 m. in length N. to S., and 46 m. in breadth E. to W. Pop. (1847) estimated at 7,800. Coasts steep and rugged, interior moun- tainous, highest peaks, In Osteroe, 2,864, and in Stromoe, 2,430 feet. The channels which separate the islands afford several good bays. The islands enjoy all the advantages of an insular climate, and derive great benefit from the N. branch of the gulf stream, which, besides raising the tem- perature, carries to their shores considerable quantities of drift wood. The winters are ex- tremely mild, so much so, that sheep and cattle require no housing. Summer moist and foggy. The longest day in summer is 20, and the short- est in winter 4 hours ; but the length of the day is greatly extended by the morning and evening twilight, and by the anrora borealis. There is no timber on the islands, but turf is abundant. Barley is cultivated, but does not always ripen. Turnips and potatoes yield good crops. Most of the inhabitants are employed in the fisheries, of which that of a species of small whale is the most important; and in the preparation of wool. Sheep, of which there are 80,000, form the chief riches of the islanders. The horses are small but powerful ; waggons are not employed. Sea-fowl are numerous ; and feathers form a considerable article of commerce. Among minerals, the chief are fine opals and coal, the last especially in Siideroe. The people, of Norwegian descent, are robust and healthy ; their spoken language is a dialect of the N. German, but their written language is Danish. The islands are governed by an amtmann, who is also mihtary comman- dant, a judge, and a provost. The trade is a royal monopolar ; and half of the soil belongs to the king. Tftie islands are divided into 7 parishes under 1 bishop. Thorshavn, on the S. coast of Stromoe (pop. 720), is the cap. and the only town. The chief islands are Stromoe, the central and FAR 487 FAV largest of the group. Area 116 sq. m. Pop. 2,000; Bordoe, pop. 300; Wideroe, pop. 160; Osteroe, pop. 1,780 ; Waagoe, pop. 600 ; Sandiie 600; Slmoe 60; Suderoe, pop. 1,100. Fabb, a pa. of Scotland, co. Sutherland, on its N. coast. It is about 40 m. in length, and from 3 to 20 in breadth, consists mostly of sheep- walks, and is entirely owned by the D. of Suther- land. Pop. 2,217. Fabbingdon (Gbeat), a market-town and pa. of England, co. Berlts, at the foot of Farringdon hill, in the vale of Whitehouse, 32 m. "W.N.W. Heading, and 6 m. N. Farringdon-road station of the Great W. railway. Area of pa. 6,910 ac. Pop. 3,593. It is an ancient and very neat town, with an interesting old church, and a town-hall ; charities amounted, in 1836, to iHl.; a large national school, a branch bank, and an extensive trade in corn and bacon. Jlarkets, Tuesday. It is the head of a poor-law union, and a polling place for the co. The Farringdon-road station is 63J m. W. London. — II. a pa., co. Devon, 3^ m. N.E. Topsham. Area 4,000 ao. Pop. 381. Fabrington, a township of England, co. Lan- caster, pa. Penwortham, with a station on the N.W. railway,! m. S.S.W. Preston. Pop. 1,719. —II. (fiurtiey), a pa., co. Somerset, 8^ m. N.N.E. Wells. Area 890 ao. Pop. 606. Fabs, or Fabistan, a prov. of Persia, mostly between lat. 28° and 32° ST., and Ion. 50° and 55° E., having S.W. the Persian Gulf, and on other sides enclosed by the provs. Khnzistan, Irak Ajemi, Tezd, Eirman, and Laristan. Surface very various ; on the coast it is level, and the climate hot : in the interior are mountain ranges rising to 2,500 or 3,000 feet in height, and in- terspersed with many long and narrow fertile plains. Principal rivers, the Bundemeer, Tab, and STabon. Salt lakes numerous. Products comprise com, rice, dates, raisins and other fruits, fine tobacco, opium, saffron, hemp, cotton, attar of roses, silk, wine (that of Shiraz being greatly esteemed in Persia). Many cattle and sheep are reared ; and the horses, camels, and asses are of superior breeds. Principal minerals, lead, iron, marble, borax, naptha, and salt. The inhabitants are among the most civilized and in- dustrious in the kingdom : and manufacture fine woollen, silk, and cotton stuffs, and skins for exportation, principally to Hindostan. Chief cities and towns, Shiraz, the cap., Bushire, Firo- zabad, and Kazerun. Fars contains the ruins of Peisepolis, Fasargada, and Shapoor. It was the patrimony of Cyrus, and, with the substitute of P for its initial letter, it gave name, among the ancient Greeks, to the whole empire of his suc- cessors. [Pebbia.] Fabshiout, a town of Upper Egypt, near the W. bank of the Nile, 20 m. E.S.E. Girgeh. It has a Coptic church, a government school, and a cotton yam factory. Fabscnd, a marit. vill. of Norway, stift Chris- tiania, 60 m. W. Christiansand, on the N. Sea. Chief exports, dried fish. Pop. 1,032. Fabtak, a cape and seaport vill. of Arabia, on its S. coast, the cape in lat. 15° 36' iO" N., Ion. 62° 21' 10^ E., and the vill., called also Saif, or Kersah, situated on its W. side, with a harbour, affording anchorage in 9 fathoms water. Fabthinohoe, a pa. of Engl., co. Northamp- ton, 4 m. W.N.W. Brackley. Area 8,320 ao. Pop. 409. FABTHiuasTONE, 3, pa. of Eugl., CO. Northamp- ton, 7 m. N.W. Towoester. Ac, 1,820. Pop. 315. Fakwat, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 3 m. S. Houiton. Area 3,420 ac. Pop. 376. Far- West, a vill., U. S., N. Amer., Missouri, 169 m. N.W. Jefferson. Pop. 600. Fasana, a small seaport town of Illyria, gov. & 62 m. S. Triest. Opposite are the Brioni Isls., the marble of which was used in building Venice. Fasano, a city of Naples, prov. Bari, cap. cant., 8 m. S.E. Monopoli. Pop. 8,890. FATcnio, an isl. of the Japanese dom., in the Strait of Corea, Pacific. Lat. 34' 20' N., Ion. 129° 30' E. It is fertile, but difScult of access, & is the place of banishment for state-criminals. Fateeeeii, a vill. and ruined town in the E. desert of Upper Egypt, 66 m. N.E. Kenneh, with Boman antiquities and granite quarries. Fatej, a town of Russia, gov. and 33 m. N.W. Koursk, near r. b. of the Ousoja. Pop. 2,000. Fatsah, Phadisana, a seaport town of Asia Minor, on the Black Sea, 60 m. E.S.E, Samsoim. It has an old palace and a large khan, but is in decay. Two m. E. are the ruins of Polemonium. Fatteconda, a town of Senegambia, Bondou, on r. b. of the Falem^ riv., 32 m. N.E. Bulibani. Faucisnt, a vill. of Savoy, giving name to a prov., of which Bonneville, 3 m. S.S.E., is the chief toiTO. TMs prov. is tiie highest in Savoy, and is called " the classical country of the Alps." Pop. 101,792. The vill. is 2,162 feet above the sea. Favcilles, a mntn. range of France, deps. Marne and Vosges, connected E. with the Vosges mntns., and S.W. with the plateau of Langres, separating the basins of the Mouse and Moselle from that of the Safine. Summit les Fourches, 1,611 feet in elevation. Faucogney, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Sa6ne, cap. cant., at the foot of the Vosges mntns., arrond. & 11 m. N.N.E. Lure. P. 1,581. Fadghanvale, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. and 6 m, E.N.E. Londonderry, watered by Faughan river. Area 18,682 ac. Pop. 6,929. Faclhorw, a mritn. of the Alps, Switzerland, cant, and 32 m. S.E. Bern, between the valley of the Grindelwald and the lake of Brienz, 8,802 ft. in elevation. It has an inn on the summit. Faolkboubh, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 2 m. N.W. Witham. Area 750 ac. Pop. 167. Fauquibe, a CO., U. S., N. Amer., in N.E. of Virginia. Area 720 sq.m. Pop. 21,898. Fausse Riviere, a lake, U. S., N. Amer., Louisiana. It was the bed of the Mississippi un- til about 1714, when the river took a shorter course. The banks of this lake are richly cultiv. Favaea, a town of Sicily, 4 m. S.E. Girgenti. Pop. 7,690. It has rich mines of sulphur. Favebges, a vill. of Savoy, prov. Genevese, cap. mand., near the lake of Annecy, 23 m. N.E. Chambery. Pop. 3,641. Manufs. paper & cotton. Favernet, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Sa6ne, 10 m. N. Vesoul, on the Lauterne. Pop. 1,657. Favebsham, a munio. bor., seaport town, and pa. of England, co. Kent, on a navigable arm of the Swale, opposite the Isle of Sheppey, 9 m. W.N.W. Canterbury. Area of pa. 2,270 ao. Pop. 4,621. The town has 4 well paved main streets, and several suburbs ; a guild-hall and market-ho., jail, fine cruciform church, grammar and endowed national schools, an alms-house and other large charities, a theatre, assembly-rooms, union work-ho., branch custom-ho., bonding warehouse, with a valuable oyster fishery, origi- nally belonging to the manor of Milton, and con- ducted by a privileged company. Near it are gunpowder factories, established before the reign of Elizabeth. Large quantities of corn, hops, fruit, and wool, are shipped here for London. Custom duty (1846) 4,361?. The port, subordi- FAV 488 FEE nate to Dover, admits vessels of more than 100 tons burden. Reg. shipping (1847) 288 vessels ; aggregate burden 10,266 tons. Mkts., Wed. and Sat. King Stephen was buried in the abbey which he founded here in 1147. The town gives the title of baron to the Duncombe family. Favignana, Mmsa or Mthusa, an isl. of the Mediterranean, off the W. coast of Sicily, intend, and 11 m. S.W. Trapani. Length E. to W. 6 m. ; average breadth 2 m. Surface low, except in the centre, where a hill range crosses it from N. to S., having on its highest point St Catherine's Castle. It has stone quarries, tunny & anchovy fisheries, and an export trade in sheep, goats, poultry, &c. On its E. side is its principal town San Leonardo, and on its N. coast a good harbour, defended by Fort San Giacomo. Favbia, a market town of Piedmont, prov. Turin, maud. Kivarolo. Pop. 2,745. Favpdon, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Northumber- land, pa. Gosforth,3m. N.N.W. Newcastle-upon- Tyne. Pop. S44. Favteham, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 5 m. S.E. Dartford. Area 1,060 ae. Pop. 277. Fawley, several pas. of Engl. — X. co. Berks, 4J m. S. Wantage. Area 2,870 ac. Pop. 225 11. CO. Bucks, 3 m. N.N.W. Henley-on-Thames. Area 2,010 ac. Pop. 280. Fawley-court is a handsome structure built by Sir C. Wren in 1684. — III. CO. Hants, 5i m. S.S.E. Southampton. Area 6,590 ac. Pop. 2,077. EAWSI.ET, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 4 m. S. Daventry. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 48. The seat of the Knightley family, situated in a fine deer park, is an anc. and interesting structure. Faxton, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 4 m. S.S.W. Rothwell. Area 2,120 ac. Pop. 108. Fay, two comms. and vills. of France. — 1. dep. Loire-lnf., 8 m. N.E. Savenay. Pop. 3,712 II. (aux-Logea), dep, Loiret, 10 m. E.N.E. Orleans. Pop. 1,063. Fatal, one of the Azores Isls. Lat. of Horta 38° 30' 12^ N., Ion. 28° 41' W. Area about 37 sq. m. Pop. 22,000. Surface very fertile ; in its centre is a mntn. about 3,000 feet in height. On its S.E. side is a fine bay, which renders it the most frequented isl. of the group, after St Michael. On this bay is Horta, the principal town. Fatence, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Var, cap. cant., 12 m. N.E. Draguignan. Pop. 1,403. Manufs. earthenware and glass. Fayette, numerous places, U. S., N. Amer. — I. a CO. in S.W. of Pennsylvania. Area 824 sq. m. Pop. 33,674. — II. a co. in W. of Virginia, on Great Kanawha river, cap. Fayetteville. Pop. 3,924. — III. a CO. in centre of Ohio. Area 415 m. Pop. 18,984. — IV. a co. in centre of Georgia. Area 645 sq. m. Pop. 6,191. Cap. Fayetteville. — V. a CO. in W. of Alabama. Area 1,250 sq. m. Pop. 6,942. Cap. same name. — VI. a co. in centre of Kentucky. Area 276 sq. m. Pop. 22,194, of whom 10,710 are slaves. — VII. a co. in S.W. of Tennessee. Area 676 sq.m. Pop. 21,501, of whom 10,885 are slaves. — VIII. a co. in E. of Indiana. Area 400 sq. m. Pop. 9,837.— IX. a CO. in S. of Illinois. Area 648 sq. m. Pop. 6,828. T-X. a tnshp., New York, 178 m. W. Albany. Pop. 3,731.— XI. Pennsylvania, 214 m. W. Har- risburg. Pop. 2,484. — XII. a vill., Missouri, 61 m. N.W. Jefterson. Pop. 1,000. It has a col- lege.— XIII. (Fayetteville), a town, N. Caroline, 1 m. from the navigable Cape Fear riv., & 50 m. S. Raleigh. Pop. 4,286. It has a U. S. arsenal, several cotton factories, and considerable trade in com, tobacco, and naval stores. Fayl-Billot (Lb), a comm. & town of France, dep. Haute Mame, cap. cant., an-ond. and 13 m. S.E. Langres. Pop. 2,324. Fayoe, a small isl. of Denmark, stift and im- mediately E. Laaland. Area 3J sq. m. P. 1,600. Fatoum, a prov. of Middle Egypt, consisting of a valley, 40 m. S.W. Cairo, on the W. side of the NUe, and considerably depressed beneath its surface. Length E. to W. 38 m. ; breadth 31 m. In its N. part is the famous Lake Moeris. It is well irrigated both by nature and art, and was anciently the garden of Egypt. It yields wheat, olive oil, attar of roses, indigo, and nitre. Me- dinet-el-Fayoum (anc. Arsitioe), is its cap., around which are numerous remains of antiquity; and there are about 70 other towns and vills., all densely peopled. Fazeley, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Stafford, with a station on the Birmingham and Derby railway, pa. and li m. S. Tamworth. Pop. 1,490. The late Sir R. Peel's cotton factory was in this tnshp. Fazilpoor, a small and decayed town of N.W. Hindostan, Bhawlpoor territory, with a fort on the Indus. Lat. 28° 30' N., Ion. 69° 50' E. Fe Santa, S. America, &c. [Santa Fe.] Feaole, a pa. of Irel., Munster, co. Clare, 5 m. W.N.W. Scariff. Area 36,972 ac. Pop. 10,156. Feale, a riv. of Ireland, Munster, rises in mntns. near the junction of cos. Cork, Limerick, and Kerry, flows N.W., dividing Limerick and Cork, and through co. Kerry, and joins the Shan- non near Gnisborough, by a navigable and tidal estuary called the Cashen. Length 30 miles. Feakn, a pa. of Scotland, co. Ross, near the Moray Firth, N. of Cromarty. Area about 2 m, sq. Pop. 1,914. It contains ruins of Feam abbey, as of Lochlinn and CadboU castles. — 11. a pa., near centreof co.Foriar,7m W.N. W. Brechin. P.404. Featherstone, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, 3 m. N.N.W. Pontefract, with a station on the railway thence to Wakefield. Area 4,050 ac. Pop. 1,005. — II. a tnshp., co. Northumber- land, pa. and 4 m. S.W. Haltwhistle. Pop. 265. Its castle, the anc. seat of the Featherstones, is picturesquely situated near the S. Tyne III. a tnshp., CO. Stafford, pa. & 6 m. S. Wolverhampton. FEC.4.MP, a comm. and seaport town of France, " dep. Seine-Inf., on the EngUsh Channel, at the mouth of the riv. Fecamp, and on the branch railway from Kouen to Havre, 21 m. N.N.E. Havre. Pop. (1846) 9,737. Its port, though small, is one of the best on the Channel, and has been lately much improved by the construction of a quay and lighthouse. Its sends several vessels to the whale fisheir. Fecamp- has nu- merous cotton, oil, and other mills, turned by water-power, several steam saw-mills, ship-build- ing docks, tanneries, sugar-refineries, manufe. of linens, hardwares, soda, &c., and an active trade in Baltic and colonial produce, fish, salt, and brandy. It has a remarkable church, part of an anc. abbey ; it is the seat of a chamber of com- merce, naval bureau, and school of navigation, & is the residence of various foreign consiJs. Feokenham, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, 7 m. E.S.E. Droitwich. Area 6,740 ac. Pop. 2,800, partly engaged in manufe. of needles. Fedt, a vill. and pa. of Norway, stift and 15 m. B. Chi-istiania, on Lake Ojeren. Pop. 2,360. Feejee Isls, a group in the Pacific, forming a section of the Friendly Isls, between lat. 15° 30' and 19° 30' S., and Ion. 177° E. and 178° W., com- prising 164 isls., of which 65 are inhabited. Principal isls., Kantaou, Ovolau, Ambau, Mu- thuatu. Estimated pop. of group 133,000. For- mation of the isls. chiefly volcanic. Some of them mntnous. Scenery beautiful. Soil rich & FEE 489 FEN well watered. Temp, varies from 62° to 96° Fahr. Vegetation most luxuriant: bread-fruit tree, palms, & sugar, in abundance. The natives well formed and active, but irritable. and warlike ; and theyarenot devoid of agriculture & domestic arts. Their canoes are superior to those of most of the S. Sea Isls. Missionary stations at Rewa,Viwa,&c. Feelsted, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 10 m. N. Chelmsford. Area 7,170 ao. Pop. 1,798. Feebino, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 2 m. S.E. Coggeshall. Area 2,430 ac. Pop. 817. Fegebsheim, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. B. Khin, with a station on the railway to Colmar, 7 m. S. Strasbourg. Pop. 1,771, Fegkeac, a comm. and vUl., dep. Loire-Inf., 16 m. N. Savenay. Pop. 2,305. Fehbbbllin, a town of Prussia, prov. Brand- enburg, reg. and 33 m. N.N.W. Potsdam. Pop. 1,644. In 1675 the Swedes were defeated here by the troops under the elector of Brandenburg. Feia, a large lake of Brazil, prov. and 130 m. N j;. Kio Janeiro, near the Atlantic, with which it communicates by an artificial canal called Fu- rado. The lake is shallow and abounds in fish. Feignies, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, arrond. and 12 m. N. Avesnes. P. 1,846. Feiea, a seaport town of Portugal, prov. Beira, on the Atlantic, cap. comarca, 14 m. S.S.E. Oporto. Pop. 2,000. Feistbitz, a riv. of Styria, which joins the Kaab below Furstenfeld, after a S.E. course of about 60 m. Pirkfeld and Hz are on its banks.— II. a vai., Styria, circ. and 9 m. N.N.W. Gratz, on the Mur, with 600 inhabs., lead mines and smelting works. — III. Camiola, circ. and W. Villach,with iron-works ^IV. {Windisdi-F.), a town, Styria, circ. and 18 m. N.E. Cilly. Pop. 250. Felaniche, a town of the isl. Majorca, 27 m. E.S.E. Palma. Pop. (1845) 8,102. It has a con- vent, hospital, and manufs. of linens & woollens. Felbbigg, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 2^ m. S.W. Cromer. Area 1,440 ac. Pop. 133. The Wyndham family have a seat in this parish. Feldbebg, a mntn. of Germany, in the Black Forest. [Baden.] Felbk-ibch, a town of the Tyrol, Vorarlberg, circ. and 20 m. S.S.W. Bregenz, on the 111. Pop. 2,.300. — Feldkirchen is the name of a vill. of Baden, 10 m. W.S.W. Freiburg, and of one in Illyria, circ. Villaeh. Feldsbehg, a town of Lower Austria, 40 m. N.N.E. Vienna. Pop. 2,322. Here is a magni- ficent palace of Prince Liechtenstein, and in the vicin. tile best wine in the archduchy is produced. Felegyhaza, a town of Hungary, W. of the Theiss, cap. dist. Litt. Cumania, on lie road be- tween Pesth and Temesvar, 66 m. S.E, Pesth. Pop. (1845) 17,000. It has a Roman Catholic gymnasium, large cattle markets, and an exten- sive trade in com, wine, and fruit. Some Roman antiquities have been discovered here. Femce (San), two vills. of N. Italy I. Lom- bardy, deleg. and 16 m. E.N.E. Brescia, on the W. bank of L. Garda. Pop. 1,100.-11. duchy Modena, 4 m. E.S.E. Mirandola. Pop. 3,000. Felicien (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. Ardfeche, cap. cant., arrond. and 10 m. W. Toumon. Pop. 2,200. Manufs. cloth. Felicudi, an isl., Mediterr. [Lipabi Isl.] Felix Habboub, N. Amer., Boothia. [Boo- thia Felix.] Felix-Kibk, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Kid- ina 2 m. N. Thirsk. Area 6,990 ac. Pop, 931. Felix (St), an isl., S. Pacific Ocean, W. of Copiapo, Chile. Lat. 26° 21' S., Ion. 79° 36' W. — IL a cape on the S. coast of Madagjiscar. Felix (St), two comms. and towns of France. — I. dep. H. Gai'onne, 23 m. S.E. Toulouse. Pop. 2,698. It is well built of stone, and has an old castle II. (de Sorgue), dep. Aveyron, 7 m. S.E. St Affrique. Pop. 1,890. Felixstow, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 11 m. S.E. Ipswich. Area 1,170 ac. Pop. 662. Felizzano, a vill. of Piedmont, cap. mand., on the Tanaro, 9 m. W. Alessandria. Pop. 2,176. Felkikk, a pa. of England, co. York, W. Rid- ing, 6 m. N.N.E. Barnsley. Area 6,360 ac. Pop. 1,186. Fellbach, a market town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, 6 m. E.N.E. Stuttgart. Pop. 2,700. Felletin, a comm. and town of France, dep. Creuse, cap. cant., on the Creuse, 6 m. S. Aubns- son. Pop. (1846) 2,969. It has manufs. of car- pets, velvets, and paper. Fellin, a town of Russia, gov. Livonia, cap. dist., 110 m. N.N.E. Riga. Pop. 3,000. It is very anc, and has the remains of an old castle. Felmebsham, a pa. of England, co. Bedford, 2^ m. E.N.E. Harrold. Area 2,400 ac. Pop. 531. Felmingham, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 2 m. W.S.W. North Walsham. Ac. 2,010. Pop. 408. Felpham, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 6 m. S.W. Arundel. Area 1,800 ac, a part of which is hable to inundations of the sea. Pop. 656. Felsbebg, a town of H.-Cassel, prov. Lower Hessen, on 1. b. of theEder, 13 m. S.S.W. Cassel. Fop. 1,233. It has a ruined castle. Felsham, a pa., Engl., co. Suffolk, 7 m. W.S.W. Stow-mkt. Ac. 1,440. Pop. 398. Fair, Aug. 16. Felsted, a pa., Engl., co. Essex. [Feelsted.] Feltham, a pa. of England, co. Middlesex, 3| m. S.W. Hounslow. Area 2,620 ac. P. 1,029. Felthoepe, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 7 m. N.N.W. Norwich. Area 2,260 ac. Pop. 574. Feltoh, several pas. of England. — I. co. and 7 m. N.N.E. Hereford. Area 990 ac. Pop. 113.— II. CO. Northumberland, on the Coquet, here crossed by a stone bridge, 8 m. S. Alnwick, and 5 from the Acklington station of the Great N. of England railway. Area 14,750 ac. Pop. 1,685. —III. (West), CO. Salop, 4 m. S.E. Oswestry. Area 6,160 ac. Pop. 1,087. Feltbe, Feltria, a town of N. Italy, gov. Venice, deleg. and 17 m. S.W. Belluno, on a height near the Piave. Pop. 5,500. It is par- tially fortified, and has a cathedral, an episcopal gymnasium, and a diocesan school. Silk-twist & wax-bleaching factories, and a trade in com, wine, and oil. In 1809, Napoleon conferred the title of the Duke of Feltre, on General Clarke. Feltwbll, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 6 m. S. Stoken Ferry. Area 14,810 ac, nearly half fen, 1,100 ac. common lands. Pop. 1,612, partly crape & stuff weavers. It has 2 pa. churches. Felujah, a castle of Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 32 m. W.S.W. Bagdad, on the Euphrates, here crossed by a bridge of boats, about midway between Hit and Hillah. Femebn, an isl. of Denmark, prov. Schleswig, in the Baltic, separated from Holstein by Femer- sund, a channel 1 m. broad. Lat. of Burg, its cap., 26° 10' N., Ion. 11° 12' E. Area 70 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 8,860. Surface low and level. Corn and cattle are abundant, but fishing and navigation are the principal occupations of the inhabitants. Femina, or Femmine, a small rocky island off the N. coast of Sicily, 10 m. N.W. Palermo. Fenagh, two pas. of Ireland.— I. Connaught, CO. Leitrim, 2J m. S.S.W. BaUinamore. Area about 9,800 ac Pop. 4,426. It has the ruins of an abbey. — II. Leinstcr, co. Carlow, 6 m. E.S.E. Leighliu Bridge. Pop. 4,314. FEN 490 FEU Fenaiw, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, arrond. and 9 m. E. Douai. Pop. 1,942. Fence- Houses, a station on the Newcastle and Durham raUw., Kngl., co. & 6 m. N.E. Durham. Fenetbanoe, a comm. and town of France, dep. Meurthe, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Sarre, 8 m. N. Sarrebourg. Pop. 1,473. Fekestbellb, a market town of Piedmont, div. and 50 m. W. Turin, prov. Pinerolo, cap. mand., on the Clusone. Pop. of comm. 1,291. Feniton, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 3J m. W.S.W. Honiton. Area 1,340 ac. Pop. 315. Fenneb, a township, TJ. S., N. Amer., New York, 112 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 1,997. Fehnit, an is!., Ireland, Munster, co. Kerry, forming the division between Tralee and Bally- heigue bays, 8 m. "W.N.W. Tralee. Area 686 ac. Pop. 215. It has a ruined cafitle. Fenstanton, a pa. of Engl., co. Huntingdon, 2 m. S.S.E. St Ives. Area 2,400 ao. Pop. 1,032. It has a well endowed free school. Fenton, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Lincoln, S m. E.S.E. Newark. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 120. —II. {Kirk), CO. Tork, W. Riding, 6 m. S.S.E. Tadcaster. Area 4,410 ac. Pop. 608.— III. a township, CO. Stafford, pa. Stoke-on-Trent, on the Manchester and Birmingham railway, 2J m. E.S.E. Newcastle-under-Lyne. Pop. 3,744. — IV. (Littk), a township adjoining. Pop. 1,179. Fenwick, a pa. of Scotland, co. Ayr, 4 m. N.E. Kilmarnock. Area 14,500 ac. Pop. 2,018. Feock, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, on Falmouth harbour, H m. S. Truro. Area 2,530 ac. Pop. 1,476. Trelissick House is in this pa. Feodosia, or Theooosia, Crimea. [Kaffa.] Febahabad, a marit. town of Persia, prov. Mazanderan, at the mouth of ariv. in the Caspian Sea, 15 m. N. Sari. Febdinand (St), a township, U. S., N. Amer., Missouri, co. St Louis. Pop. 3,079. Ferbane, a vill. of Ireland, Leinster, King's CO., on the Brosna, 9 m. N.E. Banagher. P. 537. Fbbdinandea, or Graham Island, a remark- able volcanic island, which appeared in the Me- diterranean, 31st July 1831, in lat. 37° 8' 3' N., Ion. 12° 42' 15'' E., between Sicily & Pantellaria, and remained visible above the water for 3 months. Fere (La), a comm. and fortified town of France, dep. Aisne, cap. cant., on an island in the Oise, near its confl. with the Serre, 14 m. N.W. Laon. Pop. 3,129. It has manufs. of woollens and chemical products, a large arsenal, and a school of artillery. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1536, and by the Prussians 28th February 1814. — II. (F. Champenoise), a comm. & vill., dep. Marne, cap. cant, arrond. Pop. 1,526. Here, on 24th March 1814, the French were total- ly defeated by the allies. — ^III. (F. en- Tardenois), a comm. and town, dep. Aisne, cap. cant., on the Ouroq, arrond. & 12 m. N.N.E. Chateau-Thierry. Pop. 2,212. Ferensai., a remarkable lead mine in N. Afghanistan, 18 m. S.W. Ghorbund, extensively wrought at a remote period, but long concealed, and re-diseovered only a few years ago. Lat. 34° 55' N., Ion. 68° 83'. Ferentino, Ferentinum, a town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 6 m. N.W. Frosinone. Fop. 6,800. It is a bishop's see, and has nume- rous antiquities. Feeed, or Febedjik, a town of Europ. Turkey, Bumili, sanj. and 44 m. N.W. Gallipoli, nearr. b. of the Maritza, with mineral baths. Pop. 3,000. Febqhana, Central Asia. [Khokas.] Fergus, a riv. of Ireland, Munster, co. Clare, through which it runs S.E. by Ennis and Clai-e, and enters the Shannon, by a broad estuary, after a S.E. course of about 27 miles. Febgcs (St), a marit. pa. of Scotl., compre- hended in CO. Banff, but situated in co. Aber- deen, with a vill. 4 m. N.W. Peterhead. Area 12 sq. m. Pop. 1,391. It contains the ruined castle and vill. of Inverugie. Febia, a town of Spain, prov. and 29 m. S.E. Badajos. Pop. 2,437. Manufs. cloths. Febianbh, Thala, a town of N. Africa, in the desert, dom. and 176 m. S.S.W. Tunis. Febla, a town of Sicily, intend. Syracuse, cap. cant., 18 m. W.N.W. Syracuse. Pop. 3,696. Feriaoh, a vill. of Carinthia, circ. and 7 m. S. BLlagenfurt, on rt. b. of the Drave. Pop. 2,000. It has extensive iron and steel manufactures. Fermanagh, an inland co. of Irel., Ulster, en- closed by the cos. Donegal, Tyrone, Monaghan, Cavan, Leitrim, and Connaught. Area 714 sq. m., or 457,195 ac, of which 289,228 ac. are arable, 114;847 waste, 46,755 under water, and about 8,000 in woods. Mountain limestone is the pre- valent rock, with old red sandstone and millstone grit. Soil generally rich loam. Inhab. houses 26,796. Pop. 156,481. Surface varied from the richest vales to the wildest uplands. The lakes, Upper and Lower Erne, with their connecting river, divide the co. into two nearly equal por- tions. Farms mostly very small. Agricnltnrfe is backward, except in the N., where the Scotch methods are partly followed. Oats, barley, wheat, flax, and potatoes are the principal crops. Num- ber of schools m 1824, 1,240 ; of scholars, 9,793, of whom 5,283 were connected with the established church, 4,204 Roman Catholics. Fermanagh contains 8 baronies and 18 pas., 16 of which are in the diocese of Clogher. It sends 3 mems. to H. of C, 2 for the co., and 1 for Enniskillen, its chief town. Co. reg. electors (1848) 1,299. Fermo, Firmum, a city of Central Italy, Pon- tif. state, cap. deleg., 4 m. from the Adriatic, and 34 m. S.E. Ancona. Pop. (1846) 7,000. The city-proper is enclosed by a wall, entered by five gates, & has a cathedral, an university, founded 1824, and fine collections of art. Its coast-har- bour, Porto di Fermo, is small, but exports corn, silk, and woollens. It is the birth-place of Lac- tantius and Galeazzo Sforza. Fermoselle, Ocellum Durii, a frontier town of Spain, prov. and 26 m. S.W. Zamora, near the Douro. Pop. 3,360. Manufs. cloths. Fermot, a market town and pa. of Irel., Mun- ster, CO. & 19 m, N.N.E. Cork, on the rt. b. of the Blackwater. Pop. of town 6,379. Streets spacious, and town remarkably well built. Chief struc- tures, a stone bridge of 13 arches erected in 1689, handsome barracks for 3,000 troops, an elegant pa. church, a court-house, bridewell, union work- house, theatre, hospital, and convent. It has ex- tensive flour mills, and a large trade in agricul- tural produce. Previously to being made a military station in 1797, Fermoy consisted only of a few wretched cabins. Fernando (San). [San Fernando, p. 1132.1 Febn Islands, England. [Farne Islands.] Fernando de Noronha, an isl., S. Atlantic Ocean, 125 m. from the E. extrem. of Brazil, to which empire it belongs. Lat. of Pealc, 3° 60' 10' S., Ion. 32° 22' 42' W. Length N.E. to S.W. 8 m. Surface mountainous and rugged. It has several harbours defended by forts, and it serves as a place of banishment from Brazil. Fernando Po (Portuguese Femao do Pao, the name of its discoverer), an isl. of Africa, in the Gulf of Guinea, between lat. 3° 10' and 3° 44' N., Ion. 8° 22' and 8° 64' E. Length N.N.E. to FER 491 FER S.S.W. 4S m.,breadth 25 to 15 m. Its coasts are rooky & steep, its interior entirely mountainous, and presents an appearance of extreme beauty and fertility. It rises by regulai- slopes to two peaks, the N.most & highest of which (Clarence peak), is 10,630 ft. in elev. A great portion of the island iis covered with dense forests of valuable timber. It abounds in monkeys, some of which are remarkable for their great size, and contains also many wild goats and sheep. Its climate is excessively hot, and it is exposed to the hamMt- tan, a pestilential wind from the continent, but is healthy after the rainy season. Pop. estimated at li,000, Negroes of a mild and peculiar chai'ac- ter. Fernando Po was talcen possession of by Spain in 1778, and abandoned in 1782, garrisoned by Britain in 1827, and abandoned in 1834. In February 1843, the Spaniards again took posses- sion of it under the name of Puerto de Jsabelf with a view to its colonization. Feknan NdSez, atoivn of Spain, prov. and 11 m. S.SJ;. Cordova. Pop. 5,652. It has manufactures of woollens and linens. Fernet, or Febsex, a vill. of France, dep. Ain, cap. cant., arrond. & 6 m. S.E. Gex, & 4 m. If .W. Geneva, at the foot of the Jura mountains. It was a miserable hamlet till Voltaire fixed his residence there. In 1768, he established a manuf. of watches, which occupied 800 hands. The house in which he Hved for 20 years, is annually visited by thonsands of travellers. Fekss, a pa. and decayed town of Irel., Lein- ster, CO. and 17J m. N. Wexford. Pop. of town 632 ; of pa. 2,860. It has picturesque ruins of an abbey, and a modern cathedral ; it was a bishop's see, comprising the whole of co. Wexford, until united with Ossory in 1835. Feboe Isi^asd, Atlantic. [Faeoeb.] Febozabas, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. and 24 m. E. Agra. — II. a town, Nizam's dom., on the Beemah, 112 m. W.S.W. Hyderabad. — ^III. a. town of Persia, prov. Fars, 63 m. S. Shiraz. It is enclosed with old walls, and has a royal palace, a large temple, & an anc. aqueduct, but it is now mostly in ruins. Febozepobe, a town of N.W. India, dist. Sir- hind, near 1. b. of the Sutleje, 85 m. W. Loodiana. — Ferozeshdk is a vill., 10 m. E.S.E. Ferozepore. Here the British gained a victory over the Sikhs, 18th November 1845. Feebahdina, a town of Naples, prov. Basili- cata, 36 m. E.S.E. Potenza. Pop. 4,900. Febbaba (the Forum Alliem of Tacitus), a famous city of Italy, cap. the most N. legation of Pontif Sta., on the Po di Volano, 26 m. N.N.E. Bologna. Pop. (1833) 25,586, l-3d Jews. It is fortified with ramparts and a strong citadel, gar- risoned by Austrian troops, and it is elegantly built, though dull. Principal edifices, the old ducal palace, a moated fortress, a vast cathedral, and numerous other churches, all rich in works of art ; the palace of the chief magistrate, in which the Aiiostean academy meets, and where are some rooms once occupied by Calvin; the college of medicine and jurisprudence, with rich museums, a public library of 80,000 vols, and 900 MSS., and many relicts of Ariosto ; a fine theatre, the house of Ariosto, and numerous private palaces. Ferrara is an archbishop's see ; it has an university, and some trade in com, cotton, cattle, &c. Under the line of Est^, it was the cap. of a sovereign duchy, and possessed one of the most polished courts in Italy, and a pop. esti- mated at more than 80,000. In the 15th century, it was famous for its school of painting, which ranked as one of the first in Italy ; and in tbp 16th, it was the asylum of Calvin, Marot, and many other eminent Reformers. It was the birth- place of Guarini, and Cardinal Bentivoglio ; was long the fevourite residence of Ariosto, and was the place of confinement of Tasso, whose prison is still shown in the hospital Santa Anna. Fereazzano, a vill. of Naples, prov. Molise, 1 m. S.S.E. Campobasso. Pop. 2,450. Feeeiba, Sarapia, a fortified town of Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, 16 m. W. Beja.— II. a vill., Por- tugal, Estremadura, 6 m. E. iLhomax.—Ferreira is a vill., prov. Beira, 40 m. E.N.E. Aveiro. Feeeiby, two pas. of England I. (North), co. York, E. Riding, 7 m. W.S.W. Hull, by the railw. to Selhy, on wliich it has a station. Area 3,760 ac. Pop. 935.— II. (South), co. Lincoln, on the Humber, 3 m. W.S.W. Barton. Ac. 1,750. P. 642. Feeeiebe, several comms. and vills. of France. —I. dep. Allier, arrond. & 4m. S.S.E. La Palisse. Pop. 3,228.-11. (£a),dep. Orne, 7 m. N.E. Dom- front. P. 1,497.-111. Is6re,17 m. N.E. Grenoble. Febeieees, a comm. andvill. of France, dep. Loiret, cap. cant., arrond. and 6 m. N.N.E. Mon- targis. Pop. 1,782. It has marble quarries. Feeeing, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 3^ m. W. Worthing. Area 1,070 ac. Pop. 285. Feeeintosh, a vill. and barony of Scotl.,in co. Ross, but now forming part of Nairnshire, pas. Logie and Urquhart, l| m. S.E. Dingwall. Pop. of barony 2,997. It was formerly famous for its whiskey, distilled here free of duty, a privilege withdrawn by government in 1785. Febbisbxieoh, a township, U. S., N. America, Vermont, on Lake Champlain, 36 m. W.S.W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,755. Febeo (Spanish iKerro, French He de Fer),t\ie most S.W. of the Canary islands. Lat. of N.W. point 27° 45' 8' N., Ion. 18° 1' 5" W. of Green- wich. It is known chiefly as the place whence the longitude is reckoned by many of the geo- graphers of Europe. Areaofisl. lOOsq. m. Pop. 4,337. It is the least fertile isl. of the Archip., but produces good wine & fruits; archil, honey, smaJl sheep, &c., which with brandy, are exported to Teneriffe. Chf. town, Valverde Cape Ferro, Al- geria, prov. Constantine, forms the E. side of the Gulf of Stora. Lat. 37° 7' IC N., Ion. 7° 17' 15' E. Fereol, a seaport town and one of the princi- pal naval arsenals of Spain, prov. and 12 m. N.E. Coruiia, on the N. arm of the Bay of Betanzos. Lat. of Mole 43° 29' 30' N., Ion. 8° 13' W. Pop. (1845) 15,720. Its harbour, one of the best in Europe, is entered by a strait which admits only one ship at a time, and is defended by the castles of San Felipe and Palma. The town on its N. shore is strongly fortified on the land side. Its vast arsenal and dockyard founded by Charles III., covers nearly 24 acres, and comprises many magnificent docks and storehouses. It has two hospitals, three large churches, a monastery, a prison for galley-slaves, the residence of the authorities, naval barracks for 6,000 men, and schools of navigation and mathematics. Manufs. comprise hats, paper, leather, naval stores, and hardwares. Principal exports, com, brandy, vinegar, and fish ; imports, salted meat & manu- factured products of N. Europe. FEBEYBEinaE, a small town of England, co. York, W. Riding, pa, Frystone-Ferry, on the Aire, and near the junction of the N. Midland, York, Manchester, & Leeds & Selby railw., about 2 m. N.E. Pontefract, within the bounds of whicii bor. it is comprised. Pop. returned with parish. Feebydbn, a vill. of Scotland, co. Forfar, pa. Craig, on the S. Esk, opposite Montrose, ana f m. from the N, Sea. Pop. 921, mostly fishers. FEK 492 FEZ FEEHYHiLn, a township of England, co. Dur- ham, pa. Merrington, with a station on the Great N. of England railw., 6i m. S. Durham. Pop. 850. FERBTI.A.ND, a Small marit. town of Newfound- land, on the S.E. coast, 36 m. S.W. St John's. Ferrtpoet-on-Cbaig, a pa. of Scotl., co. Fife, on the S. side of estuary of the Tay, here crossed by a floating bridge of the Edinburgh & Northern railway, ll| m. N.E. Cupar. Area about 2,026 ao. Scots. Pop. 1,714, engaged in the salmon fish- ery, and in weaving linen. Here is one of the Tay light-houses. Lat. 56° 29' N., Ion. 2° 49' W. Feeeytown of Ceee. [Ceee.] Fersfield, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3J m. W.N.W. Diss. Area 1,390 ac. Pop. 295. Fekte (Li), an old term signifying a feudal fortress, is the name of many towns, &c., of France. — I. (Bernard), dep. Sarthe, cap. eant., on the 1. b. of the Hnisne, arrond. and 17 m. S.E. Mamers. Fop. 2,593. It has manufs. of linen fabrics, linen and cotton yarn. — II. (Gaucher), dep. Seine -et-Marne, cap. cant., arrond. and 10 m. E.S.E. Coulommiers. Pop. 1,914. Manufs. of serges, paper, and leather III. (Mac^, dep. Orne, cap. cant., arrond. and 13 m. E. Donifront. Pop. 2,891. Manufs. of cotton goods. — IV. (Mi- Ion), dep. Aisue, on the Ourcq, arrond. and 15 m. N.W. Chateau-Thierry. Pop. 1,944. It is enclosed with walls, and has a ruined castle. Birth-place of Bacine. — V. (sous Jouarre), a comm. and town, dep. Seine-et Marne, cap. cant., on the Marne, arrond. and 11 m. £. Means. Pop. 3,267. About 1,200 pairs of millstones are annnaUy quarried in its vicinity, and exported to England, America, &c. ; and it has manufs. of paper, ropes, and leather. It has a commercial basin on the Marne, here forming several islands, on one of which is the anc. castle of La Barre. — VI. (St Aubin), a comm. and town, dep. Loiret, 13 m. S.S.E. Orleans. Pop. 1,533.— VII. (Sur Aube), a comm. & town, dep. H. Marne, 16 m. W. Chaumont. P. 1,131. It is a great timber dep6t. Febzah, a vill. and dist. of Afghanistan, 30 m. N.W. Cabool. The dist. highly cultivated & fer- tile, has a pop. of about 4,000 Afghans & Tadjilis. Fesa, a town of Persia, prov. Fars, 78 m. S.E. Shiraz. Estimated pop. 18,000. It stands on a mountain defile, is of considerable size, and has manufs. of silken, woollen, & cotton fabrics, with a trade in superior tobacco raised in its vicinity. Festenbeeg, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 26 m. N.E. Breslau. Pop. 2,476. Festinioo, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Merioneth, 14 m. "W. Batafynydd. Pop. 3,138. It has slate quarries, and is surrounded by beautiful scenery. Fetcham, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, IJ m. ■W.S.W. Leatherhead. Area 1,760 ac. Pop. 373. Fethabd, a munic. town and pa. of Irel., Mun- ster, CO. Tipperary, 8 m. S.E. Oashel. Pop. of town 3,915. It was built in the reign of King John; most of the original walls and gateways remain entire. It has a very large anc. church, a Roman Catholic friary chapel, and an infantry barrack II. a pa. Leinster, co. Wexford, 4 m. S.E. Duncannon. Pop. 2,178. The vill., on Ban- now Bay, has a large lobster fishery. Loftus Hall, seat of the Marquis of Ely, and interesting re- mains of antiquity, are in this parish. Fetlae, one of the most N. of the Shetland Isles, separated from N. Yell by a sound about 2 m. in breadth. Area about 12,000 ac. Pop. 761. Fetteboaien, a pa. of Scotland, co. Kincar- dine, on the N. Esk, 12 m. N.N.W. Montrose. Ac. 14,369. P. 1,793. Here is a very anc. ruin call- ed "Fenella's castle," in which Kenneth iii. is said to have been murdered in the 10th century. Fetteeesso, a pa. of Scotland, co. Kincardine, on the N. Sea, about 2 m. W. Stonehaven. Area 24,914 ac. Pop., including part of Stonehaven, 6,212, mostly episcopalians. A Koman camp and Druidical remains are in this parish. Fedchtwang, or Feuchtwangen, a walled town of Bavaria, circ. Middle Franconia, on the Sulz, 14 m. S.W. Anspach. Pop. 2,650, employ- ed in weaving damasks and woollen fabrics. Fehebbach, a market town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, 2J m. N.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 2,638. Fedillee (La), two vills. of France.^I. dep. Seine-Inf., cant. Argueil. Pop. 2,164.-11. Fm- isterre, 14 m. N.W. Carhaix, with 1,902 inhabi- tants, near which is an ancient Pagan temple. Feces, Forum Segusianorum, a comm. & town of France, dep. Loire, cap. cant, arrond. and 11 m. N.E. Montbrison, on rt. b. of the Loire. P. 2,063. It has a port on the riv., trade m com and hemp, and numerous Soman antiquities. It was the cap. of the dist. of Forez till 1441. Feveba, an island, N. America, in the Gulf of Georgia, Oregon territory, between Vancouver island and the mainland. Lat. 49° 41' N., Ion. 124° W. Length 32 m. ; average breadth 2 m. Feveesham, a town of Engl. [Favf.esham.] Fewston, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Kiding, 6i m. N. Otley. Area 16,660 ac. Pop. 2,118. Fetb-oe, a small isl. off the W. coast of Nor- way, stift and 30 m. N.W. Bergen. Lat. 60° 46' N., Ion. 4° 44' E. Length 4 m., breadth 2 m. Fez, or Fab, an anc. & important city of Maroc- co, cap. prov., surrounded by wooded mountains, whence rise several afflts. of the Sebu, in lat. 34° 6' 3' N., Ion. 5° 1' 10" W., 240 m. N.W. Marocco. Pop. has been estunated at from 80,000 to 100,000, but probably does not exceed 40,000. Fez is the holy city of the empire, and one of the three re- sidences of the Sultan ; it is supposed to have been founded about A. d. 800. It is surrounded by old walls, and has an anc. fortress at each of its extremities E. & W. ; its streets are nan'ow, tortuous, and dirty ; houses of brick, and very high, the different quarters are separated by gates. Fez is said to have 360 mosques, the chf. of which called El-CaronWn, has 300 jjillars and numerous fountains, its tower contains globes & astronomical instruments, which are neglected and m decay. The most venerated mosque is that of Muley Edris, the founder of Fez, which contains his sepulchre, has a fine minaret, & is a sanctuary for all criminals. The palace of lie Sul- tan, a vast edifice, has not been visited by Euro- peans. Manufs. consist of carpets, Marocco leather, woollens, silks, jewellery, saddlery, and earthenwares. Fez is the seat of the university of Marocco and contains numerous schools. In the 16th century it was celebrated in Europe as a place of education. Nicolas Olenard, the gram- marian, studied here, in 1641. [MabocooI] Fezzan, Phasania, an extensive region of Af- rica, S. of Tripoli, and separated by a chain of mountains from Ghraat on the W., is formed by a number of oases in the middle of the desert, and extends between lat. 24° 30' and 30° 40' N., and Ion. 12° and 17° E. It is said to comprise 101 towns and vills., or inhabited oases, which are fertile, especially in palms. It is chiefly inhabi- ted by Tuaricks, Arabs, Moors, and Negroes, The chief, who is subject to the Ottoman Porte, takes the title of Sultan, and resides at Mourzouh, the cap. The next important town, is Zuela, which was colonized by the Romans, and has ancient inscriptions. A little wheat and barley are raised, but dates form the chief article of food bolji for men & animals. Fezzan, formerly FIA 493 FIL rich and populous, is now reduced to extreme poverty, its cultivation neglected, and many of Its best dists. abandoned under the Turkish system of government. FiAKO, a vill. of Piedmont, prov. & 14 m. N.W. Tmin, cap. mand. Pop. 885. FiAsoNA, a vill. and seaport of Illyria, circ. Triest, on the Gulf of Quarnero, 1S> m. S.W. Fiume. Pop. 810. FicABizzi, a maritime vill. of Sicily, prov. Mes- sina, 6 m. S.E. Palermo. Pop. 1,820. FiccAHOLo, a vill. of N. Italy, gov. Venice, 19 m. W.S.W. Kovigo, on the Po, here crossed by a flying-bridge. Pop. 2,500. FiCHTEL-GEBIRGE ^MocNTAIN). [BaVAKIA.] FicnLLE, a small town of Italy, Pontif. Stat., deleg. and 9 m. N.N.W. Orvieto. Pop. 1,766. FiDALGO, a large harbour of Bussian Amer., on its S. coast, N.E. Prince 'William Sound, in lat. 60° SC N., Ion. 145° 45' W., and bearing the name of its Spanish discoverer in 1790. FiDALLAH, a walled seaport town of Marocco, prov. Fez, near the Atlantic, 40 m. S.W. Rabat. FiDDiCH, a small river of Scotland, co. Banff, flowing through the rich and beautiful vale of Glen-Fiddich into the Spey, 1 m. below Elchies. FiDDiCHow, a town of Prussian Pomerania, circ. Grieffenhagen, on the rt. b. of the Oder, 21 m. S.W. Stettm. Pop. 2,150. FmniKGTOK, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 6 m. W.N.W. Bridgewater. Area 1,070 ac. Pop. 220. FrDD0WN,a pa. of Irel.,Leinster, co. Kilkenny, on the Smr, 10 m. W.N.W. Waterford. Area about 11,000 ac. Pop. 4,519. The noble seat of the Earl of Besborough is in this parish. FrDELAiBE (Le), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Enre, 16 m. W.S.W. Evreux. Pop. 1,561. FrDEBis, a vilL of Switzerland, cant. Grisons, in the Landquart valley, 12 m. E.N.E. Chur. FiDji JsLtJsDS, Pacific Ocean. [Feejee.] Froo-KASTEO, a mined fort of Epirus, on the N. shore of the gulf, and at the mouth of the old riv. of Arta, & supposed to be the anc. Ambracus. FiELD-D AILING, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 4J m. E.N.E. New- Walsingham. Ac. 1,620. Pop. 403. FiESOLE, Fesulce, a town of Tuscany, prov. and 3 m. N.E. Florence, on a steep hill commanding a fine view of the Amo valley. Pop. (1844) 2,404. It was anciently one of the 12 principal cities of Etrnria, and has remains of Cyclopaean «al]a,andof aBoman amphitheatre, with a cathe- dral of the 11th century, adorned with excellent sculpture and paintings, a commercial hall, epis- copal school, and many country houses of the in- habitants of Florence. Near it are extensive sandstone quarries. FiFEHEAD, two pos. of England, co. Dorset I. {Magdalen), 6 m. W.S.W. Shaftesbury. Area 1,070 ac. Pop. 229— II. (Nemlle), 8^ m. W.N.W. Blandford-Forum. Area 2,310 ac. Pop. 83. FiFE-KESs, a promontory of Scotland, co. Fife, projecting on the N. Sea, in lat. 66° 17' N., Ion. 2° 36' W. Beyond it, the dangerous ridge called Carr-rocks, extends a consid. distance into the sea. FiFESHiKE, a marit. co. of Scotland, forming a peninsula, on its E. coast between the Firth of Tay on the N., and the Firth of Forth on the S., and having E. the North Sea, and W. the cos. Perth, Kinross, and Clackmannan. Greatest length 41 m., do. breadth 18 m. Area 470 sq. m., Dr 298,800 ac, of which more than 2-3ds. are cultivated. Inhabitedhouses (1841) 29,036. Pop. 140,140. Surface finely diversified. The N. por- tion is formed of old red sandstone. From the Eden W.ward, it consists of the coal formation, with limestone, coal, and ironstone. The whole CO. is intersected by trap rocks. The Ochills, the Lomonds, and Largo Law are the highest summits. Principal rivs., the Tay, Eden, Leven, and Forth. The " How of Fife," traversed by the Eden, is particularly productive. Farming is good, and the agricultural pop. generally pros- perous. Cattle are of superior breed. Property is more subdivided than in most Scotch cos. Average rent of land from 11. to 61. an acre. Annual value of land (1842-3) 381,572?. ; total annual value of real property 508,9222. Coal, lime, and fish are large exports. Linen manufs. are extensively carried on at Dunfermline, Kirk- caldy, Dysart, &c. Fifeshire contains 13 royal burghs, and an unusual number of thriving towns & villages, chief of which are Cupar, the co. town, Dunfermline, St Andrews, Kirkcaldy, Elie, and other towns of the S.E. shores. Fife sends 1 mem. to H. of C, and its burghs join in sending 3 others. Reg. electors for co. (1848) 2,439. FiFiELD, two pas. of England. — I. co. Oxford, 4 m. N. Burford. Area 810 ac. P. 213.— II. {Ba- vant), CO. Wilts, 6 m. S. W. Wilton. Ac. 860. P. 45. FiGEAC, a comm. and town of France, dep. Lot, cap. arrond., on rt. b. of the Selle, 32 m. N.E. Cahors. Pop. (1846) 5,982. It is situated in a deep valley, surrounded by rocky vine-clad heights. It has remains of fortifications, nume- rous antique dwelUngs and pubMc edifices. Be- yond the town are two remarkable obelisks. ChampoUion was bom here in 1790. Figeac has linen and cotton manufs., dyeworks, & tanneries. FiGHELDBAN, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 4 m. N. Amesbury. Area 5,150 ac. Pop. 510. FiGHNE, a vill. of Tuscany, prov. and 16 m. S.E. Florence, near 1. b. of the Arno. Pop. 4,100. FiGUEiRA, a town of Portugal, prov. Beira, at the mouth of the Mondego, which forms its port, 24 m. S.W. Counbra. Pop. 6,000. It has an ac- tive export trade in salt, oil, wine, and fruits, and is a favourite bathing place. — II. a vill. and sea- port, prov. AJgarves, 4 m. N.E. Cape St Vincent. FiGUEiKO-Dos-ViNHos, a towu of Portugal, Estremadura, 97 m. N.E. Lisbon. Pop. 2,410. FiGUEEAS, a frontier town of Spain, and one of the strongest fortresses in Europe, prov. and 21 m. N.N.E. Gerona, near the French frontier. Pop. (1845) 8,050. It is situated in a rich plain of ohves and rice. Principal edifices, a large citadel, built by Ferdinand VI., with vast arsenals& maga- zines, & quarters for 16,000 men. It was taken by the French in 1808, 1811, & 1823. It has manufs. of leather and paper, and trade with France. FiLADELFiA, 3. town of Naples, prov. Calab. Clt. II., cap. cant., 13 m. S. Nicastro. Pop. 3,300. FiLBT, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3 m. W.N.W. Caistor. Area 1,450 ac, including a lake of 160 ac. Pop. 653. FiiEHNE (Poland Wulen), a town of Prussian Poland, reg. Bromberg, on an island in the Netze, 45 m. N.W. Posen. Pop. 3,480. Manufs. of woollen cloth and lace. Filet, a small watering place and pa. of Engl., CO. York, E. Riding, on a tongue of land pro- jecting into the N. Sea, and with a station on the Scarboro' and Hull railway, 8 m. S.E. Scai'boro'. Area of pa. 3,090 ac. Pop. 1,690. FiLippo d'Akgiko (San), Agyrium, a town of Sicily, intend, and 31 m. W.N.W. Catania, cap. cant., near the centre of the island. Pop., in 1831 (with comm.), 7,166. It stands on an isolated rock near the Salso, has a castle and several churches, convents, &c., and is the birthplace of Diodorns Siculus. The best saffron in Sicily is raised in its environs. — II. a vill. of S. Italy, Naples, prov. Calab Ult. I., 1 m. N. Gerace. Pop. 1,600. FIL 494 FIN FiLEiHS, a hamlet of England, oo. Oxford, pa. Broadwell, 6 m. S.S.W. Burford. Pop. 556. FiiLAw, a riv. of Scotland, co. Perth, pa. Killin, enters Loch Tay after an E.ward course of 10 m. FiLLE-FIELD (MOUNTAIN). [NOBWAT.] FiLLEiGH, a pa. of England, co. Devon, Sj m. W.N.'W. South Molton. Area 2,260 ac. Pop. 395. FiLLiNGHAM, a pa. of England, co. and 10 m. N.N.W. Linoohi. Area 3,980 ao. Pop. 312. Here is Summer Castle on an eminence. FiLLONGLET, a pa. of England, co. "Warwick, 6J m. N.N.W. Coventry. Area 4,310 ac. Pop. 1,030. FiiOR, or FaI/Otib, a town of the Punjab, on the Sutlej, 78 m. S.E. Amritsir. It has a fort built by Bunjeet Singh, and a ferry across the fiutlej. FiLS, a river of 'Wiirtemberg, which joins the Neokar, 6 m. E. Esslingen, after a W. course of 30 miles. Goppingen is on its N. bank. FiLTON, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 4 m. N.N.E. Bristol. Area 1,040 ac. Pop. 276. FiMBOBOUGH, two pas. of England, co. Suffolk. —I. (Great), il m. "W.S.W. Stowmarket. Area 1,960 ac. Pop. 467.— II. {Little), 3 m,. S.W. Stowmarket. Area 220 ac. Pop. 64. Finale, two towns of N. Italy. — I. Sardinian states, div. Genoa, cap. prov. and 10 m. N.N.E. Albenga, on the Gulf of Genoa. . Pop. (1838) 5,018. It consists of the two comms., F. Borgo, and F. Marino. It has a collegiate church, nu- merous ruined forts, a small harbour, and some trade in fruits. — II. a frontier town of the Mo- denese dom., cap. cant., near the Po, 22 m. N.E. Modena. Pop. 8,000. It has manufs. of silk and other fabrics, and an active general trade. FiNANA, a town of Spain, prov. and 28. m. N-W. Almeria, at the foot of Mount Almirez. F. 3,173. FiNOHAM, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 5 m. E.N.E. Downham. Area 2,980 ac. Pop. 807. FiNOHAMSTEAD, a pa. of England, co. Berks, 3} m. S.S.W. Oakingham. Area 4,130 ac. Pop. 530. FiHCHiNOFiELS, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 5 m. E.N.E. Thaxted. Area 9,410 ac. Pop. 2,262. FiNCHLEV, a pa. of Engl., co. Middlesex, 7^m. N.W. London. Ao. 3,350, including the common, once a noted haunt of highwaymen. Pop. 3,664. FiNDON, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 4 m. W.S.W. Steynin^. Area 4,250 ac. Pop. 689. FiNCHOBN, a river of Scotland, rises in co. In- verness, near Strathdearn, flows through that CO., Nairn, and Moray, and after a N.E. course of 45 m. enters the Moray Firth. The scenery on this river is very beautiftd. There is a valu- able salmon fishery. Fearful inundations, pro- ducing " the Moray Flood," took place in 1829. — II. Pindhom, a small seaport, on the above river, at its mouth, co. Moray, pa. Kinloss, 4 m. N. Forres. Pop. 806. It has a large herring fishery, & some exports of corn. The sand-banks here are continually shifting ; & the site of thevill. has been already changed on account of the en- croachments of the sea. FiNDOE, a small isl. off the S. W. coast of Nor- way, dist. and 15m. E.N.E. Stavanger, in Bukke- fiord. Its church contains a monument record- ing a victory obtained over the Scotch. FiNEDON, apa. of Engl., CO. Northampton, 8 m. N.N.E. Wellingboro'. Area 3,660 ac. Pop. 1,378. FiNESHADE, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 8 m. N.N.W. Oundle. Area 840 ac. Pop. 65. FiNESTBAT, a town of Spain, prov. and 23 m. N.E. Alicante, on the Torres, near the Medi- terranean. Pop. 2,720, who manuf. rush-wares. FiNQAi., a dist. of Ireland, Leinster, oo. Dublin, N. of the Liffey. The inhabitants were orginally Finnish or Norwegian settlers (whence the name) ; and they still retain a dialect and other marks of foreign origin. Fingal gives the title of Earl to the Plunkett family. FiNGEST, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, 61 m. W.N. W. Great Mariow. Area 1,100 ac. Pop. 379. FmoHALt, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Riding, 5 m. E.N.E. Middleham. Area 4,460 ao. Pop. 458. FiNGLAss, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. and 4 m. N.N.W. Dublin. Area 4,696 ac. Pop. 2,187. Fair, May 6, the anc. " May Sports " of which at- tract great numbers from Dublin. The poet Pamell was vicar of Finglass. FiNQBiNHOE, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 4m. S.S.E. Colchester. Area 2,490 ac. Pop. 681. FiNHAN, or FiGNAN, a comm. and market-town of France, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, 10 m. S.W. Montauban. Pop. 1,646. FiNHAVEN, a vfll. of Scotland. [Oathlaw.] FiNisTiiBE, properly Finistebee (Lands end), a dep. of France, forming its N.W. angle, & part of the old prov. Bretagne, bounded E. by the deps. C6tes du Nord,'aiid Morbihan, N. by the English Channel, S. and W. by the Atlantic, in which it comprises numerous small islands : cap. Quimper. Area 2,690 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 612,151. Coasts steep, much indented on W., presenting nu- merous i)romontories and excellent harbours. Surface little elevated; traversed by the low mountains of Arr^e and Noires ; bluest point 984 ft. It is formed by the basins of numerous rivers, the chief of which are the Elom, Aulne, Odet, and Ell^, all navigable near their months. Climate humid and rainy j tempests frequent. Soil generally poor. Com is raised sufficient for consumption. Cider is much used ; flax and to- bacco are grown ; horses and cattle extensively reared. Minerals comprise coal, lead, granite, and slate. Manufs. confined to Unen, paper, leather, and chemical produce. The dep. is di- vided into the 6 arronds. of Brest, Chllteaulin, Landemeau, Quimper, and QuimperM. * Finistebbe (CAPE),iVe)-i«m, or CelticumprtA, a promontory of Spain, forming the N.W. angle of the peninsula. Lat. 42° 64' N., Ion. 9° 21' W Finland (Peinoipality of), an administrative division of the Russian Empire, cap. Helsimfon, situated between lat. 69° 48' and 70° 6' N^and Ion. 20° and 32° E., bounded N. by Lapland, E. by the govs. Archangelsk and Olonetz, S. the Gulf of Finland, and the gov. St Petersburg, W. by the Gulf of Bothnia, and Sweden. Area 136,000 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,411,962. Surface flat ; traversed in centre by a chain of low hills, separating the basins of the WUte Sea and the Baltic. Highest point 1,300 feet. Coasts deeply indented ; on W. bordered by granite rocks, and numerous small islands, cHefly belonging to the Archipelago of Aland. [Aland.] The S. part of the country is nearly covered with water, forming a remarkable system of lakes and marshes. Rivers mostly small. Chief lakes, Ladoga, Saima, and Ulla. Climate healthy on the coasts. Temp, (of Uleaborg), mean of year 31° .8; winter 8° .4; summer 56° .4, Fahr. June & July are the driest months; heavy rains fall in autumn. Soil is fertile, and little cultivated. Pine forests ex- tend to lat. 69° N. Chief crops, rye and barley. The potatoe, introduced in 1762, is extensively cultivated, fasturage poor; yet horses and cattle are reared in considerable numbers. Mine- ral products, copper, iron, sulphur, marble, and granite. Chief exports, tuuber, butter, skins, and the produce of the extensive fisheries. Imports, grain, salt, metals, tobacco, and colonial produce. Chief educational establishments, the university of Helsingfors, and schools under the bishops of FIN 49u FIS Abo and Borga. Finland is divided into 8 govs., Nyland, Abo, Tai'astehus, Wiborg, Kuopio, St IBchaels, Wasa, and Uleaborg, and comprises old Swedish Finland, the gov. of Wiborg, or Rus- sian Finland, E. Bothnia, and part of Lapland. It was ceded to Russia by the treaty of Frede- rikshamm in 1809. FiifLAND (Gulf of), one of the great arms of the Baltic Sea, extending E. between lat. 58° 40' and 60° iV N., and Ion. 23° and 30° 10' E., bounded N. by Finland, and E. and S. by the Rus- sian govs. St Petersburg and Revel. Length, E. to W., 260 m. ; breadth, N. to S., 25 to 90 m. It contains numerous isls., principal Oronstadt ; and receives the Neva, Luga, Narova, and many smaller rivers. St Petersburg is at its E. end, & the towns, Narva, Revel, Fort Baltic, Eknaes, Borgo, Frederikshamm, Helsingfors, and 'Wyborg are also on its coasts. FiNiAGAN, a lake of Scotland, isl. of Islay, and with an island containing ruins of a castle of the Lord of tile Isles. FisMABK (Norweg FinmarheTis), an extensive proT. of Norway, forming the N.most portion of continental Europe, situated between the Arctic Ocean and Russian Lapland, bounded S.W. by the proT. Nordland. Area estimated at 27,450 sq. m. Pop. (1845) 36,854. It comprises nume- rous islani^, on the N.most of which is North Cape. Lat. 71° 10' N., Ion. 25° 60' E. [Nokwat.] Fiif.«ERE, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 8 m. N.NJE. Bicester. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 387. Fish, a lake and river of Ireland, Ulster, oo. Donegal. The lake, in pa. Inniskeel, is about 2 m. in length; the river proceeds from it, and, after an E.ward course of about 24 m., joins the Foyle near Lifford. FurNAs, or Fisbon, a fishing vill. of Scotland, CO. and 6 m. S. Aberdeen. Pop. returned with pa. of Sanchory-Davenick. The village is fa- mous for its smoked haddocks. FisNAif, a small riv. of Scotland, co. Inverness, Sowing throngh the valley of Glenfinnan into the E. extremity of Loch Sliiel. A monument in this romantic vale marks the spot where Prince Charles Edward first unfurled ms banner, in 1745. VmsmesAu, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 6 m. S.S.W. Eye. Area 1,660 ac. Pop. 480. FnisiRGLET, a pa., EngL, cos. Notts & York ( W. Riding), 4 m. N.N.E. Bawtry. Ac. 5,970. P. 1,209. FiKow, a vill. of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 31 m. N.E. Berlin, on the Finow-cajial, which connects the rivers Havel and Oder. Pop. 660. FiNSBUKT, a pari. bor. of Engl., co. Middlesex, comprising the N. part of the metropolis, be- tween the bor. Maiylebone on the W. and the Tower Hamlets on the E., and on the S. border- inp^ on the city of London and liberty of West- mmster. Pop. (1841) 265,043. It comprises the pas. Islington, Clerkenwell, St Luke, &c., and derives its name from Finabury square, circus, anddist. near its S.E. extremity; besides which it comprises St Luke's hospital, the charter-he, Smithfield, St Bartholomew's, and the Foundling hospitals, Gray's Inn, the British Museum, Clerkenwell sessions-house and prison, and the depot of the New River company. Since the Reform Act it has sent 2 members to House of Commons. Reg. electors (1847) 16,921. FrasTEB-AABHOBR, a mountam of Switzerland, cnlm, point of the Bernese Alps, between the cants. Bern and VaJais, 14,026 feet in elevation. FiNsiEBMiiNz, a narrow pass in the Alps of the Tyrol, on the Inn, 18 m. N. Glurns. FiNSXBBWALDE, 3, towu of Prussia, prov. Bran- denburg, reg. and 40 m. N. Dresden. Pqp. 4,680. FiNTONA, a market-town of Ireland, Ulster, co. Tyrone, 8 m. N.W. Clogher. Pop. 1,327. FiNTKAT, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 10. m. N.W. Aberdeen. Area abt. 10,000 ac. Pop. 1,032. FiHTBT, a pa. of Scotland, co. Stirling, with a Till. 5 m. S.E. Baliron. Area estimated at 15 sq. m. Pop. 884. The scenery on the Carron and Endricu is beautiful ; the latter forming the cascade (60 feet) called the " Loup of Fintry." FiNvoT, a p.n. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Antrim, 4 m. S.S.W. Ballymoney. Area 16,474 ac. P. 6,405. FiOBA, a riv. of Central Italy, Tuscany, and the Pontif. states, rises near Mt. Amiata, and enters the Mediterranean 20 m. N.W, Civita Vecchia after a S. course of 40 miles. FioBENZuoLA, FidmUa, a town of N. Italy, duchy Piacenza, cap. cant., on the JEmilian Way, 18 m. W.N.W. Parma. Pop. 2,760. It has a collegiate church, and many remains of antiquity. Cardinal Alberoni was born here in 1664. 8 m. S. are the ruins of the anc. Yeleia, buried by a fall of sand in the 4th century, and rediscovered in 1761. — II. a vill. of Tuscany, prov. Florence, on the Santerno, 21 m. N.E. Prato III. a vill., Pontif. Sta., deleg. Urbino, 5J m. N.W. Pesaro. FiBANDO, an island of Japan, off the N.W. coast of Kiusiu, 65 m. N.N.W. Nangasaki. Lat. 33° 30' N., Ion. 129° 30' E. On its E. side is the town Firando, with a good harbour; here the Dutch had a trading fort from 1609 until 1640. FiEBECK, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, 4 m. S.S.W. Tickhill. Area 1,330 ac. Pop. 191. FiBENZE, a city of Italy. [Flokenoe.] FiBLE, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 4| m. S.E. Lewes. Area 4,410 ac. Pop. 722. FiBMiNQ, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Loire, 6 m. S.W. St Etienne, and sharing with that town in manufs. of silks, glass, and hard- wares, coal mines, &c. Pop. 2,268. FiBozeuR, a town of India, dom. and 102 m. S.W. Hyderabad, on the Beemah. FiESBr, two pas. of Engl., co. Lincoln. — I. 4 m. S.E. Spilsby. Ac. 910. Pop. 196.— II. {Bast), 5J m. W.S.W. Market-Raisen. Ac. 690. Pop. 40. FiBTH and Stenkess, a united pa. of Orkney, mainland. Pop. 584. FisoHA, or FisoHAMENT, a market town of Lower Austria, with castle on rt. b. of the Gross Fischa riv., 12 m. E.S.E. Vienna. Pop. 1,220. FiscHBACH, a vill. of Prussian SUesia, reg. and 27 m. S.S.W. Liegnitz, with a castle of Prince William of Prussia. FiscHHATjSEN, 3. scaport town of E. Prussia, cap. circ, at the N. extremity of the Frische- Haff, 20 m. W. Konigsberg. Pop. 1,914. FiSHBOnBN, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, IJ m, W. Chichester. Area 610 ao. Pop. 295. FiSHEBBOw, a vill. of Scotl. [Musselburgh.] Fisher's Island, U. S., N. Amer. — New York, is 14 m. N. from E. end of Long Island. Length 7 m. ; breadth 1 m. — II. Fisher Strait, in N.W. Amer., is between Princess Royal Isls. and the mamland. Lat. 62° N., Ion. 127° 63' W. FisHEETON, two pas. of Engl., co. Wilts.— I. {Anger), f m. W. Salisbury, with which it com- municates by a stone-bridge over the Avon. Area 660 ac. Pop. 1,739. The co. gaol is in this pa., and petty-sessions are held here. — II. {de-la-Mera), 10 m. W.S.W. Amesbury. Area 3,300 ac. Pop. 324. FiSHGUAED, or Abehgwain, a seaport town & pa. of S. Wales, oo. Pembroke, 14 m. N. Haver- fordwest, to the pari. bor. of which it is contri- butory. Pop. 2,013. The town on a cliff, at the mouth of the Gwain, has very steep streets irre- gularly built ; a valuable fishery, and exports ot FIS 496 oats, butter, and slates. The port, with a pier, a breakwater, outer & inner basin, and lightho., is one of the best harbours in St George's Channel. A detachment of French, who landed here in 1797, were captured by the inhabs. under Lord Cawdor. FisHTOFT, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, parts HoUaad, 2J m. E.S.E. Boston. Ac. 4,580. P. 662. FisHKiLL, a tnshp,, U. S., N. Amer., N. York, ontheHudson,78in. S.Albany. Pop. 10,437. It comprises several vills., and has fine scenery. FisHLAKE, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Bid- ing, 2i m. W. Thorne. Ac. 6,170. Pop. 1,257. Fish Riteb (Great). [Great Fish Riveb.] FiSHWioK, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. and IJ m. E. Preston. Pop. 766. FisBLEBTON, a pa. of England, co. and 6 m. E. Lincoln. Ac. 2,040. Pop. 410.— II. a tnshp., co. Notts, on the Trent, 3 m. S.E. Southwell. P. 402. Fismes, Fines Remorum, a comm. and town of France, dep. Marne, cap. cant., at the confl. of the Ardre and Vele, 16 m. W.N.'W. Keuns. Pop. 2,190. It has mannfe. of coarse woollens. FissATA, a seaport of N. Africa, dom. and 90 m. W.N.W. Tripoli.— J^wJeiZa is a town of Ma- rooco. [Tefsa.] FiTATS, or FiTAKi, a town of Japan, isl. Niphon, cap. prov., on a river near the E. coast, 90 m. E.N.E. Yeddo. FiTOHBUBS, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Massa- chusetts, 46 m. W.N.'W. Boston. Pop. 2,604, employed in cotton, woollen, and other manufs. — 11. MtchviUe, a tnshp., Ohio, 98 m. N.E. Co- lumbus. Pop. 1,292. FiTEBO, a town of Spain, prov. Navarra, 63 m. S.S.W. Pamplona, on 1. b. of the Alhama. Pop. 2,263. It manufs. woollen cloths & sandal cords. Fitful-Head, a headland, S. coast of Shet- land, W. of Quendal Bay. Elevation 400 feet. FiTTLEioN, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, on the Avon, 8 m. W. LudgershaU. Ac. 3,060. P. 336. Fittlewobth, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 3 m. S.E. Petworth. Area 2,390 ac. Pop. 713. FiTTRfe, a lake, Central Africa, Nigritia, near lat. 14° N., Ion. 20° E., 200 m. E. Lake Tchad. FiTZ, a pa. of Engl, co. Salop, 4 m. N.N.W. Shrewsbury. Area 1,670 ac. Pop. 246. Fitzhead, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 3 m. E.N.E. Wivehscombe. Area 1,190 ac. P. 339. FiTZHUGH Sound, a strait of N.W. Amer., lat. 61° 33' N., Ion. 128° 10' W., separating Calvert Isl. from the mainland ; 18 m. long, 3 m. broad. FiTzwiLLiAM, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., N. Hampshire, 30 m. S. Concord. Pop. 1,366. FinMAEA-Di-MuEO, a vill. of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. I., 7 m. N.N.E. Reggio. Pop. 1,400. FiUME (Croat. Rika, German St Yeii-am- Flawni), a seaport town of the Austrian dom., cap. the Hungarian Littorale (Croatia), on the Gulf of Qnarnero, at the mouth of the Fiumara, in the Adriatic, 40 m. S.E. Triest. Pop. (1846) 11,000. The old town is poor, but the new town Is clean and regular ; among its churches are the fine cathedral of St Veit. It has a high school, casino, theatre, lazaretto; and on an adjacent hill is an old castle of the Frangipani femily. Harbour small, and large ships lie in a deep and tolerably sheltered roadstead. Finme, a free port, communicates with Carlstadt and Zeng, by the Carolina and Josephina roads, and is the imme- diate outlet by sea for the produce of Hungary, with which country it is connected by the Zouisen- etrasse. Chief exports, wheat, tobacco, rags, wine, salt, rape-seed, hemp, linens, and slup-bnilding materials. It has manufs. of linens, coarse wool- lens, leather, rosogUo, and earthenware ; with a sugar-refinery, tanneries, and ship-yards. It was occupied by the French from 1809 to 1814 II. a viU. of N. Italy, deleg. and 26 m. W.S.W. Udine. Pop. 2,000.-111. {di Nisi), a seaport vill. of Sicily, prov. and on the Strait of Messina, at the month of the anc. Chrysothoas,' 17 m. S.S.W. Messina. Pop. 2,200. Near it are mines of alum, antimony, and copper. Fiume-Fbeddo, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Cit., cap. cant., near the Mediterranean, 11 m. W.S.W. Cosenza. Pop. 2,400.-11. a vill. of Sicily, on the little riv. of same name, which flows from Mount Etna, prov. Catania, and enters the Mediterranean at Aci. Pop. 2,840. FiuMicELLO, a vill. of N. Italy, deleg. and 1 m. W. Brescia, with many country houses of the in- habitants of that city. FiDMioiNO, a small seaport vill. of Central Italy, Pontif Sta., comarca, and 15 m. S.W. Rome, at the N. mouth of the Tiber. It is a place of holiday resort for the Romans. Five, a prefix of— I. (Five Fingers Point), a headland of New Zealand, Middle Isl., on its W. coast, in lat. 45° 33' S., Ion. 166° 18' E. " The Five Fingers" is another point, on the same coast, about 16 m. S. Cape Foulwind. Lat. 42° 2' S., Ion. 171° 26' E.— II. (Five Hummocks Point), Lower California, on its W. coast. Lat. 30° 24' N., Ion. 115° 40' W.— IIL (Five Islands Hariour), a bay on the W. coast of the isl. An- tigua, Brit. W. Indies. — IV. (Five Men's Sound), in Frobisher Strait, British N. America. Fivehead, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 5 m. S.W. Langport. Area 1,740 ac. Pop. 412. FivizzANO, a walled town of Tuscany, cap. a detached portion of territory, 34 m. N.W. Lucca, on 1. b. ofthe Rosaro. Pop. 1,800. FixBY, a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, pa. HaUfax, SJ m. N.N.W. Huddersfield. P. 399. FiADBUET, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, 3 J m. E. Pershore. Area 7,830 ac. Pop. 1,448. Fladstband, Denmark. [Fbedbbikshavk.] Flagstad-oe, a small isl. off the S.E. coast of Norway, amt. Nedenaes, 7 m. N.E. Arendal.— II. one of the Loffoden isls., S. of Vest-Vaagen. Flambobough, a pa. of Engl, co. York, E. Riding, on the N. Sea, 4 m. E.N.B. Bridlington. Area 2,980 ac. Pop. 1,191. The old fishing vill. occupies the centre ofthe celebrated promontory Flamborougk-Sead, which consists of a range of limestone rocks, elev. 450 feet, extending along the shore for several miles, with a lighthouse 214 ft. above the N. Sea, in lat. 64° 7' N., Ion. 0° 5' E. On it are the remains of an anc. tower and a Danish fosse. The rock is perforated by caverns, which are the resort of numerous sea-fowl. Flamstead, a pa. of Engl., co. Herts, 2J m. N.N.W. Redboume. Area 6,660 ac. Pop. 1,492. Flanders, an extensive country of Europe, comprised between the Lower Scheldt, the Ger- man Ocean, Artois, Hainaut, and Brabant. It was long governed by Counts of Flanders. Louis XIV. of France conquered part of it, arid the remainder passed with the rest of the Spanish Netherlands to Austria at the commencement of the 18th century! It now forms the provs. E. & W. Flanders in Belgium, part of the prov. Zee- land in the Netherlands, and the greater part of the dep. Nord in France. Flakdees (East and West), two contiguous provs. of Belgium, between lat. 60° 40' and 51' 23' N., and Ion. 2° 87' and 4° 23' E. Having N.W. the N. Sea, & on other sides the provs. Zealand, Antwerp, S. Brabant, Hainaut, and the French dep. Nord. United area 2,603 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,634,276. [See also Belgium?) Surface level. Prmcipal rivs., the Scheldt, its alHs. the Lys and FLA 497 FLI Dender, and the Tperlee. Soil sandy, but care- fully cultivated ; & Flemish husbandry is famous. Coru, flax, hemp, oil seeds, hops, and tobacco, are chief crops ; pastures ai-e excellent, & cattle nomerous. Coal, turf, and potter's clay are the principal mineral products. Manu&. are exten- sive, & of almost every description. E. Flanders is divided into 4 ari'onds. ; chief cities, &c., Ghent the cap., Oudenarde, Dendermond, and Eecloo, with St Nicholas, Alost, and St Benaix. Vf. Flanders comprises 4 arronds., Bruges the cap., CourtrM, Furnes, and Tpres, with Ostend, Tiuelt, and Poperinghen, formerly included in the above provs. Flaxdebs, an old prov. of France, of which the cap. was Lille, is now comprised in the dep. Nord. Flakhas Isles, a group of islets, Hebrides, Scotland, about 15 m. N.W. Gallan Head, in Lewis. They are not inhabited, but feed nu- merous sheep, and are a great resort of sea- fowl. FuiTBCSH, a tnshp., TJ. S., N. Amer., Long Island, state and 5 m. S.E. N. York. P. 2,099. Flatholm, an islet of Engl., in the Bristol Chan- nel, CO. Somerset, pa. and 8 m. W.N.W. Uphill. It is about 1^ m. in circumference, consists mostly of rich pasture land ; and has a lightho. with a revolving light, 156 feet above the sea, in lat. 51° 22' 35' N., Ion. 3° 7' 3' W., and an inn resorted to by pleasure parties. FtAT (IsLAsn), a small isl., Mergui archip., S.E. Asia. — {Islands), two islets off the W. coast of Sumatra. Lat. 2° 20' N., Ion. 96° 3' E.— Flat- Point is the S. extremity of the isl. Sumatra, and a headland on the S. coast of Borneo. Flatow (Polish Zlotowo), a town of W. Prussia, reg. and 83 m. W.S.W. Marienwerder. Pop. 2,320. Manuis. cloth and lace. FtATTEBT (Cape), a headland of U. S. terri tory, N. Amer., Oregon, at the entrance of the strait of Juan de Fuca, S. side. — II. a cape of E. Australia, in lat. 14° 52' S., Ion. 145° 2' 21'' E. Flatel-Fi-tfobd, a pa. of England, co. and 8 m. E. Worcester. Area 730 ac. Pop, 156. Flavigitv, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cote d'Or, cap. cant., 27 m. N.W. Dijon, with L234 inhabs,, and the remains of an abbey. Flavy-le-Mabtei, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Aisne, 9 m. S.S.W. St Quentin. Pop. 1,553. Flaxbodbton, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 5^ m. W.S.W. Bristol. Area 540 ac. Pop 232. Flaxlet, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 24 m. N. Newnham. Area 1,989 ac. Pop. 229. Flatosc, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Var, arrond. and 4 m. W. Draguignan. Pop. 1,826. Fleche (La), a comm. and town of France, dep. Sarthe, cap. arrond, on rt. b. of the Loir, 24 m. S.S.W. Le Mans. Pop. (1846) 5,838. It is ornamented with fountains, supplied by an aque- duct upwards of J m. in length. On an isl. in the Loir, which separates the town from its suburbs, are the remains of an anc. castle. Other principal edifices are a miUtary college, formerly a Jesuits' college, the town-hall, court-house, hospital, and the church of St Thomas, from the lofty spire {flidte) of which, the town derived its name. It has some linen, hosiery, & glove manufs. FiECKEROE, an isl. off the S. coast of Norway, 3 m. S. Christiansand, with a good harbour. Fleckhet, a pa. of England, co. Leicester, 7 m. N.W. Market-Harboro'. Ac. 1,630. P. 473. Fledborough, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 4J m. E.N.E. Tuxford. Area 1,300 ac. P. 112. Fleet, two pas. of England, co. Dorset, 3 m. W.N. W. Weymouth. Area 1,400 ac. Pop. 140. —II. CO. Lincoln, pts. Holland, 2 m. E.S.E. Hol- beach. Area 6,710 ac. Pop. 960. Fleet, a small riv. of Scotland, slewartry Kir- cudbright, issuing from a lake of same name, and flowing S.S.E. into Wigton Bay. The scenery on this stream is much admired. It is also the name of a small riv. of England, an affl. of the Trent, co. Notts ; & of anc. Fleta, which bound- ed the Roman city of London on the W., and is now a covered sewer called Fleet-ditch II. {Loch), an arm of the sea, S.E. coast of 00. Su- therland. Across its E. end a road is carried by an embanked earthen mound, Fleetwood, a new seaport and watering place of England, co, Lancaster, pa. Poulton-le-Fylde, on the Wyre, at the entrance of Morecombe Bay, 18 m. N.W. Preston, with which it communicates by railway. Pop. 2,833. The town, rapidly in- creasing, has a church and hotel, market-ho., custom-ho., light-ho. & docks. Several steamers ply between it and Ireland and Scotland — its position, and the easy access of its harbour, giv- ing a decided advantage over most other ports as a point of communication between London, Belfast, and Glasgow. Vessels entered coastwise (1844) 128,527 tons; vessels cleared 110,124 tons. Flekkefiobb, a marit, town of Norway, stift and 55 m. W. Christiansand, amt. MandaJ, on an inlet of the N. Sea. Pop. 873. Fleming, a co.,U. S., N. Amer.,in N.E. of Ken- tucky. Area 370 sq. m. Pop, (slaves 1,990) 13,268. Flemingstone, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamor- gan, 3J m. S.S.E, Cowbridge. Pop. 74. Flempton, a pa. of England, co, Suffolk, 5 m, N,N.W. Bury St Edmunds. Area 720 ac. P. 210, Flensbubg, a seaport town of Denmark, prov. Schleswig, on its E, coast, at the W. end of Flens- burg fiord, 19 m, N, Schleswig. Pop. including suburbs (1847) 16,500. It has 4 churches, 3 market houses, a school of navigation, a harbour fitted for the largest vessels, yards for building W. India merchant ships, sugar-refineries, distil- leries, dye-works, foundries, chicory, vinegar, and tobacco factories, and an active general trade. Flebs, a comm. and town of France, dep. Orne, 11 m. N.N.E. Domfiront. Pop, 4,063. It has manufs. of linen and cotton goods. Flesselles, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Somme, arrond. and 7 m. N. Amiens. P. 1,693. Fletching, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 3^ m, N.W. Uokfield. Area 5,830 ac. Pop. 1,914. Here is the Gothic mansion of Earl of Sheffield. In the church is a monument to Gibbon. Fletton, a pa. of England, co. Huntingdon, 1 m. S.S E. Peterboro'. Area 780 ac. Pop. 256. Fleueanoe, a comm. and town of France, dep. Gers, cap, cant,, 14 m. N.E, Auch, Pop, 2,250. Fleubbaix, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arrond. Bethune. Pop. 3,041. Fleubieb, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 18 m. S.W. Neuchatel, in the val Travers. Fletjbs Castle, the seat of the Duke of Rox- burgh, in Scotland, co. Roxburgh, on the Tweed, 1 m. above Kelso. It is a superb mansion, built by Vanburgh in 1718, Flecbus, a vill, of Belgium, prov, Hainaut, in a wide plain, 7 m. N.E, Charleroi. Pop. 2,370. Sanguinary battles took place in its vicinity in 1622, 1670, 1794, and 1816. Flecbt, numerous comms. and vills. of France. —I. dep. Aude, 7 m. N.E. Narbonne. Pop. 1,305. —II. Yonne, 6i m. N.W. Auxerre. Pop. 1,42a — Ill, {sur Andelle), Eure, 9 m, N.N.W. Andelys. Near it are the remains of Mortimer Abbey, begun in 1154 by Henry 11. of England. — IV. (sur Loire), on the Loire, 20 m. E.S.E. Orleans. Flimbt, a pa. of England, co. Cumberland, 2k m, S.S,W,Maryport, Area 1,620 ac, I'op, 64^ 2 1 FLI 498 FLiifDERS (Land), is a name formerly given to the coast of S. Australia, between Ion. 127° and 140° E., discovered by Flinders in 1802. — {Range), S. Australia, is a mntn. system, extending, with its ramifications, N.N.E. from about lat. 32° S., Ion. 138° E., through the peninsula, surrounded by Lake Torrens. Mount Serle, its chief summit, is in lat. 30° SC S., Ion. 138° 40' E. Fumes, two vills. of France, dep. Nord. — I. {hz Rack), arrond. and 3 m. N.E. Douai, with 3,674 inhabs., and an anc. Cisterc. abbey. — II. (te« Mortagni), on rt. b. of the Scheldt, 7 m. S.S.E. Tournay. Pop. 1,832. FLiNSBERe, a vill. of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 40 m. S.W. Liegnitz, on the Queiss. Pop. 1,700. It has mineral springs and baths. Flint, a pari, and munic. bor., seaport, water- ing place and pa. of N. Wales, cap. co. Flint, on the estuary of the Dee, 12 J m. W.N.W. Chester. Pop, of pa. 2,860; do. of pari. bor. 3,265. It is surrounded by anc. intrenchments, has the ruins of a castle of great strength, a fine co. jail and guildhall, considerable exports of coal and lead from the large mines in the vicinity, and imports of timber, &c. Its wharfs are approached by vessels of 300 tons at all states of the tide. Flint is the principal polling place for the co., but the assizes have been removed hence to Mold, with which bor., and with St Asaph, Rhyddlan, &c., it unites in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Keg. elec- tors (1848) 270. Flintshire, a marit. co. of N. Wales, having N. the Irish Sea, E. the Dee, and S. and W. Denbighshire. Area, including a small detached portion between cos. Chester, Denbigh, and Salop, 244 sq. m., or 166,160 ac, it being the least of the Welsh cos. Inhab. houses 13,394. Pop. 66,919. Surface level in the N. ; elsewhere finely diversified, and a mntn. range runs parallel with the Dee throughout the co. Chief rivs. the Dee and Clwyd. Soil extremely fertile in the plains and vales, but the arable land is estimated at not more than 20,000 ac. Principal agricul- tural produce, wheat, and cattle of a small but excellent breed, with cheese and butter. Average rent of land (1810) 15j. 2\d., being nearly double that of any other Welsh co. Its lead mines are now the most extensive in the empire ; those of copper are also valuable, and coal, near the Dee, is plentifolly obtained for smelting works and for export. Manufs. of cotton, &c., have been esta- blished at Mold and elsewhere, and, in 1847, em- ployed 241 hands. Annual value of land (1842) 193,605^. ; do. of mines 28,669Z. ; total annual value of assessed property 274,4702. Flint is divided into 6 hundreds and 28 pas., mostly in diocese of St Asaph, & circuit of Chester. Chief towns, Flint, Mold, St Asaph, Holywell, Ilhyddlan,& Hawarden. The great line of railway to connect London with Holyhead, traverses the co. The co. sends 1 mem. to H. of C, and 1 is returned for Flint and its contributory boroughs. Reg. electors for co. (1848) 3,168. Flintham, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 6J m. S.W.Newark. Area 2,460 ac. Pop. 611. Flisk, a pa. of Scotland, co. Fife, 5m. N.N.W. Cupar. Pop. 270. On the Tay, in this pa., stands the ruin of Bambreich Castle, the ancient seat of the Kothes family. — II. a small river of Ireland, which flows into the Lake of Killarney. Flitcham, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 4J m. E.N.E. Castle Rising. Area 3,960 ac. Pop. 428. Flitsoh, or Pless, a market town of Illyria, circ. and 60 m. N.N.W. Triest, on the Isonzo. Pop. 2,100. Near it is the Flitscher-Klause, a pass cut across the Julian Alps in 1809. Flitton, a pa, of England, co. Bedford, 1^ m. W. Silsoe. Area 3,185 ac. Pop. 1,363. FLITV7I0K, a pa. of England, co. Bedford, 21 m. S. AmpthiU. Area 1,700 ac. Pop. 693. Flix, a town of Spain, prov. and 40 m. W. Tarragona, on a peninsula of the Ebro. Pop. 1,937. It has manufs. of linens. FtixBOEOueH, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, lOm.N.W. Glandford-Brigg. Ac. 2,650. P. 231. Flixecoubt, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Somme, 12 m. N.W. Amiens. Pop. 1,729. Flixton, several pas. of England. — I. co. Lan- caster, 7 m. W.S.W. Manchester. Ac. 2,710. Pop. 2,230.-11. CO. Suffolk, 3 m. W.N.W. Lowe- stoft. Ac. 820. Pop. 23.— in. same CO., 2 m. S.W. Bungay. Ac. 1,460. Pop. 192. Flobbcq, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 22 m. N.E. Tournay. Pop. 5,268. It has extensive manufactures of linens. Flockton, a chapelry of England, co. Tork, W. Riding, pa. Thomhill, 7J m. E.S.E. Hudders- field. Pop. 1,096. Flobda, or Fladda, an islet of the Hebrides, off the N.W. point of Rasay. Flodden, a hill of England, co. Northumber- land, pa. Kirknewton, 8 m. N.N.W. Wooler. Around its base was fought, on 9th Sept., 1513, the celebrated battle of Flodden Field, between the English and Scotch. A pillar has been erected on the spot to commemorate this action. Flognt, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Tonne, cap. cant., on the canal of Burgundy, 18 m. N.W. Auxerre. FioNHEiM, a market town of W. Germany, H. Darmstadt, 17 m. S.S.W. Mayence. Pop. 1,602. Floore, a pa. of England, co. and 7} m. W. Northampton. Area 3,390 ac. Pop. 1,032. Florac, a comm. and town of France, cap. arrond., dep. Lozfere, 16 m. S.E. Mende, on 1. b. of the Tarnon. Pop. 1,9U4. Flokdon, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 8 m. S.W. Norwich. Area 1,020 ac. Pop. 193. Florence (Ital. Firenze, anc. FlorenHa), cap. of the grand duchy of Tuscany, and usual resi- dence of the Grand Duke, is one of the finest cities in the world, and is visited annually by many thousand tourists. It is situated on the Arno, in a fertile plain at the foot of the Apen- nines, in lat. 43° 46' 41" N., Ion. 11° 15' 66' E., 146 m. N.N.W. Rome. Pop., with suburbs (1846), 106,899. Elevation 134 feet. Mean temp, of year, 69° .2 ; winter, 43° .8 ; summer, 74° .6, Fahr. Florence is surrounded by walls and defended by 2 castles. The Arno is here crossed by 5 bridges, one of which, a suspension bridge, was erected in 1844. The environs are occupied by beautiful villas, and the city contains an immense number of monuments of the fine arts, the chief of which are the cathedral of Sta. Maria-del-Fiore, the mas- ter piece of Brunelleschi, with a cupula 384 feet, and a tower 266 feet, in height. The church of Sta. Croce, containing the tombs of Michael An- gelo, Galileo, Machiavelli, Alfieri and Dante ; the church of Sta. Maria Novella, St Esprit, and 247 other churches and convents, many of which are remarkable for their architecture and the magni- ficent works of art they contain. The Palazzo- Vecchio, or palace of the ministers; the Pitti Palace, residence of the Grand Duke, in the ce- lebrated Boboli Gardens, one of the finest palaces in Europe, containing a rich collection of paint- ings. There are also numerous private palaces, built from the designs, and decorated with the works, of the first masters. The famous Floren- tine Gallery, contains the "Venus di Medici, the group of Niobe, and the richest collections of FLO 499 FLO paintings, sculptures, and antiquities, in the world. Among its many educational establishments are the university, founded 1438, academy della Crusca, the library of Magliabecchi, the richest in Tuscany, and one of the finest hi Italy, con- taining (in 1845) 140,000 printed vols., and 11,000 MSS., an institution of the fine arts of great size, a magnificent astronom. observatory, connected with which is an extensive museum of natural history, a botanic garden, and the tribune, opened on occasion of the meeting of the scientific con- gress in 1841. Florence has 9 theatres, seated in all, for 14,500 spectators, and many charitable institutions. Chief manufs., silks, carpets, straw hats, mosaic work, porcelain, and jewellery. Flo- rence was an important place during the wars of Sylla ; in the middle ages it was one of the most powerful of theTuscanrepnblics; under Napoleon rt was cap. of the dep. of the Arno in the French empire. It is the birth-place of Dante, M. An- gelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Bronelleschi, Boccacio, Guicciardini, Petrarch, Machiavelli, Galileo, and Pope Leo x. A railw. was opened from Florence to Prato (U m. N.W.) in 1848. Flobence, a vill., V. S., N. Amer., Alabama, on Tennessee riv., 110 m. N.W. Tuscaloosa. Pop, about 2,000. It has a court-house, a large cot- ton factory, and it communicates by steamboats with the Mississippi. — II. a township, Ohio, 112 m. N.E. Columbus. Pop. 1,635.-111. New York, 33 m. N.W. Utica. Pop. 1,259. Flokensac, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. H^- ranlt, cap. cant., 26 m. S.W. Montpelier. P. 3,465. Floeest (St) {Italian San Fiorenzo), a forti- fied seaport town of Corsica, on its N. side, cap. cant., on the Gulf of St Florent, 7 m. W. Bas- tia. It was taken by the English after a length- ened siege in 1793. — II. (fe VieWj, a comm. and town of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, cap. cant., on the Lou-e, 21 m. W.S.'W. Angers. Pop. 2,102. The Vendean war commenced here in 1793. FtOBEHTiN (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. Yonne, cap. cant., at the confluence of the Armance and Arman§on, arrond. & 15 m. N.N.E. Anxerre. Pop. 2,205. It has a fine pa. church. Flores, or Floeis, an isl. of the Malay Archi- pelago, and the largest of the chain that extends from Java to Timor, mostly between lat. 8° & 9° S., & Ion. 120° and 123° E. Length W. to E. about 200 m. ; average breadth 35 m. Surface hilly, and on its S. side are several lofty volcanic peaks. Cotton of good staple is raised, but the only ex- ports are sandal wood, bee's-wax, horses, and a lew slaves. The native inhabitants are Timuri, a dark curly-haired race, who occupy all the isls, hence E. to Timor-Iaut, in Ion. 131°; on the coasts are several colonies of Malays and Bugis, which latter possess the valuable port of End^, on the S. coast. At its E. extremity, is Larantnca, a Portuguese station. The princip. trade of Flores centres in Singapore. The Strait of Flores, on the E., separates this isl. from those of Solor and Adenara. — II. the most W. of the Azores. Lat. 39° 25' N., Ion. 31° 12' W. Pop. 9,000. Surface mountainous, but fertile; shores steep. Pro- ducts comprise wheat, rye, yams, fine iruits, ce- dar wood, archil, and some manufactured woollen stuffs. Principal towns, Santa Cruz and Lagens. — III. an isl. of tlie Plata estuary, 22 m. E. Monte- Video. Lat. 34° 66' S., Ion. 55° 65' W.— IV. an isl, N.W. America, immediately W. Vancouver isl., in the Pacific. Lat. 49° 20' N., Ion. 126° W. Length 30 m. ; average breadth 6 m. FioEiAN (St), a vill. of Upper Austria, circ. Traun, 12 m. N.N.W. Steyer, near the Danube, with a rich Augustine abbey. Flokian, or Flobiana, a suburb of La Valctta, Malta (which see). Here are the residences of many English families, with the principal Protes- tant burial grounds in Malta, barracks for 1,000 men, a botanic garden, and a house of industry for 200 female children. Flobida, a territory of the D. S., N. America, in the S. part of the Union, between lat. 25° and 31° N., and Ion. 80° and 87° 44' W., having N. Georgia and Alabama, E. the Atlantic Ocean, and on other sides the Gulf of Mexico. Area 67,000 sq. m. Pop. (1850) 87,387, of whom 39,341 are slaves. Most part of it consists of a penin- sula 400 m. in length by 120 m. in breadth, stretch- ing from N. to S., between the ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, and separated from Cuba by Florida gulf or strait, 140 m. across. Surface in the N. hilly and mostly covered with pine woods, S. of lat. 28° it is low, & comprises the region of mag- nolias, and dwarf palm. Marshes are very ex- tensive. Soil mostly poor, except along the rivs., the principal of which are the Appalachicola, Suwanee, St John's, and Pensacola. On its E. side are numerous inlets & some good harbours. Maize, cotton, and tobacco are the principal crops ; some rice, sugar, and coffee, are raised ; timber is an important product. Figs, pome- granates, oranges, and dates grow freely in Flori- da. It has extensive grazing lands, on which many cattle are reared. Total value of exports (1844) 1,011,416 dollars; of imports 165,695 dol- lars. It sends 1 delegate to Congress. Public rev. (1844) 98,000 dollars ; expenditure 100,000 dollars; debt 4,850,000 dollars. Chief towns, Tallahassee, the cap., St Augustine, and Pensa- cola. Florida was discovered by Sebastian Ca- bot in 1497. It was ceded by Spain to the United States in 1821. Its present constitution was formed in 1839, & it was admitted into the union in 1845. It was, a few years ago, the scene of a protracted warfare between the U. States co- lonists and the Seminole Indians. Flobida, a township of the U. S., N. America, New York, 34 m. N.N.W. Albany. Pop. 5,214. FLOjBinA (Cape), a headland on an islet of the S.E. coast of Florida. It has a light-house in lat. 25° 47' N., Ion. 80° 42' W. Flobida (Gulf of), the channel between Florida and the Bahama isls., traversed by the "gulr' stream." [Atlantic Ocean.] Flobida-Kevs, a chain of islets, rocks, and sand-banks in the Bahama Channel, off the S. extremity of Florida, between lat. 24° and 25° N., and Ion. 80° and 83° W. Here numerous wrecks of vessels occur. On one of the islets is the United States arsenal of Key-West. Flobidia, a town of Sicily, intend. Syracuse, cap. cant., in a plain, 7 m. W. Syracuse. Pop. 4,800. Flobidsdoef, a vill. of Lower Austria, with a station on the railway from Vienna to Olmutz, 4 m. N. Vienna. Pop. 1,060. Flobsheim, a vill. of W. Germany, duchy and 35 m. S.E. Nassau, on the Mayn. Pop. 2,000. Flota, one of the Orkney islands, adjacent to Fara. Length 3 m.; breadth 2 m. Pop. with adjacent islets, 406. Flotte (La), a comm, and seaport town of France, dep. Charente-Inf,, on the N. shore of the I. de R^, 9 m. W.N.W. La Rochelle. Pop. 2,227. It has a good harbour and roadstead. Floub (St), a comm. and town of France, dep, Cantal, cap, arrond,, 33 m, E.N,E, Aurillao. Pop. (1846) 4,818. It stands on a scarped basal- tic rock near rt. b. of the Auzon, and has a comm. college, public library, and trade in corn. FLO 500 FOL Flowton, a pa. of England, oo. Suffolk, 5^ m. W.N.W. Ipswich. Area 800 ac. Pop. 179. FiOTD, several cos., V. S., N. America. — I. in S. of Virginia. Area 625 sq. m. Pop. 4,453. — II. in N.W. of Georgia. Area 480 sq. m. Pop. 441.— III. in E. of Kentucky. Area 1,400 sq. m. Pop. 6,302.— IV. in S.E. of Indiana. Area 144 sq. m. Pop. 9,454. — V. a township. New York, 8 m. N. Utica. Poj. 1,742. Fluelen, or Flijhlen, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and on the Lake of Uri, 2 m. N. Altorf. Here is a chapel erected to the' memory of W. Tell in 1388, and resorted to annually by a large concourse of persons in Aacension-week. FLrMENDOSA (ScBphus), a river of Sardinia, div. Sassari, which after a S. and E. course of 60 m., enters the Mediterranean on the E. coast of the isl., 30 m. N.E. Cagliari. Flcshino (Dutch Ylissingen, French Flessin- gue)j a fortified seaport town of the Netherlands, prov. Zeeland, on the S. side of the isl. Walcher- en, at the mouth of the W. Scheldt. Lat. (of lighthouse) 51° 26' i" N., Ion. 3° 34' T E. Pop. (1840), exclusive of garrison, 7,726. It is strongly defended, and has 2 harbours with extensive dock-yards, and a fine town-hall ; but most of its public buildings were destroyed during its bombardment by the English in 1809. It is the seat of an admiralty board, and has considerable trade with both Indies, England, &c., and exten- sive communications by packet boats. Admiral de Kuyter was torn here in 1607. Fltjshikg, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., 9 m. E.N.E. New York, on a bay of same name. Pop. 4,124. It has an episcopal college, and is much frequented as a bathing-place during the summer. — II. a township, Ohio, 110 m. N.E. Co- lumbus. Pop. 1,683, chiefly quakers. Fluvanna, a co., U. S., N. America, in E. of Virginia. Area 416 sq. m. Pop. 8,812, of whom 4^145 are slaves. Fltfokd-Gbafton, a pa. of EngL, co. & 7 m. B. Worcester. Area 1,640 ac. Pop. 229. Fobbing, a pa. of England, co. Essex, near the Thames, 3i m. E..Hordon-on-the-Hill. Ac. 1,830. P. 428. Jack Cade's rebellion commenced here. FocHABEBS, a town of Scotland, co. Moray, pa. Bellie, on the Spey, here crossed by a 4 arched bridge, 9 m. E. Elgin. Pop. 1,135. It is very neatly built. In the vicinity is the Duke of Rich- mond's magnificent domain of Gordon castle. FoDDERTY, a mountainous pa. of Scotland, cos. Ross and Cromarty, E. Dingwall. Pop. 2,437. FoEiL (Le), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, 9 m. S.W. St Brienc. Pop. 2,485. FooAEAS, a town of Transylvania, cap. dist. on the Aluta, 65 m. E. Hermannstadt. Pop. 6,100. It has a Protestant gymnasium, churches of various sects, and an old fortress. FooaiA, a walled city of Naples, cap. prov. Capitanata, in the great plain of Apulia, 80 m. E.N.E. Naples. Pop. (1844) 25,000. It is well built, but unhealthy. Principal structures, the governor's residence, a Gothic cathedral, about 20 other churches, theatre, the corn magazines (fosse), extending under a large part of the city, the remains of a palace, built by the Emperor Frederick ii., and a new promenade. It is the entrepflt of a large trade in com, wool, cheese, cattle, wine, oil, & capers. It is the place of re- gistration for the flocks feeding in the Apulian tavoliere, and has an important annual fair. FoGLizzo, a vill. of the Sardinian sta., div. prov. and 17 m. N.N.E. Turin. P. (inol. comm.) 2,917. FoGO, one of the Cape Verd Islands, "W. of Santiago, nearly circular, and 40 m. in circum- ference. It is formed almost entirely of the slopes of a volcanic mntn., 9,157 feet in elevation. The first eruption of this volcano on record oc- curred in 1680, and the last, which caused great destruction, 9th April 1847. Its inhabitants suffer severely from the want of water ; diu'ing 3 years of drought (from 1730), 2-8ds of the in- habitants perished from this cause. In 1831 the pop. was reckoned at 17,000, and in 1843 only 7,000. The climate is excessively dry, and the temperature elevated. It is extremely fertile, and produces the best grain and fruit in the Archip. The chief port is Nossa Senhora da Luz. Lat. 14° 53' N., Ion. 24° 30' 5" W. Fogg, a small isl. off the E. coast of Africa, Mozambique Channel. — II. an isl. N.E. of New- foundland. Lat. 49° 40' N., Ion. 54° W. FoGO, a pa. of Scotland, co. Berwick, 3 m. E.N.E. Greenlaw. Area about 5,000 ac. P. 455. FoHB, an island of Denmark, off the W. coast of Schleswig, in the N. Sea. Lat. 64° 43' N., Ion. 8° 30' E. Area 25 sq. m. The W. part of the isl., with a pop. of 2,100, belongs to Jut- land, and the E. part, with 2,660 inhabitantSj in- cluding vill. of Wyk, to Schleswig. Great num- bers of oysters are exported hence to Hambro', & numerous wild fowl are taken here in autumn. Foix, a comm. &,town of France, dep. Ari^ge, 44 m. S. Toulouse, on 1. b. of the Ari^ge, at the foot of the Pyrenees. Pop. 3,414. It has a com- munal college & a normal school, & is surmounted by a cavernous rock, on which are 3 Gothic towers, reniains of an old castle, celebrated in the middle ages for the sieges it sustained. It has several iron forges, and trade in cattle,Ieather, wool, iron, and steel goods. Birthplace of Gaston de Foix. This was cap. of the old Comti de Foix, part of the domain of Henry i v., now forming the dep. Ari^ge. FoiANO, two mkt. towns of Italy. — I. Naples, prov. Molise, 23 m. S.E. Campobasso. Pop. 2,000. — ^11. Tuscany, prov. Florence, in the Chiana valley, 15 m. S.S.W. Arezzo. Pop. 5,660. Fo-KiEK, amarit. prov, of China, mostly be- tween lat. 24° and 28° N., & Ion. 116° and 121° E., having S.E. the China Sea, and on other sides the provs. Che-kiang, Eiang-si, and Quang-tong. Pop. (1812) according to a Chinese census, 14,777,410. Surface mntnous. Principal river, the Min, which enters the sea below Foo-chow- foo, the cap. city. Though one of the smaller provs., it is amongst the most wealthy in China, producing a good deal of the finest black tea consumed in the empire, with the best camphor, tobacco, sugar, iron, indigo, & alum ; these ar- ticles, with porcelain, umbrellas, cloths, & other manufd. goods, compose its chief exports. Prin- cipal imports are grain, pulse, drugs, salted meats, fruits, and silk piece goods, received irom the N. provs. The town of Amoy and the isl. Formosa are comprised in this prov. FoKTOHANY, a frontier town of Wallachia and Moldavia, Europ. Turkey, on r. b. of the Milkov, 92 m. N.E. Bucharest. Pop. 6,000, mostly Greeks and Jews. It was burned by the Turks In 1822. FoLDVAB, a town of Hungary, circ. Tolna, on rt. b. of the Danube, 60 m. S. Buda. Pop. (1845) 10,400. It is a steam-packet station, and has an extensive sturgeon fishery. FoLEMBKAY, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Aisne, arrond. and 15 m. W. Laou. Pop. 1,067. It has an extensive glass factory employing 900 workmen, and producing 8 millions of wine bottles annually. FoLESHiLL, a pa. of Erigl., co. Warwick, 2J m. N.N.E. Coventry. Area 2,810 ac. Pop. 7,063, mostly weavers for the manufacturers of Coventry. FOL 601 FON FoLGOAT (Le), a vUl. of France, dep. Finistfere, 14 m. N.N JE. Brest, remarkable for a magnificent pa. church built in the 15th century. FotiGMO, Fulginium, a walled town of Central Italy, Pontif. sta.,deleg. and 20 m. S.E. Peru- gia, on the Flaminian way. Pop. 9,000, who manuf. woollens, paper, parchment, and wax- candles. It has a cathedral, several other churches with fine pictures, and a new comm.-hall. FOLK.E, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 3 m. S.S.E. Sherborne. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 318. Folkestone {Lapis populi\ a pari. & munic. bor., seaport, mkt. town, and pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 5 m. W.S.W. Dover, of which cinque-port it is a member. Area of pa. 4,360 ac. Pop. 4,413. The town, on the line of the S.E. railway, here carried across a lofty viaduct, lies in a hollow between 2 high cliffe, on the English Channel, opposite Boulogne. It is irregularly built ; has an anc. church, an endowed school and charities, a battery, a pier, harbour admitting vessels of from 10 to 12 feet draught at high water, and recently much improved by the removal of shingle ; a mkt. house, excellent baths, and other accom- modations for visitors, whom the fine sands and beautiful surrounding scenery attract hither. Folkestone greatly sififered by encroachments of the sea, and its trade has much decayed, but it has still valuable fisheries and considerable traf- fic with Boulogne. Mkt., Thursday. Earl Rad- nor, as lord of the manor, owns the gaol and ap- points the keeper. The bor. joins with Hythe in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Harvey, the cele- brated discoverer of the circulation of the blood, was bom here in 1578. FoLKiNOHAM, Or Falkingham, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. and 26 m. S.S.E. Lincoln. Area of pa. 1,700 ac. Pop. 820. FoLKiBOTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 4} m. S.S.W. Hailsham. Area 2,110 ac. Pop. 198. FoLKSwoBTH, a pa. of Engl., co. Huntingdon, ] i m. N.W. Stilton. Area 770 ac. Pop. 186. FoLKTOii, a pa. of Engl., co. Tork, E. KicQng, 6 m. S.S.E. Scarborough. Area 5,040 ac. P. 580. FoiLiFOOT, a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, W. Biding, pa. & 2 m. W.N.W. Spofforth. Pop. 356. FoLLOHicA, a marit. vill. of Tuscany, prov. Pisa, on the Mediterranean, opposite Elba, and 12 m. E. Piombino. It has rapidly increased in size, having had in 1830 only 3 houses, whereas now it has in winter from 1,200 to 1,500 inhabs., employed in iron works. All the ore from Elba is brought hither to be smelted, and during 8 months of the year, 1,000,000 lbs. of iron are pro- duced from its furnaces. Fond-bes-Neobes, a town of Hayti, in its S.W. peninsnla, 55 m. W.S. W. Port-Kepublicain. FoNDi, Fundi, a town of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, on the Appian way, dist. & 14 m. N.W. Gaeta. Pop. 6,000. It is unhealthy from the proximity of a salt lagoon (anc. Lacus Fundanus) ; but it has a Gothic cathedral and various other public buildings, with extensive remains of Cy- clopsean walls. Its vicinity (the anc. Cacubus Ager), is extremely fertile, and was anciently famous for its wine. FoHG, a name of many cities of Cliina ; Fong- tsiang, prov. Shen-si, being a cap. dep., on an am. oftheHoei-ho,90m.W. Si-ngan. [See also Fcng.] FoNNi, a vill. of the isl. Sardinia, div. and 34 m. N.N.E. CagliarL Pop. (with comm.) 3,063. FoNSEOA, a town of Spain, prov. and 12 m. S. Toledo. Pop. 4,162. It has mannfs. of cloth ; dye works and brandy distilleries. FoNSECA Gulf, Pacific Ocean. [CoNCHAonA.] FoNTAiHEBLEAu, a corom. and town of France, cap. arrond., dep. Seine-et-Marne, 35 m. S.S.E. Pai-is, in the middle of one of the finest forests of France, 2 m. fi'om 1. b. of the Seine, and on the railway from Paris to Lyon. Pop. (1846) 7,816. It is celeb, for its anc. and vast royal palace, long the favourite residence of the sovereigns of France, surrounded by magnificent gardens and parks. It has manufactures of porcelain, com- merce in excellent grapes, & extensive quarries for paving stones. Birthplace of Philippe iv., Henri in., and Louis xiii., kings of France, and Dancourt and Poinsonet, dramatic authors. Christina, queen of Sweden, resided here after her abdication. Pope Pius vii. was detained here for 18 months, and here Napoleon signed his first abdication in 1814, Fontaine Fbancaise, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cote-d'Or, cap. cant,, 20 m. N.E. Dijon. Pop. 1,208. It has a fine chateau and a monument to Henri iv. Fontaine l'Eveque, a town of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 6 m. W. Charleroi. Pop. 3,018, em- ployed in iron forges, hardware manufs., &c. Fontaine Notre Dame, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, 2 m. W. Cambrai. Pop. 1,682. FoNTANA, several vills. of Italy 1. Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, 8J m. S.S."W. Sora. Pop. 2,100.— IL (F. Fredda), N. Italy, deleg. and 32 m. W.S.W. Udine.— III. duchy of Parma. P. 1,000. Fontanabosa, a town of Naples, prov. Princip. Ult. I., il m. "W. Frigento. Pop. 3,000. Fontanella, a decayed town of N. Italy, deleg. and 17 m. S.S.E. Bergamo. — Fontanellato is a vill., duchy & 7 m. W.N.W. Parma. Pop. 1,600. Fontaeabia (Spanish Fuenterrabia), a town of Spain, prov. Guipuzcoa, 11 m. E.N.E. San Sebas- tian, at the mouth of the Bidasao, in the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 2,035. It has a military governor. FoNTEHO, a mkt. town of Portugal, prov. Beira, on r. b. of the Douro, 4 m. E.N.E. Lamego. Fontenat-le-Cgmte, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vendue, cap. arrond., on the Vendue, where it becomes navigable, 33 m. S.E. Napoleon- ville. Pop. (1846) 6,426. It is pleasantly si- tuated ; and has a communal college, barracks, hospitals, a church with a spire 311 ft. in height, and a ruined castle. Manufs. coarse linen and woollen cloths; and it is an entrepot for the Gironde and Charente wines. — Fontenay is the name of numerous comms. and viUs. of France, the chief of which is F. aux. Roses, dep. Seine, S. of Paris, with a station on the railway to Sceaux. Fontenot, a vill. of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 5 m. S.E. Toumay, memorable as the place where, on the 30th April 1745, the forces under the Duke of Cumberland were defeated by the French imder Marshal Saxe. — II. {F,-le-Chateau), a comm. and town of France, dep. Vosges, on r. b. of the Toney, 17 m. S.S.W. Epinal. P. 1,372. FoNTEVBAULT, a comm. and town of Frai\ce, dep. Maine-et-Loire, arrond. and 8 m. S.E. Sau- mur. Pop. 1,400. It owed its foundation to a famous abbey, destroyed during the 1st revolu- tion, a part of which is now a prison; other remaining portions are a church of the 12th cen- tury, in which are the tombs of Henry ii. and Richard i. of England, Eleanor of Guienne, and Isabelle, widow of King John. FoKTHiLL, two pas. of England, co. 'Wilts. — I. (Bishop's), 2 m. N.N.E. Hindon. Area 2,040 ac. Pop. 207. — II. (Gifford), a pa. adjoining, 1| m. S.E. Hindon. Area 1,550 ac. Pop, 416. Here stood Fonthill abbey, the superb and singular mansion of the late "W. Beokford, Esq. Fontmell-Magna, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 4 m. S. Shaftesbury. Area 2,610 ac. Pop. 876. FON 602 FOB FoNTTiEiiLE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. B.-du-Khdne, ai-rond. & d m. N:E. Aries. Fop. 1,786. Near it are excellent stone quarries. FoNZ, a town of Spain, prov. and 35 m. E.S.E. Huesca. Pop. 2,160. It has Roman remains. FoNZASO, a vill. of N. Italy, gov. Venice, cap. dist., deleg. and 22 m. W.S.W. Belluno. P. 2,700. FooBicABiA, a large town of W, Africa, Man- dingo country, 76 m. N.N.E. Sierra^Leone. FoBBAOH, a comm. and town of France, dep. Moselle, cap. cant., 10 m. N.N.W. Sarreguemines. Pop. 3,082. Manufs. of woollen cloths & tobacco pipes..— II. a vill. of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, on the Murg, here crossed by a suspension bridge, 24 m. S.S.W. Carlsruhe. Pop. 1,246. FOBBEs' IsLAHDs, ofif the N.E. coast of Australia, in Temple Bay. Lat. 12° 30' S., Ion. 143° 20^ E. EoBCALL, a town of Spain, prov. and 44 m. N. CasteUon de la Plana, on an afil. of the Ebro. Pop. 2,000, engaged in the manuf. of sandal-oords. EoBCALQUiER, a comm. and town of France, dep. B. Alpes, cap. arrond. & 24 m. S.W. Digne. Pop. 1,998. It was formerly fortified. FoBCETT, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Riding, 7 m. N.N.E. Richmond. Area 4,760 ac. P. 461. FoBOHHEiM, a fortified town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Franc, on the Reguitz, 16 m. S.S.E. Bam- berg, on the railway thence to Niirnberg. Pop. 3,000. It has a coUegiate church, synagogue, & arsenal. Rudolph of Rheinfleld was elected em- peror here by the diet of 1077. FoBOHTENAtr, 3, mkt. town of W. Hungary, co. and 11 m. W. Oedenburg. Pop. 729. It has an elegant new residence of the Eszterhazy family. FoBCHTENBEBQ, a town of Wiirtcmberg, circ. Jaxt, 18 m. N.E. Heilbronn. Pop. 1,164. Ford, several pas. of England. — I. co. Nor- thumberland, on the Till, here crossed by a stone bridge, 7J m. N.N.W. Wooler. Area. 12,220 ao. Pop. 2,257. Ford castle is partly modem. It was taken, previous to the battle of Flodden, by James iv. — II. co. Salop, 6 m. W.N.W. Shrews- bury. Area 2,140 ac. Pop. 309.-111. co. Sus- sex, 2i m. S.S.W. Arundel. Area 480 ac. Pop. 70. — IV. a tnshp., CO. Durham, pa. Bishop-Wear- mouth. Si m. W . Sunderland. Pop. 1,720. FoBDE, a pa. and vUl. of Norway, stift and 76 m. N.N JE. Bergen. Pop. of pa. 3,760. FoBDEN, a pa. of N. Wales, co. and 3 m. N. Montgomery. Pop. 827. FoBKHAM, several pas. of England. — I. co. Cambridge, 6 m. N. Newmarket. Area 4,050 ac. Pop. 1,416. Rev. of charities 61Z. per annum. — II. CO. Essex, 6 m. W.N.W. Colchester. Area 2,460 ac. Pop. 739 III. co. Norfolk, 2J m. S. Downham-Market, Area 2,270 ao. Pop. 219. FoBoiNaBBiDGE, a mkt. town and pa. of Eng- land, CO. Bants, on the Avon, here crossed by a stone bridge, 19 m. N.W. Southampton. Area of pa. 5,720 ac. Pop. 3,073. FoBDiKGTON, 3, pa. of Engl., CO. Dorset, J m. S.E. Dorchester, and included within its pari, bounds. Area 1,910 ac. Pop. 2,937. FoBDOS, a town of Pruss. Poland, reg. and 7 m. E.N.E. Bromberg, on 1. 1?. of the Vistula. P. 2,080. FoBBOUN, a pa. of Scotland, co. Kincardine, 10 m. W.S.W. Stonehaven. Area about 44 sq. m. Fop. 2,342. The small hamlet of Kincardine in this pa. (15 m. S.W. Stonehaven) gave name to the CO., of which, before the reign of James vi., it was the chief town. Remains of its palace, the principal residence of Kenneth iii., and where BaJiol is said to have yielded his crown to Edward I., are still visible. Birth-place of Lord Monboddo, and of Fordoun (?) author of Scoti-ehronicon. FoBDWicH, a small munic. bor., pa., & mem. of the cinque port of Sandwich, Engl., co. Kent, on the navig. Stour, 2 m. E.N.E. Canterbury. Area of pa. 610 ac. Pop. 231. It has an ancient church, and was formerly of importance. FoBDTOE, a marit. pa. of Scotland, on the N. Sea, CO. & 10 m. W. Banff. Area 20 sq. m. Pop. 3,442. The vill. is a burgh of barony. FoBE, a decayed town of Ireland, Leinster, co. Westmeath, 3 m. E. CastlepoUard. Pop. 119. Remains of the town, built in the reign of Ed- ward III., a square tower of same date, an ancient stone cross, ruins of a priory and chapel, and the cell of a hermit, tenanted so late as 1764. FoBELAHD (NoKTH AND SonTH),two Celebrated headlands in England, co. Kent ; the first forming the N.E. angle of the co., and the most easterly land in England. It consists of chalky cUffs, nearly 200 feet in height, projecting into the N. Sea, and having a light-honse with fixed light, elev. 184 ft., in lat. 6r 22' 5' N., Ion. 1° 26' 7' W. The S. Foreland is about 16 m. S. of the former, the Downs lying between. It has 2 light- houses, in lat. 61° 8' i' N., Ion. 1° 22' B" E. elevation 372 feet, with fixed lights, to warn ships coming from the S. of their approach to the Goodwin sands. FoBEMABK, a pa. of England, co. and 6^ to, S.S.W. Derby. Area 2,870 ac. Fop. 212. FoEENZA, Forentum, a city of Naples, prov, Basilicata, cap. cant., in the Apennines, 16 la N.E. Potenza. Pop. 6,100. FoBEST, a township of England, co. Durham, pa. Middleton. Pop. 884, partly employed in lead mines. Here are cascades of the Tees and ro- mantic scenery. FoBEST, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Nord, arrond. Avesnes. Pop. 1,590. — II. a vill. of Bel- gium, prov. and 7 m. S.E. Liege, near the Vesdre. FoBBBT (Biaok), Germany. [Black Foeest.] FoEEST Cantons, Switzerland, are the cants. Lucerne, Schwytz, IJri, and Unterwalden, in the centre of which is the Lake of Lucerne, or lake of the Four Forest Cantons. Foeest-Gate, a station on the E. Counties railway, England, co. Essex, 5 m. E.N.E. London. FoEESTHiLL, a pa. of England, co. and 5 m. N.N.E. Oxford. Area 660 ac. Pop. 149.— II. a station on the London and Brighton railway, 5 m. S. London Bridge. Around it is much beautiful scenery, interspersed ?pith many handsome villas. FoEEST-QuAETEB, a towDship of England, co. Durham, pa. & 7 m. N.W. Stanhope. Pop. 3,531. FoEEZ, an old divis. of France, in the prov. Lyonnais, the cap. of which was Montbrison, now forming greater part of the dep. Loire. FoBFAB, a pari., munic, and royal bor. and pa. of Scotland, cap. co. Forfar, in the vale of Strath- more, near a small lake, 14 m. N.N.E. Dundee, with which, and Arbroath, it is connected by railway. Area of pa. 16 sq. m. Fop. 9,620 ; pop. of bor. 8,362. It is well built, has handsome co. buildings, an excellent news-room and library numerous schools, and places of worship, with considerable manufs. of Highland brogues and coarse linens. Market, Saturday. Forfar unites with Montrose, Arbroath, Breohm, and Bervie, in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 243. It is connected by railways with Dundee, Montrose, Arbroath, and Perth. FoBFABSHiBE, Or Anqus, amarit. co. of Scotl., having N. the cos. Aberdeen and Kincardine, B. the N. Sea, S. the Firth of Tay, and W. co. Perth. Area 892 sq. m., or 632,243 ac. Inhab. houses 36,184. Pop. 170,520. Surface naturally divided into 4 parallel belts, running from N.E. to S.W., viz., the Braes of Angus, a part of the FOR 603 FOR Grampian range ; the Vale of Strathniore ; the Sidlaw Hills ; the rich plain on the Fu-th of Tay and the sea. Principal rivers, the N. & S. £sks) & Isla. Climate in elevated parts rather chill & moist. Soils various. Agriculture greatly ad- vanced. Wood lands estimated at nearly 30,000 ae. Estates generally small. Average rent of land (1810) 9s. IJd. per ac. Ann. value of land (1842-3) 312,200?. Forfar is the chief seat of the coarse linen manu^. of Scotland. The total ann. value of property 502,841i. The co. has 5 royal burghs, viz., Dundee, Arbroath, Forfar, Montrose, and Brechin. It sends 3 mems. to H. of C, 1 being for the CO. Reg. electors for co. (1848) 2,649. FoKG, a town of Persia, prov. Laristan, 175 m. SJ). Shiraz. It is enclosed by an earthen ram- part, is well furnished with water, and has a for- tified palace, and about 200 houses. FoRGAN, St Phillans, a pa. of Scotland, co, Fife, on the Tay, opposite Dundee, with which it conmmnicates by a steam-boat ferry. Area about 5,000 ac. Soil rich. Pop. 1,219. New- port, a vlll. beautifully situated on the banks of the Tay, is in this pa. FoBGiKDENNY, a pa. of Scotl., COS. Perth and Kinross, 6 m. S.W. Perth. Pop. 796. It has remains (f Roman and Danish camps. FoRaEs-LEs-EAUx, a comm. & town of France, dep. Seine-Inf., 22 m. N.E. Kouen. Pop. 1,653. It has Mineral springs, and an establishment of baths, fiequented from July to September. Its three springs, la ReiTiette, la Royale, and la Car- diitale, were so named from having been resorted to in 16S by Louis xiii., his queen, & Cardinal Richelieo. They are chalybeate, and have a temp, of 45° F^r. Manufs. of porcelain and vitriol aie carried on at Forges. FoKGBTx (St), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Rh&ie, arrond. & 14 m. S.W. Villefranohe, on 1. b. of the Trenchin. Pop. 2,047. FoBGLEN, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 7^ m. S. Banff. Area about 12 sq. m. Pop. 771. The ancient castle of Forglen is situated on the ro- mantic banks of the Deveron. FoRGUE, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, 7 m. E.N.E. Huntly. Area about 60 sq. m. P. 2,489. The hill of Forman, elev. 1,000 feet, and almost entirely covered with wood, is in this parish. ToRio, a seaport town of Naples, on the W. coast of the isl. Ischia, dist. and 16 m. W.S.W. Pozzuoli. Pop. 5,100. It is beautifully situated, and has a good harb. Near it are mineral baths. FoKKHiri,, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, co. Armagh, 8m. S.S.W. Newry. Area abt 12,^00 ac. P. 8,128. Forks, a township, U. S., N. Amer., Pennsyl- vania, near the confluence of the Delaware and Lehigh rivers, N. Philadelphia. Pop. 2,166. Form, Forum Livii, a walled city of Central Italy, Pontif. States, cap. leg., on the -aEmilian way, 40 m. S E. Bologna. Pop. (1833) 15,637. It is well built, and handsome, and has a cathedral and several churches, containing noble works of art, a city hall, an university, and a famous citadel, now a prison. It is the seat of a car- dinal-legate, a court of justice, subordinate to that of Bologna, manufactures of silk ribands and twist, oil cloth, and woollen fabrics ; and has wax, nitre, and sulphur refineries, with an active trade in agricultural produce. It was taken by the French in 1797. — II. a vill. of Naples, prov. Molise, 7J m. N. Isemia. Pop. 2,200. FoRLiMPOPOLi, Forum PomVn, a town of Cent. Italy, Pontif. States, leg. and 6 m. E.S.E. Forli. Pop. (1833) 4,191. It has an ancient ca,stle, a cathedral, and some trade in wine, flax, and silk. FoHMBy, a chapelry of England, co. Lancaster, ^; a. Walton-on-the-hill, on the Irish Sea, 7} m. V. Ormskirk. Pop. 1,446. Resorted to for sea bathing. FoBMENTEBA, Pityusa Minor, one of the Bal- earic isls., in the Mediterranean, 6 m. S. Iviza. Length, W. to E., 13 m., breadth 2 to 10 m. Pop. 2,000, engaged in agriculture. FoRMEBiE, a comm. and town of France, dep. Oise, 21 m. N.N.W. Beauvais. Pop. 1,257. FoBMioHE, several islet groups in the Mediter- ranean. — I. two small islands off the W. coast of Sicily, intend. & 5 m. S.W. Trapani, the E. and larger being covered with stone buildings, and having a tolerable harbour. — II. a group off the S.E. extremity of Elba. — III. {di GrosMio), a group including Monte Christo, Gianuti, Giglio, &c. FoKMicoLA, a vill. of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, cap. cant., 7 m. N.E. Capua. Pop. 2,000. FoBMOSA (Chinese Tae-wan), an island off the S.E. coast of China, partly independent, and partly comprised in the prov. Fo-kien, between lat. 22° and 25° 30' N., and Ion. 121° E., about 90 m. from the Chinese coast, from which it is se- parated by the channel of Fo-kien, or Formosa. Estimated area 15,000 sq. m. The Chinese pop. are estimated at 2,000,000 ; the number of native inhabs. is unknown. A volcanic mntn. chain, with summits upwards of 12,000 ft. in height, traverses the centre of the isl. from N. to S., separating the Chinese colonists of its W. half from the native Formosans on the E. side. On some parts of the coasts are bold headlands, but all the W. side is flat, and surrounded with quick- sands and rocks. Surface of the Chinese portion well watered and generally fertile, producing great quantities of rice, sugar, camphor, and to- bacco, with wheat, maize, millet, various fruits and spices, coffee, cotton, hemp, silk, fine timber, and bamboos. The Chinese colonists are of a very mixed description, Formosa having been a kind of "Botany Bay" to China; but among them there are many wealthy and active traders ; and a very extensive commerce is carried on with Amoy, & other parts of the opposite coast, to which all the shipping employed in the trade belongs. Principal exports, the products al- ready detailed, with siilt, and sulphur. Imports comprise tea, silks, woollens, and other manufac- tured goods. The native Formosans are a Malay r^^e, little civilized, and living under petty chiefs. Formosa, with the Panghoo isls., forms a Jbo, or dep., under the prov. Fo-kien, subdivided into 6 heens, or dists. Its cap., Tae-wan, is a Chinese city of the first class ; and its schools are in pretty high repute In China. It was the last conquest of the present Tartar dynasty, and has been always rather insecurely held by the Chinese. In 1632 the Dutch became masters of it, but they were expelled by the famous pirate Coxinga, whose successors ruled here till 1683. It was on Formosa that the Nerhudda transport, and the brig Ann were wrecked in 1841 ; and nearly all their survivors ultimately put to death with great cruelty by the Chinese. Formosa, the most N. of the Bissagos isls., off the W. coast of Africa. It is fertile and well wooded, but has no good water. This is the name also of the river of Benin, of bays on the Brazil and Zanguebar coasts, of a mountain of Johore, Malacca, and of a vill. of Sicily, S.E. Trapani, with 2,000 inhabitants. FoRNAS, a vill of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 7 m. S.E. the ruins of Xanthus, and near which are the remains of the anc. Patosa. FoBNCBTT, two pas. of England, co. Norfolk. — I. {Si Mary), 3 m,' W.N.W. St Mary-Stratton. f OR 504 FOR Area 760 ac. Pop. 305.-11. (St Peter), 2.i m. N.W. St Mary-Stratton. Area 1,710 ac. Pop. 669. FoKNELLA, a fortified harb. of the isl. Minorca, on its W. coast, 12 m. N.N.W. Port Mahon. FoBWHAM, several pas. of England, co. Suffolk, —I. {All Saints), i m. N.N.W. Bury St Ed- munds. Area 2,200 ac. Pop. 336. — II. {St Gene- veve), 3 m. N.N.W. Bury. Ac. 760. P. 70.-111. (S«ilffflrti7t),2m. N. Bury. Ac. 1,230. Pop. 294. FoKNO, several vills. of N. Italy, the principal being F. di-Mivara, Piedmont, div. prov. and 31 m. N.W. Turin. Pop. (with comm.) 2,612. FoBNOvo, Forum Novum, a mkt.-town of N. Italy, duchy and 13 m. S.W. Parma. Here the French, under Charles viii., defeated the Milanese and their allies in 1495. FoBRABUBT, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, on the Bristol Channel, 6 m. N.N.W. Camelford. Area 430 ac. Pop. 354. Forres, a par!., munic, royal bor., and pa. of Scotland, co. Moray, 10 m. W.S.W. Elgin. Area of pa. (which is richly cultivated, and noted for fine scenery, and for having perhaps the driest and best climate in Scotland) about 9 sq.m. Pop of do. 3,711 ; pop. of town 2,844. It is neatly bmit ; has a town-house, and excellent academy, annual rev. 130^., a library, some remains of a castle, a tower in honour of Nelson, and near it a remarkable ano. obelisk called Sweno's pillar, probably erected in memory of a victory over the Danes. Mkts., Tuesday and Wednesday. Corp. revenue (1840) 1,658^. Forres unites with Inver- ness, Fortrose, and Nairn, in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 153. According to Shakespeare, and the old chronicles, it was on a "blasted heath" near Forres that Macbeth first met the weird sisters. Findhorn, 4 m. to the N., is the sea port. FoBSBROOK, a township of Engl., co. Stafford, pa. Dilhorne, 2i m. W.S.W. Cheadle. Pop. 843. FoRscoTE, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 6 m. S.S.W. Bath. Area 580 ac. Pop. 84. FoBSE, a river of Scotland, co. Caithness, rises near the centre of theco.,& after flowing N., falls into the Pentland Firth, near avill. of same name. FoBSTE, or FoRSTA, a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. and 43 m. S. Frankfiirt, on an isl. in the Neisse. Pop. 3,610, employed in pot- teries, and in weaving linens and woollens. FoBSVTH, a CO., IT. S., N. America, in N. of Georgia. Area 290 sq. m. Pop. 6,612. FoBT, a prefix of the names of some vills., and numerous military stations, the following being among the principal. — I. {F, Augustus), 3l fort & vill. of Scotland, co. Inverness, on the line of the Caledonian Canal, at the S. extremity of Loch Ness. The vill. is mean and irregular ; the fort, built in 1730, is now all but abandoned. — II. {Blockhouse and MoncMon), two forts, England, CO. Hants, pa. Alverstoke, defending the entrance of Portsmouth harbour on the W. — III. {Chip- peywan and Wedderhurn), British N. America, at the W. extremity of Lake Athabasca. — IV. {Con- fidence), British N. America, at the N. extremity of the Great Bear Lake. — V. {Cumberland), a strong fortress of England, co. Hants, on Portsea isl., 4 m. E. Portsmouth, and defending the en- trance of Langston harbour. — VI. (Dauphin), a ruined French fort and town on the S. coast of Madagascar. Lat. 26° 1' S., Ion. 46° 40' E— VII. {Enterprise), British N. America, about 150 m. N. the Great Slave Lake VIII. {Franklin), Bri- tish N. America. Lat. 65° 12' N., Ion. 123° 13' W., with a mean annual temp, of 17°, Fahr. — IX. {Garry), British N. America, at the junction of the Assiniboine and Red rivers, 40 m. S. Lake Winnipeg. It is a strong and regular fortifica- tion, and near it are many good dwellings, with Roman Catholic and Protestant churches.— X. {George), Scotland, co. and 9 m. N.B. Inverness, and the N.most of the three forts on the line of the Caledonian Canal, on a point of land jutting into Moray Firth. It covers 16 acres, has quar- ters for 3,000 men, bomb proof magazines, and is esteemed the most complete fortification in Bri- tain. Fort George is also the name of the cita- del of Madras, & of Astoria, U. S., Oregon terri- tory, N. Amer. — XI. {James), a British station on the coast of Guinea. [Acoba.]— XH. {La- ramie), Central N. America, near the head of the Platte river. Lat. 42° 12' 10' N., Ion. 105° 21' 10' W. — XIII. {LibertS), a seaport town of Hayti,on its N. coast. Lat. 19° 42' N., Ion. 71° 67' W. It is well built and has a good harbour. It was for- merly called Port Dauphin. — XIV.. {Pitt), a for- tification near Chatham, England; and one in British N. America, on the river Saskatchewan, lat. 47° 30' N., Ion. 108° W.— XV. {St Elms), the citadel of La Valletta, Malta, which see.-<-XVI. {San Sebastian), the citadel of the Portagnese settlement, Mozambique, E. AWca, whlct see XVII. {San Joackim), a settlement of Brazilian Guiana, on the Branco, an afiluent of Ifae Ama- zon. Lat. 3° 1' 46' N., Ion. 60° 3' W-^XVIH. ( Vancouver), a station, Oregon territory, on the Columbia, 100 m. from the Pacific. Lat; 45° 37' N., Ion. 120° 50' W.— XIX. {Victoria) Malay Archipelago, is the citadel of the cap./ town of Amboyna. — XX. {Villarino), a Ironticr settle- ment in Patagonia, on the isl. Choleechpl in the Rio Negro, and named after its foundei in 1782. —XXI. ( Wayne), IT. S., N. Amer., Indian*. Pop. 2,000.— XXIL {Wellington), a fort on Coburg peninsula, N. Australia, near Port Essiigton XXIII. {William), a fortress of Scotl., oo. Inver- ness, on Loch Eil, near the foot of Ben Nevis, and at the S. extremity of the Caledonian canal, ad- jacent to the vill. Maryburgh. It was orijinally built by General Monk, and re-oonstructei in the time ot William iit., whence its name. It is now garrisoned by only a few invalids.— XXIT. ( Wil- liam), Brit. N. Amer., on the N.W. coast of Lake Superior. Lat. 48° 26' 33' N., Ion. 89° 20' W.— XXV. — Also the citadel of Calcutta, Brit. India. FoBTALEZA, a city of Brazil, cap. of the prov. Ceara, on a bay in the Atlantic, at the mouth of the river Ceara. Lat. 3° 42' S., Ion. 38° 30' V. Pop. 3,000. It has a palace of the gov., a Latin school, and an hospital. Previous to 1823 it was called Ceara, or Villa do Forte. FoETANA, the E.most of the Benin isls., Paci- fic Ocean, near lat. 25° N., Ion. 143° 80' E. FoBTANETE, a town of Spain, prov. and 34 m. E.N.E. Teruel. P. 2,002. It has manuis. of Unens. FoBT Ann, a township of the U. S., N, Amer., New York, 65 m. N.E. Albany. Pop. 3,659. FoBT Covington, a township of the U. S., N. America, New York, near the St Lawrence, 6 m. E. St Regis. Pop. 2,094. FoBT Edwabd, a township of the U. S., N. America, New York, on the Hudson, 43 m. N. Albany. Pop. 1,726. Foetavknihra (Isl.). [FnEETETO:NTDEA.] FoBTEVioT, a pa. of Scotland, co. and adjoin- ing Perth on the Earn. Pop. 638. Forth, a river of Scotland, rises on the N.E. side of Ben Lomond, co. Stirling, and flows E. by Aberfoyl, Stirling, and Alloa, where, after a wmding course through some of the finest scenery in the kingdom, it expands into the arm of the sea called the Firth of Forth, dividing the cos. Perth, Clackmannan, and File on the N.jft'oin FOR fiOo FOT Stilling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, and Haddington on the S. The course of the Forth, including, its many " links " or windings, is estimated at 170 m. Breadth at Queensferry 3 m., at Leith Fort 6 m. Chief tributaries the Teith, Allan, and Devon. The Forth has many good harbours, principal of which is Leith ; above Queensferry is one of the safest roadsteads in the island. The river is navigable to Stirling for vessels of 100 tons, and to Alloa for vessels of 300 do. It is connected with the Clyde by a canal, about 38 m. in length. Fom HAMitTON, a vill. of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, at the W. point of Long Island, in which is a strong fort, mounting 70 guns, and commanding the entrance of New York harbour. Forth Modntains, a range of hills, Ireland, Leinster, co. and i m. W. Wexford. In 1798, about 15,000 insurgents encamped here previous to the attack and capture of Wexford. The mari- time barony of Forth forms a peninsula, studded with the ruins of Anglo-Saxon towers, built to protect the invaders from the Irish. FoRTHO, or Fdrtho, a pa. of Engl., co. Nor- thampton, 7 m. W.S. W. Towcester. Ac. 480. P. 16. Fortified Island, in British India, presid. Madras, dist. Canara, is a small island opposite Onore, Malabar coast, and fortified by Tlppoo Saib, fi-om whom it was taken in 1792. FoRTiMQAL, a large mountainous pa. of Scotl., occupying the chief part of the N.W. division of the CO. Perth. Area nearly 450,000 ac. Pop. 2,740. Several yearly cattle fairs are held in its different vills. Remains of a Roman camp, and of numerous Celtic forts and feudal castles are still visible, and in the district of Rannoch are large remnants of the ancient Caledonian forest. In Fortingal churchyard is a yew tree supposed to be the largest in the kingdom. In the pa. are Schiehallion, Glen Lyon, and Lochs Rannoch, Etricht, and Garry. FoBT Louis, a comm. and town of France, dep. Bas-Bhin, near the Rhine, 21 m. N.N.E. Stras- bourg, with the remains of a fort built by Vau- ban, and destroyed by the allies in 1815. Fort Madisok, a vill. of the U. S., N. Amer., Iowa, CO. Lee, on the Mississippi, here crossed by a ferry. Pop. about 700. FoRTOir, a toivnship of Engl., CO. Lancaster, pa. & 4 m. N.N.W. Garstang. P. 679.— II. a pa., co. Stafford, 1 J m. N.N.E. Newport. Ac. 3,760. P. 764. FoRTOHE, a river of Naples, rises in the Apen- nines, about 20 m. N.E. Benevento, flows mostly N., separating the provs. Capitanata & Molise, & enters the Atoatie by two mouths, 34 m. N.N.W. Foggia, after a course of 45 miles. FoETBOSE, a royal and pari. bor. and seaport of Scotland, co. Ross, pa. Rosemarkie, on Moray Firth, opposite Fort George, to which there is a ferry, and 8 m. N.N.E. Inverness. Pop. 758, mostly shoemakers and fishers. It has a good harbour, an episcopal chapel, an academy, at which the late Sb J. Mackintosh received his early education, and remains of the ancient ca- thedral of the Bishops of Ross. The bor. unites with Inverness, Forres, and Nairn in sending 1 member to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 52. FoBT RoTAL, a fortified seaport town and cap. of the isl. Martinique, on its W. coast, at the N. side of Fort Royal Bay. Lat. 14° 36' 9" N., Ion. 61° 4' 2" W. Pop. (with comm.) about 12,000. It is well built, comprising government offices, naval storehouses, barracks, an arsenal, a hospi- tal, the residence of the apostolic prefect of the isl., & a harbour defended by several forts. It is the seat of the chief judicial court for the colony. Fort St David, a town of British India pre- sid. Madra"!, dist. S. Arcot, on the Coromandel coast, 92 m. S.S.W. Madras, and the cap. of the British settlements in the Carnatic from 1746 to 1768, when it was taken by the French, and its defences were demolished. FoBTCWA, a market town of Spain, prov. and 16 m. N.N.E. Murcia. Pop. 4,010. It has min- eral baths and a saltpetre factory. FoBTUNADB aud Fobtunat (St), two comms. and market towns of France ; the former, dep. Correze, 4 m. S. Tulle. Pop. 1,961. The latter, dep. ArdSche, 7 m. N.N.E. Privas. Pop. 1,523. Fortune (Bat), an extensive inlet of the At- lantic, S. coast of Newfoundland. Lat. 47° N., Ion. 56° W., giving name to a dist. on its N. side. It contains Brun^ isl., and at its entrance are the French isls. Miquelon & St Pierre. — (Island), a small islet off the coast of Sumatra. — (Key), one of the Bahama islands. Fos, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Ga- ronne, in the Pyrenees, 60 m. S.W. Toulouse. Pop. 1,597. Near it silver mines were worked in the time of the Romans. FosCAtDO, a market town of Naples, prov. Calab. Cit., 16 m. N.W. Cosenza. Pop. 2,000. FosDTKE, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 6 nL N.N.W. Holbeach. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 601 Fosdyke-wash, an arm of the sea, 1 m. in width, is here crossed by an embankment and bridge. . FosN^ss, a maritime vill. and pa. of Norway, stiffc and 90 m. N.N.E. Trondheim. Pop. 2,600. FossAOEOA, several vills. of Naples. — I. prov, Molise, 9 m. N.W. Campobasso, Pop. 2,4^6. — II. pror. Abruzzo Cit., near the Adriatic, 4^ m. S.E. San Tito. Pop. 2,360.-111. prov. T. di Lavoro, 12 m. N.W. Piedimonte. Pop. 800. FossANO, a town of the Sard, sta.. Piedmont, div. and prov. Coni, cap. mand., on the Stura, 14 m. N.E. Coni. Pop. (1838) with comm., 16,041. It is picturesquely posted on a hill, enclosed by old walls, & crowned by a fine castle. Internally it is antique and gloomy, the houses built over arcades, which form the footways ; it has a fine cathedral, mineral baths, and manufs. of silk fabrics, paper, and leather. FossAWAV and Tulliebole, a united pa. of Scotland, cos. Perth and Kinross, 6 m. W. Kin- ross. Area about 60 sq. m. Pop. 1,724. The castles of Tulliebole and Aldie are in this parish. Fosse, or Fosses, a vill of Belgium, cap. cant., prov. and 8 m. S.W. Namur. Pop. 2,378. FossoMBBONE, a townof Central Italy, Pontif. sta., 10 m. E.S.E. Urbino, on the Metauro, here crossed by a fine modern single-arched bridge. Pop. (1833) 6,421. It sprang from the ruins of the ancient Forum Sempronii, about 2 m. distant, and has a cathedral and flourishing manufs. FossuM, a vill. of Norway, stift Aggershuus, 62 m. S.W. Christiania. It has a cobalt mine, and extensive iron works. FosTAT, or Old Caibo, a town of Central Egypt, on rt. b. of the Nile, 3J m. S.W. Cairo, opposite Ghizeh. [Cairo.] Fosteb, a township, U. S., N. America, Rhode Island, 19 m. W.S.W. Providence. Pop. 2,181. FosTON, several pas. of England. — I. co. Lin- coln, 5| m. N.N.W. Grantham. Area 2,180 ac. Pop. 497 II. CO. and 6i m. S.S.E. Leicester. Area 840 ac. Pop. 41 III. co. York, N. Rid- ing, llj m. N.E. York. Area 2,090 ac. Pop. 370.— IV. (on-the-Wolds), E. Riding, 6 m. E.S.E. Great Drifaeld. Area 4,560 ac. Pop. 792. Fotheebt, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, parts Lindsey, 3 m. N.N.W. Louth. Ac. 1,400. P. 227. FoTHEBiNOHAY, a pa. of Engl., co. Northamp- ton, 3i m. N.N.E. Oundle. Area 2,110 ac. Pop. FOU 506 FOW 230. Revenue of charities, including a school founded by Queen Elizabeth, about 671. Horse fair, July 6. Edward, Duke of Tork, who died at Agincourt, and Kichard, Duke of Tork, slain at the battle of Wakefield, were buried in its church. The castle, founded in the reign of the Conqueror, the birth-place of Richard m., and the scene of Mary Queen of Scots' imprisonment, trial, & execution, was razed to the ground after the accession of James i. FotTAH, Meialis, a vill. of Lower Egypt, on rt. b. of the W. arm of the Nile, opposite Atfeh, 16 m. S.S.E. Rosetta. FoDESKAHT, a comm. & town of France, dep. Finistfere, cap. cant. 8 m. S.E. Quimper. P. 3,172. FouQEBAT, a comm, and town of France, dep. lUe-et-Vilaine, cap. cant., arrond. and 17 m. E.N.E. Redon. Pop. 6,25i. FougSres, a coram, and town of France, dep. Dle-et-Vilaine, cap. arrond., 27 m. N.E. Rennes, near 1. b. of the Nauson. Pop. (1846) 9,106. It has a comm. college, mineral springs, & manufs. sail-cloth and hempen fabrics, and trade in corn, butter, and honey. It was formerly one of the strongest places in Brittany, and wa£ often taken & re-taken during the wars with the English from the 11th to 15th centuries. FouoEBOLLEs, two comms. and Tills, of France. . — I. dep. & 19 m. N.W. Mayenne. Pop. (of comm). 2,324. — II. dep. H. Sa6ne, arrond. and 13 m. N.N.TV. Lure. Pop. 1,139. It has a considerable manuf. of cherry brandy. FouGES, a seaport town of Asia Minor. [Pho- ciEA.] — The Gulf of Fmges is an inlet of the .^gean Sea, immediately N. of the G. of Smyrna. FouLDEN, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 4 m. E.S.E. Stoke-Ferry. Area 3,500 ac. Pop. 500. FouLDEif, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 6 m. W.N.W. Berwick. Area 3,000 ac, richly cultivated. Pop. 393. FouiMiBE, a pa. of Engl., co. Cambridge, 5J m. N.E. Royston. Area 2,302 ac. Pop. 610. Foulness, an isl. and pa. of Engl., co. Essex, on the N. Sea, 9 m. E.N.E. Rochford. It is the largest of a cluster of isls. near the mouth of the' river Crouch. Area 8,060 ac. Pop. 674. FoDLPOiNT, a vill. on the E. coast of Mada- gascar, formerly the principal settlement of the French on that isl. Lat. 17° 40' S., Ion. 49° 30' E. FouLRiDGE, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Whalley, 2 m. N. Colne. Pop. 1,468. FouLSHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 17 m. N.W. Norwich. Area 3,100 ac. Pop. 1,048. FoDtSTON, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Tork, W. Riding, pa. Kirk-Burton, 5} m. S.S.E. Hudders- field. Pop. 1,856. FouLWEATHEB (Cape), 3. headland of N.W. Amer., Oregon, U. S., 100 m. S. the mouth of the Columbia. Lat. 44° 49' N., Ion. 125° 66' W. FotTNAi, a considerable town of Japan Isl., Kiu-siu, near its N. coast. Fon-KisG, two cities of China I. prov. Fo- kien, cap. dep., 70 m. N.E. Foo-tchow-foo.— II. prov. Chi-li, near the Tellow Sea, 165 m. E. Pekin. Fountain's Abbet, one of the finest monastic ruins in Engl., co. Tork,W. Riding, in the beau- tiful park of Studley-Royal, about 3 m. S.W. Ripon. It was founded in 1204, and formerly oc- cupied 12 ac. of ground, 2 of which are still covered by magnificent ruins, and in a more per- fect state than most others in the kingdom. , FouB Evangelists, a group of 4 islets, off the W. coast of Patagonia, at the entrance of the Strait of Magellan, lat. 62° 34' «., Ion. 76° 6' W., and which, with 8 others, about 16 m. W., com- pose a group called the "Twelve Apostles " FouKMiES, a comm, and vill. of France, dep. Nord, 8 m. S.S.E. Avesnes. Pop. 1,883. FoUENi ISLABBS, CoTSBtB, 3, group of the Grec. Archip., belonging to Asiatic Turkey, and con- sistung of about 20 islets, 6 m. S.W. Samos. They are mountainous, and abound with caverns. FouB Towns, Scotl., co.Dumiries. [Hiohtae.] Fou-SHAN, a town of China, prov. Kiang-su, on the Tang-tse-kiang, below Nankin, at the base of a fortified height. FoussEBET (Le), a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Garonne, 28 m. S.W. Toulouse. P. 2,115. Fou-TCHOw-Foo, a city of China, one of the five ports recently opened for commerce, cap. prov. Fo-kien, on the Min riv., 25 m. irom its mouth. Lat. 26° 12' 24' N., Ion. 119° 30' E. Pop. estimated at 500,000. It is surrounded by an amphitheatre of hills, about 4 m. distant, and is enclosed by a castellated wall, 9 to 10 m. (?) in circumference, outside of which are suburbs as extensive as the city itself. The whole is com- manded by a fortified hill 600 ft. above the plain, and inside of the walls is another height crowned by a conspicuous watch tower. A long bridge, erected on granite pillars, here crosses the river, and is partly covered with shops. The walled city is very superior to that of Amoy; it has good shops and houses, a main street, with resid- ences for the public functionaries. Large quan- tities of cotton goods and well dyed blue cloths are manufd. here, and 500 ovens for the produc- tion of porcelain, are constantly employed in the city and its vicinity. Near it are a.feo extensive lead niines ; and the black tea dist. being within 70 m., tea is procured at Foo-tchow 26 per cent, cheaper than at Canton. A large commerce is carried on with the marit. provs. of China, both by land and water, also with the Loo-choo Isls. and Japan. Princip. exports, timber, tea, paper, bamboo, oranges, sugar, sugar-candy, spices copper, and corn. Imports comprise Straits produce, European manufs., and a great variety of other goods. Besides the trade by land, it is estimated that shipping to 29,000 tons is employ- ed in the trade of Foo-tchow ; and the value of the import and return cargoes is supposed to amount to 7,465,000 dollars annually. — ^11. a city, prov. Eiang-si, cap. dep., 240 m. N^W. the fore- going city. Fo VANT, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 6i m. W.S. W. Wilton. Area 1,990 ac. Pop. 620. FovEAux Stbait, New Zealand, lat. 47° S., Ion, 167° E., separates New Munster from New Lein- ster. Breadth varies from 10 to 25 m. It con- tains numerous islets. FovEEAN, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, 1 m. S.S.W. Newburgh. Pop. 1,620. Here are the ruins of 2 castles. The Tthan river in this pa., has a pearl fishery. FowEY, a riv. of Engl., co. Cornwall, rises he- ween Bodmin and Launceston, flows S.W. and S., & enters the English Channel near Fowey, after a course of about 30 m. It has a broad estuary, and is navigable to near Lostwithiel. FowEV, a decayed seaport, borough town, and pa. of Engl., CO. Cornwiul, at the mouth of the above river, W. side, 25 m. S.S.W. Launceston. Area of pa. 1,900 ac. Pop. 1,643. The town, amidst scenery of singular beauty, is irregularly built, with very narrow streets. Exports of iron ore & pilchards. Its harbour admits the largest vessels, and is defended by an anc. & two modem forts. Customs rev. (1846) 4,994/. Mkt,, Sat. FowLA, or FouLA, one of the Shetland Isles, 18 m. W. the others, in lat. 60° 8' N., Ion. 2° 6' W. Length about 2 m. ; breadth IJ, m. ; elev. 1,369 FOW fi07 FRA feet. Pop. 216, mostly fishennen & fowlers. This islet, which affords good sheep pasture, is conjec- tured to have been the Ultima Thule of the smcts. Fowleb's Bat, S. Australia, is near the head of the great Australian bight, immediately W. of Point Fowler, in lat. 32° 3' S., Ion. 132° 40' E. Fowus Westeb, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 12 m. W.S.W. Perth. Pop. 1,609. In the vill. is a very curious ancient cross. FowNHOPE, a pa. of Engl., co. and 6 m. S.E. Hereford, on the Wye. Ac. 3,870. Pop 1,004. FoxcoT, or FoscoTT, a pa. of Engl., co. and 2 m. N.E. Buckingham. Area 740 ac. Pop. 119. FoxEABTH, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 3^ m. N.W. Sudbury. Area 1,960 ae. Pop. 474. FosFOBD, a small mkt. town of Ireland, Con- naught, CO. Mayo, 9 m. S. Ballina. Pop. 680. It has a market-house and barracks. FoxnALL, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 4| m. E.S.E. Ipswich. Area 1,060 ac. Pop. 200. Foxholes, a pa. of Engl., co. Tork, E. Riding, 10} m. N. Gt. Driffield. Area 4,150 ac. P. 349. Fox IsLANns, Pacific O. [Aleutian Isls.] Foxlet, two pas. of Engl.— I. co. Norfolk, 2 m. S. Foulsham. Ac. 1,840. Pop. 293.— II. a pa., co. Wats,2Jm. W.S.W.Mahnsbury. Ac. 850. P. 70. Fox RiTEB, U. S., N. America, rises in S.E. of Wisconsin territory, flows through Illinois, and after a S.S. W. course of 160.m., joins the Illinois river at Ottowa. — Several smaller rivs. in the U. States have this name. — II. a considerable river of New Zealand, Middle Isl., which flows from Lake Rotuili W. to the Ocean. FoxTOH, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. & 7m. S.S.W. Camb. Ac. 1,082. P. 452. — ^11. apa.,co. Leicester, 2Jm.N.W. Market-Harboro'. Ac. 2,020. P. 385. FoT, a pa. of England, co. Hereford, 3 m. N. Ross. Area 2,500 ac. Pop. 278. FoY (St), several comms., towns, andvills. of France. — I. dep. Bhdne, 2 m. S.S.W. Lyon. Pop. 2,905. — n. Gironde, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Dordogne, 38 m. E. Bordeaux. Pop. 2,635. Foyers, a small riv. of Scotland, co. Inverness, pa. BolesUne, flows mostly N., and joins Loch Ness about hsdf-way between Fort Augustus and N.E. end of the loch, 2 m. above which junction it falls over a ridge, estimated at 90 ft. in height, forming the finest cataract in Britain. There is another fall of 30 feet, about } m. above this, crossed by a bridge. The grandeur of these cas- cades is aided by surroonduig scenery. FoxLE, a riv. of Ireland, Ulster, formed by the confluence of the Finn and Moume at Lifford, flows thence N. in a broad tidal stream, till it expands into Lough Foyle, after a course of 14 m. It has a large salmon fishery, and is navig- able for vessels of 600 tons to the bridge at Lon- donderry. — Lough Foyle is a large arm of the sea, forming the estuary of the above river. Length 18 m., breadth 9 m. Fez, a market town of Spain, prov. and 42 m. N.N.E. Lugo, on a bay of the Atlantic. — II. a Till, of Portugal, prov. Alemtcgo, on the Tagus, 27 m. N.E. Lisbon. Extensive iron works. Fbades, asmallisl. of Brazil, prov. Bahia,in All Samts Bay, 25m. N.W. Bahia. — II. a vill. of Spain, with mineral springs, prov. & 22 m. S. Salamanca. Fbaga, Galliea Flavia, a town of Spain, prov. and 55 m. S.E. Huesca, on 1. b. of the Cinoa, here crossed by a wooden bridge of 22 arches. Pop. 5,028. Its environs are noted for excellent figs and pomegranates. It has several Roman ruins. Feagneto, Monforte and rAbbaie, two contig- uous villa, of Naples, prov. Princip. Clt., and re- spectively 17 and 18 m. W.N.W. Ariano. Pop. of former 1,820; of latter 2,120. Trade in grain. Fbailes, a modern town of Spain, prov. Jae% jurisd. Alcala-la-Real. Pop. 2,174. Frain, a market-town of Moravia, circ. and 11 m. W.N. W. Znaim, on 1. b. of the Thaya, with an extens. & celebrated manuf. of porcelam. P. 840. Fraisthohpe, a pa. of Engl., co. Tork, E. Rid- ing, 4} m. S.S.W. Bridlington. Ac. 2,04:0. Pop. 92. Fbaize, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Vosges, cap. cant., and 25 m. E. Epinal. P. 2,501. Framfielh, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, li m. S.E. Uckfleld. Area 6,830 ac. Pop. 1,434. Fbamingham, a township, U. S., N. Amer,, 18 m. W.S.W. Boston. Pop. 3,030. Framlingham, a market-town & pa. of Engl., CO. Suffolk, 16 m. N.N.E. Ipswich. Area of pa. 4,470 ac. Pop. 2,523. The town, on an emi- nence, bounded on the W. by a lake communi- cating with the river Ore, is well built. It has a fine old church constructed of flint, and contain- ing several monuments of the early Dukes of Norfolk, a free school, alms-house, and other charities, and the ruins of a magnificent castle. — II. (Earl), a pa., co. Norfolk, 5 m. S.E. Norwich. Area 560 ac. Pop. 100. — III. {Pigot), same co. 5J m. S.E. Norwich. Area 350 ac. Pop. 289. Fbamlikgton, a pa. of England, co. Northum- berland, 11 m. N.N.W. Morpeth. Area, includ- ing a large tract of moorland, 6,730 ae. Pop. 702. Fbammebsbach, a mkt.- town of Bavaria, circ. Lower Franconia, 28 m. N.W. Wiirzburg. Pop. 2,188, partly engaged in iron mines. Feampton, several pas. of England. — I. co. Dorset, on the Frame, here crossed by a fine bridge, 6J m. N.W. Dorchester. Area 2,080 ac. Pop. 391. Cattle fairs in March, August, and September. — II. co. Lincoln, pts. Holland, 3J m. S. Boston. Area 6,200 ac. Pop. 784.— III. {Cotterell), co. Glo'ster, 4 m. W.S.W. Chipping- Sodbury. Area 1,190 ac. Pop. 1,991.— IV. {m- Sevem), same CO., 6 m. N.N.W. Dursley. Area 2,360 ac. Pop. 1,051. This pa. is much exposed to immdations of the Severn. Fbamsden, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 3 m. S.S.E. Debenham. Area 2,160 ac. Pop. 829. Framwellgate, a tnshp. of England, co. and forming a suburb of Durham, connected with it by a bridge across the Wear. Pop. 2,323. FRAsgAis (Cape), a headland, N. coast of Hayti, bounding Scots Bay on the N.W. This was also formerly the name of the town Cape Haytien, which see. — Xc Francais is a small town on the W. coast of Martinique. Franc AisE (Li), a comm. and town of France, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, cap. cant., 9 m. N.W. Montauban. Pop. 3,888. Fbancavilla, several towns of Naples, &c. — I. prov. Otranto, cap. cant., 20 m. E.N.E. Taranto. Pop. 11,800. Chief edifices, a cathedral, a college, several hospitals, charitable institutions, and con- vents. In 1734 it suffered greatly from an earth- quake. It has manufs. of woollen and cottoa stuffs, earthenware, & snuff. — II. prov. Basilicat^ 25 m. E. Lagonegro. Pop. 2,000. — III. prov. Abruzzo Citra, cap. cant., on the Adriatic, 7 m. N.E. Chieti, with 3,160 inhabs., a colleg. church, and 2 annual fairs.- IV. Sicily, intend. Messina, cap. cant., 10 m. W.N. W. Taormina. Pop. 2,900. V. a vill., prov. Calab. Citra, 4J m. N.E. Cas- sano. Pop. 1,100.— VI. prov. Calab. Ult. II., 13 m. S.S.W. Nicastro. Pop. 1,650. France, a country of W. Europe, situated be- tween lat. 42° 20^ & 61° 6' N., and Ion. 4° 40' W., and 8° 16' E., bounded N.E. by Belgium, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Rhenish Prussia, and Rhenish Bavaria. On the E. it is separated by the Rhine from Baden, the Jura from Switzer- '.I ;.' FRA 508 FIIA laud, the Rhoue from Savoy, the Alps from Italy ; bounded S. by the Mediterr. and the Pyrenees, which separate it from Spain ; W. by the Atlantic Ocean ; & N.W. by the English Channel, which separates it from England. Cap. Paris. The following table gives the extent and pop. in 1846. DepartmeDts. Old proTi. Sq. m. Fop. (I84S). 1 Seine, . -) / Selneet-OUe, / / Selne.et-Miime,>- 181 1,864,467 2,2S3 474,966 Isle de France, a,33S 340,212 tAlsoe, . ^ 2,936 667,422 Oise, . ; S,280 406,028 •Somme, Pieardle, . silses 670,529 «Faa-de-Calai8, Artois, S,624 695,756 •Nord, Flandres, 2,278 1,132,980 'Ardennes, . "N 2,000 326,823 Marne, . / 8,214 867,309 Aube, . )■ Cbampagne, 2,393 261,881 ri H. Marne, . t 2,482 262,079 Tonne. . J 2,824 374,856 ^ Vosgee; . ^ 2,304 427,894 Meurtbe, . ( ItMeane. . !" Lorraine, 2,465 2,369 445,991 3i!5,710 tMosello, . ) 2,891 448,087 tB. Bhin, . 1 fH. Bbln, Alsoee, 1,635 680,373 1,602 48?,208 Doubs, . 1 Francbe Comte, 2,120 293.347 t Jura, . J. 1,M0 316,150 H. Saone, . J 1,793 347,096 Snone-et-Loire, 1 Cote d'Or, . S 3,321 665,019 3,380 896,534 /•Seim-lnf., . , 2,300 757,990 Eare, . 1 2,414 423,347 Ome, . / 2,49? 442,107 •Calvados, . V Uormandie, 2,200 498,385 *Manebe. . i 2,617 604,024 •IIle.et.ViIaiiie, » 2,641 663,958 •Oote»-du-»ord, ; 2,870 628,526 •Pinijtepe, . Bretagne, . 2,690 612,151 Indre-et-Loire, TouTtune, . 2,400 312,400 Eure.et-Loir, " 2,361 292,337 Loir-et-Cher, ' Orleonois, . 2,363 256,833 t / Lolret, 2.646 331,6.13 IfiTcmois, . 2,691 332,263 B \ AUier. Bourbonnois, 2,908 329,540 Cber, . "i 2,853 294,540 Indre, Berry, 2,749 263,977 •Morbihan, . ' 2,640 472,773 •lolre-InC. . . 2,736 617,268 Maine-et-t^oiye, " Anion, 2,784 604,963 ter- : } Uaineet 2,010 368,439 Perche, 2,475 474,876 CreuEe, Marebe, Limousin. . 2,244 285,680 H. Tienne, . 2,187 314,739 Deux-Bevres, 7 2,267 320,685 *Tendee, Poitou, 2,616 376,184 Tienne, 2,669 308,391 '•Charante-Inf., Aunis, 2,763 468,108 /•Gironde, . •\ 4,193 603,444 Dordogne, . f Gulenne, 3,479 503,567 Tarn-et-Garonne, f 1,373 243,498 Aveyron, . ) 3,417 889,121 Charente, . Angoumois, 3,270 379,031 Correze, Limousin, . 2,290 317,569 Lot, . -S 1,630 294,566 1,858 346,260 ^/•Landes. . ^ Gascogne, . 3,486 298,220 ai \ t^. Pyrenees, C 1,800 251,286 " \ Gers, . ; 2,416 314,885 MB. Pyrenees. Beame, 2,928 467,832 Uh. Garonne, 1 2,488 481,938 •Aude, . I •Herault, . f Laognedoo, 2,246 2,444 289,661 386,020 Tarn, . J 2,234 360,679 tAriege, Pols, 2,051 270,535 \*tPyren. Orient;, Bousslllon, . 1,693 180,794 l^s:- : } Lyonais, 1,047 1,921 540,635 453,786 Puy-de-Dorae, 1 gmtal, ." i Auvergne, . 2253 2,200 601,594 260,479 H, Loire, • \ 1,920 307,161 Ardeobe, . ( •Oard, . i Languedoc, . 2,130 2,333 379,614 400,381 «(fSS!"' : ' 1,973 143,331 Bourgogne, 2,2(i4 367,363 TIsere, . ■» lH.Aipes, . j 3,268 698,492 Sauphine, 2,144 133,100 Drome, . J 2,618 320,076 tVaucluae, VenaiflSin, 1,305 259,154 "B. du Bhone, 7 2,331 413,918 tB Alpe., . t Provence, . 2,870 156,676 WVm, . i 2,825 349,859 » Corsica (Island), 3,798 230,271 Total, 207,262 36,400,486 The depa. marked thus • are aitnatad on the soa coast, and tboae distinguished thus t, on the i^ontiers of the country. In form France resembles an irregular hexagon, greatest length from the W. extremity of Finis- tfere to the point of Antibes, in Var, 680 m., breadth from Givets (Ardennes) to Mt. Huromba (Lower Pyr&fes), 685 miles. Its principal islands are, Corsica, Hyeres, and Lerins, in the Mediterranean ; Noirmoutier, Ole, ron, R^, Belle- Isle, Dieu, Groix, Sein, and Oues- sant, in the Atlantic. Chief peninsulas, Bretagne (Brittany) and Cotentin in the English Channel, The coasts of Brittany are indented by numerous arms of the sea, which form excellent harbours. The two great gulfs are the Golfe de Gascogne (Bay of Biscay) on the W., and G. du Lion (G. of Lions) on the S. The principal bays are Cancale and St Brieuc on the N. ; Brest road & the bays of Douarnenez and Audierne on the W, of Brittany ; the bays of La Forest, and QuSbr- ron, and Penerf road on the S. of Brittany ; the bay of Bourgneuf S. of the mouth of the Loire; Basque roads or the bay of La Rochelle, & the basin of Arcachon, W. of the dep. Gironde; the roads of Toulon, Cavalaire, Grimaud, Napoule, and Jouan, on the Mediterranean. The most re- markable capes are Gris-Nez in the English Channel, Cape Barfleurs and C. de la Hague in N. of dep. Manclie ; the Bee du Raz and the Pointe de Penmarch in Finistere. The mean height of France is about 816 feet ; the N. deps. present vast plains, agreeably interspersed with hills ; those on the S. and E. are mostly covered with mntns. — among these are — I., the Alps be- tween France and Italy ; the principal summits of which, in France, are Pelvoux 14,108 feet, Viso 12,692 ft., Genevre 11,785 ft., and Ventoux 6,263 ft. — II. the Pyrenees between France and Spain; the chief summits in France are. Perdu 10,994 ft., Midi 9,438 ft., and Canigon 9,137 ft.— IIL the Cevennes in Lauguedoc ; the highest points of which are Mezin 5,794 ft., and Lozere 4,884 ft.— IV. the mntns. of Auvergne, a branch of the Cevennes ; the highest points of which are Mont Dor 6,188 ft., Cantal 6,093 ft., and the Puy-de- D6me 4,806 ft. — V. the Jura between Franche Comt^ and Switzerland, in which the Beculet is 5,643 ft. The centre of France, comprising an 8th or 10th of its superficies, consists of plateaux from 1,200 to 1,900 ft. in elevation, which are separated by narrow valleys. — VI. the Vosges between Lorraine and Alsace; the summit of which is the Ballon d'Alsace 4,688 ft. The Vosges send contreforts into Franche-Comt^ and Chsun- pagne, and are connected with the Cevennes by a chain of heights which separate the basin of the Rh6ne from those of the Seine and Loire, & in Burgundy are called the C6te d'Or. The coasts of the English Channel are gener- ally bordered by sandy downs; those of Brit- tany are covered with rocks. S. of the mouth of the Gironde, is a vast extent of country covered with marshy lakes (eiangs) and shifting sands. France is watered by a great number of impor- tant rivers, the four prinoipal of which are the Seine, which flows N.W. to the English Channel, the Loire and the Garonne^ which flow generally W. to the Atlantic Ocean, and the Shone, which flows S. into the Mediterranean. The other principal rivers are the Rhine, Moselle, Meuse, Sambrc, Scheldt, and Lys, which contribute their waters to the basin of the North Sea, but have only a part of their course in France. The Somme, Orne, Tonne, Marne, Oise, Aisne, and Eure in the basin of the English Channel; the Blavet, Vilaine, Sfevre-Niortaise, Charente, Adour, Al- lier, Cher, Indre, Vienne.Creuse, Mayenne, Sar- the, Loire, Ariege, Tarn, Gers, Lot, Dordogne, andlTsIe in the basin of the Atlaniie; theAude, Herault, Ain, Safine, Doubs, Isere, and Durance FRA 509 FRA in the basin of the Mediterranean. The different basins, and most of the principal rivere are con- nected by canals. It is calculated that France has 133 navigable rivers, extending to 8,000 m. France has few \akes, but on its S.E. and S.W. coasts numerous marshes and lagoons, many of which communicate with the sea by narrow dhannels. The roads of France are divided into national, departmental, and communal roads ; the first are paved and kept in excellent order, & the whole have been much improved within the last 20 years. A vast system of railways has been projected to extend ji-om Paris as a centre, to the extremities of the country in all directions. Of these only the following were in operation in 1849 : Sailwnys. MUes. Date of Completion. St Etienne to Lyon, . „ „ to Roanne. . Pub to St GermiiiD. . n 11 Gaucbe, HimeatoMontpellier, MontpeUler to Cette, . Slrasboorg to the Swiss frontier, BoDl<%netoNes1e(paTtonine to Amiens) Monterean to Troyes (part of line fifom 1 Psris to I^on), . . .J Molhouse to Thann (part of the Unel from Strasboiup to Bnalc), . j Bordeaux to La Teste, Paris to Orleans (mth bnnch to Corbeil), . Paris to Bouoi, Bouea to Havre, „ to Dieppe, Orleans to Toms (forming the first sec-^ taon of the line from Orleans to J- Bordeaux, . . . j Paris to the Belgian frontier, by Amiens, Donal, and IJlle, . . .J Lille to Calais and Donkerque, Pazis to Sceaox. 36 65, Jl ss. 80 6 6i 21 ii 60 33 73 185 93 7 1837 1837 1839 1841 1845 1848 1818 1818 1839 1843 1813 1843 1813 1816 1818 1846 1846 1848 1846 The above, with several efaort mlneTal lines, constitute a total of lyll3 miles in operation in 1^9- There are aix fanes of Telegraphs all radiating £rom Paris, viz., to Calais, Strasbourg, Blest, Toulon, Bayonne, and Havre. France is comprised between the isotherm lines of 50° & 60° of Fahr. ; its surface is little elevated, & its climate is in general temp., mild, & healthy. In the ST., the winters are sometimes rigorous, and last more than half the year (mean temp. 50°. Fahr.); in the S., the summers are long and warm, the sky almost always serene, and the winters of short duration (mean temp. 60°. Fahr.) ; in the centre, the temperature is mild and more steady than in the N. and S. (mean temp. 58°. Fahr.) ; mean annual quantity of rain in S. 23., W. 24., N. 22., valley of Rhone 36, inches. Num- ber of rainy days between lat. 43° and 46°, 134 ; in the lat. of Paris 105, on the coasts of the Me- diterranean 66, and on the Atlantic 152 ; in the interior 147. Along the coasts of the Mediter- ranean the S. winds, heated by the burning de- sert of Africa, often spread desolation. The mistral, a glacial wind from the N.N.W., occa- sionally arrests vegetation by its furious blasts in the basin of the Rhone, while the E. wind from the snowy alps is equally dreaded in the E. dens. The basin of the Garonne is visited by cold 8. winds from the Pyrenees, and by storms from the Bay of Biscay. The air is most moist, and rain most frequent, on the western coasts. The vegetable productions of France are abun- dant and most varied ; they comprise wheat and other cereals, potatoes, truffles, beet-root, from which a great quantity of sugar is manufactured ; vines, which cover more than a 27th part of the superficies of the oountiy, and furnish excellent wine, the most celebrated of which is that of Bur- gundy, Champagne, and Bordeaux; olive oil, the mulberry, lint, hemp, tobacco, hops, medici- nal plants, and dye woods. Among fruit trees, the apple, pear, cherry, walnut, chestnut, and almond abound. The orange, citron, olive, fig, pomegranate, and the pistachio are confined to the delicious regions of the S., along the shores of the Mediterranean. Prance furnishes excel- lent timber for ship-building and carpentry, and the cork-tree abounds in the S. The principal forests are those of Ardennes, Orleans, Foun- tainebleau, and Compeigne ; it is calculated that l-8th of the superficies is covered with wood. Among wild animals are the bear, wolf, fox, wild cat, wild boar, stag, roe-buck, fallow deer, the chamois, hare, rabbit, and beaver. The most common domestic animals are the horse, mule, ass, oxen, sheep, goats, pigs, and numerous fowls. Among birds, the most common are the eagle, falcon, buzzard, partridge, quail, and lark. Fish abound on the coasts, the most common are, in the Atlantic and English Channel, the herring; turbot, sole, whiting, pilchard ; and salmon in the estuaries ; lobsters, mussels, and rich banks of oysters are plenty on these coasts. The Medi- terranean contains peculiar species of fish, as the tunny & anchovy. The honey bee is extensively reared; and silkworms form one of the principal sources of wealth ; the kermes {Coccus IKcis),-wMch is found nearthe shores of the Mediterranean, fur- nishes a crimson dye. France possesses excellent building stones, and quarries of marble, alabaster, slate, & a few precious stones. The mostimportant minerals are iron, which is found nearly over the whole country ; copper, lead, silver, as well as anti- mony, sulphur, sulphate of iron, & mineral waters ; the gold mines are insignificant. The coal and salt mines are of great value. There are 88 coal, anthracite, & hgnite basins in France, the richest of which are the basin of the Loire and that of Valenciennes in the dep. Nord. In 1845 there were 449 coal mines worked and unworked, em- ploying 30,778 miners, & producing 4,141,617 tons of mineral fuel. The salt marshes are a con- siderable source of wealth. France is essentially an agricultural country. Since the commencement of the present century the cultivation of the soil has made remarkable progress, and in several deps. has been brought to great perfection. The progress of the indus- trial arts has been no less rapid during the same period; iron and coal mining has been annually on the increase ; nearly 1,000 separate factories have been engaged in the fusion of metals, and the forging and manufacturing of iron and steel. The most important manufs. are those of arms, jewellery, watches, coach building, cabinet mak- ing, musical instruments, glass, crystal, pottery, chemical products, beet-root sugar, oil, soap, sugar, and salt refineries ; dye-works, tanneries, paper making, & printing ; silks, cottons, woollen cloths, carpets, shawls, and lace. The products of manuf. industry, with those of the soil, form the objects of an immense internal commerce. Ex- ternal commerce is much less important. To- tal amount of exports and imports in 1844, 2,340,000,000 francs (93,600,000?.). The prin- cipal ports are Marseille, Havre, Bordeaux, Nantes, La Rochelle, Dunkerque, Boulogne, Dieppe, St Malo, L'orient, Bayonne, and Cette. The countries with which the chief commercial relations are conducted, are the French colonies, Belgium, Switzerland, Sardinia, England, Ger- many, Spain, and especially the United States of N. America, the imports from, and exports to which, in 1847, amounted to l-6th of the whole external commerce of the country. FRA 510 FKA In ancient times France formed the greater part of Transalpine Gaul. It was subjugated by CsBsar in the year 60 e. o., and formed 17 Ro- man provs. In the 5th century, the Franks es- tablished themselves in the N,, the Burgundians in the E., and the Visigoths in the S. In the 6th century, the Franks extended their dominions nearly over the whole of Gaul, but Brittany Gascony, and Languedoc preserved their inde- pendence. The power of the Franks continued to increase, and under Charlemagne, at the end of the 8th century, their empire extended in Ger- many N. to the Elbe, and S.E. to the Theiss, in Italy to Volturno, and in Spain to the Ebro. This empire was partitioned in the middle of the 9th cent., when Germany detached itself from Gaul, ■which last was divided into two parts. — I. The kingdom of France, comprised between the Ocean, the Pyrenees, the Mediterranean, the Khflne, Sa6ne, Mouse, and Scheldt. — II. Lo- tharingia, a long strip of territory between the Rhine and the Alps on one side, and the Scheldt, Meuse, Sa6ne, and Kh6ne on the other ; to this Italy was added. This state was soon again di- vided into the kingdom of Italy, Lorraine, and the kingdom of Provence or Burgundy, called also kingdom of Aries. These three states were suc- cessively united, nominally, to the Germanic Em- pire. The kingdom of France was also parcelled out into feudal duchies, & numerous seigneuries, so that the king had only an empty title before the family of Hughes-Capet, who ascended the throne in 987, succeeded in uniting round their small territory the different states of France ; this process of concentration progressed under suc- ceeding reigns, and was completed at the revolu- tion of 1798, which subjected to equal laws the 33 govs, or provs. of which the monarchy was then composed, and divided them into 83 depart- ments. Avignon and Venassin, which had been in the possession of the Popes for 5 centuries, were soon after united to France. The wars of the revolution rapidly increased the territory of the French republic. Belgium, all the countries of Germany situated to the left of the Rhine, Savoy, & Nice, were conquered, and formed into 16 new departments. This state of matters, con- firmed by the treaty of Lun^ville in 1801, and by that of Amiens in 1802, gave to France its natural limits, those of anc. Transalpine Gaul ; but the conquests of Napoleon overstepped these bounds, — his empire extended in Italy to Garigliano, in Germany to the mouths of the Elbe, in Illyria to the Save and Cattaro, and included Holland. The secondary states of Germany, Switzerland, the kingdoms of Naples and Spain became his vassals rather than his allies. This gigantic ex- tension raised the whole of Europe against France, which, by the treaties of 1814-15, was again con- fined to its former limits. The most remarkable events in the history of France since the abdica- tion of Napoleon are, therestoration of the Bour- bons in 1815, the abdication of Charles x. in 1830, the election of Louis Philippe, Dulce of Or- leans, as king of the French in 1830, the revolu- tion and his abdication in February 1818, and the proclamation of a republic, and the election of Louis Napoleon as president in 1849. The language employed in the acts of administration is the French, which is spoken by all the educated classes, & understood by nearly all the pop. The patois of many of the deps. are only corrupt dia- lects of the French ; but German is spoken in Alsace and part of Lorraine, Flemish in part of the dep. Nord, bas-breton in Brittany, Basque in Lower Pyrenees, and Italian in Corsica. The ma. jority of the pop. are Roman Catholics ; about 1,000,000 belong to the reformed church ; there are 500,000 Lutherans, and 70,000 Jews. France is now divided into 86 deps., 85 of which are on the continent, and the island of Corsica forms the 86th. These were formed from the 32 provs. which existed previous to 1798, & named from the rivs., mntns., & other peculiar features which occur in them. The deps. are subdivided into arrondiss- ments, cantons, & communes ; each dep. is govern- ed by a prefect, each arrond. by a sub-prefect, & each comm. by a mayor. There are 80 Roman Catholic dioceses, each administered by an arch- bishop or a bishop, and each cap. of a canton has a curate, each diocese has a seminary under the direction of the bishop. The Lutherans have a general consistory established at Strasbourg, where they have also a seminary and a faculty of theology. The Calvinists have consistorial churches in 59 deps., who meet occasionally in synod, & have a faculty of theology at Montau- ban. The Jews have a central consistory at Paris, and synagogues at Paris, Strasbourg, Col- mar, Metz, Nancy, Bordeaux, and Marseille. For the administration of justice, the country is di- vided into 27 ressorts de cours national ; there is in each canton ajuge de paix, & in each arrond. a tribunal of premiere instance. In each chief commercial town there is a tribunal of commerce. The faculty of theology has six schools ; at Paris, Aix, Bordeaux, Lyon, Rouen, & Toulouse; a Lu- theran school at Strasbourg, & a Calvinist school at Montauban. The faculty of law has 9 schools , at Paris, Aix, Caen, Dijon, Grenoble, Poitiers, Rennes, Strasbourg, and Toulouse. The faculty of medicine has 3 schools of medicine ; at Paris, Montpellier, and Strasbourg, and three schools of pharmacy in the same cities. Secondary instruc- tion is given in national and communal colleges. There is a national college in most of the large cities, and communal colleges in numerous other towns. A normal school is established in Paris for training teachers in the sciences and belles- lettres. Primary instruction is imparted gratui- tously in nmnerous schools supported by the communes, and the teachers for these aretrained in the normal schools. The number of pupils average 1 to 11 of the pop. For military pur- poses, France is partitioned into 21 divisions, of which each department forms a subdivision, ex- cept Corsica, which forms 2 subdivisions. For the marine, France is divided intoBmaiiHmepre' fectures, which are subdivided into arronds. and inscriptions. The administration of forests is di- vided into 32 arronds., embracing the principal towns in the different deps. In 1848, the French army consisted of 502,715 men, of whom 100,293 were cavalry. At the same date the navy com- prised 24 ships of the line, 40 frigates, 36 cor- vettes, 48 brigs, 78 transports and boats, in all 226 sailing vessels and 91 steamers, compris- ing 14 frigates, 24 corvettes, & 53 smaller vessels. The revenue of France, in 1848, was estimated at 1,370,978,010 fr. ; in 1843, it was 1,423,649,000 francs; during 10 years previous, it had been in- creasing at the rate of 26 million francs annually. It is a little less than the revenue of Great Bri- tain, but much greater than that of all other countries — more than that of Austria & Russia together, and more than 10 times that of Bel- gium or Spain. Public debt, in 1848, 413,902,844 francs. In 1848 the revenue was 1,487,324,818 fr., and the expenditure 1,817,642,708 francs, leaving a deficit of 230,317,890 francs. The colonies and foreign dependencies of France are, in America, the islands Martinique, FRA 511 FRA Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante, Desirade, Saintes, a part of St Martin, in the Antilles, Fi'enoli Gmanaand Cayenne, St Pierre & Miquelon, near Newfoundland, at the mouth of the St Law- rence; Africa, Algeria, Senegal, and Goree on the yf. coast, anofthe islands Bourbon and St Marie in the Indian Ocean, certain portions of Madagascar, and (since 1813) the islands Ma- yotta and Nossi-B^. In 1843, France also took possession of Assinie at the W. of the gold coiist of Guinea; Asia, Pondicherry and Rarikal on the Coromandel coast, Mahl on the coast of Malabar, Tanaon in Orissa, and Chandernagore in Bengal; Pacific Ocean, the two groups of the Marquesas & Tahiti, taken possession of in 1811. The colonies are subjected to special laws. In 1815, an ordonnance was passed, having for its object the amelioration of slavery in the French colonies, and in 1818, the provisional government decreed its total abolition. France (Isle of). [Maukttios.] Fbakcescas, a comm. and town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, 6 m. S.E. Nerac. Pop. 1,211. Feanche CoMifi, an old prov. in the E. of France, the cap. of which was Besan9on, now di- vided into the deps. Doubs, Haute Sadne, & Jura. Fbancisco (San.) For several places of this name see San. Fbahcisville (St), a vill., TJ. S., N. Amer., Louisiana, on a bluff near the Mississippi, 95 m. N.W. New Orleans. Pop. 811.— There are smaller vills. of same name in Illinois & Missouri. Francoeonte, a town of Sicily, prov. and 25 m. W.N.W. Syracuse. Pop. 3,480. FRANgois (St), a toivn of the French W. Indies, isl. Guadeloupe, on the S.E. coast of Grande- Terre, 18 m. E. Pointe-a-Pitre. Pop. 6,598, of whom 5,603 are slaves. — II. acomm. of the French isl. Martinique, with a good port on the E. coast. Pop. 5,966, of whom 4,272 are slaves. Fbanconia (Germ. Franken), an old duchy, afterwards a circle of the Germanic Empire, be- tween Upper Saxony, the Upper and Lower Rhine, Swabia, Bavaria, and Bohemia. Chief cities, Niimberg, Wiirzburg, and Anspach. Since 1806 it has been divided betw. the grand duchies of Baden and Hessen, & the kingdoms^of Saxony and Bavaria. It gives name to 3 circles of the kingdom of Bavaria, [Bavaria.] Fbahoonvillb, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, with a station on the N. rail- way, 9i m. N. Paris. Pop. 1,193. Fbanekeb, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Friesland, 10 m. W. Leeuwarden. Pop. 5,119. It is well built, clean, intersected by canals, and has an athenaeum, several Latin schools, a public library, and botanic garden. FRANev, a vill. of Saxony, prov. Genevese, on an afa. of the Rhone, 31 m. N. Chambery. Pop. of comm. 1,131. — ^11. a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Sa6ne-et-Loire, 8 m. N.N.E. Louhans. Pop. 2,035. Frankenao, two vills. of Germany. — I. Hessen- Cassel, prov. Upper Hessen, on the Eder, 30 m. S.W. Cassel. Pop. 1,012 II. Bavaria, prov. Middle Franc, 14 m. W. Anspach, with a fine castle of Prince Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst. Feankenbeeg, two towns of Germany. — I. Saxony, circ. Leipzig, 7 m. N.N.E. Chemnitz, on the Zschopau, an affl. of the Mulde. Pop. 6,273. It is one of the most important manuf. towns in Saxony, and has extensive establishments for cotton and linen weaving, and mining. — II. a to?ra of Hessen-Cassel, prov. Upper Hessen, on rt. b. of the Edder, 32 m. S.W. Cassel. Pop. 3,253. Manufe. woollen cloth, tobacco, & paper. Fbankenhausen, a town of Central Germany, principty. Sohwartzburg-Budolstadt, on the Wip- per, 27 m. N. Erfurt. Pop. 4,873. It has been nearly rebuilt since the great burning of 1833.. In 1814 a salt spring was discovered in its vicinity,' Frankenstein, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg.. and 39 m. S. Breslau, cap. circ, on a branch of the railway from Berlin to Dresden. Pop. 6,012. It has Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, and manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics. Frankenthal, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, IS m. N.N.W. Spires, & connected with the Rhine by a canal 6 m. in length. Pop. 1,656. It is re- gularly built, industrious and commercial. Fkakkenwald, a small chain of mntns. in the N.E. of Bavaria, between the Maine & Saale, unit- ing the Fichtelgebirge with the Thuriugerwald. FRANicroRB, a mkt. town of Ireland, Leinster, King's CO., Si m. N.E. Birr. Pop. 1,315. Frankford, several tnshps., U. S., N. Amer. — I. New Jersey, oo. Sussex. Pop. 2,410. — II. Pennsylvania, 5 m. N.E. Philadelphia. Pop. 2,376.— Also in Cumberland co. Pop. 1,263. Frankfoet (Germ. Prankfurt-am-Main), a famous commercial city of Germany, cap. state of same name, & seat of the Germ, gov., on both sides of the Main, which divides it into 2 unequal parts ; the city proper being on the N., and its suburb Sachsenhausen, with which it communi- cates by a fine stone bridge of 14 arches, on the S. side. It is sit. in lat. 60° 6' 13'' N., Ion. 8° 11' 21' E., 19 m. N.E. the influx of the Main into the Rhine at Mayence ; elevation 1,600 feet. Mean temp, of year 19° .6 ; winter 31° .1 ; summer 66° .1, Fahr. Pop. (1846) 67,650 civil, and 890 military. It is surrounded by planted walks, and entered by 9 gates. The old town is antiquated, ill bnilt, and irregular ; but the new town has many noble public and private buildings, and fine thorough- fares, including the Zell, New Mayence street, All^e, a fine quay along the Main, the horse-mkt., &c. Principal edifices, the Momer or old palace in which the Emperors of Germany were electe"d ; the Thurm & Taxis palace, & place of meeting of the diet ; the cathedral, founded during the Carlovingian dynasty, Lutheran high church, many other churches, 2 synagogues, the Saalkqf, a modern imperial palace, house of the Teutonic order in Sachsenhausen, Saus zum BraunfeU or exchange, 2 hospitals, the lunatic asylum, theatre, academy of painting containing a good collection of pictures, and with the town museum, occupy- ing a handsome new building, and the Senken- berg museum with Riippell's African collection. Frankfort has a college, a medical institute, and numerous public schools ; a public library with 60,000 vols., several learned, scientific, & literary institutions, including a geographical society, inst. 1836, many private collections of paintings, & in a private garden here is Dannecker's famous statue of Ariadne. Outside of the Friedburg gate is a colossal monument to the Hessians who fell there in defending Frankfort in 1791. Manufs. very various, comprise carpets, table covers, oil-cloth, cotton and silk fabrics, woollen yarn & stuffs, gold and silver articles, tobacco, playing- cards, and printer's black ; and here are many printing, stereotyping, & lithographic establish- ments. Frankfort was made a free port in 1831, is also one of the 1 great emporiums for supply- ing Germany with all kinds of merchandise ; but its principal source of wealth is in extensive banking, commission, and funding transactions. It communicates by railways with Carlsruhe, Mainz, and Wiesbaden, and has a regular traffic with steam-packets on the Main. Two large PRA 512 fairs are held here annually, viz., at Easter and Michaelmas ; Charlemagne held a council in Frankfort in 793 ; it was fortified in 838, in 843, & erected into a free city in 1154. Napoleon made it cap. of a grand duchy. Goethe was bom here, 28th August 1749. The territory belonging to Frankfort, enclosed by Hessen and Nassau, has an area of about 30 sq. m., including 8 villages. Pop. (1846) 68,240, mostly Lutherans. Fbankfokt (Germ. FranhJurt-aii-der-Oder), a city of Prussia, prov. Brandenberg, cap. reg., on I. b. of the Oder, 50 m. E.S.E. Berlin, with which city it communicates by railway. Lat. 52° 22' 8" N., Ion. 14° 33' 24" E. Pop. (1846) 26,600. It is enclosed by walls and moats, is well built, has many good pubhc buildings, and communicates with the suburbs of Damm by a long wooden bridge. Principal edifices, 6 Protestant churches, aKoman CathoUc church, a synagogue, govern- ment and council-houses, new post-house, gym- nasium, high school, several hospitals, and a theatre. Its university, founded in 1506, was transferred to Breslau in 1810. Frankfort is the seat of the high court for its reg. and circle, a council of nobles, & boards of taxation, agricul- ture, and canals. It has manufs. of woollen and silk fabrics, stockings, earthenware, sugar, to- bacco, and mustard, and brandy distilleries. Commerce extensive in German and foreign pro- duce of all kinds, exported into Poland, Galicia, Uussia, Bohemia, &c., by the canals and rivers, on which its inhabitants also carry on a flourish- ing transit trade. Large fairs are held annually in Feb., July, and Nov., and attended by many merchants from distant parts of Europe. Near Frankfort is Kunnersdorf, the scene of the de- feat of Frederick the Great by the Austrians & Russians, 12th August 1759. FBUtKroET, a demesne of Ireland, Leinster, CO. Kilkenny, 34 m. N.E. UUingford. It gives the title of baron to the Montmorency family, descendants of the nephew of Earl Strongbow. Fbankfokt, several townships of the U. S., N. America I. Maine, 65 m. N.E. Augusta. Pop. 3,603.-11. New York, on the Mohawk, 86 m. N.W. Albany. Pop. 3,096. Numerous smaller townships in the U. States have this name. — III. cap., state Kentucky, on the Kentucky river, here crossed by a chain bridge, 60 m. above its confl. with the Ohio, 60 m. E. Louisville. Pop. 1,917. FsANFKiJKi, Fbahkfueth, clties of Germany. [Fkankfobt.] Fbankland Islahsr, are off the £. coast of Anstraha. Lat. 17° 16' S., Ion. 146° E. Fbakkley, a pa. of England, co. 'Worcester, 3J m. S.E. Halesowen. Area 2,000 ac. Pop. 170. Fbanklin, several cos., U. S., N. Amer. — I. in N.W. of Maine. P. 20,801.-11. in N.W. of Mas- sachusetts. Pop. 28,812 III. in N.W. of Ver- mont. Pop. 24,531 IV. in N.E. of New Tork. Pop. 16,518.— V. in S. of Pennsylvania. Pop. 37,793 — VI. in centre of New Carolina. Pop. 10,980 (slaves 5,320).— VII. in N.E. of Georgia. Pop. 9,886 (slaves 2,095) VIIL in N. div. of Florida. Pop. 1,030.— IX. in N.W. oi Alabama. Pop. 14,270 (slaves 6,005).— X. in N.W. of Mis- sissippi. Pop. 4,775 (slaves 2,699) XL m S. of Tennessee. Pop. 12,033 (slaves 3,085).— XII. in centre of Kentucky. Pop. 9,420 (slaves 2,849). —XIII. in centre of Ohio. Pop. 26,049.— XIV. in S.E. of Indiana. Pop. 13,349.— XV. in E. of Missouri. Pop. 7,616.— XVI. in N.W. of Ar- kansa. Pop. 2,665.— XVII. in centre of Tennes- see. Pop. 12,033 (slaves 3,085). Also several townships.— I. Massachusetts, 31 m. S.S.W. Bos- ton. Pop. 1,717, mostly employed in manufs. of cotton and straw bonnets.— II. New York, 81 m. S.W. Albany. Pop. 3,025.-111. New Jersey, 7 m. S.E. Somerville. Pop. 3,878.— IV. same state, 13 m. N.W. Hackensack. Pop. 4,010, employed in cotton, paper, & other manufs. — V. same state, 16 m. S.E.Woodbury. Pop. 2,077.— VI. Pennsyl- vania, CO. Westmoreland. Pop. 2,320 — V'll. Ohio, on the Ohio river, co. Claremont. Pop. 2,218.— VIII. Indiana, co. Washington. P. 2,478. —IX. Missouri, 43 m. N.W. Jefferson. P. 2,015. —X. Ohio, Co. Richland. P. 1,490. Numerous others of less note. — FranhlimnUe is a township, New York, 242 m. W.S.W. Albany. Pop. 1,293. Feankiin Island, in the Antarctic Ocean. Lat. 76° 8' S., Ion. 168° 12' E. Discovered by Sir J. Koss, 12 m. long, and composed entirely of igneous rocks. Fbankstadt, a town of Moravia, circ. and 35 m. E.N.E. Prerau. Pop. 3,200. Feankstown, a township, U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, 80 m. W. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,500. Fkankton, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 4,J m. W. Dunchurch. Area 1,660 ac. Pop. 282. , Feaksham, two pas. of Engl., co. Norfolk,— I. {Great), 6 m. E.N.E. Swaffham. Area 1,600 ao. Pop. 329.— II. {Little), same co., 6 m. E.N.E. Swaffham. Area 1,490 ac. Pop. 263. Feant, or Faht, a pa. of Engl., cos. Kent and Sussex, 3 m. S. Tunbridge- Wells. Area 9,430 ac. Pop. 2,280. Here are ruins of Beigham abbey, Feanzensbeunnen, a Till, of Bohemia, circ. & 17 m. W.S.W. Elbogen, with celebrated bath es- tablishments, from which 200,000 jars of mineral water are exported annually. Feasoati, a town of Central Italy, Pontif. sta., comarca, & 12 m. S.E. Rome. Pop. 4,975. It is beautifully situated on one of the lower Al- ban hills, commanding noble views, & comprises a modern cathedral, with monuments to Cardinal York and his brother Prince Charles Edward, the pretender, who died here 31st Jan. 1788; an old cathedral, an episcopal palace, formerly a fortress, various convents, churches, and foun- tains, a public seminary, and the villas Aldobran- dini, Bracciano, Mondragone, and RufSnella, the last of which belonged to Lucien Bonaparte, and has in its precincts a planted hill called "Par- nassus." On the crest of the hill, above this do- main, are the remains of Tasculum, the birth-.p1ace of Cato, and famous as the residence of Cicero, LucuUus, & Maecenas. It was totally destroyed by the Romans in 1191, & now comprises only the ruins of an amphitheatre, a theatre, and baths. Feaseebttegh, a seaport town, munic. bor., and pa. of Scotland, co. and 37 m. N. Aberdeen. Area of pa. about 10,000 ac. Pop. 3,615. The town is very neatly built, has a town-house, hand- some cross, church, a harbour constructed at a cost of about 6O,00OZ., and considered one of the best on the N.E. coast of Scotland, with some manufs. of kelp, rope, sail-cloth, and linen yarn ; large herring fisheries, and considerable exports of grain and dried fish. The municipal gov. is under the control of Lord Saltoun, provost, whose seat, Pilorth house, is in this parish. Fbaseb Riveb, Oregon territory, British N. Amer., W. the basin of the Columbia, enters the Gulf of Georgia, opposite Vancouver isl., in lat. 45° N. Forts George, Alexandria, and Langley are on its banks. Fkasnes, a town of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, cap. cant., 11 m. N.E. Tournay. Pop. 4,643. Feassinetto, a comm. and vill. of Pisdmont, div. Alessandria, cap. mand., prov. and 3J ra. Fi. Casale. Pop. 2,087. — Frassino is a vill., div. and 19 ra N.W. Coni, nith 1,69S inhabitants. FRA 513 FRE Fbasso, a town of Maples, prov. T. di Lavoro, 12 m. E.N.E. Caserta. Pop. 4,000. Fratino, a pa. of Engl., oo. Essex, 6 m. E.S.E. Colchester. Area 1,350 ac. Pop. 271. Fbatta, a small town of Central Italy, Pontif. sta., deleg. and 13J m. N. Perugia, on the Tiber. Pop. 1,326.-11. (La), a vill., N. Italy, deleg. and 7 m. W.S.W. Rovigo, with 2,000 inhabitants, and many handsome country houses.— III. {Maggi- ore), a city of Naples, dist. Casoria, 6 m. N. Naples. Pop. 8,500. Fratta is also the name of a small river of N. Italy, tributary to the Brenta. FnAiTE, two Tills, of Italy. — I. Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, 13 m. N.E. Gaeta. Pop. 2,900.-11. Pontif. sta., deleg. & 16 m. S.E. Urbino. P. 1,072. Fkaukijnnes, Fojis-Seate-Tirginis, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 10 m. N.N.E. Bern. Fkacshbubo, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 42 m. S.W. Konigsberg, on the Frische-Haff. Pop. 2,380. On a height here, is the cathedral of Ermeland, containing the tomb of Copernicus. FRAnENFELD, a town of Switzerland, cap. cant., Thurgan, on the Mnrg, 21 m. N.E. Zurich. Pop. 2,858. It has cotton mills, dyeing & print works. FaAHENSTEiN, a town of Saxony, circ. and 20 m. S.S.W. Dresden, witji 1,107 inhabitants, a castle, a silver mine, dye works, & linen manufs. FBAUSTAnT (Polish Wschowa), a frontier town, of Prussian-Poland, reg. Posen, cap. circ, 48 m. S.S.W. Posen. Pop. (1846) 5,310. It has a Lutheran and 3 Roman Catholic churches, a col- lege, barracks, an orphan asylum, manufs. of woollen and linen fabrics, marocco leather, hats, &c., and a large trade in corn and cattle. Fbavies (Los), several small isl. groups in the Caribbean Sea, off S. coast of Bayti. Fbeches, a tUI. of Rhenish Prussia, reg. Co- logne, circ. and 22 m. S.S.W. Dusseldorf. Pop. 2,640. It has manufactures of earthenware. Fbechiha, a market town of Spain, prov. and 20 m. W.N.W. Palencia. Pop. 1,704. Fbeckenham, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 3} m. S.W. Mildenhall. Area 2,520 ae. P. 495. Feeckietos, a township of England, co. Lan- caster, pa. Kirkham, 8 m. W. Preston. Pop. 995. Sacking and sailcloth manufactories. Fbedensbobo, a Danish fort, on the Guinea coast, with the vill. Ningo, 30 m. N.E. Accra. Fbedebicia, or Fbidbbioia, a fortfd. town of Denmark, prov. N. Jiitland, at the N. entrance of the Little Belt, 13 m. S.E. Veyle. Pop. 4,600. Fbeoebick, a city, U. S., N. Amer., Maryland, 54 m. N.W. Annapolis. Pop. 5,182. It has a handsome street, court-house, jail, 12 churches, several literary institutions, and a large retail trade. A branch railway, 3 m. in length, connects it with the Baltimore and Ohio railway. Fbedebick. Henet, a bay on the S.E. coast of Tasmania (Van Diemens Land), 9 m, B. Hobart- Town. Fbedebicksbero, a vill. of Denmark, prov. Seeland, cap. amt., 21 m. N.N.W. Copenhagen, with a palace, the usual summer residence of the Danish royal family. — Frederieksborg is a cita- del of Sweden, 15 m. E.N.E. Stockhohn, and de- fending the entrance to its harbour. FBEDEBicKSBrRG, a city, IT. S., N. America, Virginia, on the Rappahannock riv., 50 m. S.S.W. Washington. P, 3,974, Ithasaconrt-ho., jail, 5 churches, a mkt.-ho., an ann. export of com, flour, & tobacco, said to exceed 4,000,000 dolls, in value. Feedebioksbubo, a vill. of S. Africa, Cape Colony, dist. Albany, 28 m. N.E. Bathurst. Feedebiokshalb, a marit. town of Norway, stift Aggershuus, on a small river, near the N.E. angle of the Skager-rack, 58 m. S.S.B. Christiania. Pop. (1845) 5,503. It is famous for its strong fortress, Frederickstein, at the siege of which Charles xii. of Sweden was killed, December, 11, 1718. The town is singularly picturesque. Streets wide and regular, houses mostly of two stories, and built since a destructive conflagra- tion in 1759. It has an active trade in timber and iron, manufs. linens and tobacco. Fbebebiok's Oobd, a pauper colony of the Netherlands, prov. Drenthe, on the borders of Friesland and Overyssel, 6 m. N.E. Steenwyk. It was founded in 1818 ; and a great number of paupers are profitably employed there by the state in agricultural occupations, brick making, spinning, and weaving. FBEnEBioKSTABT IJ)a.n. FiiedricJistadt), a town of Denmark, prov. and 23 m. W.S.W. Schleswig, on the Eider, near its mouth, in the N. Sea. Pop. 2,600. It was founded in 1621 by the Ar- minians driven from Holland by the decisions of the synod of Dort. It is built in the Dutch style, and has Lutheran, Mennonite, Remonstrant, and Roman Catholic churches, and a synagogue, with ship-yards, & manufs. of woollens, mustard, starch, and Prussian blue. — II. a fortified town of Norway, stift Aggershuus, at the mouth of the Glommen, in the Skager-rack, 48 m. S.E. Chris- tiania. Pop. 2,673. It has an arsenal, harbour, and a tobacco factory. — III. a town of Russia, gov. Courland, on the Dwina, 48 m. E. Mitau. Feebebiksteb, a town of the Danish island Santa Cruz, W. Indies, on its W. coast, with 2,400 inhabitants, a fort, and a roadstead. Feebeeioksvaebn, a marit. vill. and fortress of Norway, stift Aggershuus, amt. and 7 m. S. Laurvig, on the Skager-rack. It has a harbour and dockyard. — Frederiksvdrh is a mkt.-town of Denmark, on Use fiord, 30 m. N.W. Copenhagen, with a royal residence, a cannon foundry, gun- powder factory, and copper works. Pop. 500. Feebebikshaiin, or Hamina, a fortified sea- port town of Finland, on an inlet of the Gulf of Finland, 53 m. W.S.W. Wyborg. Pop. 3,500. In 1809, the treaty was signed here by which Sweden ceded Finland to Russia. In 1821, the town was almost wholly destroyed by fire. Feebebikshatn (formerly Flabsxeanb), the most N. seaport town of Denmark, prov. Jutland, stift and 36 m. N.N.E. Aalborg, on the Kattegat. Lat. 67° 27' 1" N., Ion. 10° 33' E. Pop. 1,400. It has a citadel, light-house, and regular com- munication with Fredericksvaem. Fbedeeikssunb, a small town of Denmark, island Seeland, on Roeskilde fiord, 22 m. N.W. Copenhagen. Pop. 450. Feebeeiotok (formerly St Ann), the cap. town of New Brunswick, on the St John's riv., 56 m. N.W. St John's. It is the seat of the provin- cial assembly, and of King's college, an establish- ment supported by an annual government grant of 2,000?., and the instruction in which resembles that pursued at Oxford. Feebonia, a vill., II. S., N. Amer., New York, near Lake Erie, 12 m. E.N.E. Portland. Pop. 1,000. The gas used for lighting its streets is ob- tained from a natural jet issuing from the earth. Feeebom, a township, U. S., N. Amer., New York, 270 m. S.W. Albany. Pop. 1,830. Feeehold, two contiguous townships, U. S., N. Amer., New Jersey, 24 m. E. Trenton. United pop. 11,329. Fbeepoet, a township and seaport, IT. S., N. Amer., Maine, 34 m. S.S.W. Augusta. Pop. 2,662. Fbeethorpb, a pa. of England, co Norfolk, 4 TO. S.S.W. Acle. Area 1,050 ao. Pop. 883. Feee-town, or St Geoege, a town of Upper 2k. FRE 614 Guinea, W. Africa, cap. of the British settlement of Sierra Leone, on its W. coast. Lat. 8° 27' N., Ion. 13° 14' W. Mean temp, of year 79° .3; winter 80° .9; summer 77° .6. It is enclosed landward by an amphitheatre of mntns. ; is re- "gularly built, mostly of wood, and has various schools, government offices, & barracks, a theatre, and around it many European country houses. FBEOEN.4L DE LA SiEREA, a town of Spain, prov. and 39 m. S.E. Badajoz. Pop. 6,975. It has extensive tan-yards and manufs. of linens. Frehel (Cape), a headland of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, on the English Channel. Lat. of light-house 48° 41' 5" N., Ion. 2° 19' W. Fkeibeko, a town of Saxony, cap. of its mining dist., eirc. and 20 m. S.W. Dresden, near the Mulde. Pop. (1846) 12,067. It is enclosed by anc. fortifications, is well built, paved & lighted ; and has a fine cathedral, with some remarkable monuments and works of art, an orphan asylum, a gymnasium, burgher school, &c. ; and outside of the town is the old cathedral of Freudenstein. It is the seat of the administration of mines, and foundries for the kingdom, and of a famous min- ing academy, founded in 1766, having 13 profes- sors, Werner's collection of minerals, a library of 18,000 vols., and attended by 50 to 70 pupils, who work practically in the neighbouring mines. In the vicinity are said to be about 130 mines of silver, copper, lead, cobalt, &c., employ- ing 139 officials, 6,796 miners, and supporting a pop. of 11,200 persons; the principal is the Himmelsfiirst, one of the most productive silver mines in Europe. Extensive smelting works and foundries are seated at Halsbriicke, 3 m. distant. Freiberg has also flourishing manufs. of gold & silver lace, woollen cloths, and cassimeres, linen, and cotton fabrics, yam, lace, white lead, vitriol, gunpowder, &c., some extensive breweries, and the only shot-foundry in the kingdom. It com- municates by railw. with Breslau & Schweidnitz. Fbeibubq, a city of the grand duchy Baden, cap. eirc. Upper Rhine, on the Dreisam, and on the Baden railway, by which it communs. with Mann- heim, Basle, &c., 76 m. S.S.W. Carlsruhe. Pop., including suburbs (1846) 16,880. Elev. 920 ft. It is well built, and its cathedral, with a spire 380 ft. in height, and many fine works of art, is one of the noblest Gothic edifices in Germany. Other principal buildings are the grand ducal, & arch- bishop's palaces, 3 hospitals, custom-house, ex- change, theatre, town-hall, Lutheran church, &c. Good public walks and vineyards replace the old fortifications ; and in the centre of the fish -mar- ket is a public fountain, with a statue of the founder of Freiburg, Duke Berchthold iii. of Zahringen. The nmversity, founded about 1454, and famous as a school of Roman Catholic theo- logy, had, in 1847, 219 students. It has nume- rous museums, a botanic garden, and a lib- rary of 100,000 vols. It has also a gymnasium, a school of forest economy. Herder's institute of arts, various other public schools, and numerous charitable establismnents. Its chief sources of prosperity are its university and other public establishments ; but it has also manufs. of chicory, chemical products, soap, starch, leather, and potash, with bell-foundries, gunpowder, & paper mills, bleaching and dye works, &c. Near it is the ruined castle of Zahringen. Fbeibubo, a walled town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 36 m. W.S.W. Breslau, on railw. Pop. 4,000. Manufs. linen and tobacco. — II. a vill. of Hanover, 18 m. N.N.W. Stade, with a port on the ■Elbe. P. 913. A cant., Switzerland. [FKiBOUKa.] ■Fbeienohl, a vill. of Prussian Westphalia, eirc. Arnsberg, on the Ruhr. Pop. 970. It is the centre of an extensive manuf. of woollen wares. Freinwalde, two towns of Prussia. — I. prov. Brandenburg, reg. Potsdam, on the Alt-Oder, 33 m. N.B. Berlin. Pop. 3,670. It has alum works, and manufs. of sulphate of soda from the neigh- bouring springs of Alexandrienbad and Freien- walde. — II. prov. Pomerania, eirc. and 32 m. E. Stettin. Pop. 1,180. Manufs. cloths. Fbeinsheim, a mkt.-town of Rhenish Bavaria, eirc. Pfalz, 22 m. N.E. Landau. Pop. 2,191. Fbeising, a town of Upper Bavaria, on the Isar, 20 m. N.N.E. Munich. Pop. (1845) 5,350. It has breweries and tobacco factories. Fbeistadt, or Fbeistabt, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. Liegnitz, cap. eirc, 23 m. W.N.W. Glogau. Pop. 3,330. Manufs. woollens.— II. W. Prussia, reg. and 16 m. S.E. Marienwerder. Pop. 1,876. — III. a town of Upper Bavaria, Palatinate, on the Schwarzach. Pop. 798. Freiwaldau, a town of Austrian Silesia, eirc. and 40 m. W.N.W. Troppau, 1,300 ft. above the sea. Fop. 1,422. It has a castle, a paper mill, and a hydropathic establishment. Fbeixo, two vills. of Portugal. — I. (cCEspada- a-Cinta), prov. Tras-og-Montes, on rt. b. of the Douro, 45 m. S.. Braga. Pop. 845 II. (de Numao), prov. Beira, 40 m. E.N.E. Viseu. Fbejus, Forum Julii, a comm. and town of France, dep. Var, cap. cant., 15 m. S.E. Dragnig- nan. Fop. 2,960. It has a cathedral, episcopal palace, and remains of Roman walls. At St Raphael, a fishing vill., IJ m. distant. Napoleon disembarked on his return from Egypt, in 1799, and re-embarked on his voyage to Elba in 1814. Fbemikoton, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, on the Taw, 3 m. W. Barnstaple. Ac. 6,600. Pop. 1,326. French-River, British N. America, Upper Canada, flows W. firom Lake Nipissing into Lake Huron (Georgian Bay), which it enters, lat. 45° 63' N., & Ion. 81° 5' W., after a course estimated at 55 m. — II. a river which joins the estuary of the Abbitibbe and Moose rivs. at the S.W. comer of James' Bay (Hudson Sea). Lat. 51° 8' N., Ion. 81° W. Frensham, a pa. of Engl., cos. Hants & Sur- rey, 3} m. S. Farnham. Area 9,390 ac, including a sheet of water about 3 m. in eirc. Pop. 1,583. Frenze, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, Ij m. N.E. Diss. Area 600 ac. Pop. 46. Freshfobd, a market town of Irel., Leinster, CO. & 9 m. N.N.W. Kilkenny. Pop. 2,076. It has an ancient church, formerly part of an abbey. Freshfobd, apa. of Engl., co. Somerset, on the Avon, i\ m. S.S.E. Bath. Area 440 ac. Pop. 645. Freshwater, a pa.. Isle of Wight, 1| m. S.S.W. Yarmouth. Area 4,760 ac. Pop. 1,299. The cliffe of Freshwater Bay are perforated by remark- able caverns, and surmounted by a light-house. Fresnat, or Fbenat-le-Vicomte, a comm. & town of France, dep. Sarthe, arrond. and 16 m, W.S.W. Mamers, on 1. b. of the Sarthe. Pop. 3,160, employed in manufs. of table & other linens. Feesnate (La), a comm. and town of France, cap. cant., dep. Sarthe, arrond. and 8 m. N.W. Mamers. Pop. 3,217. Fbesnes, or Fbenes, several eomms., towns, & vills. of France. — I. dep. Ome, 12 m. N. Dom- front. Pop. 2,116 II. (*«r Apance), H. Mame, 23 m. E.N.E. Langres. Pop. 1,262.-111. Nord., S. of the Scheldt, 6^ m. N. Valenciennes. P. 4,072. Fresntllo, a decayed mining town, Mexican Confed., state & 25 m. N. W. Zacatecas. P. 8,000. ? FREsNOT-LE-GRAND,acomm. & vill. of France, dep. Aisne, arrond. St Quentin. Pop. 3,952. Fbesse, two comms. and vills. of France I. FRE 515 Fill dep. H. Sadne, arrond. and 8 m. N.E. Lure. Pop. 2,858. — II. dep. Vosges, arrond and 12 m. S.E. Kemiremont, near the Moselle. Pop. 1,200. Fkbssingfield, a pa. of England, eo. Suffolk, 4 m. S.S.E. Harleston. Area 3,780 ac. Pop. 1,456. Archbishop Saneroft was born, and died here. Feeston, or Friston, two pas. of England, co. Suffolk I. 3 m. S.E. Saxmaudham. Area 1,790 ae. Pop. 455. United to Snape II. 3 m. S.S.E. Ipswich. Area 1,680 ae. Pop. 124. Fketeval, a comm. and town of France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, on rt. b. of the Loire, 9 m. N.E. Vendome ; near this the troops of Philip Angustus were totally defeated by tlie English in 1194. Fbetheene, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 8 in. W.N.W. Stroud. Area 380 ac. Pop 242. Frettenham, a pa. of England, co. NorfoUi:, 2 m. S.W. Coltishall. Area 1,420 ac. Pop. 285. Fbefchie, a vill. of Scotland, co. Fife, pa. and 2 m. E. Falkland. Pop. 713. Frehdenbebs, a viU. of W. Germany, grand duchy Baden, prov. Lower Rhine, on 1. b. of the Mam, 8 m. W.S.'W. Wertheim. Pop. 1,718. Feeudenstat>t, a town of S. Germany, Wiir- temberg, circ. Black-Forest, on the Murg, 40 m. S.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 4,130. It has manufe. of woollen cloths, white lead, and Prussian blue. Fbeudenthai., a walled town of Austr. Silesia, circ and 20 m. W. Troppan. Pop. 3,608. It has a large palace, a Piarist college, a high school, and mannfe. of linen and woollen cloths. — II. a vill. of Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, 4 m. W.N.W. Besigheim, with a royal castle. Pop. 883. Feetent, a comm. and town of France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, on the Canche, 21 m. W. Arras. Pop. 3,097. It has manuls. of linens & woollens. Fretbebg, a town of Moravia, circ. Prerau, N. of the Sudetengebirge, and 42 m. E.N.E. Olmiitz. Pop, 3,600. It has a Piarist coll., & a gymnasium. Fbetbubg, a town of Baden. [FEEiBnEG.] Do. Switzerland. [Fbibodbg.] Fbetcinet (Harbour), an inlet of Shark Bay, W. Australia. Lat. 26° 20^ S., Ion. 114° E.— {Island), Pacific, Dangerous archipelago, in lat. 17° 55' S., Ion. 140° 62' W. Discovered by Du- perry in 1823. Fretenwalbe, &c. [Feeienwaidb, &c.] Feet-oe, an isl. off the W. coast of Norway, stift Drontheim, immediately S. Christiansund. Fbeystadt, a town of Upper Austria, on the railway between Linz and Budweis, 18 m. N.N.E. Linz. Pop. 3,000. It has two castles, a Piarist college, and a high school. — II. Austrian Silesia, ch-c. and H m. 'S.W. Tesehen. Pop. 900. Fbetstadtel (Hung. Galgoez), a market town of Hungary, circ. & 16 m. N-AV. Neutra, ou the Waag opposite Leopoldstadt. Pop. 4,660. Feetsxrope, a pa. of S.Wales, co. Pembroke, 3 m. S.S.E. Haverford-West. Pop. 671. FHETWAiDAn, or Feiewalde, a town of Aus- trian Silesia, circ. and 37 m. N.W. Troppau. Pop. 2,100. It has an anc. castle and a school of industry II. a vill. of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 49 m. W.N.W. Liegnitz. Pop. 1,060. Feias, a small town of Spam, prov. and 35 m. N.N.E. Burgos, near the Ebro. Pop. 1,210. It gives the title of duke to a distinguished family. Feibodeg, Feeibueg, or Feetbueq, a cant, of Switzerland, bounded N. and E. by the cant. Bern, S. by Vand, and W. by NeuchStel. Area 665 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 91,146, mostly Roman Catholics. It is situated- mostly in the basin of the Aar, and partly in that of Thiele and lake Neuchatel. Surface hilly in the S. and E., where it is traversed by ramifications of the Ber- nese Alps, culm, points, the Dent de Brenlaire 7,723 feet, Dent de Folligran 7,716 feet, Moiit Moleson 6,683 feet. Principal rivers the Sarine, and the Broie. The greater part of Lake Morat is in this canton. Climate mild in the N. and on the lalce of Neuchatel. Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people in the N., and cattle- rearing in the S. districts. Corn is grown barely sufficient for home consumption ; and dairy hus- bandry is more advanced than in any other Swiss canton. The breeds of horses and cattle are reckoned the best in the confederation. Timber and peat are important products. Manufs. in- significant, the principal being of straw hats, which, with cheese and timber, form the chief expoils. The inhabitants are mostly of Gallic descent, and French is the prevalent language in the towns ; but German is spoken in the N.E., and Komansch in the S. CMef towns Fribourg, Rumont, and BuUe. Fbiboubg, or Feetbueq, a town of Switzerl, on the Sarine, cap. cant., 17 m. S.W. Bern. Pop. 8,400. Elev. (of college) 2,083 feet. It is highly picturesque, enclosed by anc. walls ; & consists of the upper or French town, and the lower or Ger- man town, on the brink of the river, here crossed by a stone bridge, 2 wooden bridges, a fine iron suspension bridge, 906 ft. in length, 28 in breadth, and 174 ft. in elev., completed in 1834. Fribourg has many quaint old houses, a cathedral, with a spire 276 feet in elevation, a Jesuits' monastery, college, town-hall, diocesan school, museum, hospital, orphan asylum, work-house, prison, public baths, several libraries, & medical, natural history, and antiquarian societies ; with manufs. of woollen cloths, straw hats, hardwares, porce- lain and leather, sugar refineries, dyehouses, and a considerable annual cattle market. Fbick, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Aargau, 8 m. N. Aarau. Pop. 1,817. The Frickthal, of which it is the cap., is a valley of about 100 sq. m. in extent, with a pop. of 20,000, mostly Roman Catholics, and employed in cotton spinning, and trading in cattle, wine, and timber. Fricklet, Engl. [Clayton with Feicklet.] Fbidatthobpe, apa. of Engl., co. York, E. Rid- ing, 10 m.W.N. W. Gt. Driffield. Ao. 2,070. P. 320. Feideeikstadt, &c. [Feedekiokstadt, &c.i Feideikshald, Norway. [Fredeeiokshald.] Feiedbebo, a fortified town of Hessen Darm- stadt, prov. Upper Hessen, 18 m. S.S.E. Giessen. Pop. 2,700. — II. a town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Bavaria, 4 m. B.S.E. Augsburg. Pop. 2,000. Feiedebeeg, several towns of Prussia. — I. prov. Brandenburg, cap. circ, reg. and 56 m. , N.E. Frankfort, on the Peza. Pop. 4,640. It is surrounded by lakes, enclosed by walls, and has woollen cloth factories and tanneries. — II. a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 46 m. W.S. W. Lieg- nitz, on the Quiess. Pop. 2,140. — III. {High), Silesia, 19 m. S. Liegnitz. Here, in 1746, the Austrians were defeated by Frederick ii. Feiedebtjeq, a vill. of Hanover, E. Friesland, cap. dist., 16 m. E.S.E. Aurich. The amt. or dist. of Aurich, is 84 sq. m. in extent. Pop. 7,207. Fbiedeck, a town of Austrian Silesia, circ. & 14 m. W.S.W. Tesehen, on the Ostrawitza. Pop. .3,700. It has a large castle, a pilgrimage church, mineral baths, and manufs. of linen cloths. FEiEDEESDOBr, a frontier vill. of Prussian Silesia, reg. Liegnitz, circ and 20 m. S.E. Gor- litz, ou the Quiess. Pop. 1,266. Feiedewald, amarket town of Hessen .Cassei, prov. and 24 m. N.N.E. Fulda. Pop. 1,645. Fbiedland, numerous towns, &c., of Germany. —I. Mecklenb.-Strelitz, 30 m. N.E. New-Strelitz. Pop. 4,666. It has manufs of various fabi-ics, F R I 516 and an active trade in horses. — II. E. Prussia, reg. Kijnigsberg, cap. circ, 27 m. S.E. Konigs- berg. Pop. 2,478. Here the French defeat- ed the allied Russians and Prussians, 14th June 1807 III. Bohemia, circ. Bunzlau, N. of the Lausnitz mountains, 68 m. N.N.E. Prague. Pop. 3,497. It gave the title of duke to Wallenstein, whose castle is in the immediate vicinity. — IV. {Mdrhisch), W. Prussia, reg. and 120 m. W.S.W. Marienwerder, with 2,300 inhabi- tants, a castle, and manufs. of woollen and linen cloths V. {Prussian), W. Prussia, reg. and 70 m. W.S.W. Marienwerder. Pop. 1,600. FBiETnticHBonA, a town of Central Germany, duchy Saxe-Gotha, cap. dist., in the Tliuringian forest, 9 m. S.W. Gotha. Pop. 2,130.— i^rie Gelverdeh, a vill. of Asia Minor, pash. Kara^- mania, 60 m. S.W. Kaisariyeh, in a ravine, each side of which is here burrowed with large caves. Gelves, a mkt. town of Spain, prov. and 3 m. W.S.W. Sevilla, near the Guadalquivir. P. 3,654. Gemabk-E, a town of Bhen. Prnssisi, in the centre of the dist. Barmen. Pop, 2,430. [Babmen.] Gembloux, a vill. of Belgium, prov. and 10 m. N.W. Namur, cap. cant., on an aft. of the Sam- bre. Pop. 2,317. Mannfs. of cutlery, formerly important. It had in former times a famous Benedict, abbey. The French gained a victory over the Austrians here in 1794. Gemenos, a comm. and vill. of S. France, dep. B. du Rhone, 12 m. E. Marseille. Pop. 1,835. Gemebt, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, cap. cant., 18 m. S.E. Bois-le-Buc. Pop. 1,600, who manuf. fine linen fabrics. Gemini (Sas), a mkt. town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. & 13 m. S.W. Spoleto. Pop. 1,200. Gemme and Gemmbs (Ste.), numerous comms. and vills. of France.^ — I. (d'Andigne), dep. Maine- et-Loire, 20 m. N.W. Angers. Pop. 1,180.-11. (le Robert), dep. Mayenne, 20 m. N.E. Laval. Pop. 2,599.-111. (sur Loire), dep. Maine-et- Loire, arrond. Angers. Pop. 1,115. Gemmi (pron. Ghemnd), a remarkable mntn, pass across the Alps in Switzerland, between the cants. Bern and Valais, about 24 m. S. Thun, 7,595 feet above the level of the sea. Gemona, a market town of N. Italy, circ. & 15 m. N.N.W. Udine, near the Tagliamento. Pop. 4,800. It has an active transit trade. Gemozao, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Charente Inf., 13 m. S. Saintes. Pop. 2,690. GemOnb, several small towns of Germany. — I. Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 23 m. S.E. Aix-la- Chapelle, cap. circ. on an aflB. of the Roer. Pop. 900, engaged in woollen weaving, tanning, and in iron and lead mines. — II. (or Omund), Carinthiai, circ. and 26 m. N.N.W. Villach, on an afil. of the Drave. Pop., with a(3jacent mining hamlets, 3,600. — III. Lower Austria, 73 m. W.N.W. Vienna, near the Bohem. frontier. — Gemiind is also the name of 3 vills. of Bavaria, circ. Upper Fran- conia, 22 m. S.E. Anspach. [Gmdnd.] Gemijnden, several towns, &c., of Germany. — I. Bavaria, circ. Lower Franoonia, on the Mayn, where joined by the Saale, 21 m. N.N.W. Wiirz- burg. Pop. 1,543. — 11. H.-Cassel, prov. Upper GEN 532 GEN Hessen, 15 m. N.E, Marburg. Pop. 1,430. [Gmunbew.] Genappe, a vill. of Belrium, prov. S. Brabant, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Dyle, 17 m. S.E. Brus- sels. Pop. 1,800. Near this vill. various military actions took place in 1815. Gbnabgektd, the loftiest mntn. range of Sar- dinia, near the centre of the isl. Its principal summit rises to 7,000 feet above the sea. Genabo, or Gennabo (Momte), a mntn. of Italy, Pontif. Sta., 21 m. N.E. Rome, 4,186 feet in height, and one of the loftiest of the hills bound- ing the Campagna di Roma on the E. Gekdrinoen, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, cap. cant., on the Alt-Tssel, 22 m. E.S.E. Arnhem. Pop. 4,827. Genemdidbn, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Overyssel, near the Zuyder-Zee, 8 m. N. Zwolle. P. 1,200, actively engaged in manufs. of matting. Genebac, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Gard, 7 m. S. Ntaes. Pop. 1,944. Genesee, two cos., U. S., N. Amer. — I. in W. part of New York. Area 473 sq. m. Pop. 69,589.-11. in N.E. of Michigan. Area 504 sq. m. Pop. 4,268. — III. a riv. which rises in Potter, CO. Pennsylvania, and flows N. through N. Tork for about 150 m., into Lake Ontario. It is navig- able for small vessels above and below the rapids at Rochester, where there is a fall of 226 feet IV. a tnshp.. New York, on the E. bank of above riv., S m. N.E. Moscow. Pop. 2,892. It has a court-house, jail, bank, and high school. Geneseo, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., N. Tork, 208 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,892. Genest (Le), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Mayenne, arrond. and 6 m. N.W. Laval. Pop. 1,072. — Genestelle is a vill., dep. ArdSche, arrond. and 9 m. W. Privas. Pop. 1,975. Genest (St), several comms & vills. of France. ^I. dep. Vienne, 8 m. W. Chatelleranlt. Pop. 1,385. It has 12 annual fairs. — II. (Champanelle), dep. Puy-de-Ddme, arrond. Clermont. Pop. 2,126. — III. {Lerpt), dep. Loire, arrond. St Etien- ne. Pop. 1,308. — IV. (Malifaux), cap. cant., arrond. and-6 m. S.S.E. St Etienne. Pop. 3,666. Geneva (Fr. Geneve, Germ. Genf, Ital. Ginevra), a walled town of Switzerland, cap. cant, same name, 83 m. S.W. Bern, finely situated on the Rhone, at its outlet from the W. extremity of the Lake of Geneva, Lat, of old observatory 46° 12' N., Ion. 6° 9' 6' E. Elevation 1,230 feet. Mean temp, of year 52°-7 ; winter 34° ; sum. 66° .4 Fahr. Pop. (1838) 28,000. Geneva, the most populous and industrious town in Switzerland, is the seat of the central administration of the canton, and has a Gothic cathedral, a university academy, founded by Calvin in 1368, with a faculty of theo- logy, laws, sciences, and letters ; a college with 16 professors & teachers, school of arts & manufs., a public library of 40,000 vols., and a large collec- tion of curious MSS., a botanic garden, begun by de Candolle in 1816, observatory, museum of natural history, Calvinist, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic churches, & a synagogue. Many learn- ed societies and benevolent institutions. The Rhone divides the town into 2 parts, the smaller portion on r. b. is called the Quartier St Gervais, the principal seat of trade ; between them is "the island," a favourite promenade, with a statue of Rousseau, and commanding a fine view of the Jake, connected with the town by several bridges. A hydraulic machine raises the water of the Rhone for the supply of the public fountains. The principal manufs. of Geneva are watches, musical boxes, chronometers, mathematical in- struments, jewellery, cutlery, fire-arms, & musical instruments. The manuf. of watches employs 3,000 workmen, the annual produce being 100,000 watches, nearly all gold. Geneva has an excellent quay along the river, an active transit trade on the lake, and steam conveyances with Villeneuve, Coppet, Nyon, Rolles, Ouohy, and Vevey. Few towns of its extent have produced, or adopted, so many learned men, as Geneva ; among these are Calvin, Beza, Cranmer, Lesage, Sanssure, de Luc, Lefort, Necker, and Rousseau. John Knox was long a resident here. Geneva, one of the chief towns of the AUobroges in the time of Caesar, was subject to the Romans till the beginning of the 5th century. It was cap. of the 2d kingdom of Bourgogne till 1034, & was under the sovereignty of the Emperor of Germany till the beginning of the 16th cent. Calvin introduced the reformation here in 1635, and from that time Geneva, a free city, was considered the chief seat of Calvinism. It was taken by the French in 1798, and formed, till 1813, cap. of the dep. Leman in the French Empire. In 1814, along with a small territory, it joined the Helvetic confed The Canton of Ge- neva is composed of the former republic of Ge- neva and part of the county of Gex in Savoy, bounded N. by the cant. Vaud, S. by Savoy, B. by the Lake of Geneva, and W. by France (dep, Ain). Area 91 sq. m. Pop. (1843) 61,871, af whom 34,254 Protestants, and 27,504 Catholics. Surface undulating, but not mntnous. Soil fer- tile and well cultivated. Climate mild & healthy. In 1843, 7,258 persons, men, women, and children, were employed in the canton in watch-making & jewellery. — II. {Lake of, or Lake Leman, Germ. Genfer-See, anc. Locus Lemanus), a lake of Eu- rope, between Switzerland and the Sardinian sta. It is crescent-shaped ; length 45 m. ; breadth from 1 to 9^ m. ; area 82 sq. m. ; height above the sea 1,230 feet ; and greatest depth near its E. extremity 984 feet. It is traversed by the Rhone from E. to W., and receives the Dranse, Venoge, and other small rivs. Its waters have a peculiar deep blue colour, are very transparent, and con- tain a great variety of fish ; it is never wholly frozen over ; and it is subject to seiches, or re- markable risings of from 1 to 4 or 5 feet, which last only about 25 minutes. Its banks are highly picturesque, the S. being bold and lofty, and the N. undulating and richly cultivated. Steam navi- gation was introduced in 1823. Geneva, a town, U. S., N. Amer., New York, beautifully situated on Seneca Lake, 41 m. E.S.E. Rochester. Pop. 8,600. It has a well endowed medicaJ college, with a library, museum, 6 pro- fessors, and 175 students. Genevbse, or Genevois, a prov. of the Sard, sta., in the W. of Savoy, bounded W. by the Rhone, and on other sides the provs. Chablais, Faussigny, the Tarentaise, and Savoy-proper. It is mntnous., and comprises the Lal^e of Annecy, and the rivs. Fier and Ussez. Chief towns, Annecy the cap., Rumilly, and Thone. Genevieve (St), a co., U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. of Missouri. Area 400 sq.m. Pop. 3,148.— Chief town, same name. Pop. 1,607. Genevieve (Ste), two comms. and vills. of France.— I. dep. Aveyron, cap. cant., 19 m. N. Espalion. Pop. 1,839. — II dep. Oise, arrond. & 11 m. S.S.E. Beauvais, with extensive manufs. of toys. Pop. 1,124. Genevke (Mont), one of the most remarkable summits of the Cottian Alps, between the French dep. H. Alpes and the Sard. prov. Susa, 11,614 ft. in elevation. It is crossed by a route construct- ed by Napoleon, at an elevation of 6,560 feet Sheep pasture near summit in summer. GEN 533 GEO Genqenbach, a walled town of Baden, cii'C. Middle Khine, on the Kinzig, 6 m. N.N.W. Zell. Pop. 2)400 ; until 1809, it was a free imperial town. Gengodx (St), a comm. & town of France, dep. Saone-et-Loire, 22 m. N.N.W. Macon. P. 1,602. Genies and Geniez (St), sev. comms. & vills. of France. — I. dep. Dordogne, 7 m. N.N.E. Sar- lat. Pop. 1,467. — II. (de Malgoirh), Gaid, 11 m. S.W. Bzes. Pop. 1,308.-111. a town, dep. Avey- ron, on the Lot, 22 m. E.N.E. Kodez. Pop. 3,019. It has manufe. of coarse woollen hosiery & leather. Genil, or Xenil, a river of Spain, Andalucia, joins the Guadalquivir, 33 m. S.W. Cordova, after a W.N.W. course of about 120 in., through the provs. Granada, Cordova, and Sevilla. The cities Granada, Loja, and Ecija, are on its banks. Genille, Genis, & Genissac, three comms. and vills. of France. — I. dep. Indre-et-T.oire, 22 m. S.E. Tours. Pop. 1,954. — II. dep. Dordogne, 23 m. E.N.E. Perigueux. Pop. 1,429 III. dep. Gironde, 32 m. E. Bordeaux, with 1,115 inhabs., and a small port on the Dordogne. Genis (St), several comms. and small towns of France. — I. dep, Charente Inf., cap. cant., 6 m. W.N.W. Jonzae. Pop. 963.— II. (Hiersac), a vill., dep. Charente, 9 m. N.W. Angoul^me. Pop. 1,410. — III. (Laval), a town, dep. Rh6ne, 5 m. S. Lyon, on the railway thence to St Etienne. Pop. 1,950. It has manufs. of fine carpets, i)aper lumgings, colours, ink, buttons, and other articles, for which Lyon is the chief mart. — IV. {Terre- Noire), a vill., dep. Loire, arrond. and 12 m. N.E. St Etienne. Pop. 1,452.— 5« Genix is a vill. of Savoy, on the French frontier, 14 m. W. Cham- bery, cap. mand., on the Gniers. Pop. 1,786. Genlis, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. C6te d'Or, cap. cant., 10 m. S.E. Dijon. Pop. 969. Genhes, several comms. and vills. of France ; the principal in dep. Maine-et-Loire, cap. cant., 17 m. S.E. Angers, on 1. b. of the Loire. P. 1,727. Genkesabeth (Lake of). [Tiberias.] Gennvs (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, on the Bristol Channel, 9 m. N.N.E. Camelford. Area 5,530 ac. Pop. 689. Genoa (Ital. Genova, Fr. Genes, anc. Gemia), a famous fortified seaport city of N. Italy, Sard, sta., cap. div., at the head of the Gulf of Genoa, Mediterranean, 79 m. S.E. Turin. Lat. of light- house 44° 24' 18' N., Ion. 8° 64' 24' E. Pop. (1838) 116,257, including the garrison, seamen & pop. of the port, amounting together to 17,686. Mean temp, of year 75° .1 ; winter 47° .3 ; summer 75° .1 Fahr. The port, portected seaward by two vast moles, is surrounded landward by the city ; which extends up the slope of a mntn. amphi- theatre, successively enclosed by two series of walls, outside of which are numerous elegant country houses ; the whole embraced by a line of detached forts and outworks, crowning the hills for a circuit of about 7 m. In the older part of the city the streets are steep and very narrow, but in the newer portions broad and straight ; & they are generally clean, well paved, and lined by lofty and magnificent edifices. Genoa has justly acquired the title " la Superba' for, though pos- sessing fewer remains of ancient splendour than Venice, it exhibits more wealth and comfort. Among its principal edifices are the Doria-Pam- fili, the Royal Ducal, Brignole, Durazzo, Serra, Spiuola, Balbi, Pallavicini, and numerous other fine palaces, all rich in choice works of art ; the cathedral, a gorgeous Saraceno- Gothic structure of the 11th century, numerous other handsome churches (though many were destroyed by the French), the university, with a large fibrary and botanic garden, the Albergo de Poveri, a vast asylum for about 1,600 poor persons, two other large hospitals, 15 comervatorie, or female asy- lums, numerous convents, the exchange, bank of St George, one of the most anc. and celebrated in Europe, arsenal, lighthouse, quays, & a bridge over a part of the city. Genoa is an archbp's, see, the residence of a general commandant, and the seat of an admiralty council, and a tribunal and chamber of commerce. It has a royal college, a naval and various other schools, and important manufs. of velvet, silks, damask thrown silk, paper, soap, &c., with marble, alabaster, and coral works. It is a free port, and the great entrepot of a large extent of country, the produce of which, compris- ing olive oil, rice, fruits, cheese, rags, steel, &c., mth manufd. goods, form the chief exports. Principal imports, cotton and woollen stuffs, cot- ton wool from Egypt, corn, salt fish, colonial and Baltic produce, hardwares and tin plates fi'om England, wool, tobacco, lead, wax, &c. From the 11th down to the 18th century, Genoa was, with some interruptions, the cap. of a famous commercial republic, whioh planted numerous colonies in the Levant and on the shores of the Black Sea ; but the annals of which are marked by the greatest turbulence. It was taken by the French in 1797, and ceded to the King of Sar- dinia in 1815. — II. (Gulf of), a wide bay of the Mediterranean, N. of Corsica, and S. of the Sard, sta., forming an angle, near the summit of which Genoa is situated. It receives numerous small rivers. The Gulf of Spezzia is its chief inlet. Genoa, a township, U. S., N. Amer., New York, 161 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,593. Genoix (St), a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 6^ m. S.E. Courtrai. P. 3,648. Genoihac, a comm. and town of France, dep. Gard, 17 m. N.N.W. Alais. Pop. 1,491. Gensac, a comm. and town of France, dep. Gironde, 31 m. E. Bordeaux. Pop. 1,305. Genthin, a town of Prussian Saxony, re^f. and 30 m. N.E. Magdeburg, cap. 2d circ. of Jerichow, on the Plauen canal, and with a station on the Berlin and Magdeburg railway. Pop. 2,340. Gentilit, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine, arrond and 4 m. N.E. Sceaux, on the Bievre, S. of Paris. Pop. 7,759. The comm. comprises the vill. of BicHre, celebrated for its vast castle, serving as an hospital for 5,000 super- annuated and imbecile old men, and a prison for 2,000 culprits, mostly destined for the hulks. This edifice also contains extensive workshops for polishing glass, woollen spinning, and various manufs. It has a well, sunk in the rock, 183 feet deep. Near this is the new fort of Bicltre. Genzano, or Gensano, two towns of Italy. — I. Pontif. sta., comarca, and 18 m. S.E. Rome, on the Appian Way. Pop. (1833) 4,622. It is pic- turesque, and has some good streets, fine avenues of elms, a palace of the Duke of Cesarini, a Ca- puchin convent, and a modern cathedral with a fine altar-piece. An annual festival here, called the Infiorata di Genzano, from the streets being then strewed with flowers, is frequented by nu- merous visitors from Rome, &c. — II. Naples, prov. Basilicata, 18 m.N.E. Potenza. Pop. 3,160. Geoibe (St), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. lafere, cap. cant., 19 m. N.N. W. Grenoble. P. 4,583. Geobo-am-Lee (St), a town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Franconia, immediately N.E. Baireuth, of which it is a suburb. Pop. 1,800. It has a noble residence, a park, an abbey, manufs, of porce- lain, and marble works. Geobge, a marit. dist. of the Cape Colony, S. Africa, having S. the Ocean, and W. the dists. Zwellendam and Worcester, N. Beaufort, and E. GEO 534 GEO Uitenhage. Area 4,082 sq. m. Pop. (1838) 9,193. It is traversed by the Outeniqua tnntns., and by Olifant's rir., an affl. of the Gauritz ; which latter riv. forms its W. boundary. Cap. George Town. George (Foet), a fortress of Scotl., co. and 10 m. N.N.E. Inverness, pa. Ardersier, on a penin- sula of the Moray Firth, built in 1747, at a cost of 160,000?. Lat. 67° 35' 1' N,, Ion. 4° i' 2' W. It covers 10 Sc. ac. of ground, is the most regular and complete fortiiication in Great Britain, and eommanas the entrance into the Moray Firth. Geobge (Lake), U. S., N. Amer., New York, 10 m. S. Lake Champlain, into which it discharges its surplus waters, is 34 m. in length S. to N., by about 3 m. in breadth. It contains numerous isls., and has around it very picturesque scenery. On its banks are the remains of several forts, & the vills. Ticonderoga and Caldwell. — II. Florida, on the course of the riv. St John. Length 17 m. ; breadth 5 m III. a lake. New South Wales, co. Argyle. Length N. to S. 18 m. ; average breadth 5 m. It is surrounded by rocky heights, and is upwards of 2,000 feet above the sea. George (St), one of the principal of the Ber- muda Isls., N.E. Bermuda, is strongly fortified, & forms the chief military depdt in the Bermudas. — The town of same name, on its S. coast, has a large harb. defended by sevl. forts. — II. aa isl., U. S., N. Amer., Florida, in the G. of Mexico, oppo- site the mouth of the riv. Appalachicola. Length E. to W. 22 m, ; breadth 5 m. St George's Strait, separatmg it from the mainland, is from 6 to 10 m. across III. an isl., British Honduras, in the bay of Honduras, opposite the mouth of the riv. Belize. — IV. one of the Pribylov Isls., Behring Sea. It is granitic, and rises to 300 ft. in height. George (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Gloucester, 2 m. E. Bristol. Area 1,230 ao. Pop. 8,318. George (St), a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Maine, on the Atlantic, 48m. S.E. Augusta. P. 2,094, emplyd. in fisheries, the timber & coasting trade, & in ship- building. — II. a town, Delaware, 28 m. N. Dover. P. 3,127. — III. a riv., Maine, enters the Atlantic near Warren, 28 m. S.S.W. Penobscot, after a S.ward course of 35 m. ; the lower portion of which is navigable for large vessels. Opposite its mouth are the islets called St George's Isls. — St George's Bank is in the Atlantic, off the E. coast of the U. States. — Cape St George is the name of head- lands in Thessaly, Khodes, Kerguelen's Land, 6 New Ireland. — St George is the name of a pa. in Jamaica, co. Surrey, N. of Kingston, and of several other pas. in the British W. tidia Isls. George, or Georges (St), numerous comms. and vUls. of France. — I. (de Lusengon), dep. Avey- ron, arrond. and cant. Milhau. Pop. 1,693. II. {Butavent), dep. and 3 m. "W. Mayenne. Pop. 2,174 — III. (d^Aulnav), dep. Calvados, arrond. and 16 m. N.E. Vire. Pop. 1,625 IV. (de Mons), dep. Pny.de-D6me, 11 m. W.N.W. Kiom. Pop. 1,409.— V. (de Moniaigu), dep. Vendue, 18 m. N. Napoleonvnie. Pop. 2,129.— VI. (de iVome), dep. Deux-Sevres, 12 m. S. Parthenay. Pop. 1,526. VII. {de Reintembauli), a mkt. town, dep. llle-et- Vilaine, 10 m. N. Fougferes. Pop. 3,315.— VIII. Cde Remeina), a vill., dep, Rh6ne, 4 m. N. Ville- franohe. Pop. 2,555.— IX. {de MoueUey), dep. Manche, 12 m. E.S.E. Mortain. Pop. 1,667 X. (d^Esperanee), a market town, dep. Isere, 9 m. E.N.E. Vienne. Pop. 2,248.— XI. {d'Oleron), a vJl., dep. Charente Inf., 15 m. N.W. Marennes. Pop. 4,251 — XII. {en Couzan), dep. Loire, cap. cant., 10 m. N.W. Montbrison. P. 1,047.— XIII. (& GaulHer), dep. Sarthe, arrond. and 22 m. W. Mamers. Pop. 1,439.— XIV. {les Baittargeaux), dep. Vienne, cap. cant., 8 m. N.N.E. Poitiers. Pop. 1,028.— XV. {le Pouge), dep. Creuse, 10 m. B.N.E. Bourganeuf. Pop. 1,400.— XVL {sur Cher), dep. Loir-et-Cher, arrond. Blois. Pop. 1,976.— -XVII. {sar Erve), dep. Mayenne, arrond. and 22 m. E.N.E. Laval. Pop. 1,301 XVm. (sur Loire), a mkt. town, dep. Blaine-et-Loire, cap. cant., 10 m. W.S.W. Angers. Pop. 2,532. Georoe (Gulf of St), an inlet of the Atlan- tic Ocean, E. Patagonia, between lat. 46° and 47° S., and Ion. 65° and 67° W. Georgeham, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 8 m. N.W. Barnstaple. Area 4,950 ac. Pop. 923. Georgen (St), a town of Austrian Croatia, 18 m. N.E. Belovar, with a fortress & 1,500 inhalM. —II. a vill. on the Adriatic, 6 m. S. Zeng.— III. a town of Hungary. [Gtorgt St.] Georgenthal, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 26 m. W. Leitmeritz, at the foot of the Kreuz- berg. Pop. 1,703, who manuf. cotton, hosiery, &c — II. a vill. of Saxe-Coburg-Golia, 8 m. S.S.W. Gotha. Pop. 617. Geoege-Ntmptoh, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 2 m, S.S.W. Sonth-Molton. Ac. 2,240. P. 272. George's Chashei. (St), is that part of the Atlantic which separates the S.W. of Engl, from Ireland, extending from the isl. of Holyhead to StDavid's, andfrom Dublin to Wexford. Breadth varies firom 40 to 70 miles. George's Toww, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, co. Fayette. Pop. 2,371. George Town (formerly SUihroeK), the cap. town of British Guiana, co. & on the E. or r. b. of the Demerara, near its mouth, and here almost 1 m. across. Lat. 6° 49' 20' N., Ion. 68° 11' 30' W. Pop. (1843) 23,000, of whom 19,000 coloured. Streets generally wide and traversed by canals ; houses raised on wooden frames 3 or 4 feet high, furnished with verandahs and gardens ; the new mkt.-place is elegant ; shops & stores numerous, and mkts. good. Principal buildings, the gov. offices, several handsome churches and chapels, including a Roman Catholic cathedral ; themkt.- house, barracks, new colonial hospital, seamen's hospitals, 2 banks, 2 theatres, numerous schools, astroijomioal and botanical societies, instituted 1844. It has 3 local newspapers & 2 race-courses. The hai'bour, on account of a bar, is accessible only for vessels drawing under 9 feet water. About 1 m. distant, at the river's month, is Fort- William, and near it is a lighthouse. George Town, a town of Cape Colony, S. Africa, cap. dist., 126 m. E. Zwellendam. It is poorly built, and a few years ago was among the least flourishing places in the colony. Trade chiefly in timber, and supplies for the &rmers in the Lange-kloof. — II. a marit. town of Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land), co. and 28 m. N.W. Laun- ceston, on the Tamar, near Port DaJrymple. Lat. 41° 7' S., Ion. 146° 60' E— III. a viH., cap. Isl. Ascension, with a fort and some mUitaiy works — IV. a marit. vill.. Prince Edward Isl.,N. Amer., on its E. coast, 31 m. E. Charlotte Town. George Town, Prince of Wales Island. [Polo-Penang.] George Town, numerous towns, &c., U. S., N. Amer — I. a district in E. part of S. Carolina. Area 1,040 sq. m. Pop. 18,274, of whom 15,933 are slaves. — II. a city and port, dist. Columbia, on the Potomac, 3 m. N.W. Washington, with which it communicates by 2 bridges across Rock Creek. Pop. 7,312. It has 7 churches, a fine Kom. Cath. college, a.nunnery, mkt.-house, several banks, & many handsome country seats. Shinpmg of the port 9,964 tons.— III. a seaport, S. Caxolma, on the W. side of Winyaw Bay, 56 m. N.E. Charles- ton. Pop. about 2,500. It has a couit-house, jail, bank, academy, &o., and exports of cotton, rice, and provisions. Tlie liarbour admits ves- sels drawing 11 feet. Shippinir (1840) 4,415 tons. —IV. a vill., Kentucky, 17 m. E. Frankfort. Pop. 1,611. It has a large Baptist college. — V. a tnshp. and seaport, Maine, 60 m. S. Augusta. Pop. 1,356, mostly employed in fisheries. Geoksia, or Gehsia, a gov. of Russia, in the Caucasus country, W. Asia, composing the cen- tral & W. portion of Transcaucasia, between lat. 40° and 42° 30' N., and Ion. 43° and 47° E. Area 21,500 sq. m. Pop. (according to census of 1836) about 400,000, mostly christians of the Greek Chm'ch. Surface generally rantns. ; but its centre, traversed by the Kur and its affis., is an undu- lating and very fertile plain. Corn of numerous kinds, pomegranates and other fine fruits, mad- der, flax, hemp, cotton, and wine, are among the principal products ; wine is naturally good, but ill prepared, and a great quantity is con- sumed in Georgia. Forests extensive, and con- sist of most of the trees common in Eui'ope, but they are turned to little profit. Coal, iron, naphtha, and other valuable minerals are sup- posed to be abundant, but few mines are wrought. The houses, vehicles, &c., are of the rudest kinds, and education in every respect is very backward. Some woollen, cotton, and silk fabrics, leather, shagreen, &c., are made, and the arms produced at Teflis have some reputation, but except these, the wares manufactured are very inferior. The peorgians are a peculiarly handsome race of people, and the females were formerly sold in large numbers to supply the harems of the Turks and Persians, but the Russians have put an end to this traffic. The Georgian language resembles that of Armenia, with the addition of many fo- reign words. Principal towns, Teflis the cap., ElSabetpol, Gori, and Telav. Georgia was an- nexed to Russia in 1802. Georgia, one of the TJ. S., N. Amer., in the S. part of the Union, between lat. 30° 30' and 35° N., and Ion. 81° & 85° 50' W., having E. South Caro- lina and the Atlantic Ocean, S. Florida, W. Alabama, and N. Tennessee and North Carolina. Length 300 m. by 240 m. Area 60,000 sq. m. Pop. (1800) 162,686, (1850) 906,999, of whom 369,966 are slaves. The coast is bordered by a chain of islands, on which the famous sea-island cotton is raised. Surface of the mainland low & level for 50 or 60 m. inland, beyond which is a pine-barren region, rising in the W. and N. into the Appalachian mountain chain, which is here in some places 1,600 feet above the sea. Principal rivers, the Alatamaha, the Savannah, forming all the N.E., and the Chattahoochee most part of its "W. boundary. A large proportion of the soil is very fertile, but in the low country are extensive swamps. Winters mild, snow rarely seen ; low country unhealthy in autumn, but high grounds salabnous. Hurricanes are frequent. In 1840, nearly 21 millions bushels of maize, and 73,000 tons of cotton, were estimated to have been raised, the crop of the latter having been greater than in any other state, except Mississippi. Wheat, oats, rice, indigo, sugar, coffee, and silk, are other principal crops. Grapes, oranges, melons, pomegranates, and many tropical fruits are raised; copper, iron, and in the N. con- siderable quantities of gold are obtained; the supply of the latter is, however, declining. Ma- nufactures of little importance. Value of exports (1844) 4,283,805 dolls. ; do. of imports (direct) 305,634 dolls., but the import trade is mostly carried on through Charleston (which see). The Georgia railw. extends from Augusta, 166 m., to De Kalb oo., from whence the Western & Atlantic railway extends 140 m. to Challanooga central railway, from Savannah to Macon 197 m., Macon to Whitehall 101 m. The state is divided into 93 cos. Present constitution formed in 1798, and amended in 1839, consists of a governor elected for two years, a senate of 47 members, house of representatives 130 members. Public revenue (1844) 307,917 dolls. ; expenditure 296,999 dolls. ; debt 1,725,138 dolls. Georgia sends 8 represen- tatives to Congress. Principal towns, Milledge- ville the cap., Augusta and Savannah. Georgia was so named in honour of George ii., in 1763. Geokgia, a township, II. S., Vermont, on Lake Champlain, 44 m. N.W. Montpelier. Pop. 2,106. Geokgia, an island. Pacific, Solomon arehip., E. of New Guinea. — II. {South), an island, S. Atlantic. Lat. 54° 5' S., Ion. 38° 16' W. Georgia (Gulf of), an inlet, N.W. America, separating Vancouver island from the mainland, lat. 49° N., and Ion. 124° W. Average breadth 20 m. It communicates with the Pacific, N. by Queen Charlotte Sound, and S.W. by the strait of Juan de Fuea. New Georgia is a name ap- plied to the coastline of N. Amer., on the Pacific, comprising Vancouver island and the adjacent mainland, with the Oregon territory, as far S. as the river Colombia. New South Georgia is a part of the territory, Antarctic Ocean, now called New South Shetland. Geokgiana, a eo., E. Australia, New South Wales, enclosed by the cos. Bathurst, King, Argyle, and Westmoreland. It is traversed by the Abercorn River and its aifis., the Lachlan forming its W. boundary. Georgian Bay. [HnRON (Lake).] Georgie vsK, a fortified town of the Russian dom., gov. Caucasus, cap. dist., near an aifluent of the Kuma, 90 m. S.E. Stavropol. Pop. 3,000, mostly Cossacks. It was founded in 1771, is regularly built, and was the cap. gov. till 1802. Georgievskoe, a vill. of Russia, gov. and 120 m. N.W. Viatka, on the Kama. Geobgswalde, a market town of Bohemia, with a mineral spring, oirc. Leitmeritz, 64 m. N. Prague. Pop. 4,499. Adjacent is the vill. Neu- Georgswalde. Pop. 609, employed in weaving. Geb, sevl. comms. & vills., France, the princip. in dep. Manche, 8 m. E.N.E. Mortain. P. 2,820; Geba, a river of Central Germany, flows N.- ward through the territories of Gotha, Schwartz- burg-Rudolstadt, Prussian Saxony, and Weimar, and joins the Unstrut, 12 m. N. Erfurt, after a course of about 38 m. Plauen, Arnstadt, and Erfurt are on its banks. Gera, a town of Central Germany, princip, Reuss, cap. lordship, on the White-Elster, 36 m. S.S.W. Leipzig. Pop. (1846) 11,266. It is en^ closed by walls, and has several churches and hospitals, an orphan asylum, a richly endowed gymnasium, with a pubhc library and museums, normal and various other schools. It manufe. woollen and cotton fabrics, leather, hats, tobacco, porcelain, colours, earthenware, and carriages; & ha-s dye-works, breweries, & brick kilns. In its nelghbourhooH are well frequented public baths. Gerace, Locri, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. II., cap. dist., near the Mediterranean, 34 m. N.E. Reggio. Pop. 330. Geraci, a town of Sicily, intend. Palermo, in the Val Dimona, 16 m. S.S.E. Cefalu. Pop. 3,360. Gerasd-le-Put (St), a comm. and market town of France, dep. Allier, 6 m. W. La Palisse. Pop. 1,300. It has an old castle Gerard -DE-NvB, an isl.. Pacific Ocean, lat. 3° GER 536 GEK 10' S., Ion. 148° 10' E. Length about 40 m. ; breadth 8 m. It is mountajnous, densely wooded, and Inhabited by Papuan Negroes. Ggbabdmeu, or GEBOMf , a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Vosges, between the Lakes Gerard- mer, Longemer, and Ketoumemen cap. cant., 15 mi. S. St DiS. Pop. 1,597. Manuft. of wooden wares, & a large trade in cheese, cattle & timber. Gbkasa, a ruined city of Syria, identified by Seetzen with the modern Jerash, pash. and 50 m. S.W. Damascus, E. of the N. extremity of the Lal GoDTHAAB, a vill. of S. Greenland, in Davis Strait. Pop. of dist. 740. It was the first Danish colony in Greenland, established by Hans Egede in 1721. It has a mission seminary, and is the residence of an inspector. GoEDEREEDE, a towu of the Netherlands, S. Holland, 10 m. S.W. Brielle, on the isl. Goeree, formerly of commercial importance. Pop. 1,045. GoEBEE, an isl. of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, between Cramer and Hollands Diep, now united to the island of Over-Flakkee. The town Goeree, or Goereede, is on the E. coast. Goes, or Teb-Goes, a fortified town of the Netherlands, prov. Zeeland, cap. cant., on the isl. S. Beveland. Lat. 41° 30' N., Ion. 3° 63' E. Pop. (1840) 6,425. It is pretty well built, and has a curious ancient monastery, a harbour on an arm of the Scheldt, ship-builmng docks, and an ac- tive trade in salt, hops, corn, &c. — II. a vill. of Portugal, prov. Beira, 19 m. E. Coimbra. GcETA-ELF, or GoTHA, a river of Sweden, flows fi:om Lake Wener, and enters the Kattegat, after a S. course of 60 m. The towns Weners- borg, Kongelf, and Gottenburg, are on its banks. It is navigable in most of its extent ; but near its origin are the Falls of Trolhaetta, to avoid which the Trolhaetta canal was constructed. GosTEBOBG, a town of Sweden. [Gothenburg.] GoETZEDBBUOK, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Moselle, 16 m. S.E. Sarreguemines. It has, a manuf. of watch glasses, employing 600 hands, and producing 46,000 glasses daily. GOFFSTOWN, a township, U. S., N. Amer., New Hampshire, 16 m. S. Concord. Pop. 2,376. GoOAN, a vill. of Persia, prov. Azerbyan, on the E. side of Lake Urumiyah, 6 m. N.W. Deker- gan, enclosed by well cultivated gardens. GoQOiNOEN, a vill. of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, on bank of the Wertach, 2 m. S.W. Augsburg, with GOG 651 a castle and 1,222 inhabs.— II. a vill., grand duchy Baden, eirc. Lake, E. Mosskirch. P. 622. GoGQBA, Gharghara, a river of N. Hindostan, and one of the cmef tributaries of the Ganges, which it joins about 100 m. E.N.E. Benares, after a S.E. course of 100 to 600 m., through Nepaul, Oude, and the Bengal territ. Affls., the Baptee, Chouka, & Kali. The towns Fyzabad & Oude are on its banks. It is the Saregu of Hindoo mytho- logy, & accord, to Rennelthe Agorames of Arrian. The riv. is regarded with peculiar veneration by the Hindoos, is frequently mentioned in their sacred poetry, and its banks are resorted to by numerous devotees. GoGMAGoo Hills, England, co. and 3 m. S.E. Cambridge. On their highest summit are re- mains of an anc. camp with a triple entrenchment. GoGO, or GoGEH, a marit. town of British India, presid. Bombay, dist. Ahmedabad, on the W. side of the Gulf of Cambay, with a safe road- stead during the S.W. monsoon, and some trade in ship-building. GoGBA, Kanab, or Sarjoo. [Goggea.] GoHUD, and Gohun, two towns of India ; the former, British, presid. Bengal, upper provs., dist. and 22 m. N.E. Agra ; the latter in Bundelcund, 11 m. N.W. Jaloun. Goit (Loch), a branch of Loch Long, Scotl., CO. Argyle, extending for 4 m. N. to Loch goilhead. GoisEBN, a vill. of Upper Austria, oirc. and on theTraun, 6m.N.N.W. Hallstadt. P. 708. It has an anc. church, each house is surrounded by a garden, and this is considered the handsomest village in Austria. GoiTO, a vill. of Lombardy, deleg. and 8 m. N.W. Mantua, on the Mincio. Pop. 1,800. GoJAM, a dist. of Abyssinia, state Amhara, S. of the Lake Tzana, lat. 10° to 11° N., Ion. 37° to 38° E. It is mostly an undulating grassy plain, with little pop. or cultivation, traversed in some parts by high mntn. ranges, and by affls. of the Abai. Principal vills., Yaush, Tejubbi, Da- gat, Bichana, and Dima. GojEB, a riv. of Central Africa, in the country S. of Abyssinia, flowing E., in lat, about 6° N., supposed to join the Gibbi and the Abai. GoKAUK, a town of British India, presid. Bom- bay, dist. and 60 m. N.N.W. Dharwar, on the Gutpurba, an affl. of the Eistnah, & which forms here a superb cataract. Town of some impor- tance, and partially fortified. GoLBOBNE, a township of Engl., co. Lancaster, Sa. Winwiok, with a station on the London and r.W. railway, 2 m. N.N.E. Newton. Pop. 1,657. GoLOAB, a chapelry of Engl., co. York, W. Rid- ing, pa. & 3im.W.S.W.Huddersfield. Pop, 3,598. GoLOONDA, a fortified town of Hindostan, Nizam's dom., cap. dist., on a hill, 3 m. W. Hy- derabad. Lat. 17° 16' N., Ion. 78° 32' E. It has been noted as a depot for diamonds, which are, however, only brought hither from the plains at the base of Neela Hulla mountains, on the banks of the Krishna and Penaar rivers, no mines ex- isting in the vicinity ; and a large amount of trea- sure is supposed to be kept here, as Europeans or native strangers are not usually allowed to enter the gates. On its N. side are some famous tombs, frequently resorted to by holiday-parties irom Secunderabad. In the district are found opals, chalcedonies, and other gems, Goi,nAtiG£B,a pa. of England. [Goldhanqeb.] GoLDAPP, a town of E, Prussia, reg. and 21 m, S.E. Gumbinnen, cap. circ, on the Goldapp riv. Pop. 3,880. It has tanneries and breweries. Goi,DAU, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 5J m. "W,N.W, Schwytz, at the S. foot of the Rossberg, by a landslip of which mountain the former vill, of same name, with the vilis. Bussingen, Bother, and a part of Lowertz, were totally buried, on the 2d September 1806. Goldbebg, two towns of Germany,^, Prnss. Silesia, reg. and 11 m. S.W. Liegnitz, on the Katzbach, an affluent of the Oder. Pop. (1846) 7,360. Manufs. woollen cloth, hosiery, & gloves. At its high school the famous Wallenstein was educated. About 6 m. E. is the hamlet of Wahl- stadt, where the troops under Bliicher defeated the French under Macdonald, Aug. 26, 1813. II. Mecklenberg-Schwerin, 28 m, E. Schwerin, on the small lalce of Goldberg. Pop. (1846) 2,646, Its baths are now a good deal resorted to. GoLDctiFF, a pa. of England, co, Monmouth, 4J m, S,E, Newport. Area 2,130 ac. Pop. 282, It has the remains of a priory founded in 1113. Gold Coast, a country of Guinea, W. Africa, extending along the Atiantic Ocean, from the river Volta on the E., to Cape Lahu on lie W., and bounded N. by Ashantee. It was discovered by the Portuguese, who founded an establishment at Fort Elmina in 1482. The English first settled here in 1664. The country is fertile ; deer are plenty in the interior, and fish along the coasts. The princip. European establishments are Accra, Axim, Cape Coast Castle, Dixcove, and Elmina. Golden, a small mkt. town of Ireland, Munster, CO. Tipperary, in " the Golden vale," a rich valley of the Snir, 3J m. W. Cashel, Pop. 602, In the vicinity are the ruins of Athassel abbey. Golden BsroGE, a vill. of Ireland, Leinster, CO. and 1| m. W.S.W. Dubhn. Pop. 1,090. Golden Vale, England, co. Hereford, lyin^ W. of the city Hereford, on the riv. Dover. It owes its name to its rich soil & beautiful scenery. GoLDHANGEB, a pa. of Engl., CO. Essex, 4 m. E.N.E, Maldon. Area 1,140 ac. Pop. 620. Goldingen, a town of Russia, gov, Courland, cap. dist., on the Windau, 72 m. W.N.W. Mitau. Pop. 2,624, many of whom are Jews, GoLDiNGTON, a pa. of Engl., co. & 1 m. N.E. Bedford. Area 3,940 ac. Pop. 509. GoLDSBOBODGH, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, 2| m. E.S.E, Knaresborough. Area 3,230 ac. Pop. 495. The E. of Harewood, has a mansion here. GoLDSCHEDER, a Vill, of W. Germany, grand duchy Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, on the Rhme, 6 m. W.N.W. Offenburg, Pop. 672. GoLDSHAW-BooxH, a chapelry of England, co. Lancaster, 2J m. N.E. Haslingden. Pop. 748, GoLEGA, a town of Portugal, prov, Estremar. dura, on rt, b, of the Tagus, 70 m, N.N.E. Lisbon, with 2,600 inhabs., and a large ann. fair in Nov. GoLEK-BosHAZ (the " Giliciaa gates" of anti- quity), a pass in Asiatic Turkey, through the Bulghar-Tagh (Taurus), between the pashs, Earamania and Adana, 30 m, N,W. Tarsous, and defended by Turkish batteries, GoLPo Ddlce ("fresh gulf"), a lake of Cent. America, state and 126 m, N,E, Guatemala. Length about 26 m. ; average breadth 11 m. ; average depth from 6 to 8 fathoms. It receives the Rio Dulce and Polochic, and communicates with the Caribbean Sea by an outlet, 23 m, m. length, that expands midway into another lake termed the " Golfete " or Little Gulf. Fort San Felipe, and the vill. Izabal, are on the G. Duloe. GoLi, a small isl. of Dalmatia, circ. Zara, in the Adriatic Sea, 3 m, N.E. the Isl. Arbe.— II. a town, W. Africa, Senegambia, on the estuary of the Jeba, 6 m. N.E. Bissao. Pop. 4,000. (?) Goliad, a ruined town of Texas, on the San GOL 556 GOO Antonio, 70 m. S.E. Bexar, destroyed durins the war of 1836, previously to which it had about 1,200 inhabs., liTing in stone-built houses. GoiLNOW, a town of Prussian Pomerania, reg. and 14 m. N.E. Stettin, on rt. b. of the Ihna. Pop. (1846) 4,700, who weave linen and woollen fabrics, & manuf. paper, tobacco, & copper wares. GoLLOusiEH, a petty maritime town of the Isl. Socotra, Indian Ocean, on its N. coast. GoLLUB, a town of Prussia, reg. Marienwerder, on the Drewenz. Pop. 2,320. Its suburb Do- brzir belongs to Poland. GoLKiTZ, a mkt. town of W. Hungary, co. Zips, 18 m. S.W. Eperies. Pop. 6,300. It is the seat of a mining council and tribunal ; in and around it are iron and copper mines, iron forges, and factories of iron wire and cutlery. GoLO, a riv. of Corsica, enters the Mediter- ranean on its E. coa3t, 12 m. S. Bastia. Length 38 m. Near its mouth are the ruins of Mariana. Golspie, a pa. of Scotland, co. Sutherland, on Dornoch Firth, 12 m. N.N.E. Dornoch. Surface mntnous., interspersed with small lochs. Pop. 1,214. Dunrobin castle, the seat of the Duke of Sutherland, is in this pa. GoLTHO, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, IJ m. W.S.W. Wragby. Area 1,780 ac. Pop. 159. GoMANO, a small island, Pacific. [Gomona.] Gombroon, or Bundeb Abbas ("port of Abbas," anc. Hormuz, or Harmozia), a seaport town of Persia, prov. Kirman, but latterly form- ing a part of the Muscat dom., on the Persian Golf, near its mouth, about 12 m. N.W. the Isl. Ormuz. Lat. 27° 18' N., Ion. 56° 30' E. Pop. 5,000. (?) It stands on a slope in a barren coun- try, and is enclosed by a mud wall, and wretch- emj built. It owed its importance and modem name to Shah Abbas, who, in 1622, with the aid of the English, drove the Portuguese from Or- muz, the trade of which isl. was then transferred hither. Some remains of European fectories ex- ist, and one serves for an occasional residence of the imam of Muscat ; outside of the walls are some European tombs, and reservoirs. Imports consist of £idian and other piece goods, & Cliina ware. Exports comprise Persian carpets, tobac- co, and dried fruits. GoMEEA, one of the Canary Isls., W. group, W. Tenerijffe, from which it is separated by a strait 13 m. broad. Length 12 m. ; breadth 9 m. Pop. (1835) 11,142. It has some primary mntns. covered with perpetual snow ; and many fertile valleys, producing com, frnits, wine, cotton, sugar, &c. Live stock are plentiful, and some woollen stuffs are made. Principal town St Sebastian. — II. a river of Marocco, prov. Pez, enters the Mediterranean near Velez-Gomera, after a N.W. course of 60 miles. GoMEBSAi,, a tnshp. of England, co. Tork, W. Kidmg, pa. Birstall, 6| m. S.E. Bradford. Pop. 8,030, mostly employed in woollen cloth mannfe. Gomez, an isl. of S. Amer., New Granada, in the Caribbean Sea, at the mouth of the Magda^ lena. Lat. 11° 6' N., Ion. 74° BV W. Gommegnies, a coram, and town of France, dep. Nord, 14 m. N.W. Avesnes. Pop. 2,960. GoMMENiTZA, a Small seaport town of European Turkey, Epirus, on an inlet of the Mediterranean, opposite the S. extremity of Corfu. GoMMEBH, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. & 9 m. E.S.E. Magdeburg, on the Ehle. P. 1,880. GoMONA, a small isl. of the Pacific, Xulla isls., in lat. 1° 46' S., Ion. 127° 27' E. GoMOE (Sajo), a vill. of N. Hungary, cap. circ. in the co. Gomor, on the Sajo, 88 m. N.E. Pesth. Pop. 1,049, who trade in wine & tobacco. It has a Protestant gymnasium, with a public library, & several scientific collections. The co. of Gomor has an area of 1,694 sq. m,, and a pop. of 202,000. GoMUL, or GoOLAiBEE, an important pass on the middle route from Hindostan into Afghanis- tan, leading from Dera Ismael Khan to Gnuznee, along the channel of the Gomul river. GoNAivE (La), an isl., W. Indies, W. Hayti, in Uie Bay of Leogane. Length about 36 m. ; aver- age breadth 8 m. It is destitute of potable water, and has no permanent population. GoNAivEs (Lbs), a town of Hayti, cap. arrond., on the Bay of Gonaives, 65 m. N.W. Port Ke- publicain. It has an excellent harbour, a naval and military hospital, and pubUc baths, GoNALDSTONE, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 4 J m. S.S. W. Southwell. Area 960 ac. Pop. 113. GoMOEUN, a comm. and town of France, dep. Isfere, cap. cant., 17 m. N.E. Grenoble. P. 1,642. GoNDAK, a city of Abyssinia, cap. state, Am- hara, 30 m. N.E. Lal^e Tzana. Pop. esti- mated at 1,000 families. It is irregularly built on a lofty isolated eminence, and interspersed with numerous trees. Principal buildings, the palace, a square stone edifice of the 16th century,, and about 40 churches. Nearly all goods sold here are exposed for sale in the great square. GoNDBEcouET, a comm. and town of France, dep. Mouse, cap. cant., on the Ornain, 17 m. S.S.W. Commercy. Pop. l,681.-^Gondremlle is a comm. and vill., dep. Meurthe, on rt. b. of the Moselle, 4 m. E.N.E. Toul. Pop. 1,307. GoNDWABA, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. and 18 m. S.S.W. Purneah. GoNEBBT, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 2 m. N.W. Grantham. Area 2,230 ac. Pop. 1,049. GoNESSE, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, cap. cant., 10 m.N.E. Paris, on the Crou. Pop. (1846) 2,147. Manufs. hosiery and lace. Birth-place of Philip Augustus. GoKFABON, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Var, 22 m. N.E. Toulon. Pop 1,663. GoNiADZ, a town of Kussian Poland, gov. and 32 m. N.W. Bialystok, on the Bober. Pop. 1,650. GoNNEViLLE, two comms. and vills. of France. — I. dep. Manche, 5 m. E. Cherbourg. Pop. 1,370. —II. dep. Seine-Inf., 11 m. N.N.E. Havre. GoNHiNGEif, a vill. of Wiirtemberg, circ. Black Forest, at the foot of the Kossberg, 6 m. S.W. Keutlingen. Pop. 2,422, who carry on an ex- tensive trade in seeds and garden produce. GoNKOBD, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, 18 m. S. Angers._ P. 1,878. GowNOs-FANADiGA, a viU. of Sardinia, div. and 30 m. N.W. Caghari. Pop. (incl. commO 2,925. GoNZAGA, a market town of N. Italy, Lombar- dy, deleg. and 14 m. S. Mantua. GoocHLAHD, a CO. of the U. S., N. America, in E. of Virginia. Area 300 sq. m. Pop. 9,760. GooDEKSTONE, Or GooDSON, 3, pa. of England, CO. Norfolk, 3J m. E.N.E. Stoke-Fcrry. Area 2,870 ac. Pop. 600. Goon Hope, a fort of British N. America,' on the M'Kenzie river. Lat. 67° 30' N., Ion. 130° 40' W. Old Fort Good Hope, is on the same river, 105 m. N.W. Good Hope (Bay of), a bay of Russian Amer., lat. 66° 80' N., Ion. 161° to 164° W., at the termination of Kotzebue Sound. It contains Chamisso island. The land around it is swampy. Good Hope. [Cape of Good Hope.] It is also the name of the N. extremity of Papua, in lat. 0° 19' 15'' S., Ion. 132° 27' E. GooDLEiGn, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 2i m. E.N.E. Barnstaple. Area 1,180 ac. Fop, 336. GooDNESTON, two pas. of England, co. Kent. GOO 556 GOK —I. 2i m. S.S.E. Wingham. Area 1,900 ac. Pop. 424 II. 2 m. E. Faversham. Ac. 140. P. 60. GooDBicH, a pa. of England. [Goderich.] Goodwin Sands, a range of shoals in the Strait of Dover, extending off the S.E. coast of Engl., CO. Kent, between the N. & S. Forelands, about 7 m. E. Deal and the Isle of Thanet ; the road- stead, termed the Downs, lying between them & the mainland. Length about 10 m., by IJ m. in breadth. They are divided into two portions by a narrow channel, are in many places bare at low water, and owing to their shifting and loose nature, they have, perhaps, proved moje fatal to life and property than any other quicksands known. Floating lights have long been fixed here, and some lofty beacons have been erected. Goodwood, the fine seat of the Duke of Richmond, England, co. Sussex, pa. Lavant, 3 m. N.N.E. Chichester. Goodwood races are held annually in the park daring the last week in July. GooJAH, a town of Scinde, on the route be- tween Tattah and Kurachee, 10 m. W. Tattah, and on a navigable creek of the Indian Ocean, whence inland navigation might be effected to connect Kurachee with the Indus. GooLE, a river port tovru of England, eo. York, W. Riding, pa. Snaith, on the Ouse, at the in- flux of the Don, and at the termination of the Aire and Calder navigation, 3 m. S. Ilowden. Area of township 3,020 ao. Pop. (1831) 1,671 ; in 1841 2,850. Goole has only of late risen into importance ; it has now docks for merchant ships and coasting craft, a harbour accessible for ves- sels drawing from 16 to 17 feet water, an active trade in coal, and several banks. Gross customs revenue (1846) 44,9202. Reg. shipping of port, 490 vessels ; aggregate burden 30,224 tons. GooMsuR {Ghumsara), a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. Ganjam, cap. a large zemin- dary, and 73 m. W. Juggernaut. GooMTY (Gomati "winding"), two rivers of British India, presid. Bengal 1. a tributary of the Ganges, which it joins 17 m. N.E. Be- nares. Chief affluent, the Sye. The cities Luck- now, Sultanpoor, and Juanpoor are on its banks. — II, dist. Tiperah, joins the Brahmaputra, 20 m. S.E. Dacca. Comillah is on its S. bank. GooHDA, a town of Hindostao, dominion and 25 miles N.W. Oude. GooNEE, an arm of the riv. Indus, Scinde, con- tinuous with Fulailee below Hyderabad, enters the Indian Ocean by the Koree and Sir mouths of the Indus at its delta. New Luckput, its E. branch, traverses a lake formed by an earthquake in 1819. Its W. branch is navigable from the Ali-Bunder, Maghribee, to the sea, a dist. of 50 m. Goonons-Tella, a maritime town of Celebes, on the N. coast of the Goonong-Tella Bay, be- tween the N. & E. limbs of the isl. Lat. 0° 30' N., Ion. 123° E. The Dutch had a settlement here. GooR, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Over- yssel, cap. cant., 28 m. S.E. ZwoUe. 'Top. 1,627. Goose Island, an island in the St Lawrence river, Lower Canada, 13 m. N.E. the isl. Orleans. — 11. a rocky islet in Bass Strait, on which a light-house was erected in 1846. GoosNAKQH, a chapelry of England, co. Lan- caster, pa. Kirkham, 5 m. N.N.E. Preston. Pop. 1,621. Here is a richly endowed institution for decayed persons of the higher classes, founded by Dr Bushell in 1736. GooTV, a strong fort and town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 50 m. E. Bellary, on a mountain, 2,171 feet above the sea. The military works here are very extensive, and Gooty was formerly the cap. of a petty Mahratta state. GoPPiNGEN, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Danube, on the Fils, 27 m. N.W^ Ulm. Pop. (1846) 5,035. It is well built, and has a royal re- sidence, a remarkable town-hall, mineral baths, manufs. of woollen cloth & eai-thenwares, bleach- ing worlcs, and an active trade in wool. Near it are the baths of Boll, & the ruined castle Hohen- stauffen, the cradle of the imperial race that held the German empire in the 12th century. GopSAti., an extra parochial liberty of Engl., the splendid seat of Earl Howe, co. Lincoln, 41 m. N.W. Market-Bosworth. The chapel is fine. GoRA, a small town of Poland, gov. and 19 m. S.S.E. Warsaw. — II. a vill. of Prassia, prov. Po- sen, reg. and 22 m. S.S.W. Bromberg. GoRAB UNDER, a viU. and fort of British India, presid. and about 20 m. N. Bombay, at the N. extremity of the island Salsette, separated from the mainland by a narrow arm of that sea. GoRAM, an island of the Malay archip., 20 m. in circuit. Lat. 4° 3' S., Ion. 131° 50' E. GoRBALS, a pa. of Scotland, cos. Lanark and Renfrew, forming a suburb of Glasgow, on the S. bank of the Clyde. Pop. 39,054, employed in the various manufactories of Glasgow. GoRBATOV, a town of Russia, gov. and 36 m. W.S. W. Nijnii- Novgorod, on the Oka. P. 2,070. GoKCHEN (Polish Gorlta), a town of Prussia, prov. and 52 m. S. Posen. Pop. 1,500. GoRDES, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vaucluse, 10 m. W.N.W. Apt. Pop. 1,212. Gordon, a pa. of Scotland, co. Berwick, 8 m. N.'W. Kelso. Pop. 903. It is famous as having given the title of Duke to the Gordons, a Norman family, whose earliest seat in'Scotland was fixed here in the reign of Malcolm Ceanmore. Gordon Castie, or Castle Gordon, the seat of the Duke of Richmond, heir of the above family, Scotland, co. Elgin, pa. Bellie, about 1 m. N. Fochabers. It stands in a magnificent park, is one of the finest structures in Scotland, and contains some choice paintings and statuary. GoREE, an island and town of W. Africa, be- longing to the French, immediately S.E. Cape Verd, in lat. 14° 39' N., Ion. 17° 24' W. Pop. (1836) 4,860, comprising 18 Europeans. It is about 3 m. in circ, and steep on the W., S., and E. sides. Surface sandy, swampy, and sterile. At its N.E. extremity is a roadstead, safe for shipping during eight months in the year. The town is well built, and covers about 2-3ds of the island : it is the seat of civil and commercial tribunals, and an entrep6t for gum-Senegal, ivory, gold-dust, &c. It has latterly been pretty strongly fortified, but is deficient in wood and water. It has been repeatedly taken by the English and Dutch in the last and the present centuries. — II. an island and vill. of S. Holland, near the mouth of the Maas. — III. a vill. of Jer- sey, on its S.E. coast, 7 m. E.S.E. St Heller's, & immediately below Mount- Orgueil Castle. Gore Island, or St Matthew, an island in Behring Sea, about midway between America & Asia. Xat of its S. point, 60° 18' N., Ion. 172° i' W. Length N.W. to S.E. 28 m. It is composed of low hills, separated by deep valleys. GoRESBRiDGE, a vill. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Kilkenny, 2| m. E. Gowran. Pop. 921. GoKEY, a munic. bor. and market town of Ireland, Leinster, co. & 24 m. N.N.E. Wexford. Pop. 3,365. It is neatly built, has a handsome church, a barrack, and market-house. Gorgona, a small island in the Mediterranean, belonging to Tuscany, prov. Pisa, between Corsica and Leghorn. It is a wooded rock, about 2 m. in length and breadth, inhabited by families en- GOR 5o7 GOR gaged in its fishery of anchovies, for which it is noted. — II. an island, S. America, New Granada, dep. Cauca, in the bay of Choco, Pacific, of about the same size as the preceding island, 110 m. S.W. Buenaventura. Lat. 2° 57' N., Ion. 78° 25' 'W.— III. a vill., N. Granada, on the isthmus, and 20 m. N.W. Panama, on the riv. Chagres. — Gforgo- nilla is an island in the Pacific Ocean, off Point Manglares, Ecuador. GoBGONzoLA, a vill. of Lombardy, deleg. and 12 m. E.N.E. Milan, cap. dist. Pop. 2,310. It , has an elegant modern church, and extensive trade in the celebrated Strachino cheese. GoBOUE (La), a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Nord, 10 m.S.E. Hazebrouck. Pop. 3,223. GoKHAH, two townships, U. S., N. Amer.— I Maine, 60 m. S.W. Augusta. Pop. 3,001.-11. New York, 197 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,779. Gobi, a fortified town of Russia, Georgia, on the Kur, 43 m. W.N.W. Teflis. Pop. 3,000. It has several Greek and Armenian churches, and mannfe. of cotton cloths and coverlets. — II. a vill. of Russia, gov. and 42 m. N.E. Moghilev. GoKis, a riv., Russian Poland, govs. Volhynia and Minsk, joins the Pripetz, by two arms a^out 50 m. E. Finsk, after a tortuous N. course of 230 m. Chief affl. the Slutch. The towns Zaslav, Ostrog, and Dombrovitza, are on its banks. GoBiNCHF.M, Netherlands. [GoKKtrM.] GoBiNe, two pas. of England I. co. Oxford, on the Thames and the Great Western railway, on which it has a station, 8| m. N.W. Reading. Area 4,670 ac. Pop. 971. — II. co. Sussex, on the S. coast railway, 3 m. W. Worthing. Area 2,120 ac. Pop. 50. Castle Goring, the seat of the Shelley family, is in this parish. GoBissEiFEx (Obee), 3, vill. of PiTissian Silesia, reg. Leignitz, circ. Lowenberg. Pop. 2,240. GoBiTz (German Gorz, Italian Gorizia), a town of Dlyria, gov. and 22 m. N.N.W. Triest, cap. circ, on the Isonzo. Pop. (1845) 12,137. It consists of an upper, or old town, on a height, enclosed by walls, and with a partly ruined castle, now a prison ; and a lower, or new, and well built town. Principal buildings, a fine cathedral, sevl. other churches, the bishop's palace, the barracks, formerly a Jesuit's college, the circle-hall, town- ho., alms-hos., & an elegant new theatre. It has the diocesan school for the gov. Triest, a philosophi- cal academy, Piarist & other colleges, Ursuline, Jews', and other superior schools; societies of agriculture and arts, and mannfs. of silks, ro- soglio, leather, &c., with dye-works, sugar re- fineries, and a brisk general trade. The ex-king of France, Charles x., died here in 1836. GoBiTz, a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. and 12 m. N.N.E. Frankfart. Pop. 1,750. GoBKHA, a town of N. Hindostan, and the ano. cap. of Nepanl, 50 m. W.N.W. Khatmandoo, on a high hill, & reported to comprise 2,000 houses, with a temple to the tutelar deity. GoEKTiM, or GoncuM, Dutch Gorinchem, a for- tified town of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, cap. dist., on the Maas, at the influx of the Linge, 22 m. E.S.E. Rotterdam. Pop. (1810) 8,199. It is pretty well built, and has a court of primary jurisdiction, college, learned association established in 1815, manufs. of tobacco pipes, active salmon fishery, and a considerable trade in com, cheese, hemp, and horses. Birth-place of several eminent Dutch painters ; and a house once occupied by Grotius still exists in the town. GoEtAGO, a vill. of Lombardy, deleg. and 7 m. E.S.E. Bergamo, with a curious belfry. Pop. 1,200. GoEiESTOw, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, on the N. Sea, adjoining' Yarmoutli on the S., and within its pai-1. boundary. Area 1,830 ac. Pop. 2,365. GoELioE, a market town of Austrian Poland, circ. Jaslo, 20 m. E.N.E. Newsandec. Pop. 2,647, employed in linen and woollen weaving. GoRLiTZ, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 52 m. W. Liegnitz, cap. circ, on 1, b. of the Neisse, and on the railway from Dresden to Breslau. Pop. (1846) 15,230. It is walled, en- tered by eleven gates, has three suburbs, and is generally well built. Principal edifices, the church of St Peter and Paul, a structure of the 16th century ; the town-hall, 4 hospitals, a pri. son, and an orphan asylum. It has a Protest-, ant college, and a philosophical society, with a library of 20,000 vols, and several MSS., exten- sive manufs. of linen and woollen cloths, bell- foundries, steel, and iron factories, lithographic printing, and bleaching establishments, ana an active trade in linen fabrics and wool. GoEMANSTOWN, 3. vlll. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Meath, 1| m. N.W. Balbriggan. Pop. 160. It gives the title of Viscount to the Preston family, who acquired the manor in the reign of Edward m., and whose baronial resid. adjoins the village. GoKonisOHTCH^, several towns, 4c. , Russia. —I. gov. and 35 m. E.N.E. Pensa. Pop. 2,000. —II. gov. and 40 m. S.W. Tver. Pop. 1,271, GoEODNiA, a town of Russia, gov. and 33 m. N.E. Tchernigov, cap. dist., with 1,700 inhabs. GoRODOK, several towns, &c., Russia. — I. gov. and 20 m. N.N.W. Vitebsk. Pop 1,700, mostly Jews. — II. (G. Borisov), gov. and 63 m. S.W. Moscow, and founded by the Czar Boris-Go- danov, whence its name. Gorodok is the name of several vills., gov. Minsk. GoBOGUEA, or GuRGDEA, a rfvcr of Brazil, betw. the provs. Piauhy and Pernambuco, joins the Parahiba, 96 m. N.N.W. Oeiras, after a N.E. course of 320 m. The town Jerumenha is on its E. bank. GoKOKHOv, or GoEOKHOVETZ, a town of Russia, gov. and 95 m. E. Vladimir, cap. dist., on the Kliazma. Pop. 2,400. It has a bell-foundry, and manufs. of linen cloth and yarn ; and it ex- ports leather, skins, and thread to Astrakhan, and caviar, salted fish, &c., to St Petersburg. — II. a vill., gov. Volhynia, 30 m. S.E. Vladinur. GoRBAN (St), a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 5 m. E.S.E. Tregony. Area 4,660 ac Pop. 1,332. The vill. has a pilchard fishery. GoEREDYK, a mkt. town, Netherlands, prov. Friesland, 18 m.S.E. Leeuwarden. Pop. 1,700. GoKREVOD, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Ain, 18 m. N. Bourg. Pop. 1,783. It was created a duchy by Louis xviii. GoERON, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. and 11 m. N.W. Mayenne, cap. cant., with 1,634 in- habs., and a large Easter fair for cattle & corn. GoET, a market town of Ireland, Connaught, CO. Galway, 16 m. N.N.E. Ennis. Pop. 3,056. It is almost embowered amongst trees, is very neatly built, and has a barracks, union work-house, ana large market. It gives the title of Viscount to the Vereker family, whose mansion, Loughcooter, is 2 miles from the town. GoETOM, a chapelry of England, co. Lancaster, pa. and 3i m. E.S.E. Manchester, on the railway thence to Shefiield. Pop. 2,422. Here is a re- servoir for supplying Manchester with water. GoRUCKPOOE, a dist. of British India, presid. Bengal, having N. Nepaul, W. the Oude dom., and on other sides the dists. Sarun, Ghazipoor, and Azimghur. Area 9,520 sq. m. Principal rivers, the Gunduck on its E. border, the Goggra on the S., and the Raptee traversing its centre. GOB 558 GOT Surface mostly densely wooded; at the foot of the N. mountains is an extensive marshy and imhealthy tract termed the Terriani. Land rev. (1829-30) 169,690?. Principal towns, Goruckpoor, the cap., on the Raptee, 150 m. W-N-W. Patna, Lotun, and Sanouly. GoBWVDD, a tnshp. of N. Wales, co. Cardigan, pa. Llan-Ddeir-Bren, 2 m. N. Lampeter. P. 608. GoBZ, a town of Illyria. [Gobitz.] GoBZE, a comm. and town of France, dep. Moselle, cap. cant.,9m. W.S.W. Metz. P. 1,763. GosAELi, a considerable town of Hindostan, Macherry dom., 60 m. W.N.'W. Agra. GosBECK, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, i m. E.N.E. Needham. Area 1,530 ac. Pop. 316. GosBEBTOir, apa, of England, co. LincoIn,6 m. N. Spalding. Area 8,820 ac. Pop. 2,120. GospiELD, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 2 m. S.W. Halstead. Area 2,290 ac. Pop. 653. Gos- field hall, is one of the finest remaining speci- mens of architecture of the reign of Henry viii. GosFOBTH, two pas. of England. — I. co. North- umberland, 2| m. N. Newcastle. Area 6,010 ac. Pop. 3,020, employed in coal mines. — II. co. Cumberland, 6 m. S.S.E. Egremont. Ac. 8,400. Pop. 1,113. Here is a curious anc. stone pillar. Goshen, several townships, U. S., N. America. — I. New York, on the New York & Erie railway, 92 m. S.W. Albany. Pop. 3,889. The town- ship is celebrated for its rich grazing farms, and excellent butter for the supply of the New York market. — II. Connecticut, 6 m. N. Litchfield; also celebrated for its dairy farms. Pop. 1,529. — III. Ohio, CO. and on the Tuscarawas. Pop. 1,885.— IV. Ohio, co. Belmont. Pop. 1,880. Numerous smaller places have this name. GosiEB, or GoziEB (Le), a maritime vill. of the isl. Guadelope, arrond. and 5 m. S.E. Pointe-a- Pitre, on the little Cul-de-Sac. Pop. 3,242. GosLAB, a town of Hanover, landrost and 27 m. S.E. Hildesheim, on an affluent of the Ooker, at the N.E. foot of the Harz. Pop. (1846) 7,179, mostly employed in the adjacent mines of the Bammelsberg, but partly in manufs. of vitriol, shot, hardwares, carpets, leather, &c., in distilling and in brewing beer, which has a high repute. It is enclosed by walls, and is badly laid out and gloomy, with houses in an antique style, it being one of the oldest towns in Germany. It was formerly a frequent seat of the German Diets, and residence of the Emperor. Principal build- ings & antiquities are — portions of the cathedral, demolished in 1820, and of an imperial palace, now a corn magazine, with some churches, and conventual edifices, a hospital, a college, and the Zmnger, an old tower, now used for a place of entertainment. Goslar is the seat of the mining council of the Harz, and of the corn dep6t for the Hanoverian portion of that region. GospioH, a market town, Austrian Croatia, military frontier, 14 m. E. Carlopago. Pop. 1,000. GospORT, a fortified seaport town of England, CO. Hants, pa. Alverstoke, W. of, and separated from, Portsmouth by the mouth of Portsmouth harbour, across which a floating bridge connects the two towns. It is at the termination of a branch of the S.W. railway, 66 m. SM. London. Pop. 8,862, mostly engaged in government navy works, or in retail trade, and the supply of shipping. It is regularly and pretty well bixilt, but dull : its ramparts form a section of the for- tified baiTier, inclosing Portsmouth, Portsea, and Gosport; but they are much less massive and imposing than the defences of the former towns. Gosport has extensive barracks, the -Royal Clarence victualling yard, a powder magazine, u-on foundries, and a co. house of correction. Outside of the town, on the S., is Ha.slar hospital, the largest naval infirmary in Britain. Its vi- cinity is pleasant; and W. the town are the suburbs Bingham town, Forton, and many good villas. It is governed by the co. magistrates, and is a polling-place for the S. division of Hants. GosPOBT, a vill., U. S., N. America, Virginia, on Elizabeth river, opposite to Norfolk. The U. States have here a large navy yard. — II. a town- ship, New Hampshire, co. Rockingham, 8 m. fi-om Portsmouth, including the isles of Shoals. GossEHES, a vill. of Belgium, prov. Hainant, cap. cant., 4 m. N. Charleroi. Pop. (1842) in- cluding comm., 4,686, engaged in manufs. of woollen cloth, hats, nails, and cutlery. GossHiTZ, a vill. of Central Germany, duchy Saxe-Altenberg, on the Pleisse, 31 m. S. Leipsic, on the railway thence to Zwickau. Pop. 1,628. GosTYN, a town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 38 m. S.E. Posen. Pop. 2,S20.—Go^iiin is a vill. of Russian Poland, gov. and 65 m. W.N.W. Warsaw. Pop. 1,300. GoTA, a town of India, Sattarah dom., 23 m. S.W. Bejapoor, enclosed by a well built stone wall, and having a respectable appearance. GoTHA, a town of Central Germany, cap. prm- cipality Saxe-Gotha, on the Thuringian railway, between Eisenach & Halle, 14 m. W.S.W. Erfiut. Pop. (1837) 13,874. It stands on the declivity of a lull, crowned by the palace of Friedenstein, the usual residence of the sovereign of Saxe Coburg & Gotha, a structure resembling Windsor Castle in miniature, and containing a good gallery of paintings, a library of 120,000 vols, and 5,000 MSS., one of the' finest cabinets of coins in Europe, collections of Japanese and Chinese curiosities, and various museums of arts and science. Gotha is one of the best built towns in Germany, and enclosed by handsome boulevards, which replace its ancient fortifications. It con- tains numerous churches, an arsenal, a gym- nasium, one of the most esteemed in Germany, a new ducal high school, orphan & lunatic asylum, a house of correction, an institution for neglect- ed children, the Caroline establishment for poor girls, a polytechnic and a normal school, school of trades, society of arts, a life and fire assurance society for all Germany, &c. Manufs. comprise cotton and woollen fabrics, carpets, yam, sail cloth, leather, tin, and lackered wares, fire en- gines, paper hangings, musical and scientific in- struments ; it has many dyeing establishments, and a large porcelain factory, and Gotha sau- sages are in high repute in all parts of Ger- many. Near it are the observatory of the See- berg, and the ducal residence of Friederichsthal. Since 1764, the excellent " Almanach de Gotha" has been published here. The duchy of Gotha, forming part of Saxe Coburg, lies on the N. side of the Thuringian forest, and has a pop. of 101,461. [Saxe-Cobobo-Gotha.] Gotha-Canal, Sweden, unites thelakes Wener and Wetter, and the Baltic Sea, with the Katte- gat, by the Goetaelf, Trolhsetta canal, &c. Length nearly 25 m. ; breadth at base 40 feet; depth 9 ft. The Gotha navigation line, which is open to ships of all nations, was completed in 1832. [TBOLHiETTA CaKAI..] GoTHAW, or GoTEHAM, 3, pa. of Eugl., CO. and 6j m. S.S.W. Nottingham. Ac. 2,740. P. 747. GoTHAKD, or GoTTHAED (St), agTOup of mutus. in the Lepontine Alps, between the Swiss cants, of Uri, Valais, Tessin, and Grisons. Lat. 46° 33' N., Ion. 8° 35' E. The several peaks of the St Goth- ard, which are all above the snow line, vary in GOT 6«» GOT height from 8,750 ft. to 10,900 ft. Within a short space from the hospice, the rivers Rhine, Bhone, Eeuss, & Tessin, have their sources. The Pass of St Goihard is one of the best and most fi'e- quented routes across the Alps. The excellent carriage road was completed m 1832, it is kept in the best repair, and at the summit of the pass (6,976 ft.), 6 m. N. Ariolo, is the hospice, a com- modious station for travellers. On the N. slope is the celebrated DemVs Bridge across the Keuss. This was the scene of several combats between the French and Russians in 1799. Mean temp, of the year at the hospice 31° .9 ; winter 17° .5 ; summer 44° .7 Fahr. GoTHENBDRG (Swed. GSteborg),& Isen orprov. of Sweden, having W. the Skagerrack and Katte- gat, N. Norway, & on other sides the ten Weners- borg. Area 1,801 sq. m. Pop. (1840) 164,974. Sumce mntnous., and wooded in the E., else- where level and not very fertile ; the coasts are studded with islands, comprising Orust, Tjorn, Marstrand, and Kanso. Principal riv., the Gceta- elf ; in the N. are several lakes. Cattle breeding, fishing, weaving, and the timber and lichen trade, employ most of the inhabs. Principal towns, Gothenburg, Uddevalla, and Stromstad. GOTHENBUBG, Or GOTTENBTJEG (Swcd. Gote- horg), a seaport city of W. Sweden, cap. laen, at the head of a fiord, on the Kattegat, which re- ceives the Goeta, or Gotha riv., immediately op- posite the N. extremity of Denmark. Pop. (ISjfe) 28,758. It consists of a lower & an upper town ; the former in a marshy pMn, and intersected by canals; the latter picturesquely scattered over adjacent rocky heights. It is well built, and its terrace-roofed stone houses, with avenues and gardens interspersed, remind a traveller of S. Europe. Principal edifices, the exchange, arse- nal, E. India house, town hall, a cathedral, and several other churches, one built with stone from Scotland, the theatre, barracks, and some hospi- tals. It has a school for 100 children of soldiers (founded by the present King of Sweden), a free school for the board of 200 and education of 300 children, and 2 orphan asylums, with a college & public library, a society of arts and sciences, a chamber of commerce, &c. The harbour, de- fended by 3 forts, hi 17 feet of water; and Gothenburg is, after Stockholm, the most impor- tant trading city of the kingdom, having factories for weaving, spinning, and printing cotton goods, mannfs. of woollens and sail cloth, snuff, glass, & paper, porter breweries, tanneries, and ship-build- ing docks, &c., the products of which establish- ments form, after iron, timber, tar, copper, and other metals, oai-bark, bones, berries, and rock moss, the principal exports. Imports mostly com- prise colonial products, salt, rice, and herrings, which last were formerly the chief article of ex- port. The Isen or dist. of Gothenberg has an area of 1,891 sq. m. Pop. (1840) 164,964. Gothland (Swedish GSta-land, French Gothie), a former division of Sweden, comprising all the kingdom S. of lat. 69° 20' N., and now subdivided among 12 Isens (Sweden). The prov. of East Gotkland or Oatrogofhia, is mostly identical with the laen Linkopmg ; and West Gothland or Westrogothia, with those of Mariestad, part of Wenersborg, and Gothenborg. — II. an isl. of Sweden, in the Baltic Sea. [Gottland.] GoTKEE, a small town of Scinde, on the In- dus, 37 m. N.E. Shikarpoor, with a tolerable bazaar, and a large mosque. GoTs Islands, the W.most group of Japan, consisting of 5 islands & some rocks, & stretch- ing from N. to S. between lat, 32° 40' and 33° 30', and Ion. 129° B. The two largest islands are each nearly 25 m. in length. GoTiENBUBG, a city, Sweden. [Gotiienbuko.] GoTiEKN, two vills. of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 23 m. N.W. Erfurt. Pop. of Old Gottern 1,128 ; of Great Gottern 1,806. GoTTEsHAUs BuND, Switzerland. [GnisoKS.] GoTTESBEBG, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 46 m. S.W. Breslau. Pop. 2,360, employed in weaving, and in adjacent coal and lead mines. GOTTESGAB, a small mining town of Bohemia, circ. and 17 m. N.N.E. Elbogen. Pop. 1,222. GoTTiNGEN, a town of Hanover, cap. princip. Gottingen, & of an amt. in the landr, Hilaesheim, on the Leine, 60 m. S. Hanover. Lat. 61° 31' 47'' N., Ion. 9° 56' 46" E. Pop. (1846) 10,644. It is pleasantly situated at the foot of the moun- tain Haimberg, is enclosed by walls, entered by four gates, and consists of the old and new towns, and the quarter of Masch. Streets broad and well paved, and the ramparts, planted with trees, form a pleasant public promenade. Principal edifices, three Lutheran churches, a Calvinist church, and a Roman Catholic chapel ; the university-hall, finished in 1837, the court- house, surgical and lying-in-hospitals, an astro- nomical and a magnetical observatory, theatre of anatomy, museum, and a large riding school. Its university, founded by George ii. in 1734, & rechartered in 1836 as the Academia Georgia Au- gusta, was, down to 1831, the chief of the German universities, and the number of its students in 1822 and 1826 averaged 1,481 annually, but from 1831 to 1837 their average number was only 868, and the oppressive measures of King Ernest in 1837, still further ensured its decline. In 1845 it had only 633 students. Connected with the es- tablishment are a library of 330,000 printed vols., and 5,000 MSS., a noble academical museum, founded in 1773, and a botanic garden laid out under Haller's superintendence in 1739, and vari- ous other institutions, including the Sprueh Kol~ legium, a judicial society, for whose decision questions are brought from all parts of Germany. Gross annual expenditure of the university about 50,000^ (For copious details see M'CullocKs Geog. Diet. i. 916.) Connected with the univer- sity is a royal society of sciences established 1751, a high female school, and a house of correction. Gottingen was formerly one of the Hanse towns, and has manufs. of woollen and linen stuffs, coloured paper, musical and surgical instruments, iron and steel wares, starch, and soap ; but those of tobacco pipes and sausage.?, and the sale of books are the only flourishing branches of trade, and the town has hitherto defended for support mainly on its university ; under the French, from 1807 to 1814, it was the cap. of the dep. Leine. Gottland, an island of the Baltic, belonging to Sweden, of which it forms the laen Wisby, be- tween lat. 66° 55'& 68° N., & Ion. 18° : 0'& 19° 10' E. Area 1,227 sq. m. Pop. (1840) 41,676. Surface generally from 200 to 300 feet above the sea ; coasts indented by numerous bays. Soil pretty fertile, though ill cultivated; the uplands are mostly well wooded. Corn and other vegetable Eroduots are raised in quantities sufficient for ome consumption, and live stock are plentiful ; timber, marble, sandstone, and lime are exported to Stockholm. Principal town, Wisby, on the N.W. coast. In 1840, 301 ships, chiefly Swedish, aggregate burden 26,856 tons, arrived here, with cargoes to the value of 17,661i. GoTTLiEBEN, a viU. of Switzerland, caut. Thur- gau, 2 m. W. Constance, and having a castle, GOT BGO GOT which was successively the prison of the reformers John Huss, Jerome of Prague, and Malleolus. GoTTOLENGO, a vill. of Lombardy, deleg. and 17 m. S.E. Brescia. Pop. (with comm.) 3,300. GoTTOKF, or GoTTOKP, an amt. of Denmark, duchy Schleswig, deriving its name from a castle 3 m. S.W. the town Schleswig, and formerly a ducal residence. GoTTscHEE, a town of lUyria, cap. duchy Auer- sperg, gov. and 39 m. S.E. Laybach. Pop. 628. Gcttska-Sandoe, a small island in the Bal- tic, belonging to Sweden, Isen and 30 m. N.N.E. Gottland. Lat. 58° 26' N., Ion. 29° 15' E. Length o m. ; breadth 3 m. On it are two hamlets. GouDA, or Tebgouw, a town of the Nether- lands, prov. S. Holland, cap. dist., on the Yssel, at the influx of the Gouw, 11 m. N.E. Rotterdam. Pop. (1840) 14,451. It is neatly built ; princi- pal edifice the large church of St John {StJans- kerk), remarkable for its stained glass windows. It has four other churches, a fine town-hall, se- veral hospitals, a latin school, and a town library with curious MSS. ; nums. tobacco-pipe factories, employing 3,000 hands, brick kilns, and manuft. of woollens, sail-cloth, cordage, and large mar- kets for cheese and other rural produce. GouDHUBST, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 12 m. S. Maidstone. Area 9,820 ac. Pop. 2,711. Gough's Island, or Diego Alvabez, an isl., S. Atlantic. Lat. 40° 20' S., Ion. 9° 44' W. Godkeka, Goukoha, or Sevan (Lake of), Georgia, is betw. lat. 40° 9' 40' and 40° 35' N., Ion. 45° E., 23 m. N.E. Erivan. Length N.W. to S.E. 47 m. ; breadth varies from 6 to 21 m. Height above the sea 5,300 feet. Its banks abound with volcanic products. It is very deep ; yields fine fish ; contains the isl. Sevan, with an Armenian monastery, and receives several small rivers. The vill. Goukeka is on its W. side. Goulbubn's Islands, two small islands, oif the N. coast of Australia, 60 m. E.S.E. Ooburg pen- insula. Lat. 11° 30' S., Ion. 133° 25' E. GouLDSBT, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 6^ m. S.W. Louth. Area 144 ac. Pop. 347. GouB (Hindoo Lakshmanavati, Mohammedan Jennetahad, " abode of Paradise," probably the Gange Regia of Ptolemy), a ruined city of Hin- dostan, presid., prov. and anciently the cap. of Bengal, dist. Dinajepoor, 50 m. N.W. Moorshed- abad. Its remains, with those of its suburbs, extend along a dry channel of the Ganges, being scattered over an estimated area of 20 sq. m., on which only a few straggling villages now exist. Extensive embankments faced with brick, bridges & roads of the same material, two fine gateways, and remnants of several others, a large fort con- taining a mausoleum and traces of a palace, 7 or 8 deserted mosques, a lofty tower, and a multi- tude of large tanks and reservoirs, are the prin- cipal remaining structures, most of which are of Mohammedan origin. The cities of Moorsheda- bad and Dacca, with Maldah, Bajmahal, &c., have been in a great part built of the materials of its edifices, and some of its fine buildings have been destroyed to erect the cathedral of Calcutta II. a town of Afghanistan. [Ghobe.] GouBDON, a comm. & town of France, dep. Lot cap. arrond., 21 m. N. Cahors. Pop. (1846) 2,703. It has a handsome pa. church, manufs. of wool- len stuffs, an orphan asylum, in which is a cotton yarn factory, some trade in .wine and trufiies. GouKDON, a small seaport and fishing vill. of Scotland, co. Kincardine, pa. Bervie, 1 m. S. Ber- vie. Pop. 390. It has a good harbour. GoiiKiN, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Morbilwiri, .Dl m. N.W. Vannes. Pop. 3,719. GouBNAi, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-Inf., cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Epte, 27 m. E. Rouen. Pop. 2,640. It has some chalybeate springs, a commercial tribunal, manufs. of hneu cloth and leather, & trade in cattle and butter. GouBOOK, a pa. of Scotland, co. Renfrew, on the Firth of Clyde, 3 m. W.N.W. Greenock. Pop. 2,448, partly employed in fisheries. The vill. is frequented for sea-bathing. GoirvEA, a town of Portugal, prov. Beira, 53 m. E.N.E. Coimbra. Pop. 1,700. GocvEENEnB, a township of the V. S., N. Amer., New York, 181 m. N.W. Albany. P. 2,538. GonzBACouBT, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, 9 m. S.S.W Cambrai. Pop. 2,350. GovAN, a pa. of Scotland, cos. Lanark aud Kenfi'ew, about 3 m. W.N.W. Glasgow. Area about 10 sq. m. Pop., exclusive of Gorhals (formerly a part of this pa.), 7,810, many of whom are employed in collieries, iron works, and in silk, cotton, and carpet manufs. GovEN, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Ille- et-Vilaine, 26 m. N.N.E. Redon. Pop. 2,020. GoTEBNOLO, a town of Lombardy, deleg. and 9 m. E.S.E. Mantua, on the Po. Pop. 900. Gotebnob's Island, U. S., N. America, m New York harbour, about 1 m. S. the battery. Area 70 ac. It has two strong forts, and could contain a garrison of 800 men. [Ilha do Goveenadoe.] GoTONE, a vill. of Piedmont, div. Coni, prov. Alba, cap. mand., near the Tanaro, 28 m. S.E. Turin. Pop. with comm. 2,838. GowEB, or GwTB, a peninsula of S. Wales, projecting on the Bristol Channel, and forming the most W. part of the co, Glamorgan. Length, N.E. to S.W., about 15 m. ; average breadth about 6 m. Pop. estunated at 10,000. It has bold, rocky, and deeply indented shores ; several in- teresting ancient remains, and much fine scenery. Lime is exported. A colony of Flemings have occupied the S.W. extremity of this peninsula since the reign of Henry i. They have preserved much of their original language, dress, and man- ners, and rarely intermarry with the Welsh. GowEE Island, Pacific. [Solomon' Geoup.] Gowean, asmall market town of Ireland, Lein- ster, CO. Kilkenny, CJ m. N.N.E. Thomastown. Pop. 1,169. Market, Thursday. It has ruins of a castle & church. In vicinity is Gowran castle, seat of Viscount Clifden. GowBiE, Scotland. [Caese of Goweib,] GoxHiLL, two pas. of England. —I. co. Lincoln, ih m. E.S.E. Barton-ou-Humber. Area 6,860 ao. Pop. 892.— II. 00. York, E. Riding, 11 m. E.N.E. Beverley. Area 880 ac. Pop. 64. Gotanna, a city of Brazil, prov. Pemambuco, cap. dist., on the Goyanna river, 35 m. N.W. Olinda. Pop. (1846) 5,000. It was erected into a city in 1840 ; has a latin & some other schools, a hospital, a convent, five churches, and nume- rous factories. It is the seat of civil and cri-. minal courts, and has an active trade. GoYAZ, the central prov. of Brazil, extending- between lat. 8° and 20° S., and Ion. 46° and 52° W., enclosed by the provs. Para, Matto-Grosso, San Paulo, Minas Geraes, Pemambuco, Piauhy, and Maranham. Area estimated at 318,000 sq. m. Pop. 72,692. Principal mountains, the Sier- ras Matta Gorda, Araras, Tabatingas, on the E. frontier ; the Cordillera Grande, in its centre, rises to no great height. Principal rivers, the Toeantins in the centre, the Araguaya forming its W., and the Rio Grande its S. boundary. Soil fertile ; products comprise maize, tobacco, cotton, sugar, manioc, with fruits common in S. Europe. Along the rivers are some tall forests. GOY SGI GRA but the wild vegetation is mostly underwood. Vast herds of horned cattle are reared. Gold was formerly plentiful ; no mines appesir to be now wrought, and every branch of industry is most backward. Principal town Goyaz ; the other places are mere villages. GoVAZ, a city of Brazil, cap. prov. same name, formerly called TUla Boa. It is situated near- ly in the centre of the empire, being 1,400 m. S.S. W. Belem, and 950 m. N. N. E. Porto- Alegre. Chief buildings, the governor's palace, and two bridges across the river Vermelho, which divides the town in two parts. It has seven churches, a latin school, a school of philosophy, and two pri- mary schools, and is the seat of the legislative assembly of &e prov. GoYTBEY, a pa. of England, co. Monmouth, 5 m. N.W. Etsk. Area 3,730 ae. Pop. 567. Gozo, one of the Maltese group of islands in the Mediterranean, 4 m. N.W. Malta. Length 9 m.; breadth 4} m. Pop. 16,000. It has a richer soil, and is better cultivated than Malta ; its sur- face is agreeably diversified, and has many fertile valleys. Rabato, its chief town, is situated near the centre. Fort Chambray is on its S.E. coast. The chief object of interest in the island is the giant's tower, a cyclopean building. Graaf-Reinet, or Reynet, a division of Cape Colony, S. Africa, between Ion. 23° and 26° E., and extending N, from lat. 33° S., surrounded from W. round to N.E. by the divisions Beaufort, Somerset, Uitenhage, and Colesberg. Area 8,000 sq. m. Pop. (1845) 8,878. Surface almost wholly mntnons., consisting of the range Sneeuwberge (snow mntns.) Climate healthy ; it is well watered. Many cattle are reared in its valleys, and fruit of all kmds is abundant. In the IJ.E. is the cap. vill., Graaf-Reinet, on Sunday river. Pop. 2,500. Geaeoiv, several towns of Germany, &c. — I. Mecklenburg-Sehwerin, on the Elde, 24 m. S.S.E. Schwerin, with a station on the railway between Hamburg and Berlin. Pop. (1845) 6,130. It has many distilleries, but the principal trade is in butter, for wliich 11 fairs are held annually. — II. Prussian Poland, reg. Posen, circ. and 9 m. N.E. Schildberg, on the Prosna. Pop. 1,490. Gbabusa, Cimarus, a small island, Grecian Archipelago, off the N.W. extremity of Crete. Gbaqay, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Cher, cap. cant., 24 m. W.N.W. Bourges. Pop. 1,106. Gbacehill, or Bailykennedy, a Moravian settlement in Ireland, Ulster, co. Antrim, 2 m. W.S.W. Ballymena. Pop. 297. A bri4ge con- nects Gracemll with Galgorm across the Maine. Gbacias-a-Dios, a town of Central America, state Honduras, 40 m. W.N.W. Comayagua, in a fertile plain, and peopled, some years ago, by about 400 families. It is also the name of a-cape. Mosquito coast, lat. 14° 69' N., Ion. 83° 11' W.; and another headland, E. Patagonia, near the mouth of the Galegos river. Gbaoiosa, one of the Azores islander, Atlftntic, N.W. Terceu'a, and N.E. Fayal. Length 20 m. ; breadth 6 m. Pop. 12,000_ It is less steep than the other islands of this group, & very productive of com, wine, flax, hemp, and fruits. Principal town Santa Cruz. Pop. 3,000. — II. the most N^E. of the Canary islands, is small and unimportant. Gbasachatz, a town of European Turkey, Bosnia, cap. dist., 42 m. N.W. Zvornik, said to be enclosed with walls, and to have an active trade in cattle and timber. Gbade, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 9 m. S.S.E. Helston. Area 2,420 ac. Pop, 333. Gbadionan, a comm. and vill, of France, dep. Gironde, 4 ra. S.W, Bordeaux. Pop. 1,650. Gradiska, or Buubib, a fortified town of European Turkey, Bosnia, on rt. b. of the Save, 23 m. N.N.E. Banyaluka. Immediately opposite to it is the Austrian fortress of Alt. Grddisha^SAa,- vonia, 38 m. W. Brod, with a cathedral, a Greek church, and the head quarters of a staff for the military frontier. Pop. 2,299. — Neu Gradiska is a mkt. town, 7 m. N.E. Pop. 2,000. Gbadista, a vill. of European Turkey, Albania, sanj. and 12 m. N.E. Valona, on the declivity of a Mil, on which are extensive cyclopean anti- quities. Gb.ado, a maritime town of Ulyria, gov. Triest, circ. and 22 m. S.S.W. Gorizia, on an island near the head of the Adriatic. Pop. 2,200. Gbadwein, a vill. of Styria, on the Mur, with a railway station, 7 m. N.W. Gratz. Pop. 579. Gbaeq, a hamlet of Engl., co. Monmouth, pa. Bassaleg, 3 m. W.N.W. Newport. Pop. 689. GBiEMSAY, an islet of the Orkneys, 1^ m. S. Stromness. Pop. 214. Gk^soe, or Gb^soes, an isl. df Sweden, in the Gulf of Bothnia, Isen Stockholm, & separated from the mainland by a narrow strait. Lat. 60° 25' N., Ion. 18° 20' E. Length N. to S. 20 m. ; average breadth 3 m, Geafenau, a town of Lower Bavaria, on an afil. of the Ilz, 22 m. N.N.W. Passau. Pop. 703. Gbafenberg, a town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Franconia, 24 m. S.S.E, Bamberg. Pop. 1,039. Gbafenberg, a vill, of Austrian Silesia, circ. Troppau, near Friewaldan, celebrated for the first hydropathic establishment instituted by Priessnitz in 1831. Geafenhadsen, a vill. of Baden, ou'c. Lake, 9 m. W. Stuhlingen, Pop, 1,273, Geafenhaynchen, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg, Merseburg, 9 m, N,E, Bitterfeld. P, 2,670. Geafenthal, a town of Central Germany, Saxe Meiningen, cap, amt., 9 m. S.S.W. Saalfeld. Pop. 1,422. Geapentohka, a town of Central Germany, Saxe Coburg, princip. and 10 m. N. Gotha. Pop. 1,480, It has manufs, of tobacco, Gbafeath, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 14 m. E. Dusseldorf. Pop. 1,696. It has manufs. of woollens and cottons, and iron works. Geaffham, two pas. of Engl.— I. co. Hunting- don, 4 m, E,N,B, Kimbolton. Area 2,380 ac. Pop. 307.— II. CO. Sussex, 4 m. S.E. Midhurst. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 390. Geafton, several pas. of England.— I. (Regis), CO. Northampton, on the London & Birmingham railway, 4 m. E.S.E. Towcester, Area 1,510 ac. Pop. 266, partly employed in lace making. It gives the title of duke to the Fitzroy family, descendants of Charles ii. by the Duchess of Cleveland. — II. Underwood), same co., S\ m. E.N.E, Kettering, Area 2,050 ac. Pop. 281.— IIL {Temple), co. Warwick, 2| m. E.S.E. Aloes- ter. Area 1,830 ac. Pop. 401. Geafton, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in N.W. of New Hampshire, on the Connecticut river. Area 1,740 sq. m. Pop. 42,311 II, a tnshp, in above CO., 32 m. N.W. Concord. Pop. 1,201.- IIL a tnshp., Vermont, co. Windham, 80 m. S. Mont- pelier. Pop. 1,306. — IV. a tnshp., Massachusetts, 32 m. S.W. Bcston. Pop. 2,943. It has several cotton factories,— V, a tnshp,. New York, 20 m. N.E. Albany. Pop. 2,019. Grafton (Cape), E. Australia, bounds Trinity Bay on the S (Island), the most N. of the Bashee Isls., Philippines, E. Archipelago. Gb.iglia, a town of Piedmont, div. Turin, cap. mand., 8 m. N.E. Ivrea. Pop. 2,876. Geagnano, a town of Naples, prov, Napoli, 2n GBA 862 GRA cap. cant., in a plain, 2 m. E. Castel-a-Mare. Pop. 7,200. It has a collegiate church. Gbaiiam Island, Mediterr. [Febdinandea.] Gkauam Land, a considerable extent of con- tinuous land, Antarctic Ocean. Lat. 65° S., Ion. 60° W. Discovered by Biscoe in 1832. Grahamstown, a vill. of Scotl., co. Kenfi-ew, pa. Neilston, 3 m. S.E. Paisley. — ^Also suburbs of Glasgow and Falkirk. Graham's Town, a town in the E. part of the Cape Colony, S. Africa, cap. division Albany, near its centre, in a valley about 25 m. from the ocean. Lat. 33° 19' S., Ion. 26° 31' E. Pop. in 1845 estimated at 6,000. In point of importance it is the second town in the colony. Houses inter- spersed with gardens, and it has spacious stores, a handsome Roman Catholic church, Weslejran and other chapels, a Protestant church, in which is a monument to Colonel Graham, several tan- neries, breweries, barracks, three weekly news- papers, and daily mkts. A military road extends from it to the Tarka dist. N.E., and a post road W. to Port Elizabeth, Uitenhage, George, Zwel- lendam, and Cape Town. Gbaioub, a town of Ireland, Leinster, Queen's CO., forming a suburb of Carlow, with which town it communicates by a bridge across the Barrow. Pop. 1,675. — II. a town, co. Kilkenny, also on the Barrow, 6 m. S. Goresbridge. Pop. 2,248. It has ruins of a castle and abbey. Gbain Coast, W. Africa, is that portion of Gnuiea, W. of the Ivory coast, and extending betw. lat. 4° and 7° N., and Ion. 7° and 11° E. It comprises most part of the territory of Liberia belonging to the U. S., but no other Christian settlements of importance. [Guinea.] Graeme (Isie of), an isl. and pa. of Engl., co. Kent, formed by the Thames, Medway, and Yantlet Creek, at the mouth of the Thames, "W. of Sheppey, and li m. W. Sheemess. Area 3,160 ac. of marshy pasture, protected by em- bankments. Pop. 337. It has large salt works, and is very unhealthy. Gbainsbt, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 6i m. S. Great Grimsby. Area 1,390 ac. Pop. 103. Gbaintborpe, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 7 m. N.N.E. Louth. Area 4,280 ac. Pop. 656. Geaitnet, a vill. of Scotland. [Gretna.] Orajewo, a small town of Poland, prov. and •25 m. S."W. Augustowo, on the Lyk. Pop. 1,206. Gbamat, a comm. and town of France, dep. Lot, cap. cant., 27 m. N.E. Cahors, on the Abson. Pop. 1,788. It has saline springs and baths. Grammichele, a town of Sicuy, intend, and 30 m. S.W. Catania. Pop. 7,900. Gbammont (Flem. Geeradshergen), a comm. & town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, cap. cant., on the Dender, 21J m. S.S.E. Ghent. Pop. (1842) 7,864. It was founded and originally for- tified in 1068 ; it has a college, manuis. of cotton yarn, lace, linen and woollen fabrics, paper, and snuff, bleaching and dye works, and breweries. Grampians, a celebrated mntn. chain in Scotl., forming the natural rampart which separates the Highlands from the Lowlands. Their limits, owmg to numerous pai'allel ridges and scarcely connected branches, are diiBcult to define, but they may be said to stretch from the W. coast of Argyleshire & Dumbartonshire N.E.ward across the island, terminating on the E. and N.E. coasts of the cos. Aberdeen and Banff, in 2 branches running on each side of the river Dee. This mountain chain is composed of granite, por- phyries, primary schists, quartz, and marble. General aspect wild and rugged, especially on ■ the N. side ; on the S. aooJivity the slopes are fentler, the pasture finer, and the numerous de- les which indent the range often present scenes of the most romantic beauty. The streams flow- ing from the N. side are mostly afi9s. of the Find- horn, Spey, Don, and Dee ; those on the S. join the Forth, Tay, and S. Esk. The loftiest sum- mits are Ben Nevis, Ben Macdhui, Cairngorm, Caimtoul, Schichallion, Ben Aven, Ben Lawers, Ben More, and Ben Lomond ; the altitudes of which are given under their respective heads. — II. a mntn. range of Australia,Victoria, stretching crescent-wise N. and S., between lat. 36° 52' and 37° 38' S., and Ion. 142° 25' and 142° 47' E., bounding E.ward the basin of the Glenelg and its affls. Height of Mt. William, its central, loftiest, and most E. peak, 4,500 feet. Gbampound, a munio. bor. and town of Engl., CO. Cornwall, pa. Creed, on the Fal, here croBsed by a fine stone bridge (whence the name Grand- poni), 14 m. N.E. Falmouth. Pop. 607. Mkt., Sat. This obscure place sent 2 mems. to H. of C. until disfranchised for gross bribery in 1824. Gban (Hung. Garam, Slav. Bron), a navigable river of N.W. Hungary, rises in the Carpathians, 8 m. W. Dobsina, flows generally S.W., and joins the Danube opposite Gran, after a windipg course of 180 m. The towns Brezno-Banya, Neusohl, Altsohl, and Bars, are on its banks. Gran (Hung. Esztergom, anc. StrigomunCj, a royal free city of Hungary, cap. co. of same name, with a steam-packet station on rt. b. of the Danube, opposite the influx of the Gran, 24 m. N.W. Buda. Pop. with suburbs (1840) 12,170. It was once the finest city of Hungary, and is still the residence of its prince-primate. Chief edifice, a superb new cathedral in the Italian style, begun in 1821, & though unfinished, the most magnificent modern building in Hungary, occupying, with the archbishop's palace and chapter-house, a precipitous height, rarmerly the site of a fortress. Gran has 2 other Rom. Cath. churches, a Greek chureh, town & council-halls, an hospital for poor citizens, and a Rom. Cath. gymnasium. Its inhabs. weave and dye woollen goods, but its trade is chiefly in wine. Grana, a town of Spain, prov. and 10 m. N.E. Coruna, and near the mouth of its harbour, on 1. b. of the river Ferrol, with 1,580 inhabitants. Grana, a vill. of Piedmont, div. Alessandria, prov. and 10 m. S. CasaJe. Pop. 1,363. Granada, an old prov. and formerly a kgdm. of Spain, Andalucia, bounded £. by Murcia, S. the Mediterranean, and on other sides the provs. of Sevilla, Cordova, and Jean, now divided into the provs. Granada, Almeria, and Malaga. Area 9,622 sq.m. Pop. (1833) 284,789. Surface mostly mntnous. ; the Sierra Nevada traverses its centre, and, rises in Mulahacen to 11,660 feet in height. Principal rivers, the Genii, Guadaljore, Nacim- ento, and Almanzora. The hill-sides are cover- ed with forests of oak, cork, chesnut, and pine, & in the valleys tropical, as well as European pro- ducts are cultivated. The Moorish system of irrigation is still retained, but the com grown is insufBcient for home consumption, and it is im- ported from Africa. The hemp of Granada is among the finest known. Mineral products com- prise excellent marble, alabaster, serpentine, jasper, iron, and lead. Manufs. are confined to a few woollen, cotton, and linen stuffs, paper, & leather; anchovy and tunny fisheries are pro- secuted on the coasts. Principal cities, Granada, Malaga, Ahneria, Ronda, Antequera, and Velez- el-Blanco. The kingdom of Granada, the last possession of the Moors in Spain, was conquer- ed by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492. GRA 563 G U A Gbanasa, lUiberis, a city of Spain, cap. of a prov., and formerly of a Imigdoni, and tlie anc. metropolis of tlie Moors in Spain, on the Genii, at flie influx of the Darro, 120 m. E.S.E. Sevilla. Lat. 37° 16' N., Ion. 3° 45' 43' W. Pop. (1846) 70,025 (in the time of the Moors it is said to have had half a million inhabitants). It stands partly on the edge of a plaJn, and partly on mntn. spurs, progressively rising to the Alhambra. It has a most picturesque appearance, still entirely re- sembling a Mohammedan city, with its crenated walls, terraced gardens, domes, minarets, foun- tains, old mosques, flat-roofed houses, and pro- jecting balconies. It is irregularly laid out, and badly paved. Chief public edifices, the cathedral, a large and richly decorated edifice, adjacent to which is the chapel of the kings of Spain, with the tombs of Ferdinand and Isabella, 23 pa. churches, all adorned with rich mai*bles & other works of art, and several convents. The Alham- bra {al-hamara " the red"), or anc. palace of the Moorish kings, is an irregular mass of houses & towers on a commanding height, surrounded by groves, and of which the bastioned walls, arches, halls of the Abencerrages and Ambassadors, court of lions, mezquita, & the unfinished palace of Charles v., are the portions most worthy of no- lice. Granada has a university, 6 colleges, aca- demies of matiiematacs & design, several hospitals, mannis. of silks and hats, paper mills, royal nitre and gunpowder factories, and some trade in oil, &c. Its prosperity suffered greatly — first, on its being wrested firom the Moors in 1492, and next, by the separation from Spain of her Indian pos- sessions. Its principal law-courts also were re- moved to Albacete in 1835. Around it are numer- ous fine public walks and objects of interest, the principal of which is the Soto de Koma, or "wood of pomegranates ;" also a very rich Car- thusian convent. (See Murray's Handbook for Spain, pp. 376-394). Geanada, a city of Central Amer., state and 30 m. N.N.W. Nicaragua, on the N.W. shore of the lake. Pop. 10,000. (!>) It is well built, having handsome streets and pnblic edifices ; the latter comprise several fine churches. It is the seat of a flomishing trade in cacao, indigo, Nicaragua wool, & hides, which are exported in flat-bottomed boats by the lake and river San Juan, to the harb. of San Juan del Norte, Caribbean Sea. Gbahada (New), one of the repubhcs of S. America, mostly between the equator and lat. 12° N., and Ion. 68° and 82° W., having E. Venezuela, S. Ecuador, W. the Pacific, N. the Caribbean Sea, and N.W. the Central Amer. state Costa- Kica. Its territory comprises the isthmus of Darien. Estimated area 369,600 sq. m., and pop. (1838) 1,686,000. The Andes, near the Ecuador frontier, diverge into three Cordilleras, which tra- verse the W. and settled half of New Granada, from S. to N., enclosing the basins of its principal rivers the Artata, Bfigdalena, and Cauca; on N.E. the Meta and Guaviare, tributaries of the Orinoco, flow mostly through this territory. Be- sides the great lake of Maracaybo, there are many other lakes, N. and W. the mntns. The declivities of the Central Andes appear to be much less pro- ductive than ofier parts of this region ; on the summits of the ranges are paramos, or extensive table-lands, nearly without vegetation ; the lands along the Caribbean Sea are fertile, but un- , healthy ; ahnost all the W. parts are covered with dense forests, and yield all kinds of tropical productions. In the S.E. are wide llanos, or plains, pasturing innumerable herds of cattle and horses. Climate varies greatly with elevation ; in some parts of tlio W. rains and excessive heat prevail. The uplands produce wheat and other Em'opean grains ; maize, tobacco, plantains, cotton, cacao, and some sugar are raised in the river, basins, and along the coasts. Brazilletto cedar, mahogany, cinchona bark, & fustic woods, ipecacuanha and balsam of Tolu, are other vege- table products. The plains yield large supplies of jerked beef and hides. Gold is found in the Andes and the sands of the Cauca; platinum along the Pacific ; silver, copper, iron, tin, lead, emeralds, and rock-salt, at Zipaquira and Chita; coal near Bogota. Manufs. are limited to coarse woollen and cotton stuffs for home consumption. The average annual value of the trade is estimat- ed at l,6O0,O00Z. ; in 1844 the imports amounted in value to 880,000?., the exports to 660,000/, The imports from England were reported to form 3-5ths of the whole, and to be chiefly com- posed of cheap cotton and woollen fabrics. In 1846, cotton goods to the value of 140,000/., hard- wares to 11,038/., linens to 19,176/., woollens to 27,300/., were imported from Great Britain, the whole imports amounting in value to 219,593/., in return for cofi'ee 7,359,300 lbs., sarsaparilla 47,390 lbs., tobacco 481,300 lbs., and cotton wool 186,491 lbs. The trade with France in 1844 amounted to 130,600/. ; the imports, consisting of silks & other woven goods, paper, wines, brandy, and perfumery, reached to 1,096,000 francs, and the exports of mother of pearl, dye-woods, raw hides, tortoise-shell, cotton, & cigars, to 1,919,000 francs. The rest of the trade is chiefly with the U. States, Jamaica, Curajao, Spain, Venezuela, and Peru. Principal commercial ports are Car- tagena, Santa Martha, Panama, and Chagres. The country is divided into the 6 deps. of Cuu- dinamarca, Magdalena, the Isthmus, Cauca, and Boyaca. After the cap. Bogota, the principal towns are Medellin, Mompox, Quibdo, and the ports before-mentioned. Public rev. (1839-40) 2,200,546 dolls. New Granada was discovered by the Spaniards in 1499, and the first settlement was made at the Gulf of Darien in 1510. In 1811 this republic was established ; in 1841 the provs. of the isthmus separated from the rest, and sub- scribed to a constitution of their own, but they have since rejoined the parent state. Geanadella, a town of Spain, prov. and 17 m. S.E. Lerida, N. of the Ebro. Pop. 1,714. Gbahadilla, a town of Spain, prov. and 70 m. N. Caceres, with a chateau and fine gardens oi the Duke of Alva. Pop. 434.— II. a town in the Spanish colony of the Canaries, on the S. side of the isl. Teneriffe. Pop. 2,663. Gbahabd, a mkt. town and pa. of Irel., Lein- ster, CO. Longford, 59 m. W.N.W. Dublin. Area of pa. upwards of 18,000 ac. Pop. 10,193 ; do. of town 2,408. It is neatly built, has a mkt.- bo., barracks, & union work-house, some manufs, of coarse linen, and a weekly mkt. It gives the title of earl to the Forbes family. Gbanatuia, a town of Spain, prov. and 13 m. S.E. Ciudad Keal. Pop. 1,972. Bh'thplace of Baldomero Espai-tero, Kegent of Spain. Gbanbt, a pa. of Engl., co. Notts, 3i m. S.E. Bingham. Ac. 2,420. P. 616. It gives the title of marquis to the eldest son of the D. of Rutland. Gbambt, a tnshp., TJ. S,, N. Amer., Connecti- cut, 13 m. N.N.W. Hartford. Pop. 2,611.-11, a tnshp., New York, co. Oswego, 168 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,386. Gran Canabia, Canary Isls. [Canary (Isl.).] GuAN Chaco, a region of S. Amer. [Chaoo.J Grand, a comm. and market town ot France, dep. Vosges, 9 m. W. Neufohateau. Pop. 1,814. GKA 564 GRA Gbandas-db-Salihb, a vill. of Spain, prov. & 54 m. W.S.W. Oviedo, on the Navia. Pop. 1,426. GEANDBOBonGH, two pas. of Engl. — I. CO. Bucks, IJ m. S. Winslow. Area 1,560 ac. Pop. 845 11. CO. Warwick, Si m. N.W. Daventry. Area 4,100 ac. Pop. 632. Gband-Bodbg, a comm. and town of France, dep. Creuse, arrond. Gueret. Pop. 2,464. — 11. a town, Marie-Qalante. [BouEa (Geamd).] Grand Canal, Ireland, Leinster, cos. Dublin, Kildare, and King's co., proceeds from Dublin W.ward, and joins the Shannon near Banagher. Length 85 m. ; breadth at surface 40 feet ; depth 6 feet. It has a branch, 27 m. in length, to Athy, where it joins the Barrow riv. ; and other branches to Ba]linasloe,Portarlington, Monntmel- lick, &c. Begun in 1765, & completed at a total cost of 2,000,000i. Ann. amount of tolls 40,000?. Gbaks-Chaup, a comm. and town of France, dep. Morbihan, cap. cant., 8 m. N.N.W. Vannes. Pop. 4,797. It has 12 annual fairs for cattle, &c. Gbandooub, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Vaud, near the Lake of Neuchatel, 28 m. N.N.E. Lau- sanne. Its old castle was once a residence of the Burgundian kings. Grand-Fontaine, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Vosges, arrond. St Di^. Pop. 1,623. Grand Ghle, a town, U. S., N. Amer., Mis- sissippi, on a remarkable bend of the Mississippi riv., 60 m. N.N.E. Natchez. Pop. 1,000. It has a town-hall, mkt.-ho., bank, theatre, and hospital. — Grand Haven is a vill., Michigan, on Grand river, near its mouth, in Lake Michigan. Grand Island, U. S., N. Amer., New Tork, is in Niagara riv., 3 m. above the Falls. It is 9 m. long by 6 m. broad. Area 17,381 ac, of which about 1,500 ac. are cultivated, and the remainder mostly woodland. — II. an isl. of Brazil, S. of Rio Janeiro. Lat. 23° 12' S., Ion. 44° 15' W. Gband-Lieu, a lake of France, dep. Loire-Inf., 6m, S.W. Nantes. Length 8ra., average breadth 4 m. It receives the Bonlougne and Ognon rivers, and discharges itself into the Loire by the Achenau, all navigable. 6band-Luc£, a comm. & town of France, dep. Sarthe, cap. cant., 16 m. S.E. Le Mans. Pop. 2,316. It *as destroyed by fire in 1786, but has been rebuilt, and has an active trade. Grand-PrB, a comm, and town of France, dep, Ardennes, cap, cant., on rt. b. of the Aire, 30 m. S.S.B. Mezieres. Pop, 1,300. Grand Kivbe, U. S., N. Amer., Michigan, rises near centre of state, and after a "W. course of 150 m., enters Lake Michigan ; navigable for 40 m., and floats 240 m. The vill. of Grand- haven lies at its mouth, wliich forms the best harbour on the lake. — II. a river, rising in Iowa, and flowing S.E. through Missouri, into the Mis- souri riv., about 15 ni. above Jefferson. Length 200 m., for 100 m. of which it is navigable. Grand-Seebe (Le), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Drfime, cap. cant., 25 m. N.E. Valence, with 1,785 inhabs., some good public buildings, and 8 annual fairs, Gbande-Anse, a vill. and pa. of Martinique, on its N. coast, 15 m. N. Port Koyal. Gbande-Chabtredse (Le), a famous monas- tery of France, dep. Isere, in the Alps, 14 m, N, Grenoble ; in a picturesque sit,, surrounded by mntns., 3,323 feet above the sea, and very diffi- cult of access. It was founded in 1084 ; but the present building, which is of vast extent, was erected in 1676. In 1826 it was restored to its original destination ; and a few years ago it was inhab. by 33 Carthusian monks, & 18 servitors. Grande Isle, the collective name of the isls. S, Hero, N, Hero, La Motte, and the peninsula Alburg, in the Lake Champlain, U. S., N. Amer., between Vermont and N. York, and forming a CO. of Vermont. Coasts abrupt; surface well wooded and fertile. Principal products, com, cattle, fish, and blue marble, Geande-Paeoisse (La), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine-et-Mame, near rt. b. of the Seine, 3 m. W.S.W. Montereau. Pop. 1,266. Grande-Kiviebe, various rivers of British America, U. States, Hayti, and Zanguebar, but mostly otherwise designated, or not deserving of especial notice. [Rio Geande.] Geande-Terbe. [Ghadelodpe.] (^EAHDES Ventes (Les), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Selne-Inf., 12 m. S.E. Dieppe, with 2,043 inhabs., & 4 annual fairs (whence its name). Geandula, a town of Portugal, prov, Estrema- dura, on the Davino, 49 m, S.E. Lisbon. P. 2,18S. Grandbieu, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Lozfere, cap. cant., 18 m. N.N.E. Mende. P. 1,604. Grandson, or Gbanson, a small town of Swit- zerland, cant. Vaud, on the W. shore of Lake Neuchatel, 2 m. N. Tverdun. Pop, 1,862, Cele- brated for a victory gained by the Swiss over Charles the Bold in 1476. Grandvilliers, a coram, and vilL of France, dep. Oise, 17 m. N.N.W. Beauvais. Pop. 1,861. Gbane, a seaport town of Arabia, near the head of the Persian Gulf, 50 m. S.W. ihe mouths of the Euphrates and Tigris, Pop, 10,000, (?) GRANOiERDE, a viU. of Swcdcu, Isen and 33 m. S.W. Fahlun, with some extensive iron works. Grange, several comms. & vills. of France ; the chief, dep. Vosges, 12 m. S.W. St Dl^. P. 1,336. Grange, a pa. of Scotl., eo. and 16 m. S.W. Banff. Pop. 1,661. Here are ruins of the "grange" of the abbots of Kinloss. — II. a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. and 2^ m. N. Armagh. Area about 6,800 ac. Pop. 3,823.— Several smaller Irish pas. have this name. Geangemocth, a seaport town of Scotl., co. Stirling, pa. Falkirk, on the Carron, & the Forth and Clyde canal, near the Firth of Forth, 11 m. S.S.E. Stirling, Pop. 1,488, It is well built, & has a custom-house and bank, extensive quays and warehouses, a dry dock, a good harbour for ves- sels drawing 12 feet of water, establishments for ship-building, including steamers ; exports of corn, wool, the manufs, of Stirling, and the pro- ducts of the great Carron iron foundry ; and im- ports mostly of timber, hemp, flax, & tallow from the Baltic, Customs rev. (1846) 21,104?. Reg. shipping (1847) 7,329 tons. Kerse-house, seat of Earl of Zetland, is in vicinity. Gbanger, a CO., U. S., N. Amer., in E. part of Tennessee. Area 320 sq. m. Pop. 10,672. Granicds (modem Karaham), a small but famous river of Asia Minor, Anatolia, enters the Sea of Marmara, about 30 m. W. the penin- sula Cyzicus, after a N.E.ward course of perhaps- 60 m. At Dimotica, 6 m. from its mouth, it is crossed by a Roman bridge of 8 arches. On its banks Alexander the Great gained his first deci- sive victory over Daiius, B.C. 334. Granja (La) de Torbehermosa, a town of Spain, prov. and 35 m. S. Badajos. Pop. 2,600, — II, a royal resid., Spain, [Ildefonso (St).] Geannooh (Loch), a lake of Scotl., stewartry Kirkcudbright, pa. Girthon. Length about 3 m.; breadth J m. It is extremely deep, & abounds with the finest trout and char. Gbanollebs de Valls, a town of Spain, prov, and 16 m. N.N.E. Barcelona. Pop. 3,092, It has extensive manufs. of sandals. Gran Sasso d'Italia, a group of mntns. in GKA 565 GKA Naples, between the provs. AbrMzo Ult. I. & II., Sn which is situated the Monte Carallo, or Monte Corno, 10,164 feet, the highest point of the Apen- nines. Snow lies on it 9 months in the yeai'. Gb^ns, a comm. and Till, of France, dep. Bonches-du-Rh6ne, 20 m. N.N.W. Aix. P. 1,780. Gransbon, two pas. of England. — I. (Great), CO. Huntingdon, 6 m. S.E. St Neot's. Area 3,200. ac. Pop. 622. — II. (Little), co. Cambridge, 3J m. S.W. Caxton. Area 1,896 ac. Pop. 273. Gbansee, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. & 43 m. N.N.E. Potsdam. P. 2,600. It has a monument to Louisa, late Queen of Prussia. Gbissok, a town of Switzerl. [Grandson.] Granston, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 5 m. W.S.W. Fishguard. Pop. 164. Grant, a co., TJ. S., N. Amer., in N. of Ken- tacky. Area 184 sq. m. Pop. 4l91- — U- ^ co., in N. of Indiana. Area 415 sq. m. Pop. 4,875. — III. a CO., in S.W. of Wisconsin. Ai-ea 1,200 sq. m. Pop. ^26. Grahta, a river of England. [Cam.] Grantchesteb, a pa. of England, co. and 2^ m. S.S.W. Cambridge. Area 1,591 ac. Pop. 606. It is supposed to be the anc. Camboriium, the original seat of the university of Cambridge. Grantham, a pari, and munic. bor., town, and pa. of Engl., CO. and 23 m. S.S.W. Lincoln, parts Kesteven, on the Witham, and on the ancient Ermine Street. Area of pa. 5,560 ac. Fop. of do. 8,691 ; of pari. bor. 8,786. It consists chiefly of four nearly parallel and some minor streets, is clean, neat, and has an antique appearance. Its church, a fine edifice of the 13th century, has a spire 273 feet in height, and many costly monu- ments. The grammar school, in which Sir Isaac Newton received his early education, has an ann. rev. of 8002., and eidiibitions to Oxford and Cambridge universities. Other chief buildings are several dissenting chapels, the guildhsdl, bor. jail, union work-ho., a neat theatre, and various remains of religious houses. Annual rev. of charities 801. The principal trade is in malt- ing and export of com, and import of coal by a canal connecting the town with the Trent. Mkt., Saturday. Corp. rev. (1846-7) 1,2422. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 721. Grantham, a pa. of Tipper Canada, dist. Nia- gara, on the S. side of Lake Ontario, 30 m. S. Toronto.— n. a tnshp., IT. S., N. Amer., New Hampshire, 54 m. N.N.W. Concord. Pop. 1,036. Geahtlev Harbour, an inlet of Behring Strait, Bussian Amer., immediately E. of Port Clarence, 10 m. in length, 2J m. across, generally from 2J to 3 fathoms in depth, and supposed to communicate with a large inland lake. Geantown, a vill. of Scotland, co. Inverness, pa. Cromdale, on the Spey, 22 m. S. Forres. Pop. 814. It is neatly built ; has a church, town- house, prison, orphan hospital, and branch bank. In 1774, the site was a barren heath. Granville, Orannonum, a comm. and fortified seaport town of France, dep. Manche, cap. cant., at the mouth of the Bosq, at the foot of a rocky promontory, projectinginto the English Channel, 30 m. S.W. St L6. Lat. of light-ho. 48° 60' 7" N., Ion. r 36'57' W. Pop. (1846)8,316. Ithasastrong citadel, a custom-house, a fine granite mole en- closing a small harbour, a Gothic church, hospital, and public baths. It is the seat of a commercial tribunal, and a school of navigation, and the re- sidence of a commissary of marine. Its inhabs. are mostly engaged in cod, oyster, and whale fisheries, which last employs 800 hands ; it has also some trade with the E. and W. Indies, and the Channel Isls., and exports eggs, &c., to England. It was burned by the English in 1695, aiid besieged by the Vendeans in 1793. Granville, a co., U. S., N. Amer,, in the N. pai't of N. Carolina, cap. Oxford. Area 828 sq. m. Pop. 18,817 (slaves 8,700).— Also several tnshps.— I. New York, 63 m. N.N.E. Albany. Pop. 3,846.-11. Ohio, 25 m. N.E. Columbus. Pop. 1,628. It has a Baptist college III. Massa- chusetts, 98 m. S.W. Boston. Pop. 1,414. Gbanvilliebs, a comm. and town of France, dep. Oise, cap. cant., 17 m. N.N.W. Beauvais. Pop. 1,861. Manufs. bonnets and serges. Gbao, amarit. vill. and bathing-place of Spain, on the Mediterranean, prov. and 3 m. E. Valen- cia, of which city it is the port. Pop. 1,420. Grappenhall, a pa. of Engl., co. Chester, 2| m. S.E. Warrington. Area 2,560 ac. Pop. 2,948, partly employed in cotton mills. Grasholm, an islet, Orkneys, S. Shapinsay. Gbaslitz, a town of Bohemia, circ. Elbogen, 19 m. N.N.E. Eger. Pop. (1846) 4,790, employed in cotton spinning, paper mills, and in manufs, of musical instruments, looking-glasses, &c. Gbasmebe, a pa. of Engl., co. Westmoreland, 2i m. N.W. Ambleside. Area 24,560 ac. Pop. 1,681. Its picturesque little vill. stands at the head of Grasmere Lake, which is about IJ m. in length, & has an island in its centre. — Grasmere- Tell, a mntn., co. Cumberland, E. of Crnmmoek Water. Elevation 2,756 feet. Gbassano, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, 25 m. E. Potenza. Pop. 4,000. Gbassbt, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 3 m. N.W. Caistor. Area l,, a prov. of the Netherlands, having N.AV. the Zuyder-Zee, S.E. the Prussian dom^ and on other sides the provs. Overyssel, Utrecht, S. Holland, and N. Brabant. Area 1,970 sq. m. Pop. (1848) 373,000. Surface more hilly than in most of the Dutch provs. ; principal rivs., the Waal and Old Rhine, the issel forming its N.E., and the Maese its S. boundary. Along their banks a good deal of fruit is raised for export, with com, bops, and tobacco; elsewhere the land is generally poor. Some of the waste lands have been latterly planted with pines and oaks. Principal crops, wheat, rye, potatoes, buckwheat, and tobacco. Many cattle are reared ; manuft. of linen fabrics, paper, and leather, with tile making, brewing, & distilUng, are extensively carried on. The prov. is divided into 4 dists. ; chief towns, Amhem the cap., Nimegnen, Thiel, and Zntphen. GuELDEKS, Prussia. [Geldebn.] Giiemesee, two comms. and vills. of France. — I. dep. Loire-Inf., cap. cant, 30 m. N.N.W. Nantes. Pop. 4,013.-11. dep. Morbihan, cap. cant., 11 m. W. Pontivy. Pop. 1,643. Gheb, a comm. and town of France, dep. Morbihan, cap. cant., 12 m. E. Ploermel. P. 3,773. Guebande, a comm. & walled town of France, dep. Loire-Inf., near the sea, 23 m. W. Savenay. Pop. 2,202. It has an old castle, some manus. of linen and cotton fabrics, and 11 annual fairs. Gdebakd, and Goeebaville, two comms. and vills. of France ; the former, dep. Seineet-Marne, 10 m. S.S.E. Meaux. Pop. 1,922 ; the latter, dep. Seine-Inf , 4 m. S.S.E. Caudebec. Pop. 2,041. Gdebche (La), sevl. comms., small towns, &c., of France I. dep. lUe-et- Vilaine, cap. cant., 24 m. S.E. Rennes. P. 1,984.-11. avil!., dep. Cher, cap. cant., 28 m. E.S.E. Bourges. P. 1,936.-111. dep. Indre-et-Loire, 85 m. S. Tours, on the Creuse, with a chiLteau, built for Agnes Sorel by Chas. vii. Guebet, a comm. & town of France, cap. dep. Ci-euse, on a hill, 37 m. N.E. Limoges. Pop. (1846) 3,924. It has a library, a communal college, normal school, hospital, and lunatic asylum. GuEBNE, a coram, and vill. of France, dep. Morbihan, 6 m. S.W. Pontivy. Pop. 3,327. GuEENicA, a town of Spain, prov. Biscay, 17 m. E.N.E Bilbao. Pop. 827. Guernsey, the second in size of the Channel, or Anglo-Norman Islands, in the Bay of St Michael, 30 m. W. the coast of Normandy, and 51 m. S. of Portland, English coast, and 15 m, W.N.W. Jersey. Area 16,000 ac. Pop. 28,621. Its form is triangular, and its coast-line, of about 30 m. in circumference, is deeply indented with bays, and surrounded by sunken rocks. Surface gently varied, but generally sloping from the S. — where the cliffs are lofty — to the N. coast, which is low. It is well watered. Soil rests on a structure almost every where granitic, and is, with the aid of seai-weed manure, rendered very fertile. Climate moist, but healthy, and so mild, that oranges, melons, figs, myrtles, & the Guern- sey lily, flourish luxuriantly. Wood is not plen- tiful, fences are commonly of stone or turf ; and in the N. are many tracts of heath. Farms aver- age from 6 to 12 ac, the land being greatly sub- divided under the law which gives to each son an equal share in his father's landed property. Rents vary from 10s. to 10^. an ac. Chief crops are vegetables, wheat, barley, & apples for cider. The orchards likewise furnish pasture for the famous breed of cows, which are larger and more valued than even those of Alderney, & yield, on an average, 1 lb. per day, throughout tie year, of the finest butter. Large hogs are numerous. Manufs. are of no importance. Trade, or rather smug- gling, has greatly declined since 1807, when the exports from these islands were made subject to our general revenue laws. The shipping, which in 1839, comprised about 100 vessels, averaging 100 tons each, was mostly employed in importing British manufs., and in exporting cider, potatoes, cattle, and granite. They also carry S. Ameri- can produce to the Mediterranean, in exchange for wine, which is again exchanged in Hamburg for corn. Duties are very moderate, and pro- visions extremely cheap. Steamers ply between Guernsey and London, Southampton, Plymouth, and Weymouth. The isl. is divided into 10 pas., forming a deanery of the church of England, in diocese of Winchester. St Peter's, on the S.E. coast, is the only town in tbe island, which is mostly studded with scattered houses or cottages, embosomed in orchards. The natives of the lower orders speak the old Norman French ; they have long been remarkable for their adherence to Protestantism. The isl. is under a lieut.-gov., who represents the sovereign in the assembly of the states, a parliamentary body composed of 12 jurats, with 8 rectors and 2 constables of each pa., and 132 donzaniers from the whole island. These have the power, with the sanction of the crown, of making laws and imposing taxes. The latter are very moderate, producing an annual rev. of about 10,000?. The royal court has jurisdiction over all the Channel Isls. except Jersey. Guernsey formed a part of the duchy granted by Charles the Simple to the Norman Rollo, to whose de- scendants it has now belonged for nearly 1,000 years. The French have made many vain at- tempts to capture it. It is defended by strong fortifications, and has a well organised militia. GUE S80 GUI GuEBNSY, a CO., TJ. S., N. Amer., in E. part of Ohio. Area 676 sq. m. Pop. 27,748. GuESTLiNG, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, Si m. "W.S.W. Winchelsea. Area, 3,180 ae. Pop. 803. GuESTBicK, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 2 m. E.N.E. Foulsham. Ac. 1,660. P. 200. Godwin, the author of Caleb Williams, &c., was born here. GuETABiA, a town of Spain, proT. Guipuzcoa, 10 m. W. San Sebastian, on the bay of Biscay. Pop. 1,036, partly engaged in a fishery. It is enclosed by walls, and has a fine Gothic church. Gdeuonon, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Saone et Loire, cap. cant., 41 m. W.N.W. Macon, with 1,659 inhabitants, and some iron-works. GnsLiELMO, a mntn. of Lombardy, near the E. shore of Lake Iseo, 6 m. N. Gardone. Ht., 6,300 ft. GiJQLiMOEN, a town of Wiirtemburg, circ. Nec- kar, 3i m. S.W. Brackenheim. Pop. 14,140. GoGLioNisi, a town of Naples, proT. Molise, 8 m. N. Larino. Pop. 3,300. GnoDAN, or St Philippe, an island of the Pacific Ocean. [Laorones.] GuHBAU, a town of Prussian Silesia, cap. circ, reg. and 44 m. N.N.W. Breslau. Pop. 3,400. GuiA, a town of Guinea, Ashantee, cap. state Buroomy, on the Volta, in lat. 7° N., Ion. 0°. Gdia, a maritime town of Brazil, prov. and 30 m. N.N.E. Parahiba, on the Atlantic. —II. a vUI., prov. and on the Bio Negro, near the N. frontier of Brazil. Guia {La), a town of the Canary Islands, on the N.W. coast of Gt. Canary, near Gaidar. P. 4,832.-11. a vilL on the S. coast of TenerifFe. Pop. 2,23a Gdiaka, Guyana, or Guatana, a wide region of S. Amer., comprising all of that continent be- tween the Amazon and Orinoco rivers, extending from lat 3° 30' S. to 8° 40' N., & Ion. 50° to 68° W., and subdiv, into Brazilian (formerly Portuguese), British, Dutch, French, and Venezuelan (for- merly Spanish) Guiana; it was discovered near the end of the 15th century. The Dutch formed the first settlement in 1590, near Demerara riv. ; the English, in 1590, near Berbice and Surinam. In 1667, the English settlements were given up to the Dutch, but again re-ooeupied by the English ; and in 1814, the settlements between the Coren- tyn & Marony rivs. were restored to the Dutch. — I. (Braziliem Gviana) comprises the N. part of the Braz. dom. between lat 3° 30' S., and 4° 20' N., & Ion. 50° and 68° W., bounded N. by the Sierras Juraguaca, Pacaraima, aud Acarai, which sepa^ rate it from the other divisions of Guiana, W. and S. by the Rio Negro and Amazon rivs , and hav- ing E. the Atlantic. Area roughly estimated at 433,000 sq. m. It is traversed by the Rio Branco, and numerous other rivers ; is mostly covered by a dense vegetation ; peopled chiefly by roving Indian tribes, and divided between the provs. Para and Rio Negro, which last territory, how- ever, can scarcely be considered as actually under Brazilian rule II. (British Guiana), a colonial territory on the N.W. coast of S. America, - belonging to Great Britain, and generally con- sidered to extend from the Atlantic between lat. 6° and 8° 40' N., as far southward as lat. 0° 40' N., and from the 57th to the 61st degree of W. Ion., having E. Dutch, S. Brazilian, and W. Venezuelan Guiana, and comprising an area of 76,000 sq. m., but the possession of much of this has been disputed by Brazil and Venezuela. The European pop. are mostly descendants of the Dutch settlers. The African negroes are more numerous than the Europeans. The amount of the native tribes unknown. Pop. of the settled portion (1843) 98,133 ; exclusive of Indians, 30,980. Surface, near the ocean, a rich alluvial flat, aud extending in mud banks into the sea. This plain extends inland from 10 to 40 m. ; it then ascends by successive terraces to the Sierras Pa- caraima and Acarai, on the S. W. and S. frontiers ; near the W. boundary. Mount Roraima rises to an elev. of 7,500 ft. Princip. rivs., the Essequibo, Demerara, Berbice, and Corentyn, the last form- ing its E. border. There are two rainy seasons on the coast, the great, from Dec. to Feb., followed by a lesser till April, when the great rains prevail again from May till the end of July. In the in- terior there is only one rainy season, from April till the middle of August. Temperature ranges from 75 to 90 deg., mean temp, of the year, 81° Fahr. Prevailing wind, N.E., changes in rainy season to W. The vegetation is perhaps the most luxuriant of any on the surface of the globe. Princip. products are at present sugar, along the coast, and which has progressively superseded there the culture of cotton and cofiee, though the latter is still extensively grown on the uplands; rice, maize, wheat, cacao, vanilla, tobacco, and cinnamon are also raised. In 1841, 60,037,510 lbs. of sugar, value 809,871/., were exported (being a greater amount than from any other British co- lony, Jamaica excepted), with molasses to the value of 126,346?., rum to 162,925?., cofiee, 632,315 lbs., cotton, 60,600 lbs., rice, 797,250 lbs. Total value of exports to the U. Kingd. (1842) 963,231?. ; of imports from do., 548,808?. In 1846, 325,756 cwts. of sugar, 129,058 do. of molasses, 906,454 galls, of rum, and 61,694 lbs. of coffee were ex- ported to the U. Kingdom. Tot. value of expts. (1844) 1,131,346?., of which amount those to Great Britain stood for 1,094,303?. Value of imports, 675,950?. In the same year, 550 ships, aggregate burden, 87,937 tons entered ; and 569 do., burden, 85,948 tons, cleared from the ports of the colony. Beg. sliipping (1844) 72 vessels, aggregate burden, 3,207 tons. Government vested in a governor, council, and the orders of the sovereign in coun- cil ; the laws of Holland are those mostly in force. Public rev. (1846) 900,000 dols. The colony is divided into the cos. Demerara, Berbice, and Essequibo ; chief towns, George Town, the cap., and New Amsterdam. — III. (Ihitch Guiana, or Surinam), a colonial territory, N.W. coast of S. America, belonging to the Netherlands, between lat. 1° 30' & 6° N., & Ion. 53° 30' and 57° 30' W., having E. French, W. English, and S. Brazilian Guiana. Area 10,400 sq. m. Pop. in 1844, 10,536 free ; 43,285 slaves ; Indians imknown. Natural features are like those of British Guiana. Princip. rivs^ the Surinam, in its centre, Marony, on the E., and Corentyn, on the W. frontier. There are many Jews in this country, and the runaway negroes, or Maroons, have formed a colony in the interior. About 25 mill. lbs. of sugar, and 4 mill, lbs. of coffee, are stated to be exported annually ; cotton, cacao, rice, cassava, and yams are raised; and other products are fine woods, gums, drugs, and timber, yet the colony is reported not to be flourishing. Imports come chiefly from Holland ; though there is some traffic with the W. India islands, and a large smuggling trade with Colom- bia. Government vested in a gov.-general, and a high council. Chief town, Paramaribo ; princip. fort, Amsterdam, with a pop. in 1841 of 3,460.— V. (French Guiana), forms the E.most colonial subd. of Guiana, between lat. 2° and 6° N., and Ion. 51° 30', and 64° 30' W., having E. and S. Brazil, W. Dutch Guiana, and N.E. the Atlantic. Area 10,980 sq. m. ; and pop. in 1839, 21,170. Surface rises progressively on proceeding inland, and the middle region of the colony is from 1,600 to 2,000 GUI 681 GUI feet above the sea. Rivs. very numerous, and the coa£t lands appear to be less unhealthy than in Brit. Guiana. Cultivated lands are estunated to occupy l-80th part of the whole. Products com- prise sugar, cotton, the cultivation of which is considerable, cocoa, coffee, cloves, annatto, va- nilla, pepper, cinnamon, nutmegs, dyewoods, ma- nioc, rice, msuze, and bananas. Vidue of expts. in 1840, 2,643,212 fr., nearly the whole shipped to France or her colonies ; of impts. in same year, 3,64d,.336 fr. Government vested in a governor, privy council, and colonial council. Public rev. (1837) 255,222 fr. ; expend. 1,446,710 fr. French Guiana is divided into the districts Cayenne and Sinnamary. Chief town, Cayenne, the cap. ; the rest are insignificant — V. {Venezuelan, or Co- lombian Gmana), the N. W. subdivision of Guiana, comprising most of the country between lat. 2° and 8° 40' N., and Ion. 60° and 68° W., or more than half of the Venezuelan dominions, haying S. the Sierras Pacaraima, and Iraguaca sepai-ating it from Brazil, W. and N. the Orinoco, N.E. the Atlantic, and £. Brit. Guiana, the mutual boun- dary being disputed. Area roughly estimated at 188,500 sq. m. Pop. accord, to Codazzi, 20,000, of whom 16,000 are roving Indians. It forms most part of the dep. Orinoco ; princip. towns, Angostura, Piedra, & San Fernando de Apure. GuiiNECo Islands, a group off the "W. coast of Patagonia, immed. N. Wellington isl., the princip. being Wager and Byron islands. GuiBABRA, a small riv. of Ireld., Ulster, co. Do- negal, flowing into an inlet of the Atlantic of the same name, between the bays of Rosmore and Trawenagh, after a S.S.W. course of 13 m. — Gui- barraiay is 5 m. S. Dunsloe. GcicHE, two comms. and vills. of France. — I. dep. B. Pyrenees, on the Bidouze, cap. cant., 14 m. E. Bayoune. Pop. 1,700. — II. {La), Sa3ne-et- Loire, cap. cant., 10 m. N.E. CharoUes. P. 944. GnicHEN, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Ule- et-Tilaine, cap. cant., 12 m. S.S.W. Rennes. Pop. 3,534. GcicLAN, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Fi- nistere, 6 m. W.S.W. Morlaix. Pop. 3,549. It has some linen manufs., and 6 annual fairs. Guicowar's Dominion, India. [Baboda]. GniDEL, a comm. and vUl. of France, dep. Mor- bihan, 6 m. W.N.W. Lorient. Pop. 3,895. GniGNEN, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Ille- et-Vilaine, 16 m. S.S.W. Rennes. Pop 2,730. GuiENNE, or GuTENNE, an old prov. in the S. W. of France, the most extensive of all, the cap. of which was Bordeaux, and of which Gascony was a dependency. These provs. now form the deps. Gironde, Dordogne, Lot-et-Garonne, Lot Aveyron, Tam-et-Garonne, Landes, Gers, H. Pyrenees, part of H. Garonne, Ariege, and B. Pyrenees. After having been possessed by the English during three centuries, this country was united to France by Charles vii., in 1453. GniLDEN-MoBOES, a pa. of Engl,, co. Cam- bridge, 6m. E.S.E. Biggleswade. Ac. 2,506. P. 808. GniLDEN-SnTTON, a pa. of Engl., co. and 3 m. E.N.E. Chester. Area, 1,130 ac. Pop. 180. GniLDERLAND, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., New Tork, 10 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,790. Guildford, a pari, and munio. bor. and mar- ket town of England, cap. co. Surrey, on the navigable Wey, here crossed by a bridge of five arches, 17 m. S.W. London, on the S.W. railway. Area, comprising 3 pas., 210 ac. Pop. of pari, bor. 5,925. It is pleasantly situated on a steep de- clivihr, in a break of the Surrey downs, consisting chiefly of one long and handsome street. It has a modem and two ancient pa. churches, a royal grammar school, chartered by Edward vi., rev. 84?., with two university exhibitions of S9l., a blue-coat school, a handsome hospital, with chapel, for the poor, founded in the reign of James i., revenue upwards of 350/., and minor charities, an elegant co.-hall, a guildhall, council chamber, co.-jail, house of correction, union work-house, a theatre, market-house, and con- spicuous remains of a castle, which was a residence of several Saxon and Norman sovereigns. Guild- ford has a considerable traffic by the Wey in corn, malt, coals ; in the vicinity are paper and pow- der mills, and it is the emporium of an extensive rural dist. Around it are several good mansions, and much picturesque scenery. Market, Tues- day. Corp. revenue (1847) 1,286?. It sends two me'mbers to H. of C. Reg. electors (1847) 475. It gives the title of earl to the North family. Guildford, a co. of the U. S., N. America, in N.W. of N. Carolina. Area 672 sq. m. Pop. 19,875 (slaves 2,647). Also sev. tnshps.— I. Con- necticut, 32 m. S. Hartford. Pop. 2,421. The town is old, but neatly built, & much resorted to for sea-bathing. A stone house here, built in 1640, is said to be the oldest house now standing in the U. States.— II. New York, 102 m. W. Al- bany. Pop. 2,827.-111. Pennsylvania, 6 m. S.E. Chambersburg. Pop. 3,125.— IV. Vermont, 124 m. W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,525.— V. Medina co. Ohio. Pop. 1,500. GuiLLAC, a comm, and vill. of France, dep, Morbihan, 3 m. W.S.W. Ploermel. Pop. 1,520. GuiLLAUMES, a town of N. Italy, prov. and 33 m. N.W. Nice, on r. b. of the Var. Pop. 1,367. GuiLLESTRE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Alpes, cap. cant., on the Gnil, 10 m. N.E. Em- brun. It was a station for English prisoners during the last war. GuiLLOTifeRE (La), a comm. & town of France, on 1. b. of the Rhone, which separates it from Lyon,ofwhichitisasuburb. P. 29,843. [Lyon.] GuiLSBOROooH, a pa. of England, co. and 10 m. N.N.W. Northampton. Area 3,080 ao. P. 939. GuiLSFiELD, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Mont- gomery, 3 m. N. Welshpool. Pop. 2,677. GuiMAE, a Spanish town on the S.E. coast of Teneriffe, Canary isls. Pop. 3,042. GuiMABAES, a fortified town of Portugal, prov. Minho, cap. comarca, 12 m. S.E. Braga. Pop. 6,000. It has a handsome collegiate church, nu- merous other religious buildings, and hospitals, mineral baths, which were known to the Romans, manufs. of hardwares, cutlery, and linens, and an active trade in dried plums. II. (or Guimaraem), a town of Brazil, prov. and 45 m. N.W. Maranhao, on the Bay of Cuma. Pop. 2,000.-111. a vill, prov. Matto-Grosso, 40 m. N.E. Cuyaba. GuiMABAS, an isl., E. Arcliip. [Phillippikes.] Guinea, a geographical division of W. Africa, comprising the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, from Cape Negro, lat. 15° 41' S., to Cape Verga, lat. 10° 20' N. It is divided into Upper or N. Guinea, and Lower or S. Guinea ; N. Guinea ex- tending from lat. 10° 20' N. to lat. 1° S., and be- tween Ton. 14° 30' W., and 10° E., is bounded by Senegambia and Soudan on the N. and N.E., the Atlantic on the W. and S.W., and S. Guinea on the S.E. The coasts are in general low, humid, and unhealthy, but very fertile. The Kong mountains, of which but little is known, are be- Ueved to extend from E. to W. along the N. boundary. Principal rivers, the Niger or Quorra, the delta of which is on the Calabar coast, the Volta & Assinie. The S. & W. coasts are watered by numerous small streams. The chief products of the country consist in gold dust, indigo, pep- GUI 5 per, cotton, and the sugar cane. The forests contain vast numbers of elephants, lions, tigers, rhinoceroses, & enormous serpents. The coasts from N. to S. are called Liberia, Grain coast, Ivory coast. Gold coast. Slave coast, and the CaJabar coast. The interior is divided into nu- merous native states, the chief of which are the kingdoms of Ashantee, Dahomey, and Benin. Feticism is the prevailing superstition. The principal European settlements are Accra, Cape Coast Castle, Dixoove, Elmina, and Sierra Leone. On the S.W. coast is the American settlement of Liberia. S. Guinea extends from lat. 1° to lat. 15° 41' S., and Ion. 8° 50' to 18° (?) E. It is bounded on the E. by elevated mountains, cover- ed with forests. The chief rivers are the Zaire and Coanza, the sources of which are unknown. The W. plains are watered by numerous small rivers. The mountains are said to contain iron and copper. Vegetation is rich, and wild ani- mals are numerous, comprising the lion, elephant, giraffe, antelope, zebra, monkey, the hippopo- tamus, crocodiles, and serpents. The princi- pal states of S. Guinea are Loango, Congo, An- gola, & Benguela. This country was discovered by the Portuguese in 1487, and they have re- tained nominal possession of the S. districts. Their chief foreign trade is in the supply of slaves for Brazil. Guinea. (Golf or), a gulf formed by the At- lantic Ocean, on the coasts of North Guinea, betw. lat. 6° 20' N., and 1° S., and Ion. 7° 30' W., and 10° E. It forms on the N. and E. the bights of Benin and Biafra, which are separated by the delta of the Quorra or Niger. The principal isls. in the gulf are Fernando Po, Prince's Island, St Thomas, and Annabon. Guinea. Company, a town or collection of vills., W. Africa, on the Old Calabar river, near lat. 5° SO' N., Ion. 8° SC E. Pop. 5,000 {?).— Little Gvima Company is a town about 5 m. N.ward. Guinea (New), an isl. of the Pacific. [Papua.] GoiKES, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Pas- de-Calais, cap. cant., in a marshy plain, 57 m. S. Calais. Pop. (1846) 3,164. Between Guines and Ardres is the " field of cloth of gold." [Ab- DBES.J — The Canal of Guines connects the vill. with Calais at St Orme. GuiNOAMP, a comm. and town of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, cap. arrond., in a plain, 18 m. W.N.W. St Brieuc. Pop. (1846) 5,787. It has a church, with two high towers, a comm. college, and manufs. of ginghams, linen fabrics, & thread. GuioNA (Mount), the loftiest mntn. of Greece, near its N. frontier. Lat. 38° 38' 10" N., Ion. 22° 16' 24" E. Height above the sea 8,239 feet. GuiPAVAS, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Finistere, 6 m. N.E. Brest. Pop. 6,312. GuiPEL, a comm. and vill. of 1 vance, dep. Ille- et-Vilaine, arr. & 12 m. S.S.E. Rennes. P. 1,458. GuiPBT, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. llle-et-Vilaine, 17 m. N.E. Redon, with 3,272 in- habitants, and a port on the Vilaine. GuiPuzcoA, a prov. of Spain, in the N.E., and the smallest in the monarchy, cap. Tolosa, bounded N. by the Bay of Biscay, E. by France, S. by Alava, and W. by Biscay. Area 622 sq. m. Pop. (1833) 108,599. Surface mountainous, tra- versed by offsets of the Pyrenees. Chief rivers, the Deva, Urola, Oria, and ITrumea. Climate mild and healthy. Chief source of revenue ex- tensive iron mines ; com insufficient for home consumption. As a border prov., it has been the theatre of numerous wars, and from time imme- morial has been defended by fortresses, the chief of which are San Telmo de Higuer, Santa Isa- 2 GUL bel de Pasages, Santa Cruz de le Mota, Fuenter- rabia, and San Sebastian. GniBiA, a maritime vill. of S. Amer., Venezuela, dep. Orinoco, prov. and 136 m. E. Cumana, on the Gulf of Paria. In the years 1841-2, 480 vessels, aggregate burden 3,314 tons entered; and 481 do., burden 3,019 tons cleared of its port. Total value of imports and exports 23,9201 GnisBOBOTJGH, or GiSBOBOUGH, a market town and pa. of England, co. York, N. Biding, 5 m. from the N. Sea, and 40 m. N. York. Seen of pa. 12,000 ac. Pop. 2,016. Pop. of town 1,776. It lies at the foot of the Cleveland hUls ; consists mostly of a long handsome street, with town-hall and market-house, an union work-ho,, a branch bank, a modem church, the ruins of a priory founded in 1129, and which, with its out- buildings, once constituted the whole town; a grammar school, and a poor's hospital. Market, Monday. The first alum works in England, were established here about the year 1600. GuisCABD, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Oise, cap. cant., 19 m. N.N.E. Compiegne, with a remarkable castle, and 1,650 inhabitants. GuisoBiPF, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Morbihan, arrond. & 27 m. W. Pontivy. P. 3,016. Guise, a comm. & town of France, dep. Aisne, cap. cant., on the Oise, 13 m. N.W. Vervins. Pop. (1846) 3,347. It has a castle, and manufs. of cotton thread and woollen cloths. GuisELET, a pa. of England, co. York, V. Rid- ing, 2 m. S. Otley. Area 8,800 ac. Pop. 12,274. extensively employed in woollen factories. GuissENY, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Finistfere, 17 m. N.N.E. Brest. Pop. 3,102. GuisT, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, Ij m. W.N.W. Foulsham. Area 2,190 ac. Pop. 425. GuiTivis, or Santa Cbuz de Mato, a seaport of the Mexican confederation, dep. Sonora, at the mouth of the Mayo in the Gulf of Califomia, 120 m. S.E. Guaymas. GuiTBES, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Gironde, cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Isle, 10 m. N.N-E. Libonrne. Pop. 1,270. GujAN, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Gironde, with a small port, 28 m. S.W. Bordeaux. P. 1,388. GuJEKAT, GojKAT, Or GuzEBAT, ouc of the old provs. of Hindostan, mostly between lat. 21° and 24° N., and Ion. 69° and 76° E. ; its V. poriaon consisting of the peninsula between the Gulfs of Cambay and Cutch. Total area ab5ut 40,000 sq. m., and pop. 6,000,000. Surface greatly diversi- fied. Principal rivers, the Nerbudda, Taptee, Mhye, and Sabernutty. It is now mostly subdi- vided among the doms. of the Gwicowar and Gwalior, and the N. dists of the Bombay presid., viz., Ahmedabad, Kaira, Baroach, and Surat.— II. a considerable walled town of the Punjab, 72 m. W.N.W. Lahore. Here the Sikhs were totally defeated by the British army, 21st Feb. 1849. GuJONDEBQHUB, a Mil fort of British Indja, presid. Bombay, dist. and 66 m. E.N.E. Darwar. GojuEU- Walla, a town of the Punjab, 22 m. S. Amritsir, & the original residence of the family of Runjeet Sing, whose parents are interred here in plain-looking tombs. Ithasalargefort,enolo9- nig some fine gardens and ornamental buildmgs. Gulane (or Goolane) Ness, a promontory of Scotland, co. Haddington, at the entrance of the Firth of Forth, 13 m. W.S.W. the Isle of May. The ancient vill. of Gulane has 273 inhabitants. Goldefobd, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, IJ m. N.E. Rye. Area 2,430 ac. Pop. 127. GuLGULA, a ruined city of N. Afghanistan, in the valley, and facing the gigantic figures and excavations of Bamian. [Bamian] GUL 583 GUN GnLMi, a town of Nepaul, cap. r^jahship, 138 m. W.N.W . Khatmandoo, reported to have a citadel and 500 houses. GuLHAB, or Chelindreh, CelenderiSy a mari- time Till, of Asia Minor, pash. Itshit, on the Medi- terranean, 35 m. W.S.W. Selefkeh, with some antiquities, including; sev. tesselated pavements. GuLPBN (French Galoppe), a vill., Netherlands, prov. Limburg, 9 m. E.S.E. Maestricht. P. 1,916. GuMBiNNEN, a town of E. Prussia, on the Pis- sa, 66 m. E.S.E. Konigsherg. Pop. (1846) 6,580, mostly Protestants. It has a gymnasium, two hospitals, public library, schools of architecture and midwifery, manufs. of woollen cloths and hosiery, distilleries, breweries, and trade in corn. Gdmbut, a town of Scinde, 10 m. E. of the Indus. Lat. 27° 24' N., Ion. 68° 23' E. Pop. about 3,000, who manuf. cotton cloths. GuMFBESTON, a parish of S. Wales, co. Pem- broke, 2 m. W.N.W. Tenby. Pop. 128. GuMHA, a small town of N.W. Hindostan, dom. Mimdi, on the S. slope of the Himalaya, in lat. .31° 66' N., Ion. 76° 38' E., with a salt mine, yield- ing the rajah an annual clear revenue of 800/. GuMiEL, two contiguous towns of Spain, prov. Burgos. — I. (G. de Izan\ 40 m, S. Burgos, en- closed by ancient walls. Pop. 1,339. — II. (df. de Mereado), 6 m. N.W. the foregoing. Pop. 1,198. GnMisH-KHANEH (" placc of silver," ancient Byla), a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 100 m. W.N. W. Erzeronm, on the route to Trebizond, from whence it is 44 m. S.ward ; cap. beylik, on the Eharshut. It is built in successive terraces up the sides of a ravine, and is stated to have nearly 1,000 houses, mostly inhabited by Greeks and Turks. Near it are some productive silver, lead, and copper mines, the ores &om which are all reduced at Tokat. GuMLET, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 4^ m. W.N.W. Maxket-Harboro'. Ac. 1,550. P. 240. GuuHEBSBACH, a town of Khenish Prussia, cap. drc, 24 m. E. Cologne. Fop. 1,045. Manuis. woollens and linens. GuMPOLnsKiBCHEN, a market town of Lower Austria, 10 m. S.S.W. Vienna, on railway to Gratz. Pop. 1,500. GuMRi, a ruined town of Bussian Armenia, 64 m. N.W. Erivan, on which has been recently built the important fortress and city of Alexandrapol. Pop. (1843) 10,000. The circ. of Alexandrapol has a pop. of 36,000, mostly Armenians. From the great elevation of the land in this dist. (average 6360 feet), the cold is intense, men are often found frozen to death in the open fields, and wild ani- mals are driven into the towns from hunger. Caravans of from 50 to 100 camels bring pro- visions for the Russian troops stationed here. GuNABAn, atown of E. Persia, prov. Rhorasan, 135 m. W.S.W. Meshed. It covers a large sur- face, and has a pretty strong castle. Gdnbt, two pas. of England, co. Lincoln I. 2 m. W.S.W. Colsterworth. Area 930 ac. Pop. 166.— n.4m.E. Spilsby. Area 600 ac. Pop. 50. GnKDAMUCK, a walled vill. of Afghanistan, 28 m. W. Jellalabad. Here the last surviving por- tion of the British force, retreating from Cabool in 1842, and consisting of 100 soldiers and 300 camp-followers, was massacred, one man only making his escape. GuNDAVA, a town of Beloochistan, cap. prov. Cutch-Gundava, 115 m. 8.E. Relat, and the usual winter residence of the khan of Kelat. Gdhbelfinoen, a town of Bavaria, circ. Swa- bia, on the Brenz, 27 m. N.W. Augsburg. Pop. 2,726.-11. a vill. of Baden, circ. tipper Rhine, 4 m. N.N.E. Freiburg. Pop, 612. Gundeisbeim, a market town of Wiirtemberff, circ. Neckar, 4 m. N.W. Jaxtfleld. Pop. 1,111. GuNnucK, a river of Hindostan, tributary to the Ganges, which it joins opposite Patna, after a S.E. course, as supposed, of at least 360 m. In Nepaul it receives numerous affluents ; in the British dom. the towns Soopoor and Hajypoor are on its banks. Great numbers of ammonites are met with in its basin, which, under the name of salgrams, are greatly venerated by Hindoos. — The Little Gunduchj a river W. of the foregoing, joins the Goggra, after a S. course of 90 m. GuNDWANAH, a prov. of India, and one of the least civilized portions of the Indian peninsula, comprising the N.E. part of the Deccan table- land, between lat. 18° and 25° N., and Ion. 77° 30' and 86° E., and divided among the Nagpoor dom. and the S.W. dists of the Bengal presidency. Some of the largest secondary rivers of India rise in this prov. Chief towns, Nagpoor, Sum- bhulpoor, Deoghur, and Mundlah. GuKiEH, a walled town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 100 m. E.N.E. Trebizond, on the E. coast of the Black Sea, near the mouth of the Tchoruk. Gunong-Api, two islands of the Asiatic Archi- pelago. — I. Banda isls., N.W. Lantoir, lat. 6° 35' S., Ion. 126° 45'. It consists of some fertile tracts surrounding a volcanic peak, which in 1820 broke out in a fearful eruption. — II. Flores Sea, N.E. Sumbawa, lat. 8° 16' S., Ion. 119° 8' E. It has also a volcano. — Gunong Benito and G. Dempo, are mountains of Sumatra. Gtjnong-Tella, a town of Celebes, Asiatic Archipelago, on the S. coast of the N.E. limit of this isl. Lat. 0° 30' N., Ion. 123° 25' E. GiJNs (Hungar. KSszegh), a royal free town, W. Hungary, co. Eisenburg, on the Giins riv., 19 m. S.S. W. Lake Neusiedl. Pop. (1845) 8,000, partly employed in woollen weaving and manufs. of silk. It is enclosed by walls, and has an anc. castle, a gymnasium, a Luth. & 2 R. Cath. churches, a high school, and an orphan asylum. It successfully resisted the army of Solymau in 1632. Gun's Island, lies off the E. coast of Ireld., Ulster, CO. Down, 2J m. N.E. Ardglass. It is a coast-guard and fishing station. GiJNTERSBEBGE, a towu of Germany, duchy Anhalt-Bernburg, 18 m. S.W. Halberstadt. Pop. 840. — Gunthersfeld, avill., principty. Schwartzb.- Sonderhausen, with iron-wks., 24 m. S.E. Gotha. GuNTEBSBLUM, a mkt.-town of Germany, H.- Darmstadt, prov. Ehenish Hessen, 12 m. N. Worms, with 2,692 inhabs., a palace and park of the Prince of Leiningen. — Guntersdorfis sl town of Austria, 12 m. N.E. Meissau. Pop. 1,600. GoNTHOBPB, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 4J m. W.S.W. Holt. Area 1,420 ac. Pop. 334. GcNTOK, two pas. of Engl. — I. co.Norfolk, 4^ m. N.W. North- Walsham. Area 1,060 ac, consist- ing entirely of the park and woods of Gunton ho,, the seat of the Suffield family. Pop. 69.-11. co. Suffolk, l^m.N.N.W. Lowestoft. Ac. 560. P. 77. GuNTOOB, a marit. dist. of Brit. India, presid. Madras, having S. Cuddapah, Nellore, and the ocean, and on other sides, the riv. Kistnah, sep- arating it from the dist. Bajahmundry, and the Nizam's dom. Area 4,690 sq. m. Pop. 519,318. Surface mountainous in the W. ; elsewhere low, flat, and sandy, producing paddy, dry grains, some cotton, and sugar ; and it expts. most of the culinary articles consumed in Madras. Prin- cipal towns Guntoor, Junaconda, and Nizam- patam. — Guntoor, the cap. of the dist., is 226 m. N. Madras, lat. 16° 21' N., Ion. 80° 31' E. It i« large, but mean, and irregularly built. Gunvilie-Tahrant, apa. of Engl., co. Dorset, GTJN 584 5 m. N.N.E. Blandford-Forum. Area 2,660 ac. Pop. 618. GdnnalloWj a pa. of En^l., oo. Cornwall, 6 m. S. Helstone. Area 1,440 ao. Pop. 298. SvNZBDBQ, a town of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, 30 in. W.N.W. Augsburg, on the Danube, here crossed by a bridge, and joined by the Giinz. Pop. (1845) 3,103. It is walled, and has a fine castle, a grammar-school, an English ladies' se- minary, and some transit ti'ade. — Oher-Gunzburg is a Till. 42 m. S.S.W. Augsburg. Pop. 1,334. GiJNZENHAUSEN, a town jf Bavaria, circ. Midi. Franc, on the Altmiihl, 16 m. S.S.E. Anspach. Fop. 2,606, engaged in raising wine and hops. GuB (Louoh), a lake of Ireld., Munster, co. & 10 m. E.S.E. Limerick. Circumfer. about 4 m., surrounded by picturesque hills, and contains on its shores some of the most striking Druidical re- mains in the kingdom. Gbra, a town of Africa, Upper Guinea, on the Gura river, 75 m. W.N. W. Cape Coast Castle. GuBAODE, a country of N.E. Africa, Abyssinia, S. Shoa, to which it is tributary, lat. about 8° N., Ion. 39° E. It contains the large lake Zooai. GuRDON, or Gaktoun, Thibet. [Gaboo.] Gbbhwal, or GuBWAL, a prov. of N. Hindos- tan, tribu. to the British, betw. lat. 30° and 32° N., and Ion. 77° and 80° E., consisting of the S. W. slope of the Himalaya mountains, between Ku- maon and the Sntlej, which separate it from the Jullunder Doab (Punjab). Estimated area 9,000 sq. m., all of which is mountainous, comprising Bhadrinath, Kedamath, Jumnotri, & other princ. peaks of the Himalaya, with the sources of the Ganges, various places of Hindoo pilgrimage, and many rajahships subsidiary to the British. Cop- per is an abundant product. Chf. town, Serinagur. GuEiEi., a prov. of Asia, shared between the Russian and Turkish doms., at the E. extrem. of the Black Sea, encircled landward by the territs. Mingrelia, Imeretia, Akhaltzikh, and the pash. Trebizond. It is fertile, producing wine, maize, millet, tobacco, honey, and some cotton and silk. Its inhabs. are of a very mixed descent, mostly of the Greek church, or Mohammedans. It formed a part of the anc. Colchis. Princip. towns, Bar- toum, in the Turkish; Poti, Toras, and Eort St. Nikolai in its Russian division. GuBiEv, a town and fortress of Bussia, gov. Orenburg, on the Ural riv., near its mouth in the Caspian, lat. 47° 10' N., Ion. 62° E. Pop. 2,000, including 300 Cossacks. It has an active trade in caviar, furs, and fish. GxjEK, 2 rivs. of Llyria, one joining the Drave, 10 m. E. Klagenfurt, after a course of 65 m. ; and the other joining the Save, 22 m. N.E. Neustadtl, after a course of 50 m. Gurk is a vill. on the former river, 49 m. N. Laybach. GuRKPELD, Noviodununiy a town of Ulyria, Carniola, on the Save, 18 m. N.E. Neustadtl, with 800 inhab., a castle, and mineral baths. GuENUDV, a town of Brit. India, prcsid. Bengal, dist. and 55 m. S. Dacca, on the Ganges. GoBBAH, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, oap. dist. Gurrah-Mundlah, stretches for 2 m. along the Nerbuddah riv., 196 m. S. W. Allahabad. GuRRAKOTA, a tn. & fort of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, S.W. ceded dists., on the Sonar, 116 m. E.N.E. Bhopaul, and formerly the cap. of a petty state tributary to the Gwalior sovereigns. GuBROTE, a town of Hindostan, dom. and 65 m. S.S.W. Kotah. In 1820 it had 500 houses. _ GcBRUMcoNDA, Or GooRUNCONDA, a Strong hill-fort of Brit. India, presid. Madras, dist., ana 52 m. S.S.W. Cuddapah. GnnsuF, or Youbzolt, a marit. vill. of S. Rus- sia, Crimea, on its W. coast, with a noble resi- dence built by the D. de Bicheheu. It was called Bruthena by the ancient Greeks. GoRDN, a town of Asia Minor, pash. Karamania, 84 m. E. Kaisariyah. It is picturesque, and ap- pears flourishing ; its merchants trade as far as Aleppo, Marash, and Constantinople. Gdbupi, a riv. & town of Brazil, prov. Para, the riv. entering the bay of Gurupi (Atlantic) after a N. course, estim. at 260 m. The town stands on the W. side of the riv. mouth, 65 m. £. Braganza. GuRWAt, a prov. of India. [GnRHWAL.] Gdspini, a comm. & vill. of the isl. of Sardinia, dir. and 34 m. N.W. Cagliari, cap. mand., with 3,800 inhabs., and some argentif. lead-mines. GussAGE, 2 pas. of Engl., co. Dorset. — I. {AH Saints), 4^ m. W.S.W. Cranbome. Area 1,400 ac. Pop. 390.— II. [St Michael), 6 m. W.S.W. Cranbome. Area 2,660 ac. Fop. 280. GussASO, and GTJ8SOLA,two vills. of Lombardy, the former, deleg. aud 5 m. N.N.W. Brescia ; the latter, deleg. and 18 m. E.S.E. Cremona. GnssBAGs, a vill. of Bavaria, circ. Upp. Franc, N. Bamberg. Pop. 600. — Gussemtad is a vill., Wiirtemb., circ. Jaxt, S.W. Heidenheim. P. 960. GcssiNG, a town of Hungary, co. Eisenburg, on the Ezenitze, 1 m. S.E. Hartberg. Pop. 3,000. GosTAviA, the cap. town of the Swedish isl. St Bartholomew, W. Indies, on its S.W. coast, with a good harb., 800 houses, & 10,000 inhabs., compris. Swedes, Engl., French, Danes, Americans, Jews. GnsTEN, a town of Germany, duchy Anhalt- Kothen, 5 m. W. Bemburg. Pop. 1,665. GusTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 2 m. N Dover. Area 1,660 ac. Pop. 237. GiJSTEOw, a town of N. Germany, cap. duchy Meckleub.-Schwerin, on the Nebel, 34m. E.N.E. Schwerin. Pop. (1846) 9,004. It is enclosed by walls ; principal buildings, a cathedral, an anc. castle, novr a workhouse, a ho. of correction, and the gov. house. It has considerable commercial importance, and from 60 to 60 factories of various kinds, comprising many breweries and distilleries. Gutenberg, and Gutenbrtjnn, two small vills. of Germany, doms. Wiirtemberg and Austria. — Chitenhqf is a station on the railw., in Lr. Austria, between Vienna and Briick. GuTENTAG, or GuTTENTAG, a towu of PrussiaH Silesia, reg. and 24 m. E. Oppeln. Pop. 2,300. Gi;TEBSLOHE,a town of Pmss. Westphalia, reg. and 35 m. S.W. Minden. Pop. 2,950. Gdthrie, a pa. of Scotl., oo. Forfar, with a hamlet, 9 m. N.N.W. Arbroath. It consists of two detached portions, 6 m. apart, Pop. 350. The castle, reputed to have been built by Sir A. Guthrie, who fell at Flodden, is still entire. GuTTENSTEiN, two vills. of Austria. — I. Lower Austria, 33 m. S.W. Vienna, with a castle and 600 mhabs.— II. Carinthia, gov. & 40 m. N.N.B. Laybach. Pop. 1,200. Gdtstadt, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 61 m. S. Konigsberg, on the Alle. Pop. (1846) 3,039. It has a castle, Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, and manufe. of woollen & linen fabrics. GiJTZKOw, a town of Prussian Pomerania, reg. and 28 m. S.E. Stralsund. Pop. 1,370. Guyana, a region of S. America. [Gdiana.] GuYANDOTTE BiTEB, U. S., N. Amcr., Virginia, rises in the W. part of the state, & after a S. W. course of 120 m., joins the Ohio, 6ro. N.W. Bar- bersville. At its mouth is a vill. of same name. GniENNE, France. [Gcienne.] Gdi's Cliff, Engl., co. and 1| m. N. Warwick, is a secluded locality on the Avon, much visited by tourists, as containing the hermitage in which the famous Guy, Earl of Warwick passed hit GUT 585 GYO latter days, and was buried with his Countess Felicia. Here is also a chapel, built by Beau- cliamp, Earl of Warwick, in the reign or Henry VI., and containing a colossal statue of £. Guy. GcTTiNO, two pas. of England, co. Gloucester. — ^I. {Power), 5} m. S.E. Winchcombe. Area 3,380 ac. Pop. 672.— II. (Temple), 4J m. E. Wmchcombe. Area 6,180 ao. Pop. 523. Gtosdevi, a group of isls. in Behring Sti'ait, between Asia and N. Amer. Lat. 65° 10' N., loc. 173° 50' E. The largest, Imaglin, is 25 m. in length. Surface of isls. low, and bare of wood. Fop. only a few Tchoktchi Gvosdtmshi is a vill. of Austrian Croatia, 13 m. S.S.E. Glina ; and Gvotdansho, a vill. of Slavonia, co. Yerocze. Gwadel (Cape), or Has Noo, a peninsula of Beloochistan, about the middle of the S. coast, on the Indian Ocean, 95 m. S. Eedje. Lat. 25° 12' N., Ion. 62= 18' E. It is about 6 m. in breadth, and has a harbour on either side, the W. of which affords good anchorage. A mined wall extends across its narrow isthmus, near which is a de- cayed town, and a poor vill. of huts, the inhabs. of which weave some carpets & checked cottons. GwAEHTSGOB, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Flint, 8 m. N.W. Holywell. Pop. 355. GwAtioR, or Gdaiiob Dominion, a state of Central Hindostan, until lately indep., but now subsidiary to the British, extending very ir- regnlarly, between lat. 21° and 27° N., and Ion. 74° and 79° E., enclosed by the Rajpoor, Baroda, Indore, & Bnndelcnnd doms., and the Bengal & Bombay presids. Area 32,950 sq. m. Fop. 3,680,000. Surface level in the N., including a portion of the basin of the Jumna ; in the centre hniy; and in the S. it comprises parts of the Tisdhyan and Sautpoora mntn. ranges. It is traversed by the Taptee, Nerbudda, Chumbnl, Sind, Betwah, and Dnssam rivs. Principal cities, Gwalior, Oojein, and Boorhanpoor. Estimated total land rev. 950,040?. sterling. After the de- cisive actions at Maharajpoor and Punnair, Dec. 29, 1843, this state was placed under the military superintendence of the British, and a gross rev. of 16 dists., amounting to 186,000?., was assigned for the support of the British subsidiary force. — Gwalior is a city and strong fortress and cap. of the state, on an affl. of the Jumna, 66 m. S. Agra. It has externally a fine appearance with its minarets, interspersed with trees. The citadel, on a high precipitous rock in its centre, aboQt 3 m. in circumference, is unquestionably the most magnificent native fortress in India. The town itself is unenclosed, but its streets may be shnt by numerous gates, some of which have much architectural beauty. Other principal edi- fices, the chief mosque, a palace and some build- ings in the most anc. Hindoo style within the citadel, and E. of the city a fine Mohammedan tomb. In the sides of the rock, forming its site, are numerous caves, with Hindoo sculptures. Gweek, a seaport vill. of Cornwall, for some purposes included in the port of Falmouth. Cus- toms rev. here in 1846, amounted to 1,216/. GwENDDWB, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Brecon, 4J m. S. Builth. Pop. 522. ■GwBtiviF, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 3 m. E.S.E. Redruth. Area 7,940 ae. Pop. 10,794. Here are the most productive copper mines in Cornwall. They have been sunk 1,800 feet below the surface, employ more than 3,000 miners, and produced, in 1836, 170,000?. worth of ore. GwEKNESNEY, a pa. of Engl., co. Monmouth, 2i m. E.N.E. Usk. Area 630 ac. Pop. 56. GwEKSTiT, a tnshp. of N. Wales, co. Denbigh, pa. Gresford, 3 m. N.N.W. Wrexham. Pop. 574. GwETTEE, a marit. vill. of Beloochistan, prov. Mekran, on the Bay of Gwetter, Indian Ocean, lat. 25° 15' N., Ion. 61° 30' E. GwiNNEAR, a pa. of Engl., co. Comwall, 7J ni. W.S.W. Redruth. Area 4,400 ac. Pop. 2,862, employed in very productive copper mines. GwiNNET, a CO., U. S., N. Amer., in N. of Georgia. Area 648 sq.m. P. 10,804 (slaves 2,238). GwiTHiAN, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, on the Bristol Channel, with a vill., 6J m. W. Redruth. Area 2,070 ac Pop. 4,055. The church, and a large part of the pa. were long ago overwhelmed by drifting sand, and the vill. has only been preserved from the same fate by planting around it the sea-rush. GwNNWs, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Cardigan, 3 m. W. Tregaron. Pop. 1,115. GwTHEKiN, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Denbigh, 4i m. E. Ilanrwst. Pop. 403. Fair, May 6. GwTDDELWEBN, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Me- rioneth, 3i m. W.N.W. Corwen. Pop. 1,684. GwTDiE KivEB (native Kiendar, or Karauld), a river of E. Australia, joins the Peel river, lat. 29° 30' 27' S., Ion. 148° 13' 20' E. Among its afils. are the M'Intyre and Bambarra. GwiFFTiLioG, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Denbigh, 5 m. W. Ruthin. Pop. 633. GwTNEDD, a river of N. Wales, rises in the S, side of Snowdon, flows S., past Beddgellert, and between cos. Carnarvon and Merioneth, to Car- digan Bay, which it enters by a wide estuary, 1 m. S. Tremadoc. — II. a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, 95 m. E. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,589. GwYNEE, a hamlet of S. Wales, co. Carmarthen, pa. Llangadock, 5 m. S.W. Llandovery. Pop. 1,109. GwTNNED, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Pennsyl- vania, 96 m. E. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,589. Gt, a mkt. town of France, dep. H. Sadne, cap. cant., 22 m. S.W. Vesoul. Pop. (1846) 2,460, engaged in woollen and cotton weaving, and trad- ing in wine and vinegar. It has 6 annual fairs. Gyalab, a mkt. and mining town of Transyl- vania, CO. and 5 m. W.S.W. Ifainyad. Pop. 430. Gyabmath, several mkt. towns of Hungary ; the principal. — I. (G.Balassa), in co. Neograd, on the Ipoly, 40 m. N.E. Pesth, with 3,793 inhabs., Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Greek churches, and a synagogue. — II {Fuzes), co. Bekes, 30 m. N.N.E. Csaba, on the Beretto. Pop. 4,070. Gtabos, or Ghiouka, an isl. of the Grecian Archip., gov. Tenos, 10 m. N.W. Syra. Length 5 m., breadth 3 m. It is mountainous and sterile. Gtergyo St Miklos, a mkt. tuwn of Transyl- vania, Szekler-land, cap. dist. Csik, 95 m. E. Elausenburg. Pop. with district 5,071. Gyffin, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Carnarvon, 1 m. S. Aberconway. Pop. 635. Gymmebqine, European Turkey. [Ghumub- DJINA.] Gyllinoe, a pa. of Denmark, Jutland, amt. & 17 m. S. Aarhuus, on the Great Belt. Gyonqyos, a mkt. town of central Hungary, CO. Heves, 44 m. N.E. Pesth. Pop. (1846) 14,649. It has several churches, a Franciscan college, a gymnasium, a collection of arcliives, manufs. of leather, hats, and woollen cloth, distilleries, and consid. trade in com, fruit, wine, and horses. The fine Vissoutaer wme is raised in its vicinity. Gyorgy (St), a royal free town of Hungary, CO. and 8 m. N.N.E. Presburg, at the foot of a castle-crowned height. Pop. 3,709. It has Roman Catholic churches, a Protestant church, a college, and sulphur baths. — II. a vill., dist. Jazygia, on the Zagy va, an affluent of the Theiss, 12 m. S.E. GTS 586 HAC Jasz-Bereny. Pop. 2,7^0.— Sepsi St Gyorgy is a market town, Transylvania, Szelderland, on the Aluta, 18 m. N.N.E. Kronstadt. Gtswtl, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Unter- walden, between tiie lakes of Sam en & Lnngem, 6 m. S.W. Samen. It was nearly swept away by an inundation in 1629. Giui-A, two mkt. towns of E. Hungary, co. Bekes, 36 m. N.N.W. Arad, dirided by the White Koros river into 2 portions, Maggar and Nemelt, in one of which only German, and in the other only Hungarian, is spoken. Pop. (1845) 13,815. It has several churches, a castle, oU mills, and zoological garden. H Haa, a small isl. of Seotl., co. Sutherland, off its N. coast, 3i m. E. Far-out-head. Haag, the name of numerous vills. of Germany, & of the city the Hague, Netherlands. [Hague.] Haarbukg, Hanover. [Harbdko.] Haaren, a vill. of Hanover, landr. Osnabriick, 6 m. S.E. Meppen. Pop. 2,030.-11. aviU. of Rhen. Prussia, reg. and 22 m. N. Aachen. Pop. 1,071. Haablem, or Hart.em, a city of the IN etherls., prov. N. Holland, 11 m. W. Amsterdam, with which city, and with Leyden, it communicates by canals and by railway. Pop. (1840) 24,012. It has remains of its old fortifications, and is " very well built, very clean, and very dull." The cathed. of St Bavon contains the famous Haarlem organ, one of the largest in the world, though its pipes are surpassed in size hy some in the organs at York and Birmingham. Other principal struc- tures, are the town-haJI, flesh-mkt., and several churches ; the statue of L. Coster, the reputed in- ventor of moveable printing types, and a native of this city, stands in the market-place. Haarlem has numerous public schools, learned societies, and collections in art and science, the principal of the latter being the Teyler museum. It has also large steam cotton mills, manufs. of velvet, silk, and linen fabrics, carpets, lace, ribands, soap, &c., and a celebrated Greek and Hebrew type- foundry. It is the centre of the important Dutch trade in flowers and flower-seeds, raised in the Slotmen-TuiTien, extensive nursery grounds on the S. side of the city. Its vicinity is well culti- vated ; near it is the Pavilion, a noble seat, for- merly the palace of Louis Bonaparte. The pain- ters Wynants, Ostade, Wouvermans, Berghem, and Ruisdael, with Vanderhelst, and Schrevelius, were natives of Haarlem. — II. a vill., U. S., N. America. [Haerlem.] — III. an isl. ofPalk's Strait, off the N. extremity of the island of Ceylon. Haarlem Lake (Dutch Haerlemmer-Meer), an inlet of the Zuyder-Zee, Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, 2 m. S.E. Haarlem, about 33 m. in circ, communicating N.ward with the Y., and S.ward with the Old Rhine. It was formed by a destruc- tive inundation in the 16th century. The lake is at present (1849) being drained by English steam engines, and it is calculated that 56,000 ac. of land will thus be gained. Haastbecht, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, 14 m. N.E. Rotterdam. Pop. 1,385. Haat, a small island of Scotland, Hebrides, in the sound of Harris, between Harris and N. Uist. Haesdonk, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 25 m. N.E. Ghent. Pop. 2,260. Haase, Hasa, a riv. of Hanover, landr. Osna- oriick, joins the Ems at Meppen, after a tortuous N. and W. course of 90 miles. Haba (La), a town of Spain, prov. and 51 m. EJ Madrid. Pop. 3,020. Manufs. woollens, &o. • Habas, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Landes, arrond., and 11 m. S.S.E. Dax. Pop. 2,000. — Hahay is the name of two 'contig. vills., Belg. Luxembourg, 14 m. S.E. Neufchateau. Haebeelet, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 8 m. S.W Shrewsbury. Area 1,100 ac. Pop. 126. Habelsohwert, a town, Prussian Silesia, reg. Breslau, cap. circ, on the Neisse, 10 m. S. Glatz. Pop. 2,760, engaged in woollen and linen weaving. Habebgham-Eaves, a tnship. of Engl., co. Lan- caster, pa. Wballey, 2 m. S.W. Burnley. P. 8,526, empld. in coal mines, & cotton & woollen mills. Habersham, a co. of U.S., N. Amer., Georgia, in the N. part of the state. Area 760 sq. m. ; surface mountnous. Pop. 7,961. Cap. ClarksviUe. Habesh, a country of Africa. [Abtssihia.] Habeotigh, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 8 m. N.W. Great Grimsby. Area 1,570 ac. Pop. 334. HabsaI/, a town of Russia. [Hapsai,.] Habsbdrg, or Hapsbdbg, a viU. of Switzerland, with ruins of a castle, the original seat of the present imperial family of Austria. [Brugg.] Habsheim, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Bhin, cap. cant., 11 m. N.E. Altkirch, on the Strasbourg railway, 4^ m. S.E. Mulhausen. Pop. 1,690. It has the largest cattle fairs in the dep. Hacconbt, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 3J m. N.N.E. Bourn. Area 3,220 ac. Pop. 406. Haccoubt, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. and 7 m. N.E. Liege. Pop. 1,212. Hacebt, a pa. of Engl:, co. Lincohi, 7 m. E. Grantham. Area 730 ac. Pop. 64. Hacha, a. riv., S. America, N. Granada, dep Magdalena, enters the Caribb. Sea, 90 m. E.N.E Santa Marta, after a N. course of 120 m. At its mouth is the town Rio Hacha. Haohenbtjro, a town of W. Germany, dom. & 24 m. N. Nassau. Pop. 1,638; manufs. linens. Hacheston, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 2 m. N. Wickham-mkt. Area 1,780 ac. Pop. 618. Haokensack, a vill., H. S., N. America, New Jersey, on a small navigable river of the same name, 12 m. N.W. New York. Pop. 1,000.-11 a tnshp. adjoining, 13 m. N.W. New York. P. 2,631. Haciietstown, a pa. and town of Ireld., Lein- ster, cos. Carlow and Wicklow, the town in Car- low on the Dereen, S m. S.E. Baltinglass. Area of pa., 11,616 ac. Pop. 4,223 ; of town, 1,021. Hackfobd, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 3J m. W.N.W. Wymondham. Area 820 ac. Pop. 264. — II. {by Reepham), same co., 7 m. W.S.W. Ayl- sham. Area 820 ac. Pop. 694. Hackington, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, IJ m. N. Canterbury. Area 1,190 ac. Pop. 606. It has a beautiful cruciform church. Hales Place, the seat of the Hales family, is in this pari.sh. Hackness, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Riding, 6^ m. N.W. Scarboro'. Area 12,730 ac. P. 714. Haoknev, a pa. of Engl., co. Middlesex, form- ing a suburb of London, 3 m. N.N.E. St Paul's. Area 3,.3no ac. Pop. 37,771, mostly employed in trades & manuis. connected with the metropolis. It is div. into 3 dists., & has an iron bridge across the Lea, 3 churches & numrs. chapels, the London orphan asylum, Clapton, the Independents' aca- demy at Homerton, a savings bank, union wkho., and one of the finest nursery gardens in England. Hackney was formerly the favourite subm-ban HAC 587 HAD residence of the London citizens, and hackney coaches are said to have been named fi'om it. Hacktuobne, a pa. of England, co. and 7 m. N.N.E. Lincoln. Area 2,890 ao. Pop. 246. Hackwell, a pa. of £ngl., co. Essex, IJ m. N.W. Rochford. Area 1,250 ac. Pop. 366. Hacqueville, a vill. of France, dep. Eure, arrond. Andeljs. It is the birthplace of Sir Maik I. Brunei, engineer of the Thames Tunnel. Hadamar, a town of Germany, duchy Nassau, on the Elbe, 5 m. N.W. Limburg. Pop. 2,184. It is walled, and has a castle, a normal school, manufe. of cottons and tobacco, and iron- works. HAnnAM, a tnship., U. S., N. America, Connec- ticut, 20 m. S. Hartford. Pop. 2,599. HAnDENHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 6J m. S.S.W. Aylesbury, Area 3,160 ac. Pop. 1,646. _n.co. Cambridge,6m. S.S.W. Ely. Area9,530 ac. Pop. 2,103. Haddington, a pail, and royal bor., mkt. town and pa., Scotl., cap. co., on the Tyne, here crossed by a four-arched bridge, and on the N. British railw., 18 m. E. Edinburgh. Area of pa., which is in the highest state of cultivation, about 22^ sq. m. Pop. 5,452; pop. of bor. 2,786. Thetownisre- markably well built ; has handsome co. buildings, a town-house, surmounted by a spire 150 feet in height, and a noble collegiate and parish church, originally the nave of an abbey church, erected about the 13th century. Haddington has also a superior grammar school, a mechanics' institution, an agricultural and horticultural society, several public libraries, and a considerable trade in wool, &c. Mkt.-day, Friday. It is perhaps the largest market in Scotland for corn and other agricul- tural produce. Cattle fairs in April and October. Corp. rev. (1840) 1,499Z. Haddington unites with Dunbar, Jedburgh, Lauder, and N. Berwick, in sending 1 member to the H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 200. It gives title of Earl to a branch of the Hamilton family, whose seat is about 8 m. distant. In the immediate vicinity is Lethlngton, the ancient seat of the Lauderdales ; also some remains of a convent, founded by Ada, countess of Northumberland, in 1 178, & in which aparliamt. was held in 1548. Haddington is a very ancient royal burgh, and holds its last charter dated 1624. Kmg Alexander n. was bom here in 1198, and the famous reformer, John Knox, is generally believed to have been a native of the town. Haddington, or E. Lothian', a co. of Scotl., having N. the Firth of Forth, E. the N. Sea, S. co. Berwick, and W. co. Edinburgh. Area variously estimated at from 224 to 280 sq. m , of which about 7,000 ac. are wood. Inhabited houses, 8,010. Pop. 86,886. Surface, in the S., occupied by the Lammermoor hills, in the centre and N. a beantifal plain, gradually sloping to the Firth of Forth, and diversified by gentle elevations. Princip. rivulet, the Tyne. Except the Lammer- moor ridge, and the Garletons, there are only two other isolated hills, Traprain and N. Berwick Law, the latter a cone of 800 feet elevation. Soil mostly a clayey loam. Agricult. improvements commenced in 1700, are now in a highly ad- vanced state, and equal, if not superior, to that of any other British co. Many of the nobility, from the 17th century, turned their chief efforts to raising it to its present eminence ; and the United East Lothian Agricultural Society, found- ed in 1819-20, comprises most, if not all, of the wealthy proprietors in the co. Principal crops, nheat, oats, barley, beans, turnips, and grasses. Cattle, brought chiefly from the Highlands, are extensively rattened. In the Lammermoor sheep farms, the Cheviot breed predominates, Farms generally large. Value of land (1843) 221,713?. Of houses, 31,668Z. Total value of assessed pro- perty 263,271i. Manufs. scarcely exist, except some salt & pottery works at Prestonpans & Tra- nent, foundries in Dunbar, and several extensive distilleries. Coal is worked in the W., and lime- stone abounds everywhere. Roads are good, and a railway from Edinburgh to Berwick traverses the CO. Haddington comprises 2 presbyteries, 24 quoad civilia pas., & 3 royal burghs, Haddington the CO. town, Dunbar, and N. Berwick. It sends 2 mems. to 11. of C, 1 of whom is for the co. Reg. electors (1848) 674. Haddiscoe, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, with a station on the Norfolk railway, 4 m. N.N.E. Beoclcs. Area 2,130 ac. Pop. 424. Haddo, a small town of Scotl., co. Aberdeen, pa. Methlick, 11 m. N.E. Inverury, and which gives the title of Baron to the Earl of Aberdeen. Haddon, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 3 m. N.N. W. Stilton. Area 1,240 ac. Pop. 121 II. (East), CO. and 7i m. N.W. Northampton. Area 2,990 ac. Pop. 616.— III. (West), same co., 8 m. N.N.E. Daventry. Area 2,900 ac. Pop. 1,013.— IV. (ffad- don Hall), co. Derby, 2 m. S.W. Chatsworth, in the beautiful valley of the Wye, is a castellated baronial relic of the middle ages, erected between the 14th and 16th centuries. It was the family seat of the Vernons, betw. the reigns of Richard I. and Elizabeth, when it passed by marriage to the Manners family, with whom it still remains, now uninhabited and partially dilapidated. Hadeln, a dist. of N. Germany, Hanover, landr. Stade, extending for 12 m. along the Elbe, with an area of 110 sq. m. & 16,941 inhabs. Soil marshy, fertile, and protected from inunda- tions by dykes. It has a distinct administration, and special privileges. Habeesleben (Dan. Hadersleo), a seaport town of Denmark, cap. amt. on an inlet of the Little Belt, duchy and 48 ra. N. Schleswig. Pop. 6,100. It is well built, and has a safe harbour, several churches, a normal school, and breweries. Hadfield, a twnshp. of Engl., co. Derby, pa. Glossop, 11 m. N.N.W. Chapel-le-Frith, with a station on the Manchester and Sheffield railway, 2J m. N. Glossop. Pop. 1,499, partly employed in cotton factories. Hadham (Gt.), apa. of Engl., co. Herts, 4 m. W.S.W. Bishop-Stortford. Area 4,350 ac. Pop. 1,318.-11. (LiUle), 3 m. W.N.W. Bishop-Stort- ford. Area 3,070 ac. Pop. 819. Hadhaz, a town of Hungary, co. Szabolcs, 10 m. N. Debreczin. Pop. 3,700, mostly Haiduks, and employed in agriculture and cattle raismg. Habisa, or Habitha, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. Bagdad, on the Euphrates, 27 m. E.S.E. Anah, and enclosed by an ancient stone wall. Hadji-Abbasse, a vill. of Asia Minor, pash. Anatolia, on the Barton (anc. Parthenius), 60 m. W.S.W. Kastamuni, and around which are some remarkable oaves.— II. (H. /?am««), a neat coun- try town, Anatolia, 26 m. E. Tosia, near which the Kizil Irmak is crossed by a stone bridge of 16 arches.— III. (Oglou Bazardjih), a town of Europ.-Turkey, Bulgaria, 22 m. N. Varna. Hadjvpoob, a town of Brit. India, presid. Ben- gal, dist. Tibet, on the Ganges, nearly opposite Patna. It has a large trade in nitre, produced in its vicinity, an annual horse fair and horse races. Hadleiqh, a mkt.-town and pa. of Engl., co. Suftolk, 9J m. W.S.W. Ipswich, & 7 m. W.N.W. the Bentley station of the E. Union railway. Area of pa. 3,440 ac. Pop. 3,679. It has many curious ancient houses, and a fine church. Mar- ket, Monday. It is a polling, place for th« W. HAD 588 HAG divis. of the co.— II. a pa., co. Essex, 2i m. N, W. Leigh. Area 4,480 ac. Pop. 36G. Fair, June 24. It has ruins of a noble castle, built by De Burgh, Earl of Kent, In the reign of Henry ii. Hadley, a pa. of Engl., co. Middlesex, 1 m. N.N.E. Barnet. Area 2,530 ac. Pop. 946. It has a handsome church. On its tower, which com- mands very fine views, is a fire pan, anciently used as a beacon, and a column commemorative of the great battle of Barnet (1471). Hadlet, atnship., U.S., N.America, Massachs., on Connee. riv., here crossed by a bridge 1,080 feet in length, 74 m. W. Boston, Pop. 1,814. Hablow, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 3J m. N.E. Tunbridge. Area 5,930 ac. Pop. 2,108. Hadmeksleben, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg'. and 18 m. S.W. Magdeburg, on the Bode, with a station on railw. to Halberstadt. P. 1,000. Hadol, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Vos- ges, arrond. and 6 m. S. Epinal. Pop. 3,140. Hadramact, a country of Arabia, extending along its S.E. coast from Oman to Temen, with which latter region it constituted the anc. Arabia Felix. The coast is lined by mutns. 6,000 feet high. On the edge of the desert of Aklaj, a plummet, sunk in the loose sand, found no bottom at 360 feet. Hadsor, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, IJ m. S.E. Droitwich, within the pari, bounds of which it is included. Area 940 ac. Pop. 178. Hadstock, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 1| m. S. Linton. Area 1,870 ac. Pop. 490. Haeght, and Haelen, two comms. and vills. of Belgium, the former, prov. N. Brab., cap. cant., 16 m. N.E. Brussels. Pop. 1,400; the latter, prov. Limbourg, 11 m. W. Hasselt. Pop. 2,016. Haeltert, afid Haerinqhe, two comms. and vills. of Belgium. — I. prov. E. Flanders, 19 m. E. Audenarde. Pop. 3,252. — II. prov. W. Flanders, cap. cant, 12 m. N.W. Ypres. Pop. 1,936. H^mus (Mount), Europ. Turkey. [Balkan,] Haerlebeke, a comm. and town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, cap. cant., on the Lys and the railway to Ghent, 3 m. N.E. Courtrai. Pop. 4,486. It was formerly an important fortress, and suffered many vicissitudes in the 9th & 10th cen- turies. Manufs. woollen cloths, &c. Haehlem, a vill. of U. S., N. Amer., New York, on Haerlem river, here crossed by a bridge, TJ m. N.N.E. New Tork, with which it is con- nected by railway. Haesdonck, a comm. & vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 26 m. E.N.E. Ghent. Pop. 2,661. Haff, or Stettin-Haff, a lagoon of Prussian Fomerania, reg. and 10 m. N. Stettin, separated from the Baltic by a narrow strip of land. Length of lagoon, E. to W., 29 m. ; greatest breadth 13 miles. It is divided into the Great and Little Haff, has several considerable arms, receives the Oder, Ihna, and Ucker rivers, and communi- cates with the sea by mouths at Swinemiinde, Cammin, and Wolgast. [Curische-Haff and Fbische-Haff.J Haffah, an ancient navigable channel, con- necting the Karun riv. (Persia), in its lower part, with the Shat-ul-Arab (lower Euphrates). Length about J m. ; breadth from 200 to 400 feet; depth from 30 to 42 feet. On both sides of it stand the town Mohammerah. Haffeeb, a vill. of Nubia, on 1. b. of the Nile, 46 m. N. New Dongola. It has a large weekly market, and a government factory for indigo. Hafnerzeh and Hafnebbach, two vills. of S. Germany, the former in Bavaria, on the Danube, 8 m. E. Passan; the latter. Lower Austria, 'West St Polten. Both have porcelain factories. Hapod, a pa, of South Wales, co. Denbigh, 14 m. S.E. Aberystwith. Pop. 161. The superb mansion of the D. of Newcastle stands amidst grounds, which, for united beauty and grandeur, have been deemed unequalled throughout Eu- rope. In the vicinity is " the Devil's Bridge," an arch of 29 feet spanning a deep wooded chasm, forming the bed of the river Mynach. Hafsloe, a vill. and pa, of Norway, stift and 88 m, N.E. Bergen. Pop. 2,100. Hagborne, a pa. of Engl., co. Berks, 6J m. W.S.W. Wallingford. Area 2,830 ac. Pop. 824. Hage & Hagblberg, two vills. of Germany; the former, Hanover, landr. and 13 m. N.W, Aurich ; the latter, Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. and 22 m. S.W. Potsdam, and where the Allies defeated the French, Aug. 27, 1813. Hagen, a tn. of Prussian Westphalia, reg. & 26 m. W. Arensberg, cap. circ, on the Volme. Pop. 4,500, who maniu. iron ware, woollen cloth, paper, and leather. Near it is the spa of Eppeuhausen. Hagenow, a town of N. Germany, grand duchy, Mecklenb.-Sehwerin, on the Hamburgh & Ber- lin railway, 17 m. S.W. Schwerin. Pop. 2,657. Hagerston, a vill. of U. S., N. Amer., Mary- land, 58 m. W.N. W. Baltimore. Pop. 3,760. It is well built ; has a handsome court house, town hall, gaol, 2 academies, and 9 churches. Hagetmau, a comm. and town of France, dep. Landes, cap. cant, arrond., and 7 m. S. St Sever. Pop. 1,830. Good wine is producedin its vicinity. Hagia & Hagios (Greek Saint), several small vills. of Greece; and an island, Hagios-gtrati (anc. Nea), Grecian Archip., belonging to Tur- key, 20 m. S.W. Lemnos, with a vill. of same name on itsW. coast. Hagia, a town of European Turkey, Thessaly, 13 m. E. Larissa. Inhab. by about 800 fa^milies. Haglet, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, 3 m. S.S.E. Stourbridge. Area, 2,830 ac. Pop. 744. In its vicinity is Hagley park, once the fa- vourite residence of Lord Lyttleton, the poet. Hagnabt, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, 4 m. W.S.W. Spilsby. Area 640 ac. Pop. 80 — II. (with Majmy), same co. and pts., 3 m. N.E. Alford. Area 1,010 ac. Pop. 100. Hagde (The), (Dutch S'Gravenhage, "the Count's meadow," French La Haye), a town of the Netherlands, cap. prov. of S. Holland, & the usual residence of the court and of the States- general, on a branch of the Leyden and Kotter- dam canal, 4 m. from the N. Sea, 14 m. N.W. Rotterdam, and 83 m. S.W. Amsterdam, with which cities it also communicates by railways. Lat. 52" 4' 20' N., Ion. 4° 18' 40'' E. Pop. (1844) 66,000. Mean temp, of year 52°; winter 38°.2; sum- mer 66°.5. Fahr. It is enclosed by a moat, crossed by drawbridges, and many streets are intersected by canals, bordered with rows of trees. All the principal edifices are in the Vyverherg, or great square of its N. or fashionable quarter. The national museum comprises collections of Chinese and Japanese curiosities, and of Dutch national relics, with a rich gallery of Dutch paintings, among which is Paul Potter's celebrated " bull." The palace of the Prince of Orange has also a good collection of Dutch paintings ; the king's palace is a plain edifice of Grecian architecture. Tlie Binnenfiof appropriated to the States As- sembly and the chief government offices, com- prises a portion of the residence of the ancient Counts of Holland. It has 14 churches, 2 syna- gogues, an orphan asylum, prisons, numerous schools, and a theatre. The royal library is said to contain 100,000 vols.; and here are many learned associations and private galleries of art. HAG 589 HAK A cannon foundry established in 1668, &c. Some printing and manuis. carried on. A fine road, caUed tlie Voorhout, leads N. to tlie Bosch, a wooded park witii a suburban royal seat, & 1 J m. S.E. of the Hague stood the castle of Kyswick, memorable for the treaty signed there in 1697. A bronze statue of William, Prince of Orange, was erected in 1848. Haode (Cape La), a headland of France, often improperly called Cape La Hague. It forms the N. W. extremity of the peninsula of Cotentin, dep. Mauche, opposite the island Alderney. Lat. of light-house, 49° 43' N., Ion. 1° 57' W. HAGrENATj, acomm. & fortified town of France, dep. B. Ehin, cap. cant, on the Moder, 16 m. N. Strasbourg. Pop. (1846) 7,743. It was origi- nally fortified by the Emperor Frederick Bar- barossa in the 12th century, and has a church of that period, a synagogue, civil and military hos- pitals, a female penitentiary, hemp and cotton yam, madder, & oil mills, manuis. of woollen & cotton fabrics, earthenware and soap, breweries, and metal foundries. The adjacent forest of Haguenau is one of the largest in France. Haqwobthisgham, a pa. of Engl., eo. Lincoln, pts. Lindsay, 4 m. W.N.W. Spilsby. Area 2,430 ac. Pop. 600. flAiDA, or Heida, a town of Bohemia, circ. Leitmeritz. Pop. 1,433. Manufs. glass & crystal. Haidhadsen, a vill. of Upper Bavaria, on the Isar, immediately opposite Munich, of which it forms a suburb. Pop. 3,700. HAinncK Towns, Hungary. [Hetduke.] Haigeb & ELaioebloch, two Tills, of Germany, the former in duchy, and 34 m. N.E. Nassau, on the Dille, with 1,125 inhabitants, and some iron works; the latter in principality Hohenz-Sigma^ ringen, 8 m. W. Hechingen, with 1,360 inhabs., a castle, and considerable annual markets. Haigh, a tnshp. of Engl., eo. Lancaster, pa. & 3 m. N.N.E. WigaJi. Pop. 1,303. Here are pits of the celebrated Cannel coal. Haigh hall, an anc. edifice, is the seat of the Earl of Balcarras. Haighau, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, b\ m. N.N.W. Grantham. Area 2,590 ae. Pop. 337. Hai-Kheou-So, a marit. town, island Hainan, China sea, on the N. coast of the island, and the chief mart of its trade, on a peninsula, 3 m. N. its cap, city Kiong-tchou. Hailes, a pa. rf Engl., co. Gloucester, 2 m. N.E. Winchcomb. Area 1,520 ac. Pop. 120. Hailshah, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 11 m. E.S.E. Lewes. Area of pa. 6,360 ac. Pop. 1,586. Hain, a town of Saxony. [Gbossenhain.] _ Haina, or Jainas, a riv. and bay of Hayti : the riv., after aS. ward course of 38 m., enters the bay 12 m. S.W. San Domingo, and on the E. side of the bay is a vill. of same name. Haina, a vill. of H.-Cassel, prov. Ober-Hessen, circ. Frankenberg, with a central lunatic asylum in the rich abbey of Cistercians. Hainan (Chinese Hai-Lam, " South of the Sea'^,alargeisl. belongingto China, prov. Quang- tong, between lat. 18° 10' and 20° N., and Ion. 108° 25' and 111° E., immediately S. the peninsula Loni-tchou, and separating the gulf of Tonquin from the China Sea. Estimated area, 12,000 sq. m. Pop. probably comprises 1,000,000 Chinese, exclusive of wild tribes in the interior. Some of the mountains in its centre rise above the snow line. It has some pretty large rivs. ; coasts generally rooky, but the W. is low, and the S. has several good harbs. Soil not very fertile; timber is a prmcipal product, and is sent to Anam, Siam, and Singapore: other exports are rice, sugar. wax, pearls, coral, salt, and a little gold and silver. It is subdivided into 13 dists. Kiong-tchou, the cap., is a populous city on its N. coast ; other principal towns are Hush-e-on and Lok-hoi. Hainah, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. Lieg- nitz, circ. Hainau- Goldberg, on the Deichsel. Pop. 3,600. Manufs. woollens and linens. Hainauit, a forest of Engl., co. Essex, lying to the E. of Epping forest, and N.W. Ronlford. Hainaut, or Hainault (German Hennegau), a frontier prov. of Belgium, cap. Mons, bounded W. & S. by France, & on other sides by E. & W. Flanders, S. Brabant & Namnr. Area 1,430 sq, m. Pop. (1846) 715,796. Surface generally level ; hilly in the S.E. It is traversed by the Sambre, Scheldt, Dender, and Haine rivs., and by several canals. Agriculture, cattle rearing, and mining, are the principal occupations of its inhabitants ; but manufs. of hardwares, glass, linen, & woollen fabrics, lace, leather, &c., are also carried on pretty actively. It is subdivided into 3 arronds. Principal towns, Mons, Tournay, and Charleroi. French Hainaiit was an old division of France in French Flanders, cap Valenciennes, now com- prised in the dep. Nord. Hainbubg, or Haimbtjbg, a town of Lower Austria, on the Danube, 27 m. E.S.E. Vienna, Pop. 3,844. It has an important tobacco factory, the largest in Austria, and the ruins of a noble residence of same name. The Magyars here gained a great victory over the Germans in 907. HAraE,'a riv. of Belgium, prov. Hainault, after a W. course of 40 m. past Mons and St Ghislain, joins the Scheldt in France, dep. Nord, opposite Conde, whence it is navigable to Mons. From it the prov. Hainaut derived its name. — Haine St Pierre is a vill. (m it, 12 m. Wi Charleroi. Hainewalde, a vill. of Saxony, circ. Bautzen, near the Elbe. Pop. 2,571, mostly weavers. Hainford, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 7 m. N. Norwich. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 570, HAiNicHiiN, a town of Saxony, circ. and 40 m. S.E. Leipzig. Pop. 5,580, employed in woollen & cotton weaving. Gelert was born here in 1715. Hains, a township of the U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, 19 ra. E. Bellefonte. Pop. 2,002. Hainton, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, parts Lindsey,54m. N.N.E. Wragby. Ac. 2,780. P. 322, Haibcmbo, a country of India. [Cachab.] Hai-tan, an island of the Strait of Formosa, China Sea, in lat. 25° 35' N., Ion. 120° E. Haiteebach, a town of Wurtemberg, circ. Black Forest, 30 m. S. W. Stuttgart. Pop. 1,933. Haiti Island, W. Indies. [Havti.] Haj], or Hajji, nums. towns in the E. [Hadji.] Hajiab (El), a town of Arabia. [Lachsa.] Hajilak, a village of Asia Minor, pash. Kara- mania, 46 m. S.W. Konieh. Near it was the town of Isaura, founded in the 1st century, and of which a massive wall, with lofty hexagonal towers, and a fine arch erected to the Emperor Hadrian, are the chief remains. Hajiabad, a small town of Persia, prov. Kir- man, 40 m. W. Gombroon, near the centre of the Persian Gulf. Pop. from 600 to 700.— II, a vill., prov. Irak-Ajemi, near Teheran.— Haji, or Hadji is a prefix of the names of numerous vills. in Turkish Kurdistan and Armenia. Hajvounge, a town of British India, presid, Bengal, dist. & 33 m, W.S.W. Dacca, on the W. bank of the Ganges. Hajypoob, two towns of India, — I, presid, Ben- gal, prov, Bahar, dist. Tirhoot, on the N. bank of the Ganges, opposite Patna. — II. Punjab, on 1, b. of the Chenab, 44 m. S.W. Mooltan. Hakabt, or Hakiabia, a mountain dist. of HAK 690 HAL Turkish Kurdistan, of which Joolamerk, about 80 m. S. Van, Is the cap. Estimated pop. 50,000 families (.'), Nestorian christians. Hakeesay, one of the smallest Hebrides, Scot- land, between Barra and S. tJist. Hakim-Khan, a small town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 65 m. S.E. Sivas, on an afBuent of the Euphrates, inhabited by about 260 Turkish and 36 Armenian families, and having an old castle. Hal, a town of Belgium, prov. S. Brabant, cap. cant., on the Sonne, Charleroi canal, and Mons raUway, 9 m. S.S. W. Brussels. Pop. (1842) 6,507. Its church is greatly resorted to in pilgrimage. Halai, a Till, of Abyssina, state Tigre, 120 m. N. Antalo, on the route to Arkiko, and 8,625 feet above the sea. It is a miserable place. Pop. 400. Haiam, a pa. of England, co. Notts, IJ m. W.N.W. Southwell. Area 1,310 ac. Pop. 411. Halas, a market town of Hungary, between the Danube and Theiss, co. and 76 m. S.S.E. Pesth, on the Lake Halasto. Pop. (1846) 10,.330. Haxbebstadt, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 29 m. S.W. Magdeburg, with which it com- municates by railway, cap. circ. on the Holzem- me, an affluent of the Bode. Pop. (1343) 18,394. It is built in an antique Gothic style, enclosed by walls, outside of wliich are several suburbs, and has a cathedral of the 16th century, 10 other Protestant and 2 Koman Catholic churches, a synagogue, a handsome mansion-house, formerly a royal palace, a theatre, college, diocesan and normal schools, Gleim's institute, two large public libraries, various private museums and picture galleries, manufs. of woollen stuffe, leather, car- pets, linen fabrics, gloves, straw hats, starch, to- bacco, soap, &c., with large oil refineries, many breweries, and &n active trade in com and wool. Halbekton, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 3 m. E. Tiverton. Area 6,960 ac. Pop. 1,739. Halden, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 3i m. N.N.E. Tenterden. Area 3,340 ac. Pop. 683. HAiiDENSLBBEN (New), a towu of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 15 m. N.W. Magdeburg, cap. circ, on the Ohre. Pop. (1846) 4,700, engaged in manufacturing woollen fabrics, leather, vitriol, glass, and stone wares, &c. — Old Haldensleben IS an adjacent vill. Pop. 1,749, similarly em- ployed, & having also a beet-root sugar factory. Haldon, a vill. and mansion of England, co. Devon, pa. Kenne, 4J m. S.S.W. Exeter. In vicinity a range of hills extend 7 m., with an ele- vation of 1,818 feet. Haloubabt, a town of British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, dist. and 66 m. N.E. Purneah. Hale, a pa. of England, co. Cumberland, 2J m. S.E. Egremont. Area 3,220 ac. Pop. 305.— II. CO. Hants, 3^ m. N.N.E. Fordingbridge. Area 1,210 ac. Pop. 209 — III. CO. Lincoln, parts Kesteven, 8 m. N.N.E. Folkingham. Area 6,110 ac. Pop. 1,003. — IV. a township, co. Chester, pa. Bowden, 2 m. S.E. Altringham. Pop. 974.— V. a chapelry, co. Lancaster, pa. Childwall, 6| m. S. Present. Pop. 646. John Middleton, the giant, 9 feet 3 inches in height, was born here in 1678. Hales, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 4^ m. N.W. Beccles. Area 1,120 ac. Pop. 302.— II. a tnshp., CO. Stafford, 2J m. E. Market-Drayton. Halesowen, a market town and pa. of Engl, CO. Worcester, 7 m. "W.S.AV. Birmingham. Area of pa. 11,290 ac. Pop. 17,376. Pop. of town 2,056. It lies in a beautiful valley, has a handsome main street, a Norman church, with a remarkably elegant spire, and in the cemetery of which is the tomb of the poet Shenstone; achapel partly built in the Saxon era ; some remains of a large abbey, founded in the reign of John ; a grammar school, founded in 1652 ; and some ma- nufs. of coarse hardware. Market, Monday. In the vicinity is the Leasowes, the paternal estate of the poet Shenstone, who was bom here in 1714. Halesworth, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. Suffolk, on the BIyth, 7 m. S. Ipswich. Area of pa. 1,070 ac. Pop. 2,662, chiefly employed in spinning and weaving yarn from hemp, which is largely grown in the vicinity. Charities 420i. Mkt., Tuesday. It is a polling-place forE. Suffolk. Hale- Weston, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 2 m. N.W. St Neot's. Area 1,860 ac. Pop. 397. HALEvrooD, a township of England, co. Lan- caster, pa. Childwall, 4 m. S. Prescot P. 1,101. Half AT, a town of Nubia, on the E. bank of the Nile, 16 m. N. Khartum, cap. of an extensive dist., mostly between lat. 14° 20' and 16° N. Halfmoon, two townships of the U. S., N. America. — I. New York, 13 m. N. Albany. Pop. 2,631—11. Pennsvlvania, 99 m. N.W. Harris- burgh. Pop. 1,406. Half Moon Keys, are some reefs and islets, immediately E. of Portland Point, the S. extre- mity of Jamaica ITalf Moon Islands are a group, E. Archipelago, lat. 9° N., Ion. 115° 10' E. Half-Mortok, a pa. of Scotl., co. Dumfries, district of Eskdale. Area 6,054 ac. Pop. 737. Halford, a pa, of England, co. Warwick, 3 m. N. Shipston-on-Stour. Area 1,010 ac. P. 425. Halibut Island, an island of the N. Pacific Ocean, near the S.W. extremity of the pemnsula Aliashka, lat. 54° 48' N., Ion. 164° 15' W. Cu-- cumference 22 m. It was so named by Cook from the large number of halibuts taken there. Halicz, or Galitch, a town of Austrian Gali- cia (and whence the name of this prov.), on the Dniester, 63 m. S.S.E. Lemberg. Pop. 1,830, chiefly employed in salt-works & soap factories. Halifax, a pari, bor., large manufacturing town, and township of England, co. York, W. Riding, on the navigable Calder, and on the Manchester & Leeds railw., 14 m. W.S.W. Leeds. Area of pa., which is one of the largest and most populous in England, 76,740 ac. Pop. of do. 130,743 ; do. of pari. bor. 26,694. It is picturesquely situated on a declivity, surrounded by lofty heights, and with the exception of a few ancient streets, is mostly built of stone, well paved and lighted. Chief buildmgs, the piece- hall, a vast and handsome stone built quadrangle, containing 315 rooms or warehouses in which the manufacturers keep their cloths for sale, and the pa. church, a fine structure of the 16th cent., and to which about 18 other churches & chapels scattered throughout the pa. are subordinate. Endowed charities (1827) 2,5651. Here are also numerous Dissenters' meeting-houses & Schools, several of which, in the rural parts of the pa., are well endowed ; a blue coat hospital, founded in 1642, a handsome modem infirmary, a jail be- longing to the Duke of Leeds as lord of the ma- nor; a theatre, assembly rooms, public baths, library, literary society's hall with library and museum, mechanics' institute, and several banks. The woollen manuf. was introduced here early in the 15th century, the abundance of water power being probably the great attraotion. Since the use of steam, these manufs. have immensely in- creased, coal also being plentiful in the pa., and the riv. Calder forming a means of communica- tion with Hull on the one side, and Liverpool on the other. The principal staples are shal- loons, camlets, figured vestings, moreens, bomba- zeens, crapes, russets, serges, baizes, coatings, broad & narrow cloths, kerseys, cottons, & silks. In 1838, there were in the pa. 80 worsted, 63 HAL 591 HAL woollen, 71 cotton, and 7 silk mills, employing together 13,379 hands, independent of cottage- weavers. Most of the goocfe are sold in an un- finished state, to the merchants, in the piece- hall, on Saturday, which is market day. Halifax comprises 19 townsliips, and is governed by the CO. magistrates, who hold petty sessions weekly. It sent two members to H. of C. during the commonwealth, which privilege was restored by the Keform Act. Reg. electors (1848) 1,014, The manor was remarkable in the middle ages for its strict laws against thieves, and for its ex- ercising the power of jurisdiction in capital cases so late as the middle of the 17th century. Out- side the town, on the W., is Gibbet hill, where those convicted of theft, to the amount of 13/ d., were executed by a machine, which was the pro- totype of the French guillotine. Archbishop Tillotson was born in this pa., a. t>. 1630. Halifax, a marit. city & cap. of Nova Scotia, on its S.E. coast, in lat. W 39' N., Ion. 63° 37' W. Pop. exclusive of army & navy, about 19,000. It stands on a declivity facing its noble harbour, & is handsome, though its houses are mostly of wood. Public edifices numerous, and comprise Province building, containing the chief government offices, with the public library; the residences of the military commandant and admiral, two sets of barracks, the ordnance and commissariat depart- ments, Dalhousie college, the military hospital, various churches, the work-house, prison, ex- change, assembly rooms, theatre. Tlie dock -yard, covering 14 acres, is the finest in the British colonies ; the harbour, defended by strong forts andbatteries, is a part of an inlet, which expands above the city into Bedford basin, with an area of 10 sq. m. About 100 large square rigged vessels, and a like number of schooners, besides small craft, belong to the port, which engrosses nearly the whole foreign trade of the colony. Exports consist of preserved fish, timber, coals, grindstones, com, flour, cattle, cheese, butter, whale and seal oil, and fiirs. Chief imports, co- lonial produce fiom the W. Indies, timber and flour f^om the U. States, & manufactured goods fi'om Great Britain. Halifax is the seat of some manufs. of snuff, leather, paper, soap, with dis- tilleries, breweries, anda considerable fishery. It commnnicates by a canal with the bay of Fundy, and by steam mail-packets with Boston (U. S.), and with Liverpool. In 1839, it exported 251,000 quintals of dry and 50,000 do. of pickled fish. Halifax, a co. of the U. S., N. America, in S. of Virginia. Area 750 sq. m. Pop. 25,936 II. a CO., in E. part of N. Carolina. Area 720 sq. m. P. 16,865.— HL a tnshp,, Pennsylvania, 18 m. N. Harrisburgh. Pop. 2,608. — IV. a township, Ver- mont, 105 m. S. Montpellier. Pop. 1,339— V. a river port, N. Carolina, on the Roanoke, 70 m. N.E. Raleigh. It has a considerable trade. Hali- fax Bay, N.E. Australia, in lat. 19° S., Ion. 147° E., is between Rockingham and Cleveland bays, 46 m. in width, and contains Palm Islands. HiLKETT (Cape), a headland of Russian Amer., on the Arctic Ocean, in lat. 70° 48' N., Ion. 161° 55' W., bounds Harrison Bay on the W. Halkin, a pa. of N. Wales, co. & 2 m. S.S.W. Flint. Pop. 1,813. Halkin hall is the superb srat of the Marquis of Westminster. lu the vi- cinity is a hill upwards of 1,000 feet high, crowned by a British camp. Haikibk, a pa. of Scotland, co. Caithness, in the centre of the co., adjoining Reay on the E. Area about 90 sq. m. Pop. 1,963. Here are several ancient castles. That of Braal, has walls of immense thickness. Hall, several towns of Germany I. Wiirtem- berg, oirc. Jaxt, on the Kocher, 35 m. N.E. Stuttgart. Pop. (1845) including suburbs, 6,489. It was formerly a free imperial city, enclosed by walls, & has 7 churches, a fine town-hall, a richly endowed college, a mint, hospital, two public libraries, and next to Ulm, the greatest number of sugar refineries in the kingdom. It has also some soap and other factories, and a large trade in oxen, hogs, & salt from the neighbouring springs, which yield 90,000 cwts. of salt annually. On an adjacent hill is the old castle of Coneburg, now used as an invalid hospital.— II. {ifieder Halt), a town W. of lugelfingen, on the Kocher, with salt springs. — III. Tyrol, circ. Lower Innthal, on the Inn, 6 m. E. Innsbruck. Pop. (1845) 4,969, chfly. emplyd. in salt mines, whence 280,000 cwts. of salt are annually produced. It has a mint, a gymnasium, and a ladies' seminary, with cotton and linen factories. — IV. a market town of Upper Austria, 19 m. S. Linz, with a castle. P. 849. Hall, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer., in N.E. of Georgia, cap. (?ainesville. Area 525 sq. m. P. 7,876. Halla, a considerable town of Scinde, Hindo- stan, 35 m. N.W. Hyderabad, with extensive manufe. of caps and superior earthenwares, and a Mohammedan shrine, greatly fi-equented. Pop. variously estimated from 2,000 to 10,000. Hallam (Kikk), a pa. of England, co. and 7i m. E.N.E. Derby. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 451 II. (West), 6 m. N.E. Derby. Area 1,200 ac. Pop. 677. Revenue of endowed school 199?. per annum. — III. (Nether), a township, co. York, W. Riding, pa. and IJ m. W. Sheffield. Pop. 7,275. —IV. (Upper),3lm. W.S.W. Sheffield. P. 1,401. Hallamshire, a dist. of Engl., co. Tork, W. Riding, composed of the 2 extensive pas. of Shef- field and Ecclesfield. Though Sheffield and its vicinity are densely populated, much of this dist. preserves its anc. forest and moorland character, and affords good grouse shooting. Hallaton, a mkt. town & pa. of England, co. Leicester, 7 m. N.N.E. Market-Harboro'. -Area of pa. 2,360 ac. Pop. 637. Charities upwards of 200?. It has a handsome church, an endowed school, and alms-house, and about 1 m. W. of the town, some vestiges of a castle. Mkt., Thurs. Hallau, a frontier vill. of Switzerland, with mineral springs and baths, cant, and 8 m. W. Schaffhausen. Pop. 2,641. Halle, a city of Prussian Saxony, reg. Merse- burg, cap. circ, on the Saale, & at the junction of railways to Magdeburg, Leipzig, and Weimar, 20 m. N.W. Leipzig. Pop. (1846) 29,800. Mean temp, of year 47° .7 ; winter 31° .6 ; summer 63° .6 Fahr. It is old, ill built, enclosed by walls, & divided into several quarters, each with its own magistracy. Principal buildings, the Gothic church of St Mary, the church of Maurice, an edifice of the 12th century, the "red tower" in the market-place, 260 feet in height, the univer- sity buildings, and outside of the walls E.ward, a monument to the Germans who fell in the battle of Leipzig. Its university, founded in 1694, and long famous for theology, had united to it in 1816, that of Wittemberg, and possesses a library of 64,000 vols., various museums, an anatomical theatre, chemical laboratory, botanic garden, and observatory: it had (in 1844) 721 students. Franke's institute in the suburb Glaucha, is another educational establishment of repute ; & here are many private schools, three hospitals, &c. The remaining portion of the castle Moritz- burg, now serves for a Calv. church. Principal manufs. are of hardwares and starch, but woollen fabrics, gloves, &c., are also made here ; & near HAL « the city are salt springs, yielding 225,000 to 300,000 cvrt. of salt annually. Halle is the seat of the mining board for the provs. between the Elbe and Weser. Hoffinann, Michaelis, and Handel, were born here. On the 18th October 1806, the French gained signal advantages here over the Prussians. — II. a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 29 m. S.W. Minden, cap. circ, W. of the Teutoburger-wald. Pop. 1,460. Hallein, a town of Upper Austria, circ. and 9 m. S.S.E. Salzburg, on the Salzach. Pop. (1845) 6,600, chiefly employed fn mines, yielding 300,000 cwt. of salt annually ; also in pin making. Hallenbebg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 32 m. S.E. Amsberg, on the frontier of Hessen-Cassel. Pop. 1,560. Hallencoubt, a vill. of France, dep. Somme, cap. cant., 9 m. S.S.E. Abbeville, with 1,739 inhabs. Hallqabth, a tnshp. of England, co. & 3^ m. E.N.E. Durham, pa. Pittington. Pop. 2,295. Hallinq, a pa. of Engl., co. Rent, 3| m. S.S.W. Rochester. Area 1,690 ac. Pop. 448. Hallingbdbt (Gbeat), a pa. of England, co. Essex, 2 m. S.E. Bishop-Stortford. Area 1,390 ac. Pop. 690.— II. (Little), same co., 10 m. E.N.E. Ware. Area 2,610 ac. Pop. 497. HALLiNaTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, parts Lindsey, 2 m. S.W. Louth. Ac. 860. Pop. 78. Halliweli., a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Dean, 3 m. W.N.W. Bolton. Pop. 3,242. In the vicinity is the ancient mansion of Smithells. Hallocghton, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 1| m. S.S.W. Southwell. Area 800 ac. Pop. 88. Haiiow, a pa. of Engl., co. and 2J m. N.N.W. Worcester. Area 3,550 ac. Pop. 1,228. Hallowbli., a tnshp., U. S., N. Araer., Maine, 2 m. S. Augusta. Pop. 4,654. The vUl., on Kennebec river, is handsomely built, and acces- sible to steamers and vessels drawing 9 ft. water. Hall's Islanhs, British N. Amer., are at the W. entrance of Frobisher Strait, lat. 63° N., Ion. 65° W., the larger is nearly the size of Isle of Wight. Hallstaht, a market town of Upper Austria, circ. Traun, built in a terraced form, on the W. shore of the Lake of Hallstadt, 16 m. N.E. Rad- stadt. Pop. 1,030, employed in adjacent salt mines. — II. a vill. of Bavaria, circ. Upper Franc, on the Main, 3 m. N.W. Bamberg. Pop. 1,627. Halhiih, a comm. and town of France, dep. Nord, on rt. b. of the Lys, 10 m. N.N.E. Lille. Pop. 2,635, engaged in weaving and bleaching. Halluh, or Hallun, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Friesland, 7 m. N. Leeuwarden. P. 2,300. Hallwyl (Lake of), Switzerland, cant. Aar- gau, is an expansion of the river Aa, 9 m. S.E. Aarau, 5 m. in length by 1 m. in breadth. The castle & vill. of Hallwyl are near its N. extremity. Halltstone, a pa. of Engl., co. Northumber- land, 6 m. W.N.W. Rothbury. Area 19,900 ac. Pop. 443. According to Bede, 3,000 persons were baptised here on the introduction of Chris- tianity into Northumberland. Halmi, a mkt. town of E. Hungary, co. Ugocz, 10 m. S. Nagy-szallos. Pop. 1,160. It has a castle, and large markets for cattle. Halmstad, a marit. ten of Sweden, having W. the Kattegat^ and landward the Isens Gceteborg, Wenersborg, Jonkoping, Wexio, and Christian- Btad. Area 1,900 sq. m. Pop. (1840) 94,934. Surface sandy, and does not produce corn suffi- cient for home consumption. Forests are now confined to the mntnous. E. frontier. Cattle rearing, fishing, and linen spinning and weaving, are the principal occupations of the inhabitants. Halmstad, a seaport town of Sweden, cap. ten, on Laholm Bay, Kattegat, 76 m. S.S.E. 2 HAM Gothenburg. Pop. 1,863. It is pretty well built, and has a castle, the residence of its governor, some woollen manufe., and a salmon fishery, Hals, a mkt. town of Denmark, prov. Jutland, amt. and 15 m. E. Aalborg, at the entrance of the Liimfiord. Pop. 600, mostly fishers. H ALSALL, a pa. of Engl ., CO. Lancaster, hundred of W. Derby. Area 15,640 ac. Pop. 4,445. Halsbbijcke, and Halsdobp, two viUs. of Germany; the former in Saxony, circ. and 18 m. W.S.W. Dresden. Pop. 1,264— The latter in Hessen-Cassel, 37 m. S.W. Cassel. Pop. 724. Halse, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 4 m. E. Wiveliscombe. Area 1,340 ac. Pop. 421. Halsham, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Riding, 5J m. E.S.E. Hedon. Area 2,800 ac. Pop. 284. Halstead, a mkt. town and pa of Engl., co. Essex, on the Cohie, 18 m. N.N.E. Chelmsford. Area of pa. 6,230 ac. Pop. 5,710. The town consists chiefly of one main street, wide and irregular; a church, containing several ancient monuments ; a handsome grammar school, found- ed by Lady Ramsay in 1594, ann, rev. 2802. ; other charities exceeding BOOl. per ann. ; a house of correction, union work-house, and some manufs. of silks, velvets, satins, and straw plait. Market^ Friday. — II. a pa., co. Kent, 6J m. N.N.W. Seven- Oaks. Area 1,010 ac. Pop. 303.— III. a tnshp., CO. and 11 m. £. Leicester. Pop. 186. Halstock, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 6 m. N.N.E. Beamlnster. Area 1,970 ac. Pop. 626. Halstow, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 5} m. N.N.E. Rochester. Area 2,730 ac. Pop. 373.— II. (Low), same co., on Standgate creek, 6^ m. E. Chatham. Area 1.320 ac. Pop. 297. Haltcliffe, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Cumber- land, pa. Caldbeck,9J m. N.N.E. Keswick. P. 567. Halte, a vill. of Germany, Hanover, landr. Aurich, on 1. b. of the Ems, 10 m. S.S.W. Leer, with a custom-house for the circle of Leer. Haltebn, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 25 m. S.W. Miinster, on the Lippe. Pop. 1,940, employed in woollen and linen weaving. Haltham-on-Bain, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 3J m. S.S.W. Homcastle. Ac 2,610. Pop. 253. Halton, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Bucks, IJ m. N.N.E. Wendover. Area 1,390 ac. Pop. 198 II. CO. and 2J m. N.N.E. Lancaster. Area 3,830 ac. Pop. 694.— III. {Sast),eo. Lincota, 10 m. N.W. Great Grimsby. Area 3,920 ac. Pop. 627.— IV. (West), in same co., 8 m. W. Barton- on-Humber. Area4,870ac. Pop. 424.— V. (flofe- gate), same CO., IJ m. E.S.E. Spilsby. Area 1,320 ac. Pop. 644. — VI. a chapelry, and small market town, CO. Chester, 3 m. N.N.E. Frodsham. Pop. 1,397. It has a court-house, with extensive ma- norial jurisdiction, & ruins of a castle, erected at the Conquest. Haltwhistle, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., CO. Northumberland, with a station on the New- castle and Carlisle railway, 34 m. W. Newcastle. Area of pa. 52,930 ac, much of which is moor- land. Pop. 4,655 ; do. of tnshp. 981. It lies in the beautiful valley of the S. Tyne, here crossed by a wooden bridge ; and has a church with anc. monuments, 2 old border towers, a curious forti- fied mound, and some manufs. of coarse baize. Mkt., Tues. In vicinity is Featherstonehangh castle, a noble edifice, seat of the Wallace famW. Halvekgate, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 6J m. N.N.E. Loddon. Area 2,630 ac. Pop. 496. Halwell, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 4{ m. S.S.W. Totness. Ac. 2,720. P. 445. — II. same co., 5i m. E.S.E Holsworthy. Ac. 5,830. Pop. 319. Halts, a river of Asia Minor. [Kizil-Ibmak.] Ham, Hamum, a comm. and vill. of France, HAM 603 HAM dep. Somme, cap. cant., in a marshy plain, near 1. b. of tixe Somme, arrond. and 14 m. S.S.E. Pe- ronne. Pop. 2,117. Its old fortress is used as a state prison. In 1830 the ministers of Charles X., and afterwards Prince Louis Bonaparte, were confined in its citadel. KiU, a vill. of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 7 m. S.S.W. Charleroi. Pop. 1,883. It has an old castle, and manufs. of lace and iron wares. Ham, several pas. of England. — I. oo. Kent, 2 m. S.S.W. Sandwich. Area 260 ac. Pop. 24. — II. CO. Wilts, 4J m. S. Hungerford. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 215.— III. {East), co. Essex, 7 J m. E.N.E. London. Area 2,800 ac. Pop. 1,461. Greenstead-house, in this pa., is said to have been built for Anne Boleyn. — lY. (West), on the Lea, 4J m. E.N.E. London. Area 6,160 ac. Pop. 12,738. It has 2 well endowed schools, & ruins of an abbey, founded in 1136. — V. {High), co. Somerset, 3 m. N. Langport. Area 3,840 ac. Pop. 1,281.— VI. (With Watch), a hamlet, co. Surrey, on the Thames, pa. Kingston-on-Thames, 11 m. W.S.W. St Paul's, London. Pop. 1,391. Here are many elegant seats, and Ham-house, erected in 1610, for Henry, Prince of Wales. HiMBEBS, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. and 9 m. S. Mayenne. Pop. 1,837. Hamad AS, Mcbatana, a city of Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, cap. dist., 165 m. S.W. Teheran. Lat. 34° 50' N., Ion. 48° 32' E. Pop. variously estimated from 25,000 to 40,000. It occupies a large surface on sloping ground, and is inter- spersed with gardens, but is meanly built, and partly in ruins. Near the great mosque is an edifice containing the tomb of Avicenna, resorted to by numerous pilgrims ; besides several other mosques, the bazaars, baths, caravanserais, an Armenian church, and a synagogue. Some car- pet and silk weaving & tanning are here carried on, and the city has a large trade in leather, and is an entrepdt for the commerce between Bagdad and the modem caps, of Persia. Hamah, or Hammah, Epiphania, and the Hamath of Scripture, a city of Syria, pash. and 110 m. N.E. Damascus, on the Orontes, here crossed by 4 bridges. Pop. 44,000. It is enclos- ed bjr walls, pretty well built, and defended. Principal structures, the governor's palace, masques, baths, bazaars, and some curious hy- draulic works. Manufs. of silk, cotton, and woollen fabrics, gold and silver thread, in which, and in wax, safflower, madder, and colonial and European goods, Hamah has an active trade with Aleppo, and other towns on the great route be- tween Asia and Africa. Hahanlu, a vill. of Asia Minor, Anatolia, near the S. shore of the Lake Abullionte, 25 m. W.S.W. Muhalitch, and having the remains of an unascertained city of antiqmty. Haheach, a vill. of Rhenish Bavaria, cant. & 2 m. S.W. Nenstadt, with 2,066 inhabs. Here was the castle Kastanienburg, built by the Em- peror Henry ii., but destroyed in the " peasants' war ;" on its site a fruitless revolutionary move- ment was made. May 27, 1832. — Hambach, also a vill,, circ. Upper Palatinate, on the Vils, 7 m. N. Amberg; and a vill., Oldenburg dom., dist. Birkenfeld, with some mineral springs. Hambaktotte, a bay and small seaport town, on the S. coast of Ceylon. Lat. 6° 8' N., Ion. 81° lO* E. It has some trade in bay salt. Hambato, or Ambato, a town of S. America, Ecuador, dep. and 76 m. S. Quito, at the N.E. foot of Mount Chimborazo, in a wheat country, elevation 8,860 feet. Lat. 1° 4' S., Ion. 78° 66' W. It was destroyed by an eruption of Coto- paxi in 1698, and again by an earthquake in 1796 but is stated to be again populous & flourishing- Pop. 12,000 (?) It is situated on the only fre- quented road from Guayaquil to the mntn. region. Hambie, a comm. and town of France, dep. Manche, 11 m. S.E. Coutances. Pop. 3,664. Hamble, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, on a small riv. of same name, at its junct. with Southampton water, 4{ m. S.E. Southampton. Ac. 440. P. 398. Hamblbdon, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 3 m. N.N.E. Henley. Area 6,620 ac. Pop. 1,241.— II. CO. Hants, 6 m. E.S.E. Bishop's- Waltham. Area 9,630 ac. Pop. 2,069.-111. co. Surrey, 3i m. S. Godahning. Area 2,020 ac. Pop. 634. Hambleton, a pa. of Engl., co. Rutland, 3 m. E.S.E. Oakham. Area 1,360 ac. Pop. 325.— II. a tnshp., CO. York, W. Riding, pa. Brayton, 41 m. W.S.W. Selby. Pop. 607. Hambbook, a hamlet of Engl., co. Glo'ster, pa; of Winterboume, 6 m. N.N.E. Bristol. Pop. 607. Hambues, the princip. commerc. city of Ger- many, cap. of the republic of same name, on r. b. of the Elbe, about 70 m. from its mouth. Lat. 63° 32' 51' N., Ion. 9° 68'33' E. Pop. (1848) 148,764. Mean temp, of year, 48° : winter, 32° .7 ; summer, 63° .7, Fahr. It is about 4 m. in circ, enclosed by planted walks, on the site of its for- mer fortifications, and intersected by canals and branches of the Alster river. Most of its old streets are narrow, dark, and dirty, and the houses of brick, old-fashioned, and ill-built. The banks of the Inner Alster, a Jake within the city, form the favourite place of resort for the inhabs., and at certain times the water here is covered with pleasure-boats. Princip. edifices in 1841 com- prised the churches of the 5 pas., especially those of St Peter, founded in the 12th century, and of St Michael, with a steeple 456 ft. in height, a fine altar-ijiece, large organ, crypt, &c., and capable of holding 6,000 persons ; the exchange, town- hall, general infirmary, for between 4,000 and 5,000 patients, new orphan asylum, senate house, founded in the 13th cent., bank, Eimbeck-house, workho., prison, arsenal, and two theatres, one of the latter among the largest in Germany, Ger-. man, French, and English chapels, the Johan- neum and another college, a public city library, with 180,000 vols., numerous other libraries, museums, academies, an observatory, botanic garden, learned and other societies, &c. (but the church of St Peter's, and many of the other public buildings, were destroyed by the great conflagra- tion wliich commenced on the 5th May, 1842, and burned 61 streets, and 120 passages and courts, & left houseless 19,996 of the pop. Since that time, a great portion of the town has been rebuilt ac- cording to a regular plan). Manufs. comprise 100 sugar refineries, tar, tobacco, and sail cloth fac- tories, breweries, distilleries, tanneries, cotton printing & dyeing works, anchor & iron forges, and many manufs. of less magnitude. Hamburg is the greatest commercial city of the Euro- pean continent, its trade embracing every article bought or sold in Germany. Total value of impts. in 1841, 21i568,800Z. ; of exports in do., 18,392,280?. The city communicates with Liibeck by a canal, & with Berlin, Brunswick, Hanover, Kiel, and Rendsburg, by railws. Hambro' is stated to have been founded in the 8th cent., by Charlemagne ; early in the 13th century it joined Liibeck in the formation of the Hanse League. Under the French, from 1810 to 1814, it was cap. of the dep. Bouches de I'EIbe. (See also a lengthened article in M'Culloch's Geog. Diet., pp. 953-6.) The territory depending on Hamburgh forms a small republic, consisting of the city and district im- 2p HAM 594 mediately around it, the towns Bergedorf and Ritzebuttel, the dists. of Vierlanden (the so- vereignty of which is shared by Lubeclt), Cux- haren, some islands in the Elbe, and some de- tached portions of terrlt., enclosed by the Danish and Hanoverian doms. Area 137 sq. m. Pop. (1848) 188,054. Surface level, watered by the Elbe, Alster, and BiUe ; and the Vierlanden and marsh lands in the river are very productive, be- ing in a great part appropriated to fruit and mkt. gardens. Government vested in a senate of 4 burgomasters, 24 citizens, and 4 representative colleges. Public expend. (1844) 311,700?., and in that year the public debt amounted to 2,976,000?., gf wMoh 1,920,000?. were contracted to repair the losses occasioned by the great fire in 1842. Hamburg), a township, U. S., N. America. — I. New York, 263 m. W. Albany. Pop. 3,727.-11. a vill. of S. Carolina, on Savannah riv., and here crossed by a bridge 1,000 feet in length, which connects it with Augusta, Georgisi, and 135J m. N.W. Charleston, on railway. Pop. about 2,500. Hamden, two tnshps. of the U. S., N. America. —I. New York, co. Delaware, 89 m. W.S.W. Al- bany. Pop. 1,469. — 11. Connecticut, co. New- haven, 33 m. S.S.W. Hartford. Pop. 1,797. Hamels, a town of Hanover, princip. Calenberg, cap. caiit., landr. & 25 m. S.W.Hanover, on theWe- ser, at its confluence with the Hamel. Pop. 6,191, mostly empl. in navigation and salmon fishing, but also in tanneries, breweries, distilleries, and to- bacco and pipe factories. It was formerly forti- fied, and is still defended by Tt. George, a citadel on the opp. orW. b. of the river. A large sluice was constructed here by Geo. ii.,ln 1734, by which a good harb. was formed, and the town still has an active trade. — II. a vill. of Hanover, landr. and 8 m. N.E. Hildesheun. Pop. 1,030. Hamebinqham, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 3J m. E.S.E. Homcastle. Area 1,370 ac. Pop. 171. Hamebtoit, a pa. of Engl., co. Hunts, 6J m. S.S.W. Stilton. Area 2,090 ao. Pop. 160. HAMi,aprov. of Chinese Turkestan. [Khamil.] Hamid, a town of Asia Minor. [Isbabta.] Hamilton, a pari, & municip. bor., mkt.-town, and pa. of Scotl., co. Lanark, on the Clyde, here crossed by a fine bridge of 5 arches, and on the great London road to Glasgow, 10| m. S.E. of that city. Area of pa. 14,240 ac. Pop. 10,862 ; pop. of town 8,876. It is well built, though irregular, has 2 churches, a good grammar school, 2 poors' hospitals, a subscrip. library, mechanics' instit., trades' hall, 3 branch banks, jail, large cavalry barracks ; but its chief object of attraction is the magnificent ducal palace of the house of Hamilton. This has a noble Cbecian front, 264 ft. in length, and a superb interior, containing the largest and choicest collect, of paintings and mar- bles in Scotland. The park is also considered, for scenery and extent, the finest in N.B. Within it are the castle of Chatelherault, another resid. of the Hamiltons, named after their anc. French ducal title, and the picturesque ruins of Cadzow castle, their original family seat. It stands on a lofty rock, washed by the Avon, and surrounded by a chase covered with some of the largest oaks in Britain, among which the famous aborig. breed of wild cattle still feed. Hamilton has been the princip. seat of imitation cambric weaving since the introd. of cotton manuls. into Scotl. About 1,200 looms are employed, and the finest thread is woven. Manufs. of lace, black silk veils, check shirts, and hempen fabrics, are also flourishing. Corp. rev. (1840) 715?. The burgh unites with Airdrie, Falldrk, Lanark, and Linlithgow, in sending 1 member to the H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 293. It gives title of duke to the premier peer of Scotland, representative both of the illus- trious and originally English house of Hamilton, and of the male line of the Douglas, and owing to the marriage of the first Lord Hamilton with the daughter of James ii., a.d. 1474, the next protes- tant branch of the Royal family, failing the Brunswick line, in succession to the Scot, crown. Hamilton, several cos. of the U.S., N. America. — I. New York, on a branch of the Hudson. Area 1,064 sq. m. Pop. 1,907— IL m S.W. part of Ohio, on the Ohio. Area 400 sq. m. Pop. 80,145. — III. in S.E. part of Tennessee, intersected by the Tennessee riv. Area 464 sq. m. Pop. 8,175. — IV. in the centre of Indiana. Area 400 sq. m. Pop. 9,855.— V. in S.E. of Florida. Pop. 1,464. —VI. Illinois. Area 432 sq. m. Pop. 3,94.5. Also several townships I. New York, 190 m. N.W. Albany. Pop. 3,738. It has a Baptists' Theological Institution. — II. a vill. of Ohio, on the Miami riv., 83 m. W.S.W. Columbus. Pop. about 1,800. — III. a tnshp., New Jersey, 30 m. S.E. Woodbury. Pop. 1,565. — IV. Massachusetts, 22 m. N.E. Boston. Pop. 818.— V. Pennsylvania, 12 m. N.E. Gettysburg. Pop. 1,069.— VI. Ohio, CO. Franldin, on the Sciots. Pop. 1,119 ^VII. Ohio, CO. Jackson. Pop. 1,711.— VIII. Ohio, co. Warren. Pop. 2,457. — IX. Pennsylvania, co. Franklin. Pop. 1,719. — X. Pennsylvania, co. Monroe. Pop. 1,508. — Hamilton Ban is a tnsbp., Pennsylvania, co. Adams. Pop. 1,460. Hamilton, a new and thriving town of Upper Canada, dist. Gore, co. Wentworth, at the W. end of lake Ontario, S. Dundee. The vicinity is fer- tile ; good roads diverge from it in all directions; and in 1843, the customs and tolls here amounted to 16,926?., or more than double that of 1842. Haminios, a tnshp. of S. Wales, co. Cardigan, pa. Llanrhystydd, 14 m. N. Lampeter. Pop.886. Kamm, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. & 22 m. N.N.W. Arensberg, cap. circ, on the Lippe, here joined by the Ahse. Pop. (1846), 6,850. It is enclosed by walls, defended by a fort, and has a college, and manufs. of Uuen fabrics and leather, bleaching works, and an active trade in hams. It communicates by railways with Pader- born and Cologne. It was formerly one of the Hanse towns. — II. a vill. in the territory, and 3 m. E. Hamburg. Pop. mostliF employed in mkt. gardening and in cotton weaving. Eammah de Cabes (El), .^uie Tacapina, a town of N. Africa, dom. Timis, 18 m. W. Cabes, and famous for baths, whence its name. Hammam, " a bath," the name of numer. places in Africa & Turkey. — I. (H-Aida), a vill. of Ana- tolia, 4 m. W. Yerma. — II. (JS;?-£«rdefejAj "pack- saddlebath," ancient Aquse Tibilitanse), Algeria, prov. and 45 m. E.N.E. Constantino, on the route from Bona, in a rocky region, wilii baths of a temp, from 84° to 86° Fah., & vestiges of Koman buildgs., from which its fort has been constructed. —III. (JEl-Blma), prov. of Titteri, 63 m. S. Algiers. — IV. (EUFaraoun, "Pharaoh's baths"), a sea- port town, Arabia-Petrea, on the Gulf of Suez, 80 m. S.S.E. Suez.— V. (H-Lef, ancient Aquae Cahdae) a town and baths, dom., and 20 m. S.E. Tunis. — VI. (Meshutia, " the enchanted batlis"), -Algeria, prov. and 38 m. E. Constantine, near the Sebus riv., the hot springs here having formed some curious petrifactions, whence their name. Traces of Roman edifices are here discoverable. — JTammamat is a station of Egj'pt, on the route between Kosseir and Gheneh, with well-buildings lately repaired by an English company. Hammamet, orHAMAMET, a seaport town of N. Africa, dom. & 42 miles S.E. Tunis, on the Gulf HAM S9S HAM of H.iminamet, a bay of the Great Syrtis. Pop. 8,000, (?) and an active trade with Tunis, in corn, wool, and oil. Its roadstead has a safe anchorage. HiuME, a comm. and vill. of Belg^ium, proT. E. Flanders, cap. cant, on an atB. of the Scheldt, 19 m. E.N.E. Ghent. Pop. 8,472, employed in navigation, rope making, and trading in hemp. Hammelbubg, a town of Bavaria, ciro. Lower Franc, on the Saale, 23 m. N. Wurtzburg. Pop. 2,630, employed in raising wine and fi:aits, on the declivity of the hill crowned by the castle Saaleck. Hamheb, a vill. and pa. of Norway, stift. and 7 m. N.E. Bergen, with 2,780 inhabitants, and formerly a bishop's see, but ruined by the Swedes in 1561. — U. a vill. of Denmark, Jutland, N.E. Aalborg. — III. a vill. of Prussian Silesia, with a station on the railway betwixt Kosel and Ratibor. Hamuebfbst, the most N. town of Europe, Norway, prov. Finmark, on the Qual-oe (whale isl.), of which it is the chief port, 60 m. S.W. the N. Cape. Lat. 70° iff T N., Ion. 23° 35' 43' E. Pop. 800. Houses of wood, and painted ex- ternally ; communication betwixt its quarters is kept op by boats ; its harbour is defended by a fort. In summer the heat is sometimes oppres- sive, and throughout the winter the temp, is mild enough for the fishery to be carried on. Exports comprise stockfish, whale, seal, & shark oil, skins, walrus hides and teeth, copper, and feathers. Trade mostly with Bussia & Gt. Britain. In 1842, 195 vessels, aggregate burden 15,999 tons, en- tered the port, with cargoes to the value of 68,729Z. ; and 185 do., burden 15,614 tons, cleared out with cargoes valued at 72,400^. Hammbbsmith, a town and pa. of Engl., co. Middlesex, on the Thames, here crossed by a magnificent suspension bridge (erected in 1827 at a cost of 80,000/.), 4 m. W. London. Area of pa. (formerly a chapelry under Fulham), 2,140 acres. Pop. 13,453, many of whom are employed in mkt. gardens. It is irregularly built, but is clean, well paved and lighted. It has many handsome houses; achureh built in 1631; aschool, endowed by Bishop Latimer, annual revenue about 800Z. ; and a royal cathedral chapel, with ladies' school and nunnery, established in the reign of Chas. ii., and which has always maintained a high repute. Hammersmith is a polling place for the co. Hammeesteik, a town of W. Prussia, reg. Marienwerder, circ. Schloohau. Pop. 1,920. Hammebwick, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, 3 m. W.S.W. Lichfield. Area 2,330 ac. Pop. 239; Hammond, a tnshp. of U. S., N. Amer., New Tork, on the St Lawrence, S.W. Ogdensburg. Pop. l,SA5.—Hammo7idsport is a vill., New York, at the 8. of Crooked Lake. Pop. 700. Hammond Isladds, Pacific Ocean, Solomon Group, are m lat. 8° W S., Ion. 157° 20' E. Hamoa Isles, Pacific Oc. [Natioatoe's Isi.8.] Hamont, a small town of Belgian Limbourg, 7 m. N.W. Bree. Pop. 992. Hammooh, a pa. of Engl., co.' Dorset, 6i m. S.S.W. Shaftesbury. Area 870 ac. Pop. 57. Hamoow, Aria Palue, a large morass, or Lake of E. Persia, or W. Af^ianistan, betwixt lat. 30° 60' & 31° 64' N., and Ion. 61° 8', and 62° 10 E. Length, N.E. to S.W., about 70 m., breadth from 15 to 20 m. It receives the Helmund, Furrah-Kood, and other rivers ; and while the Caspian, Aral, and other inland seas of Asia, are decreasing in extent, this lake is said to be on the increase. Its E. part is shallow, and covered with reeds. Here is an island, on which is the fort Eustum, or Koh-i-Kwajeh. Water salt, & banks fringed by forests of tamarisks. L. Zurrah, or Hampden (Gt.), a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 7 m. W.N.W. Chesham. Area 1,820 ac. Pop. 290. The ancient manor hall was the family seat and birth place of the celebrated John Hampden, who with many others of the name, is buried in the church here. The acyoining land for which he refused to pay ship money, is still pointed out. — II. (Little), in same co., 2i m. S.S.E. Wen- dover. Area 620 ac. Pop. 83. Hampden, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer., Massa- chusetts, in its S. part, on the Connecticut riv. Area 686 sq. m. Pop. 37,366. It is traversed by the Hampshire and Hampden canal. — II. a tnshp. of Maine, 62 m. E.N.E. Augusta. P. 2,663. Hampnett, two pas. of Engl I.co. Glo'ster, 1 m. N.W. North Leach. Ac. 1,190. Pop. 196.— II. {Westkampnett), co. Sussex, 1^ m. N.E. Chiches- ter, & head of poor-law union. Ac. 1,8.50. Pop. 620. Hampreston, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 3J m. E.S.E. Wimbome Minster. Ac. 6,090. P. 1,193. Hampshire, the colloquial contracted name of the English co. Sodthamptonshibe. Hampshire, two cos. of the U. S., N. Amer. — I. in W. of Massachusetts, on Connecticut riv., cap. Northampton. Area 532 sq. m. Pop. 30,897. — II. in N. part of Virginia, watered by branches of the Potomac. Area 960 sq. m. Pop. 12,295. III. (New), one of the States. [New Hampshire.] Hampstead, a pa. of Engl., co. Middlesex, 4 m. N.N.W. London. Area 2,070 ac. Pop. 10,098. The vill., which contains many elegant & fashion- able mansions, is beautifully situated on the slope of a hill, on the summit of which is a heath of about 280 ac, commanding very fine views, and much resorted to on holidays from the metro- polis. E. of the town is a mineral spring, in high repute during the last and preceding centuries, at which time Hampstead was a fashionable wa- tering-place. — II. (East.) [East Hampstead]. — III. (Marshall), co.Berks, 4 m. W.S.W. Newbury. Area 1,810 ac. Pop. 325. — IV. (Norris), in same CO., 3i m. S.S.E. East Ilsley. Ac. 6,280. P. 1,280. Hampsthwaite, a pa. of Engl., co. Tork, W. riding, 6 m. W. Knaresbro'. Ac. 6,900. P. 2,600. Hampton, the name of several pas. of Engl. — I. CO. Middlesex, on the Thames, about 16 m. W.S.W. London, and 2J m. W. Kingston. Area 3,190 ac. Pop. 4,711. Here are many noble mansions, the chief of which is Hampton court, a royal palace on the N. bank of the Thames, about 1 m. firom the village. It was founded by cardinal Wolsey, and two of the magnificent quadrangles, in the Tudor style, though greatly altered, still remain, containing Wolsey's great hall, the chapel, and three large quadrangles, of Grecian architecture, erected for William iii., by Sir C. Wren. It contains the state-rooms, in which are some rich furniture & tapestry ; a superb collection of paint- ings, chiefly historical portraits, hy Holbein, Van- dyke, Lely, Kneller, West, and with the 7 cele- brated cartoons of RafFaelle, unequalled. The palace is built of brick, with stone decorations, its ceiling is painted by Verrio. The garden is laid out in the Dutch taste; it has a very fine terrace, some good sculpture, fountains, vases, and a grapehouse, containing a vine, said to be the largest and most productive in Europe. The park, 5 m. in circ, is well stocked with deer. This palace was an occasional royal residence betwixt the reigns of Henry viii. and George ii. — II. (in Arden), a pa., co. Warwick, having a station on the Midland railway, at its junction with the Derby, 9J m. E.S.E. Bir- mingham. Area 12,910 ac. Pop. 2,036. War- wick Charities (1827), independent of Lady Leve- ,„ 1 HAM 596 HAN CO., and 3i m. E.S.E. Hereford. Area 2,980 ac. Pop. 786.— IV. (Gay), oo. of Oxford, 21 m. E. Woodstock. Area 620 ae. Pop. 74.— V. \GreM), CO. Worcester, 1 m. S.W. Evesham. Area 1,670 ac. Pop. 469. Charities (1832), llOi.- VI. (High), CO. Devon, 3^ m. W. Hatherleigh. Area 2,220 ac. Pop. 865— VII. (Little), co. Sussex, on the Engl. Channel, at the mouth of the Avon, 11 m. E.S.E. Chichester. Area 760 ac. Pop. 2,270. It has a small harbour, and is much fre- quented for sea bathing. — VIII. (Lovett), co. Wor- cester, 1 m. N.N.W. Droitwich, within the pari, boundaries of which it is enclosed. Area 1,580 ac. Pop. 174 IX. (Lucy, or Bishop's Hamp- ton), CO. Warwick, on the Avon, 3J m. E.N.E. Stratford. Area 3,130 ac. Pop. 468. The church is one of the most beautiful modern speci- mens of decorated gothic X. (Maisey), co. Glo'ster, 2^ m. W.S. W. Fairford. Area 1,920 ac. Pop. 410. Mkt. on Tuesday.— XI. (Nether), co. Wilts, 1 m. S. Wilton. Area 800 ac. Pop. 149 — XII. (Poyle), CO. Oxford, 3J m. E.S.E. Wood- stock. Area 830 ao. Pop. 141.— XIII. (IfeicA), CO. Salop, 2^ m. E. EUesmere. Area, 2,970 ac. Pop. 596. — XIV. (Wich), hamlet, co. Middlesex, pa. Hampton, on the Thames, J m, N. Kingston. Pop. 1,614. Hampton, several tnshps. of V. S., N. Amer. — I. New Hampshire, 37 m. S.E. Concord. Pop. 1,320. It has a good harbour on the Atlantic, & many vessels engaged in the coasting trade and fisheries II. Connecticut, 41 m. E. Hartford. Pop. 1,166.-111. New York, 26 m. N. Salem. Pop. 972 IV. a vill. of Virginia, cap. co. Eliza- beth City, 94 m. E.S.E. Richmond.— ^ome vills. of New York, Pensylv. & Illinois, have this name. — Hamptonburg is a tnshp. of New York, 4 m. N.E. Goshen. Pop. 1,-379. Hampton (New), a tnshp. of U. S., N. Amer., New-Hampshire, 30 m. N.W. Concord. Pop. 1,809.-11. avill. of New Jersey, 47 m. N.Trenton. Hampton-Roads, a branch of the Chesapeak bay, U. S., N. Amer., Virginia, at the mouth of James riv. It Ls a U. S. naval station, defended by two strong forts, and having depth of water sufficient for the largest vessels. Hamsey, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, IJ m. N. Lewes. Ajea 2,530 ac. Pop. 633. Hamstall-Ridwabe, a pa. of Engl., co. Staf- ford, 4 m. N.N.E. Rngeley. Area 2,630 ac. P. 391. Hamsteblet, a chplry. of Engl., co. Durham, 6 m. W.N.W. Bishop- Auckland. Pop. 490. Hamwoetht, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 1} m. W.N.W. Poole, within the pari, boundaries of which it is enclosed. Area 1,270 ac. Pop. 351. Hamtbamck, a tnshp. of D. S., N. Amer., Michigan, co. Mayne. Pop. 1,797. Han, a vill. of Belgium, prov. Namur, S. Roche- fort, and near which is a remarkable cavern, through which the Lesse flows. — II. a mkt. town of Dalmatia, circ. Spalatro, on 1. b. of the Cettina, N.E. Sign. — The Han-hiang is a riv. of Corea, which enters the Strait of Corea after a S.ward course of nearly 180 m. Hanau, a town of Germany, Hessen- Cassel, cap. prov. on the I. b. of the Kinzig, near its junction with the Main, 86 m. S.S.W. Cassel. Population, including suburbs, 15,266. It consists of an old and a new town, the latter well built, and having a good mkt. place, 4 Calvin, pa. churches, a Rom. Catholic church, a castle, now the seat of the Wetteravian society of natural history, a large hosptl., handsome theatre, council-house, college, academy of arts, &c., manufs. of silk stuffe, rib- bands, cotton fabrics, camlets, carpets, leather, gloves, hosiery, gold and silver articles, porcelain, carriages, &c., and a considerable trade in tim- ber, barrels, and wine. Near it are the mineral springs of Wilhelmstadt. At Hanau, the French, in their retreat from Leipzig, totally defeated the Bavarians, 30th October 1813. Hanbubt, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, 6 m. W.N.W. Burton-on-Trent. Area 12,380 ac. Pop. 2,485.-11. CO. Worcester, 3J m. E.N.E. Droit- wich, in the pari, bounds of which it is included. Area 2,768 ac. Pop. 1,069. Hancock, many cos. of TJ. S., N. Amer.-^I. Maine, in its S. part, bordering the Atlantic. Area 1,850 sq. m. Pop 28,606.-11. Georgia, near its centre, cap. Sparta. Area 600 sq. m. Pop. 9,669, of whom 5,915 are slaves — III. Mis- sissippi, in its S.E. part, bordering Lake Borgne, cap. Shieldsboro'. Area 1,680 m. Pop. 3,367. — IV. Kentucky, in its N. part, bordering the Ohio, cap. Hawesville. Area 200 sq. m. Pop. 2,681 — V. Ohio, in its N.W. part, on tribu- taries of Lake Erie, cap. Finlay. Area 676 sq. m. Pop. 9,986 VI. Indiana,nearits centre, cap. Greenfield. Area 310 sq. m. Pop 7,635.— Vllj Illinois, in its W. part, bordering the Mississippi, cap. Carthage. Area 776 sq. m. Pop. 9,946. Also several tnshps., New Hampton, 34 m. S.W. Concord. Pop. 1,346 — II. New York, on the Delaware, near Owego. Pop. 1,026. Others are in Maine, Vermont, and Massachusetts. Handa, an islet of Scotl., co. Sutherland, pa. Edrachilis, separated from the mainland by a narrow but navigable Sound. Area about 1 sq. m. Handah, or Handak, a town of Nubia, on 1. b. of the Nile, 40 m. S.E. New Dongola. Near it are the ruins of a large fortress. Handbobough, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, 4 m. E.N.E. Witney. Area 2,820 ac. Pop. 1,009. Handfoed, a chapelry of Engl., co. Stafford, pa. Trentham, 2 m. S. Stoke. Pop. 733. Hanbfobth, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Chester, pa. Cheadle, with a station on the Manchester branch of the London and N.W. rjulway, 5di. S.S.W. Stockport. Pop. 2,394. Hakdlet, a pa. of Engl., co. and 7 m. S.S.E. Chester. Areal,890ac. Pop.386 — ILoo.Dorset, Sm.N.W. Cranborne. Anea 5,470 ac. Pop. 1,076. Handschuhsheim, a vill. of Germany, grand duchy Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, on the Main, 10 m. S.E. Mannheim. Pop. 2,143. Hanbsw OBTH, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, on the Birmingham and Liverpool railway, 5 m. S.E. Wednesbury. Area 7,720 ac. Pop. 6,138.— IL CO. York, W. riding, 4 m. E.S.E. Sheffield. Area 3,610 ac. Pop. 2,862. Hanbzaeme, a comm. & vill. of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 16J m. S.W. Bruges. Pop. 2,646. Hang-ohow-foo, or Hang-tcheou Foo, an important city of China, cap. prov. Che-kiang, on the Tsien-tang-kiang, 20 m. from its mouth in Hang-ehow-foo bay, and at the S. terminus of the Gd. Canal. It is said to be very populous, well built, and clean-, and to have a large citadel and garrison, extensive manufs. of silk, and a very active general trade. In the late war our troops were prevented from advancing upon Hang-chow- foo, by the innavigable rapidity of its river. Hanqest, a comm. and vUl. of France, dep. Somme, vrith a station on the railway to Boulogne, arrond. and 7 m. N. Montdidier. Pop. 963. Hangleton, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 3^ m. W.N.W. Brighton. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 71. Hangoo, or Hanqu, a small town of Afghan- istan, on the Punjab frontier, 15 m. W. Kohat, with about 1,500 inhabitants, and a stone fort. Hango Udde, a promontory on the N. coast of the Gulf of Finland, S.W. Eknaes,with a harbour HAN and a custom house. OflF this the Swedes were defeated by the Russians, July 27, 1714. Hangwelly, avill. of Ceylon, 10 m. E. Colom- bo, and where the Kandy troops were defeated by the British in 1803. Hanham, a chplry. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, pa. Bitton, i m. E.S.E. Bristol. Pop. 1,217. Haninqfield (East), a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 6 m. S.S.E. Chelmsford. Area 3,770 ac. Pop. 449.— II. (South), 6 m. S.S.W. Chelmsford. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 226.-111. (West), 3 m. W. East Haningfield. Area 2,800 ac. Pop. 521. Hankebton, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 3J m. N.E. Malmsbury. Area 2,130 ac. Pop. 417. Han-kiang, a considerable riv. of China, prov. Shen-si and Hou-pe, after a tortuous E. course, estimated at 550 m., joins the Tang-tze-kiang, atHan-yang; besides which city, Han-tohong& Tuen-yang are on its banks. — II. a riv., Corea, enters the sea on its S. coast after a S. ward course of about 200 m. Hankin, a marit. town of Corea, E. Asia, at the mouth of a riv. on its E. coast. Lat. 39° 35' N., Ion. 127° 35' E. Hanlab, a town of European Turkey, Rumili, sanj. Gallipoli, 5 m. 8.E. Ipsala. Ha-nlet, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Stafford, on the Manchester and Birm. raalway, in the centre of the potteries, 2h m. N.E. Newcastle, and included within the pari, bounds of Stoke on Trent. Pop. 8,609, emplyd. in earthenware and china manuft. Hanley Castib, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, l}m. N.W.TTpton-on-Sevem. Area 5,630. Pop. 1,677. The Malvern wells are in this pa. Haxmeb, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Flint, 4 m. N.N.E. Ellesmere. Pop. 2,691. Haki,-ey{\Vest), a pa. of Engl., co. Berks, 3 m. N.N.E. Wantage. Area 3,060 ac. Pop. 1,153 It has a fine ?> orman church. — II. (East), a tnshp. in the above pa. Pop. 165. Hahnibal, a tnshp. of U. S., N. Amer., New Tork, CO. Oswego. Pop. 2,269.-11. a vill. of Missouri, co. Marion, on the Mississippi. P. 600. Hannikgton, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 5J m. W.N.W. WeUingboro'. Area 1,270 ac. Pop. 201.-11. CO. Hants, 2 m. S.S.E. Kingsclere. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 261.— III. co. Wilts, 2 m. W.N.W. Highworth. Area 2,450 ac. Pop. 433. Hakndt, a comm. and market town of Bel- gium, prov. and 21 m. W. Liege. Pop. 1,075. It was formerly fortified. Hahoveb (Germ. Hamwver), a city of N. Ger • many, cap. kingd. of Hanover, on the Leine, an aiB. of the Weser, 83 m. S.W. Hamburg. Lat. 52° 22' 16' N. ; Ion. 9° 44' 40^ E. Pop. (1845) 28,055; with suburbs & military, 42,484. It stands in a sandy plain, enclosed by planted walks, and div. by the riv. (here crossed by several bridges), into an old and a new town, the former ill -built and dirty, the latter regularly laid out, lighted with gas, & comprising a fine esplanade, on which are the monumental rotunda of Leibnitz, and a column, 1.56 feet in height, erected to the Hano- verians who fell at Waterloo. Princip. edifices, the royal and vice-regal palaces, opera house, house of assembly, mint, arsenal, school of trades, barracks, royal stables, city hall & record office, with a rich Hbrary of printed works, and valu- able MSS., chiefly presented by Leibnitz, and the schloss-kirche,with the remains of Henry the Lion, & tombs of George i. of England, & his mother ; 4 Lutheran,aK. Catholic, & 3Calvinistic churches, the Georgianum, founded in 1776 for 40 young nobles, a gymnasium, normal school, various asylums and hospitals, and manufs. of oil-cloth, gold and silver articles, carpets, lacquered wares, 5[l7 H A N chicory, &c., but these are to no great amount. Transit trade with Bremen, &o., is, however, con- siderable ; and here is an exchange for mining produce. Outside of the city are some suburbs. About half a mile from it is Mt. BrilUant, aroyal country residence, with a fine pict. gallery ; and 1 m. distant is the old palace of Herrnhausen, a fa- vourite resid. of Geos. t. & ii. Under the French, Hanover was the cap. dep, Aller. It communi- cates by railway with Harburg, Hildersheim, Brunswick, Berlin, Cologne, Bremen, & Emden. Hanover (Germ. Hannover), kingd. of, a coun- try of Germany, in the N., on the German Ocean, situated between lat. 51° 17' 27'' and 58° 60' 58' N., and Ion. 6° 40' and 11° 32' E. ; cap. Hanover. It is of a very irregular form, and composed of 2 prmcipal portions, separated by Brunswick. The N. portion is bounded N. by the German Ocean, E. by Denmark, Hamburg, and Meck.-Schwerin, Prussia, & part of Brunswick ; S. by Brunswick, Waldeck, Lippe-Detmold, H. Cassel, & Pruss.- Westphalia; W. by the Netherlands. The S. portion is bounded N. l)y Brunswick, S. & E. by Prussia and Brunswick, and S. and W. by Hessen Cassel. Inclosed within the territory is the grand duchy of Oldenburg, the free town of Bre- men, and part of Brunswick. It is divided into 6 landrosteis ; area and pop. as follow: — LaDdrostei. Area In aq. m. Pop. 1845. Chief Towns. Hanover, . . HUdesheim, . Luneburg, . . stade, . . . Oanabruck, Aurich, . . . Mining district. a,326 1,720 4,336 3,620 2,411 1,154 244 343,184 ■ 365,983 323,879 263.916 267,396 174.484 35,055 Hanover. HUdealieim. luneburg. Stade. Osnabnick. Aurich. Olauthaal. Total, 14,811 1,773,711 Surface flat in the N., forming part of the great plain of Germany ; and mountns. in the S., where it is covered by offsets of the Harz, highest point, the Konisberg, 3,260 feet in elevation. The coasts are under the level of the sea, from the encroach- ments ofwhichthey are protected by dykes. Han- over is watered by 3 of the chief rivs. of Germany, 1. the Elbe, with its affls. the Oste, Ilmenau, and Jetze ; 2. the Weser, affls. the Wiimme, Leine, Al- ler, Ocker, Innerste, and Hunte ; 3. Ems, aiBs. the Haase and the Vechte, which flow to the Zuyder- zee. On the N. are exten. marshes & numerous lakes ; the mntnous. portion is rich in metals. Cli- mate humid, mild m the N., dc cold in the S. Mean temp. 48° .6 ; extremes, 64° .6 to 32° Fahr. Soil generally poor, is most fertile in Bremen and E. Friesland, near the coast. Chief products, bar- ley and oats, potatoes, rye, and vegetables, to- bacco, hops, chicory, lint, and hemp. There are extensive forests of firs in the Harz, and of oak and beech at Soiling. Cattle form one of the chief riches of the country, and they are an im- portant article of export. The horses of E. Fries- land, which are celebrated, are bred for exportn., and there is a gov. stud at Celle. The sheep are of improved breeds, and geese are extensively reared in the polders ; bees yield valuable produce in Meppen, Liineburg, and Verden. The lakes and rivers abound in fish. Mining is the most important branch of industry, the chief products are the metals of the Harz, including iron, cop- per, lead, litharge, salt, turf, coal, alum, marble and granite. There are several mineral springs, some of which have estabs. of baths. The princip. manuf. is that of linen, the chief scat of which is HAN 5 at Osnabviick, and hempen and woollen fabrics. The manuf. of cotton is limited in extent, and of recent introduction. Paper, soap, leather, and hats are among the other manufs. Brewing, and the manuf. of metals are important branches of industry. Although advantageously situated on the N. Sea, and traversed by navigable rivs., the commerce of Hanover is not extensive. It is con- ducted mostly by the towns of Bremen and Ham- burg. Emden is tlie cliief port. Princip. exports, linens, yarns, and agricultural produce. Imports comprise manuf. goods, colonial produce, wine, and spirits. Besides the navigable rivs., Hanover is traversed by excellent roads, and railways con- nect the cap. with Hamburg in the N., Bruns- wick in the E., and Hildesheim in the S. The pop. in the S. belong to the Saxon race, and in the N.W. to the Prisons. In 1845, there were 1,452,103 Luth., 90,128 Calvs., 219,748 K. Caths., and 11,208 Jews. Public instruction is placed under the direction of a superior council ; there were, in 1845, 3,561 primary schools, numerous in- dustrial & secondary, polytechnic & elementary schools, 17 gymnasia, and 13 progymnasia. The national seat of learning is the university of Got- tingen. There is a school of mines and forestry at Elausthal : milit. & veterinary schools, schools of midwifery, and 6 normal schools. At the dis- solution of the French empire, Hanover having reverted to its former sovereigns, the French system of administration was abolished, and the old regime re-established. In 1818, the prov. states voted a constitution, modelled on those of Engl, and France, and in 1833 anew constitution was promulgated. In 1838, Ernest, D. of Cumb., having been called to the throne, on the death of king William iv. of Engl., in virtue of the salique law, abrog. the new constitution, re-establislied that of 1819, and convoked a new parliament. In consequence of the revolutionary movements of 1848-9, several important modifications in the gov. have taken place. Public rev. (1848-9), cstim. at 4,087,965 dolls. ; expend. 3,979,224 do. Public debt (1848), 23,233,960. Army (1843) 21,206 men, of whom 2,688 were cavalry, and 300 artillery. HinoTEE, a CO. of the U. S., N. Amer., in the E. part of Virginia, cap. Hanover. Area 650sq. m. Pop. 14,968. Also several townships. — I. New Hampshire, on Connecticut river, here crossed by a bridge, 52 m. N. W. Concord. Pop. 2,613. The vill. is neatly built. It contains Dartmouth college and a medical institution. — II. New York, on Lake Erie, 315 m. W.S.W. Al- bany. Pop. 3,998.-111. New Jersey, 5 m. N. Morris-town. Pop. 3,909, employed in cotton and woollen manufs., &c. — IV. in same State, 12 m. N.E. Mt. Holly. Pop. 3,045.— V. Pennsylvania, 15 m. S.E. Harrisbnrgh. Pop, 2,772 VI, Ohio, 8 m.W.S.W. New Lisbon. Pop. 2,539.— VII. Mas- sachusetts, 20 ra. S.S.E. Boston. Pop. 1,488. — VIII. New York, co. Chatauque, on L. Erie. Pop. 3,998.— IX. Pennsylvania, 22 m. N.W. Wash- ington. Pop. 2,002. — X. Pennsylvania, co. Bea- ver, with the vUl. Frankford. Pop. 1,662.— XI. Ohio, CO. Butler. Pop. 1,680 XII. Ohio, co. Richland. Pop. 1,485.— XIII. Iowa, co. Shelby. Pop. 1,438. -XIV. a bor. of Pennsylvania, 32 m. S. Harrisburgh. Pop. 1,070. Hanovf.e-Island, S. Amer., W. Patagonia, is in lat. 51° S., Ion. 74° 30' W., separated from the mainland, and Chatham isl., by the E. channel. Hansbeke, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arrond. & 8 m. W.N.W. Ghent. Pop. 2,749, employed in cotton and linen weaving. HiNSDiiKF (Low. & Upp.), 2 contiguous vills. of Pruss.-Silesia, with a station on the Berlin and Breslau railw., reg. and 47 m. S.S.W. Breslan. United pop. 2,666. Hanse Tovpse, a name given to the towns of Hamburg, Liibeck, & Bremen, the only remaining members of the Hanseatic League. This League was begun in 1241, by Hamburg and Liibeck, to protect their commerce against pirates. It soon embraced the principal maritime cities between the Scheldt and the Gulf of Livonia. Liibeck was regarded as cap. of the League, and the States- General met there every 3 years. The society was very powerful in the 14th cent., but declined after the discovery of America and the route to India, at the end of the 16th century. Hansi, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, Upp. provs., dist. & 87 m. W.N.W. Delhi, on the canal of Firoze Shah, in the territ. Hnrriana. It is irregularly built of brick and earth, & enclosed by a brick wall ; princip. edifice, a fort, with some Mohamm. bridges, and a good reservoir ; S. of which are cantonments for the Hurriana light-in- fantry. Hansi was formerly of importance, and toward the close of last century, an adventurer, named George Thomas, made it the cap. of a temporary principality. Hanslope, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 4 m. N.N.E. Stoney-Stratford, and 9 m. from the Wolverton station of the London & N.W. railw. Area 5,290 ac. P. 1,633. It has a very anc. church. Hansoot, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bom- bay, dist. and 12 m. W.S.W. Baroche. Pop. about 4,000, comprises some Parsees. Hants, the contracted name of the English co. Hampshire, [SouTHAMPTONsniRE.] HAN-TOHONe, an inland city of Cliina, prov. Shen-si ; cap. dep., on the Han-kiang river; lat. 32° 56' N., Ion. 107° H' E. Hanusfaiva, a mkt. town of N. Hungary, co. Saros, on the Tapoly, 12 m. W.N.W. Eperies. Pop. 1,300. It has mineral batlis. HANVf ELL, a pa. of Engl., co. Middlesex, having a station on the Gt. W. railw., 7 m. W. Padding- ton (London). Area 1,160 ac. Pop. 1,469. Here is sit. the co. lunatic asylum, a very handsome building, very extensive, and well-conducted; average number of iimiates, 800. Here are also a noble railw. viaduct, & an Artesian well, depth 290 feet, temp. 65° Fahr. -II. co. Oxford, 3 m. N.N.W. Banbury. Area 1,240 ac. Pop. 297. Hanwood, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 4. m. S.S.W. Shrewsbury. Area 130 ac. Pop. 167. HANWOKin, a pa. of Engl., co. Middlesex, 4 m. W.N.W. Kingston-on-Thames. Area 1,390 ac. Pop. 751. The manor-house was the occasional residence of Henry vm. — II. co. Norfolk, 6 m. N.N.E. Aylsham. Area 1,480 ac. Pop. 293. Hanwokth-Cold, apa., Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsay, 8J m. N.N.E. Lincoln. Ac. 1,090. P. (S- Hanveo, a comm. and vUl. of France, dep. Fi- nistere, 16 m. E.S.E. Brest. Pop. 2,763. HAN-TANa-Foo, a city of China, prov. Hou-pe, atthejunctn.of the Han-kiang & Yang-tze-kiang rivs., lat. 30° 34' N., Ion. 113°" 46' E.— IL a name of Kiang-ki-tao, the cap. city of Corea. Haon lb Chatel (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. Loire, cap. cant., 8 m. W.N.W. Hoanne. Pop. 707. Haodean, an extensive plain of Syria, pash. Damascus, E. of the Jordan and Mount Gilead, stretching thence to the Syrian desert, and inha- bited mostly by a shifting papulation. Haodsa, a town of central Africa. [HoussA.J Hapaee, or Galvez Islakbs, a small group in the Pacific Ocean, Friendly Archipelago. Haparanda, formerly Chables- John's Town, a marit. town of Sweden, Isen Pitea, on the N HAP C99 HAR shore of the Gulf of Bothnia, at tlie W. side of the river, and opposite the town of Tornea. Happisburoh, or Haisbro', a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, on the N. Sea, 6J m. E. North- Walsham. Area 1,760 ac. Pop. 631. Here ai-e 2 important lighthouses, 1 m. S.E. the vill., in lat. 62° 49' N., Ion. 1° 32^ E. ; a red light fixed. There is also a floating light at the N. end of Haisbro' sand, lat. 52° 58' N., Ion. 1° 36' E. Hapsai., Habsai, or Gapsal, a seaport town of Kussia,gov. Esthonia, 53 m. S.W. Revel. P. 1,500. Hapsbdkg, Switzerland. [Habsbuko, Bkugg.] Haptos, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 8 m. E. Attleboro'. Area 670 ac. Pop. 203 Il.atwnshp., CO. Lancaster, 5 m. N. Blackhnrn. Pop. 541. Habakah, a statn. of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 20 m. W. Iznikmid, on the N. shore of its gulf, with some remains of antiquity. Supposed anc. Libyssa. Hara, a town & a lake of the Chinese empire ; the town in MongoUa, near the great wall, 15 m. N.W. So-phin ; the lake in the desert of Gobi, 50 m. S. the Lob-nor. Hakaudk, a mntn. of Central Asia, in the Hi- malaya, bounding Cashmere N.ward, lat. 34° 26' N. ; Ion. 74° 43' E. ; elevation 13,000 feet. Habapa, a viil. of the Punjab, on the E. bank of the Ravee (anc. Bydraotes), 105 m. S.W. La- hore, with extens. ruins, and conjectured to be on the site of the Sangala of Arrian. Haray, 2 islets of Scotland, off the £. coast of Shetland mainland. Harbebtoh, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, IJ m. S.W. Totness. Area 5,800 ac. Pop. 446. Harbiedowb, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 1 m. W. Canterbury. Area 1,470 ac. Pop. 651. Here is one of the oldest hospitals in Engl., founded for lepers, by archbishop Lanfranc. It is now used as an almshouse. Attached to it is the ancient church of St Nicholas, in which Hooker is buried. Harbonst^res, a comm. and town of Prance, dep. Somme, 15 m. N.N.E. Montdidier. P. 2,250, Harbobne, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, 3j m. W.8.W. Birmingham. Area 4,000 ao. Pop. 6,657. Habborough- Magna, a pa. of Engl., co. War- wick, 3} m. N.N.W. Rugby. Area 1,580 ac. P. 375. Harbobough (Market). [Mabkex-Habeo- ROUOH.] Habbor-cbeek, a twnshp. of U.S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, co. and 6 m. N.E. Erie. P. 1,843. Harbottle, a small mkt. town of Engl., co. Northumberland, on the Coquet, pa. of Hally- stone, 17 m. W.S.W. Alnwick. Pop. 162. Here is a modem, & ruins of a very strong anc, castle. Habboub-Gbace, a marit. town of Newfound- land, on the W. side of Conception bay, 20 m. N.W. St John's, with a well-sheltered harbour. Harbour Island, W. Indies. [Bahama Isls.] HAEBRinQE, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 3J m. N.N.W. Ringwood. Area 2,910 ac. Pop. 300. Haebttbo, 2 towns of Germany.— I. Hanover, landr. & 23 m. N.W. Luneburg, on the S. branch of the Elbe, and on the Hanover and Brunswick railway, 4Jm. S.Hamburg. Pop 6,063. It is en- closed by walls, & has a citadel, gunpowder, and hone mills, a sugar refinery, tanneries, manufs. of woollens, linens, hosiery, & an active transit trade. — II. a mkt. town of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, on the Wemitz, 30 m. N.N.W. Augsburg, with a castle, and 1,469 inhabitants. Habbubt, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 2J m. W.S.W. Southam. Area 2,060 ac. Pop. 1,089. Haebt, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, SJ m. N. Melton-Mowbray. Area 2.800 ao. Pop. 629. HAHconRT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Eure, 10 m. N.E. Bernay. Pop. 1,339.-11. (H. Tlmry), Cavaldos, 1.5 m. N.W. Falaise. Pop. 1,008. Hardanger (Field), a subdivision of the great mntn-system of Scandinavia, about 70 m. E. Ber- gen, highest point 6,000 feet in elevation. — II. {Fiord), a gulf of the N. Sea, stift Bergen. Hardeok, a town of Lower Austria, on the Thaya, 9 m. W.S.W. Znaym. Pop. 600. Haedegsen, a town of Hanover, landr. Hil- desheim, princip. and 10 m. N.N.W. Gottingen. Pop. 1,291. It has manufs. of linens and leather. Hardeman, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer., in the S. part of Tennessee. Area 720 sq.m. Pop. 14,563. Habuenberg, a town, Netherl'ds, prov. Over- yssel, on the Vecht, 23 m. E.N.E. ZwoUe. P. 910. Harden Huish, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, IJ m. N.W. Chippenham. Area 540 ac. Pop 146. Harderwick, a seaport town of the Netherl'ds, prov. Gelderland, cap. dist., on the Zuyder-zee, 31 m. E. Amsterdam. Pop. 6,538. It has a gymna- sium, & an extens. establishment for curing her- rings and other fish. Formerly a Hanseatic town. H.4EDHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 6 m E.S.E. Petworth. Area 680 ac. Pop. 116. Habdheim, a mkt. town of Germany, grand duchy Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, 44 m. E.N.E. Mannheim. Pop. 1,891. Hardin, several cos. of the U. S., N. Amer.— I. in S.W. of Tennessee, & on that riv. Area 768 sq. m. Pop. 7,387. — II. in N. of Kentucky. Area 1,200 sq. m. Pop. 16,367.-111. in N.W. part of Ohio, on Scioto riv. Area 480 sq. m. Pop. 4,598.— IV. in S. part of Illinois, on Big Creek, which affords water power. Area 100 sq. m. Surface high, broken, and abounding in lead and iron ores. Pop. 1,378. Habdingham, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 6\ m. W.N.W. Wymondham. Area 2,600 ac. Pop. 602. Habdinohen, a comm. andvill. of France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, 10 m. N.E. Boulogne. It has manufs. of glass bottles, and extensive coal mines. Pop. 1,334. Hardingstone, a pa. of Engl., co. and 2 m. S.E. Northampton. Area 3,060 ac. Pop. 1,053. Hakdington, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 3j m. N.N.W. Frome. Area 1,180 ac. Pop. 21.— II. (Mandeville), in same CO., 4 m. S.W. Yeovil. Area 2,010 ac. Pop 760. Habdinxveld, a vill. of the Netherl'ds, prov. S. Holland, on the Maas, 4 m. W. Gorcum. P. 3,165, Habdlev, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 12 m. E.N.E. Norwich. Area 1,400 ac. Pop. 214. Habdmead, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 4J m. E.N.E. Newport-Pagnell. Areal,290ao. Pop. 83. Habdres (Lower), a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 3 m. S. Canterbury. Area 1,060 ac. Pop. 252.— II. (C^J/Jcr), 4 J m. S.Canterbury. Ao. 1,670. P. 339. Hard-wick, a pa. of Engl, co. Cambridge, 4 m. E. Caxton. Area 1,010 ao. Pop. 202. It gives title of Earl to the Torke family.— II. co. and 4 J m. S.S.W. Glo'ster. Area 2,030 ac. Pop. 747.— III. CO. Norfolk, 7 m. W. Bungay. Area 740 ac. Pop. 236.— IV. co. Oxford, 4 J m. N. Bicester. Area 990 ao. Pop. 80. (Priors), oo. Warwick, 5 m. S.S.E. Southam. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 280. Haedwick, a tnshp. of V. S., N. Amer., Ver- mont, 21 m. N.E. Montpellier. Pop. 1,364. Haedwick, two tnshps. of U. S., N. Amer.— I. Massachusetts, co. Worcester, 63 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,789.-11. New Jersey, co. Warren, 16 m. N.E, Belvidere. Pop. 1,964. Hardwioke, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 3i m. N.W. Aylesbury. Area 3,200 ac. Pop. 747 — II. CO. Northampton, 3 m. W.N.W. Wellingboro'. Area l,780ac. Pop. 82 III. [H. Hall), a noble seat of the Duke of Devonshire, co. Derby, pa. Ault-Hucknall, H m. N.W. Mansfield. It was built in the reign of Elizabeth, by the Comitesa HAR 600 HAR of Shrewsbury, daughter of J. Hardwiek (owner of the estate), who was married 1 times, & became the founder of 4 dukedoms. It contains a curious collection of antique furniture, historical portraits, and tapestry wrought by Mstry Queen of Scots. Adjoining are the ruins of Hardwicke castle. Habdwickb or Nundawas Mouhxains, E. Australia, are in lat. 30° S., and Ion. 160° E., of granite formation, estimated elevation, 3,500 ft II. (Bay), S. Australia, in an inlet of Spencer Gulf. — IIl.(/«/ajKi),Brit. N. Amer., in Charlotte Sound. Habdtston, a tushp. of U. S., N. Amer., New Jersey, co. Sussex. Pop. 2,831. Surface moun- tainous, and abounding in zinc and iron ores. Hardy, a co. of U. §., N. Amer., in N. part of Virginia, watered by branches of the Potomac. Area 1,166 sq. m. Pop. 7,622 II. a tnshp., Ohio, CO. Holmes, with the vill. of Millersburg. P. 1,982. Habdy Islands, British India, off the coast of Aracan, E. Cheduba, lat. 18° 35' E., Ion. 94° E. Habebt, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 4 m. W. Spilsby. Area 750 ac. Pop. 100. Habefield, a pa. of Engl., co. Middlesex, 3 m. N. Uxbridge. Area 4,510 ac. Pop. 1,516. Habeid, an isl. of Norway, stift Trondhiem, amt. Romsdal, in the Atlantic, lat. 62° 22' N. Length N. to S. 11 m., breadth 8 m. Haben, a pa. & vill. of the Netherlands, prov. and 3^ m. S. Groningen. Pop. of pa. 2,475. Harescombe, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 3i m. W.N.W. Painswick. Area 700 ac. Pop. 132. Habesfieli), a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 4 m. N.W.Stroud. Area 1,980 ac. Pop. 676. Habeston, a pa. of Engl., co Leicester, 11m. N.N.E. Melton-Mowbray. Area630ac. Pop. 181. Haeevtood, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. ridmg, on the Wheyle, here crossed by a stone bridge, 7 m. N.N.E. Leeds. Area 12,180 ac. Pop. 2,706. The vill. is one of the neatest in the kingdom. It contains a venerable church, the ruins of a castle, built about the reign of Edward i., and in a noble park, the superb mansion of Earl of Harewood II. co. Hereford, 6 m. W.N.W. Ross. Area 860 ae. Pop. 96. Habflf.ub, Harfityricumt a connn. and seaport town of France, dep. Seine-Inf., on the Lezarde, 1 m. fiom its mouth in the Seine, 3 m. E.N.E. Havre, & 105 m. N.W. Paris, with which it is con- nected by railw. Pop 1,611. It was formerly an important fortress, and the principal fort on the Seine ; but it declined with the rise of Havre, & its harbour is now nearly choked up. It was taken by the English under Henry v. in 1415, after a memorable seige of 40 days. Harfoed, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 6J m. W.N.W. Modbury. Area 3,680 ae. Pop. 193. Habfobd, a CO. of the U. S., N. Amer., in N.E. part of Maryland. Area 480 sq. m. Pop. 17,120. — II. a tnshp. of Peunsylv., co Susquehanna, 175 m. N.E. Harrisburgh. Pop. 1,179. Haboham, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 3| m. W.N.W. Kinninghall. Area 1,010 ae. Pop. 93. Hargbave, a pa. of Engl., co Northampton, 4J m. E.N.E. Higham Ferrers. Area 2,400 ac. Pop. 259.— II. CO. Suffolk, 6 m. S.W. Bury-St-Ed- munds. Area 1,870 ac. Pop. 467. Habihaba, a town of India. [Hureyhur.] Haeikgvltet, a mouth of the Rhine or Maese, prov. S. Holland, continuous with Hollands-Diep. Breadth 2J m. Hellevoetsluis is on its N. shore. Haeipoor, several towns of the Punjab, at the base of the Himalaya mntns., the principal being on the Dor, and considered as one of the weal- thiest places in the Lahore dominions. Haekstead, a pa. of Engl., co Suffolk, 6 m. S.S.E. Ipswich. Area 1,260 ac. Haelan, a CO. of the U. S., N. Amer., in S.K. part of Kentucky, watered by Cumberland riv. Area 480 sq. m. Pop. 3,015. Haelaw, a locality in Scotl., co. Aberdeen, pa. Chapel-of-Gariooh, memorable for a great battle fought betwixt the Highlanders under the Lord of the Isles, and the royal forces under the Earl of Mar, A.D. 1411. Hablaxtok, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 3 m. S.W. Grantham. Area 2,530 ac. Pop. 428. Haeieoh, an anc. decayed munic. bor. & mkt. town, N. Wales, co. Merioneth, pa. Llardaning, on the Irish Sea, 6 m. S.S.E. Tremadoc. Har- lech, now only a small hamlet, is a polling place for the CO. It is famous for its fine surrounding mountain scenery, and for its stately ruined castle, built by Edward i., and the last fortress in N. Wales which held out for king Charles. Haele (K-Iek), a pa. of Engl., co. Northumb., 12Jm. N.N.E. Hexham. Area 6,010 ac. Pop. 382. Hablem, Netherlands. [Haablem.] Haeleston, a small mkt. town of Engl., co. Norfolk, pa. Reddenhall, and SJ m. from the Haugbley Road station of the E. Union railway, on the Waveney, 7 m. S.W. Bungay. Pop. 1,425, partly employed as bombazine weavers. Mkt. Wednesday. — II. a pa., co. and 4 m. N.W. Nor- thampton. Area 2,530 ac. Pop. 639. — III. co. Suffolk, 2i m. N.W. Stowmarket. Ac. 730. P. 90. Haelet, a pa of Engl., co. Salop, 2 m. W.N.W. Much-Wenlock. Area 660 ac. Pop. 219. Hablih» (East), a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., CO. Norfolk, near the E. counties railway, 22 m. S.W. Norwich. Area of pa. 2,990 ac. Pop. 1,062. Market Tuesday.— II. (West), a pa., 2 m. S.W. the above. Area 2,980 ac. Pop. 117. Hablingen, a fortified maritime town of the Netherlands, prov.W. Friesl., cap. dist., near the entrance of the Zuyder-zee, 16 m. W. Leeuwar- den. Pop. (1840), 7,950. It is well built, and intersected by canals. Principal edifices, the admiralty, a large pa. church, and the town hall. Manufe. comprise sail cloth, salt, hollands, paper, and bricks. It has greatly increased in nnpor- tance since the opening ofthe ports in Britain. English steamers leave with cargoes of cattle, butter, cheese, wool, flax, &nit, and vegetables. The number of ships which entered and left the port in 1843, was 800 ; m 1846, upwards of 11,000. Hablington, a pa. of Engl., co. Beds, 5^ m. S.Ampthill. Ae. 1,816. P. 621 ILco. Middle- sex, 4 m. W.N.W. Hounslow. Area 1,340 ac. Pop. 841. Harlow, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, with a sta- tion on the E. counties railw., 6^ m. S. Bishop's Stortford. Area 4,490 ac. Pop. 2,315. Well known for Harlow Bush fair, 9th September. Hablton, or Hablston, a pa. of Engl., co. & 6J m. S.W. Cambridge. Area 1,100 ac. Pop. 269. Haeuebsbaoh, a populous valley of the grand duchy Baden, circ. Midd. Rhine, near ZeU, ex- tending about 17 m. in length, and having 3,666 inhabitants, engaged in numerous oil and saw- mills, granite works, and iron forges. Harmon (St), a pa. of S. Wales, co. Radnor, 3 m. N.N.E. Rhayadargwy. Pop. 920. Habmonhswoeth, a pa. of Engl., co. Middle- sex, 2 m. E.N.E. Colnbrook. Ac 3,480. P. 1,330. Habmony, several tnshps. of U. S., N. Amer. — I. New York, in its W. part, co. Chatauque, S.B. Portland. Pop. 3,340.-11. Maine, 47 ni. N.E. Augusta. Pop. 1,096 III. New Jersey, 58 m. N.W. Trenton. Pop. 1,062.— IV. Ohio, CO. Clerk. Pop. 1,660. Habmston, a pa. of Engl., co. and 6 m. S. Lin- coln. Area 2,690 ac. Pop. 429. HAR 601 HAU Habnes, a comm. and viU. of France, dep. Pas-des-Calais, 12 m. E.S.E. Bethune. P. 2,150. Habsham, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, Ij m. W.S.W. Salisbury. Area 1,200 ac. Pop. 256. Harnhill, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 3J m. E.S.E. Cirencester. Area 830 ac. Pop. 97. Habo, a town of Spain, prov. and 21 m. N.W. Logrono, neai- 1. b. of the Ebro. Pop. 5,928, who manuf. hats, brandy, liqueurs, and leather. There are copper mines in its vicinity. Habon£, a coram, and toivn of France, dep. Meurthe, 15 m. S. Nancy. Pop. 666. It has a fine chateau, birth-place of Bassompierre. Habp, or Bow Island, Pacific Ocean, Low Archipelago, is in lat. 18° 6' S., Ion. 140° 10' W. Habpkhden, a pa. of Engl., co. Herts, 3 m. N.E. Kedburn. Area 4,9i0 ac. Pop. 1,872. Habpek's Febky, a vill., U.S., N. Amer., Vir- ginia, at the junction of the Shenamdoah with the Potomac (which latter is here crossed by a long bridge), and on the Baltimore & Ohio railw., 50 m. N.N.W. Washington, containing 810 hos. It is Tery picturesquely situated, has 3 churches, an iron foundry, and a national armoury, employ- ing 240 hands. 80,000 or 90,000 stand of arms are usually kept here. Habpfobd, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 3 m. N.W. Sidmonth. Area 1,240 ac. Pop. 305. Habpham, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. riding, 5 m. E.N.E. Gt Driffield. Area 1,970 ac. P. 239. Habplet, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 8^ m. E.NJ;. Castle-Kising. Area 2,180 ac. Pop. 376. Habpole, a pa. of Engl., co. & 5 J m.W. North- ampton. Area 1,560 ac. Pop. 699. HABP0SEIJ.T, or KuEPONHnLLT, a town of Brit. India, presid. Madras, dist. and 67 m. W.S.W. Bellary. It has some fortifications. Habpsdex, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, IJ m. S. Henley-on-Thames. Area 1,460 ac. Pop. 211. Habfstedt, a mkt. town of N. Germany, Ha- nover, CO. and 25 m. W.N.W. Hoya. Pop. 986. Haepswell, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey,7im.E.Gainsboro'. Area 2,180 ac. P. 98. Habpswell, atwnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Maine, 22 m. N.E. Portland, on Casco bay. Pop. 1,448. Habptbee (East), a pa. of Engl., co. Somer- set, 6i m. N. Wells. Area 2,770 ac. Pop. 772. Near the vill. are a remarkable cavern, & remains of an anc. fortress. — II. {West), Ih m. N. Wells. Area 2,850 ac. Pop. 671. Habban, CharrtB, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pa. and 83 m. S.W. Diarbekir. Near it Crassus was defeated by the Parthians, B.C. 53. Habbab, or Hdbbub, a town of E. Africa, dom. Shoa (Abyssinia), 160 m. E. Ankobar, and cap. dist. of same name on E. branch of the Nile. Habbaton, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Durham, pa. Chester-Ie-Street, 7 m. N. Durham. Pop. 1,601. Habbietsham, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 7^ m. E.S.E. Maidstone. Area 2,520 ac. Pop. 676. It has two endowed schools, and alms-houses. Harrington, a small seaport and pa. of Engl., CO. Cumberland, 5 m. N. Whitehaven, to which the port is subordinate. Area of pa. 2,380 ac. Pop. 1,934. The harb. has 8 ft. water, & a light at the pier head, visible 10 m. distant II. a pa., co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, 4f m. N.W. Spilsby. Area 1,070 ac. Pop. 107.— III. co. Northampton, 6 ifi. W.N.W. Kettering. Area 2,000 ac. Pop. 238. Charities 105/. It gives the title of Earl to the Stanhope family. Habbington, two twnshps., U.S., N. Amer.— 1. Maine, on Narraguagus bay, Atlantic, 24 m. S.W. Machias. Pop. 1,642. — II . New Jersey, co. Bergen, on Hudson riv. Pop. 1,130.— A vill. N. Carolina, .59 m. S.W. Raleigh. Harrington-Inlet, E. Australia, is at the mouth of the Manning river, 34 m. S.S.W. Port Macquarrie. Haeeingwobth, a pa. of Engl,, co. Northamp- ton, 6 m. N.N.E. Rockingham. Ac. 3,060. P. 358. Haebiorpooe, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, dist. Cuttack, cap. a large zemmdary, 120 m. S.W. Calcutta. Harris, a co. of U.S., N. Amer., on the W. border of Georgia. Area 440 sq. m. P. 13,933. — II. a tnshp., Pennsylvania, Centre co. Pop. 1,978. Habbis, or Hebbies, a dist. and pa. of the He- brides, Scotl., forming a peninsula, comprising the S. part of the isl. of Lewis, and small surrounding islands. Area, about 90,000 ac, mostly mntnous., with an elev. of 2,000 to 3,000 feet. Pop. 4,429. The Sound of Harris is a navigable strait, 9 m. in length, and from 8 to 12 m. in breadth, separat- ing this peninsula from N. Uist, and studded with rocks and islets. [Hebrioes.] Habbisbdrg, a city of U. S., N. Amer., cap. Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna, here crossed by a covered railway bridge, 2,876 feet in length, 95 m. W.N.W. Philadelphia, & 96 m. N. Wash- ington. Pop. 5,980. It is well built, mostly of brick ; has a fine state -honse, co. court-ho., jail, a large school-house, and market-house. — II. New-Tork, co. Lewis. Pop. 860. Habeison, several cos. of the U. S., N. Amer. — I. in N.W. part of Virginia. Area 1,095 sq. m. Pop. 17,699 (slaves 693).— II. in N.E. part of Kentucky, on Licking riv. Area 366 sq. m. Pop. 12,472 (slaves 3,384).— III. m E. part of Ohio. Area 486 sq. m. Pop. 20,099. Soil very fertile.— IV. in S. part of Indiana, bordering the Ohio, cap. Corydon. Area 470 sq. m. Pop. 12,459-^ V. in S. part of Mississippi. Area 870 sq. m. — VI. a twnshp., New Tork, 3 m. B. White Flams. Pop. 1,139 VII. a tnshp.. New Jersey, between the rivs. Hackensaok and Passaic. Pop. 1,166. — VIII. a tashp., Ohio, co. Carroils. Pop. 1,308. —IX. Indiana, co. Fayette. Pop. 1,690.— X. Ohio, CO. Pickaway. Pop. 1,149. Harrison Bat, Russian America, Arctic O., is between lat. 70° 20' and 70° 40' N., and Ion. 160° & 152° 30' W., bounded E. & W. by Point Berens and Cape Halkett. Not far inland rise the Pelly mountains ; but the shores are low. Habrisonburg, a vill., U. S., N. Amer., Vir- ginia, cap. CO. Rockingham. Pop. 1,100. — II. Louisiana, on the riv. Washita. Pop. 1,160. Habristown, a vill. and formerly a pari. bor. of Ireld., Leinster, co. Kildare, pa. Rathmore, on the Liffey, 2J m. N.E. Kilcullen bridge.— II. a pa. on the Barrow, 4 m. S.S.W. Kildare. Area 4,680 ac. Pop. 920. Habbodsburg, a vill. of the U. S., N. America, Kentucky, cap. co. Mercer, 31 m. S. Frankfort. Pop. 1,254. Bacon college was founded in 1836. Habrogate, a township, and one of the princip. vpatering places of Engl., co. and 27 m. W. York (W. Riding), on the York and N. Midland railw. Pop. 3,371. It consists of 2 vills.. High and Low Harrogate, the latter in a valley, the former on an elevated plain, commanding an extensive view. Houses irregularly scattered, but stone- built and handsome. Hotels unusually commodious, and having much the appearance of large country mansions. There are also numerous excellent boarding-houses, several churches, an hospital, branch bank, theatre, libraries, promenade and .assembly rooms, and a race course, with springs of chalybeate, sulphur, and saline waters, covered over by elegant cupolas, and drawing here, be- tween the spring and autumn, a concourse of about 2,000 visitors, including a large circle of HAR 602 If AR rank and fashion. The sulphur well is the most in repute ; it has been used as an alterative aad purgative since the end of the 17th cent., chiefly in cases of scrofula and cutaneous eruptions. Habbold, a small mkt. town and pa. of Engl., CO. and 8 m. N.W. Bedford. Area of pa. 3,240 ac. Pop. 1,007. Market, Thursday. Harbold's-Cboss, a vill. of Ireld., Leinster, co. Dublin, about 1 m. S. Dublin Castle. P. 2,789. Habboldston, a pa. of S.Wales, co. Pembroke, I m. S.E. Haverfordwest. Pop. 337.— II. ( West), 6i m. "W. Haverfordwest. Pop. 130. Habbow-on-the-hili, a pa. and vill. of Engl., CO. Middlesex, finely situated on the summit of a high hill, 10 m. N.W. London, or 11} m. by Lon- don and Birmingham railway, on wMch it has a station, 1 m. from the town. Area of pa. 9,870 ae. Pop., including the ham. of Harrow- Weald, 4,627. It contains many good houses, anc. and modern, has a picturesque old church, the views from which are among the finest in the co., and a celebrated grammar school, esteemed one of the best public schools in England, and at which some of the greatest characters of this century, including the late Lord Byron and Sir R. Peel, were educated. It was founded by John Lyon, a wealthy yeoman, in 1571, and is a handsome structure, with a chapel in the Elizabethan style. Habbowbv, a tnshp. of Engl., co. of Lincoln, pa. and 2 m. W. Grantham. Pop. 60. It gives title of Earl to the Kyder family. Habbowden (Gt.), a pa. of Engl., co. North- ampton, 2 m. N.N.W. Wellingboro'. Area 1,160 ac. Pop. 168.— II. (Little), 2 J m. N.N.W. Wel- lingboro'. Area 1,480 ac. Pop. 673, subordinate to Great Harrowden. Habsewinkel, and Harsleben, two vills. of Prussia, the former, prov. Westphaha, reg. & 26 m. E. Munster, with 1,042 inhabs., the latter, prov. Saxony, S.E. Halberstadt. Pop. 1,700. Habsefeld, a mkt. town of Hanover, landr. & II m. S. Stade, on the Ane. Pop. 989. Habsin, a vill. of 300 houses, Persia, prov. Irak- Ajemi, dist. and about 25 m. S.E. Kermanshah, in a well cultivated valley, and with some Sas- sanian remains, comprising the ruins of an aque- duct, and a palace, of which a fort has been built. Hakson ISLANn, Upp. Canada, is at the en- trance of the riv. into the L. St Clair. Lat. 42° 3.5' N., Ion. 82° 25' W. Length N. and S. 10 m. HABSTOif, a pa. of Engl., co. and 5^ m. S.S.W. Cambridge. Area 1,480 ac. Pop. 662. Harswell, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. riding, 31 m. W.S.W. Market-Weighton. Ac. 720. P. 67. Hart, a pa. of Engl., co. Durham, 11 m. N.E. Stockton. Area 7,250 ac. Pop. 728. Hart, a co. of U. S., N. Ameriqa, Kentucky, near its centre ; cap. Mumfordsville. Area 432 sq. miles. Pop. 7,031. Ha ETA, or Hartha, a town of Saxony, circ. & 31 m. S.E. Leipzig. Pop. 1,941. Habtberg, a town of Styria, 30 m. N.E. Gratz. Pop. 1,500, partly employed in woollen weaving. HARTBURN,apa.ofEngl., co. Northumberland, 8 m. W. Morpeth. Area 23,830 ac. Pop. 1,322. Habtenstein, a town of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, near the Mulde, with 1,947 inhabitants. Haetest, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 6J m. N.W. Glare. Area 1,900 ac. Pop. 812. Hartfell, a mountain in the S. of Scotl., cos. Peebles and Dumfries, between the pas. Tweeds- muir and Moffat ; elev. 2,636 feet. The chaly- beate spring of Moffat is in a ravine of this mntn. Habtfield, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 5f m. E.S.E. East-Grinstead. Area 8,420 ac. P. 1,603. flAHTEOBD, a pa. of Engl, co. & IJ m. E.N.E. Huntingdon. Area 1,720 ac. Pop. 380.— IL a tnshp. of CO. Chester, pa. of Gt. Budworth, with a station on the London and N.W. railw., llj m. N.N.W. Crewe. Pop. 994. Habtfobd, a CO. of the TJ. S., N. Amer., Con- necticut, on the Connecticut river. Area 727 sq. m. Pop. 65,629. — II. a city of Connecticut, of which it is joint cap. with Newhaven, on Con- necticut river, 38 m. from its mouth, and 93 ni. W.S.W. Boston. Pop. (1850) 17,966. It is well- built; has a covered bridge across the river, 1,000 feet in length ; a state-house, a large city-hall, an episcopal college, with library, botanic-garden, museum, &c., and about 80 students ; a well-en- dowed deaf and dumb asylum, the first established in the United States, a lunatic asylum, an arsenal, museum, athenseum, about 12 churches, 2 mar- kets, 5 banks, with manufactures of shoes, sad- dlery, woollens, cottons, brass work, and a large inland trade. Steam-boats ply to New York, & a railway, 68 m. in length, connects the city with Newhaven. — III. a tnshp. of Vermont, 62 m. S.S.E. Montpelier. Pop. 2,194.— IV. N. York, 16 m. N. Salem. Pop. about 2,160. — V. Penn- sylvania, co. Susquehanna. Pop. 1,179 VI. Ohio, CO. Licking. Pop. 1,355 VII. Maine, 25 m. W. Augusta. Pop. 1,472. Habtfobd, New, a tnshp. of U. S., N. Amer., New York, 4 m. W.Utica. P. 3,819.-11. a tnshp., Connecticut, 17 m. N.W. Harttbrd. Pop. 1,703. Habthau, a vill. of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, 4 m. S. Chemnitz. Pop. 1,256. — Gross Harthcm is a vill. in the circ. Dresden, N.E. Stolpen. Harthill, a pa. of Engl., co. Chester, 6} m. S.S.W. Tarporley. Area 600 ac. Pop. 158 II. CO. York, W. ridmg, 9i m. S.S.W. Rotherham. Area 2,940 ac. Pop. 709. Habting, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 4 m. E.S.E. Petersfield. Area 7,830 ac. Pop. 1,267. Hartinoton, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, on the Dove, 8 m. S. W. Bakewell. Ac. 24,160. P. 2,197. Habtland, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. Devon, in a bleak district on the borders of Corn- wall, 13 m. W.S.W. Bideford. Area of pa. 11,030 . ac. Pop. 2,223. It has a large church, serving as a land-mark for mariners; and about 2 m. distant, on the Bristol channel, a quay, much fre- quented by fishing vessels. Mkt., Saturday. The town was made a port in the reign of Elizabeth, and it is gov. by a portreeve. Near it is Hart- land abbey, now converted into a modem man- sion, and about 2 m. to the N.W. is Hartland point (anc. Hercules promon,), a lofty promontory, forming the S. entrance of the Bristol channel, lat. 61° r N., and Ion. 4° 31' W. Habtlanb, several tnshps. of U. S., N. Amer. — I. Vermont, 48 m. S.S.E. Montpelier. Pop. 2,341 II. New York, 270 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,350 III. Maine, 47 m. N.E. Augusta. Pop. 1,028.— IV. Connecticut, 24 m. N.N.E. Hartford. Pop. 1,060. Harti.eburt, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, 4 m. S.S.E. Kidderminster. Area 5,600 ac. Pop. 2,051. The castle (built in the 17th century), is th^ residence of the bishops of Worcester. Ajm. rev. of grammar school, founded in 1400, 120?. Hartlepool, an anc. munic. bor., seaport, mlrt. town, and pa. of Engl., co. and 19 m. E.S.E. Durham, with which city, and with Stockton, it is connected by railways. Area of pa. 840 ac, consisting of an almost insulated promontory, on the N. Sea, curved so as to form a natural har- bour (the best shelter on this coast for small vessels), & presenting from its lofty & singularly excavated cliffs, magnificent sea and land views. Pop. 5,321. TRe town, on the S. side of this HAR 603 HAS peninsula, has many handsome modern houses, built for the use of the numerous sea-bathers who now resort here ; some fine remains of the feudal fortifications wliicti. once defended it, a large and curious church in the early English style, an endowed school, and other charities, a town-hall, several branch banks, a chalybeate spring, and a harbour with one of the largest docks in England, depth of water from 20 to 25 feet, and derended by 2 strong batteries. The trade of Hartlepool, which was in early times very considerable, has of late revived, owing to the formation of railways connected with the new coal mines of Durham. In 1835 only 3 sloops belonged to the port. In 1847 it had 79 vessels ; aggregate burden 17,545 tons, & nearly 1,000,000 tons of coal ai'e shipped hence annually. Cus- toms rev. (1846) 4,374i. Mkt., Sat. The town is governed by a mayor under an ancient charter. It belonged to the Norman family of Brus or Bruce until the 13th century, when, by their ac- cession to the Scottish throne, tliey forfeited their English possessions. Habtley, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 6J m. S.E. Dartford. Area 1,110 ac. Pop. 224.— II. a small seaport town, co. Northumberland, on the N. Sea, 4J m. N. North Shields. Pop. 1,911, employed in a colliery, glass and bottle works. It has an excellent harbour for vessels of 200 to 300 tons, formed by a stone pier & flood gates, construct- ed by the Delaval femily. — ^III. {Maudit), a pa., CO. Hants, 2} m. S.S.E. Alton. Area 1,550 ac. Pop. 84. — IV. (WestpaXT), in same co., 5 m. W. Hartford Bridge. Area 1,450 ac. Pop. 351 V. ( Wintney\ same co,, 2 m, S.W. Hartford Bridge. Area 2,280 ac. Pop. (with Hartley Kow), 1,370. Habtley, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Pennsyl- vania, Union co. Fop. 1,866. Habtmajtitz, and Habtmannsborf, two vills. of E. Germany ; the former in Bohemia, circ. Prachin, 18 m. S.S.E. Klattau. Pop. 705 ; the latter in Saxony, 36 m. S.E. Leipzig. Pop. 1,683. Habtlip, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 5\ m. E.S.E. Chatham. Area 1,350 ac. Pop. 341. Haktptiby, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 4^ m. E.S.E. Newent. Area 3,580 ac. Pop. 877. Habtshead, a dist. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. and 3 m. N.E. Ashton-under-Lyne. It is rich in coal, and abounds in fine scenery. Habtshii.1,, a hamlet of Engl., co. Warwick, pa. Mancetter, 3i m. N.W. Nuneaton. Pop. 1,061. Habtshobn, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, 3^ m. N.N.W. Ashby-de-la-Zouch. Area 2,610 ac. Pop. 1,389. Habtweil, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 1 J m. S.W.Aylesbury. Area 680 ac. Pop. 138. Louis XVIII. of France resided here while in Engl. — II. CO. and 7 m. S.S.E. Northampton. Area 1,860 ac. Pj 533. It has a very curious Norman church. Haetwick, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, 70 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,490. It has a Lutheran theological seminary. Haetwith, a chapelry of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, pa. Kirkby-Malzeard, 8J m. W.N.W. Knareshorough. Pop. 1,138. Here are the Brim- hatn-Cragfl, a stupendous group of rocks, piled in fantastic forms, curiously perforated, among which are rocking-stones 100 tons in weight, Haeti, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 9 m. S.E. Queenboro'. Area 2,630 ac. Pop. 117. Haevaed, a tnshp,, U. S., N. Amer., Massa- chusetts, 32 m. N.W. Boston. Pop. 1,571. Haevey Islands, Pacific Ocean, are in lat. 19° 17' S., Ion. 168* 30' W, Haevington, a pa, of Engl., co. Worcester, 4 m. N.N.E. Evesham. Area 1,290 ac. Pop. 347. Habwell, a pa. of Engl., co. Berks, 6i m. E.N.E. Wantage. Area 2,720 ac. Pop. 867. Habwich, a pari, and munic. bor., seaport, & mkt. town of En^l., co. Essex, on a point of land, at the estuary of the Stuur, 10 m. £. Manning- tree. Lat. 61° 66' 6" N., Ion. 1° 17' 6' E. Area, comprising 2 pas., 2,060 ac. Pop. 3,829. Inhab. houses 674. The town has 3 main streets. Chief buildings, the town-hall, gaol, custom-house, theatre, assembly-rooms, baths, gi'ammar school, supported by the corporation, and a handsome modern church. Ann. charities upwards of 200^ The harbour, with dockyard, is amongst the best on the E. coast of England, affording shelter for the largest fleets, and is defended by a strong garrisoned fort and battery; but the entrance, though well buoyed and indicated by 2 light-hos. with fixed lights, is dangerous without a pilot. The trade and fisheries of Harwich have greatly declined. Some ship-building is carried on, and the town has recently become a resort for sea- bathing. Mkts., Tuesday and Friday. Customs' duties (1846) 1,966?. Reg. shipping (1847) 4,015 tons. Vessels entered 43,882 tons. Do. cleared 38,614 tons. Corp. rev. (1847) 604Z. 17s. Harwich sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1848) 233. Haewich, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Massa- chusetts, on the Atlantic, 73 m. S.E. Boston. Pop. 2,930, mostly employed in fisheries. Haewinxon, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Con- necticut, 24 m. W. Hartford. Pop. 1,201. Haew GOD, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa, and 2^ m. N.E. Bolton. Pop. 1,990, partly em- ployed in cotton weaving. — II. ( Great), a chapelry and pa., 4J m. N.E. Blackburn. Pop. 2,273. Haewoeth, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 2f m. W.S.W. Bawtry. Area 4,320 ac. Pop. 878. Haez, or Haetz, Silva Hercynia, a mountain system of N.W. Germany, mostly between lat. 61° 35' and 51° 57' N., and Ion. 10° 10' & 11° 30' E., comprised in the doms. of Hanover, Prussia, Brunswick, & Anhalt. With its ramifications it is estimated to cover 1,350 sq. m., between the Elbe & Weser. Cuhninating point the Brocken, lat. 61° 48' 11' N., Ion. 10° 36' 29" E., 3,740 ft. above the sea, N.W. of which are several other heights of little less elevation. Its geological composi- tion is granite, overlaid by greywack^ and clay slate ; & it is estimated to yield annually 30,000 cwts. of lead, besides a large amount of iron, and considerable quantities of copper and silver. The towns Klausthal, Goslar, Osterode, Blankenburg, &c., are in this region. [Beocken.] Habzqeeose, a town of Central Germany, deleg. Anhalt-Bemburg, in the Selke Valley, 18 m. S. Halberstadt, Pop. 2,517, partly employed in agriculture & cattle-breeding. It is enclosed with walls, and has an old castle, the seat of the ducal mining-board for the Harz. Near it are the Victor- Frederick silver works, some vitriol works, the Magdesprung iron mines, the baths of Alexisbad, and the ruined castle Heinrichs- berg, the original seat of the dukes of Anhalt- Bemburg. Hasan-Dagh (or Tagh), a mntn. of Asia Minor, pash, Karamania, 68 m. S.W. Mount Argseus, and 85 m. N.E. Konieh. It is of a picturesque conical form, 8,000 feet in elevation, and of volcanic structure. Hasasi, an isl. of the Red Sea, near its E. coast, about 100 m. N.W. Yembo. Lat. 25° 4' N., Ion. 37° 14' E. Greatest elevation 400 feet on its N. side, whence it slopes away S.E. ward. The pop. are Bedwins, who reside during a part of the year in a straggling vlll. on its S. side. Hasc ojiB, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, 3 nu HAS 604 HAS SB Godalming. Area 990 ac. Pop. 335. An enormous tree, known as Hascomb beech, grows here on the site of a Koman camp. Hasek, a small seaport town of Arabia, Had- ramant, on its S.E. coast, opposite the Curia Muria Isles. It exports incense. Haselbeech, a pa. of Engl., co. and llj m. N.N.W. Northampton. Area 1,790 ac. P. 194. Haselbcet, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 9 m. "W.N.W. Blandford. Area 3,010 ac. Pop. 639. Haselet, a pa. of Engl., co. & 3^ m. W.N.W. Warwick. Area l,280ae. Pop. 188.— II. {Great), a pa., CO. Oxford, 3 m. W. Tetsworth. Area 3,140 ae. Pop. 786. Annual charities 312Z. Haselmebe, Engl., co. Surrey. [Haslemere.] Haselob, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 2 m. E.N.E. Aleester. Area 1,950 ac. Pop. 360. HASELiJNNE, a town of Hanover, landr. Osna- bruck, on the Hase, 8 m. E. Meppen. Pop. 1,790. Hasenpoth, a town of Russia, gov. Courland, near the Baltic, 27 m. N.E. Libau. Pop. 1,020. Hasfield, a pa. of Engl., co. and SJ m. N. Gloucester. Area 1,460 ac. Pop. 304. Hasguabd, a pa. of S. Wales, oo. Pembroke, 6 m. E. St David's. Pop. 122. Hasiki, the W.most of the Curia Muria Isls., off the S. coast of Arabia, m lat. 17° 27' 16" N., Ion. 55° 40' 49" E., formerly covered with guano. Hassingham, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 4^ m. N.N.E. Loddon. Area 610 ac. Pop. 104. Hasketon, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 1^ m. K.W. Woodbridge. Area 1,140 ac. Pop. 508. Haslach, several small towns of Germany. — I. gi'and duchy Baden, circ. Middle Khine, on the Kinzig, 16 m. S.E. Offenburg. Pop. 1,720.-11. Upper Austria, circ. & on the Miihl, 22 m. N.W. Linz. The Haslach riv. is an alB. of the Rodach in Franconia ; and ffohen, Mittel, and Nieder- Haslach are contiguous vills., Wurtemberg, circ. Neckar. United pop. 1,300. Hasiand, a tnshp. of England, co. Derby, pa. and IJ m. S.S.E. Chesterfield. Pop. 926. Hasle, a marit. town of Denmark, on the W. coast of the isl. Bornholm. Pop. 700. Haslbbuby-Plucknett, a pa. of Engl., co. So- merset, 2 J m. E.N.E. Crewkerue. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 809. Haslemebe, a decayed bor., mkt. town, and pa. of Engl., CO. Surrey, 8 m. S.S.W. Godalming. Area of pa. 3,330 ac. Pop. 873. Houses mostly old and poor ; its only public buildings are an old town-hall and a church. Mitt., Tuesday. Haslemere formerly sent 2 members to H. of C. Haslewood, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 2 m. N.N.W. Aldboro'. Area 2,570 ac. Pop. 108. Hasli, a valley of Switzerland, near the S.E. extremity of the cant. Bern, traversed by the upper course of the Aar, and the route leading over the Grimsel, and containing the vill. Meyrin- geu, and baths of Reichenbach. It is celebrated for natural beauties and cascades, including that of the Reichenbach. Its women are " less plain than those of most other Swiss valleys." Haslingden, a mkt. town & chapelry of Engl., CO. Lancaster, pa. Whalley, on the London and N.W. railway, 8 m. N. Bury. Pop. 8,063. It stands in a wild alpine dist., abounding in stone and coal, is mostly stone built, and has manufs. of cotton, employing 4,000 hands. Market, Saturday. Haslingfield, a pa. of Engl., co. and 6 m. S.S.W. Cambridge. Area 2,439 ac. Pop. 689. Haslington, a chapelry of England, co. Ches- ter, on the Manchester and Nantwich railway, 6 m. N.N.W. Beltey. Pop. 1,146. Haspabben, a comm. & town of France, dep. B. Pyrenees, cap. cant., 11 m. S. Bayonne. P. 2,415. Haspees, a comm. and town of France, dep. Nord, 8 m. S.W. Valenciennes. Pop. 298. Hassan, the name of numerous places, W. Asia, &o.— I. Hindostan, Mysore dom., 60 m. N.W. Seringapatam.— II. (H. Ahad, "abode of Haf. san"), Russian Transcaucasia, dist. Talish, de- stroyed by the Russians in 1836 ; and a vill. of Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 10 m. S.E. Kazbin.— III. {Aga), Asia Minor, Anatolia, near the Lake of Abullionte, W. Brusa.— IV. {Batrik), Asia Minor, pash. Marash, 24 m. N.W. Malatiyah, In- habited by about 50 Mohammedan famihes ; has the ruins of a handsome stone mosque & caravan- serai.— V. {Oghlan), Anatolia, 17 m. E. Angora, with numerous remains of ancient buildings. — VI. (Kalch), Turkish Armenia, pash. and 20 m. E. Erzeroum, with a Geurese castle and some public baths.— VII. {Pasha Palanka), Servia, 27 m. S. Semendaia, with some mineral baths. [Hasan.] Hasselfelde, a town of N. Germany, duchy Brunswick, circ. and 8 m. S.S.W. Blankenburg, on a plateau of the Harz. Pop. 1,617. _ Easselt, a comm. and town of Belgium, cap. prov. Limbourg, on 1. b. of the Demer, 16 m.. W.N.W. Maestricht. Pop. (1842) 8,745. It is enclosed by walls, well built, and has manufs. of linen fabrics, lace, and tobacco, with extensive gin distilleries, & a large salt refinery.— II. a for- tified town of the Netherlands, prov. Overyssel, cap. dist., on the Zwarte- Water, 6^ m. N. ZwoUe. Pop. 1,871. Near it is the strong fort Zwarte-sluis. —III. one of the Loffoden Islands, Norway. Hassfcet, a town of Bavaria, circ. Lower Franconia, on the Main, 30 m. N.E. Wurtzburg. Pop. 1,880, mostly engaged in raising fruit, hops, and wine, and in cattle breeding. Hassleben, a vill. of Saxe- Weimar, princip. and 17 m. N.W. Weimar, on the Gera. P. 1,266. Hastenbeck, a viU. of Hanover, 3 m. S.E. Hameln. Pop. 400. Here the French, under Mar- shal d'Estrees, obtained an advantage over the troops of the Duke of Cumberland, 31st July 1757. Hastinqleioh, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 6 m. E.N.E. Ashford. Area 1,760 ac. Pop. 233. Hastings, a pari, and munic. bor. and town of England, and one of its cinque ports, eo. Sussex, on the English channel, at the E. termination of the S. coast railway, 33 m. E.N.E. Brighton, and also connected by branches of the S.E. railway, with Dover, Tunbridge, &c. Area of bor., com- prising several pas., 1,670 ac. Pop. 11,607. The town Ues mostly in a hollow, surrounded, except on the S., by cliffs, and consists of two prmoipal streets ; many of the squares and terraces re- markably elegant ; Pelham cresent and the ma- rine parade deserve especial mention. Among the public buildings are 2 ancient pa. churches, a fine modern do., a grammar school, founded in 1619, a handsome town-hall, a jail, custom-house, union work-house, assembly rooms, some excel- lent hotels, baths, and libraries, a fort, and re- mains of a castle in which William the Conqueror lodged previous to the battle of Hastings. The town formerly had an extens. trade, but its har- bour having been ruined by a storm in the time of Elizabeth, its commercial importance has never been restored, and it is now chiefly noted as a favourite bathing-place. Fisheries and boat- building employ many hands. Markets, Wednes- day and Saturday. Corp. revenue (1847) 1,9391. It sends 2 members to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 899. William the Conqueror landed here, and the decisive battle of Bastings was fought (ann. 1066) 7 m. N.W. the town. [Battle.] Hastings, a township of the U. S., N. Araer., New York, co. Oswego. Pup. 1,983. HAS 605 HAU Hastings, a river, E. Australia, after an E. ■ ward course, enters Port Maoquarrie, in con- junction with Wilson and Maria rivers. Hatch (Wkst), a pa. of England, co. Somer- set, 4.Jm.E.S.E. Taunton. Area 1,660 ac. Pop. 465. — II. (H. Beauchamp), in same oo., 6 m. N.W. Ilminster. Area 1,050 ae. Pop. 329. Hatcliffe, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 7 m. S.S.W. Great Grimsby. Area 1,370 ac. Pop. 139. Hatcoul, a town ot' British India, Bengal, dist. Sarun, on the Nepaul frontier, 78 m. N. Patua. Hatfield, a market town and pa. of England, CO. and 65 m. W.S.W. Hertford, a station on the Great N. railway. Area of pa. 12,700 ac. Pop. 3,646. The town is neat and clean. It has a handsome church, the burial place of the Salis- bury family, and a princely quadrangular man- siou, the seat of the Marquis of Salisbury, erected in the Elizabethan style, early in the 17th century. The originsJ structure belonged to the bishops of Ely, & was obtained from them by Queen Eliza- beth, who resided in it while princess. It was given by James i. to the Earl of Salisbury, in ex- change for Theobalds. In 1835, a portion of this palace was destroyed by fire, in the flames of which the Dowager Marchioness of Salisbury perished. Hatfield is head of a poor-law union and a co. polling-place. — II. a pa., co. Hereford, 5 m. N.W. Bromyard. Area 1,980 ac. Pop. 120— UL CO. York, W. Kiding, 3i m. S.S.W. Thome. Area 21,140 ac. Pop. 2,939. William, second son of Edward iii., was born here. Hat- field chaxie, cont^ning 180,000 ac., partly mo- rass, was sold by Charles i., and is now under cultivation. In it are vestiges of a Koman camp. IV. (Broadoak), co. Essex, 6 m. E.N.E. Harlow. Area 8,810 ac. Pop. 1,968. In the anc. church is a curious effigy of Robert de Vere, third Earl of Oxford. — ^V. {Peverell)t in same co., 3 m. S.S.W. Witham. Area 3,830 ac. Pop. 1,383. Hatfoed, a pa. of England, co. Berks, 3J m. E. Farringdon. Area 1,050 ac. Pop. 123. Hathebleigh, a market town & pa. of Engl., CO. Devon, on a branch of the Torridge, 9^ m. S.S.W. Torrington. Area of pa., which is re- markably fertile, 6,508 ac. Pop. 1,822. Hatheeiet (Dowk), a pa. of England, co. & 3} m. 5r.]!I.E. Glo'ster. Area 930 ac. Pop. 212. — IL( JTpper), 5 m. E. Glo'ster. Ac. 810. P. 22. Hathees, a pa. of England, co. Leicester, 3 m. N.W. Loughboro'. Area 1,292 ac. Pop. 1,252. Hathebsage, a pa. of England, co. Derby, 8 m. W.N.W. Dronfield. Area 13,630 ac. P. 2,054. Hatheeop, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 3 m. N.N.E. Pairford. Area 2,160 ac. Pop. 358. Hatheeton, atnshp of Engl., co. Stafford, pa. 6 2 m. W.S.W. Wolverhampton. Pop. 378. It gives the title of baron to the Littleton family. Hatlet (East), a pa. of Engl., co. Cambrii%e, 6J m. S.S.W. Caxton. Ac. 1,184. P. 98.— II. (St Ge<)r5re),4|m. S.S.W. Caxton. Ac. 1,000. P. 136. Ha-tien, a town, Anam. [Cancao.] Hatloe, an island of Norway, stift and 63 m. N. Bergen. Length & breadth about 4 m, each. Hateas, a town of British India, presid. Ben- gal, dist. AUghur, in the Doab, 30 m. N.N.E. Agra, with a fort, several good public buildings, and some commercial activity. Hattem, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, 3 m, S.S.W. ZwoUe. Pop. 2,408, Hatten, a comm. and vill, of France, B. Rhin, 8 m. S. Wissembourg. Pop. 2,07U.— II. a vill., N. Germany, grand duchy Oldenburg. Hattehheim, a vill. of Nassau, on rt. b. of the Rhine, 9 m. W.S.W. Wiesbaden. Pop. 965. Its vicinity produces the celeb. Markebrunnerwine. Hatteras (Cape), a low promontory, U. S., N. America, N. Carolina, at the S.W. end of a sandy island, Pamlico Sound, lat. 35° 13' N., Ioil 73° 30' W. Storms here produce a heavy sea, rendering this headland daugerous to navigators. Hattehsley, a township of Engl., co. Chester, pa. Motliam, 6 m, E.N.E. Stockport. Pop. 610. Hattf.ksueim, a market town of Germany duchy Nassau, on the Rhine, 2 m. W.S.W. Elt- ville. Pop. 965.— It has a station on the Taunus railway, between Wiesbaden and Frankfort. Hattia, an island of British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, dist. Chittagong, at the mouths of the Ganges and Megna, 15 m. in length, and 10 m. in breadth. Here are some salt works. Hattingen, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 38 m. W. Arnsberg, on the Ruhr. Pop. 3,690, who manuf. woollen cloths and flannels. Hattobt, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, parts Lindsey, 3 m. E.S.E. Wragby. Area 1,780 ac. Pop. 203.— II. CO. and 3 m. W.N.W. Warwick. Area 3,910 ac. Pop. 954. The celebrated Dr Parr held the living here at his death in 1826 — III. a township, co. Salop, pa. and 2J m. S.W. Shiffnall. Pop. 647. Hattoef, a vill. of Hanover, princip. Gruben- hagen, N. Harzberg. Pop. 1,.375. Hatvan, a market town of Central Hungary CO. Heves, 30 m. E.N.E. Pesth, with woollen ma- nufs., and horse fairs. Pop. 3,100. Hatzeg, a market town of Transly vania, in the S.W., CO. and 10 m. S. Hunyad. Pop. 1,100, form- ing part of the 1st regt. of Wallachian infantry. Hatzfeld, a town of Germany, Hessen-Darm- stadt, prov. Upper Hessen, on 1. b. of the Eder, 6 m. N.N.E. Biedenkopf. Pop. 950. It has a ruined castle and some iron works. — II. (Hungarian Zsomboly), a market town of Hungary, co. Toron- tal, 22 m. W.N.W. Temesvar. Pop. 4,786. Haubordin, a comm. & town of France, dep. Nord, cap. cant., 4 m. S.W. Lille. Pop. 3,092, employed in manufs. of cotton yarn & white lead. Haugham, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 4 m. S. Louth. Area 1,360 ac. Pop. 111. Haughlet, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 2j m. N.N.W. Stow. Area 2,460 ac. Pop. 916.— The Haughley Road station of the E. union rail- way, is 11 m. E. Bury St Edmunds. Haughton, a pa. of Engl., co. & 31 m. W.S. W. Stafford. Area 2,150 ac. Pop. 487.— II. (with Selby), CO. Notts, 4 m. W.N.W. Duxford. Area 980 ac. Pop. 77 III. (Ze Sheme), co. Durham, IJm.N-.E.Dariington. Areall,340ac. P. 1,618. Hadkitesi, a lake of Finland, Isens Kuopio & Wiborg, 22 m. in length by 10 m. in breadth, communicating with numerous other lakes, and having the town Nyslot at its S. extremity. — Hauhivori is a vill. 57 m. S.S.W. Kuopio. Hadkswell, a pa. of Engl.,teo. York, N. riding, 5 m. S. Richmond. Area 3,850 ac. Pop. 338. HAUPTVf TL, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Thur- gau, IJ m. S.E. Bischofzell. Pop. 1,250. Ma- nufactures cotton goods. Hausach, a town of Baden, ciro. Midd. Rhine, on the Kinzig, 4 m. E. Haslach. Pop. 877. Hausbekgen, a town of Prussia, prov. West- phalia, reg. oirc, and 4 m. S. Minden, on r. b. of the Weser. Pop. 850. Hadsen, numerous vills. of S. W. Germany doma. Baden, Wiirtemberg, and HohenzoUern, the principal in Baden, oirc. Upper Rhine, 22 m. S. Freiburg, with a pop. of 600, actively engaged in iron works Upper and Lower Hansen are vills. on the Rhine, W. of Ettenheim, the former with 1,800, and the latter with 1,160, inhabitants. Hausbuck Mountains, Upp. Austria, separate HAU 606 HAV the basins of the Inn and Ager. They are co- vered with forests, abound in some parts with coal, and give name to a circle. Haussy, a comm, and vill. of France, dep. Nord, 10 m. E.N.E. Cambrai, on r. b. of the Selles. Pop. 3,012. Hautboys (Gt.), a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 8 m. N.N.E. Norwich. Area 600 ao. Pop. 162. Haute-Luce, a comm. and vill. of Savoy, lira. N.E. Conflans. Pop. 1,585. Hautefokt, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Dordogne, cap. cant., 21 m. E.N.E. Perigueux, with a fine chateau, & a large asylum. Pop. ] ,765. Hautertve and Haute-bivoibe, two comms. and vills. of France, the former in dep. Drfime, 22 m. N.N.E. Valence, 2,330 inhabs. ; the latter, dep. Rhone, 21 m. W.S.W. Lyon. Pop. 1,126. Hauteville, several comms. & vills. of France, the principal being H.-la-Guichard, 8 m. E.N.E. Coutances, & the original residence of Tanci-ed, the founder of the Norman dynasty in S. Italy. Hauville, a comm. and town of France, dep. Eure, 11 m. E.N.E. Pont-Audemer. Pop. 1,800. Hatitevillebs, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Marne, arr. & 12 m. S. Keims, with a trade in the fine Ay Champagne. Pop. 1,023. Havana, or The Havannah (Spanish Hdbana, " the harbour"), the cap. city of the isl. Cuba, on its N. coast. Lat. of the Motto 23° 9' V N., Ion. 82° 22' "W. Pop. (1827) 94,000, of whom 46,621 were whites, the remainder coloured and negroes. Pop. (1848) estimated at 150,000. It stands on the W. side of the entrance to a magnificent harbour, capable of hold- ing 1,000 large ships, which may also anchor quite close to its quays. This entrance is de- fended by the Morro and Punta castles, and fur- ther by a strong citadel and the walls enclosing the city-proper, which is separated by a fosse on the land side, from its arsenal and the suburbs Salud, Guadalupe, &c., in which nearly half of the population reside. The suburb Regla is on the opposite side of the harbour. Streets in the city are narrow, & ill paved, but better in the suburbs. Buildings within the walls are wholly of stone. Principal edifices, the cathedral, containing the remains of Columbus, gov. house, admiralty, ge- neral post-offlce, royal tobacco factory, and the Casa realde beneficenda, avast charitable institu- tion, churches, convents, charit. establishments, and 90 male and 66 female schools; and here are a university, with medical and law schools, museum of natural history, school of painting, eco- nomic and educational society, 13 printing esta- blishments, 3 daily newspapers, 3 theati'es, a bull ring, a fine dock-yard, a botanic garden, and some good public promenades. The cigars made at Havana have universal celebrity ; and it has also manufs. of chocolate, woollen fabrics, and straw hats. It is the most important commercial city in the W. Indies. In 1842, the goods ex- ported hence amounted in value to 13,118,685 dollars, the importation and exportation duties amounting to 5,169,828 do. ; in the same year 1,419 ships, aggregate burden 246,023 tons, cleared out of the port ; in 1844, 1,600 vessels, tonnage 282,698. The trade is chiefly with Spain & Spanish America, the U. S., Gt. Brit., and Germany ; but a considerable import of slaves from Airica is still clandestinely maintained. Havana is a bishop's see, and the seat of all the colonial authodties, except the supreme court, which sits at Puerto Principe. It was founded by Velasquez in 1511, on what was then called the Port of Carenas. [Cuba.] Ha V ANT, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. Hants, with a station on the Portsmouth and Chichester railway, 7 m. N.E.Portsmouth. Area of pa. 2,560 ao. Pop. 2,101. The town, neatly built, has a good cruciform church. Have (Le), a harbour of Nova Scotia, on its S.E. coast, at the mouth of the Have riv., 48 m. S.W. Halifax. Havel, a riv. of N. Germany, rises in the small lake Kabelick (Mecklenb.-Strelitz), passes Furstenberg, Zehdenich, Liebenwalde, Oranien- burg, Spandau, Potsdam, Brandenburg; joins the Elbe at Havelberg. Length 180 m., navigable through its entire length for boats, and for large vessels from Fiirstenberg. It forms numerous small lakes in Mecklenburg; and in Prussia, those of Tegel, Potsdam, Werder, and Branden- burg. Chief afBs. on right, the Rhln and Dosse, on I. b., the Spree, Nuthe, Plane. It is con- nected by canals with the small lakes of Meck- lenburg, and with the Elde and the Oder. Havelberg, a town of Prussia, prov. Bran- denburg, reg. and 60 m. N.W. Potsdam, on an isl. in the Havel. Pop. 3,100, employed m agri- culture, cattle-breeding, and fishing. Havebfobd-west, or Hwxfokdd, a pari, and munic.-bor., riv. port, mkt. town, & co. of itself, of S. Wales, cap. co. Pembroke, on the Cleddy, near its mouth, 8 m. N.N.E. Milford. Pop., comprising several pas., 6,941. It is picturesque- ly situated on an eminence, has steep streets, but mostly good houses; a bridge across the Cleddy communicates with Prendergast; 3 pa. churches, that of St Mary's being a fine struc- ture, a grammar school, established in 1614, rev. 90/. per ann. ; a handsome guildhall, co. gaol ; custom-house, subordinate to Milford, mkt. ho., hospital, CO. lunatic asylum, union worldionse, remains of a castle, built by Gilbert de Clare, first Earl of Pembroke, and within the pre- cincts of an ancient priory, some remains of which are still visible ; a dockyard, with quays admitting vessels of 100 tons at spring tides. Cattle, butter, oats, and hard coal for malting, are largely exported. Imports timber, coal, and groceries. Mkts. Tnes. and Sat. Ann. charities, exclusive of alms-houses, upwards of 500?. Corp. rev. (1847), 896?. The bor. is a polling place for the CO., and unites with Fishguard and Nar- berth in sending 1 member to the H. of C. Keg. elects. (1848), 706. Living is very cheap, and many respectable families, with moderate in- comes, reside here. Haverhill, a tnshp. of U. S., N. Amer., New Hamp., 65 m. N.N. W. Concord. Pop. 2,784.-11 Massachusetts, on the Merrimac, navigable to this place for vessels of 100 tons, and over which are two bridges, 28 m. N. Boston. Pop. 4,336. Haverhill, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., cos. Essex and Suffolk, 6^ m. W. Clare. Area of pa. 3,320 ao. Pop. 2,461, partly employed in weav- ing silk, hemp, and cotton unions. Mkt. Tues. Havebholmb, an extra, paroch. dist. of Engl., CO. Lincoln, consisting of an island of 300 ac., formed by the riv. Slea, 3J m. N.E. Sleaford. The remains of its ancient nunnery have been incorporated into a modern mansion. Havekinq-Atte-Boweb, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 3 m. N. Romford. Area 4,290 ac. Pop. 427. Here are some remains of a palace which was a favourite residence of Edward the Con- fessor. The extensive manor of Havering is in- corporated as a borough. Havekingham, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 6| m. S.W. Halesworth. Area 230 ac. Pop. 41". The hall, a fine seat of Lord Huntingfield, con- tains a valuable collection of paintings. HAV 607 HAVr HwEKiNQLAND, a pa, of Engl., 00. Norfolk, 3 m. E.S.E. Eeepham. Area 2,350 ac. Pop. 160. Havebshah, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 3 m. E.N.E. Stoney Stratford. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 283. Havkrstbaw, a townshm of the U. S., N. America, New York, on the Hudson, 115 m. S. Al- bany. Pop. 3,449, partly employed in manufs. It has aship-yard. Steamers ply hence to New York. Havke (Le), or Havre de Grace, a coram. & fortified seaport town of France, dep. Seine-Inf., cap. arrond., on the N. bank of the estuary of the Seine, at its mouth, in the English Channel, and at the terminus of the railway from Paris to Rouen, 108 m. N.W. Paris, and 44 m. W. Kouen. Lat. 49° 29' 16' N., Ion. 0° 6' 9' E. It is situated on a plain around its port, and is well built. It has a comm. college, a ti-ibunal of commerce, & its port is, next to Marseille, the most important in France. Its citadel is surrounded by a triple row of ramparts and fosses, which renders it a fortress of the first class ; the harbour has three vast basins, separated by sluices. The most re- markable buildings are t^e arsenal, custom-house, tobacco factory, new theatre, and two light-hos. on Cap de la Hfeve. Elegant villas cover the slopes of Ingouville, which may be considered as a suburb of the town. The commerce of Havre, which may be regarded as the port of Paris, is connected with all parts of the world, but espe- cially with America and N. Europe. Numerous steam-packets ply regularly between Havre and the ports of France, England, and Russia. Havre was founded by Lonis xn. in 1509. It was held by the EngUsh in 1562, & bombarded by them in 1678 and 1759. Birth-place of Madame de La Fayette, Bernardin de St Pierre, & Casimir Delavigne. — U. avill. of Belgium, prov. E[ainaut,4 m. E. Mons. Havee-de-Gbace, a seaport of the U. S., N. America, Maryland, on the Susquehanna, at its entrance into Chesapeak Bay, and on the Wil- mington and Baltimore railway, 64 m. N.E. An- napolis. Pop. 1,200, employed in fisheries. It was burned by the English in 1813. Hawaii, or Owthee, the largest and S.most of the Sandwich Islands, Pacific Ocean, lat. of S. pomt 19° 32' N., Ion. 154° 54' W. Estimated area 4,040 sq. m. Pop. from 80,000 to 100,000. The island is a mass of lava, and contains several lofty volcanic mountains. Mauna Roa, an active volcano, has an elevation of 13,120 feet. Soil very fertile; products comprise the breadfruit, sugar cane, sandal-wood, arum, and numerous tropical productions introduced by the mission- aries, who have many settlements. In Katako- kooa Bay on the W. coast. Captain Cook was assassmated, 14 Feb. 1779. [Sandwich Islands.] Hawabden, or Habden, a market town and pa. of N. Wales, co. Flint, 12 m. W.N. W. Chester. Pop. of pa. 6,078. The town is well built & paved, has a grammar school, ruins of afine castle, with large manufs. of earthenware and iron foundries. Market Saturday. The pa. abounds in coal, and clay for earthenwares. Hawash, a river of S. Abyssinia, is supposed to rise by numerous heads near lat. 9° N., Ion. 38° E. ; flows E., and afterwai-d N.E., bounding the dom. of Shoa on the S. and E., and enters Lake Aiissa, near lat. 11° 30' N., Ion. 41° 20' E., after a total course, which may be estimated at from 460 to 600 m. At Melkukuya, toward the centre of its course, it has been found in the dry season 60 feet in breadth, and with banks from 16 to 20 feet in height, and well wooded. Hawaz, a town of Persia. [Ahwaz.] Hawcoat, a township of England, co. Lancas- ter, pa. and 3 m. S.W. Dalton. Pop. 291. Hawdon (Lake), South Australia, is near the coast, 16 m. S.S.E. Cape Bernonilli. Hawebbt, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, SJ m. N.N. W.Louth. Area 870 ac. Pop. 87. Hawes, a market town of England, co. York, N. Riding, pa. Aysgarth, on the Ure, 20 m. W. Middleham. Pop. 1,611, partly employed in manufs. of knit hose. It is surrounded by fine scenery; has a chapel, grammar school, two branch banks, and an excellent library. Ha WES- Water, a lake of England, co. West- moreland, 6 m. N. Kendal. Length 3 m. It is extremely deep, and embosomed in mountains. Hawick, a bor. of barony, manufacturing town, and pa. of Scotland, co. Roxburgh, at the confluence of the Teviot and Slitrig, 10 m. S.W. Jedburgh, & 35 m. S.S.E. Edinburgh, with which and with Berwick it is connected by railw. Area of pa. estimated at 15,360 ac. Pop. 6,573. Pop. of town 6,770. It is picturesquely situated, well built, & has a much cleaner & more attractive appear- ance than most manufacturing towns. It contains many handsome modern houses, and some very curious ancient ones, among which is the princi- pal inn, formerly a strong border fortress. There are two bridges across the Teviot, and two over the Slitrig, one of which is supposed to be a Bo- man structure ; an elegant new pa. church, erected by the Duke of Bucdeuch, a grammar school, plain town-hall, public rooms, public libi'ary, three branch banks, agricultural society, school of arts, and notwithstanding the distance of any seaport and of coals, important manufs. of woollen stockings, flannels, plaids, shawls, blan- kets, carpets, druggets, and also of leather. In 1839 there were 11 large woollen mills, only one of which was worked by steam. Corp. revenue 386?. Hawick, during the border wars, often suffered from inroads of the English. In its vi- cinity, which comprises the beautiful scenery celebrated in the " Lay of the Last Minstrel," are the towers of Branksome, Harden, and Goldie- lands, ancient seats of the difi'ereut branches of the family of Scott. Gavin Douglas, afterwards bishop of Dunkeld and the translator of the .^neid, was rector of Hawick in 1496, and Ley- den, the poet, was born in its vicinity. Hawkohubch, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 5J m. N. Lyme-Kegis. Area 3,900 ac. Pop. 820. Hawke Bat, New Zealand, is on the coast of North Isl., between lat. 39° & 40° S., & Ion. 177° and 178° E. — II. Labrador, is on the E. coast, lat. 63° N., Ion. 56° 85' W.—Cape Hawhe, E. Australia, N. S. Wales, co. Gloucester, 43 m. N.E. Port Stephens. Hawkedok, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 5 m. N.N.E. Clare. Area 4,210 ac. Pop. 339. Hawkesboet, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 4 m. E.S.E. Wicker. Ac, 8,940. Pop. 2,231. It gives the title of baron to the Earl of Liverpool. Hawkesburt (Isiand), British N. America, New Caledonia, is formed by an inlet of the Pa- cific Ocean, in lat. 63° 30' N., Ion. 129° W.— H. River, E. Australia, N. S. Wales, is formed by the union of the Nepean and Grose rivers, bounds the CO. Cumberland on the N.W. and N., and enters the Pacific at Broken Bay, 20 m. N.N.E. Sydney, after a course of 60 m. On it are the vills. Port Town, Wilberforce, and Windsor, to which last it is navigable for vessels of 150 tons. — Another river, co. Bligh, is of less importance. Hawkeshead, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. Lancaster, cap. of the district of Fnrness, 11 m. N.W. Kirby-Kendal. Area of pa. 22,220 ac. Pop 2,323, partly employed in iron forges. It has an extremely ancient church, a grammar HAW 608 HAT school, founded by Archbishop Sandys, a native of this place, and at which the poet Wordsworth was educated ; revenue about 200?. per annum. Hawkhdkst, a pa. of England, cos. Kent and Sussex, 8i m. W. S.W. Tenterden. Area 8,590 ac. Pop. 1,665. Ann. rev. of endowed school BOl. ; do. of alms-house and other charities 170?. Hawkinob, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 2^ m. N. Folkstone, Area 1,470 ac. Pop. 156. H.\wkins, a CO. of the U. S., N. America, in N. part of Tennessee. Area 750 sq. m. Pop. 15,035 (slaves 1,499) Hawhinsville is the name of vills. in Virginia and Georgia. Hawkley, a pa. of England, eo. Hants, 3J m. N. Petersfield. Area 1,710 ac. Pop. 323. Havpkeidge, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 3J m. W.N.W. Dulverton. Area 3,260 ac, P. 79. Hawkston, a pa. of England, co. and 6 m. S.S.W. Cambridge. Area 668 ac. Pop. 313. Hawkswobth, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 7 m. S.S.W. Newark. Area 720ac. Pop. 203. Hawkwell, a pa. of England, co. Essex, IJ m N.W. Rochford. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 366. Hawlbowline, an island of Ireland, in Cork harbour, | m. S. the Cove, and formerly the place of an important naval depot. — II. a rock, Ulster, CO. Down, off the entrance of Carlingford harb. Hawlet, a tything of England, co. Hants, pa. Yately, 7J m. N.N.E. Farnham. Pop. 847. Hawding, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 4J m. S.S.E. Winchcombe. Area 5,070 ac. P. 217. Hawnbt, a pa. of Engl., co. Tork, N. riding, 6 m. N.W. Helmsley. Area 22,250 ac. Pop. 816. Hawnes, or Hatnes, a pa. of England, co. & 6 m. S.S.E. Bedford. Area 3,260 ac. Pop. 913. Hawokth, a chapelry of England, co. York, W. riding, pa. and 10 m. W.N.W. Bradford. Pop. 6,303, employed in the stuff manufs. In 1838, here were 1,200 hand-looms. Hawkibge, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 3i m. N. Ohesham. Area 610 ac. Pop. 233. Hawskeb, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Tork, N. rid- ing, pa. and 3 m. S.S.E. Whitby. Pop. 724. Hawstead, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 3 m. S. St Edmund's Bury. Area 1,980 ac. Pop. 457. Hawthobn, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Durham, pa. Easington, on the North Sea. Pop. 177. The coast here is beset with dangerous rocks, stretch- ing far into the oflBng, and often fatal to mariners. On 5th Nov. 1824, 60 vessels were lost here. Hawthokhden, a glen in Scotl., co. Edinburgh, Ea. Lasswade, on the N. Esk, celebrated for com- ining every feature of picturesque beauty, and for having been the residence of the poet Drum- mond, the friend of Shakespeare and Ben Jonson. Beneath the ancient mansion, which stands on a cliff, are several remarkable caves, hollowed out of the sandstone rock, reported to have been used as hiding places during the border wars. Hawtow, a pa. of Engl., co. Notts, 2 m. S.S.W. Newark. Area 2,150 ac. Pop. 240. Haxbt, a pa. of Engl., co. Tork, N. riding, 4 m. N. Tork, with a station on the railway thence to Scarborough. Area 1,840 ac. Pop. 467. Haxet, a pa. of Engl., CO. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, 7ira. N.N.W. Gainsboro'. Ac. 8,470. Pop 2,071. Hat, a mkt. town and pa. of S. Wales, co. Bre- con, on the Wye, here crossed by a bridge, 15 m. W. Hereford. Pop. 2,107. It has some remains of a castle of the Bohuns, Earls of Hereford, an alms-house, endowed with nearly 4002. per ann., a union workhouse, 2 branch banks, and a manuf. of flannel. Mkt. Saturday. Hav (Cape), a headland of Brit. Amer., on the Polar Sea, near Ion. ^St" W., and the extreme point seen by Sir G. Back. — Hay river, W. Aus- tralia, flows S.ward into the Mairet lagoon, 26 m. W. Albany. — Hay's Peak, a densely-wooded, conical mountain, E. Australia, lat 27° 36' S., & Ion. 162° 8' E. Hatange, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. MoseUe, 6 m. W.S.W. Thionville, with 1,296 in- habitants, employed in extensive iron works. Hatd, two towns of Bohemia. — I. ciro. & 27 m. W. Pilsen, with a castle, and 1,710 inhabitants II. circ. and 26 m. N.E. Leitmeritz. Pop. 1,000. Upper and Lower Hayd are contig. vills., circ. and 22 m. S. Budweis, on the railway to Linz. Hatdock, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Winwick, 2 m. N.W. Newton. Pop. 1,296. Haybon, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 2| m. E.S.E. Sherborne. Area 660 ac. Pop. 116. — II. co. Essex, 7 m. W.N.W. Saffron- Walden. Area 2,470 ac. Pop. 324.— III. (Bridge), a chapeh^, CO. Northumberland, pa. Warden, on the TjTie, here crossed by a fine bridge, and having a sta- tion on the Newcastle and Carlisle railway, 6 m. W.N.W. Hexham. Pop. 1,908. It has a gram- mar-school and alms-house, endowed in 1686. Haydob, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Kes- teven, 6i m. E.N.E. Grantham. Ac. 6,140. P. 647. Have (La Descaetes), a comm. and town of France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, cap. cant., on r. b. of the Creuse, 29 m. S. Tours, with 1,459 inha- bitants, and the house in which Descartes was born, A.D. 1596. — II. (du Puits), a vill. of dep. Manche, cap. cant., 17 m. N. Coutances. Pop. 1,207.— IIL {Malherhe), a vill. of dep. Enre, 4 m. W.N.W. Louviers. Pop. 1,102. La Haye is the French name of the Ha^e. [Hague.] Hayes, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 2 m. S.S.E. Bromley. Area 1,300 ac. Pop. 390. — H. co. Middlesex, SJ m. S.E. Uxbridgl. Area 6,670 ac. Pop. 2,076. The church is in the early English style, & contains a beautiful front & altar-piece. Hates-Rivee, Brit. N. Amer., rises near L. Winnipeg, flows N.E. through. Holy, Knee, and Swampy Lakes, and after a course estimated at upwards of 300 m., enters James' Bay at Tork. Lat. 66° 45' N., Ion. 92° 30' W. Banks steep, & in many places bordered by pine woods. Affls. Fox riv. and Shamatawa. Oxford house and Rockhouse are stas. on the riv., at its mouth be- twixt it and Nelson riv. ; on W. side is Hayes isl. Havfielb, a chapelry of Engl., co. Derby, pa. Glossop, 4^ m. N.N.W. Chapel-en-le-Frith. Pop. 2,737. It is head of a poor-law union. Haytield, a tnshp. of U. S., N. Amer., Penn- sylvania, CO. Crawford. Pop. 1,401. Havingen, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Danube, 10 m. S.S.W. Miinsingen, with an old castle, breweries, and cattle market. Pop. 655. Hayie, a locality in Engl., co. Cornwall, form- ing the W. termination of arailw. 12 m. in lengthy connecting it with Redruth, through Camborne. Hayiing, an isl. off the S. coast of Engl., co. Hants, in Chichester harbour, separated by nar- row straits E.ward from the peninsula Selsea, and W. fi-om the isl. Portsea, and connected N. by a bridge with the pa. of Havant, about 1 m. S. that town. Surface low, and comprising much heath and waste land, but in its centre is some fertile land. It is divided into the two pas. of— I. North Haylmg. Area 1,180 ac. Pop. 277.— II. S. Hay- ling. Area 2,490 ac. Pop. 669. Some buildings for a watering-place have been erected here. Off the S. coast, stretching into the sea, is an exten- sive shoal, tbeWoolsner sandbank, the relic of a considerable tract of land submerged in the reign of Edward iii. Hatn, or Hain, Saxony. [Geossbnhain.] Ha-ynah, or Heinau, a town of Prussian Silesia, HAY 609 HEA reg. and 9 m. W.N.W. Liegnitz, on the Dieehsel, aud vith a station on the Berlin and Glogau railway. Pop. (1846), 3,600, partly employed in yroollen and linen weaving, also in a looking- glass manufacture. Large quantities of fiiller's earth are obtained in its vicinity. HATBicHEN.atownofGermany. [Hainiohen.] Hat's-Castlb, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 6 m. E. St David's. Pop. 366. Hatti, or Haiti (Cai-ib. " the mountainous country"), an independent isl., and the largest in the W. Indies except Cuba, from which it is se- parated W.ward by the windward passage, and E. from Porto Rico by the Mona passage, and having N. the Atlantic Ocean, and S. the Carib. Sea. Nearly 4<30 m. in length, and from 60 to 150 m. broad. Estimated area 29,d00 sq. m., and pop. nearly 1,000,000, mostly composed of blacks and mulattoes. the centre is occupied by a mountainous region, mount Chaco attaining an elevation of upwards of 6,000 ft., and parallel mountain-chains traverse the isl. And here are several extensive plains, Los Llanos, in the S.E., being 80 m. in length, and the plain of Artibonite in the W., watered by the Artibonite, the chief river. Other considerable rivers are the Monte Christ], Guna, and Neive. Several lakes exist in the S., and the soil generally is well watered. Shores swampy in the E., elsewhere mostly bold, and surroimded by reefe, though there are several excellent harbours in the "W"., where two long pro- jecting peninsulas enclose the large bay of Go- naives. Climate tropical, and on the plains very unhealthy to Europeans ; but the soil is highly fer- tile, and a great part of the island is covered by dense forests of mahogany, iron- wood, log-wood, cedar, and other valuable timber trees. Pro- ducts comprise the plantain, vanilla, and manioc, besides ordinary colonial resources ; but cultiva- tion and wealth had so much declined, that in 1826, the e^ort of sugar amounted to only 32,864 lbs., that of coffee to 32,190,000 lbs., and that of cotton to 620,972 lbs., the two latter amounts being respectively only about 2-5ths and 1-lOth of the exports in 1789, when the isl. was a French colonial possession, and at the height of its pros- perity. In 1836, 37,662,674 lbs. of coffee, 6,767,902 do. of log-wood, 4,854,944 feet of mahogany, 1^22,716 lbs. of tobacco, besides cotton, cocoa, cigars, sugar, rags, wax, and ginger, formed the cmef exports. Imports comprise Brit, manuis. of most kinds ; wines, liqueurs, silks, and other French manufs. ; linen fabrics, bagging, woollens, Bhenish wines, & mineral waters irom Germany ; and lumber, provisiong, hides, colonial produce, from the U. S. In 1836, the imports at the prin- cipal port were estimated worth 474,782Z., and the exports worth 921,336?. Gold, silver, copper, tin, iron, and rock salt, are found in the island, but the mines are now unproductive. The government, nominally republican, is in reality a military despotism, tlje power of the elective president greatly outweighing those of the senate and house of representatives. The high court of justice sits in Cape Haytien, the cap., where also, and at Cayes, St Domingo, Gonaives, Jeremie, Jacqmel, Port-au-Prince, and St Jago, the other principal towns, are provincial, civil, and criminal courts. The R. Cath. is the established religion, but all others are tolerated. Public revenue in 1837 amounted to 2,082,522 dollars, in 1841, to 2,600,531 dollars. The debt to France was in 1838 fixed at 60,000,000 fr., to be discharged by •ix instalments, three of which were in 1846 paid up. Hayti was discovered by Columbus, Dec. 5, 1496, and on its N. coast was planted the first colony, established by Europeans in the W. hemisphere. Spain held possession of the isl. until 1666, when the French obtained a share, and from this period till 1790, the isl. was the most flom'ishing of all Indian colonies. After this a revolution of the black people took place, the independence of Hayti was proclaimed in 1800, and the French were finally expelled in 1803. Since that period a series of revolutions have occurred, and a sort of elective military govern- ment has prevailed vmder various leaders, the longest, and most vigorous and beneficial, under Christophe. But on the whole education and civilization are at a low ebb, the population are extremely indolent, and the arts and comforts of life little cultivated. In 1846, the Spanish part of the isl. declared the gov. of " Dominica " to be not miUtary, but civil, republican, and representative, with a president, legislature, assembly, & council. In Hayti, or the French portion of the isl., the constitution of 1816 has been adopted, with a president and executive assembly. Havton, a pa. of Engl., co Cumberland, 8 m. E.N.E. Carlisle. Area 7,660 ac. Pop. 1,217 II. CO. Notts, 2i m. N.N.E. East-Retford. Area 2,700 ao. Pop. 281 III. co. York, E. riding, 2^m.S.E.Pocklington. Area 2,980 ao. Pop. 486. Havwabd's Heath, a locality of Engl., co. Sussex, having a station on the London & Brigh- ton railway, at the divergence of the branch to Lewes, 12 m. N. Brighton. Haywood, two cos. of the U. S., N. Amer. — I. in S."W. of North Carolina. Area 1,890 sq. m. Pop. 4,975. — II. in S.W. of Tennessee, cap. Area 600 sq. m. Pop. 13,870, of whom 6,257 are slaves. HAZABVBAnGH, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, dist, Ramghur, on an elevated tract, 214 m. W.N.W. Calcutta, and one of the most consi- derable places in its dist. It has European can- tonments ; and near it are sulph. & saline springs. Hazebbodck, a comm. and town of France, dep. Nord., cap. arrond., 24 m. W.N.W. Lille, on the Beurre. Pop. (1846) 4,422. It has a church, with a lofty spire, a comm. college, and public library. Manufs. of linen yarn, aud cloth. Eazeleigh, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 2i m. S.S.W. Meldon. Area 1,630 ae. Pop 131. Hazeks wotnoE, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, 13 m. E. the Hague. Pop. 2,739. Hazeiton, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 3 m. N.W. North-Leaeh. Area 2,630 ao. Pop. 286. Heacham, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, on the Lea,8m.N. Castle-Rising. Area3,570ac. P. 811. Headbotjbnb, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 2 m. N. Winchester. Area 1,650 ao. Pop. 207. Headcobn, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, with a station on the S. Eastern railw., 11 m. "W.. Ash- ford. Area 4,930 ac. Pop. 1,292. Headen, a pa. of Engl., co. Notts, 4 m. S.E. East-Retford. Area 2,300 ac. Pop. 269. Headfobd, a mkt. town of Ireld., Connaught, CO. Galway, 9 m. S.W. Tuam. Pop. 1,647, partly employed in manufs. of linen. It is neatly built. Adj. is the fine mansion of the St George family. Headinglt with BnELET,a chapelry of Engl., CO. York, W. riding, pa. & 2 m. N.W. Leeds. Pop. 4,768. The vill. has a handsome anc. church. In its vicinity are the Leeds zoological and bo- tanical gardens, and numerous elegant mansions. A remarkable oak tree still standing here, is be- lieved to have been the same as that under which the Saxons held their shire meetings ; hence the name shyrcwh, or schire-ach, which is given to the whole wapentake. Headington, a pa. of Engl., co. & 2 ni, E.N.E. Oxford. Area 1,780 ac. Pop. 1,668. 2q HE A. 610 Headley, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 7^ m. E.S.E. Alton. Area 7,090 ac. Pop. 1,265.-11. oo. Sur- rey, 2| m. E.S.E. Leatherhead. Ac. 1,830. P. 317. Hbaqe, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Derby, pa. Duf- tleld, ii m. S-S.^W. Alfreton. Pop. 2,305. Heala^uqh, a pa. of Engl., co. and ainsty York, 31 m. N.N.E. Tadcaster. Area 2,800 ac. P. 245. Bei-Lino, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Lind- sey,8Jm.W.]N.W.Gt. Grimsby. Ac. 1,250. P. 90. Heait, a large town of Tonqnin, on the Tonquin riv., at its divergence, 31 m. S.E. Cachao. Heand (St), a comm. & town of France, dep. Loire, cap. cant., 6 m. N. St Etienne. Pop. 1,200, who manuf. iron articles, & trade in silks. Heanor, a pa. of Engl., co. & 9 m. N.N.E. Derby. Area 6,870 ac. Pop. 6,282, employed in collieries, lace manuis., &c. Codnor castle stands on a hill in this parish. Heanton, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 4J m. W.N.W. Barnstaple. Area 3,340 ac. Pop. 626. Heapham, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 4^ m. E S.E. Gainsboro'. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 125. Heabd, a CO., U. S., N. Amer., in W. of Geor- gia, watered by the Chattahoochee. Area 175 sq. m. Pop. 5,329, of whom 1,577 are slaves. Heath, a pa. of Engl., oo. Derby, i m. S.E. Chesterfield. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 402 II. co. Oxford, 41 m. N.N.E. Bicester. Area 1,300 ao. Pop. 380. — III. a chapelry, co. Beds, 2 J m. N. Leighton-Buzzard. Pop. 856. Heather, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 6} m. N.N.W. Mkt. Bosworth. Area 1,100 ao. P. 146. Heathfield, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 4J m. W.N.W. Taunton. Area 550 ac. Pop. 368. — II. CO. Sussex, 7 m. N.N.E. Hailsham. Area 11,390 ac. Pop. 1,917. Heatht-Lee, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Stafford, pa. Alstonefield, 2 m. W.N.W. Longnor. Pop. 633. Heatok, the name of several tnshps., &o., of Engl.^I. CO. Lancaster, pa. of Dean, 2^ m. W. Bolton. Pop. 149. — II. co. Northumberland, pa.. All Saints, and 1 J m. from Newcastle. Pop. 450. Here are ruins called King John's palace, in which that monarch is said to have found re&ge. — lU. CO. Tork, W. Biding, pa. & 2 m. N.N.W. Bradford. Pop. 1,673, employed in worsted •weaving. — IV. {Great) co. Lancaster, pa. Oldham, 4i m. N. Manchester. Pop. 169. Heaton-house, the elegant seat of the Earl of Wilton, stands in a fine park in this township. — ^V. {Little), in same pa., 2m. S.W. Middleton. Pop. 308.— VI. {Kirk), a pa., CO. Tork, W. Riding, adjoining Hndders- field on the E. Area 6,600 ac. Pop. 11,930, partly employed in woollen mills. Ann. charities about 190?. — VII. {Norris), a chapelry, oo. Lan- caster, on the Mersey, which separates it from Stockport, of which town it forms a handsome suburb. Pop. (including the vill. of Heaton- Mersey), 14,629, mostly employed in cotton-mills and bleaching works. The Manchester and Bir- mmgham railway is here carried across the Mer- sey on a viaduct, and has a station at H.-Norris. Heavitree, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 1 m. S.E. Exeter, of which it forms a suburb. Area 3,290 ac. Pop. 3,048. Hebbuen, a pa. of Engl., co. Northumberland, 2J m. N. Morpeth. Area 6,930 ao. Pop. 633. Hebden Bridge, a populous vill. of Engl., oo. Tork, W. Biding, in a valley remarkable for its romantic scenery, pa. and 8 m. W. Halifax, with a station on the Leeds and Manchester railway. Hebrides, or Western Islands, Ebudce, a series of isls., off the W. coasts of Scotland, betw. lat. 65° 35' and 58° 34' N., and Ion. 5° and 8° W., and consisting of two principal groups ; the Outer Hebrides,— Lewis, Harris, N. and S. Uist, Benbecula, Barra, and numerous smaller isls. in the COS. Boss and Inverness ; and the InnefcHeb- rides,— Skye, Bum, Eig, Canna, Coll, ^ee. Mull, lona, Colonsay, Jura, Arran, Bute, &o., partly separated from the former by the channel termed the Little Mmch, and lying more immediately off the shores of Inverness and Argyle, in which cos. and in Buteshire they are included. Total num- ber, not including the smaller islets, 160, 70 of which are permanently inhabited. Total area has been estimated about 8,000 sq. m. Pop. probably 115,000. Of 1,592,000 acres of surface, mntns., morasses, lakes, and unproductive soil have been computed to occupy 600,000 ac, pastures 700,(M8 do., and arable land only 180,000. 6eologj(i£ ;: the Hebrides are divided into several groups^ • The Gniess Isls. comprehend the whole ofthe Outer Hebrides, Lewis, Harris, N. and S. Viet, Tiree, Col, lona, &c. — The Trap Isls. are Skve, Bum, Eig, Canna, Mull, Ulva, Staffa, & St Kilda. — The Slate Isls. are Islay, Jura, Gigha, Colonsay, &c. — The Clyde Isls., consistmg of trap, sand- stone, & limestone, are Bute, Arran, Cumbrays, & Ailsa. Climate moist and chill in Outer Heb- rides, much rain in winter, but httle snow. Soil of the Gneiss Isls. poor and often peat moss ; the trap and sandsone isls. more fertile. Fop. for the most part Celtic. They are generally in the greatest povetry, 4-5tlis subsisting almost wholly on potatoes and fish. Principal proprie' tors are Campbell of Islay, Lord Macdonald,the Duke of Hamilton, Mr Stewart Mackenzie, Mr Matheson, Macleod of Macleod, the Marquis of Bute, and Maclean of Coll ; and on the estates of the three former especially, in the isls. Islay, Colonsay, Skye, & Mull, as also in Buteshire, large farms, with improvements in agriculture have been introduced, and the pop. is in a better con- dition. The Lewis has also undergone great im- provements under the proprietorship of Mr Matheson. The introduction of steam naviga- tion has also contributed very much to the im. provement of the Inner Hebrides. Aggregate rental, estimated in 1840 at from IIO.OOOZ. to 120,000?. The herrmg fishery, formerly an im- portant resource of the people, has greatly de- clined, as has the manuf. of kelp, of which, during the war, nearly 6,000 tons were produced, fetch- ing sometimes 20?. per ton. Other manufe. are insignificant and wholly domestic, except some production of cotton stuffe at Eothesay, distilling in Islay, and boat-building at Tobermory, Stor- noway, and some other places. The rearing of cattle and sheep is the most profitable branch of industry, and the stock of each is estunated at 120,000. Live stock, including ponies, kelp, wool, cod, ling, herrings, limestone, and slate, pe the chief exports; imports are iron, groceries, salt, oatmeal, and in some of the isls. peat-foel. A few years ago, the Hebrides had 6 branch banlcs, but no printing press or newspaper, and " the greater number of the isls. are destitute of surgeons, or even of inns." They are divided into 26 guoad eivilia pas. In the Outer Heb- rides especially, most of the inhabs. are Roman Catholics. Principal viUs., Stomoway m Lewis, Portree in Skye, Torosay in Mull, and several m Islay and Buteshire. These isls. were ruled mostly by sovereigns of Norwegian descent from the 9th century till 1264, when they were annex- ed to the crown of Scotland. The principal isls. are noticed under their respective names. Hebrides (New), ah isl. group. Pacific Oceai^ between lat. 14° and 20° S., and Ion. 168° & 17(r E., & E.ward of New Caledonia & the Mallicollo group. Principal isls. comprise Ambrym, Annar HEB 611 HEE ton, Erromango, Tanna, and Aurora. The na- tives are of the Papua race. Hebron, a town of Palestine, pash. Damascus, 16 m. S.S.W. Jerusalem. Lat. 31° 32' 30' N., Ion. 36° 8' 20' E. Elevation 2,835 feet. Pop. 6,000 to 10,000. It stands partly on the slopes of two hills, and in the deep narrow valley of Mamre ; around it are extensive vineyards, and on its N. side is a suburb, separated from it by open fields. It is unwalled, but has several gates, some reser- voirs of high antiquity, a large mosque, reputed to cover the tombs of Abrahsun and other patri- archs, a citadel, well supplied bazaars, manufs. of glass wares, leather, and other goods which it ex- ports to Egypt, & a considerable retail trade with the adjacent country. Hebron is one of the most ancient existing cities, and was called Kirjath- Arha, the city of the Anakim. It was the early residence of Abraham and the patriarchs, as also of David. Hebbos, several tnshps., XJ. S., N. Amer I. New York, 54 m. N. Albany. Pop. 2,498 II. Connecticutj 16 m. S.E. Hartford. Pop. 1,726. It is well built, and has some handsome churches. — Others are in Maine sind New Hampshire. Hebbds, the anc. name of the Mabitza Kiteb. Hechisqen, a town, S.W. Germany, cap. prin- cipality Hohenz.-Hechlngen, on the Starzel, 31 m. S.S.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 3,389, of whom 744 are Jews. It is agreeably built, and has a new palace, with fine groundis, a collegiate church, Iiigh school, a bath establishment, and some manufe. of woollen cloths. A poplar avenue, 2 m. in length, leads hence to the castle of Hohen- zollem, on a height 2,620 feet in elevation. Hecho, a mkt. town of Spain, prov. Huesca, in a valley of the Pyrenees. Pop. 1,500. It has a fine church. In its vicinity are iron, copper, and argentif. lead mines. — Hechosoa is a town or vill,, Mexican Confed., dep. Sinaloa, on the Hiagui, 25 m. from its mouth, in the Gulf of Cahfornia. HECKFrELD, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 3^ m. N.V. Hartford Bridge. Area 5,790 ac. P. 1,326. HECKraaHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 10^ m. S.E. Norwich. Area 1,160 ac. Pop. 309. Here is the Loddon endowed school of industry, and hospital, containing nearly 400 inmates. Heckinotos, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 4J m. E.S.E. Sleaford. Area 5,720 ac. Pop. 1,658. The church is a noble structure of the 14th cent. Heckmondwike, a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, ■ff. Bidmg, pa. Bu^tall, 7J m. W.N.W. Wakefield. Pop. 3,537. It has a branch bank, and important manufs. of blankets and carpets. Hecla, orHEK.LA(Moo»T),afamous volcano of Iceland, near its S.W. coast. Lat. 63° 59' N., Ion. 19° 42' W. Height above the sea 6,110 feet, it being surrounded by many much higher mntns. It has 3 peaks, httle elevated above ita body, and along its sides are numerous craters, the seats of former eruptions ; the crater of its principal peak does not much exceed 100 feet in depth. It is composed chiefly of basalt and lava ; but slag-sand and loose ashes cover a great part of ito surface, and obsidian is among its most re- markable products. Since, a. d. 900, 43 of its eruptions are on record, of which 5 have been simultaneous, or nearly so, with those of Vesuvius, 4 with those of Etna, and 1 with those of both. Its last eruption commenced 2d Sept. 1845, and lasted till 6th April 1846 ; on the 283 of Nov. the torrent of lava, 2 m. from the crater, was 1 m. in width, and from 40 to 60 feet in depth. Hecla Cove, an inlet of Spitzbergen, on the N. coast of the large isL, in lat. 79° 65' N., Ion. 16° 49' E., named, from the Hecla under Sir John Franklin, having been stationed here for the 3 months, June to August 1827, during which period the mean temp, was 38° .15 Fahr. Hbotob, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, 14 m. W. Ithaca. Pop. 6,662. Heddenham, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 11 m. S.S.E. Norwich. Area 1,800 ac. Pop. 272. Hebdebnheim, a mkt. town of Germany, duchy Nassau, on rt. b. of the Nidda, 6 m. N.E. Hoohst. Pop. 1,229. — Heddesdorf is a vill. of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 8 m. N.W. Coblenz, with tan- neries, dyeing, bleaching, & iron works. P. 1,116. HEDDiNaioN, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 3J m. S. Calne. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 342. HEDDON-oif-THE-WAiL, a pa. of England, co. Northumberland, on the site of the Picte' Wall, 8 m. W.N.W. Newcastle-on-Tyne. Area 4,690 ac. Pop. 753. H£d£, a comm. and town of France, dep. Ille- et-Vilaine, 13 m. N.N.W. Eennes. Pop. 824. Hedemabken, an extensive amt. or dlst. of Norway, stift Aggershuus, of which it forms all the N.E. part, having E. Sweden, S. and W. the amts. Aggershuus and Christiauia, and N. the Dovrefleld mntns., separating it from the stift Trondheim. It is traversed by the Glommen and other considerable rivers, and is one of the most fertile portions of Norway. Area 9,539 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 89,810. Hedemoba, a town of N. Sweden, Isen and 23 m. S.E. Fahlun, on the Wester Dal. Pop. 1,035. Hbbemijsden, a town of Germany, Hanover, landr. Hildesheim, prinoip. and 12 m. S.W. Got- tingen, on the Werra. Pop. 919, who manuf. linens and earthenwares Hedenfors is a vill. of Sweden, Isen Pitea, on the Lulea ; and Hedensted, a pa. of Denmark, Jiitland, S.W. Horsens. Hedebsleben, a vill. of Prussian Saxony, reg. Magdeburg, 9 m.S.E. Halberstadt. Pop. 1,420.— 11. a vill., reg. Merseburg, E. Eisleben. Hebeevae, a mkt. town of Hungary, co. and 18 m. N.W. Raab, in the Kleine Schijtt island, formed by the Danube. P. 1,240. It has a castle. Hbdgeelet, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 2J m. S.E. Beaconsfield. Area 1,010 ac. Pop. 161. Hedic, or H(EDio, a small isl. of France, dep. Morbihan, off the coast of Brittany, 14 m. S.E. the peninsula of Quiberon. Hedinoham Castle, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 19 m. N.N.E. Chelmsford. Area 5,600 ac. Pop. 1,343. Here are the stately ruins of a castle, built by Aubrey de Vere, Earl of Oxford, in the 11th century. In the church is a splendid monu- ment of the Earl and his Countess. — II. {Sihile), in same CO., 1 m. S.W. Hedingham. Area 5,490 ac. Pop. 2,322. Hedjaz (El), " the land of pilgrimage," a re- gion of Arabia, extending along the Red Sea, having S. Tehama, E. Nedjed, and N. Arabia PetraBa. It is almost everywhere a sandy, stony, or otherwise unproductive country, but comprises the sacred cities Mecca & Medina, with the sea^ ports Jedda and Yembo. It now forms part of the Egyptian dominions. Hednesfoed, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Stafford, pa. Cannock. Pop. 532. Hedon, or Hevdon, a bor., mkt. town, and pa. of Engl., CO. York, E. Ridmg, 6 m. E. Hull. Area of pa. 1,440 ac. Pop. 998. The town is well buUt, and has a tovfn-hall and a fine old church. Mkt., Sat. It formerly sent 2 mems. to H. of C., and has still the form of a munic. corp. Hedsoe, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 3^ m. E.S.E. Great Marlow. Area 770 ac. Pop. 194. Heembtede, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, cap. dist., 3 m. S. Haarlem. Pop. 2,332. HEE 612 HEI It has an old castle, many country residences, and an active trade in flowers, roots, and seeds. Heene, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, on the Lea, 1 m. W. Worthing. Area 460 ac. Pop. 185. Heepen, a Till, of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 23 m. S.W. Minden. Pop. 2,1S0, employed in yam spinning and linen weaving. Heeb, two vills., Netherlands. — I. prov. Lim- burg, IJ m. E. Maestricht. Pop. 1,270.-11. (H. Arendsherhe), prov. Zeeland, on S. Beveland, 9 m. E. Middelburg. Pop. 1,633. Heerde, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Gel- derland, 30 m. N.E. Amhem. Pop. 1,200. It has an extensive manuf. of paper. Heebenbebo, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, cap. cant., 16 m. E.S.E. Arnhem, on the Prussian frontier. It has an old castle and a diocesan seminary. Pop. 1,000. Heeeebtveen, a town of the Netherlands, cap. cant., prov. W. Friesland, on the Heeren-slot, 18 m. S.E. Leeuwarden. Pop. 4,000. HfTerlen, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Limburg, cap. cant., 13 m. E.N.E. Maestricht. Pop. 3,304, employed in needle making, linen bleaching, brewing, and trading in cattle. Heesch, and Heeze, two vills. of the Nether- lands, prov. N. Brabant; the former, 11 m. E.N.E. Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1,759 ; the latter, 6 m. S.E. Eyndhoven, with 1,730 inhabitants. Heoenheim, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Rhin, near 1. b. of the Khine, 14 m. E. Alt- kiroh. Pop. 2,157. He»tai,la, a chain of hills in N. Hungary, forming the extremity of an oflshoot of the Car- pathians, which extend S. between the Bodrog and the Hemad rivers, and between lat. 48° & 49° N. This is the cdte d'or of Hungary, and pro- duces the celebrated wines called Tokay. The ffine-growing district extends to about 90 sq. m. Estimated annual produce 420,000 eimer. Value 1,420,000 gulden cm. or fls. (148,000?.). [Tokay.] Heoyes, a vill. of Hungary, between the Danube and Theiss, co. and 30 m. N.E. Bacs. Pop. 3,700. Heibuk, a thriving vill., indep. Turkestan, Khooloom dom., on the route from Afghanistan to Balkh, 80 m. N.W. the Hindoo Koosh, and 4,000 feet above the sea, in a fertile tract, and having houses of earth with domed roofs, with a castle of sun-dried brick on an adjacent height. Heideck, a town of Bavaria, ciro. Upper Franc, 23 m. S. Nurnberg. Pop. 858. Hops are raised in its vicinity. — 11. a vill. of Switzer- land, cant, and 13 m. N.N.W. Lucerne, on the E. side of the Lake of Baldegg. — Heidehrug is the name of vills, of Prussia, regs. Konigsberg, &c. Heide, or Heyde, a town of Denmark, duchy Holstein, near the N. Sea, 31 m. N.N.W. Gliick- stadt. Fop. 5,400, employed in agriculture and cattle breeding ; for which it has large markets. HEiDELBEBa, a city of W. Germany, grand duchy Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, on 1. b. of the Neckar, here crossed by a stone bridge, 750 feet in length, and on the Baden and Main-Neckar railway, 32 m. N.N.E. Carlsruhe. Pop. (1845) 12,048, mostly Protestants. It is picturesquely situated, surrounded by wooded hills and vine- yards, and consists of a long main street, into which many narrow and gloomy thoroughfares open, and some good houses. Principal edifices, the church of the Holy Ghost, with a lofty steeple, and subdivided to accommodate both Roman Catholics and Protestants, St Peter's, and some other churches, a synagogue, the university buildings, a massive prison, the Karlsthor, and the vast castle, on a height, now a ruin. The university, founded in 1386, is, next to that of Prague, the oldest in Germany, and has 46 pro- fessors, 78 teachers, a libraiy of 160,000 vols. & many rare MSS., and an income of 4,000Z. a year, besides fees. In 1844 it was attended by 759 students, chiefly in law and medicine. Here are also a ooUege for junior students, numerous government elementary schools, three botanic gardens, and other appliances of seats of learning, with a museum, spruch-collegium, & dining-haU. Manufs., though various, are comparatively un- important ; but Heidelberg attracts many fainilies as a cheap and agreeable place of residence. Hbidelbebo, several tnshps., U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania. — I. co. Berks. Pop. 3,539. — H. CO. Lebanon. Pop. 2,827. — III. co. and on the Lehigh. Pop. 2,364.— IV. 16 m. S.W. York. Pop. 1,528. Heidelsheim, a town of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, 13 m. E.N.E. Carlsruhe. Pop. 2,272. HeidenfeiiD, a vill. of Bavaria circ. Lower Franconia, on the Main, 18 m. N.E. Wurtzhurg. Pop. 2,048. Manufs. earthenwares and leather. Heidenheim, two towns of Germany I. Wiirtemberg, circ. Jaxt, on the Brenz, immedi- ately E. of the Rauhe Alp, 22 m. N.N.E. Ulm. Pop. 2,465, employed in raising flax, weaving cot- ton and linen fabrics, and manufacturing brass and earthenwares, and cutlery. It has some large sheep and corn fairs. Near it is the moun- tain fortress of Hellenstein. — II. Bavaria, circ. Middle Franconia, 21 m. S.S.E. Anspacb, with 1,829 inhabitants, & an old Benedictine convent. Heidesheim, two vills. of Germany I.Darm- stadt, prov. Rhenish Hessen, on the Rhine, 6 m. W. Mayence. Pop. 1,402, engaged in wine cul- ture. Near it is the castle of Wintereck, with some remarkable vaults. — II. Rhenish Bavaria, 6^ m. N.W. Frankenthal, formerly residence of the Counts of Leuiingen-Heidesheim. Pop. 43B. Heidingsfeld, a town of Bavaria, circ. Lower Franconia, on the Main, 2\ m. S. Wiirzburg. Pop. 3,121. It has manufs. of woollen yarn. Heiqham-Potteb, a pa. of England, co. Nor- folk, 6J m. N.N.E. Acle. Area 2,620 ac. P. 420. Heighingtou, a pa. of England, co. Durham, 6 m. N.N.W. Darlington. Area 8,630 ac. Pop. 1,347. — ^11. a township, co. and 3} m. E.S.E. Lin- coln. Pop. 525. It has an endowed school Heiohton, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 1 m. N.N.E. Newhaven. Area 470 ac. Pop. 81. Heieenszand and Heino, two vills. of the Netherlands ; the former in prov. Zeeland, cap. cajit., 4 m. S.W. Goes. Pop. 1,343 ; the latter, prov. Overyssel, 8 m. S.W. Zwolle. Pop. 1,671. Heilbbonn, a fortified town of Wurtemberg, cu:c. Neckar, 26 m. N. Stuttgart (with which it is connected by railway), on the Neckar. Pop. (1846) 8,600. It is irregularly laid out ; princi- pal edifices the fine church of St Kilian, town- haU, with many ancient records, house of the Teutonic knights, now a barrack, a royal resi- dence, formerly an orphan asylum, several Ro- man Catholic and Protestant churches, a riclily endowed hospital, house of correction, and out- side of the walls a remarkable square tower, memorable in German history. It has a gym- nasium with a library of 12,000 vols., manufs. of woollen cloths, silver articles, carpets, tobacco, white lead, and other chemical products, paper, &c. ; and shares actively in the transit trade be- tween Frankfort and S. Germany. Heiligenbeil, a town of Prussia, reg. and 29 m. S.W. Konigsberg, on a small river, near its mouth in the Frische-haff. Pop (1838) 2,860. Heiligenbekg, ArtB Flames, a market town of HEI 613 II EL Baden, circ. Lake, 13 m. N.N.E. Constance, with a ca£t1e of the princes of Furetenberg. Pop. 504. Heiligenbldt, a vill. of Ulyria, Carinthia, gov. Laybach, on the S. declivity of the Gross Gloolt- ner, 4,672 feet above the sea, probably the high- est vill. in the Austrian empire. Pop. 63. Hbiligenhafen, a seaport town of Denmark, duchy Holstein, on the Baltic, 33 m. £. Kiel. P. 2,000. Its harb. is merely an open roadstead. Heiligen-Kreutz (** Holy-cross "), sevl. small towns, &c., of the Austrian empire. — I. {Hnng. Nemet-Kereztur), VI. Hungary, co. and 6 m. S. Oedenbnrg, with 2,490 inhabitants, a castle, and mineral springs. — II. (Hungarian Szetd-Kerezt), CO. and 28 m. N.N.E. Bars, on the Grau, with a castle and Roman Catholic church III. Illyria, gov. and 18 m. N.N.E. Trieste. Pop. 1,037.— IV. a vill., Lower Austria, on the Sattelbach, having a fine Cisterc. abbey, with a library, mu- seum, and monuments of the Babenberg family. —V. a vill., Lower Austria, N.E. St Polten. HEiLTGENSTAnx, 3 town of Prussian Saxony, reg. & 48 m. N. W. Erfurt, cap. circ. on the Leine. Pop. 4,770. It is walled, & has a castle, several Roman Catholic churches, a high school, prison, and mannfe. of woollen yam. Under the French, it was the cap. dep. of Harz. Heiligkbeuz, a vill. & bath establishment of Austria, Tyrol, circ. Schwatz. Birth-place of Resch, the historian. Heilsberg, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 41 m. S.E. Konigsberg, on the Alle. Pop. 4,500, who trade in woollen and linen cloths, and yarn. It is the residence of the bishop of Ermeland. Heilsbbomv, a market town of Bavaria, circ. 5Iiddle Franconia, on the Schwabach, 10 m. E.NE. Anspach. Pop. 824, who manuf. oil cloths and woollen stuffs. Heilts-le-Maxjbupt, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Mame, cap. cant., 23 m. E.S.E. Chalons. Pop. 878. Heihbich, two vills. of Rhenish Prussia. — I. reg. and 18 m. E.S.E. Aix-la^Chapelle, with manufs. of cotton yam and wooden wares, and a lead factory. Pop. 1,230. — II. reg. and 26 m. S.S.E. Coblenz, on the Rhine. Heimeksheim, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 13 m. S Cologne. Pop. 1,075 Helmerlingen, isavill. of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, 4 m. N.N.W. Memmingen. — Heimiswyl is a vill. of Switzer- land, cant, and 13 m. N.E. Bern. Heimsheim, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, 14 m. W. Stuttgart. Pop. 1,223.— Hetmergdorff is the name of vills. in Prussian Silesia, reg. Oppeln, and in Saxe-Meiningen. Heinatt, a town of Prussian Silesia. [Hatnau.] Heiningen, a market town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Danube, 3 m. S. Goppingen. Pop. 1,120. Heinbiohs, a market town of Prussian Saxony, reg. Erfiirt, in a detached territory, 7 m. N.W. Schlensingen. Pop. 1,226, who manufacture white lead and iron wares. — Heinrichsgrun is a mar- ket town of Bohemia, cu-e. Elnbogen, P. 1,580. Heineichsbad, Switzerland. [Herisau.] HEIN.SBERG, a town of Khenish Prussia, reg. and 20 m. "W. Aix-la-Chapelle, cap. circ, on the Worm. Pop. 1,780, engaged in woollen, cloth, and flannel weaving, spinning by machinery. Heisker Isiakd, Hebrides, Scotland, 7 m. W. North Uist. Length E. to W. about 2 miles. Heiteesheim, a town of Baden, circ. Upper Rhine, 12 m. S.W. Freiburg. Pop. 1,394. Hekla (Mount). [Heoia, Iceland.] Hela, a small maritime town of W. Prussia, at the extremity of the peninsula of Hela in the Baltic, 19 m. N.E. Danzig. Pop. 382 Helbbheg, a town of Germany, Saxe-Meinin- gen, princip. and 10 m. S. Hildburghausen, on rt. b. of the Kreck. Pop. 1,076. It is walled, and has several churches, a town hall, infirmary, brick works, and six large annual cattle fairs. Heldeb, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Lim- burg, 9 m. N. lluremonde, with distilleries and breweries. Pop. 2,561. Heldeb, a fortfd. marit. town of the Netherl'ds, prov. N. Holland, cap. cant., at the N. extremity of that prov., 41 m. N.W. Amsterdam, and sepa- rated by the Mars-diep, 2 m. across, from the island Texel. Pop. 2,852, many of whom are pilots. It has some trade with Amsterdam, with which it communicates by the Holder canal, 50 m. long, 125 feet broad at surface, and 21 feet deep, enabUng ships of large burden to avoid the navigation of the Zuyder Zee. Near it Admiral Van Tromp was kuled in action in 1693. The town was taken by Abercrombie in 1799. Heldbunoen, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 34 m. W.S.W. Merseburg. Pop. 1,727. Helen (St), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. CStes du Nord, 3 m. E.N.E. Dinan. Pop. 1,445. Helena (St.), an isl. in the S. Atlantic Ocean, about 800 m. S.E. Ascension, and nearly 1,200 m. from the coast of Lr. Guinea. Lat. of observa- tory, 15° 55' S., Ion. 5° 44' W. Area 30,300 ac. Pop. (1837) 4,977, of whom nearly a half were whites. It is of volcanic origin, and consists of rugged mntns., interspersed with numrs. ravines, in one of which, on its N.W. shore, is James Town, the residence of the princip. authorities. Its centre is a table land, with an elev. of 1,500 feet, but from which several mountains rise to a greater elevation, Diana's Peak being 2,700 feet. Climate mild. Mean temp, of year, 61° .3 ; win- ter, 58° .4 ; summer, 63° .8. The island is watered by numerous brooks, and about l-6th part of its surface is fertile, yielding the products both of European & tropical countries. Goats are plen- tiful in the uplands ; but supplies of provisions are mostly procured from abroad, the isl, lying in the homeward track of ships returning ~from India. St Helena is chiefly noted as the place ot exile of Napoleon Buonaparte, whose residence, Longwood, was on the elevated plateau of the in- terior. He lived there from 1816 to his decease, May 5th, 1821. The isl. is now made over to the British government, by the E. India Co. — Port St Helena, E. Patagonia, is an inlet, intermediate between the Gulfs of St George & San Matias. Helena (St), a pa., U. S. of N. Amer., Louisi- ana, in its S.E. part, bordering on Mississippi. Area 1,700 sq. m. — II. a bay and isl., S. Carolina, Helens (Ste), several vills. of France, deps. Morbihan, Lozere, Seine Inf., Vosges, Gironde, &c., and one in Savoy, 6 m. S.S.W. Conflans. Helen's (St), a town and chapelry of Engl., co. Lancaster, on a branch of the Mersey, pa. & S\ m, E.N.E. Prescot, with which it communicates by railw. Pop. 5,051, engaged in raising coal, and in extensive plate glass, bottle, & other factories, and in copper-works. It has a new church, vari- ous handsome chapels, a new town-hall, a mkt. house, and a branch bank. Mkt., Sat. It has wholly risen from a mere vill. within the last half- century. — II. a pa. at the E. extremity of the I. of Wight, 8 m. E.N.E. Newport. Area 1,880 ac. Pop. 1,373. Its old church was demolished by encroachment of the sea, and a new church was erected in 1719. The roadstead of St Helen's is the E. entrance to Spithead. — III. a pa. of Ireld., Leinster, co. Wexford, 2 m. N.N.E. Broadway. Area 671 ac. Pop. 222. Helensburgu, a bor. of baronj', & watering HEL C14 HEL place, Sootlancl, co. Dumbarton, on the firth of Clyde, at the entrance of the Gareloch, 7 m. N.W. Dumbarton. Pop. 2,229. It is beautifully situ., and neatly built ; has commodious baths, a good library, a branch bank, and excellent accommo- dation for visitors, and numerous steamers ply to Greenock and Glasgow. Helbtte, a oomm. and vill. of France, dep. B. Pyrenees, 17 m. W.N.W. MauMon. Pop. 1,182. Scene of combat between the British and French, 14th February 1814. HEi-roBD, a small port of Engl., co. Cornwall, near the mouth of the riv. Hel, 6 m. S.S.W. Fal- mouth. Timber & coals are impo. here from Wales. Helqe-an, a rir., S. Sweden, enters the Baltic at Ahus, 12 m. S.S.E. Christianstad, after a S. course of 80 m. It expands into several lakes. Helgolabd, or Heliqolakd (" holy land," anc. Hertha), an isl. in the N. sea, belonging to Great Britain, about 46 m. N.W. the mouths of the Elbe and the Weser. Lat. S4° W 46" N., Ion. 7° 63' 7" E. Area 6J sq. m. Pop. 2,300. It consists of a rock, rising to about 200 feet in height, and on which are a vill. and light-house, and a low plain. It is continually decreasing by encroachments of the sea, which have created sandbanks all around it ; but it has a harbour on both its N. & S. sides. Inhabs. of Frisian descent ; are mostly occupied as pilots, or in haddock and lobster fisheries, which yield an annual revenue of about 5,0002. It was held in high veneration in the middle ages ; is of some importance as a post in war-time, and has been retained by the English since 1807, at a cost of about S601. a-year. It has of late been much frequented as a watering place. Helicon (Mount), a famous mntn. of Greece, gov. Bceotia, 6 m. S. Lebadea. Height 4,963 feet. In modern times it has been called alternately Falaeovouni and Zagora, but it has resumed its ancient name. Helieb's (St), the cap. town of the isl. of Jer- sey, on its S. coast, at the E. side of St. Aubin's bay, lat. 49° 11' 3' N., Ion. 2° 6' W. Pop. of town 21,040 ; of pa. 23,988. It stands between two rocky heights, on the E. of which is the citadel, Fort-Regent overlooking the inner harbour, and constructed about 1806, at a cost of 800,0002. Town pretty well built, especially its newer por- tions on the N. and N.E. ; has a central paved square, in which are the pa. church, court-house, reading rooms, and hotels ; a good and well-sup- plied market-house, the theatre, jail, and several chapels. On a rocky isl., off the shore, is Eliza- beth castle, a fortress of imposing appearance. The town is the residence of many retired officers of the British army and navy, foreigners, and iamilies of limited income from Great Britain. It has an active trade with Engl., France, and the W. Indies ; and it is the seat of the states, or re- presentative parliament of Jersey. HELiopotis (the On & Beih-Shemesh of Scrip.), Lr. Egypt, 6 m. N.E. Cairo ; is the site of an anc. city, of which nothing but a fine obelisk remains. The French, under Kleber, defeated the Turks here, March 19th, 1800. Hellada, Sperchius, a river of N. Greece, gov. Phthiotis, flows E., and enters the G. of Zeitoun, N. Thermopylae, after a course of 60 miles. Hellam, a tnshp., JS. S., N. America, Pennsyl- vania, on the Susquehanna, here crossed by a bridge 6,690 feet in length, 29 m. S. Harrisburgh. Pop. 1,421. Helianb, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 2^ m. N. Bodmin. Area 2,770 ac. Pop. 300. Hellanivah (ISL.), Arabia. [Cukia-Mcbia.] Hellan's (St), one of the small Scilly isls., off the coast of Cornwall, Engl., N.W. the isl. Trcsco. It has an old church, and good pasture land, but is at present little, or not at all, inhabited. Hellas, a country of Europe. [Gbeece.] Hellebek, a marit. vill. of Denmark, on the island Seeland, at the N. entrance of the Sound, 4 m. N.W. Elsinore. It has mannfs. of muskets, cotton yam, and hosiery. Pop. 300. Hbllehdoobn, a vill. & pa. of the Netherlands, prov. Overyssel, 17 m. S.E. Zwolle. Pop. 3,571. Hellesdbh, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 2J m. N.W. Norwich. Area 1,020 ac. Pop. 400. Hellespont (channel of}. rDABDAHELLEs.] Hellevoetslbis, a fortified seaport town of the Netherl'ds, prov. S. Holland, on the Haring- vliet, the largest mouth of the Rhine, 17 m. S.W. Rotterdam. Pop. 2,843. It has a fine harbour, an arsenal, dock-yard, and a naval school ; and, until the employment of steam navigation, mail- packets sailed between it and Harwich twice a- week. The Prince of Orange, embarked here for England, in 1688. Hbllidon, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 5 m. S.W. Daventry. Area 840 ac. Pop. 397. Hellin, Hurmm, a town of Spain, prov. and 35 m. S.S.E. Albacete. P. 9,814. It has remains of a Roman fortress and manufs. cloths, hats, and leather. Near it are the mineral baths of Azaraqne. Hellinslbv, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 3 m. N. Hailsham. Area 6,820 ac. Poj). 1,676. Here is an anc. manor-house, tjmber-built & moated. Hellocghton, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 41 m. W.S.W. Fakenham. Area 1,640 ac. Pop. 366. Hellovo (Mount), Othrys, a mountam range, forming a part of the N. frontier of Greece, and separating E. Hellas from Thessaly, about lat. 39° N., Ion. from 21° iff to 22° E. It is connected on the W. with the chain of Pindus, of which it is a spur. E.ward its continuation is called Mt. Varibovo. Its principal peak, Geraco Vonni, rises to 6,570 feet in height ; other summits vary from 3,000 to 4,400 feet in elev. The riv. Hellada rises on its S., & the Emicassos & Fanari, tribu- taries of the Salympria iPeneus), on its N. side. Hell's Skebbies, a cluster of the Hebridean Isles, about 10 m. W. Rum. The current which runs between them is extremely rapid. Hblmabshausen, a small town of Germany, H.-Cassel, at its N. extremity, prov. Lr. Hessen, on the Diemel, 22 m. N. Cassel. Pop. 1,932. Helmbbechts, a vill. of Bavaria, cure. Upper Franconia, N.W. Miinchberg. Pop. 1,200. Helmdon, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 4 m. N. Brackley. Area 3,660 ac. Pop. 551. Hblme, a riv. of Prussian-Saxony, rises in the Harz, flows S. & E. past Heringen, Kelbra, and Rossla, and joins the Unstrut 3 m. S.E. Artem, after a course of 45 m. Princip. trib., the Sorge. Hblmebshausbn, a town of Germany, Saxe- Weimar, duchy Eisenach, on the Bavarian fron- tier, 9 m. W. Meiningcn. Pop. 694. It has two castles, and some stone quarries. Helmingham, a pa. or Engl., co. Suffolk, 8 m. N.N.W. Woodbridge. Area 3,870 ac. Pop. 284. The hall, a moated quadrangular structure, erec- ted by the Tollemache family in the reign of Henry vm., and still their principal residence, is situated in a beautiful parl^ containing some of the finest oaks in Engl., and has a valuable col- lection of books, paintings, and armour. Queen Elizabeth was a guest here in 1561. Helmingstonb, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 4 m. E.S.E. Needham-Mkt. Area 1,320 ac. P. 381. Helmond, a town of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, cap. cant., on the Aa, 21jn. S.S.E. Bois- le-Duc. P. 1,900, employed in linen weaving, &c. HEL 615 HEM HEi.usDAt.E, a large vill. of Scotl., Sutherlaud- shire, pa. of Loth, at the mouth of the riv. of the same name. A great herring fishing station. Helmsley, a small mkt. town and pa. of Engl., CO. York, N. Riding, on the Rye, 12 m. E.N.E. Thirsk. Area of pa. 29,020 ac. Pop. 3,475. The town is one of the neatest and most picturesque in England. It has 2 branch banks, an elegant chorch, and rains of a castle dismantled by Fair- fax. Mkt., Sat. In the vicinity is Duncombe house, the superb seat of Lord Ferersham, and the beantifttl ruins of Rivalx Abbey II. (Gate), same riding, 6 m. E.N.E. York. Area 620 ac. Pop. 306.— III. {Upper), 7 J m. E.NJE. York. Area 780 ac. Pop. 68. Helhstadt, a town of Central Germany, duchy Brunswick, dist. Schoningen, cap. circ, 21 m. E.N.E. Brunswick. P. 5,300. It is an old-fashioned toira, entered by i gates, and its fortifications turned into planted walks. Principal buildings the Lutheran church, town-hall, court-house, formerly the place of its university, several hos- pitals, &c. Its university, founded in 1676, was suppressed by Jerome Bonaparte in 1809, and a part of its library was transferred to Gottingen ; it has now a gymnasium and normal school, with mannfs. of soap and tobacco pipes, alum and vitriol works, and an active general trade ; and in its vicinity are coal mines and mineral baths. Helhstadt, a tovfn of Bavaria, circ. Lower Franconia, 10 m. W. Wiirtzburg. Pop. 1,168 II. a vilL of Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, S. Oglas- terhausen. Pop. 1,075. Helmukd, Stymander, a river of S.W. Afghan- istan, rises 35 m. W. Cabool, at an elev of 11,500 feeti flows W.S.W., with a deep bend to S., throngh the Hnzareh, Eimauk, and Doorannee territories, and the Afghanistan desert ; and near lat 31° 30' N., Ion. 62° E., enters the lakes Hamoon and Tok-i-Teer by several mouths, after a total course estimated at 650 m. At Giriskh, 70 m. W. Candahar, it is in spring 1,000 yards across, with a depth of 10 or 12 feet, and a power- ful & rapid current, but in the dry season 2-3ds less. Its banks are very fertile, and abound almost every where with traces of former culti- vation and wealth, but at a little distance, the country, on either side, is a mere arid waste. Helpebbt, a township of England, co. York, N. Riding, pa. Brafferton, 4 m. N.E. Borough- bridge. Pop. 645. Heepebthobpe, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. rid- ing, 11 m.E. New Malton. Ac. 2,620. Pop. 160. Hblpbisgham, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 6J m. N.E. Folkingham. Area 2,600 ac. Pop. 774. The church is a good specimen of the 14th century. Helpstoh, a pa. of England, co. Northampton, with a station on the N. Midland railway, 6 J m. N.W. Peterboro'. Area 1,860 ac. Pop. 513. Clare, the peasant poet, was bom here. Helba, a vill. of Germany, Hcssen-Cassel, prov. Lower Hessen,9 m. S.E. Cassel. P. 1,186. Helsbt, a township of England, co. Chester, pa. and 2i m. S.S W. Frodsham. Pop. 672. Hblsihqbobo, an anc. fortified seaport town of S. Sweden, ten and 33m. N.N.W. Malmo, on the Sound, opposite Ebinore. Pop. 2,854. It has a good harbour, a fine council-house, & manufs. of earthenwares and iron goods. Helsinqpobs, a seaport town of Russia, and since 1819, the cap. of Finland, on the Gulf of Finland, 100 m. E.S.E. Abo. Lat, 60° 11' N., Ion. 24° 57' E. Pop. (1838) 12,000. It has a fine town-hall, a harbour, suited for line of battle ships, and defended by the strong citadel Svea- borg, and is the seat of a university, removed from Abo in 1827, with a library of 40,000 vols., & various museums. It is the see of the Lutheran archbishop of Finland, and has an active trade in Baltic produce. Helsinqeland, a former division of Sweden, now composing the chf. part of the ten Gefleborg. Helsinoob, a town of Denmark. [Elsinoee.] Helstone, a parliamentary and municipal bor., town, and pa. of England, co. Cornwall, in a pictaresque locality near its W. extremity, on the Looe, here crossed by a bridge, 10 m. W.S.W. Falmouth. Area of bor. 130 ac. Pop. 3,584. It is neatly built, clean, and watered by streams running through its streets. It has an old town-hall, a fine modern church, a grammar school, union workhouse, market-house, banking CO., and a considerable export trade in tin, cop- per, shoes, from port Leven or Looe-pool, about 3 m. distant. Iron, coal, and timber are exten- sively imported for the use of the surrounding mining district. Market, Saturday. Corp. rev. (1847)844?. It sends 1 member to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 400. The May games or Floralia, once general throughout England, are still kept up here ; and on the 8th May, a general holiday, floral processions, and dances are held. Helvellth, one of the highest mountains of England, co. Cumberland, forming part of the mntn. chain between Keswick & Ambleside, elev. 3,313 feet. It is easy of ascent, and commands a magnificent view of the lake district. Helvetia (New), a settlement in Upper Cali- fornia, on the Sacramento, 60 m. from its mouth, in the Bay of San Francisco. [Califobnia.] Helvetic Confederation. [Switzeeland.] Helvoibt, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 5 m. S.W. Bois-le-duc. Pop. 1,401. Hem, several comms. and vills. of France, the princip. in dep. Nord, 5 m. E. Lille. Pop. 2,209. Hemau, a town and castle of Bavaria, circ. Upper Palat., 16 m. W.N.W. Regensburg. Pop. 1,350, employed in brewing and brick-making. Hemelington, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3 m. W.N.W. Acle. Area 1,070 ac. Pop. 283. Hembdby, a pa. of Engl. [Bboadhemburt.] Hemel-Hempstead, a market town and pa. of England, co. Herts, 1} m. from the Broxmore station of the London and Birmingham railway, 23 m. N.W. London. Area of pa. 12,440 ac. Pop. 7,268. The town is pleasantly situated, & neatly buUt ; it has a ricUy ornamented Norman church, union work-house, W. Herts infirmary, with aii- nual endowment of 100?., considerable manufs, of straw-plait, and some of the most perfect paper mills in the kingdom. Market, Thursday. Hemingbobodgh, a pa. of England, co. York, E. Riding, 4 m. E.S.E. Selby. Area 9,440 ac. Pop. 1,953. The church is a noble edifice. Heminobt, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 3J m. N.N.W. Horncastle. Area 2,430 ac. Pop. 373. It has a school and hospital founded in 1727. Hemixheim, a comm. & vill. of Belgium, pref. and 6 m. S. Antwerp, near r. b. of the Scheldt. Pop. 1,500. It has a house of correction on a large scale, fitted up for 2,000 prisoners, on the site of the abbey of St Bernard. Hemmingfobd (Abbots), a pa. of England, CO. Hunts, 2 m. W. St Ives. Area 2,990 ac. Pop. 664.— II. (Grey), Ij m. W.S.W. St Ives. Area 1,610 ac. Pop. 910. Heminqton, a pa. of England, co. Northamp- ton, 4 m. S.E. Oundle. Area 1,240 ac. Pop. 147 II. CO. Somerset, 4 m. N.W. Frome. Area 1,780 ac. Pop. 483. Hemlet, a pa. of England, co. Suflfllk, 5 m. S.S.E. Woodbridge. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 71. HEM 616 HEN Heumerden, a market town of Rhenish Prus- sia, reg. and 11 m. S.W. Diisseldorf. Fop. 1,295. — Hemmerieh is a vill., reg. & 16 m. S. Cologne. Hemffald, a township of the TJ. S., N. Amer., PennsylvaJiia, oo. 'Westmoreland. Pop. 4,772. Heufnall, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 7 m. W.N.W. Bungay. Area 3,530 ac. Pop. 1,255. Fairs, Whit-Monday and December 11. Hempstead, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 6 m. N.N.E. Thaxted. Area 3,430 ac. Pop. 789. This pa. is noted for its fine timber. The hall is very ancient. In the church-yard is the tomb of Dr Harvey, the celebrated discoverer of the circulation of the blood. — II. co. and IJ m. S.W. Glo'ster. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 234. Charities 4852., of irhich 4202. arose from Lyson's bequest to the widows of poor clergy. — III. co. Norfolk, 8 m. E.S.E. North- Walsham. Area (much di- minished by encroachments of the sea) 1,450 ac. Pop. 175.— IV. in same co., 2 m. S.E. Holt. Area 1,720 ac. Pop. 296. Hempstead, a co. of U. S., N. Amer., in S.W. of Arkansas. Area 1,150 sq. m. Fop. 4,921. — II. a tnshp. of New York, 70 m. E.S.E. Albany. Fop. 7,609. The vill. lies on the borders of a heath of 15,000 ac. Bockaway beach, on the At- lantic, is much resorted to for bathing. Hemp- stead bay and harbour. New York, are on the N. shore of Long Island. Hempston (Bboad). [Bboao Hempstoh.] — II. (Little), a pa. of Engl., co Devon, 1^ m. N.E. Totness. Area 930 ac. Pop. 268. Hehftoh, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, \ m. S. Fakenham. Area 660 ac. Pop. 447. Hemsby, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 4 m. N.N.W. Caistor. Area 2,170 ac. Pop. 691. Hemsbach, a mkt. town of Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, on the Bergstrasse, and on the Mayn- Neckar railway, 3 m. N. Weinheim. Fop. 1,715. Hemsoeh, a Swedish isl., G. of Botlmia, 5 m. N.N.E. Hernosand. Length, N. to S., 5 m., breadth 4 m. Hemsweli, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, 7} m. E.N.E. Gainsboro', Area 2,890 ac. Pop. 399. Here is an hospital for widows, with chapel, &c., of reign of Edward ii. Hemswobth, a pa., Engl., co. York, W. riding, on the N. Mid. railway, 7 m. N.N.E. Bamsley. Area 4,120 ac. Pop. 1,005. . It has a grammar school and hospital; founded in 1548. Bev. of school 2002., do. of hospital 2,3062. Hemtoce, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 7 m. E.N.E. Collumpton. Area 3,300 ac. Fop. 1,222. Henabes, a riv. of Spain, New Castile, joins the Xarama, an affl. of Tagus, 10 m. E.S.E. Madrid, after a S.W. course of 75 m. The towns Sigu- enza, Jadraque, Guadalaxara, and Alcala, are on its banks. Hehbuet, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, i\ m. N.W. Bristol. Area 10,660 ac. Pop. 2,439. Hendebson, several cos. of U. S., N. Amer. — I. in W. of N. Carolina. Surface mountainous. Pop. 5,129. — II. in W. part of Tennessee. Area 780 sq. m. Pop. 11,876, of whom 1,954 are slaves. — III. in N.W. of Kentucky. Area 725 sq. m. Fop. 9,548, slaves 3,319. — IV. a township of New York, on lake Ontario, 7 m. S.W. Saokett's harbour. Fop. 2,480 V. a tnshp. of Fennsylv., CO. Huntingdon, on the Juniata. Fop- 1,656. Hendebson's (or Elizabeth) Isl., Pacific Oc, in lat. 24° 2' S., Ion. 129° 18' W., 6 m. in length by 1 m. in breadth, of a peculiar coral formation, and thickly covered with shrubs. Hemdon, a pa. of Engl., co. Middlesex, 9 m. N.W. St Paul's, London. Ac. 8,290. Fop. 3,327. In the vicinity are many handsome mansions. Hendeed (East), a pa. of Engl., co. Berks, 4 m. E.N.E. Wantage. Area 3,430 ac. Pop. 858. —lHWes(),Sm.E..y^ania/ge. Ac. 2,030. P.320. Hendbefioill, a tnshp. of N. Wales, co. Flint, pa. Halkin, 5 m. E. Caerwys. Pop. 648. HBN-EGLVf IS, a pa. of N. Wales, oo. Anglesea, Hi m. W. Beaumaris. Fop. 466. Hehdeioks, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer., it centre of Indiana. Area 380 sq. m. Pop. 11,264. — II. a tnshp. of Indiana, co. Shelby. Pop. 879. Henebv, a small fortified isl. of Brit. India, presid. and 15 m. S. Bombay. Lat. 18° 41' N., Ion. 72° 57' E. It is about 600 yds. in circ, aiid covered with buildings. Adjacent to it is another islet, also fortified, and named Eenery. Hehfield, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 4 m. N.N.E. Steyning. Area 4,440 ac. Pop. 1,763. Henfynvw, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Cardigan, 14 m. W. Tregaron. Pop. 859. Henoelo, two vills. of the Netherlands. — I. prov. Overyssel, 34 m. S.E. Zwolle. Pop. with pa. 3,561 II. prov. Guelderland, & 19 m. E.N.E. Arnhem. Pop. with pa. 2,867. Henoebsbebo, a mkt. town of Lower Bavaria, on r. b. of the Danube, 23 m. N.W. Fassau. Pop. 908. It has large cattle markets. HEHOOED,aham. of S. Wales, co. Carmarthen, pa. Llanelly. Fop. 1,230, employed in coal mines. Hens-kiano, a riv. of China, prov. Hou-nan, after a N. course of nearly 300 m., enters the Lake Tong-ting. The cities Heng-tchou and Chang-cha are on its banks. Hengeave, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 3} m. N.N.W. Bury-St-Edmund's. Areal.OOOac. Pop. 228. Hengrave hall is a noble specimen of the Tudor style, built in 1538. Henq-tcheoc, a city of China, prov. Hon-nan, cap. dep., on the Eeng-kiang, a considerable affl. of the Yang-tze-kiang. Lat. 26° 55' N., Ion. 112° 18' E. It is reported to have a large manuf. of paper. Henham, apa. of Engl., co, Essex, 5 m. W.S.W. Thaxted. Area 2,990 ac. Pop. 856. Henin-Lietabd, a comm. and town of France, dep. Fas-de-Calais, 16m. S.E. Bethune. P. 3,091. Heslet, a pa. of Engl., co. SufFolk, 4 m. N. Ipswich. Area 1,990 ac. Fop. 329. Henlet-in-Aede», a mkt. town of Engl., co. Warwick, pa. Wootton-Wavon, at the confl. of the Arrow and Alne, in the dist. forming the anc. forest of Arden, 8i m. W. Warwick. Pop. 1,223. It contains many old houses, a church, with a beautiful interior, of the time of Edward iii. ; re- mains of an ancient market cross, an endowed school, branch bank, and some manufe. of nails and needles. Market, Monday. The town is governed by a high bailiff. — Henley is also a di- vision of the hund. Barlichw^, co. Warwick; & Henley-Cold, a chapeh-y, co. Hants, 2 m. N.N.E. Whitchurch. Henlet-on-Thames, a munic. bor., mkt. tn., & pa., Engl., CO. Oxford, 4| m. N.N.W. Twyford, by a branch of the Great W. railway. Area of pa. 1,920 ac. Pop. 3,622. The town, beauti- fully situated at the foot of the Chiltern hills, which are here richly wooded, has two handsome main streets, an elegant five-arched stone bridge across the Thames, a gothic church, with a lofty tower, said to have been built by Card. Wolsey ; two united grammar schools, founded in the reign of James i., rev. about 3602. ; numerous alms- hos., yielding, with other charities, about 1,200;. ; a handsome town-hall and mkt. house, a small theatre, and considerable trade in malt, corn, & timber, by the Thames, with London and other towns. Markets on Wednesday, Friday, & Sat. HEN 617 HEB HEN-LLAN-AMaoED, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Carmarthen, 6J m. N.E. Narberth. Pop 160. HENtLAN,a pa. of S. Wales, co. Cardigan, 3 m. E. Newcastle-in-Emlyn. Pop. 127. In the vici- nity is a beautiful vaterfall. — II. N. Wales, co. and 2i m. N.W. Denbigh. Pop. 2,601. HBNLirs, a pa. of Engl., co. Monmouth, 3J m. V.N.W. Newport. Area 2,180 ac. Pop, 246. Henlopen, a cape of U. S., N. Amer., Dela- vfare, at the S.W. point, forming the entrance of Delaware Bay, 17 m. S.W. Cape May. Lat. 36° 47' N., Ion. 76° 6' W. It has a lighthouse. HEirLow,a pa. of Engl., co. Beds,4J m. S.S.W. Bireleswade. Area 2,460 ae. Pop. 776. Hesxebebo, a town of Germany, duchy Saxe- Meiningen, cap. co., 6 m. S.W. Aleiningen, with a castle of its ancient counts and 604 inhabitants. The CO. of Henneberg, now subdivided among Prussian Saxony, Hessen-Cassel, and the duchies Saxe- Weimar, Coburg, and Meiningen, contained the towns Schmalkalden, Meiningen, Kalten- Nordheira, Ostheim, and Schleusingen. Henkebont, a eomm. & town of France, dep. Morbihan, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Blavet, 26 m. WJf.W. Vannes. Pop. (1846) 3,339. This was a fortress &mous in the wars of the 14th cen- tury, having been snccessfully defended by the Countess de Montfort against the French in 1341. Henneoau, a prov. of Belgium. [Hainaut.] Hensefin, a townshp of U. S., N. America, Blinois, cap. of Putnam co., on the 1. b. of great bendof the Dlinois. Steam boats call here. Henneesdobf, several vills., &c., of Germany, the principal being — ^I. {Gross H.) Saxony, circ. and 21 m. S.E. Bautzen. Pop. 1,272, mostly of the Moravian (Hermhut) sect, who have here a seminary. — 11 (in Seifen), 1 m. N.W. the fore- going. Pop. 6,577, engaged in weaving, &c. Hehkikeb, a tnshp. of U. S., N. Amer., N. Hampshire, 16 m. W.S.W. Concord. Pop. 1,715. Hennock, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 2^ m. W.N.W. Chudleigh. Area 3,320 ac. Pop. 828. Hensbt's-Moat, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pem- broke, N. of St Bride's-Bay. Pop. 338. Henkt (GBEAT),apa. of Engl., co. Essex, 3m. S.S.E Sudbury. Ac. 1,350. Pop. 417.— II. (iiWc), iasameco.,6m.N.N.E. HaJstead. Ac. 490. P. 65. Henon, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. C6tes- dn-Nord, 9 m. S.S.E. St Brieuc. Pop. 3,329. Hbhei-Chapelle, a vill. of Belgium, prov. & 17 m. E.N. Liege. Pop. 1,330. It has two castles. Heneichemont, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cher, cap. cant., 14 m. W. Sancerre. Pop. 1,302. It was named after Henri iv. Hejieico, a CO. of the U. S., N. Amer., in E. part of Virginia, cap. Richmond. Area 291 sq. m. Pop. 33,076, of whom 13,237 are slaves. Henbietta, a tnshp. of U. S., N. Amer., New York, 223 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,086. Henby, numerous cos. of the U. S., N. Amer. — I. in S. part of Vu-ginia. Pop. 7,335. — II. Georgia, near its centre. Area 694 sq. m. Pop. 11,756. — lU. in S.E. part of Alabama, bordered on the E. by the Chattahoochee. Area 976 sq. m. Pop. 6,787.— IV. in N.W. part of Tennessee, bordered on the E. by the Tennessee. Area 600 sq. m. Pop. 14,90&— V. in N. part of Kentucky, bor- dered on the E. by the Kentucky river. Area 260 sq. m. Pop. 10,015.— VI. in N.W. part of Ohio, on the Maumee. Area 676 sq. m. Pop. 2,503.— VII. in E. of Indiana. Area 389 sq. ra. Pop. 15,128.— VIII. in N. of Illinois. Area 840 sq.m. Pop. 1,260.— IX. in S. part of Iowa. Area 432 sq. m. Pop. 3,771.— X. in W. part of the Missouri. Area 760 sq. m. Pop. 4,726.— (Cape), Virginia, on the S. side of the entrance into Chesapeake bay, opposite and 12 m. S. Cape Charles. Lat. 36° 56' N., Ion. 76° 83' W. Henshaw, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Northumber- land, pa. and 3^ m. E. Haltwhistle. Fop. 569. HENsrES, a vill. of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 11} m, W.N.W. Mens. Pop. 1,919. Hensinobam, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Cumber- land, pa. St Bees, 1 m. S.E. Whitehaven. P. 1,019. Henstead, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 5i m. S.E. Beccles. Area 1,590 ac. Pop. 573. Henstbisoe, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 5J m. S. Wincanton. Area 4,080 ac. Pop. 1,146. The church is very ancient. In a house here, which is still an inn, tobacco is said to have been first publicly smoked in Engl., by Sir W. Kaleigh. Hentlajtd, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 4 m. W.N.W. Boss. Area 2,660 ac. Pop. 612. Henzadah, a town of the Burmese dom., prov. & 66 m. W.N.W. Pegu, on the Irrawadi. With Keounzook adjoining, it forms a considerable town, having numerous temples, &c. Heong-shan, a commercial town of China, prov. Quang-tong, on a branch of the Canton riv., 22 m. N. W. Macao, and first visited by the Nemesis on an exploring voyage in 1841. Hepbuen, a tnshp. of TJ. S., N. Amer., Penn- sylvania, 9 m. N. Williamsport. Pop. 1,570. Heppenheim, a walled town of Hessen-Darm- stadt, prov. Starkenburg, cap. dist., on the Berg- strasse and the Mayn-Neckar railway, 16 m. S. Darmstadt. Pop. 4,170. Above the town is the ruined castle of Starkenburg, whence the prov. derives its name. — II. a vill., prov. Khenish Hes- sen, 6 m. W.S.W. Worms. Heptohstall, a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, W. riding, pa. and 8 m. W. Halifax. Pop. 4,791, employed in worsted and cotton manufactures. Hbpwoeth, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 11 m. N.E. Bury-St-Edmund's. Area 1,640 ao. Pop. 682. — II. a tnshp., co. York, W. riding, 6J m. S. Huddersfield. Pop. 1,436. Heraclia, or Dontsa, a small island of the Grecian Archip., gov. & 6 m. S. Naxos. Length, N. to S., 4 m., breadth 3 miles. Hebat, or Hebatjt, Aria, or Artacoana, a strongly fortified city of W. Afghanistan, cap. an independent chiefship, near the Heri-rood, or Hury river, 360 m. W. Cabool, and 200 m. E.S.E. Mushed (Khorassan). Lat 34° 60' N., Ion. 62° 30' E. Elevation 2,600 ft. Pop., before its unsuccessful seige by the Persians in 1838, was estimated at46,000, including many Eimauljs, Moguls, Jews, Hindoos, but now probably much less. A ditch, mound, & bastioned wall, enclose an oblong area 1 m. in length, entered by five gates, the interior divided by four arched bazaars, meeting in a domed quadrangle in the centre of the city. Herat has been stated to contain 4,000 dwelling-houses, 1,200 shops, 17 caravanserais, 20 pubBo baths, some fine reservoirs, and nu- merous mosques, the principal of which is a large structure of the 13th century. On the N. side of the city is a strong citadel ; and without the walls are some magnificent ruins of a religious edifice, and an enormous mound raised by Nadir Shah. The chief's residence is a mean building, and the filth of the town is extreme; but the vicinity is very beautiful, and irrigated by nu- merous canals, and highly productive, and Herat has been usually one of the most flourishing places in the East, as a grand central mart for the products of India, China, Tartary, Afghanistan, and Persia; and other manufs., of carpets, sheep- skin, caps and cloaks, shoes, &c., are carried on. Most of its wealthy merchts. are Hindoos. Herat was long the cap. of the extensive empire ruled HEK 618 HER by the descendants of Timour. Its territory now extends N. to the Moorghaub mntns., and E. nearly to Candahar ; and it is still a post of great military as well as commercial importance. Herault, a river of France, rises in the Cevennes, dep. Gard, passes Gignao, Montagnac and Bessan, and enters the Mediterranean, near Agde, dep. Herault. It is navigable for 7 miles. Herault, a maritime department of the S. of France, on the Mediterranean, formed of a por- tion of the old prov. Languedoc, and situated between the deps. Gard, Aveyron, Tarn, & Aude, cap. Montpellier. Area 2,414 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 386,020. Surface mountainous in the N. and W., where It is traversed by offsets of the Ce- vennes, interspersed by fine valleys. Principal rivers, the Herault, Orb, and Lez ; coasts low, forming the vast etangs (marshy lakes), of Vend- res, Thau, Frontignan, Magueloune, Perols, and Mauguio. Climate generally mild and healthy. Soil fertile in grain, fruits, and wines, the best of which are those of St George, Lunel, & Frontig- nan. Mineral prods, comprise coali iron, lead, copper, fine building-stone, and marble. There are several mineral springe. The chief manufs. are iron, pottery-ware, Prussian blue, cloth for the army, and for exportation to Spain and Italy ; silks, cottons, leather, and paper. The marshes furnish a great quantity of salt. Commerce is facilitated by means of the canal du Midi, and by railways from Montpelier to Cette and Nlmes. The dep. is divided into the 4 arronds. Mont- pellier, Beziers, Lodeve, and St Pons. Herbertingen, a vill. of "Wiirtemburg, circ. Danube, 6 m. N.W. Saulgen. Pop. 1,272.— i/cr- bertshqfen is a vill. of Bavai'ia, circ. Swabia, 11m. N. Augsburg. — Herhesthal is a station on the Belg. railw., between Aix-la-Chapelle & Verviers. Herbeumont, acomm. & vill. of Belg.-Luxem- bourg, on the Semos, 9 m. W.S.W. Neufch§,teau. Pop. 992, with extensive slate quarries. Hebbiers (Les), a comm. and town of France, dep. Vendfe, cap. cant., with paper mills on the Maine, 24 m. N.E. Napoleon- Vendfe. Pop. 1,360. Herbionao, a comm. and town of France, dep. Loire-Inf., 18 m. W.N. W. Savenay. Pop. 3,176. Herbitzhbim, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. B. Rhine, arr. & 22 m. N.W. Saverne. P. 1,900. Hebblain (St), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Loire-Inf., 6 m. W. Nantes. Pop. 2,280. Hebblat, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. 8eine-et-Oise, on r. b. of the Seine, 9 m. W.N.W. Paris. Pop. 1,564. It has an old castle. Herblon (St), a vill. & comm. of France, dep. Loire-Inf., 5 m. N.E. Ancenis. Pop. 2,600. Herbolzheim, a town of Baden, circ. Upper Rhine, 16 m. N.N.W. Freiburg. Pop. 2,067. Herbobn, a town of centrS Germany, duchy and 32 m. N.E. Nassau, on the Dille. Pop. 2,267, engaged in woollen and linen weaving, tanning, lime-burning, &c. It is enclosed by walls, and has an old hill fortress, and a famous Calvinist seminary, established in 1684. Herbbandston, a pa. of S. Wales, eo. Pem- broke, 3 m. W.N.W. Milford. Pop. 249. HERBRECHTiNGEN,avill. of WiiTtemberg, circ. Jaxt, with a cotton mill on the Brenz, 19 m. N.N.E. Ulm. Pop. 1,524. Hebbsleben, a mkt. town of central Germany, duchy Saxe-Gotha, on the Unstrut, 12m. N.N.E. Gotha, with a castle, and 1,480 inhabitants. Heebstein, a town of Hessen-Darmstadt, prov. Upper Hessen, cap. dist., 14 m. W. Fulda. Pop. 1,616, mostly engaged in weaving and cattle breeding. Herok, or Herkb, a town of Belgium, prov. Limbnrg, cap. cant., on the Herck, an afB. of the Demer, 9 m. W. Hasselt. Pop. 1,763. Hebculaweum, an anc. and buried city of S, Italy, prov. & 7 m. E.S.E. Naples, near the bay of Naples, & at the W. declivity of Mt. Vesuvius, during the eruption of which, a,b. 79, it was sub- merged by showers of ashes. Its site was dis- covered in 1713 ; and although extensive excava. tions have been made, little more than a part of the anc. theatre remains visible. (See JWC&lloch's Geog. Diet., i., pp. 984-5, for further details, and references to authorities.) Herculaneum, a vill., U. S., N. Amer., Mis- souri, on rt. b. of the Mississippi, 28 m. S.S. W. St Louis, and having shot factories & a trade in lead, Heecynian Foeeht, Germany. [Harz.] Hebdegoe, or Herdecke. [Heeueke.] Herseke, a town of Prussian- Westphalia, reg. & 26 m. W. Amsberg, on the Ruhr. Pop. 2,308, engaged in woollen cloth and stocking weaving, tanning, and in paper and gunpowder mills. Berefobs, a city, episc. see, & pari. & munic. bor. of Engl., cap. co., on the Wye, here crossed by a bridge of 6 arches, 120 m. W.N.W. London, & 19 m. N. Monmouth. Area, comprising 6 pas., 2,320 ac. Inhab. ho., 2,138. Pop. 10,921. It lies in a richly cultivated & beautiftil valley. Streets generally broad; houses well-built, though m great part anc. Principal building, the cathedral, built in the early Norman style, in 1072; length, 325 feet; height of central tower, 160 feet. It contains many fine monuments, and attached to it is a chapter-house, ladye-chapel, valuable lib- rary, cloisters, &c., but its general beauty is much impaired by the incongruous W. front, rebuilt in 1786. A triennial musical festival is held here. The episcopal palace is anc, and surrounded by large gardens ; the college is a venerable pile, forming a quadrangle. The grammar-school, partly supported by the dean and chapter, has 20 exhibitions to the university, but it is not in much repute. Amongst the charities, for the number of which Hereford is famous, are 11 an- cient hospitals, or alms-houses, yielding together about 1,600/. per ann. Total charities, 2,060/., besides 4,360 loaves distributed by the dean and chapter. The other public structures are the handsome co. hall, the co. jaU, & ho. of correction, ancient town-hall, city jau, theatre, of which the Kemblefamjly long had the management; ahand- some R. Cath. chapel, a large infirmary, support- ed by voluntary contributions, a lunauc hospital, union work-house, mkt.-house, bank, and Nelson monument; ruins of a monast. of Black friars, & some remains of the castle and city walls. Here- ford has small manufe. of gloves, hats, flannels, and cutlery ; an increasing trade in cider, hops, com, wool, bark, and timber, which will be much facilitated by the Hereford and Gloucester canal, the navigation of the river being dependant on season, &c. Coals are obtained chiefly from Abergavenny by railw. ; and several railways, to connect the city with Shrewsbury, Worcester, Gloucester, and Monmouth, are projected, or in progress. Markets well supplied with fish, on Wed. & Sat. The October fair is the largest in Engl, for cattle and cheese. Races in August. Corp. rev., 8,464?. The city is a polling-place, and the chief place of election for the co. ; it has sent 2 members to the H. of C. since 23d Edward I. Beg. elects. (1848) 1,002. The diocese is one of the most anc. in Engl., being of British origin, and re-established by the Saxons in 680. It comprises the 2 archdeaneries of Hereford and Salop, including 13 deaneries, which partly ex- tend into the cos. of Monmouth, Radnor, Mont- HER 619 HER gomery, and Worcester, Among tne celebrated bishops of this see were — Thomas Cantilupe, who died in 1285, and was canonised, Fox, the Re- former, Godwin, andDr Headlej. Hereford suf- fered much from the Welsh, during the Saxon era, from the Barons' wars, under tiSe Plantage- nete, and from those of the 17th century, when it warmly espoused the side of the king, and was one of the last places which held out against the parliament. During the middle ages it gave title of Earl to the great house of Bohun, and now gives that of Viscount to the Devereux family. The city is celebrated in historic records as having been the birth-place of Nell Gwyun and David Garriok, and the school in which the genius of CUve, Sid- dons, and Kemble, was fostered and developed. HEREFORn (Little), a pa. of Engl., co. Here- ford, 6J m. N.N.E. Leominster. Ac. 3,840. P. 462. Herefobsshirg, an inland co. of Engl., hav- ing N. CO. Salop, E. Worcester, S. Gloucester and Monmouth, and W. the Welsh cos. Brecon and Radnor. Area 552,320 ac, of which 470,400 are grass and arable. Lihab. houses, 23,381. Fop. 113,878. Surface beautifully undulating, and richly varied with woods, orchards, hop grounds, and meadows, possessing scenery which has been called the garden of England. Princip. hills, the Hatterel range of the Black nmtns. in the S.W., and the Malvern on the E. Cliief rivs., the Wye, Lngg, Arrow, Frome, and Mnnnow. Soil in most parts, a deep heavy red loam, mixed with marl and chalk, and unusually fertile. Climate re- markably healthy — diseases of the respiratory organs are placed second in the list of mor- tality, but instances of longevity are more nu- merous than in any other part of England, except the N. Riding of the co. of York. Chief agric. produce, wheat & barley, apples, pears, and hops, all of superior quality. The apple crop is the largest in England, estimated to yield not less than 20,000 hhds. of cider, mostly of superior quality. About 13,000 ac. are devoted to hops. Oak bark is also an important production. The cattle are generally preferred for feeding to any other English breed, but are not good milkers. Nearly hsdf the field labour of the co. is performed by them. The breed of sheep (estimated at about 500,000), is almost as celebrated as that of the cattle. Agriculture pretty well advanced, but there is stUl a great want of drainage. Estates of all sizes ; farms mostly large, and held at will. Average rent of land (1810), 16». 6d. per acre. Value of land (1843), 629,9812. Bent of houses, 128,5722. Total annual value of real property, 805,3192. There are small manufs. of gloves, and coarse woollens. Hereford is divided into 11 hunds., and 221 pas., in dioceses of Hereford, and of St David's, and in the Oxford circ. En- dowed charities, 13,1532. Chief towns, Hereford, Leominster, Weobley, Ross, and Bromyard. It sends 7 members to H. of C, 3 of which are for the CO. Reg. elects, of do. (1848), 7,371. Here- ford formed a part of the anc. British Siluria, and was one of the last provinces which submitted to the Saxons, under whom it formed a part of Mercia. Numerous ruined castles testify its for- mer military importance as a border county. Hebekcia, a town of Spain, prov. & 36 m. N.E. Ciudad Real. Pop. 6,400. It has manufs. of soap, and a large weekly market. Hebbnt, a comm. & viH. of Belgium, prov. S. Brabant, 2^ m. N.W. Louvain. Pop. 2,120. Hebenthals, and Heeehthoot, 2 comms. & small towns of Belgium, prov. Antwerp, the for- mer, cap. cant., 12 m. S.S.W. Turnhout, with 3,162 inhabs., who manuf woollen cloths, leather. and lace ; the latter, 16 m. S.W. Turnhout, with 2,167 inhabitants, and manufs. of cloths. Hebford, or HEBVonnEN, a town of Prussian- Westphalia, reg. & 16 m. S.W. Minden, cap. circ. on the Werra. Pop. (1846) 5,650. It has manufs. of cotton cloth and yarn, leather, tobacco, and linens ; a large prison, arsenal, gymnasium, six churches, and the central museum of arts, anti- quities, and manufs. for the province. HEBaNiES,a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Nord, on the Scheldt, 7 m. N. Valenciennes. P. 1,622. Hebio, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Loire- Inf., 14 m. N.N.W. Nantes. Pop. 3,927. Hbbicodbt, a comm. & town of E. France, dep. H.-Sa6ne, arr. & 15 m. S.E. Lure, on 1. b. of the Lizene. Pop. 3,060. It has extensive mauui^. of linen yarn and cloth, calico, printed goods, and hosiery, dye-works, tanneries, potteries, &o. Heeisoen, a town of Prussian-Saxony, reg. & 50 m. W.N.W. Merseburg, on the Helme. Pop. 2,120. — II. a mkt. town, H.-Cassel, prov. Fulda, on r. b. of the Werra, 14 m. S.E. Rothenburg. P. 1,224. Hebinnes, two comms. & viDs. of Belgium. — I. prov. S. Brabant, 17 m. S.W. Brussels. Pop. 3,720, engaged in linen-bleaching, brewing, and brick-msSdng. — ^11. prov. Hainaut, on the Scheldt, 7 m. N.W. Toumay. Pop. 1,700. Hebioob, a town of India, Mysore, 26 m. N.W. Sera, with a temple and granite obelisk. Hebiot, a pa. of Scotl., in S.E. of co. Edinburgh, on a stream of same name, which is joined by the Gala water. Area 23J sq. m. Pop. 355. Heri-Rood, or Huby, a riv. of Asia. [Herat.] Hebisau, a town of Switzerland, cant, and 7 m. N.W. AppenzeU, cap. of the dist. Outer Rhodes. Pop. 2,600, or including comm. 7,150. It has a church-tower, probably of the 7th century, and in which the archives of its dist. are kept, an orphan asylum, court-ho., arsenal, large public library, and manufs. of muslin, cotton, and silk fabrics. Fine public walks traverse its heights, two of which are topped by ruined castles ; and 1 m. E. is the watering-place Heinrichsbad. Hebisson, a comm. and town of France, cap. cant., arr. & 19 m. N.N.E. Montlugon. P. 1,407. Heeistal, a vill. of Belgium. [Hebstai,.] r Heebenbosch, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Limburg, 6 m. S.E. Koermond. Pop. 1,231. Heekimeb, a CO., U. S., N. Amer., New York, traversed by the Erie canal, and the Utica and Schenectady railway. Area 1,370 sq. m. Pop. 37,477. Cap. same name, 72 m. W.N.W. Al- bany. Pop. 2,369. Heem, one of the smaller Channel Isls., 2 J m. from the coast of Guernsey. Pop. 38. Hermagoe (St), a petty town of Ulyria, Carin- thia, Laybach, on the GaU, 23 m. W. VUlach. Heemanmiestetz, a municipal town of Bohe- mia, circ. and 5 m. W. Chrudim, with a castle and fine gardens. Pop 2,666. Hebmanos, several groups of small isls. in the Indian Ocean, &o.— I. Lat. 15° 48' N., Ion. 119° 32' E.— II. {Tres //.), between lat. 3° & 4° S., Ion. 77° & 79° E.— III. {Los Hermanos), Caribbean Sea, 50 m. N.W.theisl. Margarita, belong to Venezuela. Heemannstadt (Hung. Nagy-Szeben), a town of Hungary, Transylvania, cap. Saxon-laud, on theZibin,anafB. of the Aluta,nearthe Wallachian frontier, 73 m. S.S.E. Klausenburg. Pop. (1845) 17,000. It is enclosed by walls, the upper town on an eminence, communicating with a lower town by flights of steps ; it has several suburbs, and is pretty well built in a Gothic style, though dull. Principal edifices, the Bruckenthal palace, with an extensive library & museum, the theatre, many Lutheran, Calvimst, Roman Catholic, and HEK 620 HEK Greek churches, the barracks, a military hospital, and an orphan asylum. It is a Greek bishop's see, the head quarters of the military commandant of Transylvania, the seat of Roman Catholic and liUtheran gymnasia, and has many museums and manufs. of linen and woollen fabrics, felt, bats, horn combs, earthenwares, leather, &c., and a considerable trade. Hgbment, a comm, and town of France, dep. Puy de D6me, 24 m. W. Clermont. Pop. 533. Hebmiss, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Pas de Calais, 17 m. S.E. Arras. Pop. 2,337. Hebmin£ (St), a comm. & town of France, dep. Vendue, 13 m. N.W. Fontenay-le-Comte. P. 1,261. Heshitaqe, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 6 m. S.S.E. Sherborne. Area 450 ac. Pop. 132. — II. a castle, co. Roxburgh, Scotland, an anc. strong- hold of the Douglas. Hebuitaqe (L'), a famous vineyard of France, dep. DrSme, on 1. b. of the Rhone, cant. Tarn, 10 m. N. Valence, where the " Hermitage" wine is produced. Area about 300 ac. Hebmoqenes (St), an isl. of the N. Pacific O., off the coast of Russian Amer., N.E. Kodiak. Lat. 68° 10' N., Ion. 152° 3' W. It was discovered by Behring, and visited by Cook & Krusenstem. Hebmoh, two tnshps,, U. S., N. Amer. — I. Maine, 60 m. N.E. Augusta. Pop. 1,042.-11. New York, co. St Lawrence. Pop. 1,271. Hebmon (Mount), (Arab. Jeb-d-esh-Sheikh), a mntn. of Palestine, forming a part of the chain Anti-Libanus. Its summit is covered with snow most part of the year. — Little Herman is a much lower range, 25 m. S.E. Acre, bounding the Plain of Esdraelon on the E., and to which the name Hermon was first applied in the middle ages. Hebmonville, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Marne, , 7 m. N."W. Reims, with mineral springs. Pop. 1,435. HEEMSDOBr, numerous vills. of Germany ; the two principal in Prussian Silesia, reg. Liegnitz, 2 m. S.S.W. Hirschberg, circ. Landshut, with a noble resid., and each having about 2,000 inhabs. Heenad, a riv. of N. Hungary, which after an E. and S. course of 120 m., joins the Theiss, 18 m. S.W. Tokay. Principal affls., the Tarcza and Sajo. In its lower part it separates into 2 arms, which enclose an isl. 30 m. in length. Heenani, a town of Spain, prov. Guipuscoa, 8 m. S.E. San Sebastian, on the Urumea. Pop. 2,257. It consists of a long narrow street, built under a fortified hill, and has a good town ho., a convent, an hospital, and trade in linen thread, iron, and timber. Here the British legion, under General Evans, met with reverses on 29th August 1835, and 16th March 1837. Herne, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, SJ m. N.N.E. Canterbury. Area 4,560 ac. Pop. 3,041. — II. {Heme Bay), a newly erected watering-place in the above pa., on the estuary of the Thames, be- tween Whitstable and Reculver, about 8i m. N.N.E. Canterbury. Pop. 1,572. It has a mag- nificent pier, 3,000 feet in length, many hand- some rows of houses, a fine church, and good hotels, shops, & baths. Steamers communicate with London daily during the summer. Heene Hill, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 3i m. E.S.E. Faversham. Area, which is beautifully cultivated, 2,690 ac. Pop. 603.— IL a hill, co. Surrey, pa. Camberwell, about 4 m. from St Paul's. It is covered with elegant villas. Hebnin (St), a comm. and ^1. of France, dep. Finistere, 21 m. E. ChateauUn. Pop. 1,260. Hbbnosand, or Westee-Noeeiand, a Isen or jjrov. of N. Sweden, mostly between lat. 62° and 64° N., and Ion. 15° and 19° E., having N. Umea, W. Ostersuud, S. Gefle, and E. the Gulf of Both- nia. Area 9,601 sq. m. Pop. (1840) 85,875. It comprises the old dist. Angermanland ; principal rivers, the Angerman & Indal. Principal towns, Hemosand and Suudsvall. HEENOSAinj, or Hebncesand, a marit. town of Sweden, cap. laen same name, on the W. side of the isl. Heme, immediately off the mainland. Lat. 62° 38' N., Ion. 17° 5^ E. Pop. 2,114. It is regularly built, & is a bishop's see ; having an old church, a cathedral school and library, coim- cil-ho., work-ho., public baths, a printing estab- lishment with Lappish type, and building docks. Exports comprise Baltic produce & linen fabrics ; imports salt, com, wine, and manufd. goods. Hebo (Noeth and South), two isls., U. S., N. Amer., Vermont, in Lake Champlain, and to- gether forming Gband Isle. Heeon, a considerable town of Persia, prov. Azerbijan, cap. dist. Khulkul, near the frontier of Ghilan, 40 m. E.S.E. Ardabil. Hebeenb ADMOABTEN, 3, market town of Lower Austria, leg. Vienna, circ. Komeuburg. Pop. 1,590, extensively employed in the cultivation of the vine. Hebbenbebs, a town of 'WiirtembeTg, circ. Black Forest, on a hiU, near the Ammer, 18 m. S.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 2,147. It has an old castle, and a richly endowed hospital. Hebbenebeitunoen, a mkt. town of Germany, Hessen-Cassel, prov. Fulda, circ. & 5 m. W.N.W. Schmalkalden, on rt. b. of the Werra. Pop. 939. Hebbengbund (Hung. Urvolgy), a vill. of N. Hungary, co. Sohl, 15 m. N.E. Krenmitz. Fop. 1,550, engaged in silver and copper mines. Hebbensaibo, a considerable town of British India, presid. Bengal, S.W. ceded dists., 19 m. S.S.W. Hosingabad. Hebbeba, numerous towns and vills. of Spain ; the principal being H.-del-Duque,icactana, prov, and 97 m. E. Ba&jos, near the Guadiana. Pop. 2,897.— IL a vill., prov. Sevilla. Pop. 2,388. Hebbiaed, a pa. of England, co. Hants, i\ m. S.S.E. Basmgstoke. Area 3,050 ac. Pop. 427. Hebbieden, a town of Bavaria, circ. Mid. Fran- conia, on the Altmiihl, 6 m .S. W. Anspach. P.1,389. Hebringeleet, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, on the Waveney, here crossed by a bridge, 5J m. N.W. Lowestoft. Area 1,720 ac. Pop. 197. It has a church containing some richly stained glass. Here are also the remains of a priory. HEBBLiBOBa, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 7 m. S.E. Zurich, on the N. coast of the Lake of Zurich. Pop. 1,057. — HerrUheim is a vill. and station on the Strasbourg & Basle railw., France, dep. H. Rhin, 4^ m. S. Colmar. — II. a vill., dep. H. Rhin, N.E. Strasbourg. Pop. 2,289. Heeklisheim, two comms. of France. — I. a vill., dep. B. Rhin, 13 m. N.E. Strasbourg. P. 2,289.— II. a town, dep. H. Rhin, 4 m. S. Colmar. P. 1,230. Heeenals, a viU. of Austria, and one of the N. suburbs of Vienna. Pop. 3,950. It has an imperial institution for the daughters of army officers. Hekenhut, or Hekbnhuth, a small town of Saxony, circ. and 18 m. S.E. Bautzen, inhabited by 849 Moravians (a religious sect, so named from having been founded by two Moravian cutlers in 1722), and from its having been always the head quarters of that sect, the latter are called in Germany Hemhutters. Hebrissheim, a vill. of Hessen-Darmstadt, prov. Rhenish Hessen, circ. Worms. Pop. 1,335. Hebnstadt, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. & 36 m. N.N.W. Breslau, on the Bartsch, P. 2,331. Heert, a comm. and vill of France, dep. Cher, 9 m. S.S.E. Sancerre, near 1. b. of Loire. P. 2,2S5. HER 621 HES Hebsbbuck, a walled town of Bavaria, circ. Midd. Francoma,17 m. E.N.E. Nurnberg. P. 2,316. Bebselt, a Till, of Belgium, prov. Antwerp, 2 m. S.W. Westerloo, with brick works and gin distilleries. Pop. 3,907. Hebsfeld, or Hiesohfeld, a town of Hessen- Cassel, proT. Fulda, 32 m. S.S.E. Cassel, on 1. b. of the Fnlda. Pop. 6,S65. It is enclosed by walls, and has an abbey chui-ch, Calvinist gymnasium, school of manufs., manuj^. of woollen cloth, and transit trade by the river. [HiBSCHrELBE.] Hebstal, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. and 3J m. N.E. Liege, on the Maese. Pop. 6,032, mostly engaged in coal and iron mines and iron works. Here, in the middle ages, stood a cita- del named Heristalium, whence Pepin d' Heristal, great grandfether of Charlemagne, had his title. Hebtfobd, a pari, and munic. bor. and mar- ket town of England, cap. co. Herts, on the na- vigable Lea, and on a branch of the N.E. railway, 20 m. N. Loudon. Area including several pas. 3,350 ac. Pop. 5,450. It has two handsome churches, a small grammar school, a green-coat school, a branch school of Christ's hosp., London, being a preparatory school for 500 of its children ; a castle, used by the East India Company as a school preparatory to instruction at its civil col- lege (erected at Haileybury, about 2J m. S. of the town, in 1806, at a cost of 70,000?.) ; numerous alms-houses and other charities, a general infir- mary, co.-hall, town-hall, and market-house, with considerable trade in malt. Com market, Satur- day, one of the largest in the S. of England. Corp. revenue (1846) 979/. The bor. sends two members to H. of C, and is the eo. place of election. Keg. electors (1848) 611. The castle was founded in 909, and some portions of the ex- isting edifice are very ancient. It was taken by the French Dauphin in the reign of John ; in that of Edward in., the kings of Scotland and France were prisoners in it. Heettoed, a CO. of the U. S., N. America, N. CaroUna. Area 356 sq. m. Pop. 7,484. — II. a vin., N. Carolina, cap. Perquiman's co., and on the Perquiman, 50 m. S.W. Norfolk, Virginia. Hebtfokdshibe, or Heets, a co. of England, having N. Co. Cambridge, E. Essex, S. Middlesex, W. Bucks, & N.W. Bedfordshire. Ac. 403,200, of which about 350,000 are arable and grass. Pop. 157,207. Inhabited houses 30,155. Surface in the N. hilly, elsewhere diversified with gentle ele- vations, and a more than usual proportion of parks and coimtry seats. Principal rivers, the Lea and Colne, which have numerous small afflu- ents. Soil various, often intermixed with flint, and possessing an average fertility. Subsoil chalk. Climate salubrious. Principal crops, wheat and barley, equal in quality to that of any other CO. ; turnips, hay for the London market, apple and cherry orchards ; numerous calves are also fed for the metropolis, and much manure is brought from it. Modes of husbandry great- ly vary. Estates are generally small. Leases not uncommon. Average rent of land (1810) 16s. lljd. Value of land (1843) 4.38,793?. ; do. of houses 340,267?. Total value of real property 840,793?. Manufs. of little importance, being chiefly confined to that of excellent paper and of straw-plait. Much malting is carried on. Charities (1839) 7,396?. The cows traversed by the London and Birmingham and N.E. railways, and the Grand Junction canal. It is divided into 8 hundreds and 134 pas. Principal towns, Hert- ford, St Albans, Barnet, Baldock, Hitchin, Hat- field, & Ware. It sends 7 mems. to H. of C, 3 of whom are for the co. Reg. co. elects. (1848) 5,430. Hebts, a CO. of England. [Hebtfobdshibe.] Heetinqfobdbubv, a pa. of Engl., co. & 2 m, W.S.W. Hertford. Area 2,610 ac. Pop. 737. Heb'ioobnbosob, Netberl'ds. [Boib-le-Ddo.I Heetsmonceadx, a pa. of England. [Hubst.] Hebtzo, an island of Sweden, laen Pitea, in the Gulf of Bothnia, E. Lulea. Length about 10 m. Hebvas, a town of Spain, prov. & 63 m. N.N.E. Caceres. Pop. 2,600. It has manufs. of cloth. Hebve, a town of Belgium, prov. and 10 m. E. Liege. Pop. 3,408. Manufs. woollen cloths and leather, and trade in cheese, butter, and cattle. Hekv£ (St), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, 7 m. N.N.W. Loudeac. P. 1,301. Heevey Bay, E. Australia, is between lat. 24° and 26° S., and Ion. 152° and 153° E., bounded seaward by the isl. terminating in Sandy Cape. Heewtnen, a vill. of the Netherl'ds, prov. Gel- derland, on the Waal, 6 m. W. Bommel. P. 1,834. Hebxbeim, a vill. of Rhenish Bavaria, 6 m. S.E. Landau. Pop. 3,657. Here an action took place between the Austrians & French, June 1793. Hebzbeeq, two towns of Germany I. Hano- ver, landr. and 39 m. S.S.E. Hildesheim, on the S. declivity of the Harz, and with the chief corn- magazine for that dist. Pop. 3,706, employed in linen and in woollen weaving, and in musket factories and pepper mills. It communicates with Brunswick by a railway. Near it is a castle, the former seat of the princes of Grubenhagen. — II. Prussian Saxony, reg. Merseburg, 13 m. N.E. Torgau, on an island formed by the Black Elster. Pop. 3,720, employed in woollen weaving, and trading in flax. Old Herzberg is a vill., E. of the last named, with 200 inhabitants. Hebzbgovina (German Herseh), a prov. of European Turkey, forming a region 63 m. broad, bounded N.E. by Croatia and Bosnia, S. by Mon- tenegro and Albania, W. by Dalmatia & Cattaro. Area 7,000 sq. m. Pop. about 200,000 (?). It is divided into 13 deps. Chief towns, Mostar, the cap., Stolacz, Trebigno, Nikisch, and Poscitel. Chief rivers the Narenta, Bregava, and Trebisat. Surface mountainous. Highest mountain Velleg, which rises above the snow line. Heezogenatjeach, a town of Bavaria, circ. Mid. Franconia, 12 m. N.W. Niirnberg. Pop. 1,827. HEEZoaENBOsoH, Nethcri'ds. [Bois-LE-Dnc] Heezogenbuchsee, a pa. and vill. of Switzer- land, cant, and 21 m. N.E. Bern. Pop. 6,000. Heezogenbubg, Ducum Burgum, a market town of Lower Austria, in a marshy plain, on 1. b. of the Trazen, 6 m. N.N.E. St Polten. Pop. 1,280. It is partially fortified, and has an Augus- tine convent. Heezogeneath, a front, vill. of Rhenish Prus- sia, reg. and 7 m. N. Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 466. It was formerly fortified, and has a ruined castle. Hebzogswaldau, a vill. of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 48 m. N.W. Liegnitz. Pop. 848.— II. (Nieder), a vill., same reg., 3 m. N.W. Freystadt. Pop. 636. — Herzogswalde is the name of vills. in the kingdom of Saxony, circ. and S.W. Dresden ; and E. Prussia, reg. Konisberg. Hesaeab, Hezae-asp, or Asabis, a town of Central Asia, dom. and 60 m. E.S.E. Khiva, on the canal of Hesarab, near the Oxus, consisting of about 600 houses, enclosed by an earthen ram- part. Its inhabitants carry on some traffic with Persia, Bokhara, and Russia. Hesdin, a comm. and fortified town of France, dep. Pas-de- Calais, cap. cant., on the Canche, arrond. and 14 m. S.E. Montreuil. Po^. 3,244. It is beautifully situated, well built of brick, and has a good town -hall, manufs. of cotton thread and hosiery, oil, earthenware, and leather. HES 62 Heshboh, a Till., and in antiquity, a famous town of Syria, pash. & 118 m. S.S.W. Damascus. Hesket (Newmarket), a small mkt. town of £ngl., CO. Cumberland, pa. Caldbeck, 7 m. S.S.E. Carlisle. Pop. returned with pa. Mkt. Friday. In the vicinity are copper mines. — 11. (In-the- Foresl), a pa., same co., 9 m. N.N.W. Penrith. Area 16,580 ae. Pop. 2,018. The court for Inglewood forest is held yearly on Barnabas day, under an old thorn tree in this pa. — III. {Nether, or Upper), a tnshp. in the above pa., 7J m. S.S.E. Carhsle. Pop. 883. Heslerton, apa. of Engl., co. Tork.E. riding, with a station on the York and Scarboro' railw., 13 m. E.N.E. New-Malton. Area 6,170 ac. Pop. 563.— II. {Monk), co. Durham, 13 m. N. Stock- ton. Area 7,090 ao. Pop. 936. Heslinoton, a pa. of Engl., co. and ainsty, & IJ m. E.S.E. York. Area 2,570 ao. Pop. 266. It has a poor's hospital, with chapel, endowed by Sir T. Hesketh in 1630. The hall, an anc. seat of the Yarburgh family, isan Elizabethan structure. Hesn, several places of Asiatic Turkey, the principal H.-Keifa, a fortiiied town on the Tigris, pash. and 65 m. S.E. Diarbekir. Hessen, or Hesse, Hessia, a country of Ger- many, inhabited by the members of an old branch of a German family, called Katten (Catti), now forming the three states of electoral Hessen, the grand duchy of Hessen-Darmstadt, and the land- graviate of Hessen Homburg. Hessen Cassel, or Electobal Hessen (Germ. Kurh^sseh), a state of Germany, comprised be- tween lat. 49° 66' and 52° 26' N., and Ion. 8° 26' and 10° 8' E., cap. Cassel, It is composed of six isolated portions, the largest of which, comprising Hessen proper, & including the cap., is bounded E. by Saxe-Weimar and Bavaria, S. by Frankfort and Hessen-Darmstadt, W. by Nassau, Hessen, and Waldeck, N. by Prussia and Hanover. The two principal detached portions are Sohmalkalden and Schaumburg, and the smaller Barchfeld, Dorheim, and Katzenberg. Area 4,439 sq. m. Pop. (1843) 732,073. Pop. m 1846, 764,690. Sur- face elevated and mntnons. : the Meissner S.E. of Almerode, 2,326 ft. in elevation, is the highest point of H. proper, and the Inselberg, one of the summits of the Thuringer-Wald, on the frontier of Sohmalkalden, is the culm, point of the state. The territory is situated in the basin of the N. Sea, and is drained by the Weser and the Rhine. The chief rivers are (1st), the Weser, with its two upper branches, the Werra and the Fulda ; (2d), tlie Main & the Lahn, affls. of the Rhine. Among the others are the Diemel, the Edder, with the Schwalm, and the Haune, ai9s. of the Fulda ; the Ohm, affl. of the Lahn ; the Nidda & the Einzig, affls. of the Main. Climate generally cold, ex- cept in the valley of the Main. Mean temp, at Fulda, year, 46° ; winter, 27° .5 ; sutamer, 65° .6. Soil is generally infertile, except in the valleys of the principal rivers. Sohmalkalden is almost entirely unproductive. Com is raised sufficient for consumption. Chief crops rye, barley, oats, wheat, maize. Potatoes are an important crop. Fruit of all kinds is abundant in the prov. Hanau, where apples are extensively used in making cider. The vine is cultivated in the prov. Hanau ; it ripens also in the valley of the Werra, near Witzenhausen, the N.most point of its culti- vation in Germany. Lint is an important ob- ject of culture. Hemp is grown only in small quantities in Hanau. The cultivation of hops, formerly important, is now nearly abandoned, & tobacco is now raised only in the valley of the Werra. Forests occupy one-third of the ter- ! HES ritory. The principal timber is oak, elm, and beech. Cattle rearing is the most important branch of rural industry. Agriculture is in a very backward state. Hessen Cassel possesses in abundance many of the most useful minerals, the chief are iron, coal, salt ; gold in small quantities is found in the sands of the Edder ; silver mines, once worked, are long since abandoned, and only one copper mine is in operation. In SchmaJ- kalden, there are seven high furnaces producing iron of excellent quality ; in the rest of the state, there are other five high furnaces. The chief coal mines are in the prov. of Lower Hessen. Turf is abundant, and is mostly used for fuel. It has numerous mineral springs, and the sulphur baths of Neundorf are among the best frequented in N. Germany. Manufs. have been greatly ex- tended since the state joined the German customs union. The most important are linen fabrics, called Omabargs, and next to these flannels, and the fine carpets of Hanau ; the weaving of cotton has recently replaced that of linen in the environs of Fulda. Silks and velvets are manuf. at Hanau. The circle of Sohmalkalden is the great centre of the manuf. of iron & steel goods of every description, and its products have long been the most celebrated in Germany. The other manufs. comprise paper, wooden wares, pianos, chemical products, tobacco, and beet-root sugar. The pottery of Gross Almerode is among the most esteemed in Europe. Hanau is cele- brated for its jewellery. Chief exports, linens, carpets, jewellery, iron and steel goods. Im- ports colonial goods, cotton, silk, wine, brandy, &c. The chief branch of commerce is in the transit of goods, which is facilitated by the navig- able rivers Main, Weser, Werra, and Fulda, and excellent roads and railways, are in progress. In 1832, H. Cassel and H. Darmstadt united with Prussia to form the origin of the German cus- toms union. The chief educational establish- ments are the university at Marburg, the military and polytechnic school at Cassel, and the theo- logical seminary at Fulda. Numerous elemen- tary schools have recently been established, and the state is not now behind the neighbouring countries in respect of education. H. Cassel is a constitutional monarchy, the title of the sovereign is Prince Elector of Hessen. The state is di- vided into the provs Lower Hessen, with Schaum- burg, Upper Hessen, Fulda, and Hanau. Army 7,064 men, of whom 947 are cavalry. Public re- venue (1847) 12,942,460 thalers. Hessen Dabmstadt (Gd. Ddchv oi'), a state of Germany, situated between lat. 49° 22' and 51° 4' N., and Ion. 7° SC & 9° 30' E., cap. Darmstadt, It consists of two principal portions in N. and S., separated by portions of H. Cassel, Nassau, and Frankfort, bounded E. by H. Cassel, Bavaria and Baden, S. by Baden and Bavaria, W. by Prussia and Nassau, N. by H. Cassel and part of Prus- sia; and nine small districts included in the neighbouring states. Area 3,761 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 852,679. Surface elevated and mntnous. in the N., which is traversed on W. by the Tau- nus, and E. by the Vogelsgebirge, and in S. by the Odenwald. Highest point the Taufstem, 2,283 ft. The greater part of the territory is situated in the basin of the Rhine, the rest in that of the Weser. Chief rivers the Rhine (which traverses all the S. portion), and its affls. the Neckar, Main, Nidder, Nahe, and Lahn; the Schwalm and Fulda, affls. of the Weser. Climate cold, except in the valley of the Rhine. The country is essentially agricultural; more than half the territory is arable, the soil is about the HES 623 HEW most fertile and best cultivated in Germany. Chief crops, wlieat in the lowlands, buols-wheat in the Odenwald, oats in Rhenish Hessen, millet in Starlcenburg ; potatoes, generally, best in the mntn. districts. The other products are flax, hemp, hops, tobacco, & fruit. The vine is culti- vated in Rhenish Hessen, which produces some of the finest growths on the Rhine. Forests belong chiefly to Upper Hessen & Starljenbui'g. Cattle rearing is an important branch in rural industry. Minerals comprise copper, iron, coal, and salt. Iron is mined chiefly in Upper Hessen and the Odenwald, salt at Wimpfen, coal at Dorheim. Spinning and weaving linen and hempen goods are the principal manufe., the others comprise silk, paper, chemical products, metals to a small extent. Chief commerce, exports of agricul- tural produce ; and imports, of colonial & manuf goods. The principal entrepot is Mayence. The duchy is traversed, from N. to S., by the Frankfort and Mannheim railway. Public in- struction has made rapid progress of late, espe- cially in the province of Rhenish Hessen. The cliief educational establishments are the univer- sity of Giessen, seven gymnasia, and numerous elementary schools. H. Darmstadt is a consti- tutional monarchy since 1820 ; the title of the sovereign is Grand Duke of Hessen. The duchy is divided into the provs. of Upper Hessen, Star- kenburg, and Rhenish Hessen. Public revenue (1846) 7,795,855 Rhenish florins. Hessen Hombubg (LiNDGBAviAXE of), one of the smallest states of Germany, in the W., cap. Homburg. It is divided into two portions, tlie Landgraviate of Homburg, enclosed between the duchies of Nassau & E.-Darmstadt, and the lord- ship of Meisenheim, between Rhenish Bavaria, Rhenish Prussia and Birkenfeld, the two portions having separate jurisdictions. Area 206 sq. m. Pop. (1843) 24,373, (1846) 24,433. Government a constitutional monarchy. Public revenue 250,000 Rhenish florins, debt 800,000 Rhenish florins. Tliis small state, detached from H. Darmstadt in 1595, was suppressed on the formation of the con- federation of the Rhine in 1806 ; restored to its rights in 1815, it was admitted a member of the confederation of the Rhine in 1817, in which it had one vote from 1838 to 1848. Contribution to the garrison of Mentz 200 infantry. Hessen, Niedeb, & Obeb (Loweb & Upfeb), two contiguous provs. of the electorate of Hes- sen-Cassel, surrounded by the territory of Hes- sen-Darmstadt, Prussia, Hanover, & the Saxon duchies, and on the S.E. the prov. Fulda. Area of Lower Hessen (with Schaumburg), 2,080 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 366,668 ; of Upper Hessen, 882 sq. m. Pop. 122,432. [Hessen Cassel.] Hessen (Rhenish), (German Rhein Hessen), the most W. prov. of Hessen-Darmstadt, bounded E. by the Rhine, and on other sides by Nassau & Rhenish Prussia and Bavaria. Area 530 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 226,446. Surface mostly level, and this is one of the most fertile parts of Germany. [Hessen Dabmstadx.] Hessen (Uppbe), the most N. and E. prov. of Hessen-Darmstadt. Area 1,610 sq. m. Pop. 310,141. Surface mntnous. Principal rivs.,Lalm, Nidda, and Fulda. [Hessen-Dabmstadt.] Hesset, a pa. of Engl., oo. Suffolk, 5 m. E.S.E. Bmy-St-Edmund's. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 417. Hessle, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Riding, having a station on the Leeds & Hull railw., 4 m. W. Hull. Area 2,400 ac. Pop. 1,388. Heston, a pa. of Engl., co. Middlesex, IJ m. S.W. the Southall station of the Great Wes- ;em railw. Area 3,720 ac. Pop. 4,071, Charities (1823) 1571. The pa. has long been noted for the peculiar fineness oi its wheat. In it is Ostcrley park and mansion, the seat of the Earl of Jersey. Heswall, a pa. of England, co. Chester, 3 m. N.N.W. Gt. Neston. Area 2,070 ac. Pop. 646. Heteren, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, 7 m. W.S.Vf. Arnhem. Pop. 2,426. Hethaura, a vill. of N. Hindostan, Nepaul, 18 m. W.S.W. Khatmandoo, andaprincip. mart for the commerce betw.theNepaulese & British doms. HETHEL,apa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 4 m. E.S.E. Wymondham. Area 1,420 ac. Pop. 211. Hethebset, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 6J m. W.S.W. Norwich. Area 3,190 ac. Pop. 1,138. Hethebsgill, a tnshp., Engl., co. Cumberland, pa. Kirk-Linton, 6 m. E.S.E. Longtown. P. 799. Hettinsen, several vills. of Germany. — I. Ba- den, circ. Lr. Rhine, E. Buchen. Pop. 1,058.— n. HohenzoUern-Sigmaringen, 8 m. N. Sigma- ringen, with nums. spinning-mills, & 544 inhabs. HBTTON-i.E-HotE, a tnshp. of Engl , co. Dur- ham, pa. Houghton-le-Spring, 6 J m. E.N.E. Dur- ham, with which, and with Sunderland, &c., it is connected by railway. Pop. 4,158. Hettstadt, a town of Prussian-Saxony, reg. and 30 m. N.W. Merseburg, on theWipper. Pop. (1846) 4,000, chiefly empl. in copper & vitriol wks. Hetibaoh, several towns and viUs. of S. Ger- many I. Wiirtemberg, circ. Jaxt, 7 m. E.S.E. Gmiind. Pop. 1,189.-11. (.Gross), Bavaria, circ. L. Franc, on the Main, 32 m. W.S.W. Wiirtzburg. Pop. 1,860.-111. {Klein), same ckcle. Pop. 1,671. HEijDioonRT, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Somme, arrond. & 9 m. N.E. P&onne. P. 1,646. Heukelom, a small town of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, on the Linge, an affl. of the Maas, 6 m. N.E. Gorcum. Pop. 599. Heule, a comm. & vill. of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 2 m. N.W. Conrtrai, on the Heule. Pop. 3,491. HETJsnEN, a small fortified town of the Nether- lands, prov. N. Brabant, cap. cant., on the Old Maese, 8 m. N.W. Bois-le-Duc, with a strong citadel, and 1,889 inhabs.— II. a vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 4 m. S.E. Ghent. Pop. 1,700.— ni. a viU., prov. Limbourg, 8 m. N.N.W. Hasselt. Heve (Cap de La), Caletorum Promontorium, a headland of France, Normandy, forming the W. point of the dep. Seine-Inf., on the English channel, 2 m. N. Havre. South light-house 342 ft. above the sea, lat. 49° 30' 43" N., Ion. 0° 4' W. Hetee, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, on the Med- way, 7i m. W.S.W. Tunbridge. Ac. 2,680. Pop. 582. The castle, built in the 14th century, is de- fended by a moat and portcullis, and has an inner court. It was purchased from the Hever family by a mercer of London, the great-grandfather of Anne Boleyn, who was here visited by Henry viir., before her marriage. The estate was afterwards given to Anne of Cleves, who died here in 1667. Heveesham, a pa. of Engl., co. Westmoreland, 6 in. S.S.W. Kendal. Area 19,350 ac. Pop. 816. It has a grammar school, founded in 1613, and endowed with several exhibs. to the universities. Heves, a mkt. town of Hungary, cap. circ, of same name, 56 m. E.N.E. Pesth. Pop. 6,699. Hevingham, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 3 m. S. Aylsham. Area 3,180 ac Pop. 893. Hewelsfield, a pa. of Engl., co. Gloucester, 6 m. N.N.E. Chepstow. Area 1,580 ao. Pop. 631. Hewish, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 3 m. N.N.W. Pewsey. Area 610 ac. Pop. 133. Hewoeth, a chapelry of Engl., co. Durham, Ea. Jarrow, on the Tyne, 2J m. E.S.E. Gates- ead. Pop. 7,008, employed in ship-building, manufs. of earthenware, ropes, &c. HEX 624 HIG Hexham, a market town and pa. of Engl., co. Northumberland, on the Tyne, here crossed by a bridge of 9 arches, and on the Newcastle & Car- lisle railw., 20J m. W. Newcastle. Area of pa. 28,370 ac. Pop. 5,989 ; pop. -of town, 4,742. It stands on an eminence, in a vale noted for beauty and richness ; has irregular narrow streets, and. antique houses ; a pa. church, formerly an abbey, finished in 1114, the choir, transept, and central tower of which now only remain ; a handsome R. Cath. chapel, a small grammar school, an anc. town-hall, jail, and mkt. house, a house of correc- tion, union workhouse, scientific institution, two branch banks, with considerable manufs. of " tan gloves," formerly much worn, hats, and coarse worsteds, and large mkts. (Tues. and Sat.) for corn and vegetables, which are sent to Newcastle. The town is the place of election for the S. divis. of the CO. It is supposed to have been a Roman station on the wall of Hadrian. St Wilfrid made it a bishop's see in 673. The bishopric was after- wards annexed to Tork. The Yorkists here de- feated the Lancastrians, and it was in flying hence that queen Margaret threw herself on the protec- tion of a robber. The cave in which he concealed her is still shown. Hexton, apa. of Engl., co. Herts, 6 m. W.N.W. Hitchin. Area 1,460 ao. Pop. 295. The Saxons defeated the Danes here in 914. Near the vill, is an ancient camp called Ravensborough castle. Heybbidqe, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 1 m. N.N.E. Meldon, within the bounds of which pari, bor. it is included. Area 2,110 ac. Pop. 3,117. There are extensive salt works in the parish. Hbtdon, a pa. of England, co. Nonolk, 6 m. W.N.W. Aylsham. Area 2,200 ac. Pop. 321. Heyduke, or Haiduok (TovrNs), a privileged dist. of Hungary, beyond the Thiess, co. Szabolcs, comprising 7 towns (the chief of which is Boszor- meny), and a population of 61,019. Heifokd, a pa. of Engl,, co. & 6 m. W.S.W. Northampton. Area 1,690 ac. Pop. 599. Rev. fin 1835) of free school, founded 1673, 100?. Rev. of Arnold's charity, about 501. — II. {Purcell), co. Oxford, ii m. S.S.E. Deddington. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 562.^ — III. (Warren), same co., 6 m. W.N.W. Bicester. Area 1,300 ac. Pop. 337. Hetl, a small river of England, co. Cornwall, flowing N. into the bay of St Ives. Hetop, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Radnor, 3i m. N.N.W. Knighton. Pop. 269. Hetrieux, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Isfere, cap. cant., 11 m. N.E. Vienne. Pop. 1,424. Hetsham, a pa. of Engl., co. Lancaster, on a peninsula between the bay of Morecombe and the mouth of the Loyne, 4i m. W. Lancaster. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 698. It has an anc. church, and remains of an Anglo-Norman chapel, and is a favourite resort for sea-bathing. Heyshot, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 2j m. S.S.E. Midhurst. Area 2,210 ac. Pop. 408. Heysi-of-ben-Bebq, a comm. and mkt. town of Belgium, cap. cant., prov. and 17 m. S.E. Ant- werp, on the Great Nethe. Pop. 6,902. Heytesbuby, an anc. bor., formerly parliam., and pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, on the borders of Sa- lisbury plain, 3J m. E.S.E. Warminster. Area of ^a. 3,380 ac. Pop. 1,311. The town has a church, formerly collegiate, and an hospital, with chapel, founded by the lords of Hungerford, about 1470. Eev. (1834) 1,372Z. It gives title of baron to the A'Court family, whose mansion is in the vicinity. Heythokpe, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, 2^ m. N.E. Chipping-Norton. Area 1,710 ac. Pop. 198. The Earl of Shrewsbury has a noble mansion here. Hetthcisen, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Limbourg, 6 m. N.W. Roermond. Pop. 1,279. Heywood, a vill. & chapelry of Engl., co. Lan- caster, pa. Bury, with a station on the Manches. & Leeds railw., 8 m. N.N.W. Manchester. Pop. 14,866, mostly employed in cotton manufs. HiABNOE, a small isl. of Denmark, off the E. coast of Jiitland, at the entr. of the B. of Horsens, HiBALSTOW, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 3J m. S.S.W. Glandford-Brigg. Area 4,390 ac. P. 688. HiCKLETON, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Rid- ing, 6m. W.N.W. Doncaster. Ac. 770. P. 167. Hick LINO, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 9 m. S.E. North Walsham. Area, including a large sheet of water, 4,610 ac. Pop. 860. Here are some vestiges of a priory. — II. co. and 10 m. S.E. Nottingham. Area 2,930 ac. Pop. 581. Hickmaw, two COS., U. S., N. Amer. — I. Ten- nessee, cap. Centreville. Area 760 sq. m. Pop. 8,618. — II. Kentucky, in its S.W. part, cap. Clm- ton. Area 360 sq. m. Pop. 8,986. HicKOEY, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Pennsyl- vania, CO. Mercer. Pop. 1,831. HiDDA, a vill. of Afghanistan, 5 m. S. Jelala- bad, and where are numerous mounds, caves, & topes— the last being large cylindrical structures of masonry, some found to contain sepulchral re- lics, vessels, ornaments, Sassanian and Byzantine coins, and supposed to have been of Baddhic origin, constructed betw. the 6th & 8th centuries. HiDDENS-OE, an isl. of Prussian Pomerauia, in the Baltic, immediately W. Rugen. Length N. to S. 9 m. ; greatest breadth 1 m. Pop. 500, in 4 vills., the chief of which is Kloster. HiDJELLEE (native Hidjala), a marit. town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. Hooghly, at the mouth of the Hooghly riv., 67 m. S.S.W. Calcutta, and having a consid. trade in bay-salt. HiELM, an islet of Denmark, off the E. coast of Jutland, 6 m. S.E. Ebeltoft. H1EI.MAB, a considerable lake of Sweden, be- tween the tens Orebro, Nykoping, and Westeras. Length 40 m. ; breadth 14 m. The town Orebro is at its W. extremity. It contains several isls., and communicates on its N. side with the Arboga river and Lalce Maelar. HiERES Islands, France. [Hyeres.] HiEBBO, one of the Canary Islands. [Febbo.I HiETZiNG (Maria), a vill. of Loweb Austria, 3 m. S.W. Vienna. Pop. 2,000. [In summer 4,000.] It is finely situated behind the palace gardens of Schonbrunn, and contains many elegant summer villas of the Viennese. HiGHAM, a hamlet of England, co. Derby, pa. Shirland. Pop. 461. HioHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, i\ m. N.N.W, Rochester. Area 2,820 ac. . Pop. 777. — II. a pa., CO. Suffolk, 5 m. S. Hadleigh. Ac. 1,020. P. 259. HiQHAM Ferrers, a bor., mkt. town, and pa. of Engl., CO. and Xi\ m. E.N.E. Northampton, with a station on the Peterboro' branch of the London and N.W. railway, Om. S.W. Thrapston. Area of pa. 2,260 ac. Pop. 1,030. The town oc- cupies a rocky eminence, nas a fine richly orna- mented church, a town-hall, a free school and alms-ho., with chapel, &c., which are the re- mains of a monastic college, founded by Arch- bishop Chicheley in the reign of Henry v. Hig- ham has greatly suffered as a place of thorough- fare since the opening of railws. Mkt., Sat. Earl Fitzwilliam is proprietor and recorder of ttie bor. HiGHAM-GoBiON, a pa. of Engl., co. and 11 J m. S.S.E. Bedford. Area 770 ao. Pop. 109. HiGHAM-oN-THE-HiLL, a pa. of England, co. Leicester, 3m. W.N.W. Hinckley. Area2,880ac. Pop. 656. ' HIG 625 niL HiaHBEAT, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, SJ m. E.N.E. Barnstaple. Area 4,160 ac. Pop. 314. HiSHBKiDOE, a locality in Engl., oo. Somerset, with a R. Cath. chapel, & a station on the Bristol and Exeter railvfay, 7 m. N. Bridgewater. HiGHOLEKG, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 7i m. N.N.W. Whitchurch. Area 4,560 ac. Pop. 468. The Earl of Cai-naivon has a fine seat here. High-Ckoss, in Engl., co. Leicester, at the meeting of the ancient Roman Foss-way and Waging St, 6J m. W.N.W. Lutterworth. It is one of many localities, said to be the highest in Eng- land. A handsome modern cross stands here. HioHGATE, a vill. and chapelry of Engl., co. Middlesex, pas. Hornsey and St Pancras, i\ m. N.N.W. St Paul's, London. Pop. 4,302. It stands on a fine eminence, about 450 feet above the metropolis, has a handsome church, spacious cemetery, grammar school, founded in 1565, rev. 777t; hospital of the Mercer's Company, an alms-ho., & other charities, rev. about 300?. In the vicinity are numerous elegant villas, includ- ing Caen-wood, the seat of the Earl of Slansfleld. HiGHGATE, a tnshp., TJ. S., N. Amer., Vermont, onL. Champlain, 55 m. N.W. JNIontpelier. P. 2,292. HiGBLANns, districts in Scotland and in North America. [Ajkctic Highlands — Scotland.] Highland, a co., U. S., N. America, in S.E. part ot Ohio, between the Scioto and Miami rivs. Area 555 sq. m. Pop. 22,269. Surface elevated, and soil fertile. — IL a town, Iowa, 72 m. W. Indianapolis. Pop. 1,653. HiGHLET, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 6J m, S.S.E. Bridgenorth. Area 1,460 ac. Pop. 360. HiGHTAE, a Till, of Scotl., oo. Dumfries, pa. & 2i m. S. Lochmaben. Pop., with 3 other small contiguous vills., 664. The whole are called Four Toims, the land of which has been held by the in- habitants by mere right of possession, since the days of Bruce, who is said to have originally granted it to his domestic retainers. HiGHWAT, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 4^ m. N.E. Calne. Area 950 ac. Pop. 147. High- Week, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 1 m. W.N.W. Abbot's-Newton. Ac. 2,140. P. 1,303. HiGHwoKTH, a bor., mkt. town, and pa. of England, co. Wilts, 3J m. N.W. the Shrivenham station of the Great Western railway. Area of pa. 9,810 ac. Pop. 3,944. The town, on an emi- nence, near the Vale of White-Horse, is irregu- larly built of stone. Houses mostly old. It has an ancient church, with 2 curious chapels attach- ed. Annual charities about 250/. Mkt., Wed. Highworth is governed by a mayor, and is head of a poor-law union. Blunsdon-hill, in its vicinity, is a circular Roman entrenchment. HiGUEBA LA Real, a town of Spain, prov. and 41 m. S.S.E. Badajos. Pop. 4,992. It has an hospital and a Jesuits' college. HlGUEBA ISLA DE LA, Or &LA CbISTINA, a vllI. of Spain, prov. and 22 m. W.S.W. Huelva, witha natural harbour, between the rivers Guadiana & Odiel, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 1,819 — H. Junta a' Araeena,a.tovin,49m. N.N.E. Huelva, in the Sierra Morena. Pop. 1,196. — Higueruela is a vill. of Spain, prov. and 26 m. E. Albacete. Pop. 2,372. HijAE, a town of Spain, prov. & 62 m. N.N.E. Teruel, on the Martin, with an ancient parish church and Roman remains. Pop. 3,060. HiBLLAE, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. Kara- mania, dist. and 6 m. N. Kaisariyeh.* , HiLAiBE (St), numerous comms., towns, and ! vills. of France.— I. dep. Charente-Inf , 6 m. S. St Jean d'Angely. Pop. 1,321.-11. Aude, 5 m. | E.N.E. Limoux. Pop. 983.— III. Indre, cant. Le I Blanc. Pop. 1,010.— IV. Nord, 8 m. E. Cambral. Pop. 2,007.— V. {ff. de la C6te), Is6re, 22 in. E.S.E. Vienne. Pop. 1,259.— VI. (//. du Bar- couet), a town, dep. Manche, 9 m. S.W. Mortain. Pop. 3,068.— VII. (JB. des Zandes), lUe-et-Vilaine, 7 m. W. Fougeres. Pop. 1,789.— VIII. {H. des Loges), Vendue, 7 m. E. Fontenay. Pop. 3,670. —IX. (ff. Loulay), VendiSe, 22 m. N.N.E. Na- poleon- Vendue. Pop. 1,845..^X. (H. St Mesmin), Loiret, 4 m. S.W. Orleans, on 1. b. of the Loire. Pop. 1,282.— XI. (//■. de Rioz), Vendee, 17 m. N.N.W. Les Sables. Pop. 2,660.— XII. (//. de Talmont),V ejii6e,9 m. E.S.E. Les Sables. Pop. 2,420, witli mines of lead and argentif. sulphur. Hilary (St), a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, 2 m. S.E. Cowbridge. Pop. 164. HiLBOBOUGH, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 5J m. S. Swaffham. Area 3,230 ac. Pop. 337. HiLCHENBACH, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. Arnsberg, 9 m. N.N.E. Siegen. Pop. 1,279. HiLDBUEGHAusEN, a towu of Cent. Germany, Saxe Meiningen, cap. duchy, on the Werra, 17 m. S.E. Meiningen. Pop. 4,181. It has a gymnasium, a burgher and a Jews' school, orphan and lunatic asylums, manufs. of cloth and papier mach^. Formerly cap. duchy Saxe Hildburghausen, now united to Saxe Meiningen. In the neighbouring vill., Veilsdorf, is a porcelain factory. HiLDEESHAM, apa. ofEngl.jCO. Cambridge, 1^ m. N.W. Linton. Area 1,450 ac. Pop. 238. HiLDEESTON, Or HiNDOLVESTON, a pa. of Engl., CO. Norfolk, 3 m. N. Foulsham. Area 2,720 ac. Pop. 839 II. a chapelry, co. Stafi^ord, pa. & 3 m. E.N.E. Stone. Pop. 501. HiLDESHEiM, a town of Hanover, cap. landr. and principality, on the Innerste, an am. of the Leine, and on the railway from Hanover to Har- burg, 18 m. S.E. Hanover. Pop. (1846) 14,734, of whom l-3d are Roman Catholics. It is a large old-fashioned town, enclosed by ramparts, now used as public walks ; and has a cathedral of the 9th century, 3 churches, a consistory, & a college, belonging to the Roman Catholics ; a Lutheran college, deaf-mute and lunatic asylums, numerous public schools, a council-hall, treasury, consider- able trade in coarse linen cloths and yam, and the largest cattle fairs in the kingdom. — Its prin- cipty. has an area of 660 sq. m., & 162,913 inhabs. HiLDESLET, a tything of Engl., co. Gloucester, pa. Hawkesbury, 3 m. E.N.E. Wickwar. P. 666. HiLGAT, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 3J m. S. Market-Downham. Area 7,340 ac. Pop. 1,516. Hill, apa. of Engl., co. Gloucester, 3^ m. S.S. W. Berkeley. Area 2,020 ac. Pop. 227. HiLL-RiTEE, a riv. of British N. Amer., rises near lake Winnipeg, flows N.E. through seyeral small lakes, and under the name of Haye's river, enters Hudson Sea at Fort- York. Total coui-se estim. at 200 m. Princip. affl. the Shamatown. HiLLAH, a town of Asiatic-Turkey, pash. & 60 m. S.Bagdad, the modern representative of Baby- lon, and near the centre of its ruins, on both sides of the Euphrates, here 450 ft. in width, and crossed by a floating bridge. Lat. 32° 28' 30' N., Ion. 44° 28' E. Pop. about 10,000. It is enclosed by earth ramparts, and a ditch, entered by 4 gates, and has a citadel, a mosque, several convents, some pretty well supplied bazaars, and manuft. of silks, dye-houses, and tanneries, but its pop. is chiefly agricultural. [Babtlon.] HiLLAEv (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 6^ m. E.N.E. Penzance, and comprising the town Marazion, with important mines of copper and tin, mixed with lead and silver. Area 3,380 ac. Pop. 3,649. Hillaya, or HiLLiY*, a small town of Scinde, 2«. HIL 6i 39 m. S. Hyderabad, on tlie route from Tattah. Supplies of forage and water are here plentiful. Hill-Devbbili,, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 3^ m. S. Warminster. Area 1,420 ac. Pop. 118. HiLtE, a yill. of Prussian- Westphalia, reg. and 8 m. N.W. Minden. Pop. 2,486.-11. a. yill of Sweden, ten and 4 m. N.E. Gefle. HiLLEGOM, and Hiliesebsbebo, two vills. of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland. — ^I. on the Haarlem lake, 6 m. S.W. Haarlem, with 1,538 in- hahs II. cap. dist., 2^ m. N. Rotterdam. P. 1,991. HiLiiBBOD, a town of Denmark, isl. of Seeland, 20 m. N.N.W. Copenhagen. Pop. 1,800. It has a Latin school. Near it is a royal stud, with 700 horses, and the royal castle of Predericlisborg. HiLLEKSDON, a pa. of Engl., oo. & 3J m. S.S.W. Buckingham. Area 2,150 ac. Pop. 262. Hill-Fabbange, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 3J m. W. Taunton. Area 850 ac. Pop. 564. HiLLESHEiM, a Till, of Rheuish-Prussia, reg. and 36 m. N. Treves. Pop. 750. — Hillested is a pa. of Denmark, isl. LaaJand, 2 m. S.W. Marieboe. Pop. 500. Hii-LiNGDON, a pa. of Engl., co. Middlesex, com- prising the town Uxbridge. Ac. 4,720. P. 9,246. HiLT-iNQTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 31 m. E. Castle-Rismg. Area 2,230 ac. Pop. 321.— The hall is a fine structure, erected in 1627. — II. CO. Norfolk, 5i m. S.E. Norwich. Ac. 220. P. 64. Hill-Maeton, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 3 J m. N.N.E. Calne. Area 3,590 ac. Pop. 806. HiLL-MoETON, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 21 m. S.E. Rugby. Area 3,150 ac. Pop. 953. HiLLioN, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Cotes- du-Nord, arr. and 4 m. E. St Etienne. P. 2,518. HiLPEBTON, or HiLPEiNOTON, a pa. of Engl., CO. Wilts, li m. N.N.E. Trowbridge. Ac. 980. P. 973. HiLLSBOBODGH, a mkt.-to^vn, formerly a pari, bor., and pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Down, 3 m. S.S.W. Lisburn. Pop. of pa. 6,524 ; do. of town 1,338, partly employed in manufe. of linen. It has a remarkably fine church, with 3 towers, erected by the E. of Hillsborough, in 1774, ruins of a castle, the seat of the Marq. of Downshire, an hospital, district bridewell, & mkt.-house. Mkt., Thursday. HiLLSBOBOUGH, two COS. of the U. S. — I. in S. part of New Hampshire. Area 1,245 sq. m. Pop. 42,491. — II. Florida, in W. part of its peninsula. Pop. 452. — A township. New Hampshu-e, 21 m. W.S.W. Concord. Pop. 1,807 II. atnshp.. New Jersey, Somerset co. Pop. 2,863 III. atnshp.. Cape Highland co. Pop. 1,200. HiLLSBOEODGH, the priocip. town of the island Carriacou, one of the Grenadines, W. Indies. Hii-iSDALE, a CO. of U. S., N. Amer., in S. of Michigan. Area 576 sq. m. Pop. 7,240. Also, a tnshp.. New York, 45 m. S. Albany. P. 2,470. HiLSBACH, a town of Baden, circ. Midd. Rhine, 17 m. S.S.E. Heidelberg. Pop. 1,366. HiLSENHEiM, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. B. Rhin, arr. & 5 m. N.E. Schelestatt. P. 1,841. HiLSTOH, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Riding, 13 m. E.N.E. Hull. Area 630 ac. Pop. 41. HiLTENFiNGEN, a viU. of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, 17 m. S.S.W. Augsburg. Pop. 689. Hilton, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Derby, pa. Mar- ston^on-Dore,2J m. E.N.E. Tutbury. Pop. 723. — II. a pa., CO. Dorset, 7i m. W.S.W. Blandford- Forum. Area 1,870 ac. Pop. 730 III. co. Hunts, 3^ m. S.S.W. St Ives. Area 1,510 ac. Pop. 344 IV. CO. York, N. Riding, 21 m.E.S.E. Yarm. Area 1,510 ac. Pop. 126 ^V. atnshp., co. Durham, pa. Monk-Wearmouth, 3J m. W.N.W. Sunderland. Area 2,670 ac. Pop. 350. The castle, anciently the seat of the Hylton family, is a fine baronial structure, on the Wear. — VI. 8 HIM (Peel), CO. Lancaster, pa. Dean, 6m. N.E.Leigh. Pop. 3,052. Here is the anc. seat of the Peel family. — Vn. (Middle), in same pa., 8 m. E. Wigan. Pop. 902.— VIIL (Over), 2 m. W.N.W. Peel-Hilton. Pop. 445. The park has been the seat of the Hilton family since the Conquest. HiLPOiSTEiH, a small town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Palatine, 20 m. S.S.E. Numberg, with a ducal resid., & 1,495 inhabs.— II. a vill., circ. TJpp. Franconia, 23 m. S.W. Bayreuth. Pop. 488. HiLTAEENBEEK, & HllVEESDM, a tOWU & vlll. of the Netherlands, the former, prov. N. Brabant, cap. dist., 16 m. S.S.W. Bois-le-Duc. Pop. of dist. 2,384 ; the latter, prov. N. Holland, cap. dist., 16 m. S.E. Amsterdam, with 4,999 inhabs., engaged iu weaving carpets and cotton cloths. HimIlata, or Himmaleh MonHTAiNS, "the dwelling of snow," the Jmmaus of the ancients, extend along the N. boundary of Hindostan, and form the most elevated mountain-chain in the world. They are situated between lat. 27° & 35° N., and Ion. 73° and 98° E. The Hindoo Coosh range is continuous with the Himalaya mountains on the W., & on the E. they extend into Assam. The length of the range is estimated at 1,500 m. ; the breadth, as far as ascertained, varies from 100 m. to 350 m. The range lies between t?ro plains, a low aUuvial plain on the S., drained by the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, and the ele- vated table-land of Tibet on the N. and N.E. The mountains terminate on the S., towards the plain of the Ganges, m a wall-like range, from 4,000 to 5,000 feet high, broken up, at intervals, by deep precipitous chasms, through which the springs and rivers, formed from the melted snows in the interior, flow down with great impetuosity. Between these and the higher ranges lie the fer- tile and well-cultivated valleys of Nepaul,Bhotan, and Assam. To the N., the enormous masses are separated from one another by the valleys of Cashmere, the Indus, and the Sutleje. The mean elevation of the range has been estimated at from 16,000 to 20,000 feet. Forty of the peaks have an elevation exceeding 20,000 feet. Several reach a height of 25,000 feet, and Dwalagiri is about 28,000 feet, Kunchuiginga 28,178 feet, Ju- wahir 2.5,670 feet, Jumnautri 25,500 feet, and Cha- malari 23,929 feet. The high table-land of Ti- bet, forming the N. portion of the range, has a more gradual and extensive slope than the steep and abrupt mountain declivities of the S. The Himalaya maintains a considerable height and breadth along the N. of Assam, but beyond this point nothing certain is known of the range. The passes, of which there are several across the Himalaya, are at high elevations. Karakomm pass is 18,600 feet, Parangla 18,500 feet, Doora Ghaut 17,760 feet, Niti Ghaut 16,814 feet. The difficulty of these ascents is extreme, especially that of the Niti Pass, which leads to Mansa, the sacred lake of Tibet. The base and summits, and probably the great mass of this range, con- sists of granite and crystalline-stratified rocks. A zone of Silurian strata prevails at elevations of 16,000 to 18,000 feet, and tertiary strata, some of very modern date, with many organic remams, occur at various elevations along the ridge. The lower limits of the snow line is on the southern side, at an elevation of 12,981 feet, while on the northern it is 16,620 feet. Vegetation also ex- tends much higher on the N. than on the S. side. This arises from the serenity and dryness of the air, and the radiated heat from the extensive sloping table-land towards the N., while on its S. there are more frequent gales and moisture, and an abrupt precipitous termination of the monn- II I M 627 HIN tains. Some of the pealca in the interior are free of snow, and the contrast of this, with the other snow-covered summits, and the deep azure of the slcy, renders the scenery most magnificent. The base of the mountains to the S. is covered with a dense, impenetrable jangle, separating them from the plains of India. This belt diminishes to the W. and N. of the Jumna. Cultivation is carried to the foot of the mountains. At the level of the base the vegetation is of a tropical character ; at an elevation of 5,000 feet, European plants suc- ceed. Here rice, and other grains, are cultivated ; as also a species of arum, tne roots of which form the food of the Hill-people, and wheat grows at an elevation of 13,000 feet. The cultivation of the tea plant has been introduced successfully in the Kumaon and Gnrhwal districts. Herds of cattle are numerous, and especially sheep and goats. Mines of iron, lead, and copper exist, but have been little wrought or explored. HiHBLETOK, a pa. of England, co. Worcester, 4J m. S.E. Droitwieh, within the pari, bounds of which it is included. Area 2,459 ac. Pop. 124. HiHLST, a pa. of England, co. Stafford, 3J m. W. Dudley. Area 1,200 ac. Pop. 409. It has manuls. of scythes and edge tools. The hall is the seat of Earl Dudley. HiMMELPFORTEN, a vill. of N.W. Germany, HanOver, landr. and 8 m. W. Stade. Pop. 610. — Btmmelkron, is a market town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Franconia, with a royal castle, and the tombs of several princes of Bayreuth, Pop. 682. HbEB-HoHE),atown of Central Germany, cap. laudgraviate Hessen-Hombnrg, 9 m. N.N.W. Frankfdrt-on-the-Main. Pop. 4,600. It has a castle, built in 1680, and a stocking manufactory, but it is best known for its well- frequented minend springs. It has elegant bath establishments, and is one of the most noted gambling places in Europe. [Hessen- HOMBUBO.] Home, adist. of Upper Canada, between Lakes Ontario and Huron, & having E. the dist. New- castle, and W. Gore and London. It contains Lake Simcoe, and is watered by the rivers Tal- bot, Nottawasaga, and Severn. In it is Toronto, cap. of Upper Canada. — Home Bay, British N. America, N. of Cumberland island, is in lat. 68° W N., Ion. 68° W. HoHEB, a township of the U. S., N. America, New York, 20 m. N.E. Ithaca. Pop. 3,672. HoMEBSFiELD, a pa. of England^ co. Suffolk, 4 m. S.W. Bungay. Area 680 ac. Pop. 291. HoMEETOif, a vill. of England. [Hacknei.] HoMiNGTou, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 3i m. S.S.W. Salisbury. Area 1,340 ac. Pop. 171. In the church is a moniuncut to G. Stanley, gent., who died in 1719, aged 151. HoMHE, a river of Belgian Luxembourg, tri- butary to the Lesse, which it joins after a course of 25 m. Bure and Kochefort are on its banks. HoMOBOD, several vills. of Transylvania, Szekler-land, the principal being H.- Almas, stuhl & 9 m. S.E. Udvarhely. Near it is the grotto of Almas or Amas, famous in local history as a place of retreat against invaders from the E. and S. — The Great Homorod is a river which joins the Aluta, after a S.S.W. course of 30 m. HoMS, or Hems (Bmesa), a town of Syria, pash. and 86 m. N.N.E. Damascus. Pop. estimated at 30,000. It is built of dark basalt, and has nu- merous mosques, some churches, a large khan, well supplied bazaars, manufs. of gold and silver thread, cotton, woollen, and silk fabrics, and an active trade with Hamah, Aleppo, and Damascus. Its vicinity is irrigated by canals from the Or- ontes, which river traverses the Lake of Horns, a lake 3 m. S.ward, and about 13 m. in length by 2 m. in breadth. Ho-NAN, an inland prov. of China, mostly be- tween lat. 82° and 37° N., and Ion. 110° and 116" E., and enclosed by the provs. Shan-si, Chi-li, Ngau-hoei, Hou-pe. Pop. (1812) 23,037,171. Surface mostly flat and highly fertile; its N. part is intersected by the Hoang-ho. Principal products comprise rhubarb, tea, indigo, musk, and silk. It is divided into 9 deps. ; chief city Khai-fung — II. a city, cap. dep., in same prov., on an atfiuent of the Hoang-ho, in lat. 34° 40' N., Ion. 112° 28' E — III. a famous Buddhist temple, on an island near Canton. Honda, atownofS. Amer., New Granada, dep. Cundinamarca, on the Magdalena, 55 m. N.W. Bogota. Pop. 6,000 (?). It is regularly built, and has some religious edifices, a college, and two bridges, and is a dep6t for the commercial pro- duce of the S. provs. of New Granada. — Honda is the name of a bay on the N. coast of New Gran- ada, lat. 12° 20' N., Ion. 71° 60' W. ; and of a bay, on the N. coast of Cuba, 60 m. W. Havana. Hondo, or Kio Gbande, a river of Yucatan and British Honduras, enters a bay of the Carib- bean Sea, 26 m. S.E. Bacalar. HoNDSCHOOTB, a frontier comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, cap. cant., 10 m. S.E. Dun- kerque. Pop. 2,250. HoNDnEAS (Bat of), a wide inlet of the Carib- bean Sea, mostly between lat. 16° and 20° N., and Ion. 84° and 88° W., having S. Mosquito and the state Honduras, and W. British Honduras and Yucatan. It receives the Belize, Motagua, and numerous other rivers, and contains the islands Buatan, Tureffe, Gnanaja, &c., with a multitude of islets and reefs, termed keys. HoNDDBAS (Bbitish), Ccutr. Amer. [Balize.] HoNETBBOOK, a towusUp of the tr. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, 38 m. N.W. Philadelphia. Pop. 1,773. Honetchubch, apa. of Engl., co. Devon, 6J m. E.S.E. Hatherieigh. Area 710 ac. Pop. 69. HoNFLEUB, a comm. & seaport town of France, dep. Calvados, on the S. or left bank of the estu- ary of the Seine, 8 m. S.E. Havre. Pop. (1846) 9,506. It is ill-built, dirty, and dull, having de- clined with the rise of Havre. On a wooded height above it is a church, a good deal resorted to by seafaring devotees. Its port, sheltered by a pier, is adapted only for small vessels, but 2,320,000 fr. were some years ago voted by the French Cham- bers for its improvement. Honfleur exports to Engl, about 7,000 doz. eggs weekly, with butter, fruits, &c. ; has an active trade with America, ship-building docks, and rope-walks. Fine me- lons, and a good deal of other fruit, are grown in its vicmity. This was the last town in Normandy which submitted to Henri iv. HoNQ-KoNa, an isl. off the coast of China, E. of the entrance of the Canton river, lat. 22° 12' N., Ion. 114° 13' E., & now erected into a British colony. Length, E. to W., 8 m. ; breadth varies from 2 to 6 m. Pop. (1846) 23,748, of whom 23,114 were Chinese. Surface mntnous. & bare. Here are some good roadsteads, but violent hurricanes are frequent. On the N. coast is the cap. town, Victoria, and on the S. the vill. Stanley, now con- nected by a good road ; besides which, another newly made road extends nearly round the island. Pubhc rev. (1846) 22,242?. Govern, vested in a governor, council, & the orders of the sovereign in council. Hong-Kong became a British pos- session by treaty with China, June 26th, 1843. Regular steam communication is kept up with England ; average passage, 66 days. HON 636 HOO HoNiLT, a pa. of Engl., co. and 6J m. N.N.W. Warwiolc. Area 660 ao. Pop. 60. HoNiNC, apa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 3m. E.S.E. North- Walsham. Area 1,310 ac. Pop. 344. HoNiNGHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 8 m. E.S.E. East-Dereham. Area 2,780 ae. Pop. 358. The hall is a fine Elizabethan structure. HoNntaTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 5 m. N.N.W. Grantham. Area 1,250 ac. Pop. 149.— II. CO. Suffolk, 7 m. N.N.E. Bury-St-Edmund's. Area 1,450 ac. Pop. 273. The poet Bloomfleld was bom here in 1766. — III. co. Warwick, 1^ m. N. Shipton-on-Stour. Area 2,600 ac. Pop. 335. HoNiTON, a pari, bor., mkt. town, & pa. oflEngl., CO. Devon, on the Otter, 16J m. E.N.E. Exeter. Area of pa. and bor. 2,800 ac. Pop. of do. 3,895. Inhab. ho. in do. 767. It is situated in a vale celebrated for beauty and fertility, and consists chiefly of 1 long spacious street, well-built, paved, and lighted, and throughout the whole length of which runs a fine stream of water. It has an anc. church, containing a curious screen, and many old monum., and a superb modem gothic church ; a small grammar school, a nnion workliouse, and an hospitaj, with chapel, founded for lazars, or poor people, before 1641 ; other charities about 2001. Honiton has long been celebrated for its manufs. of serges, and of lace. Large markets for butter, &c., on TMes., Thurs., and Sat. The bor. is gov. by a portreeve, elected in a manor- court of its anc. lords, the Courtenays, Earls of Devon. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C, and is also a polling place for co. Keg. elects. (1848) 414. HoNOBisE LA Chakdonne (Ste), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Orne, 17 m. N.N.E. Dom- front. Pop. 1,541. — II. {La Gmllaume], 16 m. W.N.W. Argentan. Pop. 1,274. HoNLEi, a chapelry of Engl., co. York, W. Biding, pa. Almondbury, 3 m. S. Hudders- field. Pop. 5,383, mostly employed in manufs. of fancy woollen goods. HoNNiNOEN, a mkt. town of Rhenish-Prussia, reg. & 17 m. N. W. Coblentz, on r. b. of the Khine. Pop. 1,230 n. a Till., 30 m. W.N.W. Coblentz. HoNNEOorBT, a market town of France, dep. Nord, on the canal of St Quentin, near the Scheldt, 8 m. S. Cambrai. Pop. 1,417. HoNOLnLn, or HoNORUKn, the princip. town of the Sandwich isls.. Pacific O., on Woahoo isl., in lat. 21'' 18' 2' N., Ion. 157° 55' W. It is meanly built, but an entrep6t for European and Indian goods, re-shipped hence to America ; and some- times 80 whalers, each of from 300 to 600 tons burden, anchor here. [Sandwich IsLS.,p. 1139.] HoNOE DE Cos (L'), a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, on r. b. of the Aveyron, 7 m. N.N.E. Montauban. Pop. 1,536. HoNORE (Ste), a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Nifevre, 11 m. S.S.W. Chateau-Chinon. Pop. 1,051. It has sulphur baths, & some antiquities. HoNKDBiA, a town of Spain, prov. & 30 m. S.W. Cuenca, Pop. 1,820. Hoc, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 2 m. N.N.E. East-Dereham. Area 1,610 ac. Pop. 220 II. CO. Suffolk, 7 m. N. Woodbridge. Area 540 ac. Pop. 211.— III. {St Werburgh), 00. Kent, 3J m. N.E. Rochester. Area 4,460 ac. Pop. 930. It has a union workhouse. — IV. {St Mary's), same co.,5m. N.N.E. Gillingham. Ac. 1,920. Pop. 297. — V. (Allhallows). [Allhallows, Kent.]— VI. a chapelry, co. Devon, pa. & 1 m. N. Plymstock. HooBLY, Havili, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bombay, dist. and 13 m. S.E. Dharwar. Pop. in 1820, estimated at 15,000. It has two forts, some Mohammedan edifices, and a good trade. Hood Channel, N.W. America, Oregon terr., is an inlet of the Georgian gulf, lat. 47° 53' N., Ion. 122° 30' W. — Hood's river, Brit. N. America, flows into Coronation gulf, Arctic O. — Hood's Island is one of the Galapagos group. HooE, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 6 m. S.W. Battle. Area 2,290 ae. Pop. 519. HooGE, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 7^ m. N. Breda. Pop. 1,314. HooGEVEEN, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Drenthe, cap. cant., 19 m. S. Assen. Pop. 6,995. HoosEZAND, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. and 8 miles S.E. Groningen. Pop. 1,680. HooGHLT, a town and dist., Brit. India, presid. Bengal, the town on the r. b. of the Hooghly riv., 25 m. N. Calcutta. It is large, prosperous, and picturesque, occupying an elevated site, its build- ings being interspersed with trees and bamboo plantations. Principal structures, a handsome church, various Hindoo temples, & ghauts (flights of stairs), and a government college for English, Persian, Arabic, and other languages. Here, in 3 632, occurred the first serious outbreak between the Moguls and Europeans ; and in 1686, the first engagement between the British and the Moguls, when the fleet of the former bombarded the town. The dist. Hooghly has an area of 2,260 sq. m. ; had, in 1822, a pop. of 1,239,150, mostly Hindoos ; and in 1840, yielded a land rev. of 119,390^., and a total rev. of 131,120i Hooghly river, the W.- most branch of the Ganges, at its delta, formed by the union of the Cossimbazar, and JeUinghy branches, about 65 m. N. Calcutta, besides which city, Hooghly, Chinsurah, Chandernagore, Bar- rackpoor, Serampore, Foltah, Cnlpee, and Hin- jellee, are the princip. places on its banks. Total length about 200 m. ; its mouth is nearly 10 m. across. It is the only branch of the Ganges na- vigated by large vessels, and that alone in the delta which is considered sacred by Hindoos. HooGKABSPEL, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, N.E. Hoom. Pop. 974 ; and Hoog- kerh, a pa., prov. and W. Gronino^en. HooGLEDE, a comm. & town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 17 m. S.S.W. Bruges. Pop. 4,033. HooGSTBAETEN, a Small town of Belgium, prov. & 20 m. N.E. Antwerp, cap. cant., on the March, with 1,550 inhabs., an old castle, & some manufs. Hook, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 4 m. E. Bea- minster. Area 1,190 ac. Pop. 268. — II. a chplry., CO. Torlc, W. Riding, pa. Snaith, IJ m. S. How- den. Pop. 1,221. Hook, a pa. of Ireld., Leinster, co. Wexford, forming the S. part of the peninsula which screens Waterford harbour on the E. Pop. 523. At its extremity is an anc. and very curious tower, now used as a lighthouse. Loftus-hall is in this pa. HooLE, a pa. of Engl., co. Lancaster, 6| m. S.W. Preston. Area 2,500 ac. Pop. 989. Hooly-Onobb, a town and fort of HindostaJQ, Mysore dom., 130 m. N.W. Seringapatam. HooBMAKA, a seaport town, Beloochistan,prov. Mukran, on the Indian Ocean, lat. 26° 25' N., Ion. 65° 6' E. Pop. about 2,000. Some small vessels owned here trade to Arabia, Scinde, and Cutch, and the town pays an annual rev. of 1,000 rupees to the chief of Lus. HooBN, a fortified seaport town of the Nether- lands, prov. N. Holland, cap. dist., on the Zuyder- zee, 20 m. N.N.E. Amsterdam. Pop. (1840) 8,668. It has a naval college, and an active trade in ship- building; also in cheese, butter, herrings, cattle, & the products of its manufs., which comprise car- pets, woollen cloths, &c. Birth-place of the naviga- tor Schouten, who discovered Cape Hoorn (Horn), and named it after his native town ; and of Tas- man, the discoverer of New Zealand & Tasmania. HOO car HOR HoosiCK, a township, TJ. S., New-York, 32 m. N.E. Albany. Pop. 3,539, employed in cotton and other manufe. HooTOS (Pagnell), a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Kiding, 6} m. N.W. Doncaster. Area 2,740 ac. Pop. 432. — II. (Roberts), same co. & Rid- ing 6i m. S.S.E. Dai-field. Area 1,050 ac. P. 175. Hope, or Eastyn, a small contrib. pari. bor. & pa., N. Wales, co. Flint, on the Alen, here crossed by an anc. bridge, 6 m. S.£. Mold. Pop. of pa. 2,916. The town has an anc. church, and ruins of a castle built prior to the conquest of Wales by Edward i. It is governed by a mayor, and joins with FUnt, &c., in sending 1 mem. to the H. of C. Hope, several pas., &c., of Engl. — I. a small mkt. town and pa., co. Derby, 5 m. N.N.E. Tides- well. Area 36,160 ac. Pop. 4,434, partly em- ployed in mannfs. of lace, thread, sacking, ropes, hats, and cottons, and in mines. It is an anc. and picturesque vill., in the romantic valley of Hope- dale. I&t., Friday. — II. (All-Saints), a pa., co. Kent, IJ m. N.W. New Romney. Area 1,550 ac. Pop. 21.— III. (Bagot), co. Salop, 5 m. E.S.E. Ludlow. Area 650 ac. Pop. 75. — IV. (Bawd- ier), same co., 12 m. N.N.W. Ludlow. Area 2,470 ac. Pop. 1&4. — V. (Mcmsell), co. Hereford, 3J m. S.S.E. Ross. Area 1,190 ac. Pop. 187.— VI. (Say), CO. Salop, 5J m. S.E. Bishop's Castle. Area 3,010 ac. Pop. 660.— VIL (Sellers), co. Hereford, 6 m. N.N.E. Ross. Area 1,250 ac. Pop. 161 VIII. (Under JOinmore), same co., 4J m. S.S.E. Leominster. Area 3,660 ac. Pop. 586. In the church arc some beautiful ancient monuments of the Coningsby family. Hope, two townships, TT. S., N. America. — I. Maine, 33 m. E.S.E. Augusta. Pop. 1,770.-11. New Jersey, 66 m. N.W. Trenton. Pop. 1,690. Hope (Islak-d), off the S.E. coast of Spitzber- gen, Arctic O., is in lat. 76"' 20' N.', Ion. 19° 54' E. It is monntainons, and has a harbour ou its N. side. It was discov. in 1613 Hope Islands are a group off the E. coast of Australia. — Hope Note, EngL, E. coast of Devonshire, bounds Tor- bay on the N. — Hope River, Jamaica, co. Surrey, enters the Caribbean Sea, 5 m. E.S.E. Kingston, after a S. course of 10 m. — Hop^s Advance Bay, N. coast of Labrador, is in lat. 60° N., Ion. 70° W. Hopetoun-House, Scotland. [Abebcorn.] Hope-Town, a vill. of Brit. Guiana, about 1 m. from Fort-Wellington, well laid out, and with about 2,000 inhabitants. Hopewell, several tnshps., U. S., N. Amer. — 1. New Jersey, 17 m. N. Trenton. Pop. 3,205.— n. in same state, co. Cumberland. Pop. 2,220. — in. Pennsylvania, 14 m. S.E. York. Pop. 1,905. —IV. New York, 187 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,976. — ^V. Pennsylvania, co. & 13 m. S.W. Huntingdon. Pop. 1,238 ^VI. Pennsylvania, co. Beaver. Pop. 1,603.— VII. Pennsylvania, co. & 12 m. N.W. Washington. Pop. 1,596 — VIII. Pennsylvania, CO. & 15 m. N.E. Bedford. Pop. 1,213.— IX. co. Cumberland, 21 m. W. Carlisle. Pop. 1,036.— X. Ohio, 46 m. E. Columbus. Pop. 1,860.— XI. Ohio, CO. Perry. Pop. 1,544. — Hopewell-head is a cape of Labrador, Brit. N. Amer,, projecting into Hudson-bay, in lat. 57° 10' N., Ion. 77° W., adjacent to which is Hopewell-bay. HopiTAL (TJ), or Albebtvllle, a town of the Sardinian sta., prov. Upper Savoy, J m. N.W. Conflans, on rt. b. of the Doron. Pop. 3,406. Hopkins, a co., TJ. S., N. Amer., in W. part of Kentucky. Area 750 sq. m. Pop. 9,171. — Hop- hinsmlle is the name of many vills., U. S., the princip. in Kentucky, cap. Christiansville. P. 1,681. HoPKiNTON, a township, TJ. S., N. Amer., New Hampshire, 7 m. W. Concord. Pop. 2,455.-11. Massachusetts, 26 m.W.S.W. Boston. Pop. 2,245. —III. Rhode Isl., CO. Washington, with a flour- ishin^vill. on Charles river. Pop. 1,726. — IV. New York, co. St Lawrence. Pop. 1,147. HoPTON, a liberty of Engl., co. Stafford, pa. St Mary and Chad, 2i m. N.E. Stafford. Pop. 464. It has ruins of a priory, and was the scene of a severe contest between the royal and pari, armies. —II. a pa., 00. Suffolk, 8 m. W. Diss. Area 1,440 ac. Pop. 623. — III. same co., 4i m. N. Lowestoff. Area 1,250 ac. Pop. 251.— IV. (Castle), co. Salop, 6J m. S.E. Bishop's Castle. Area 2,260 ac. Pop. 164. — V. (In the Hole), same co.,4m.N.N.E. Lud- low. Area 320 ac. Pop. 30.— VI. (Monks), same CO., 4J m. S. Much-Weulock. Area 3,190 ac. Pop. 189.— VII. (Wafers), 8 m. E. Ludlow. Area 1,890 ac. Pop. 481. Hopwoon, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Middleton, 4 m. S.S.W. Rochdale. Pop. 1,545. The hall is the seat of the Hopwood family. HoB (Moont), a mntn. of Arabia- Petraea, on the B. side of the Wady-Arabah, nearly inter- mediate between the Dead Sta and the head of the G. of Akabah, and forming part of Mt. Seir, or Edom. It is a steep and irregular truncated cone, having three peaks on the N., in the loftiest of which is a grotto, the reputed tomb of Aaron. HoHAZDiowiTZ, a town of Bohemia, circ. Pra- chin, on 1. b. of the Wattawa, 63 m. S.S.W. Prague. Pop. 1,997, employed in woollen and linen cloth weaving. HoKB, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Black- Forest, on the Neckar, 31 m. S.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 2,100. It has a castle and a rich hospital. Hobbling, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 3 m. E.N.E. Folkingham. Area 2,620 ac. Pop. 571. Hoebdkt, a chapelry of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, with a station on the Manches. & Leeds railw., pa. and 3 m. S.-W. Wakefield. Pop. 2,683, employed in woollen manufs. HoECAjADA, a town of Spain, prov. Cuenca, 50 m. S.E. Madrid. Pop. 806. HoRCAJO de Santiago, a town of Spain, prov. and 43 m. S.W. Cuenca. Pop. 2,820. Hobcasitas, a town of the Mexican confeder- ation, dep. and 70 m. S. Neuvo Santander. Horde, a town of Prussian-Westphalia, reg. Arnsberg, circ. and 2 m. S.E. Dortmund. Near it are some productive coal mines. — Hordt is a vill. of Rhenish-Bavaria, on the Rhine. P. 1,600 ; and Hordien, a vill., Baden, 12 m. S. Carlsruhe. Hokdlev, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 3 m. S.S.W. Ellesmere. Area 1,980 ac. Pop. 308. Hobdwell, or Hoedle, a pa., Engl., co. Hants, 4 m. S.W. Lymington. Area 1,930 ac. Pop. 845. Hoee-Abbev, a pa. of Irel., Munster, co. Tip- perary, adjoining Cashel. Pop. 536. Here are beautiful and well preserved remains of an abbej', founded in 1272, by an archbishop of Cashel. Hoeeb (ModntJ, a famous mntn. of Arabia- Petrsea, in the peninsula of Sinai, forming the N. end of the ridge, with the plain Wady-er-Rahah on the W., and supposed to be the Mount Sinai of Scripture. [Sinai.] HoEiiHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 4 m. E.S.E. Eye. Area 1,660 ac. Pop. 442. HoKFiELD, a pa. of Engl., co. Glos'ter, 2^ m. N.Bristol. Area 1,190 ac. Pop. 620. HoEGEN, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Zurich, on the W. shore of its lake, 8 m. S.S.E. Zurich. Pop. of pa. (1833) 3,336. It has manufs. of silks and cotton stuffs, and a harbour on the lake. HoKKEsLEV (Gt.), a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 6 m. N.N.W. Colchester. Area 2,880 ac. Pop. 730.— II. (Little), same co., 2 m. S.S.W. Neyland. Area 1,060 ac. Pop. 206. HOR 638 HOR HoBKSTOW, a pa. of Engl., eo. Lincoln, i m. S.W. Barton. Area 1,890 ac. Pop. 228. HoBLET, a pa. of Engl., eo. Oxford, 3J m. N.W. Banbury. Area 2,370 ac. Ps, a group ofF the W. coast of Australia, between lat. 28° and 29° S., and Ion. 113° and 114° E. Hove, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 1| m.W.N. W. Brighton, with a station on the S. coast railway. Area 720 ac. Pop. 2,509. It is frequented as a watering-place ; has many handsome houses, & an ancient interesting church. HovEKDfGHAM, 3. pa. of England, co. Notts, 4^ m. S. Southwell. Area 1,050 ac. Pop. 398. HovETON, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 7 m. S. North Walsham. Area 2,440 ac. Pop. 454. HovnfSHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Biding, 7J m. W.N.W. New Malton. Ac. 8,6-30. P. 1,277. HowABD, a township of the U. S., N. America, New York, 204 m. W. Albany. Pop. 3,247.-11. Pennsylvania, 97 m. N.W. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,409.— lU. Ohio, CO. Knox. Pop. 1,000. HowAEB, a CO., U. S., N. Amer., Missouri, near the centre of the state, cap. Fayette. P. 13,108. How-CApiiE, a pa. of England, co. and 8^ m. E.S.E. Hereford. Area 970 ac. Pop. 140. HowoEs, a market town and pa. of England, CO. York, E. Biding, on the Ouse, here crossed by a ferry, and with a station on the Hull and Selby railway, 22 m. W. Hull. Area of pa. 14,510 ac. Pop. 4,850. Pop. of town 2,332. It is neatly built, and has a magnificent church, formerly collegiate. Here are also extensive remains, now converted into a farm-house, of a favourite palace of the bishops of Durham, to whom the site still belongs, and in which died the celebrated bishops, Pudsey, a.d. 1196, and Skirlaw, 1406. Howden is head of a poor-law union, and a polling-place for the E. Biding. It has 3 branch banks, a market on Saturday, and some of the largest horse fairs in England, lasting 14 days in Sept. and Oct. Howdew-Pahs, a township of England, co. Northumberland, pa. Wallsend, on the Tyne, 25 m. W.S.W. North Shields. P. 1,296. Numerous vessels are built, and much coal is shipped here. Howe (Cape), the S.E. point of Australia, Lat. 37° SC S., Ion. 160° 5' E.—West Cape Howe is in W. Australia, co. Plantagenet, 18 m. 8.W. Albany. [Lord Howe's Island,'] Hows, a pn. of England, co. Norfolk, 5.J m. E.N.E. Loddon. Area of pa. 970 ac. Pop. 92. Howell, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 4i m. E.N.E. Sleaford. Area 1,C50 ao. Pop. 72. In the church are some curious ancient monuments. Howell, a township of the U. S., N. America, New Jersey, co. Monmouth. Pop. 4,699. Howes, a pa. of England. [Hose.] Howick, a pa, of England, co, Northumber- land, on the Lea, 4i m. E.N.E, Alnwick, Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 242. Earl Grey, to whom the vill. gives the title of viscount, has a seat here. Howth (The Hill of), a peninsula and pa. of Ireland, Lcinster, co. Dublin, forming the N.E. screen of Dublin Bay. Area of pa. 2,760 ac, mostly a rocky and remarkably picturesque ridge, rising 663 feet above the sea. Pop. 1,638, ex- tensively engaged in fisheries. Pop, of vill., which is 8 m. by railway E.N.E. Dublin, 692. It has a large harbour of refuge, with extensive piers, light-house, &c., constructed by Telford, at a cost of nearly 500,000^., but from its position, the rocks which still obstruct it, and the accumu- lation of sand, now almost useless ; an old castle, the seat of the St Lawrence family for nearly 7 centuries, ruins of a church erected in 1228, and in the centre of the town, the remains of an ab- bey said to have been founded by the Danes 1038, The romantic beauty of the peninsula attracts numerous visitors. Here is also a race-course, and at the extremity of the peninsula a handsome light-house, on a lofty rock, with a fixed red light. Howth gives the title of earl to the de- scendants of its Anglo-Norman conquerors, and still its chief proprietors, the St Lawrence or Tristram family. HoxNE, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 3^ m. N.E. Eve, within the bounds of which pari. bor. it is included. Area 1,890 ac. Pop. 1,313. Ed- mund, King of the E. Angles, was killed here by the Danes, a. d. 870, HoxTEB a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 42 m. S.S.E. Minden, on 1. b. of the Weser. Pop. .3,657, partly employed in chicory manufs,, and in linen weaving, brewing, and distilling, 2 m, distant is Corvey, an anc, Benedictine abbey. HoxTON, a parochial district, forming a sub- urb of London, pa. St Leonard-Shoreditch, 2 m. N.E. St Paul's, to the Dean and Chapter of which the manor belonged previous to the conquest. Pop. returned with pa. Here are the Haber- dashers' alms-house for 20 men and 20 boys, founded in 1692 by E. Aske, rev. 3,650i. Hot, an island and pa. of Orkney, 2^ m. S. Stromness. Length 14 m. ; extreme breadth 6 m. Pop. of island 1,486. It has fine cliff scenery, and a harbour at Longhope. Weekly communi- cation by steam is maintained with Leith. Hota, a CO. of Hanover, enclosed by the We- ser and Hunt rivers, landr. Hanover, Area 1,145 sq, m. Pop, (1846) 223,000, mostly Lu- therans, Surface alternately marshy and fertile. Cattle rearing, agriculture, and linen weaving are the chief branches of industry. Chief town, Niembnrg, — II. a market town in above co., on the Weser, here crossed by a bridge, 23 m. S.S.E, Bremen. P05. 2,000, employed in transit trade, and linen fabrics. Hover, a petty seaport town, Denmark, duchy Sohleswig, with a harbour on the N, Sea, 26 m. S.W, Ribe, It has an export trade in oysters._ HoTERswEBT>A, a towu of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 84 m. W.N.W. Leignitz, on the Black Elster. Pop. 2,060, chiefly agricultural. HoTLAND (High), a pa. of England, co. York, W. Riding, 5 m. W.N.W. Barnsley. Area 3,250 2 s HOT 642 HUD ao. Pop. 1,444, partly employed in woollen manufe. and collieries. — 11. (Nether), a chapelry, same Riding, pa. Wath-on-Deam, 3J m. S.W. Darfield. Pop. 2,597. — III. (Swain), a township, same Kiding, pa. Silkstone, 5 m. "W.S.W. Barns- ley. Pop. 713. HoTLE Lake, or Hotlake, a vill. of England, CO. Chester, pa. W. Kirby, on the Dee at its mouth, 11 m. N.N.W. Great Neston. Pop. 444. It has buildings for the accommodation of sea- bathers, and two light-houses with fixed lights, in lat. 53° 24' N., Ion. 3° 11' W. When brought to range in the same line, these lights, one of which |is higher than the other, lead into Hoy- lake roads, which afford safe anchorage. HoTM, a town of Central Germany, duchy An- halt-Bernburg, 14 m. S.E. Halberstadt, on the Selke. Pop. 2,300, with a castle, the original seat of the Dultes of Anhalt-Bernburg. Hbadee, a market town of Bohemia, circ. Prachin, 19 m. N.N."W. Pisek. — II. a vill., circ. Koniggratz, near thefrontier of Prussian Silesia. — III. (or Wilnschelberg), a town, Prussian Silesia, reg. Breslau, circ. & 11 m.W.N.W.Glatz. P. 1,150. Hbadisch, a town of Moravia, cap. circ, on an island in the March, 42 m. E.S.E. Briinn. Pop. 2,100. It has several public schools, and an active trade in wine. — II. a famous old convent, near Olmutz, now used for a military hospital. Hkochow-Teinitz, a vill. of E. Bohemia, circ. and 5 m. E. Chrudim. Pop. 964. — Mrozinhau is a vill. of Moravia, circ. and E. Hradisch. HtTAro, or Gdafo, an island of Chile, off the coast. Pacific, 23 m. S.W. Chiloe. HtiAHEiNE, one of the Society Islands, Pacific, N.W. of Tahiti. Estimated pop. 2,000. Surface mountainous and fertile ; on it Cook planted the only shaddock tree existing in the island. HuALLAOA, a river of Peru, rises in the Andes, near lat. 11° S., and at 13,200 feet above the sea, flows mostly N.ward, and joins the Amazon, near lat. 6° S., and Ion. 75° 40' W., after a total course estimated at 500 m. The town Huanco, and sta- tion Las Lagunas are on its banks, and near lat. 7° S. it runs through a narrow gorge, forming there and elsewhere several falls. HuAMACHUGO, Or GuAM ACHUco, atown of Peru, dep. Truxillo, cap. prov., 55 m. E.N.E. Truxillo. Hdamanga, or Goamanga, a city of Peru, cap. dep. Ayacucho, on an afSuent of the Apurimac, 140 m. W.N.'W. Cuzco, on the route thence to Lima. Pop. 20,000 (?). It is finely situated, handsomely built, & has a cathedral, numer. other religions edifices, & a college with the privileges of an university. It was founded by Pizzaro in 1539. Near it the troops of Sucrd defeated the Spaniards, and terminated the Spanish dom. in S. America in 1824. HUANOAVELIOA, Or GUANOABELICA, a tOWn of Peru, dep. Ayacucho, cap. prov., in the Andes, 80 m.W.N.W. Guamanga. Elevation 11,000 feet. Pop. 8,000, most of whom are engaged in min- ing, and smelting the ores of gold, silver, and mercury raised in its vicinity. HuANCASo and Huanta, two towns of N. Peru. — I. dep. Junin, prov. and 25 m. S.E. Jauja. — II. dep. Ayacucho, prov. and 22 m. N. Huamanga. HuANTjco, or GuANCco, a town of Peru, dep. Junin, cap. prov., in the Andes, 180 m. N.N.E. Lima, formerly important, now decayed. HuAQui, a riv. of Mexican confed., dep. Sonora, enters the Gulf of California, about 25 m. S.E. Guaymas, after a S. W. course, estimated at 400 m. HuABAZ, a town of S. Amer., N. Peru, dep. Tarma, 130 m. S.E. Truxillo. Pop. 5,000 Huari is a town, E. the Andes, 30 m. E. Huaraz. HuABTE, two mkt. towns of Spain, Navarra. — I. prov. and 4 m. E.N.E. Pampeluna, near 1. b. of the Arga. — II. (St Araquil), 15 m. W. Pampe- luna, near the r. b. of the Araquil. It is walled. HuAsco, a town, S. Amer., Chile, dep. and 110 m. N. Coquimbo, at the month of the riv. Huasco, in which it has a small harbour. HtTATALOo, a free port, Mexico. [Gttatalco.] HoAUBA, or Guauba, a seaport town of Peru, dep. Lima, prov. and 50 m. ITW. Chaucay, near the mouth of the river Guaura, with some salt- works, and remains of anc. Peruvian edifices. HnBB, two rivs. of Beloochistan, the principal separating that country from Lower Scinde, and entering the Indian Ocean 27 m. W. Kurachee, after a total S.ward course of 100 miles. Hubbabd, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Ohio, co. Trumbull. Pop. 1,242. — Huhiardston is a tnshp., Massachusetts, 64 m. W.N.W. Boston. P. 1,784. HuBBEETSTON, 3, pa., S. Wales, CO. Pembroke, 2 m. W. Milford. Pop. 1,174. P. O. packets to Ireland sail from the small town of Hakim in this pa., whence com and coals are also exported. Hubebt (St), a town of Rhenish-Prussia, reg. and 30 m. S.S.E. Cleves. — II. a town, Belgian. Luxembourg, cap. arr., in the Ardennes, 17 m. W. Bastogne. Pop. 1,670, who manuf. potash and hardwares. HnBEBTSBHEG, a vill. and royal castle of Sax- ony, circ. and 24 m. E. Leipzig. In the castle was signed the peace of 1763, which terminated the seven years' war. Htjbt, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Tork, N. Biding, pa. Salton-on-the-Forest, lOJ m. E.S.E. Borough- bridge. Pop. 556. HiJGKESWAOEN, a town of Rhenish-Prussia, reg. and 25 m. E.S.E. Diisseldorf, on a hill near the Wipper. Pop. 2,937, employed in woollen & cotton cloth weaving, & in iron and steel works. HnoKise, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 6 m. E.N.E. Maidstone. Area 1,290 ac. Pop. 117. HnoKLECOT, a hamlet of Engl., co. & 3 m. E. Gloucester, pa. Churchdown. Pop. 455. Hdcknall, a pa. of Engl., co. & 7 m. N.W. Nottingham. Area 8,270 ac. Pop. 2,630. The church is anc, and contains, among other inter- esting monuments of the Byron family, one to the immortal poet, who was interred here in 1824. — II. (Under JButhwaite), a hamlet, same co., pa. Salton-in-Ashfield,4J m.W.S.W.Mansfield. P.887. HuDDEBSFiELD, a pari, bor., large manufkct. mkt. town, & pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, on the Colne, a trib. of the Calder, and on the Lancaster and Yorkshire railway, 14 m. S.S.W. Leeds. Area of pa., which is very hilly, 16,080 ac. Pop. 38,454; pop. of bor. 26,068. Inhab. houses in do. 4,671. It lies on a hill-slope, is mostly built of stone, and has an elegant modern pa. church, in the perpendicular gothic style; several handsome subord. chui'ches, many dissent, chapels, including one belonging to the metho- dists, said to be the largest in Engl. ; a national proprietary college, a church, collegiate school ; several endowed free schools, and other charities; a large, handsome infirmary, a mechanics' insti- tute, and philosophical hall, subscription library, news room, banldng company, several branch banks, and a spacious circular piece-hall, con- taining warehouse room for about 600 manu- facturers, who expose their goods here for sale on mkt. days. The principal manuis. of the town and vicinity, are broad & narrow cloths, kersey- meres, flushings, serges, cords, and especiaUy " fancy goods." In 1839, there were 106 mills, employing 3,428 hands, but the entire manufac- turing population, including weavers, more than HDD 643 HUI doubles this number. Trade is greatly facilitated by the abundance of coal in the vicinity, and by canals connecting with both the Mersey & Hum- ber; that connecting with the former is carried at the highest canal level in England, through the chain of the " English Apennmes," by a stupen- dous tunnel 3J m. in length. The Leeds and Manchester railway passes within 4 miles of the town, and there is another railway direct to Man- chester, and one to Sheffield. Market, Tuesday. Huddersfield sends 1 member to H. of C. Keg. elects. (1848) 963. It is also a polling-place for the W. Riding. The Soman station Cambodu- num is said to have been in this pa. HuDiRsvAiiL, or HtTDDiKSVAiL, a seaport town of Sweden, ten and 70 m. N. Gefle, on an inlet of the G. of Bothnia. Lat. 61° 43' 4d' N., Ion. 17° 15' E. Pop. 1,877. It is regularly built, and has some manu^. of linen &brlcs, snun, &c., but little export trade, the imports in 1833 amounting to only 1,006/. Around it are numerous gardens, and its vicinity is geologically remarkable. Hdbikgton, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, 5 m. S.S.E. Droitwich. Area 890 ac. Pop. 122. HuBSON, a CO. of the U. S., N. Amer., New Jersey, in its N.E. part, on the Hudson riv. ; cap. N. Bergen. Area 75 sq. m. Pop. 9,483. — II. a township, Ohio, 122 m. N.E. Columbus. Here is Western Reserve college, founded in 1826, and having elegant buildings and grounds, a library of 4^200 vols., and 9 professors. — III. a township. New Hampshire, 60 m. S.E. Concord. P. 1,148. HnnsON, a riv., IT. S., N. Amer., the princip. in the state of New-Tork, rising above lat. 44° N., flowing through its eastern part in a S. direction, after a course of 260 miles, into the Atlantic, lat 40° 40' N., where its broad estuary forms the harbour of New-Tork, and is navigable for the largest ships to Hudson, 118 m., and for large steam-boats to Albany, up to which the tide runs, 145 m. from its mouth. Chief tributaries, the Mohawk and Sacandaga. HuDsoH, a city and riv. port, U. S., N. Amer., New-Tork, on the above river, 108 m. N. New York. Pop. 6,672. It is built on a bold promon- tory, lined on either side with quays, accessible to the largest vessels ; has spacious & regular streets, a handsome court-house, about 8 churches, a Uterary society, and a bank; some manufs. of cotton fabrics, and 8 or 10 large vessels engaged in the whale fishery. Numerous steamers ply to New-Tork, and a railway connects the city with Boston, via West-Stookbridge. HrmsoN Bat (properly, Sea), an inland sea of N. Amer., between lat, 51° and 64° N., & Ion. 77° and 95° W., enclosed by British terr. on all sides, except the N.E., where it communicates with Davis' Strait by Hudson Strait. Length, N. to S., 850 m. ; breadth 600 m. Its S. part is named James' Bajf, and receives the Albany, Moose, and other rivers. Hudson's Bay has bold shores, numerous islands, and on its coasts several settle- ments of the Hudson Bay Co. ; but it is free from ice & navigable for only a few months annually. HtmsoN (NEw),atnshp.oftheU. S., N. Amer., New-Tork, 14 m. W. Angelica. Pop. 1,602. HuDsoK Stbait, British N. Amer., between lat. 60° and 64° N., and Ion. 66° and 77° W., is about 450 m. in length, with an average breadth of 100 m., and connects Hudson Bay with the ocean and Davis' Strait. Svt, or Hufi-FO, the cap. city of the empire Anam, Cochin-China, on the Hu^ river, about 10 m. from its month, in the China Sea. Lat. 16° 30' N., Ion. 107° 12' E. It has probably no parallel in the East, having been early in the present cen- tury regularly fortified in the European style. Its walls, mounting numerous cannon, and upwards of 6 m. in circumference, enclose an inner citadel, with the palace, and spacious barracks, large public granaries, an arsenal, and various maga- zines, which, with other public buildings, are sup- Elied with water by a broad canal from the river, iced with masonry, and crossed by some fine bridges. A large garrison, and fleet of galleys, are usually stationed here. The Hu^ river, about I m. wide at its month, is fitted only for vessels of small draught; but on it are some building docks, and its mouth is defended by a small fort. HuEHUETOCA, a vlU. of Mexico, dep. and 30 m. N. Mexico. — Buyocingo is a vill., dep. and 18 m. N.W. La Puebla. HuELMA, a town of Spain, prov. and 27 m. S.E. Jaen. P. 2,973. It has manufs. of coarse woollens. HuELGOAT, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Fi- nistere, cap. cant., 20 m. N.E. Ch^teaulin, with an argentiferous lead mine. Pop. 1,170. HcELVA (Span. Huelba ; anc. Onoba), a marit. town of Spain, cap. prov. same name, ou an inlet of the Atlantic, 49 m. W.S.W. Sevilla. P. 7,173. Hdeneja, a town of Spain, prov. and 37 m. E. Granada, on the N. slope of S. Nevada. P. 2,350. Hcekcalovera, a town of Spain, prov. & 40 m. N.E. Almeria, near the Almanzor. Pop., in- cluding the surrounding vills., (1846) 12,912. Its inhabs., with those of the vicinity, are employed in manufs. of lace, table linens, and soap. HuEKTA, numerous vills., Spain, centr. provs., the most worthy of notice being H. de Valdeca- rabanos, prov. & 17 m. S.E. Toledo. Pop. 2,000. HiTESCA (anc. Osca, & Ileosca), a city of Spain, Aragon, cap. prov. on rt. b. of the Isuela, 36 m. N.E. Zaragoza. Pop.9,200. It is "a fine specimen of an old Aragonese city, being solidly built and picturesque," but decaying. Principal edifices, the fine Gothic cathedral, with nimierous statues, and a magnificent altar piece ; about 16 cSnvents, a foundling hospital, cavalry barracks, and the anc. palace of the kings of Aragon, memorable for the " massacre of the bell." (See Murrains Handboohj &c.) Its university was founded in 1364 ; and it has two other colleges, and some schools. Near it are two remarkable monasteries, containing strildng works of art. Huesca has some tanneries, linen manufs., & a large ann. fair. Hdesoae, a town of Spain, prov. & 68 m. N.E. Granada. Pop. 5,640, who weave some woollen and linen fabrics, and manuf. woollen cloths. Huete, a town of Spain, prov. and 34 m. N.W. Cuenca. Pop, 2,620. It has a fort. HiiriNGEN, a town of Baden, circ. Lake, on the Bregach, 9 m. S. Villingen. Pop. 1,600. HuGELHEiM, a vill. of Baden, circ. Middle- Rhine, 6J S.W. Bastadt. Pop. 766. HuGGATE, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Riding, 7 m. N.E. Pocldington. Area 6,600 ac. Pop. 482. HnaHLET, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 4 m. W.S.W. Much-Wenloek. Ac. 1,330. Pop. 127. Htigglesoote, a chapelry, Engl., co. Leicester, pa. Ibstock, 6 m. N.N.E. Mkt.-Bosworth. P. 864. Huisnb, a river of France, joins the Sarthe 1 m. below Le Mans, after a S.W. course of 65 m. Huisn, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 4 m. N. Ha- therleigh. Area 1,130 ac. Pop. 141,— II. (North), a pa,, same co,, 5^ m.W.S.W. Totness. Area 2,610 ac. Pop. 433.— III. (South), same co., Sj m. S.W. Kingsbridge. Area 1,060 ac. Pop. 386.— IV. (Campflower), co. Somerset, 2| m. N.W. Wivelis- combe. Area 1,920 ac. Pop. 454. — V. (Episcopi), same co., J m. B. Langport. Area 1,780 ac. Pop. 713. HuissEAC, several comma, and vills, of France : HIJI 611 HUL the principal H. sur-Mauve, dep. Loiret, 9 m. W. Orleans. Pop. 1,383. Hdisses, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, on the Old Khine, 3 m. S.E. Arn- hem. Pop. 287. — Huizm is a Till., prov. N. Hol- land, 16 m. E.S.E. Amsterdam. Pop. 2,342. HuizuM, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Fries- laud, 1 m. S.E. Leeuwarden. Pop. 940. HujAMBEE, a mouth of the Great E. channel of the Indus, in lat. 24° 10' N., Ion. 67° 28' E., & 170 yards across at Vikkur, 20 m. from the sea. HuLOOTT, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, 3 m. N.E. Aylesbury. Area 850 ac. Pop. 133. Hull (Kingston on), a pari, and munic. bor., river port, town, co. of itself, Engl., in co. York, E. Biding, on the N. side of the Humber, at the influx of the Hull, 22 m. N.W. the Spurn-Head, 36 m. S.E. York. Lat. of citadel 63° 44' 6' N., Ion. 0° 20' W. Area of town and old munic. bor. 960 ac. Pop. 41,629 ; and of co. of town, which extends for some distance W.ward along the Humber, 11,600 ac. Pop. 45,173. Pop., in 1841, of new munic. and pari, bor., which com- prises the town, the pas. Sculcoates and Sud- coates, a part of Sutton, and some extra-paro- chial places, 65,670. The old town of Hull, about f m. in length, N. to S., by half as much in breadth, stands on the W. side of the river Hull, at its entrance into the Humber, and is enclosed from N. to W. by three noble docks, crossed by moveable bridges. Beyond these are Myton on the W., Sulcoates on the N., both con- taining populous quarters of the modern town ; and beyond the Hull, on the E., are Sutton and Drypool, with a large citadel occupying the E. angle, formed by the Hull and Humber. The town has a respectable, but not a striking ap- pearance ; it is generally well built, & pretty well drained. A good line of streets runs from the Humber N.ward through the middle of the old town, having in its centre the market-place, in which are the fine church of Holy Trinity, a good market-house, and a gilt equestrian statue of William in. This line is crossed by several others leading to still broader thoroughfares beyond the docks, all which present good shops, and commonly a very busy scene of traffic. In Sculcoates are many broad and handsome streets of private residences, and others on the W. part of the town; but this latter quarter also contains some long thoroughfares of an inferior order, and the E. and N.E. suburbs are mostly composed of streets of the same class. Extensive warehouses, backed by nar- row lanes, border the muddy river Hull, along which the town & suburbs Trippet & Sculcoates, extend for nearly 2 m. from the Humber. The docks, constructed successively since 1776, on the site previously occupied by fortifications, have an aggregate length of 1,087 yards, breadth varying from 260 to 400 feet, and a total area of 24 acres, besides a basin between two of the piers on the Humber ; they are surrounded by broad quays and large warehouses, have a depth varying at high tides from about 20 to 27 feet, and are crowded with shipping of all nations. At the head of one of them is a fine column with a colossal statue of Wilberforce. Holy Trinity church is a cruciform building, 272 feet in length, and one of the finest specimens of Gothic architecture in England, with a pinnacled tower 140 feet in height, rich internal decora- tions and numerous monuments. There are about 10 other churches, two of which are quite new, many dissenting chapels, a synagogue, & a floating chapel for mariners. Amongst the most conspicuous public buildings are the custom- house, exchange, pilot, dock, excise, and stamp ofiioes, the infirmary, two theatres, concert-halt, colleges, work-house, jail, mansion-house, new baths and wash-houses, terminus of the Hull and Selby railway, and a magnificent hotel adjoining it. The Tnnity guild, founded in 1369, for de- cayed seamen and their widows, has an elegant edifice in the Tuscan order, containing a coun- cil-room with good portraits, a museum,a school for boys destined for the merchant service, and dwellings for pensioners ; in 1833 its annual re- venue was 13,302Z. Hull has numerous hospitals and other charities, a charter-house founded by the De la Poles in 1380 ; Hull and Kingston col- leges, which give instruction similar to King's & University colleges, London, and have two ele- gant buildings in the N.W. suburb ; a medical school, a grammar school founded in 1486, having two exhibitions to Cambridge, the Vicar's and Cogan's schools, the latter with a revenue of 400Z. a-year, a great number of charitable schools, refriges for the insane and the destitute, a dis- pensary, penitentiary, and lying-in-charity. A public subscription library possesses 25,000 vols., and here are a mechanics' institute, lyceum, and athenaeum, all having libraries, a sailors' institute, a savings' bank, and masonic lodges. Outside of the N.W. suburb is a zoological garden. Hull is connected by railways with Scarborough, Whit- by, York, and all the manufacturing towns of the W. Riding, for the export of manufs. of which it is the great outlet ; and it has been lately put in more ready communication with London and the centre of England, by a continuation of the E. counties railway to New Holland on the op- posite banlc of the" Humber, 2\ m. distant. The Trent, Ouse, Don, &c., tributaries of the Hum- ber, and navigable canals, connect it also with a large inland territory. Principal exports are cotton and woollen stuffs, & yarn, earthenwares, hardwares, metals, rapeseed, and corn, the latter chiefly imported previously, with wool, bones, timber, hemp, flax, madder, skins, and other pro- duce from Germany, Denmark, and the Baltic ; with which, and with N. Amer., its foreign trade is the most active. Its coasting trade is highly important, and it receives large quantities of coal. Its merchants were the first in England who em- barked in the northern whale fishery, but its fish- eries have greatly declined. It communicates by steam-packets with London, Yarmouth, Leitb, Berwick, Aberdeen, Hamburgh, Rotterdam, and Copenhagen, many times weekly, and also con- tinually with Selby, Goole, Gainsborough, York, and Grimsby. In 1845, 1,151 British ships, aggre- gate burden 269,071 tons, and 1,015 foreign ves- sels, burden 129,744 tons,— total 2,166 ships, bur- den 398,815 tons, entered the port; and in the same year, the total value of British and Irish pro- duce exported from Hull amounted to 10,798,338;., or upwards of l-6th of the total exports from the kingdom. Customs revenue (1846) 460,202?. Hull has not been renowned as a manufacturing town, but of late years a joint-stock company has been established which possesses three large cotton and flax mills, employing in all 3,fl00 bands, and producing 100,000 yards of cotton cloth weekly. Ship-building, and its auxiliary manufs., are ex- tensively carried on, and here are foundries, tanneries, potteries, some large breweries, sugar refineries, soap and gas works, and various corn and oil mills, many in the E. suburbs impelled by wind, and which gives a Dutch appearance to the scenery along the Humber. The town has a branch of the Bank of England, many other HIJL 64S HUN banks, and several weekly newspapers. Mai-- kets, Tnesday and Friday, and on Saturday for retail and supply. Wool markets on Tuesdays, during all July, and two last weeks in June, and first in August. Fairs July 10, Oct. 10, and Dec. 10, the two former of 6 days each. The bor. is divided into 6 wards, and governed by a mayor, 13 aldermen, and 42 councillors. It has quarter sessions, and a court of requests. Corp. rev. (1847) 24,833/. Hull returns 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. elecs. (1848) 5,063. This town, under the name of Myton-wyk, appears to have been of importance in the time of Athelstan-; but its consequence as a port dates irom the time of Edward i., who conferred on it the royal designa- tion, Kingston. In the civil war of Charles i., it was the first town to close its gates against the king, and it successfully sustained two sieges of the royal troops, in 1642 & 1643 II. {Bishop's), a township, co. Chester, pa. Great Budworth, 8 mUes N.N.W. Northwich. Pop. 1,753 III. {Bishop's), a pa., co. Somerset, IJ m. W. Taun- ton. Area 1,670 ac. Pop. 1,263.— The jHuH Uiuer, England, co. York, E. Riding, rises near Great Driffield, flows S., passing near Beverley, with which it communicates by a short canal, and after a total course of 30 m., enters the Humber on the E. side of Kingston-upon-HulI, of which it forms the harbour, which is lined with warehouses, for about 1 m. from the Humber. It separates the district Holdeniess on the E. from the Yorkshire Wolds on the W. HnLLiviNGTox, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 4.5 m. S.S.W. Malmsbury. Area 3,200 ac. Pop. 631. HiTLME, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. and 1} m. S.W. Manchester, vrithin the bounds of which bor. it is included. Pop. 26,982. Here are cavalry barracks, & the Manchester botanic garden, occupying 17 ac. Hulme-hall, an anc. and curious ecfiflce, built partly of timber, and long the seat of the Prestwich family, now be- longs to liord Francis Egerton. — II. {Zevens), a township, same pa., 3 m. S.E. Manchester. Pop. 1,231. HmpB, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. S. Brabant, 4 m. E.N.E. Waterloo. Pop. 1,040. Hdlst, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Zee- land, cap. dist., on an ai9. of the Scheldt, 15 m. W.N.W. Antwerp. Pop. 2,369. It was formerly fortified, and an important military post in the wars of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. Hbiton, a township of England. [Hilton.] HuMON Abbet, a lordship of Engl., co. Staf- ford, pa. and 2 m. E. Burslem. Pop. 548, partly employed in coal mines. A farm-house, sur- rounded by a dry moat, still bears the name of the abbey, founded here in 1223. Hultsohin (Polish Hicciii), a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. Oppeln, on 1. b. of the Oppa, 13 m. E. Troppau. Pop. 2,638. Manufs. of woollens. Hrawtro, a town of Hindostan, Guicowar's dom., in the peninsula Guzerat, 25 m. E.S.E. Mallia. Lat. 22" 51' N., Ion. 71° 16' E. HuHBEB, an estuary of the E. coa£t of Engl., between Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, formed by the junction of the Ouse and Trent rivers, 8 m. E. Goole, whence it proceeds for about 18 m. E.ward, and then for about 22 m. S.E. to its junction with the N. Sea, below the Spurn-head, at its mouth, in lat. 63° 38' N., Ion. 0° 10' E. Average breadth between 2 and 3 m., but near its mouth it widens to 6 or 7 m. It receives from the N. the Foulness and Hull, and from the S. the Ancholme and Lndd rivers. It is navigable to Hull for the largest vessels, and for vessels of considerable burden in all the rest of its extent, and it is connected by canals with all the other principal rivers of England. Its tributaries drain nearly the whole of Yorkshire, Notts, Leicester- shire, and with parts of Lincolnshire ; in all, an extent of about 10,000 sq. miles, or nearly l-5th of England. Kingston-upcm-HuU is on its N. or Yorkshire side ; on its S. or Lincoln side are Barton, New Holland, and Great Grimsby.— II. a river of Newfoundland, enters the Gulf of St Lawrence, through the Bay of Islands, after a S. course of 150 miles. HuMBEB, a pa. of England, co. Hereford, 3 m. S.E. Leominster. Area 1,490 ac. Pop. 247. HuMBEESTON, a pa. of England, co. and 3 m. E.N.E. Leicester. Area 2,630 ac. Pop. 462.— II. CO. Lincoln, 4 m. S.S.E. Great Grimsby. Area 2,930 ac. Pop. 269. It has several charities, en- dowed by a foundling who gained a large fortune, took the name of the vill., and was interred in 1709, beneath the altar of the church, which also contains a superb monument to his memory. HuMBLETON, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Rid- ing, 9 m. E.N.E. Hull. Area 6,110 ac. Pop. 668. Charities, including endowed school, about 90?. Hdmbie, a pa. of Scotl., cos. Haddington and Edinburgh, 8 m. S.S.W. Haddington. Pop. 881. HuMBV, a pa. of England. [Somerbt.] Hume, or Home, a pa. of Scotl., co. Berwick, 2 m. N. Stitchel, to which it is now united. Pop. 385. It gives title of Earl to the once powerful baronial family of Home, remains of whose castle still exist here. Hume, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, 263 m. W.S.W. Albany. Pop. 2,303. Hume Rivee, S.E. Australia, flows N.W. from the Australian Alps, to near lat. 34° 45' S., Ion. 143° E., where it joins the Murrumbidgee. Httmpheets, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in N.W. part of Tennessee. Area 475 sq. m. Pop. 5,195. Hump Isle, E. Archip., is in the Great Bay, N. coast of Papua. Lat. 1° 30' N., Ion. 135° 30' E. Humpoletz, a town of Bohemia, ciro. and 26 m. S. Czaslau. Pop. 4,139. Hdndeesfield, a chapelry of Engl., co. Lan- caster, forming a large part of pa. Rochdale. Htjndlebt, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 1 m. N.W. Spilsby Area 980 ac. Pop. 612. HuNBOS, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 3 m. N.W. Clare. Area 3,800 ac. Pop. 1,096. HuNDSFELD, a towu of Prussian Silesia, reg. & 3 ra. N.E. Breslau. Pop. 868. — Hundshubel is a vill. of Saxony, circ. Zwickau. Pop. 1,238. HuNDSRUCK, a mntnous. region of Germany, covering the S. part of Rhenish Prussia, between the rivers Moselle and Nahe_, extending also S. into Rhenish Bavaria, where it is connected with the Vosges chain. It rises in some places to 3,000 feet above the sea, and is mostly covered with woods. HiJNFELD, a town of Germany, Hessen-Cassel, ?rov. and 9 m. N.N.E. Fulda. Pop. 2,118.— Tungen is a town of H.-Darmstadt, prov. Upp.- Hessen, 13 m. S.E. Giessen. Pop. 1,033. HuNGAEY (Magyar Orszag, German Ungam, French Hongrie, anc. Pannonia, &o.), a country of Central Europe, situated between lat. 44°, 43' and 49° 34' N., and Ion. 14° 25', and 25' E., cap. Pesth, bounded N. by the Carpathian mountains, which separate it from Galioia, E. and S. by Moldavia and Wallachia, S. by Turkey, S.W. by Dalmatia and the Adriatic, and W. by lljyria, Styria, Lower Austria, Moravia, and Austi-ian Silesia. Within these limits are comprised — I. Hungary proper, including civil Slavonia, Croatia, and the Heyduke districts.— II. Transylvania.— III. the HUN 64S HUN military frontier, tlon, as follow : — Divisions, area, and popula- HUWGART PEOPEE. I Comltataand Districts. Sq. m. Pop. 1843. Beyond {Vf.)lhe Danube 11 ComitaU : Wiesel- Weiasenburg, Kisenburg, Hzalail, Szumegh, Tolna, Baranya, On ihig tide (N. and K.) (Ac Danube, to the TheisB, 13 Corns. : Pesth, BacB, Neogratl, Soh!, Honth, Gran , Bars, Keiitra, Pi-esburg, Trentaln, Thurocz, Arva, Liptau, . On. thu tide (». and W.] the Them, 11 Coma : Zips Hnd the town of Zips, Gomor. Hevee, Boraod, Tonia, Abt^javar, Saros, Zemplin, Unghvar, Beregh, Beyond (£.) the Those, IS Come. : Marmaroa, Ugocg, Szathmar, Szabolca, Bihar, Bekea, Ceongrad, C«anad, Arad, Kraeso, Temesvar. Torontal (the 3 last form the dial, of Banat) Slavonia.S Coma. : Syrmia, Terocz, Posega, Croatia, 3 Coma. ; Kreutz, Vavadin, Agram, Separate Diala, : Jazygia (Great and Little), Cumnnia, 7 Heyduke towns and the Hunga- rian Xiittorale (or sea coast), . Military, lfl,677 21,123 14,730 35,821 3,943 3,666 3,331 3,109,510 2,764,274 1,789,700 2,631,600 336,100 606,600 296,100 66,343 Total, 87,9fl0 10,500,000 TEANSTLTANIA. Palatinates, Districts, and Cantons. Sq. m. Pop. 1842. and Lower Albe, Kockelburg, Thorda, Co- losch, Doboka, Inner Zolnoc, Hunyad ; pal. of Middle Zolnoc, Krozna, Zarand), and 2 dlsts., Kovar and Fogareach, ■ Szekler Country, 5 Cants.: TTvdarhely, Maros, Haromszek, Csik, Aranyoaoh, burg or Segeavar, Mediawih, Groaschenk, Eeps, Muhlenbacb, Eeismarkt, I*schkireh, Szaazvarocli (with 2 diets., Krooatadt and Bistritz), Military, 14,611 4,680 4,243 1,279,700 373,000 446,700 9,005 Total, . . . 23,434 3,108,406 MILITAET PEONTIEE. Gcneralata, Regiments, and Communitiea. eg. m. Pop. 1843. Gen. of CarUtadt, 4 regtfl. : of Licca, Carlobag, Ottochau, and Zeng ; and 3 comma, of Bzluin, and Ogulin, G«t. (If Ban, 9 regta. : Ist and 3nd, and S comma, of Petrinia and Costeinlza, . Qen. cif Varadin, 3 regta. of St George and Kreutz, & 2 comma, of Belovar & Ivanioh, Gen. of Slavonia, 2 regts. of Gradieka and Brody, and that of Peterwardein, 1 batall. and 4 comma, of Brooder, and those of Car- lowitz, and Semlin, .... Gen. of Banat, 9 ragta., 1 German and 1 "Wal- lachlan, and 2 comma, of Pancsovar and WeiBkiich, Gen. of Transt/lvania, 6 regta., lafc and 2d and a regt. of Szeklar huasais, . 8,643 1,066 1,4^ 3,955 3,866 3,221 360,414 117,649 1^^629 366,176 259.663 181,973 Total, . . . 15,173 1.320,603 Total of Bti. m. 136,597. \ Total of pop, 13,838,908. Tlie Carpathians form a natural boundary on the N. of Hungary, and their ramifications render this part of the country a mntnous. region. They hare different names in the 33 counties which they traverse. The most important for their metals are the mountains of Barsch, Honth, Sohl, Liptau, Gomor, and Zips. In the E. the Car- pathians of Transylvania traverse the counties of Szathmar, Biliar, Arad, Krasso, and Temes. In the W., beyond the Danube, the country is traversed by contreforts of the Alps of Styria, to which belong the Bakony-wald and the Vertes mountains. The countries of Croatia and the Littorale, in the S.W. are crossed by branches of the Dinaric Alps. These different mountains enclose two great plains, the smaller of which, about 4,200 sq. m. in extent, is in the W., between the offsets of the Alps and Carpathians, and the other in the B., with an area of about 21,000 sq. m., traversed by the Danube and the Theiss, and has an elevation of from 300 to 400 feet above the level of the sea. This region is so flat that the rivers have a very sluggish course, and a great part of the surface is covered with marshes and sand downs. The rivers of Hungary belong to the basins of the Danube and the Theiss, and have generaJly a S. course, only one, the Poprad, having a N. direction. Principal riv. the Danube, which enters Hungary on the W. at Presburg, flows generally E. 270 m. to Waitzen, then S. 180 m. to Vnkovar, and again E. 190 m. to Orsova, where it enters Wallachia. Its principal affls. in Hungary are, on right the Leythe, Raab, Csaba, Sarvitz, Drave, Save, and Temes; left the March (on W. border), Waag, Neutra, Gran, and the Theiss, which has a S. course of nearly 400 m, and numerous large tributaries. The principal lakes are the Platten See (or Lake Balaton), Neusiedler See, & Lake Palitz,— the most extensive marsh in the Hansag, between the counties Wieselburg and Oedenburg, which has an area of 126 sq. m. ; the whole extent o. marsh is reckoned at 1,932 sq. m. The largest canals are the Eranzens canal, between the Da- nube and the Theiss and the Bega canal, in the Banat, which also joins the Danube. The cli- mate varies exceedingly : in the mntnous, districts it is cold and severe, while in the S. it is so genial that the vine, chestnut, fig, and other southern fruits are grown. It is in general healthy, ex- cept in the marshy districts. The chief mineral products are gold, silver, copper, cobalt, salt, alum, and coal. Gold is most abundant in Transylvania, & sflver in Hungary. The gold washings of several of the rivers are important. Copper is abundant, yearly average about 34,452 centners ; and iron, widely distributed, yields an average of 269,997 centners. Lead, on an average of 5 years, yields only 4178 centners. In 1845 the amount was only 33,076 tons. Opals are found in the county Saros. Coal and turf both occur, the latter is most widely distributed. CoaJ is but httle worked. Mineral springs are numerous, and many of them cele- brated for their medicinal qualities. Hungary ■is generally fertile in grain, which is exported to a considerable extent. Chief crops,rye,barley,oats, maize, millet, buck-wheat, & rice. The level re- gions of the COS. Bacs and Temesvar possess the richest soU, and have been called the granary of Hungary. The mntns. are covered with dense forests. The cultivation of the vine is carried to great perfection. Next to France, Hungary pro>. duces the greatest quantity of wine of any country in Europe, & the quality of several of its vintages, especially that of Tokay, is unrivalled. Tobacco is an important product, the annual amount aver- aging 400,000 centners, great part of which is exported. Domestic animals comprise horses, horned cattle, bnffalos, sheep and swine. In 1845, the number of horses was reckoned at 1,200,000. In the N.W. counties they are of middle size, in the S. & E. they are sm^Ier and more active. The rich pastures of Hungary produce some of the finest cattle in Europe. Great improvements have recently been made in the breed of sheep, the number of which in 1838, was reckoned at 18,000,000. Swine are reared in the forests in HUN 647 HUN vast herds, the number in 1838 was supposed to be upwards of 8,000,000. Wild and domestic fowls are abundant. Bees are extensively reared, and in 1827, 18,730 cwt. of honey, and 2,289 owt. wax were exported. Fish are abundant in the rivs. and lakes, and the Theiss is reckoned the richest in fish of any river in Europe. The chief occu- pations of the pop. are ag^riculture, cattle rearing, and mining. Manufe., which are unimportant, comprise woollens, linens, silks, paper (which is made by English machinery in the county G6- mor), tobacco, & iron ware. There are 300 brew- eries. The best beer is made at Pesth. Placed between rich pastoral countries on the E., and manufacturing dists. on the "W., Hungary is well situated for trade, its only sea coast, indeed, is a Blip of 123 m. on the Adriatic, at its S.W. extre- mity ; but it has numerous large navigable rivs., including the Danube, with its afSs. the Theiss, Drave, and Save. From 500 to 1,000 vessels trade on the Danube from Hungary to Vienna, exchanging grain, and other raw materials for merchandise. A new impulse was given to this trade by the introduction of steam-packets in 1830. The roads in many parts of the country are very bad, but railway communication has been established in the W. portion. [Austbia.] Hungary is peopled by numerous distinct races, speaking different languages, the chief are Hungarians or Magyars, Slavonians, Germans, and Wallachians. The Magyars are of Asiatic origin, many of them are Protestants, & the only people of E. Europe who hold liberty of con- science as a poUticaJ canon. Their language has recently been substituted for Latin in official cor- respondence. The Slavonians are more numer- ous than the Magyars. Their different races in- clude the Slowaks, Croats, Russniaks, Wendians, &c. The Wallachians have also their peculiar language. The Germans, who for 8 centuries have been spread over the country, have in many places lost their language and nationality. Besides these principal nations, there are many Greeks, Armenians, Jews, and Gipsies. The greatest number of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics, and next to these communicants of the Greek Church, Calvinists, Lutherans, and Jews. The proportions, for Hungary and Transylvania, being, acccording to Fenyes (1843) : — ^Roman CathoUcs 6,130,188. Greek CathoUcs 1,322,344. Protestants, Augsburg Confession, 1,006,210. Do., Helvetian do., 1,846,844. Unitarians 47,280. Greek (not united) 2,283,505. Jews 244,035. The chief educational establishments are the university at Pesth, a lyceum at Erlau, 7 schools of philosophy, 55 gymnasia, 66 latin, & numerous parish schools. Edncation in general is in a very backward state, although the higher nobility are well educated, & generally familiar with foreign languages. The first inhabitants of Hungary mentioned in history, were the Pannonians. The Magyars conquered it in the 9th century. Their followers embraced Christianity. The last duke, Stephen, took the title of king in the year 1000, and added Transylvania to his dominions. The first prince of the house of Hapsbnrg who reigned in Hungary, was Ferdinand i., who was elected by the diet in 1626 ; the succession was fixed in the Imperial house in 1687. Since the termination of the civil wars in 1711, the house of Austria has held possession of the country ; but as the union on the part of Hungary was voluntary, it was never in reality a dependency of Austria. The two countries were united by having a com- mon sovereign, but the power of the king was controlled by the Hungarian diet, and recent dis- putes have led to a complete change of relations between the two countries. On 30th May 1848, the diet of Elausenburg decreed the union of Transylvania with Hungary, and by Imperial manifesto, of 10th June 1848, the military frontier was also annexed to the country. At a diet held at Debreczin, Msiy 1849, Hungary, including Transylvania and Croatia, declared itself an in- dependent republic, and forthwith proceeded to vindicate its rights by an appeal to arms. [Croa- tia, Slatonia, Trakstltania, &c.] HuNOEN, a town of H. Darmstadt, prov. Upp. Hessen, 10 m. S.E. Giessen, on the Horloff. Pop. 1,033. HuNGERFORD, a market tovm and pa. of Engl., CO. "Wilts, on the Kennet, here crossed by a bridge, and on the Kennet and Avon canal, at the ter- minus of a branch of the Great W. railway, 26J m. W.S.W. Readmg. Area of pa. 6,940 ac. Pop. 2,724. It has many good houses ; a town-hall, in which is kept a bugle-horn, given by John of Gaunt, along with a charter, to the town; a branch bank, and a large fish market. Hdngerton, a pa. of Engl., co. and 7 m. N.E. Leicester. Area 2,910 ac. Pop. 267. Hungry Hill, a mntn. of Ireld., Munster, co. Cork, 15 m. W.N.W. Bantry, elev. 2,249 feet. From a lake on its summit descends a torrent in broken cascades, one of which, 700 feet in height, is said to be the finest in the kingdom. HuNiNGHAM, or HoNiNeHAM,apa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 5^ m. N.N.W. Southam. Area 1,170 ac. Pop. 245. HuNiNGUE (Germ. Huningen), a comm. & small frontier town of France, dep. H. Rhin, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Rhine, 2 m. N.W. Basle. P. 1,422. It was formerly an important stronghold, but its fortifications were demolished in 1816. HuNMANBT, a pa. of Engl., co. Tork, E. Riding, 8 m. S.S.E. Scarborough. Area 7,200 ac. Pop. 1,214. The Till, (formerly a mkt. town), near the beautiful bay of Filey, has a church, containing a superb monument of the Osbaldiston family. HuNNBRWAssER, a mkt. town of Bohemia, in the N., circ. & 14m. N.N.W. Jung-Buuzlau. P. 1,100. HuNSDON, a pa. of England, co. Hertford, 6 m. E. Sawbridgeworth. Area 1,760 ac. Pop. 430. Hhnse, a riv. of Netherlands, provs. Drenthe and Groningen, enters the Lauwer-Zee, a bay of the N. Sea, after a N.W. course of 60 miles. Hdnshelf, a township of Engl., co. York, W. Biding, pa. & 2^ m. S.E. Fenistone. Pop. 678. HuNsiNGORE, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Bid- ing, 6 m. E.S.E. Knaresboro'. Ac. 3,660. P. 625. HcNsiET, a chapelry of England, co. York, W. Biding, pa. Leeds, of which it forms a suburb, connected with the town by bridges across the Aire. Pop. 16,852. It is mostly ill-built and dirty, but has important woollen manufs., chemi- cal works, potteries, and glass worlts. The Leeds branch of the N. Midland railw. terminates here. Hunstanton, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, on the Lea, 9 m. W. Bumham-Westgate. i Area 2,180 ac. Pop. 627. Here is a, lighthouse, on a lofty cliff, in lat. 62° 66' 54" N., Ion. 0° 29' 80" E. HuNSTON, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 8 m. N N.W. Stowmarket. Area 1,120 ac. Pop. 162. — II. a pa,, CO. Sussex, 2 m. S. Chichester. Area 880 ac. Pop. 193. HuNswoKTH, a tnshp. of Engl., oo. York, W. Riding, pa. Birstall, 4i m. S.S.E. Bradford. P.978. It is chiefly occupied by worsted and woollen ma^ nufacturers, who work for the Bradford market. HuNTE, a river of N.W. Germany, Hanover, and Oldenburg, rises in the marshes of Osna- briick, flows tortuously N.ward, and after a course HUN 6i8 HUB of 90 m., joins the Weser at Elsfleth, 17 m. N.W. Bremen. It traverses the Dummer lake, and in a part of its course flows between the Hanover and Oldenburg doms. Principal affl., the Aire. Hunter, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New-Tork, 18 m. W. Catskill. Pop. 2,091. Konnd-top mutn. here rises 3,804 feet above the Hudson. Hunter (Islands), a group in Hunter Channel, connecting the £. Ocean with Bass Strait, be- tween S. Australia and Tasmania, the group com- prising Barren, Three Hummocks, Albatross, and some smaller islands. — (River), E. Australia, New South Wales, flows tortaously S. & E., separating the CO. Durham from those of Brisbane, Hunter, and Phillip, and enters the ocean at Port-Hunter. [Port-Hunter.] — Hunter's Island, or Onacusa, an island of the Pacific Ocean, N.W. the Feejee group. Lat. 15° 31' S., Ion. 176° 11' E. Hunterdon, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer., in W. part of New Jersey, bordering Delaware riv. ; cap. Flemington. Pop. 24,789. HuNTiNeDON, a pari, and munic. bor. and market town of England, cap. oo., on the N. bank of the Ouse, here crossed by 3 bridges, connecting it with the suburbs of Godman- chester, 17 m. N.W. Cambridge, on the Great Northern railway. Area, including 4 pas., 1,230 ac. Inhab. houses, 677. Pop. of pari. bor. 5,500. The town consists principally of 1 long street ; it has 2 anc. churches, a free grammar school, at which Oliver Cromwell was partly educated. In 1830, ann. rev. of school & of associated hospital, 620/. ; rev. of green-coat school, about 92i. There is a town-hall, with assembly room ; a co. jail, and bor. do. ; a small theatre, baths, some traces of a castle built by Edward the Elder in 917 ; several breweries, considerable trade by the Ouse, in corn, wool, coals, and timber. Mkt., Sat. It sends 2 members to H. of C. Keg. elecs. (1848) 374. Baces in August. In the vicinity are Brampton- park & Hinchinbrooke house, the anc. residence «f the Cromwell family. The protector Oliver, was bom in Huntingdon, 25th April, 1599. Huntingdon, a co. of the U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, on the Juniata river, and Pennsyl- vanian canal. Area 1,276 sq. m. Pop. 35,484. It produces a good deal of iron, with coaJ, lead, salt, and alum. — II. a bor., cap. above co., 62 m. W.N.W. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,145.-111. a tnshp., Pennsylvania, co. Luzerne, with the vill. of New Columbus. P. 1,600. — IV. a tnshp., Pennsylvania, CO. Adams, 12 m. N.E. Gettysburg. Pop. 1,480. Huntingdonshire, a small inland co. of Engl., having W. & N. co. Northampton, E. Cambridge, and S. Bedf. Area 241,690 ac, of which about 220,000 are said to be arable and grass. Pop. 68,549. Inhab. houses, 11,860. Surface in the W., S., and central parts, gently varied ; in the E. & N.E. flat, forming part of the great level of the Fens, and containing 3 meres, or lakes. Whittle- sea, Ramsey, and Ugg. Chief rivers, the Ouse and Nene. Climate mild and healthy, except in the Fens, where, in addition to the humidity, is great want of pure water. Soil mostly a clayey, or gravelly loam, upon clay, not remarkable for fertility, except on the rivers, where the meadows are among the richest in England. Principal crops, wheat, oats, beans, hemp, rape, turnips, & mustard-seed. Agriculture m the Feus in an advanced state. Much butter is made. Cattle and sheep of mixed breeds. Horses extensively bred. Pigeon cotes very numerous. Estates generally large. Farms of various sizes. Average rent of land (1816), 16s. 11 Jd. per ac. Value of land (1842-3), 312,082/. ; of houses, 71,853/. Total value of assessed property, 401,683/. Co. rates (1847)0,711/.; expenditure 6,332/. The co. com- prises 4 hundreds, and 107 pas., in the diocese of Ely, & Norfolk circ. Chief towns, Huntingdon, Kimbolton, St Ives, & St Neots. The co. returns 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1848) 3,047. The CO. formed a part of the British kingdom of the Iceui, and of the Saxon Mercia. It was entirely under forest law till the reign of Henry ii. Da- vid, Prince of Scotland, having married the heiress of the Saxon Earls of Huntingdon, was created Earl in 1108, the title continuing till 1219 in his family, one of whom is said to have been the fa- mous outlaw, Robin Hood. Henry viii. gave the earldom to the Hastings family, with whom it still continues. HuNTiNGFiELD, apa. of Engl., CO. Suffolk, 3^ m. S.W. Halesworth. Area 2,570 ac. Pop. 397. HDNTiNGTON,apa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 3Jra. S.W. Kingston. Area 2,120 ac. Pop. 262. It has ruins of a castle. — II. a pa., co. York, N. Riding, 3 m. N.N.E. York. Area 4,830 ac. Pop. 652.— III. a tnshp., co. Stafford, pa. & 2J m. K. Cannock. Pop. 121. It is noted for white gravel. Huntington, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in N.E. part of Indiana, cap. Huntington. Area 384 sq. m. Pop. 1,579. — II. a township, Connecticut, 17 m. W. Newhaven. Pop. 1,326. — III. a township, Vermont, 22 m. W. MontpeUer IV. a township, New York, on Long Island, 124 m. S.S.E. Al- bany. Pop. 6,562. It has a good harbour V. Ohio, CO. Brown. Pop. 2,262. HuNTLBT, a pa. of Engl., co. Gloucester, 4 m. S. Newent. Area 1,480 ac. Pop. 611. HuNTLT, a bor. of barony, mkt. town, and pa. of Scotl., at the confl. of the Bogle and Deveron, CO. and 34 m. N.W. Aberdeen. Pop. of pa. 3,642 ; do. of town 2,731. It has 2 bridges, a large mkt. place, several places of worship, 3 branch banks, some linen bleach works, and considerable ex- ports of agricultural produce. Mkt., Thursday. Huntly gives title to the premier Marq. of Scot!., the chief of the Gordons, now D. of Richmond. HuNTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 4J m. S.S.W. Maidstone. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 740. — II. a tnshp., CO. York, N. Riding, pas. Brompton, Pat- rick, and Hornby, 6 m. N.W. Bedale. Pop. 534. HuNTSFELL, a pa. of Engl, CO. Somerset, 5J m. N. Bridgewater. Area 5,010 ac. Pop. 2,096. HuNTSHUi, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 3 m. E.S.E. Bampton. Area 2,930 ao. Pop. 157. HuNTSHAw, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 2J m. N.N.E. Great Torringtou. Area 2,390 ac. P. 296. HuNTBViLLE, a vill., U. S., N. Amer., Alabama, cap. CO. Madison, 120 m. N.N.E. Tuscaloosa. Pop. 2,496. HuNwoETH, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 2J m. S.S.W. Holt, in the deep vale of the Glaven. Area 940 ac. Pop. 234. HuoN, a river of Tasmania, which bounds the dist. of Hobart-Town, in Van Dieman's Land, on the S.W., and joins D'Entrecasteaux channel by an estuary, 3 m. across The Huon Islands,Va^ cific Ocean, are a group N.W. New Caledonia. HuRDA, a populous fortified town, Hindostan, dom. & 40 m. S.S.E. Mysore, with a temple of Siva, HuHDSFiELD, a tushp. of England, co. Chester, pa. Prestbury, forming a suburb of Macclesfield, which it adjoins on the N.E. Pop. 3,561. HuRDWAR {HaH-dwar, or Gangi-dwar, "gate of Vishnu," or " of the Ganges"), a town and fa- mous place of pilgrimage and commerce, N. Hin- dostan, Brit, dom., presi'd. Bengal, Upper provs., dist. and 36 m. E. Scharunpoor, on the Ganges, where it issues from the mountains. The town is small, but at the spring equinox the largest fair in India is held here, attended annually by from II UR HUT 200,000 to 300,000 persons, and every twelfth year by from 1,000,000 to 1,500,000, and according to some authorities, even 2,000,000 pilgrims and dealers ! Large numbers of liorses, cattle, and camels, with Persian dried fruits, drugs, and shawls, are brought hither from Nepaul, the Pun- jab, Afghanistan, and Bolchara. HnitEEKEE, a vill. of the Punjab, on the Sut- Iqe, just below the influx of the Beas, 33 m. S. Amritsir. Though small, it has an active trade, being on the route of nearly the whole traffic be- tween the Punjab and the rest of Hindostan. HuBiEt, acomm. & vill. of France, dep. Allier, cap. cant., 7 m. N.W. Montlujon. Pop. 2,730. HuRiN, a town of Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, dist. Kermanshah, 30 m. N.W. Zohab, and where are massive remains of stone buildings, of very high antiquity, and near it some rock-sculptures. HuBLET, a pa. of England, co. of Berks, i^ m. V.N.W. Maidenhead. Area 4,530 ac. Pop. 1,119. HuELBT, a township of N. Amer., New-Tork, 60 m. S.S.W. Albany. Pop. 2,201. HcRON, a CO., U. S., N. Amer., N. part of Ohio, on Huron and Vermilion rivers. Area 800 sq. m. Pop. 23,933. — n. a tnshp., New-Tork, with the viBs. Huron and Port-Glasgow, on L. Ontario. Pop. I,9i3. — HI. a tnshp., Ohio, at the mouth of Huron river, in Lake Erie. Pop. 1,488. Hdbon (Lake), one of the 5 great lakes of N. Amer., lat. 43° to 46° 20' N., and Ion . 79° to 85° "W., having W. the IT. S. territory, and on other sides Upper Canada. Length N. to S. 250 m. ; breadth 110 m. ; depth 1,000 feet. Shores on the E. and W. fit for cultivation, and well-timbered ; on the N. abrupt and sterile. Area has been esti- mated at 30,400 sq. m., it being next in size to L. Superior. Elevation above the sea, 584 feet. Its N. part, divided from the rest by a penin- sula, and the Great Manitoulin Island, is called the Georgian Bay. At its N.W. extremity it communicates with Lake Michigan, and also re- ceives the surplus waters of L. Superior, by the river St Mary ; at its S. end it disposes of its own to L. Erie, through the river and lake St Clair. HcEON, seversd rivs. of N. Amer. — I. between Upper Canada & the state Michigan, conveys the surplus waters of L. Huron through L. St Clair, into L. Erie. Total length about 90 m.— II. Ohio, enters L. Erie at Huron, and is navigable for the last? miles. — (Territory) is a region belonging to the U. S., W. of L. Michigan, S. of L. Superior, and bounded W. by the Mississippi. It is a region of mountains, lakes, and rivers, wholly unsettled, except at a few fortified posts on its outskirts. Hdbeial, a town of British India, presid. Ben- gal, dist. Kajeshaye, 78 m. N.W. Dacca. HnBBiAMA, an extensive dist., N.W. Hindostan, mostly comprised in the British presid. Bengal, Upp. provs., but partly in the tributary Rajpoot territory. Lat 28° 40'"^N., Ion. 76° E. It derives its name from (hurya, " green "), it being a com- paratively fertile tract, enclosed by a desert. HuBEipAra, Haripala, a town, or large col- lection of hamlets, British India, presid. Bengal, dist. and 23 m. S.W. Hooghley. HtjRETHUB, a frontier town, Mysore dom., S. Hindostan, on the Toombuddra, 45 m. N.W. Chittledroog, lat. 14° 31' N., Ion. 75° 59' E. HcBBDB, a town of E. Africa, in lat. 9° 37' N., Ion. 41° 35' E. It is described as larger than Mokha, but no Christians are admitted into it. It exports coffee in great quantity, and of excel- lent quality, grown in its vicinity, and white cot- ton cloths, gums, and spices. The only seaport of the district of Hurmr is Zeyla, a mud- walled town. Pop. 760. The anchorage is difficult, and vessels of 250 tons cannot approach within a mile. HuESLET, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 41 m. S.S.W. Winchester. Area 9,850 ao. Pop. 1,520. HuEST, a pa. of Engl., cos. Berks and Wilts, 3 m. N.N.W. Workingham. Area 6,860 ac. Pop. 2,539. Ann. charities, 456? II. (or Faw- henhurst), a pa., co. Kent, 5 m. W. Hythe. Ac. 560. P. 40.— Ill (Castle), co. Hants, pa. Christ-Church Hundred, 2} m. S.E. Milford, on a remarkable na- tural causeway, about 200 yards in breadth, run- ning 2 m. into the sea, & approaching within 1 m. of the Isle of Wight. The castle, built by Henry VIII., became, in December 1648, the prison of Chas. I. On Hurst beach are two lighthouses, in lat. 60° 42' 23' N., 1° 32' SO' W.— IV. (OlcT), a pa., CO. Hants, 4 m. N.N.W. St Ives. Area 1,350 ac Pop. 182. Bor. annexed to St Ives. — V. (Monceaux), CO. Sussex, 3 m. E. Hailsham. Area 4,870 ac Pop. 1,445. In the church are some curious monuments of the Fiennes family. Hurst-Monceaux castle, now a magnificent ruin, was one of the finest and most perfectly cas- tellated mansions in the kingdom, till it was dila- pidated by the proprietor. — VI. (Pierpoint), same co.,28m.E.N.E. Chichester. Ac. 5,590. P. 2,118. Htirstbouene (Peiobs), a pa. of England, co. Hants, 2 m. W.S.W. Whitchurch. Area 3,070 ac. Pop. 482.— =11. (Tarrant), same co., 5 m. N.N.E. Andover. Area 6,380 ac. Pop. 850. Huewobth, a pa. of Engl., co. Durham, on the Tees, 3| m. S.S.E. Darlington. Area 3,920 ac. Pop. 1,599, partly employed in manufs. of linen. The church is finely situated on a cliff. Husbt, a pa. of Sweden, Isen and 20 m. S.W. Mariastad,ontheE. side of Lake Wener, andhav- ing sulphureous baths. — II. a vill. of Denmark, duchy Schleswig, 6J m. S.E. Flensburg. HnscH, a town of Moldavia, cap. fist., 47 m. S.E. Jassy, where thetreaty of the Pruth between the Russians and Turks was signed in 1711. HtrssEiHPOOB, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, Upper provs., 62 m. E. Delhi. HnssiNETz, a mkt. town of Bohemia, circ. Prachin, 75 m. S.S.W. Prague. Pop. 1,173. Birth-place of John Huss. — II. a vill. of Prus- sian Sflesia, 18 m. N.E. Reichenhaeh. P. 998. HussiNGABAD, Or HosEiNGABAj), a Consider- able town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, S.W. ceded dists., on the Nerbuddah, 43 m. E.S.E. Bhopaul. It is an important military post. HrsTHWAiTE, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. rid- mg, 7 m. S.E. Thirsk. Area 2,800 ac. Pop. 577. Husm, a seaport town of Denmark, duchy and 22 m. W. Schleswig, cap. amt., on the N. sea, at the mouth of a small river. Pop. 4,000. It has ship-building yards and breweries. HuszTH, a vill. of E. Hungarjr, circ. Marmaros, at the junction of the Theiss with the Nagy-Ag, 28 m. W.N.W. Szigeth. Pop. 4,596. HuTOFT, or HiGHTOFT, a pa. of Engl., co. Lin- coln, 3J m. E. Alford. Area 3,310 ac. Pop. 516. HuiTANT, a considerable town of India, dom. and 82 m. S.E. Sattarah, and having an active trade with Bombay, Surat, &c. HiJTTENDEKa, a mkt. town of Illyria, Carin- thia, gov. Laybaoh, circ. and 25 m. N.N.E. Klagenfurth. Pop. chiefly engaged in iron-works. Huttenrode is a vill. of Brunswick, S.W. Blan- kenberg, and Hutten-Stdnach, a vill. of Saxe- Meiningen, with. iron works. Hdttenheim, a comm. and vill. of France, dep, B. Rhin, arrond. Schelestadt. Pop. 2,084. HuTXOM, several pas., &c., of Engl. — I. co. Essex, 2J m. W.S.W. Billericay. Area 2,950 ac. l^op. 449.— II. a pa., co. Somerset, 6J m. W.N.W. HUT OiO HYE Axbridge. Area 2,010 ac. Pop. 462. It has a beautiful church, and a fine old manor hall. — III, a tnshp., CO. Lancaster, pa. Fenwortham, 3J m. S.W. Preston. Pop. 663. — IV. a township, co. York, N. riding, pa. Kudby, 4 m. W.S. W. Stokes- ley. Pop. 911.— V. (Bushell), a pa., same co., N. riding, 6 m. W.S.W. Scarboro'. Area 6,670 ac. Pop. 606. — VI. (Cransivich), a pa., E. riding, 2J m. S. Great Driffield. Area 6,230 ac. Pop. 1,228.— VII. {In-the-Forest), co. Cumberland, 6^ m. N.W. Penrith. Area 2,370 ac. Pop. 1,228. . — VIII. (Magna), co. York, N. riding, 7 m. N.N.W. Richmond. Area 2,080 ac. Pop. 297. —IX. (SRenj^),same riding, 10 m. N.N.E. York. Area 9,690 ac. Pop. 1,499. HuTTON, a pa. of Scotl., co. Berwick, on the Tweed, here crossed by a suspension bridge, 7 m. W.N.W. Berwick. P. 1,133. The salmon fisheries of this pa. are productive. Button hall is an interesting specimen of a border fortress, still entire. — II. {mth Come), co. Dumfries, in Au- nandale. Area about 23,000 ac, of which nearly 20,000 are pasture. Pop. 809. Huttons-Ambo, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. riding, 3 m.S.W.New-Malton. Ac. 2,300. P. 408. Hdttwyl, a town of Switzerland, cant, and 22 m. N.E. Bern. Pop. 3,092. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufs. of cotton fabrics. HuxHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 3} m. N.N.E. Exeter. Area 730 ac. Pop. 150. Hnr (pronounced We), a fortified town of Belgium, prov. & 17 m. S.W. Liege, cap. arrond., on file Meuse, here crossed by a stone bridge. Pop. (1842), 8,211. It is enclosed by heights, and has a citadel, a college, numerous iron works and breweries, with tile, paper, leather, glue, & other factories, and an active trade in corn. HnTssE, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Elanders, 11 m. S.W. Ghent. Pop. 4,228. HnvTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Lancaster, with a station on the Manchester and Liverpool railway, 6^ m. E. Liverpool. Area 9,720 ac. Pop. 3,749. Hdzabeh and Eimi^uk Codntbt, a mntnous. region of Afghanistan, mostly between lat. 31° 30' and 37° N., and Ion. 62° and 68° E., enclosed by the doms of Herat, Candahar, Cabool, Bok- hara, and Khiva, and estimated to comprise 80,000 sq. m., with a pop. of from 300,000 to 350,000. Surface wholly mntnous., and in some parts 14,000 feet in elevation. The Moorghaub, Helmund, Urghundaub, and rivers of Balkh and Ghnznee rise in this region. The inhabitants are of Mongol descent, very poor, and subject to their more powerful neighbours. They receive turbans, cotton cloths, tobacco, dyes, and car- pets, from the rest of Afghanistan, & rice, cotton, and salt, from Turkestan, in exchange for slaves, cattle, sheep, butter, strong woollens, felt, sacks, grain, lead, and sulphur. Silver and copper ores are met with, but no mines are wrought. Prin- cipal vills., Ghore, Siripool, and Andkoo. HuzRAH, or HuzBOo, a commercial town of the Punjab, 28 m. E. Attook, on the route from Lahore. Lat. 33° SC N., Ion. 72° 46' E. HvAioE, or HvALOEN, an isl. of Norway, stift. Jforrland, in the Arctic Ocean, immediately W. Eromsoe. Lat. 69° 35' N., Ion. 18° BO'S. Length, N. to S., 27 m., breadth 14 m. — Hvaloer is the name of an isl. group in the Skager-rack, at the entrance of the Christiana-Fiord. HvEN, or HvEEK, a Danish isl., m the Sound, 8 m. S. Elsinore, and long the residence of the astronomer Tycho-Brahe, the remains of whose observatory still exist here. HvABAitr, a riv. of S. America. [Jabary.] Htckham (North), a pa. of Engl., co. and 41 m. S.S.W. Lincoln. Area 1,990 ac. Pop. 397. — II. {South), a pa. adjoining, 5 m. S.W. Linooh. Area 1,160 ac. Pop. 85. Htde, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Chester, pa. and 4 m. N.E. Stockport. Pop. 10,161, chiefly em- ployed in cotton manufs. and coal mines. Htde, a co. of U. S., N. Amer., N. Carolina, in its E. part, bordering Pamlico Sound; cap. Lake-Sanding. Area 800 sq. m. Pop. 6,548. Htde Park, two tnshps. of U. S., N. Amer I. Vermont, 31 m. N. Mont^elier. Pop. 1,450. — II. New York, on Hudson riv., W. bank, 62 m. S. Albany. Pop. 2,364. It has continual water communication with New York. Hyderabad, a fortified city of India, cap. of the Nizam's dom. on a tributary of the Eist- nah, the Musah or Mussey, here crossed by a large stone bridge. Lat. 17° 20' N., Ion. 78° 33; E. Pop.,1ncluding suburbs, estimated at 200,000, comprising Bohillas, Arabs, Afghans, Fatans, and mostly Moslems, this having long been the stronghold of Mohammedanism in the Deccan. The city, about 4 m. in length by 3 m. in breadth, is enclosed by a stone waJS, and irregularly laid out; streets narrow, crooked, and ill-paved, and houses mostly of wood, and of only one story ; but it has some rich noble residences, containing collections of pictures, natm-al curiosities, and European porcelain, and one handsomely fitted up in the European fashion. Principal public buildings, the Nizam's palace, the "four mina- rets," and numerous other mosques. Outside of the city, on the road to the British station Secunderabad, 3 m. N.ward, are a royal cannon foundry, a magnificent residence, formerly that of the British representative, and some other fine country seats. Among the curiosities of Hydera- bad, is the Nizam's regiment of women, who per- form aU military duties the same as men. The territory of wMch this is the cap. will be de- scribed under Nizam's DoMraioNS. Hyderabad, or Htdrabad, a town and for- tress of Hindostan, cap. Scinde, on a rocky emi- nence between the Indus, 4 m. W.ward, and the Fulailee branch, J m. to the E. Lat. 25° 22' N., Ion. 68° 22' E. Pop. estunated at 20,000. The fortress, having brick walls flanked by large ronnd towers, comprises the Ameer's palace, a massive keep, some mosques, and together with the open town, about 6,000 mud houses. On the N. part of the eminence is a large cemetery, in which is the fine mausoleum of Gholam Shah, The manuf. of arms, of superior quality, embroi- dered silk and cotton fabrics, and leather, is stated to occupy l-5th of its inhabitants. Hydra, an isl. of Greece, off the E. coast of the Morea, and forming with the isl. Poros a gov. comprising 66 sq. m., and about 23,000 in- habitants. Area of isl. 38 sq. m. Pop. about 20,000. It is a mere barren rock, but on its N. side is a handsome and clean city, with a pop. of 12,600 persons, 3 small harbours, and an active general trade. — Hydron is an isl. between Hydra and the mainland, 4 m. in length by 2 m. across. Htebes, or HiERES, Arc s Cork, . 1,846,333 854,118 Cork. 1 J Kerry, 1,186,126 393,880 Tralee. 5 1 limetick, . 680,843 3:30,039 Iiimericlc. s Tipp«rary, . 1,061,731 436,663 Olonmel. .Waterford, . 461,663 196,187 Wateiford. r Antrim. 761,877 360 875 Belfast. Armagh, 328,076 333;S93 Armagh. CnvaI^ 477,360 243,168 Gavan. 1 Donegal, 1,193,443 296,448 Lifford. Down, 612,495 361,446 Downpatriok. P Permanagh, 457,195 156,481 Enniskillen. 618,595 222,174 Monashan. 319,747 260,442 Monaehan. Omagh. ITyrone, ' . 806,640 313,856 *; /'Galway, 1,666,354 440,198 Galway. % \Leitrim, 3 -{Mayo, 392,363 155,297 Carrick. 1,363,882 388,887 Caatlebar. S JBoscommon, 607,691 263,691 J Csilgo, . 461,763 180,886 Sligo. Total, 20,808,271 8,176,124 The population of 1784, wneestimnted at 2,372,000; that of 1812, 6,801,827. The number of houses in 1841, wasl,384,S60. Proportion of Soman Catholics, 4^ to 1 Protestant. Ireland is of an oblong form, with a waved con- tinuous outline on the E. coast, but deeply indent- ed by numerous inlets on its other sides, with rock bound coasts N. & W. Surface mostly level or undulating. Most of its mountains, as the Wick- low and Mourne mountains, those of Donegal, Mayo, Galway, and Kerry, are in isolated groups towards the coasts and extremities of the island, surrounding a central plain, of limestone format tion, comprising a large extent of bog-land, and traversed only by a few low hill ranges and the Sliebhloom mountains. M'Gillicuddy Reeks, in Kerry, is the highest summit in Ireland, and rises to 8,404 feet above the sea. Granite, flanked by Silurian strata, forms the Wicklow range of mountains on the B. coast. The same pri- mary strata prevail in the Mourne mountains, and an extensive trap formation in Antrim of 800 sq. m., is succeeded by clay slate on the west. Granite again appears in the Galway mountains, and the old red sandstone extensively prevail in Munater. The great plain in the centre is formed of mountain limestone, & contains 6 coal districts, the Leinster, or Castlecomer, the Sleeve Arda in Tipperary, the Munster,Loch Allan, Monaghan, IKE 666 IRE and Tyrone, besides a small coal field in co. An- trim. The coal raised S. of Dublin is anthracite, that in the N, is bituminous, but the whole quan- tity raised does not exceed 55,000 tons annually. Copper and lead are found in the Silurian and mountain limestone. The lower chalk and greensand formations partially preTail, but no tertiary beds. Ireland is well watered. Princi- pal rivers, the Shannon, Barrow, Blackwater, Suir, More, Bann, Foyle, Boyne, Slaney, Liffey, Ban- don, and Erne. Principal lakes, Neagh, Erne in Ulster, loughs Allen, Corrib, Mask, and Deir- geash in Connaught, and the famed lakes of Kil- lamey, in Munster, near the S.AV. extremity of the island. The aggreg. surface of these lakes is estimated at 336 sq. m. Loughs Strangford, Bel- fast, Foyle, and SwiUy, on the N. and N.E. coasts are inlets of the sea. Other principal inlets are Dundrum, Carlingford, Dundalk, & Dublin bays on the E., and Bantry, Dunmanus, Dingle, Tra- lee, Galway, Clew, Blacksod, Killala, Sligo, and Donegal bays, with the estuaries of the Shannon and Kenmare rivers, on the W. coast. Ireland is much indented by the sea, no locality being above SO m. from its shores, & this conduces to the ge- neral mildness of its climate. Mean winter temp. 39° .9, mean summer 60°.6 ; mean of year 49° .6 Fahr. Ann. fall of rain 30 to 40 inches, the great- est fall being in the S. & S. W. W. winds prevail for 9 months in the year. The broad leaved myrtle grows luxuriantly in some S. cos., and the ar- butus unedo, menziesia, and other plants of S. Europe flourish; while Alpine plants, of the ex- treme north of Europe, are also found on some of the mountains. Of the 20 million acres of land, it has been estimated that 6i miUion are arable, 6j pasture and marshes, S improvable, and the remainder waste. 360,000 ao. are in plantations. Ireland is more fitted for cattle rearing than an agricultural country ; yet of late, owing to the rapid increase of population, and other causes, much land that was formerly in pasture has been brought under culture for com, potatoes, and other crops adapted for human nutriment; and it has been estimated that 4-5ths of the popula- tion directly depend for subsistence and employ- ment on the soil. Farms are generally very small, few extend to 40 acres, and mostly vary from 5 to 15 acres in the E. and N. In 1841, out of 883,097 holders of land, 124,487 holdings were less than 1 acre. Afcw estates are in larger farms, and these are the portions of the country in which there is the least amount of national pauperism. Oats, wheat, and barley, are the principal crops, next to potatoes, which have long formed the staple crop and food of the Irish peasantry; tUl the failures of these crops in 1845-6 -7, when a government grant of 10,360,000?. was found necessary to prevent starvation. About 9-lOth of the lands were confiscated by the government of Cromwell and William iii., and bestowed on English proprietors, by whose de- scendants the bulk of Irish property is still pos- sessed. The annual rental of land in 1841 was estimated at 5,000,OOOZ., total property assessed to poor rates was, in 1846, 13,007,420/. In 1846, 19,883 vessels, manned by 93,673 persons, were employed in the fisheries around the coasts, where herrings, pilchards, cod, ling, and hake, are among the more plentiful kinds taken, and in the estuaries, where salmon and eels are abun- dant; but the salt fish consumed in the country is still imported chiefly from Scotland, and other places. Mineral products comprise marble, of the finest quaUty, coal, copper, the ore of which is mostly sent to Wales to be smelted, lead, anti- mony, manganese, fullers' earth, slate, and peat from the bogs, which forms the principal fuel, and is of high importance, owing to the general deficiency of timber. Manufs. consist of paper, glass, tobacco, and especially linen goods, the chief seat of which latter is Ulster ; and in that prov. linens, to the estimated value of 4,000,000?. annually, are made chiefly in the dwellings of the rural population, and disposed of to the mer- chants of Belfast, and other large towns. The malt trade and distilling of whisky are extensively carried on. In 1839, 10,815,709 galls, of spuits were produced ; in 1842, 6,290,650 do. ; m 1847, 5,737,687 galls., and 178,369 qrs. of malt. The wool produced in Ireland has been estimated to amount in annual value to 300,000?., and coarse woollen stuffs are made in the centre of the country, besides mixed stuffs and silks in Dublin, Wateiford, and other principal cities. In 1838, there were estimated to be in all 95 cotton, woollen, and flax mills, employing 14870 per- sons, and steam and water power equivalent to that of 3,660 horses. The conversion of grain into flour and meal has latterly become an extensive business in Ireland ; the principal ex- ports from which country are its raw produce, wheat, oats, flour, butter, bacon, beef, eggs, wool, flax, ore, and spirits. Imports comprise coal and culm, fish, salt, woollen and cotton yarn, and fabrics, witii colonial produce. Total official value of exports in 1835, 17,394,813?., of imports 16,337,097?., mostly to & from Liverpool, Bristol, Glasgow, and some other British ports. The trade with foreign countries is comparatively inconsiderable. In 1844, the value of the exports thither amounted to only 267,977?., of the imports thence to 1,893,767?. In the same year 2,033 vessels, aggregate burden 208,613 tons, belonged to Ireland. Principal commercial ports are Dublin, Belfast, Cork, Limerick, Waterford, and Londonderry. The Grand and Royal canals in- tersect Ireland throughout from E. to W., and respectively connect DnbUn with Ballinasloe and Tarmonberry, on the Shannon. Railways have yet made little progress, though some of con- siderable length have been jprojected. The principal existing ones are from Dublin to Drogheda, and to Kingstown and Dalkey. Ire- land has, since 1800, been represented in the British House of Lords by 28 temporal peers elected for life, and 4 spiritual peers, who take office in rotation ; and since the Reform act, in the H.'of C, by 105 members, 2 elected by each CO., 2 by each of the cities Dublin, Cork, Lim- erick, and Waterford, the towns Belfast and Gal- way, and Trinity College, Dublin j and 1 by each of 27 other bors. Total reg. electors (1849) 72,216, viz., 34,107 in cos., and 38,109 m cities & boroughs. The electoral franchise rests with much the same classes as in England ; in bors., both the pari, and municipal right of voting is in 10?. householders, resident within 7 m. The local government is vested in a Lord-Lieutenant, as- sisted by the secretary for Ireland, and a privy council nominated by the crown. The judicisu power is with the Lord Chancellor, the master of the rolls, and 12 circuit-judges. Each co. has a Lord-Lieutenant, aided by an indefinite number of deputy-Ueutenants, and a police force appoint- ed by the crown. Of every 100 inhabitants it is estimated that about 81 are Roman Catholics, 11 episcopalian Protestants, and 8 Protestant dissenters, chiefly Presbyterians, Methodists, & Friends. The Protestants are almost confined to Ulster, and parts of Leinster ; but the Pro- testant church, which has two archbishoprics IRE 667 IRR (Armagh and Dublin) and 10 bishoprics, absorbs a revenue of at least 1,000,000?. annually. The R. Cath. Church (unendowed by law) has i arch- bishoprics & 23 bishoprics. The national schools, aided by annual pari, grants of 50,000?., amounted in 1847 to 3,825, attended by 402,632 children. There is a university in Dublin, and colleges have been endowed by government in Cork, GaJ- way, and Belfast. The greater part of the Irish are descendants of the aboriginal Celts, with an admixture towards the north of Saxons, probably the Scott of the 5th cent., and in later times, of English and Scottish emigrants. The Krse, a dialect of the Celtic, is still the prevailing lan- guage. Their dark complexion, and smaller and more slender form of body, distinguish them irom the Saxon, as well as their more volatile temperament, their improvidence, their deficiency in personal enterprise and pereeverance, ajid their consequent poverty. In the year 432, Christianity was introduced into Ireland by St Patrick. From the 8th to the 12th century, the country was the scene of perpetual warfare be- tween the petty kings and tiieir chiefs. In 1174, Henry vii. of Kngland conquered the country, and portioned it out among his Anglo-Norman followers. In the reign of King John the divi- ^on into counties took place, and English laws and customs were partially introduced. But the powerful barons continued to resist the govern- ment of Henry vii., James i., and Elizabeth, with repeated outbreaks and rebellions. The most memorable of these were in 1641, 1689, and 1798. In 1800 the union with IreUtnd and England took place. In 1829 the Roman Catholic eman- cipation act was passed, in 1832 the Irish reform bill, in 1838 the poor law bill. In 1844 the Irish repeal agitation was at its height; in 1847 a &imne took place &om the failure of the potatoe crop ; and in 1848 an insTurection of the popu- lace took place, but was speedily put down. Ibeland (New), a long and narrow isl. in the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 2° 3' S., and Ion. 152° E., about 400 m. N.E. Papua. Length, N.W. to S.E., about 200 m.; average breadth 20 m. Sur- face fertile, and hills rising to 2,000 feet in height, are covered with forests. Two of its most con- spicuous peaks are termed the " Mother and daughter." Ibeton-Eibk, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, 3 m. S.S.W. Wirksworth. Area 2,490 ac. Pop. 865. Ibshiz (Gbeat and Little), two rivers of Russia, gov. Saratov, tributary to the Volga, — The Ulu Irghiz, independent Turkestan, Kirg- hiz territory, enters a salt lake, about 125 m. N.E. the sea of Aral, after a S.ward course of 240 m. Ieigni, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Rhone, arrond. Lyon, on railway to St Etienne. P. 1,124. Ibise Sea, is that part of the Atlantic Ocean extending between lat. 51° 40' and 64° 30' N., and Ion. 3° and 6° W,, having W. Ireland, N. Scotland, E. England, and S. Wales, continuous S.W.ward with St George's Channel, and communicating with the German Ocean N.ward of the North Channel. It contains the Isle of Man and Ang- lesey, Tfith Holyhead, and some smaller islands. Principal inlets Carnarvon and Moreeambe bays, and the estuaries of the Dee, Mersey, & Ribble, on the side of England; Solway Firth and Wig- town, and Luce bays, in Scotland ; and Dundrum, Carlingford, Duncfalk, & Dublin bays in Ireland. Ibishtowu, the name of numerous suburbs of towns, and of sev. vills. of Irel., principal co. Dub- lin, on Dublin Bay, i m. S.E. Ringsend. P. 1,109. Ieki, a town of N. Hindostan, Gurhwal, 16 m. S.E. Belaspoor. Irkutsk, a city of Siberia, cap. government of Irkutsk, and residence of the governor of E. Siberia, on the Angara, at the influx of the Irkut, 30 m. from the N.W. shore of Lake Baikal. Lat. 62° 17' 2' N., Ion. 104° 18' 21" E. Pop., including gai'rison (1840) 18,000. It is fortified and divided into two nearly equal parts by the Angara, here crossed by a long wooden bridge. Viewed from the E., it has a fine appearance " with its 16 churches and their spires, its convents, hospitals," &c., and many of its public edifices are said to be worthy of a provincial capital ; but of 1,900 private dwellings, only 60 are built of stone, the rest being of wood, or faced with painted planks. It has a citadel, several suburbs, a good bazaar, an exchange, the Baikal admiralty house, & some building docks on the riv., a depot of the Rus- sian-American Co.; governor's house, theatre, prison, &c. ; numerous public schools, among wliich are a medical college, a gymnasium, with a library of 6,000 vols., an episcopalian seminary, a high school of navigation, and a female orphan school; an imperial woollen factory, and manufs. of linens, leather, glass, and soap. It is the great entrep6t for the commerce of N.E. Asia, and sends tea, rhubarb, fruits, paper, silks, porcelain, and other Chinese produce, with furs and ivory, to Russia, in exchange for European goods. It has also some trade with Khokan and Bokhara, and a large fair in June. The total amount of its trade has been estimated at 4 millions paper roubles (800,0002.) a year. Irkutsk is the see of an archbishop, whose authority overalls. Siberia and Russian-America extends through 120° of longitude ! — The government of Jrhutsk is a part of the old gov. of same name, which, pre- vious to 1823, comprised the present gov. and the provs. of Okhotsk, Jakatsk, Kamtschatka, and the country of the Tchuktchis. It comprises Lake Baikal, and is rich in mines of gold, silver, copper, and iron. Extensive forests cover a great portion of the government. Barley and rye are the chief crops, the climate is too cold for fruit trees. Pop. (1838) 507,300, comprising Russians, exiles, Cos- sacks, and different tribes of Tunguses, and Mongolians. Ikminglanb, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, on the Bure, 4 m. N.W. Aylsham. Area 740 ac. P. 13. Ibnham, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 20 m. N.N.E. Corby. Area 3,620 ac. Pop. 436. iKODonEE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Ille-et-VilaJne, arrond. Montfort. Pop. 1,856. Ikon (Lough), a lake of Ii'eland, Leinster, co. West Meath, 7 m. N.W. Mnllingar. Length S.E to N.W. 2 m. Area about 669 acres. Ibon-Actoh, a pa. of Engl., co. Gloucester, 3J m. N.W. Chipping-Sodbury. Ac. 3,030. P. 1,342. Irrawadi {Erivati, " the great river"), one of the great rivers of S.E. Asia, is supposed to rise in Tibet, near lat. 28° N., Ion. 97° 30' E., flows generally S.ward, traversing the Burmese Em- pire throughout, and enters the Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal), by numerous months, E. of Cape Negrais, in lat. 16° 20' N., Ion. 96° E. Principal aiHs., the Ning-thee, Mogonny, Bhamo, and Lung-tchuen rivers, in lat. 17° N., it se- parates into numerous arms, which cover the whole kingdom of Pegu with a network of ra- mifications, and the Rangoon and Bassain branches form the E. and W. boundaries of its delta, a region comprising upwards of 10,000 sq. m., covered with teak forests and grass jungles, interspersed with some rice grounds. The main stream, from the head of the delta to Tedan above Ava, varies from 1 to 4 m, in breadth, and may always bo ascended to Ava from the sea iiy ves- IRS ISE sels of 200 tons, which, durmg the rains, can reach the infloz of the Mogonny riv., 800 m. from the ocean. It is usually navigable for canoes as high as Bhamo, besides which town and Ava, Amarapura, Sakaing, Tandabo, Pagahm Mew, Frome, Henzada, Bass^n, and Bangoon, are the principal places on its banks. Ibsteab, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, on the river North, 11 m. N.E.Norwich. Ac. 830. P. 170. Ikthing, a river of England, between the cos. Northumberland & Cumberland, joins the Eden near Newby, after a S. course of 26 miles. Ibthihgton, a pa. of Engl., eo. Cumberland, on the Irthing, 7 m. E.N.E. Carlisle. Area 7,100 ac. Pop. 1,049. Ikthlinoborouqh, a pa. of Engl., co. Nor- thampton, 2 m. N.W. ffigham-Ferrers. Area 3,720 ac. Pop. 1,339. Ibtish, a principal river of N. Asia, rises in the Altai Mountains, near lat. 47° N., Ion. 89° E., & flows N.W.ward through Dzoungaria (Chinese Turkestan), & W. Siberia. It traverses the Lake Zaisan, passes the towns Ust-Kamenogorsk, Se- mipolatinsk, Tamishevsk, and Omsk, and joins the Ob, 180 m. N. Tobolsk, after a total course estimated at upwards of 1,700 miles, about 2-5ths of which are in the Chinese dom., and the rest in the Russian govs. Tomsk and Tobolsk. Chief tributaries, the Om and Ishim. The country, around its upper portion, is one of the best agri- cultural districts in Siberia. Ibton, a pa. of Engl., co. Cumberland, 3 m. N.N.E. Ravenglass. Area 6,270 ac. Pop. 509. Ieun, a frontier town of Spain, prov. Gnipus- coa, near the Bidassoa and the frontier of France, 10 m. E. San Sebastian. Pop. 2,471. It has a town-hall, church, hospital, and manufe. of iron- ware & leather. All around it are Roman rem:uns. InviLtAC, a comm. and vUl. of France, dep. FinistSre, 13 m. E. Brest. Pop. 2,330. Irvine, a river of Scotland, co. Ayr, rises on the borders of Lanarkshire, flows W.ward, and after a course of 20 m., joins the Firth of Clyde by an estuary. It mostly divides the dists. Kyle and Cunningham. Irvine, a pari, and munic. bor., seaport town, & pa. of Scotland, co. Ayr, on an eminence near the Irvine, here crossed by a handsome bridge, 21 m. S.W. Glasgow. Pop. of pa: 6,214; do. of pari, bor., comprising several suburbs beyond the river, 7,313 ; do. of town 7,647. It is well and commodiously built. Principal public edifices, the parish church, endowed and various other schools, several libraries, a news-room, 3 branch banlcs, and the custom-ho. Its harbour is pro- vided with a good quay, admitting vessels of about 100 tons burden. The weaving of book- muslins, jaconets, and checks, employ many hands; and here are rope- walks, tanneries, anchor-foundries, and distilleries. Coal forms the principal article of export. Mkts., Monday and Saturday. Corp. rev. (1844) 1,766?. The bor. unites with Ayr, Campbelton, Oban, and In- verary, in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. elec- tors (1848) 236. Eglintoun-Castle is in vicinity. Irvinestown, or Lowtherstown, a town of Ireland, Ulster, co. Fermanagh, 9 m. N. Ennis- killen. Fop. 1,388. It has twelve annual fairs. Ibweli., a riv. of Engl., co. Lancaster, rises near Todmorden, and after a very tortuous S.- ward course of 40 miles, joins the Mersey at Flixton, affording water-power to the towns of Rochdaje, Bury, & Manchester, at which last city it receives the Irk and Medloch. Irwin, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in S. of Georgia. Area 2,079 sq. m. Pop. 2,038. IsABA, a vill. of Spain, Navarra, prov. and 29 m. N.E. Pamplona, on a steep height. Pop. 1,000. Isabella, a port on the N. coast of Hayti, 36 m. m. W.N.W. Santiago, & where Columbus, in 1493, estab. the first European settl. in the New 'Worid, of which the traces are said to be still visible. IsAKLi, a town of Asia Minor, pash. Karamania, 40 m. E.S.E. Afium-Kara-Hissar. IsAKTCHi, a frontier town of European Turkey, Bulgaria, on rt. b. of the Danube, 100 m. N.E. Silistria, with a castle, several mosques, &c. IsALco, a viU. and a volcano of Amer. [Izalco.] IsALL, a pa., Engl., co. Cumberland, on the Der- went,3m.N.E.Cockermouth. Ac. 6,760. P. 635. IsAMAi, a town of Yucatan, 60 m. E.S.E. Meri- da, on the road to Yalladolid. It has a church with some curious works of art. Ibab, or IsEB, Isara, a river of Germany, rises in the Tyrol, N. of Innsbruck, traverses Bavaria N.W., past Munich, Freising,& Landsbut,& joins the Danube on rt., opposite Deggendorf. Length 165 m. Principal am., the Ammer on left or W. IsAURiA, or IsAURA, a famous anc. city of Asia Minor, the remains of which are at Hajilar, 45 m. W. Karaman, and consist of a fine massive wall with hexagonal towers, a triumphal arch, & tombs. IsBABTA, a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, cap. sanj. Hamid, 64 m. N. Adalia. It is well sup- plied with water, and has many large gardens. IsBOBSK, a small town of Russia, gov., circ. & 22 m. W.S.W. Pskov. The town, founded about 862, has several churches, and a mined castle. IscHiA, ^naria & Pithecusa, an isl. of Naples, in the Mediterranean, 8 m. S.W. Cape Misene, from which it is separated by a channel 6 miles across. Area 21 sq. m. Fop. 24,000. Surface mntnous., and Mount Epomeo, Epopeut, in its centre, rises to 2,513 feet in height. Soil very fertile, & it produces great quantities of superior wine, with figs, com, and game. Sulphur is abundant, and the mineral springs at Casamaccia are annually resorted to by summer visitors. Its inhabs. are partly employed as seamen and fishermen, and in manu&. of straw-hats, baskets, and earthenwares. It is divided into 2 cantons ; princip. town, Ischia, on its N.E. coast. P. 2,700. IscHEL, or IscHL, a market town of Upper Austria, circ. and on the Traun, over which mere is a suspension bridge, at the confl. of the Ischl, 44 m. S.W. Steyer. Pop. 1,903. It has a Roman Catholic church, a Lutheran chapel, and saline springs, with elegant bath establishments, which, with the beauty of its situation have, within a few years, rendered it a fashionable watering-place. IscHiTELLA, a town of Naples, prov. Capitanata, dist. and 26 m. E.N.E. S. Severe, near the Ad- riatic, at the N. foot of Mt. Gargano. Pop. 3,600. IscoYD, a chapelry of N. Wales, co. Flin^ pa. Malpas, 3 m. W. A/iTiitchurch. Pop. 514. ISE-noBD, an inlet of Denmark, on the N. side of the isl. Seeland. Length N. to S. 20 m.; breadth 10 m. Roeskilde and Lamme fiords are its chief branches, & it contains the island CEroe. IsEGHEM, a comm. and town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 1 m. W. Ingelmunster. Pop. (1842) 8,868, who mannf. cotton stuffi; and woollens. IsENBtTRG, two vills. of Germany.— I. {New), grand duchy Hessen-Darmstadt, prov. Starken- burg, 13 m. N. Darmstadt. Pop. 1,838. It was founded by French colonists in 1700 ; and has manufs. of gloves and lace n. Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 8 m. N. Coblenz. Pop. 636. IsEO (Lake), Locus Sevinus, N. Italy, between the delegs. Brescia and Bergamo, is 15 m. E. Bergamo, and traversed by the Oglio, a river tributary to the Po. Length N. to S. 15 m. ; ISE 689 ISL average breadth 2} m. ; greatest depth 984 feet. Shores abrupt, highly picturesque, being covered ^th vineyards and olive grounds, & interspersed vith towers, castles, and villas. On its £. shore is the small town of Iseo. Pop. 1,938. IsERE, Isara, a riv. of Sardinia, and S.E. France, rises in Mount Iseran (Savoy), flows tortuously W. and S.W., past Grenoble and Romans, and joins the Rhone on left, 4 m. N.N.W. Valence, after a total course of 150 m. ; for the latter 90 m. of which, from Montmeillan (Isere), it is navigable, though impeded by many isls. and shoals. Affls., the Arly and Arc in Savoy, & the Brae and Romanche in France. IsEBE, a dep. of the S.E. of France, on the frontiers of Savoy, formed of part of the old prov. Danphine, between the deps. Ain, Rhfine, Loire, Ard^che, Drome, and H. Alpes ; cap. Grenoble. Area 3,258 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 698,492. Surface mntnons., especially in the S.E., which presents narrow gorges, rugged precipices, rapid torrents, & thick forests. Chief rivers, the Rhone, Isere, Drac, and Romanche. Climate generally cold. Com and wine sufficient for home consumption ; pasturage excellent ; horses small, but celebrated for activity ; sheep numerous ; the chamois and the bear are found in the mntns. The cultivation of the mulberry tree, chesnuts, potatoes, fruits, and medicinal plants, are important branches of industry. Minerals comprise lignite, anthracite, lithographic-stones, and white marble, iron, lead, zinc, copper, &c. ; the gold mine of la Gardette, discovered 1781, was abandoned at the first re- volution. Manui^. comprise iron, lead, copper, and steel goods ; cannons, cottons, linens, and cloth for the army ; gloves, called Grenoble gloves, in high repute ; and the celeb, cheese of Sassenage. The prov. is divided into the arronds. Grenoble, La-Tour-du-Pin, St Marcellin, and Vienne. IsEELOHN, a walled town of Prussian West- ph^ia, reg. and 6 m. W. Amsberg. Pop. (1846) 9,930. It has Calvinist, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic churches, a Latin school, important Tnann fe. of cutlery, brass wares, steam engines and other machinery, wire, needles, pins, but- tons, velvets, silk, woollen stuffs, and leather, and a large general trade. Near it is much picturesque scenery, among which, forges, paper mills, bleaching grounds, &c., are thickly in- terspersed. IsEBNiA, ^sendaj a town of Naples, prov. Molise, cap. dist., 23 m. "W. Campobasso, on the W. slope of the Apennines. Pop. 6,200. It was nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1805, which threw down its cathedral and several convents. It has the remains of a Roman amphitheatre. IsET, a river of Siberia, rises in the gov. Perm, and after an E.ward course of more than 250 m., joins the Tobol on 1. Its gold washings are veiy productive. — Isetshoe is the lake in which it rises ; and a vill., on the Iset, gov. Tobolsk. IspiELD, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 2| m. S.S.W. Uckfield. Area 1,910 ac. Pop. 477. IsHAM, a pa. of England, co. Northampton, SJ S.S.E. Kettering. Area 1,160 ac. Pop. 397. IsHiM, a river of Siberia, gov. Tobolsk, rises S. of lat. 60° N., & after a tortuous N. course of 700 m., through a sterile tract, termed the Steppe of Ishim, joins the Irtish, 120 m. S.E. Tobolsk. On its banks are the towns Petro- padovsk and Ishim, the latter of which belongs to a chain of fortresses, termed the " line of Ishim," extending from Stanovoi to Omsk, con- tinuous, "W.ward, with the Orenburg forts. IsHLAWBCOED, 3, hamlct of England, co. Mon- mouth, pa. Bedwelty. Pop. 2,484. Ishmael's (St), a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pem- broke, 4J m. W. Milford. Pop. 502. IsiDBo (San), a small town of S. America, Plata confederation, dep. and 10 m. N. Buenos-Ayrcs. IsiGNT, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Calvados, cap. cant., on an inlet of the English Channel, on 1. b. of the Esques, near its confluence with the Vire, 18 m. W.N.W. Bayeux. Pop. 1,696. It possesses a small river-port. IsiLi, a town of the island Sardinia, div. and 37 m. N. Cagliari, cap. prov., in a fertile plain. Pop. 2,196. It has a gunpowder factory. Isis, a river of England, principal branch of tlie Thames, until it joins the Thame at Dor- chester, CO. Oxford, It rises near Cirencester. IsiuM, or IzicM, a town of Russia, gov. and 70 m. S.E. Kharkov, cap. circ, on the Donetz. Pop. 4,000. It is enclosed by ramparts, and has a citadel on an adjacent height. IsKABDOH, a valley of Little Tibet, consisting of a gorge, 19 m. in length, 7 m. across, traversed by the Upper Indus, and containing a strong castle, the residence of the chief of Bultistan, & at the foot of which is a village, 7,100 ft. in elev. IsKELiB, or EsKiLUP, a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, near the Kizil-Irmak, 26 m. W.N.W. Tchorum. Estimated pop. 9,000. It has an old castle and several Byzantine remains. IsKENDERtiN, Asia Minor. [Soakdeboob.] IsKEB, (Ems, a river of European Turkey, Bulgaria, rises in the Balkan, flows N.N.E., and joins the Danube, 22 m. W. Nicopolis. Total course 160 m. It is broad, and in many parts shallow. The city Sophia is on one of its affls. IsKiL, a town of Asia Minor, pash. Karamania, near the S.W. of a lake (ancient TattcBo), 60 m. N.E. Koniyeh, and comprising about 400 houses. Isla, a river of Scotland, cos. Forfar & Perth, enters the Tay after a S.W. course of about 41 m n. a small river, Banffshire, near Keith. Isla del Ret, the largest of the Pearl islands, Gulf of Panama, S. America. Length 20 miles. IsLADi, a town of European Turkey, Bulgaria, sanj. and 40 m. E. Sophia, on the Via. Isla de Pinos (" Isle of Pines "), an island of the Spanish West Indies, off the S. coast of Cuba. Lat. of Cape St Francis, 21° 37' N., Ion. 83° 12' W. Shape nearly circular. Area 800 sq. m. Pop. 900. It is celebrated for its excellent climate, great fertility, rich mines, and valuable timber. Isla be Leon, or San Febnando, a city of Spain, prov. and 7 m. S.E. Cadiz, on the E. side of the Isle of Leon. Pop. (including Puerto Real) 9,729. It is very ancient, is strongly forti- fied, and its arsenal is noted for its great extent. It has two hospitals, several convents, and an ex- cellent marine observatory, the only one of its kind in Spain. This town served as an asylum for refugees during the war of independence in 1823. Islamabad, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, cap. dist. Chittagong, on the Chittagong river, 8 m. from its mouth in the Bay of Bengal. Pop. 12,000 (?), of whom about 2,000 are of Por- tuguese descent. It is pretty well built in the Bengalese style, & has two Portuguese churches, an English school, well supplied markets, manufs. of canvas & marine fittings, ship-building yards, and an active maritime and inland trade. About 300 vessels are owned in the port, which is fre- quented by many Maldive and other vessels, bringing cowries, cocoa nuts, tortoise shell, and coin, which they exchange for rice, salt, and manufactured goods. — II. a town of Cashmere, on the Jhylum, here crossed by a wooden bridge, 27 m. S.E. Serinagur. It is filthy and swarms ISL 670 ISM with mendicants, but it has considerable manufs. of shawls, chintzes, coarse cottons, and woollens. IsLA Mayob, a large isl. of Spain, prov. Se- Tilla, embraced by two arms of the Guadalquivir, between Sevilla and the sea. Length 17 miles. IsLAMouBH and IsLAMROTE, two forts of W. Hindostau I. dom. and 120 m. W.S.W. Bhawl- poor. — II. Scinde, near the Cutch frontier. IsLAMPOOB and Islamnaotib, two towns of Hindostan. — I. dom. and 82 m. N.N.W. Jeypoor. — II. dom. and 6 m. N. Bhopaul, in a plain one of the most strongly fortified places in India. IsLANDBBEDaE, a vUl. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Dublin, on the LifFey, here crossed by a hand- some bridge, Ij m. W. Dublin castle. Pop. 767. IsLANDBABT, Or ISI.ANDINE, a pa. of Ireland, Connanght, co. Mayo, 8J m. W.N.W. Castlebar. Area 24,940 ac, including loughs. Pop. 8,463. Island Maqee, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, co. Antrim, 7 m. N.N.E. Carrickfergus. Ac. 7,037. P. 2,782. IsLANDSHiBE, a detachcd portion of the co. Durham, Engl., adjoining Berwick-upon-Tweed, comprises Holy isl. Area 26,820 ae. P. 8,830. IsLAT, one of the larger islands of the inner Hebrides, Scotland, co. Argylc, immediately S.W. the Island Jura, & 14 m. W. the peninsula of Kintyre ; 2S m. long, and 17 broad. Estimated area 16^000 ac. Pop. 18,071. Surface moun- tainous in the E., with elevation of 1,400 feet, elsewhere generally level, and where not culti- vated, covered with a green sward. About 22,000 acs. are arable. The isl. is formed of quartz rook, clay schists, with limestone, marl, bog iron ore, and lead and copper mines, which have been wrought. Agriculture has of late years greatly improved on the island, and good crops of wheat, barley, oats, peas, flax, and potatoes are raised. Principal exports, cattle, limestone, and spirits, ofwhiohlast 250,000 gaUons are distilled annually. The island is divided into the 4 pas. of Kilcho- ^man, Bowmore, Kilmeny, and KUdalton. At Lochindaal is a harbour for ships of considerable burden ; other principal vUls. are Port Askaig, Port Charlotte, and O^.— II. a maritime town of Peru, the port of Arequipa, on the Pacific, with a custom-house in lat. 17° S., Ion. 72° W S' Tf . — Islay Sound, between the isl. and Jura, has an average breadth of 1 mile. Isle, Insula, a river of France, rises 1 m. S.E. Nexon, dep. H. Vienne, and joins the Dordogne at Liboume, after a S.W. course of 100 m. It is navigable from Perigueux to the Gironde. Isle, a prefix to numerous comms., towns, and vills. of France.— I. (J. Adam {£') ), dep. Seine- et-Oise, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Oise, 7 m. N.E. Pontoise. Pop. 1,616.-11. (/. Baise), dep. Gers,arrond. & N. Mirande, onrt. b. of the Baise. Pop. 1,000 — III. (7. Bouchard), dep. Indre-et- Loire, 10 m. E.S.E. Chioon, on an island of the Vienne. Pop. 1,700.— IV. (7. Bouin). [Bonm.] — V. (7. Dim), dep. Vendee, in the He-Dieu, 28 m. N.W. Les Sables. Pop. 1,248.— VI. (7. d'Aix (i') ), dep. Charente-Inf. [Aix.]— VII. (7 d'Al- bi (U) ), dep. Tarn. [Albi.]— VHI. (I.-m-Do- don (i') ), dep. H. Garonne, on a small island of the Save, 20 m. N.N.E. St Gaudens. Pop. 1,841. — IX. {I.-Sur-U-Douhs (L')), dep. Doubs,12 m. N.E. Beaume-les-Dames. Pop. 1,000.— X. (7. Jmirdain), dep. Vienne, 16 m. S.W. Montmoril- lon, on rt. b. of the Vienne. Pop. 1,989.— XI. (I.-en-Jourdain), a comm. and town, dep. Gers, cap. cant., 14 m. N.N.E. Lombez, on rt. b. of the Save. Pop. 4,933. It has manufs. of leather.- XII. (7. Rmisse {!■')), a comm. and town of the island Corsica, 10 m. E. Calvi, with a small port. Pop. 1,466. Isle (Abbots), a pa. of England, eo. Somer- set, on the Isle, 4i m. W.N.W. Ilmmster. Area 1,810 ac. Pop. 413. — II. (Brewers), a pa., same CO., 6 m. S.W. Langport. Area 1,190 ac. P. 338. IsLEHAM, a pa. of England, co. Cambridge, 7 m. N. Newmarket. Area 4,396 ac. Pop. 2,127. Isle (L'), a comm. and town of France, dep. Vaucluse, 12 m. E. Avignon, cap. cant., on an isl. formed by the Sorgues. Pop. 4,797, employed in wool spinning and manufe. of coarse cloths. Isle of Fbance, Indian Ocean. [Maceitics.] Isle of Man, England. [Mam.] Isle of Pibtes, an island of the Pacific Ocean, S.E. New Caledonia, lat. of peak 22° 38' S., Ion. 167° 26' E., 42 m. in circumference. The scenery is beautiful, and vegetation luxuriant. It is resorted to for catching turtle. Mean temp, of winter 75° Fahr.; summer 80°. Pop. 2,500. Isle of Sebpents, Leuce, a lofty islet in the Black Sea, 23 m. E. the delta of the Danube. It is reputed to have possessed in antiqnity a temple in honour of Achilles (after whom the island was also named), but of which no traces remain. Classical notices concerning the island will he found in the Geographical Journal, i. 116-119. Isle of Shoals, a group of 8 islets, U. S. of N. America, in the Atlantic, off the coast of New Hampshire, 12 m. S.E. Portsmouth. Isle of Whithobit, a maritime vill. of Scot- land, CO. Wigton, at the head of a small bay, 3 m. S.E. Whithorn, with 594 inhabitants and a safe harbour, provided with a pier. Isle of Wi&ht, England. [Wight, Isle of.] Isle of Wioht, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. of Virginia. Area 400 sq. m. Pop. 9,972. Isle Kotal, an island of N. America, m Lake Superior, on its N.W. side, lat. 48° N., Ion. 89° W. Length, N.E. to S.W., 46 m. ; breadth 10 m. IsLEWOBTH, a pa. of England, co. Middlesex, on the Thames, 2 m. S.W. Brentford. Area of pa. 3,120 ac. Fop. 6,614. Charities amount to at least 700?. a-year. It is the head of a poor-law union, and has an elegant Gothic union-house. Around the vill. are numerous market-gardens ; between it and Brentford is Sion House, the seat of the Duke of Northumberland. Islington, a pa. of England, co. Middlesex, bor. Finsbury, and one of the N. suburbs of the metropolis, between Hackney and St Pancras. Area 3,050 ac. Pop. 55,690. " The pa. comprises Holloway, Highway, Bail's Pond, parts of New- ington Green and Kingsland. It is the seat of numerous schools and charity foundations, and contains also Highbury college for Indepen- dent ministers, a church of England missionary institution, a new literary institution, and Sadlers Wells theatre. On Islington Green, the pari, elections for the bor. of Finsbury take place. Isnp, two pas. of England. — I. co. Northamp- ton, on the Nen, 1 m. W.N.W. Thrapston. Area 1,370 ac. Pop. 647— n. co. and 5J m. N.N.E. Oxford. Area 1,680 ac. Pop. 674. Here are vestiges of a palace of King Ethelred. IsLip, a maritime tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, 191 m. E.S.E. Albany. Pop. 1,909. IsMAELBAD, a town of N.W. Hindostan, 20 m. S. UmbaUah. Ismail, a town of Bussia, Bessarabia, cap. dist., on 1. b. of the Kilia, or N. arm of the Danube, at its delta, 42 m. E. Galatz. Under the Turks, it flourished & had numerous mosques, bazaars, and large dwellings ; it has still the remains of a fine palace, Greek, Armenian, & other churches, but it has never regained importance since it was taken in 1790, and given over to military exe- cution by the Russians under Suwarrow.— /»- ISM 671 1ST mailovo, is a vill., gov. and acKoining Moscow, vitb an imperial p^ace and park. ISHALITAH, a small town of Persia, prov. Rliuz- istan, on the Karun, 28 m. S.W. Ahwaz. ISHEB (St), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Isere, arr. & 7 m. N.N.E. Grenoble. Pop. 1,325. IsHiD, IzHiD, or IzNiKMiD, Nicomedia, a marit. town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, cap. sani., at the head of the Gulf of Ismid, 55 m. E.S.E. Constantinople. Lat. 40° 47' 40' N., Ion. 29° 53' 30' E. It is finely placed, comprises 1,000 hooses, 200 of which are Greek, is the resid- ence of a pasha, and of Greek and Armenian archbishops, has some showy bnildings, and is reported to have a considerable trade. It was anciently the seat of the kings of Bithynia, also the birthplace of Arrian, and residence of Hanni- bal, the younger Pliny, and Diocletian. It has few remaining ancient buildings, except a cas- tellated edifice ; but its " tombestone-carvers' yarite are filled with fragments of antiquity." — II. The Gidf of Ismid {Astacenus sinus)y is an inlet forming the E. extremity of the Sea of Marmora, 45 m. in length, & 25 m. in breadth at its entrance. IsMLL, a large vill. of Asia Minor, pash. Kara- mania, 33 m. E.S.E. Eoniyeh. IszNT, a town of Wurtemberg, circ. Danube, 48 m. S. mm. Pop. 1,863, chiefly employed in manufacturing silks, needles, and in a linen trade. It is enclosed by walls, was formerly a free town of the empire, and has a castle, and a college. IsNELxo, a town of Sicily, intend. Palermo, 6 m. S.W. Cefalu. Pop. 1,600. ISNiK (Lake of), Ascanius, a beautiful lake of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 17 m. E. the Gulf of Mou- dania, into which it discharges itself by a small river. Length, E. to "W., 14 m., breadth 4 m. It has some valuable fiisheries. — II. Jsnik, or yioBa, is a vill. and mined city on the E. ex- tremity of this lake, 32 m. S.S.W. Ismid, and 40 m. E.N.E. Bmsa. The vill. comprises about 150 houses on part of a wide area enclosed by ancient double walls, with gates and towers still nearly perfect, though hid by vegetation. The first general ecclesiastical council met at Nicaea, in 325, on which occasion the " Nicene creed " was framed; another council was held here in 787. This city was the first conquest of the crusaders in the East, being taken in 1097. Is'oGLOo, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 80 m. N.W. DiarbeMr, on the Euphrates. IsoLA, several towns of Naples. — I. prov. Ca- lab.-int., dist. and 8 m. S. Cotrone, in a moun- tainous district, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 2,000. — II. prov. T. di Lavoro, dist. and 5 m. S.W. Sora, on an isl. formed by the river Liri. Pop. 2,600.-111. prov. Abruzzo-TJlt. I., dist. and 13 m. S. Teramo. Pop. 1,100. IsoLA, a large market town of Illyria, gov. and 9 m. S.W. Triest, on the S.E. shore of the Gulf of Triest. Pop. 3,430. A fine wine, termed Bivola, is raised in ite vicinity. — II. a vill. of Piedmont, dist. and 25 m. S.W. Alexandria. ISOI.A Bella, N. Italy. [Bobbomean Isles.] IsoLA DELLA ScALA, a town of N. Italy, deleg. and 11 m. S. Verona, on the Tartaro. Pop. 3,400. IsoLA Gbossa, Scardona, an isl. in the Ad- riatic Sea, oS the coast of Dalmatia, circ. and 10 m. S.W. Zara, Length, S.E. to N. W., 27 m., ex- treme breadth about 3 m. Pop. 12,000. IsoLA Madbe, Italy. [Bobbomean Islands] IsoNzo, SonHtts, a river of Illyria, forming the boundary between N.E. Italy and Illyria, rises in Mount Terglou, at the junction of the Julian and Camio Alps, flows tortuously S.ward, and under the name of Sdobba, enters the Grulf of Triest. Ispahan, or Isfahan, Aspadana, a famous city, and formerly the cap. of Persia, now cap. the prov. Irak-Ajemi, and of a beglerbeylik, about 215 m. S. Teheran. Lat. 32° 45' N., Ion. 51° fiO' E. Pop. has been variously estimated from 60,000 to 250,000, it probably exceeds 100,000. It stands enclosed by orchards and plantations, in a fine plain on the Zendarood, here crossed by several noble bridges. It was one of the richest and most populous cities of Asia under Shall Abbas the Great, in the 17th century ; but in the 18th, during the Afghan invasion of Persia, its walls were destroyed, and it was reduced to a state of decay, in which much of its site remains. Principal remaining edifices are the great bazaar of Shah Abbas, numerous magnificent buildings around an open space termed the Maidan, up- wards of 100 mosques, and various palaces and fine gardens scattered throughout the city, the most remarkable being the palace of the forty pillars, the favourite residence of the later so- vereigns. Of late a new palace has been built, and endeavours have been made to improve Is- pahan, and revive cultivation in its vicinity. Its artisans are esteemed the best in Persia ; and it has manufs. of all kinds of woven fabrics, gold and silver wares, paper articles, fire arms, sword blades, glass, earthenwares, articles of luxury, which are sent by caravans to Bagdad, Herat, India, and most parts of W. Asia. IspiNGLEE, atownofBeloochistan, intheBolan pass, 65 m. N. Kelat. Pop. 2,000 Ispunglee is a vill. in the same pass, 4 m. W. Quetta. IssE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Loire- Inf., 7 m. S.W. Cha,teaubriant, on the Don. IssELBDBS, a town of Khenish Prussia, reg. Diisseldorf, circ. and 5 m. N. Kees. Pop. 968. IssELs (St), a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, on Carmarthen Bay, 3 m. N. Tenby. Pop. 1,652. IssET (St), a pa. of Engl., oo. Cornwall, 2^ m. S.S.E. Padstow. Area 4,440 ac. Pop. 748. IssiGEAc, a comm. and town of France, dep. Dordogne, cap. cant., arrond. and 11 m. S.S.E. Bergerac, on the Banege. Pop. 977. IssiNGEAux,atown of France. [Yssengeatix.] IssoiBE, Issiodwrum, a town of France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, cap. arrond., on the Crouze, 19 m. S.S.E. Clermont. Pop. (1846) 5,462. It has a comm. college, and a trade in hemp and wine. IssoDDrN, a comm. and town of France, dep. Indre, cap. arrond., on the Theols, here crossed by three bridges, 17 m. N.E. Chateauroux. Pop. (1846) 10,184. It is well built, and clean ; it has a comm. college, a town-hall, 4 churches, 2 hos- pitals ; manufs. of woollen & linen cloths, bleach- ing grounds, paper mills, and tanneries ; a brisk trade in wool, wine, com, and cattle. IsscM, a vill. of Rhenish Prussia, reg. Geldem, 22 m. S.S.E. Cleves. Pop. 1,000, who manuf. vel- vets, silks, flannels, leather, and earthenwares. Issus, a riv. and town of antiquity in N. Syria, the former supposed to be identical with the riv. of Baiaa, &nearwhich are remains of an ane. city. IssT, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine, in a plain near the Seine, 3 m. S.W. Paris. Pop. 2,027. It comprises many handsome villas, and the seminary of St Sulpice, once the mansion of Margaret of Valois, with several chemical works. — II. {VEvique), dep. Saone-et-Loire, cap. cant., on the Somme, 22 m. S.W. Autun. Pop. 1,890. IsTABOLAT, the modcm name of a ruined city of Asiatic Turkey, pash. & 67 m. N.W. Bagdad, on the W. bank of the Tigris. Istakiiab, a vill. of Persia, prov. Fars, on a part of the site of Persepolis. IsTALiP, a town of Afghanistan, dom. and 22 1ST 672 ITA ra. N.W. Cabool. Pop., before its partial de- struction by the British in 1842, 16,000, many employed in cotton spinning, weaving, and dye- ing. It is enclosed by fine gardens. ISTAMBOUL, or SXAMBOUI.. [COKSTANTINOPLE .] bTANOs, a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, on an affl. of the Sangarius, 20 m. W. Angora, with about 800 houses, and a remarkable isolated rock, crowned by ruins, and burrowed by caves. IsTAFA, a smaU town, X. Amer., confed. Mexico, near the Pacific O., 85 m. E.S.E. Zacatula. Isthmus, Span. Istmo, or Panama, a, dep. of New Granada, S. Amer., consisting chiefly of the isthmus uniting S. and CentrS America. Area 25,000 sq. m. Estimated population 100,000. Chief towns, Panama, Chagres, Puerto Bello, and Veragua. [Panama, Suez, Corinth, &c.] IsTip, or IsTiB, StoU, a town of European Turkey, Rumili, sanj. and 60 m. S.W. Ghiusten- dil, on 1. b. of the Bagranitza. Pop. 8,000, mostly Turks. It is enclosed by walls, and has the re- mains of an old castle, and some steel works. IsTBGS, a comm. and town of France, dep. Bouches-du-Rhone, cap. cant., on a hill near W. side of the lagoon of Berre, 26 m. N.W. Mar- seille. Pop. 2,608. It is enclosed by ruined ram- parts, and has narrow crooked streets, but open well planted suburbs, and an old castle. IsTRiA, a peninsula in the N. of the Adriatic Sea, forming a circle of the Austrian gov. of Triest, in the kingdom of Dlyria, between lat. 40° 35' and 45° 60' N., and Ion. 13° 23' and 14° 40' E. Area 1,810 sq. m. Pop. 230,000. Sur- fa between N. and middle island, and which was the general native depot for the flax dressed on the N. side of Cook's strait. Kapsik-Bauta, a mkt. town of Hungary, co. Szathmar, 8 m. E. Nagy-Banya. Pop. 3,000, mostly employed in gold, silver, and lead mines. Kaposvab, a town of central Hungary, co. Szumegh, on the Kapos, 97 m. S. W. Pesth. Pop. 3,900, chiefly employed in cultivating tobacco. It has a Roman Catholic church, and ruins of a castle. Kappelk, a maritime town of Denmark, duchy and 16 m. N.E. Schleswig. Pop. 2,100. Kapukda, a vill. of AustraUa, dist. and 45 m. N. Adelaide, close to some copper mines, whence 1,480 tons of ore were sent to Gt. Britain in 1847. Kaputab, a market town of W. Hungary, co. Oedenburg, 40 m. S. Presburg, with 3,175 inha- bitants, and a residence of the Esterhazy family. Kaea, a river forming a part of the boundary between European & Asiatic Russia, rises in the Ural mountains, flows N. and enters the Sea of Kara after a course of 125 m. Kaea (Sea of), a portion of the Arctic Ocean, between the Russian govs. Archangel and To- bolsk on the S., and the island Novaia-Zemlia on the N., and extending between lat. 70° and 73° N., and Ion. 67° and 68° E. On its S."W. side, it is entered by the Strait of Kara, between the isls. Tajgatz and Novaia-Zemlia, and 30 m. across. On the S.E. side is the Gulf of Kara, and on the S. it is entered by the river Kara. Kara (Turkish black), a prefix to the names of numerous places in the B., of which the principal are the following : — Kara-Aghadj, a town of European Turkey, Bulgaria, 40 m. S.E. Silistria. — II. a bay of Asia Minor. Lat. 36° 41' 60' N., Ion. 28° 30' E. Kababaoh (black garden), a prov. of Asiatic Russia, Transcaucasia, between the Kur & Aras rivers, enclosed by the provs. Nakhchevan, Eri- van, Ehzabetpol, and Shirvan. Its central part consists of abare table land, interspersed with fer- tile valleys. Chief town Shoosha. (Geoboia.) Karadagh is an adjacent dist. of the Persian prov. Azerbijan. Kaba-bagh, a town and large fort of Afghan- istan, 40 m. S.W. Ghnznee, and 7,426 feet above the sea. Lat. 33° 10' N., Ion. 67° 69' E. Kaea-Bunab (Borate, or Baraihra), a town of Asia Minor, pash. Karamania, 58 m. E.S.E. Konieh. It has a good khan, a mosque, and some nitre works. Near it are some curious traces of volcanic action. Kabachee, seaport of Scinde. [Kueauchee.] ElAba Dagh (or Tagh), several mountains of Asia Minor, and a chain in Persia between Khuzistan and Laristan. — II. a mountain range of European Turkey, RumiU, near PhilippopoUs. —Karaja Tagh, Mons Masius, Asiatic Turkey, pash. Diarbekir, separates the basins of the Euphrates and "Tigris. Kara Hissab (Turk. " Hack castle "), several towns of Asia Minor. — I. pash. Karamania, 30 m. S.W. Kaisariyeh, on the slope of a hill, crowned by a ruined castle, and supposed to be the site of the ancient Cybistra. — II. pash. Adana, 26 m. W. Tarsous.— III. (Shebb-Khaneh), pash. & 110 m. B.N.B. Sivas, on the route to Erzeronm. It stands on a high hill, crowned by a ruined fort- ress, and comprises 2,500 mud built houses, with well-stocked bazaars. Near it are extensive alum-works. Kara-jileb, a large vill. of Asia Minor, Ana- tolia, 50 m. S.E. Angora, near the Kizil-Irmak, where it is crossed by a remarkable bridge. Kabak, or Kabedj, an island of the Persian gulf, in lat 29° 12' N., Ion. 60° 13' B. It is about 15 m. in circ, of coral formation, and has on its N. side an old Dutch fort, with a vill. inhabited by about 1,000 Arabs, partly engaged in raising fruits, and in pearl-fishing. Ships bear up hither from Bushire during strong S.W. winds in the gulf, and anchor near it in safety. Kabakal, a town of Wallachia, cap. dist., Ramanatzi, 30 m. S.E. Krajova. Kabakash, a city of Chinese Turkestan, on an affl. of the Khoteu riv., 240 m. E.S.E. Yarkand, and reported to comprise 3,000 houses ; but little is known of its actn^ condition, except that it is governed by two ofScers sent from China. Its territory is said to be highly productive. Kabakobum, a mountain pass of the Chinese empire, separating Chinese Turkestan from Little Tibet, near valley of Shayok, elev. 18,604 ft.— 11. (or Holin), a ruined city of Mongolia, which was the cap. of Jenghiz Khan. Position uncertain. Kabaman, Laranda, a town of Asia Minor, pash. Karamania, near the N. foot of Mount Taurus, 63 m. S.S.B. Konieh. Pop. 7,000. It has several mosques, ruins of a castle, manufs. of coarse cotton and woollen stuffs, and trade with Smyrna, &c. From about the year 1300 to 1486, it was the cap. of a flourishing kingdom. Kabamania, a pash. of Asia Minor, comprising most of the B. portion of its central table land, KAR 702 KAB between lat. 37° and 40° N., and Ion. 31° and 37' E., having S. Mount Tanrus, separating it from the pashs. Itshil and Adana, and on other sides Marash, Sivas, and Anatolia. Principal rivers, the Kizil Irmak (Halys) and the Sihon ; in its W. are numerous small lakes. In the sheltered val- leys, cotton, silk, sesamum, tobacco, & fine fruits, are raised ; but the rearing live stock is the chief branch of its industry. It is divided into seven sanjaks. Principal towns, Ronieh, Kaisariyeh, Ak-shehr, Beg-shehr, Nigdeh, and Karaman. Kabano Bollong, a dist. of Java, near its centre, on S. coast, residency Baglen. The pop. export great numbers of birds' nests to China. Karaniz, a considerable vill. of Persia, prov. Azerbijan, near Takhti Soleiman (the ancient Ecbatana), on the Sanik river, in which, near the vill., is a curious floating island. Kakansebes, a mkt. town of S. Hungary, Banat, on the Temes, 50 m. S.E. Temeswar. Pop. 3,400. Kara Su {" black river") a name applied by the Turks to numerous rivers in their dom., among which are — I. the W. branch of the Euphrates, which joins the Kenmer Su, 14 m. S.W. Erzingan. — II. European Turkey, between Rumili and Macedonia, enters the .^gean Sea, opposite Thasos, after a S. course of 130 m. — III. Asia Minor, tributary to the Kizil Irmak, near Kais- ariyeh and the Melas of Strabo. It is also a name of the Struma, of an affl. of the Vardar, Macedonia, and of the Kerkhah. Kara-sd-Bazab, a Tartar town of S. Russia, gov. Taurida, in the Crimea, 24 m. E.N.B. Simfe- ropol. Pop. 15,000, comprising Tartars, Greeks, Russians, Jews, and Armenians. It has 24 mi- narets, a Greek church, 2 B. Cathohc churches, a synagogue, & a remarkable fortified khan near its centre. It is the great mart of the Crimea, and has a weekly market, and a large annual fair. Its inhabitants manuf. superior marocco leather, candles, soap, pottery, and tiles. Karatchev, a waUed town of Russia, gov. and 45 m. W.N.W. Orel. Pop. (1838) 6,726. It is mentioned in records so early as the 1 2th century. Karateghix, a river and town of central Asia, the river an afil. of the Upper Oxus, in the Pa- mere table land, and the town on its banks, dom. and 90 m. N.E. Hissar. Kabaxova, a market town of European Tur- key, Rumili, on the Braunista, sanj. and 22 m. S.S.W. Ghiustendil. Pop. 4,000. Karavabia, European Turkey. [Veria.] Karazorane, an island or peninsula of Asia Minor, Anatolia, on its S.W. coast, 12 m. S.W. Makri, and covered with remnants of buildings of the middle ages. Kardzao, a market town of E. Hungary, cap. dist. Great Kumania, 35 m. S.W. Debreczin. Pop. 11,424. It covers a wide surface, and has R. Cath., Lutheran, and Calvinistic churches. Karge, Kargova, or Unrtjhstadt, a town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 50 m. S.W. Posen, on the Obra. Pop. 1,970, who weave woollen cloth. Kabgofol, a town of Russia, gov. and 186 m. E.N.E. Olenetz, on the Onega. Pop. 2,040. Rarikai/, a maritime town of India, ceded to the French by the rajah of Tanjore, 1769, on the Coromandel coast, 8 m. S. Tranquebar. Pop. 10,000. Its dist. has an area of 23 sq. m., and a pop. of 44,386 persons. It exports rice, betel, in- digo, saffron, & tobacco, the total value of which, in 1834, amounted to 31,5602., of imports in do. to 21,8322. Karinjah, a town of India, Deocan, Nizam's dom., 60 m. S. EUichpoor. Karitena, a vill. of Greece, cap. gov. Gortynia, i near the centre of the Morea, 17 m. W. Tripolitza. Pop. 1,000. It has a strong castle, long the re- sidence of the klepht chief Colcotroni. Kabkissa, CirccBsium, a town of Asiatic Tur- key, pash. Bagdad, cap. sanj., on the Euphrates, at the influx of the Khabur, in lat. 35° 8' N., Ion. 40° 30' E. Under Diocletian itwas a strongly fortified frontier town of the Roman dominions. Kablebt, a seaport town, Finland. [Gamia.] Kablo, an isl. in the Gulf of Bothnia, lat. (of W point) 66° 2' N., Ion. 24° 33' E. ; length 11 miles. BLarlowitz, or Cablovitz, a town of the Austrian empire, Slavonian military frontier, co. and 8 m. S.S.E. Peterwardein, with a steam- packet station on rt. b. of the Danube. Pop. 6,600. A memorable treaty between Austria and Turkey was concluded here in 1699. Kablbtjbg, a market town of W. Hungary, near the Danube, 10 m. S. Presburg. P. 2,096. Kablsbau, a town of Bohemia. [Cabl8bai>,] Karlsbbukn, avill. and well-frequented water- ing-place of Austrian Silesia, leg. Brunn, cu'c. Troppau. — II. a watering-place of Bohemia, circ. Chrndim, near Zwittau. Kablsbubs, or Cablsbubg (Hung. Karoly- Fyervar), a fortified town of Transylvania, cap. CO., on the Maros, 48 m. S. Klausenburg. Fop. (1845) 12,300, comprising many Jews, who here eiyoy peculiar rights, under protection of the bishops. It consists of a citadel on a height, and a lower town. Principal edifices, a fine Roman Cath. cathedral, with ttie tombs of JohnHuniades, &c., the Bathory church, the palace of the bis- hops of Transylvania, a Roman .Catholic gym- nasium, with the provincial archives, a mint, ob- servatory, and arsenal, barracks, and hospitals; and it has several public libraries and collections. Eablshafen, a town of Central Germany, Hessen-Cassel, prov. Lower Hessen, on theWeser, 24 m. N. Cassel. Pop. 1,703. — Karlsmarkt is a vill. of Prussian Silesia, reg. & 34 m. S.E. Bres- lau, on rt. b. of the Stober. Karlstadt, a royal free town of Austrian Croatia, cap. Co., between the Kulpa & Korona, 33 m. S.W. Agram. Pop. (1845) 4,454. It con- sists of a fortress, outer town, and suburb. It is the see of a Greek bishop, and has many good public buildings, and superior schools, manufe. of rosogliOy & an active transit trade. II. a town of Bavaria, cire. Lower Franconia, on the Main, 14 m. N.W. Wiirzburg. Pop. 2,160. It has a trade in wine. — III. a town, Sweden. [Cablstad.] Kabnac, a vill. of Upper Egypt. [Thebes,] Karnthen (Eng. Carin ■' Kazan, a gov. and city of Russia. [KasanJ - Kazbek, a mountain of Asia. [Cauoasos.J ' Kazeboon, a town of Persia, prov. Fars, in a fine valley, 56 m. W. Shiraz. Though in decay, it is said to have several thousand inhabitants, with manufs. of cotton fabrics, and to be an en- trepot for the trade between Shiraz & the coast. Near it are the ruins of Shahpoor. Kea (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 2 m. S.S.E. Truro. Area 7,600 ac. Pop. 4,261. Ke ADY, a vill. & pa. of Irel,, Ulster, eo. & 7 ra. S-S-W. Armagh. Area of pa. 15,351 ac. Pop. of vill. 1,120. It has flourishing manufs. of linen, Keal, two pas. of England, co. Lincoln, parts Lindsey.— L (East), If m. S.S.W. Spilsby. Area 1,860 ac. Pop. 382 II. (West), 2i m. S.W. Spilsby. Area 2,020 ac. Pop. 676. Kean, or Keynb (St), a pa. of Engl., oo. Corn- wall, 3 m. S.S.W. Liskeard. Ac, 850. Pop. 194. Ke ANG-Yis, a considerable town of China, prov. Kiang-su, near the mouth of the Yang-tze-loang, 86 m. E, Nanking, & with a remarkable pagoda. Keaeslet, a tnshp. of Engl,, co. Lancaster, 4 m. S.S.E. Bolton. Pop. 3,436. Keban-Madbn, a mining town of Turkish- Ar- menia, pash. & 88 m. N.N.W. Diarhekir, on the Murad-Chai (Upp. Euphrates), with from 400 to 600 families, mostly Greeks and Armenians. Ke-cho, the cap. city of Tonquin. [Caohao.] Keczkemet, a town, Hungary. [Ketskemet.] Keddington, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, IJ m. N.E. Louth. Area 1,190 ac. Pop. 167. — II. a pa., cos. Sutfolk and Essex, 9 m. N.W. Castle-Hedingham. Ac. 1,790. Pop. 710, Kedesh (of Naphtali), or Kedes, a vill, of Pa- lestine, pash. Damascus, 9 m. S.W. Banias. Kedgeree, a vUl. of British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, dist. Midnapoor, on the Hooghly river, near its mouth. It has a harbour adapted for large ships, a lighthouse, and a pilot-station. Kediri, a residency of Java on S. coast, ceded to the Dutch in 1830. Pop. 216,000, Cap, Ke- diri, 55 m, S.W, Surabaya. Kbdjb, a town of Beloochistan, cap. prov. Me- kran, on the Mooleanee river, in lat. 26° 30' N., Ion. 62° 30' E. It stands at the foot of a rock, crowned by a strong fort, and had formerly 3,000 houses, & exten. trade, but has fallen into decay. Kedleston, a pa, of Engl., co. & 3i m, N.W. Derby. Area 890 ac. Pop, 102. The church contains many old monuments of the Scarsdale family, whose magnificent seat is in the parish. In the extensive and richly wooded grounds is a sulphur spring, similar to that of Harrogate, Kedoe, a Dutch residency of Java, near its centre. Pop. 30,000 ; cap, Magellan, 38 m, S.S.W. Samarang. Kedron, or KiDRON, a brook of Palestine, pro- ceeds through the valley of Jehoshaphat, N.W. of Jerusalem, past which city it continues on the E. separating it from the Mount of Olives, and thence 20 m. E.S.E. to the Dead Sea. It is a mere torrent, flowing only during and after rains. Keelang, a small island of the Asiatic Archi- pelago, off the W, extremity of Coram. Keelbt, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincohi, pts. Lind- say, 7 m. W.N. W. Gt. Grimsby. Ac 2,000. P. 719. Kbele, a pa., Engl,, co, Stafi'ord,2Jm, W.S,^. Newcastle-under-Lj-ne. Area2,710 ac, P. 1,182. KEE 705 KEL Keelino (or Cocos) Islands, a group in the Indian Ocean, lat. 12° 5' S., Ion. 96° 53' E. of Direction Island, consisting of Horsburgh and Keeling, with some smaller islands, on wliich a fevf English inhabitants and Malays are settled. These isls. abound witt cocoa palms, and have good water. Discovered by Reeling in 1609. Keelwa, or KiLWAH, E. Africa. [Quhoa.] Keene, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., New Hampshire, 70 m. W.N.W. Boston. Pop. 2,610. Keernook, a considerable vill. of Brit. India, presid. Madras, dist. & 18 rn. E.S.E. Trichinopoly. Keeepot, a town of Brit. India, presid. Ben- gal, dist. Midnapoor, 32 m. W. Calcutta. Keesvtlle, a vill. of U. S., N. America, New Torlt, 130 m. N. Albany. Pop 2,000. Keevie, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 4 m. E. Trowbridge. Area 2,390 ac. Pop. 773. Kefh, a vill. of Asiatic Turkey, pash. Bagdad, on a canal of the Euphrates, a little S. of the ruins of Babylon, with a tomb reputed to be that of Ezekiel, & frequented by numerous pilgrims. Keqwoktb, a pa. & lai'ge vill. of England, co. Leicester, on the Soar, and with a station on the Midland railway, 5* m. N.N.W. Loughborough. Area 2,260 ao. Pop. 1,945. Kehl, a town of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, on the Khine, here crossed by a bridge of boats, near the mouth of the Kinzig, and immediately opposite Strasbourg. P. 1,304. It was fortified by Vauban, and was formerly a bulwark of Germany, on the side of France, but its fortifications are now dismantled. It communicates by a short branch with the Basle and Baden railway. Kehlen, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. & 6 m. N.W. Luxemburg. Pop. 2,400. KEiDAtw, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. & 70 m. N.W. VUna. It has a college of nobles. Eeigh, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, on the Don, 10 m. W.S.W. Inverary. Pop. 662. KEiGHtET, or Keithlet, a mkt. town & pa. of Engl., CO. York, W. Riding, on the Aire, and with a station on the N. Midland railway, 9 m. N.W. Bradford. Area of pa. 10,160 ac. Pop. 13,413. The town, in a valley beside Blackstone Edge, is neat, and built almost wholly of stone. In its church are a curious clock, and a monu- ment bearing the date of 1023. Keighley has a small grammar-school, a conrt-house, mechanics' institution, and thriving manufs. of woollen and worsted goods, with cottons, which are mostly sold in the cloth halls of Bradford and Halifax. In 1838, 38 worsted, and 5 cotton mills, here em- ployed upwards of 2,300 hands, and in 1839, there were estimated to be in Keighley and Hainworth, 1,800 hand-looms. Keighley is head of a poor- law union, and polling place for the W. Riding. The Leeds and Liverpool canal conveys goods from it to Hull and Liverpool. Keinton-Mansfield, a pa. of England, co. So- merset, .3^ m. E.N.E. Somerton. Ac. 770. P. 586. Keie, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 12 m. N.N.W. Dumfries. Area about 11 sq.m. Pop. 984. Keir hill rises to from 800 to 900 feet above the sea. Keiskamha, a river of S. Africa, Cape Colo- ny, enters the ocean 30 m. E.N.E. the Gt. Fish river, after a S.E. course of 80 miles. Keith, a mkt. town & pa. of Scotl., cos. Banff & Elgin, on the Isle, 20 m. W.S.W. Banff. Pop. of pa. 4,456. It is surrounded by hills, and consists of the old town, an irregular built vill. ; and the new townadjoining, on the S.E., containing the parish church, an episcopal chapel, a Roman Catholic Chanel, a court-house, subscription library, sev- eral schools, 3 branch banks, a tobacco and snuff mill, and considerable linen manufs. — Fife-Keiih is a handsomely built town, which has sprung up since 1816, on the otlier side of the river, Mkt., Friday. Tlie " Summer Eve Fair," held here in Sept., is the largest in the N. of Scotl., for cattle and horses. In this pa., the celebrated natural philosopher, James Ferguson, was born in 1710. Keith-Hale, and Kinkell, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 15 m. N.W. Aberdeen, at the junction of the Don and Urie. Pop. 913. Kelat, the cap. town of Beloochistan, prov. Kelat, on a hill 6,000 feet above the sea, in lat. 28° 52' N., Ion. 66° 33' E. Pop., with suburbs, 12,000. It is fortified, commanded by a citadel, ill-built, but it is well supplied with provisions and water, and has some transit trade, with a few ma- nufs. of arms. In March 1839, it was stormed and taken by the troops under Major-Gen. Will- shire, and retaken in 1840 by those of Gen. Nott. The British finally withdrew from its occupation in 1841.— II. {K. I.-Ghilzie, "Fort of the Ghil- jies "), a hill-fort, Afghanistan, 84 m. N.W. Can- dahar, on the route to Ghuznee, 6,773 ft. in elev., and successfully retained by the British, till their evacuation of the country in 1842. — III. {K. Ka- din), a fortress of Persia, Khorassan, 58 m. N.E. Mushed, & the princip. stronghold of Nadir Shah. Kelbba, a town of Prussian-Saxony, reg. Merseburg, 12 m. E.S.E. Nordhausen. P. 1,080. Kelham, a pa. of England, co. Notts, on the Trent, 2 m. N.W. Newark. Area 1,980 ac. Pop. 169. Kelham hall, the seat of the Sutton family, was the first prison of Charles i. Kelheim, a fortified town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Palatinate, at the junction of the Ludwig canal with the Danube, 12 m. S.W. Regensburg, with potash factories. Pop. 2,029. Kelioub, a town of Lower Egypt, cap. prov., in the Delta of the Nile, 9 m. N. Cairo, with a large government cotton factory and iron foundry. Kellaj?, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Cardigan, 1 m. E.N.E. Lampeter. Pop. 576. Kellaways, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 2^ m. N.E, Chippenham. Area 260 ac. Pop. 35. Kellet (Upper and Netheb), two adjoining tnshps. of England, co. and 6 m. N.N.E. Lancas- ter, pa. BoIton-by-the-Sands. Joint pop. 737. Kellino, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 2i m. N.N.E. Holt. Area 2,070 ac. Pop. 223. The vill. is situated in a ravine about 2 m. from the sea. Kellihgton, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Rid- ing, 6 m. E.N.E, Pontefract. Area 6,950 ac. Pop. 1,493. The pa. is noted for its breed of sheep. Kelioe, a pa. of Engl., co. and 6^ m. S.E. Durham. Area 10,970 ac. Pop, 11,223. Kelis, a munic. bor,, market town, and pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Meath, on the Blackwater, & on the prmected Dublin & Enniskillen railw., 36 m. N. W. Dublin. Area of pa. 8,597 ac. Pop. 7,648, do. of town 4,206. It is pleasantly si- tuated, and has a substantial pa. church, a hand- some Roman Catholic chapel, sessions house, district bridewell, union workhouse, fever hospi- tal, an anc. round tower, a richly carved ancient cross, a small antique chapel, a market house, and some manufs. of lace. — II. a'pa. of Leinster, CO. and 8 m. S. Kilkenny. Pop. 1,831. Contains ruins of an abbey, founded in 1193 by Fitz Robert de Marisco. — I II. a coast ^uard & fishing station, Monster, co. Kerry, on Dingle Bay. Kells, a pa. of Scotl., stewartry Kirkcudbright, in its N. division, bordering on the sea. Length, E. to W., 16J m., greatest breadth 9J m. Pop. 1,121. Its area comprises several lakes. Kelly, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 5 m. E.S.E. Launceston. Area 1,700 ac. Pop. 268. Kelmabsh, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 2 V KEL 706 KEN 5J m. S. Market-Harborough. Area 3,760 ac. Pop. 163. Kelsale, a pa. of Eng^l., co. Suffolk, 1 m. N. Saxmundham. Area 1,590 ac. Pop. 1,126. Kelsall, a tnshp. of Engl., co. & 7 J m. E.N.E. Chester, pa. Tarvin. Pop. 686. Kelset, two pas. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey. — I. (North), ^ m. W. Caistor. Area 5,370 ac. Pop. 767.— II. {South), SJ m. W.S.W. Caistor. Area 4,980 ac. Pop. 622. Kelshall, a pa. of Engl., co. Herts, 3J m. S.S.W. Koyston. Area 2,090 ac. Pop. 276. Kelso, a burgh of barony, market tonn, and pa. of Soot!., CO. Roxburgh, on the Tweed, near its confl. with the Teviot, 23 m. S.W. Berwick, with which it commuuicates by railway, and 4J m. from the English border. Area of pa. about 4,400 ae. Pop. 5,328, do. of town 4,594. It is beauti- fully situated, with a fine bridge of 6 arches across the Tweed, a town hall, several churches, chapels, schools, and libraries, 2 newspapers, 4 branch banks ; an antiquarian society's museum, & noble remains of one of the largest of the Scottish ab- beys, built in the early Norman style, by David i., about A.n. 1128, and reduced to its present ruin- ous s'tate by the English in 1545. The town has no manufs. of importance, but it carries on a brisk retail trade, being the residence of many opulent families. Has a large corn market on Friday, and cattle markets monthly; that on Sth Aug. being the largest in S. of Scotland. Races in spring and autumn. Burgh rev. (1833) 662Z. The Duke of Roxburgh is feudal superior. Kelso in ancient times suffered much in the wars with England. In its vicinity are Fleurs castle, the ruins of Roxburgh and of Home castles, and the Eildon-hills. — II. a town of New S. Wales, co. Roxburgh, on the river Maoquarrie, near Ba^ ihurst. Pop. 464. Kelstebnb, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, pts. Lindsey, 5 m. W.N.W. Louth. Ac. 2,700. P. 211. Keiston, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 3J m. W.N.W. Bath. Area 1,250 ac. Pop. 255. Kelton, a pa. of England, co. Rutland, 3^ m. W.S.W. Stamford. Area 2,740 ac. Pop. 951.— II. a pa. of Scotland, stewartry Kirkcudbright, com- prising the bor. of Castle Douglas. Pop. 2,875. Keltsoh, a town of Moravia, circ. and 18 m. E. Preran, with an old castle. Pop. 2,176. Kelvedon, two pas. of Engl., co Essex, with a station on the E. counties railway, 12^ m. N.E. Chelmsford. Area 3,160 ac. Pop. 1,483. The Till, is large, and has a station on the E. counties railway. — II. (Hatch), 6 m. N.W. the Brentwood station of the E. Cos. railw. Area 2,070 ae. P. 430. Kelvin, a small river of Scotland, rises in co. Stirling, pa. Kilsyth, flows S.W. and S., & enters the Clyde, 2 m. below Glasgow. Kemakh, a small town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 86 m. S.W. Erzeroum, on the Upper Eu- phrates, partly enclosed by a very ancient wall, embosomed in gardens, and inhabited by about 400 Turks, and 30 Armenian families. Kemaon, a prov. of British India. [Kumaon.'] Kembaoh, a pa. of Scotland, co. Fife, on the Leven, 4 m. E. Cupar. Pop. 778. Kembebs, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. & 40 m. N.E. Merseburg. Pop. 2,940. Kembbbton, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 21 m. S.S.W. Shiffiial. Area 2,110 ac. Pop. 256. Keuble, apa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 7} m. N.N.E. Mahnesbury. Area 3,600 ac. Pop. 597. Kemekton, a pa. of Engl., co. Gloster, i\ m. N.E. Tewkesbury. Area 1,590 ac. Pop. 561. Kemeys, two pas. of Engl., co. Monmouth {Commander), 3 m. N.W. Usk. Area 480 ac. Pop. 81.— II. (Inferior), 3 m. N.E. Caerleon. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 132. Kemi, two rivers of Russia, govs. Archangel and Finland, one entering the White Sea, and the other the Gulf of Bothnia. Near the mouth of each is a small town of same name. Kemn ATH, a town of Bavaria, circ. Upp. Fran- conia, 15 m. S.E. Baireuth. Pop. 1,593. Kemnat, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, 3 m. W. Kintore. Pop. 637. Kempen, two towns of Prussia. — I. Prussian Poland, reg. Posen, 33 m. S. Kalicz. Pop. 6,200, more than half Jews. — II. Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 20 m. N.W. Dusseldorf, cap. circ, with a citadel, & manufs. of woollens & linens. P. 3,970. Thomas- a-Kempis (Hammerken) was born here in 1380. Kemplet, a pa. of England, co. Glos'ter, 6 m. N.W. Newent. Area 1,340 ac. Pop. 332. Kempset, a pa. of Engl., co. and 4 m. S. Wor- cester. Area 3,390 ac. Pop. 1,367. Kempsfoed, a pa. of Engl., co. Glos'ter, 3 m. S. Fairford. Area 4,740 ac. Pop. 998. Kemsing, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 3 m. N.N.E. Seven Oaks. Area 2,090 ac. Pop. 433. Kempston, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. & 2^ m. S.W. Bedford. Area 6,160 ac. Pop. 1,699 U. CO. Norfolk, 1 m. S. Litcham. Ac. 660. Pop. 62. Kempten, Campodunum, a town of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, cap. dist., on the lUer, where it he- comes navigable, 51 m. S.S.W. Augsburg. Pop. (1845) 7,788. It consists of an old town, walled, and nearly encircled by the new town, and has a fine colleg. church, a public library, gymnasium, Latin school, and an ancient abbey, where the in- dependent abbot formerly held the court of his territoiy. Principal manufs. woollen, cotton, and linen goods. Near it are the ruins of a for- tress, supposed to be Roman, and the spa of Aich. — II. a vill. of Hessen-Darmstadt, prov. Rhenish Hessen, E. Bingen. Ken, ariverofHindostan. [Cane.] Ken, or Kent, a riv. of Engl., co. Westmore- land, rises in the mountains near the Brow, and flows S. through the small lalie of Kentmere, and past Kendal into Moreoombe bay. Ken, a river of Scotland, stewartry Kirkcud- bright, rises on the borders of the co. Ayr, flows S. and joins the Dee, above its confluence with which it expands into the beautiful Loeh Ken, at the head of which is Kemnore castle. Kenaebinston, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 6 m. E.S.E. Tenterden. Area 2,130 ac. Pop. 163. Kenchestee, a pa. of England, co. and 6J m. W.N.W. Hereford. Area l,040i ac. Here was the site of a Roman city, supposed the Magna Castra, and where the remains of a temple, and an aqueduct have been discovered. KENCHtTBCH, Or Kent-Choech, a pa. of Engl., CO. and 10 m. S.W. Hereford. Ac. 3,810. Pop. 295. Kencott, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 4} m. S. Burford. Area 770 ac. Pop. 196. Kendal (Kieby), a pari, and munic. bor., mkt. town and pa. of England, co. Westmoreland, on a branch of the Preston and Carlisle railway, 38 m. S.S.E. Carlisle. Area of pa. 68,360 ac. P.18;027; do. of town 10,225. Inhabited houses, in 1841, 2,160; do. rated to the poor, in 1847, 1,741. It stands amongst lofty hills in the vale of the Ken, the river here crossed by 3 bridges ; houses built of whitened stone, & interspersed with numerous poplar trees. Chief buildings, a large ancient & a handsome modern church, a fine Roman Ca^ tholic chapel, a grammar school, with three ex- hibitions to Oxford, blue coat school, and several smaller endowed schools, a town-hall, a court-ho., house of correction, union work -house, theatre. KEN 707 KEN assembly and news rooms, libraries, a natural liistory society, and excellent museum, trades' halls, and, on the opposite side of the ri ver, pictu- resque ruins of a castle, in which Queen Catharine Parr was born. Kendal is cue of the oldest ma- nufacturing towns in the kingdom, some Flemish woollen weavers havin^tr settled here in the reign of Edward iii. In 1838, 12 mills employed about 3,000 weavers and other operatives. The prin- cipal mannft. are fancy waistcoatings, coarse kerseys, linens, baizes, serges, carpets, knit worsted caps, jackets, stockings, and leather, with dye, marble, and paper works. A canal to Lancaster provides it with water conveyance to all parts of the kingdom. Market S;itui'day. Corporation revenue (1847) 815Z. The borough sen(& 1 mem. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 368. It is also a polling place for the co. Mean annual temp. 47"; winter, 37°; summer 57°. 8. More rain fells here than perhaps in any other part of England (mean ann. fall 61 inches), yet Kendal is reputed to be remarkably healthy. Kesdebchurch, a pa. of England, co. & 10 m. S.S.W. Hereford. Area 890 ac. Pop. 102. Keneh, or GifENNEH, a city of Upper Egypt, cap. prov., on rt. b. of the Nile, 34 m. N.N.E. the ruins of Thebes. It is an important mart for agricultural produce, and for the trade with Arabia, and Central Africa. It has extensive manuis. of earthenwares, a government cotton factory, and a superior government school. It is near the site of the ancient Ceenopolis. KEKTie, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, 6^ m. V.N.W. Bridgend. Pop. 297. Kenilwokth, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. and 4J m. N. Warwick, by a branch of the London and N.W. railway. Area of pa. 6,460 ac. Pop. 3,149, partly engaged in manufs. of ribbons, gauzes, horn-combs, and chemical pro- ducts. The town, beautifully situated, has an ancient church containing one of the finest mo- dem stained glass windows, a grammar school, some remains of an abbey founded about 1122, and the massive keep and some other portions of a castle, which has obtained European celebrity since Sir Walter Scott made it the scene of one of his most striking fictions. It remained entire until sacked by the soldiers of Cromwell. Charles 11. granted it to the Clarendon family, to which it still belongs. Kenilworth is said to have been iiamed after the Mercian king Kenulph. Kenebes, or Kf.nkeies, CenchroB, a vill. of Greece, gov. and 7 m. E.S.E. Corinth, on the isthmus, and shore of the Gulf of -ffigina. Ken-ley, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 4 m. W.N.W. Much-Wenlock. Area 2,280 ac. Pop. 294. Kebhabe, a market town of Ireland, Mnnster, CO. Kerry, on the road from Cork to Cahirciveen, 13 m. S.S.W. Killamey. Area of pa. 22,490 ac. Pop. 5,839 ; do. of town 1,339. It lies in an isolated district, and is surrounded by pic- turesque mountain scenery; it has an elegant suspension bridge across the estuary of the Roughty, and a convenient harbour pier, ap- proached by vessels of large burden. Chief ex- ports, com and salmon. Imports, coal, timber, iron, &c. It gives the title of Earl to the Browne familjr; hnt the Marquis of Landsowne is chief proprietor of the district. Kexmabe Riveb, or Bat, is a deep inlet of the Atlantic, between the cos. Cork and Kerry, N.W. Bantry Bay. Breadth of entrance 6 m. It is deep, easily navigated, & screened by lofty heights . On its N.W. side it is studded with numer. islets. Kenmoee, a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth, at the head of LochTay, 6m.W.S.W. Aberfeldy. Area C2 sq. m., chiefly forest and mountain land. Pop. 2,539. The vill., which has a bridge across the Tay, is one of the most picturesque in Scotland, and in its vicinity is Taymouth castle, the seat of the Marquis of Breadalbane, who owns the pa. Here Queen Victoria was entertained in great magnificence in 1842. In the park, besides the usual species of deer, moose and bufialoes are kept. In a large islet here are the ruins of a priory, where Sibilla, daughter of Henry i., and queen of Alexander i. of Scotland is buried. The mountain Ben Lawers is also in this parish. Kenn, two isls. in the Persian Gulf — I. Per.5ia, prov. Laristan, 85 m. W. Kishm. It is low, sur- rounded by coral reefs, produces cotton, dates, tobacco, and cattle ; and has a vill. and harbour. — II. an island, 70 m. W. Cape Kenn, prov. Ears. — III. a reef in the Pacific, off N.E. Australia. Kenn, two pas. of Engl I. co. Devon, 4J m. S. Exeter. Area 6,460 ac. P. 1,078.— II. a pa., co. Somerset, 10 m. N.N.W. Axbridge. Area 720 ac. Pop. 322. The excellent bishop Kenn belonged to a family who long possessed this manor. Kennakth, a pa. of S. Wales, co. and 12 m. N.N.W. Carmarthen. Pop. 2,044. Kennebec, a co.,U. S., N. Amer., in centre of Maine. Area 1,060 sq. m. Pop. 55,823. The river of same name rises in Moosehead Lake, and, after a course of 230 m., mostly E.S.E., enters the Atlantic, 12 miles below Bath. It is navigable for ships to Bath, and for sloops to Augusta. Kennebbnk, a township & seaport, U. S., N. America, Maine, on a riv. of samename, at its en- trance in the Atlantic, 78 m. S S. W. Augusta. Pop. 2,323, mostly employed in the coasting trade and in fisheries. It has a good harbour. — II. {Port), a township on same riv., opposite the above, with which its trade is connected. Pop. 2,768. Kenneelet, a pa, of England, co. Devon, 5 m. W.N.W. Crediton. Area 600 ac. Pop. 118. ■ Kennekt Cave Temples, Brit. India, presid. and a little N. Bombay, on Salsette isl., are among the remarkable Buddhio excavations of W. India. They are situated in the sides of a hill range, and contain numerous sculptured figures. Kennet, a riv. of Engl., co. Berks, rises near East Kennet, flows mostly E., & joins the Thames at Reading. It is navigable from the Thames to Newbury, from which town the Kennet & Avon canal accompanies it upward to Hungerford, thence crossing the co. Wilts, and joining the Avon near Trowbridge. Kennet, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Cambridge, 5 m. E.N.E. Newmarket. Area 1,400 ac. P. 228. —II. (Bast), CO. Wilts, 6 m.W.S.W. Marlborough. Area 1,000 ac Pop. 76. It is noted for excellent ale. The large barrow, Selbury hill, is in this pa. Kennethmont & Cheist-kiek, apa. ofScotl., CO. Aberdeen, 6J m. S. Huntly. Pop. 1,107. Kenninghall, a small market town and pa. of Engl., CO. Norfolk, 2^ m. E.S.E. Harling. Area of pa. 3,660 ac. P. 1,389. Here is an anc. church. Kennington, an extensive southern suburb of London, co. Surrey, pa. Lambeth, 1^ m. S.S.W. St Paul's. Pop, 31,289. It is mostly laid out in streets, with the exception of an open common, on which public meetings have been often held. — II. a pa. CO. Kent, 2 m. N.N.E. Ashford. Area 1,320 ac. Pop. 686, Kennowat, a pa, of Scotland, co, Fife, 7 m. S. Cupar. Area 3,760 ac. Pop. 2,014. Kensington, a town and pa. of England, co. Middlesex, forming a western suburb of the me- tropolis, 4 m. W.S.W. St Paul's. Area of pa. 2,680 ac. Pop. 26,834. It has numerous places of worship, and schools, including 2 proprietai-y KEN 708 KEN schools (one of which is in connection with King's college, London), and a national endowed school, an observatory, established by Sir J. South, and containing a telescope of extraordi- nary power, a cemetery, occupying nearly 50 ac, at Kensal Green, and many elegant detached mansions of the nobility and gentry. Including Holland house. The pa. comprises Netting hill, and most part of Brompton. The royal palace of Kensington adjoins the town, but is in the pa. of St Margaret's, Westminster. Kensington, a township, U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, forming a suburb of Philadelphia on the N.E. Pop. 22,314, partly employed in manuiB. of cottons, woollens, iron, glass, &c., and in ship-building. Kenswoeth, a pa. of England, co. Herts, 2J m. S.S.E. Dunstable. Area 2,280 ac. Pop. 842. Kent, a maritime co. of England, at the S.E. extremity of Great Britain, nearer to the con- tinent than any other part of the island, & having N. the Thames and North Sea, S.E. the Straits of Dover, S. Sussex and the English Channel, and W. Surrey. Area 1,557 sq. m., or 996,480 ac, of which above 900,000 are said to be meadow and arable land. Inhabited houses 95,482. Pop. 648,337. Two principal ranges of hills, contiguous with the North Downs of Surrey and Hants, ex- tend through the co. from W. to E., which is elsewhere diversified with many minor ranges. In the S. are Romney marshes and the tract termed the " Weald," formerly a part of an ex- tensive forest, and still interspersed with nume- rous oalc woods. In the N. are the isls. of Sheppey cfe Thauet, and the mouths of the Medway, Stour, and Darent rivs. Products more varied than in any other co., and, owing to the drier climate, generally superior in quality. Wheat, barley, and other grains, turnips, clover, &c., are of the finest growth. Upwards of 20,000 ac. are ap- propriated to hops, supplying about ^th of the whole crops of England. Cherry, plum, and fil- bert orchards are extensive, and much cider is made. Garden seeds are important products. Stoclt of sheep large ; and the Romney breed is noted for its long wool. Agriculture is in an ad- vanced state. Estates small, owing to the Saxon custom of gavel-kind, here still maintained, and by which the lands of a father dying intestate are divided among all the sons alike. Farms rather small. Average rent of land (1810) 17s. 6d. Annual value of lanfl (1842-3) 1,327,4902. Do. of houses, 1,372, B'^H.; total value of assessed pro- perty, 2,907,6052. Manufs. unimportant, with the exception of paper and ship-building. The S.E. railway and its branches traverse the co. Kent is divided into 5 lathes, 63 hundreds, & 415 pas., mostly in the Home circuit, and in the dioceses of Canterbury and Rochester, besides which cities it contains Maidstone (the co. town), Dover, Deal, Greenwich, Chatham, Woolwich, Sandwich, Bamsgate, Margate, and Gravesend. It sends 18 members to H. of C, 2 of whom are for the E., and 2 for the W. divisions of the co. Reg.elects. for CO, (1848), E. division 7,251, W. division 9,271. Kent was the country of the Cantii, and was the first established kgdm. of the Saxon Heptarchy. Kent, several cos. of U. S., N. America. — I. Rhode Island, in centre of state. Area 186 sq. m. Pop. 13,083.-11. Delaware, W. Delaware Bay. Area 640 sq. m. Pop. 10,872.-111. Mary- land, in its N.E. part. Area 240 sq. m. Pop. 10,842.— IV. Michigan, in its W. part. Area576 sq. m. P. 2,687 A co. of Upper Canada, W. dist, between cos. Middlesex & Essex, & the lakes Erie and St Clair, cap. town Chatham, oil the Thames. Kent, a maritime co., W. Australia, mostly be- tween lat. 34° and 35° S., and Ion. 118° and 119° W., extending W. fi-om Doubtful Island Bay tu cos. Plantagenet and Hay. In it are capes Richie and Knob, Henry Head, and Bremer and Dillon bays. — II. a co. of Tasmania, S.W. the river Huon, and having S.E and S. D'Entrecas- teaux Channel and the ocean. Co. town Rams- gate, on Recherche Bay. — Kent hlaruU are a group at the E. end of Bass' Strait, between Tasmania & the colony Victoria. [Port Phiuep.] Kentfobd, apa. of England, co. Sufibllc, i^m. E.N.E. Newmarket. Area 710 ac. Pop. 152. Kentish ere, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 3 m. E. Collumpton. Area 4,890 ac. Pop. 1,184. Kf,xti>buet, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 8J m. N.N.E. Barnstable. Area 3,480 ac. Pop. 422. Kentish-Town, a chapelry of England, co. Middlesex, pa. St Pancras, forming a N. suburb of the metropolis, 2 m. N.N.W. St Paul's, London, and immediately N.E. the suburb Camden-town. It contains many well built streets and handsome villas, a college of civil engineers, and many public schools. Kenton, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Devon, .6^ m. S.S.E. Exeter. Area 4,860 ac. Pop. 2,313.— II. CO. Suffolk, 6J m. W.N.W. Framlington. Area 2,270 ac Pop. 287. — III. a township, co. Northumberland, pa. Gosford, 3 m. N.N.W. New- castle-upon-Tyne. Pop. 819. Kentucky, one of the U. S. of N. Amer., in the central part of the union, mostly between lat. 36° 20' & 39° N., and Ion. 82° & 89° 20' W., having N. and W. the Ohio river, separating it irom the states Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois ; E. Virginia, S. Tennessee, and W. the Mississippi, dividing it from Missouri. Greatest length 400 m., breadth 170 m. Area estimated at 42,000 sq.m. P. (1850) 902,405,of whom 221,768 are slaves. Surface in the S.E. is broken by the Cumberland mountains, a branch of the Alleghanies ; in the centre is a rich undulating tract, bordering the Ohdo, it is hilly and well wooded, as in the level lands of the W. Princip. rivers, besides the Ohio & Missis- sippi, are the Cumberland, Green, Kentucky, Licking, and Tennessee, all affls. of the Ohio. Soil rests throughout on a bed of limestone, apertures in which greatly diminish the rivers in dry seasons. Climate healthy, except near the Mississippi ; the winters are, tor N. Amer., mild and humid. Oats, wheat, tobacco, and hemp, are staple products. The crop of tobacco in 1840 reached to nearly 53J millions lbs., being inferior in amount only to that of Virginia. Maize, and most other grains, cotton, flax, potatoes, apples, and peaches, are raised. The rearing of horses, mules, cattle, and hogs, for export, may, however, be ranked as the prime object of rural industry. The horses amount to nearly half a million, and the breed is greatly esteemed throughout the Union. Salt, from mineral springs, is exported in large quantities ; iron, coal, marble, lime, and nitre, ai'e other mineral products. Manufe. of cottons, woollens, iron- wares, cordage, and maple sugar, are increasing ; and the capital invested in manufe. was in 1840 estimated at nearly 6,000,000 dollars. Imports and exports are chiefly through New Orleans, by the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. In 1840, 79 m. of railway were open in this state. The Louisville and Portland canal, avoiding the rapids of the Ohio, 2^ m. in length, admits the largest steamers, and cost 730,000 dollars. The state governor, and the senate, consisting of 38 members, are elected for 4 years ; the house of representatives, consisting of 100 merabere, is elected annually. Rev. (1844) 392 422 dollars. KEN 700 KER Kentucky sends 10 repres. to Congress. Chief towns, Frankfort, the cap., Louisville, and Lex- ington. — The Ketiiuchy river rises in the Cum- berland mntns., and flowing through the state of Kentucky, after a course generally N.N.W., joins the Ohio at CarroUton. It has been made navi- gable for steamers throuf>hout 260 ra. The towns Frankfort and Richmond are on its banks. Kenty, a town of Austrian-Poland, circ. AVa- dowice, on the Sola, 35 m. W.S.W. Cracow. Pop. 3,621. Manufe. woollen clotli, linens, & leather. Kenwyn, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, adjoin- ing on the N., & partly within, the bor. of Tiuro. Area 7,370 ac. Pop. 9,555. Kenton", a pa. of England, co. Lancaster, pa. ■Winwiek, with a station on the AVarrington and Manchester railway, '2 m. E. Newton-iu-Maker- fiild. Pop. 323. Kenzingen, a walled town of Baden, circ. TJpp. Rhine, on the Elz, 15 m. N.N.W. Frieburg. Pop. 2,515. Near it are the baths of Kirnhalden. Keocloch, a mntn. on the W. coast of Scotl., CO. Ross, between the mlets Loch Gruinard, and Little Loch Broom. Kerasun, Kebasunt, or Keresoux, Cerasus, a seaport town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. & 70 m. W. Trebizond, on the Black Sea. Lat 40° 57' 10' N., Ion. 38° 22' E. Pop. 3,000 (?). It stands on a rocky promontory, with a spacious bay on its E. side, is ruinous and poor, but it has a little ship- building, and some trade in com. Near it are extensive mines of rock-alum. Kebbela, or Meshed-Hossein, a town of Asi- atic Turkey, pash. Bagdad, 28 m. N.W. the ruins of Babylon, on an anc. canal from the Euphrates. It is large, and appears to be flourishing ; prin- cipal buildings, the mosque and tomb of Hossein, a son of Ah, which is much venerated by the Persians. Kebdistox, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 3^ m. E.S.E. Foulsham. Area 1,680 ac. Pop. 201. Kebek, a town of Syria, pash. Damascus, E. of the Dead Sea, and 50 m. S.E. Jerusalem. Keeen'sk, a town of Russia, gov. and 93 m. W.N.W. Pensa, on the Kerenga. Pop. 7,000. Keeeea, an island of the W. coast of Scotl., CO. Argyle, in the Sound of Mull, forming the W. screen of the beantifiil bay of Oban, about 7 m. E. the isl. MuU, to which there is a ferry. Length, N.W. to S.E., 5 m., breadth 2 m. Pop. 187. Sur- face rugged. It has the ruins of a Danish castle. King Alexander ii died here in 1249. Keresley, a hamlet of England, co. Warwick, pa. St Michael, 2J m. N.N.W. Coventry, Pop. 436, partly employed in the ribbon manufacture. Kbresztcb, several villages of Hungary, [Bodbogh-Keresztur.] — Keresziut is a vill., co Szabolcz, 46 m. N. Debreczin Kebguelen Land, or Island of Desolation, an island of the Indian O., its S. extremity, Cape George, being in lat. 49° 54' S., Ion. 70° 12' E. Length about 100 m , greatest breadth 60 m. It is of primary formation, sterile, or covered with moss, & inhab. only by seals & nums. wild fowl. Kebka, or Tizio, Titiug, a river of Dalmatia, rises in Mt. Prologh, flows S., and after a course of 60 ra., enters the Adriatic, a little below Sebe- nico, which town, and Scardona, are on its banks. Knin and Demis are on its affls. Below its falls, it is navigable for large coasting vessels. Keekeni, Cerdna, an isl. group of the Medi- terranean, belongingto Tunis, in the G. of Cabes, theprincip.isl. being 150m. S.S.E. Tunis. Though rocky and sterile, some are inhabited, and on the largest are several vills., and a castle Kehkhah, or Keraii (Turk. liara-m, anc. Choaspes), a river of Persia, provs. Kurdistan, & Khuzistan, rises by numerous heads about Ker- manshah and Sonne, flows mostly S., and joins the Shat-el-Arab (Euphrates), after an entire course of about 320 miles. Kebkinit, Gulf of, Cercinetis Smus,an inlet of the Black Sea, on tlic N.W. side of the Crimea. Kerkit- Ciiii'TLiK, a market town of Turkish- Armenia, pash. and 86 m. W. Erzerourn, cap. sanj., on the high route betw. Erzerourn & Tokat. Kerkook, or KiuiKUK, a town of Turkish- Kurdistan, cap. sanj., pash. & 135 m. N. Bagdad. Kerlouan, a comm. and town of France, dep. Finistere, 18 m. N.N.E. Brest. Pop. 3,362. Keemaoeo Isls., Pacific Ocean, consist of Macaulay isl., lat. 36° 16' S., Ion. 178° 32' W.— Curtis Isl, and some rooks. [Curtis Island.] Kebman, Caramania, a prov. of Persia, mostly between lat, 26° and 31° N., & Ion. 55° & 60° E., having S. the Persian gulf, and landward the provs. Laristan, Fars, and Yezd, with W. Afgha- nistan and Beloochistan. Estimated area about 65,000 sq. m.. Pop. stated to be under 600,000. Surface mostly mntnous. and barren, the irriga- tion being almost wholly artificial ; climate un- healthy. Its N. part is a salt- waste, but in some parts of the prov. are tracts producing corn, cot- ton, tobacco, saffron, madder, tropical fruits, and gums ; pasturage is, however, the prineip. branch of industry, and here are a good breed of sheep, with numerous herds of camels & goats. Mineral products comprise iron, copper, and sulphur* manufs. are of fine woollen fabrics, shawls, car- pets, linens, and matchlocks. The E. coast line, called Moghistan, or Maghistan, belongs to the IMuscat dom., and comprises the forts Gombroon and Jask ; elsewhere the prineip. towns ai-e Ker- man, Killahi-Aga, Krook, and Nuheemabad. — Kerman, or Serjan, a fortified city, cap. prov Kerman, lat. 29° 48' N., Ion. 66° 30' E. Pop. es- timated at 30,000. It stands in a plain, com- manded by two hill-forts, and has a citadel, and various fine buildings. It was formerly very flourishing, and its inhabitants still manuf. a good many common shawls, carpets, and matchlocks. Kekmanshah, a fortified city of Persia, cap. Persian- Kurdistan, near the Kerkhah (anc, Cho- aspes), 80 m. W.S.W. Hamadan. Lat. 34° 18' N., Ion, 47° 12' E, Pop, 30,000, It is enclosed by a brick wall and towers, and has many public buildings, gardens, and baths, with manufs, of carpets and swords, which are exported with cot- ton and fruits to Bagdad, it being on the great S, road fromPersiainto Asiatic Turkey, Itis stated to be flourishing and improving. About 6 m, E. are the remarkable caves of Taki-Bostan, Keenuk, a town of central Africa, cap. territ. Loggan, on the S. side of L. Tchad. Pop., ac- cording to Clapperton, at least 15,000. Kebpen, a town of Rhenish-Prussia, reg. & 13 m. S W. Cologne, on the Erft. Pop. 2,540, who manuf. jewellery and hardwares. Kerry, a marit. co, in the S.W. part of Irel., Munster, having N. the estuary of the Shannon, E. & S. COS. Limerick and Cork, and W. the At- lantic. Area 1,180,126 ac, of which upwards of 400,000 are arable, 13,000 wood, and 700,000 un- cultivated. Inhab. houses 46,628. Pop. 293,880, a large proportion of whom speak only the Irish tongue. Surface extremely wild, rugged, and mntnous. Macgillicuddy Reeks, the loftiest mntns. in Irel., are in this co. Coast line deeply indented with Isays, of which Traloe, Dingle, and Kenmare are the chief, Dunmore head, between the two former, is the most westerly land in Irel. Prineip. rivers, the Feale, Maine, Lauue or Lane KER 710 KET and Koughty. Lakes comprise those of Killar- nfey, Carra, and Currane. Climate usually mild, but on the sea-board, subj eet to heavy rains . Soil mostly inferior, except in the central lowlands, where it is a rich loam, resting on limestone. The arbutus, and other plants, commonly con- sidered exotic, are here indigenous. Agriculture, though improving, is still very backward. Chief crops, potatoes, wheat, and barley, the former of which is alone consumed by the producers, who are in general miserably poor, and wretchedly housed. Numerous goats, and small Irish cattle, are pastured in the mntns., and a larger English cross-breed in the vales. Dairy farms are some- times large ; arable mostly small. Estates large. Average rent of land, 6«. Id. per ac. Fisheries in 1836, employed 6,311 men. Mines of iron, copper, lead, coal, and slates, exist ; but they are at present very little wrought. Manufs. unim- portant. Chief exports, corn, butter, & bacon. Ann. amount of property, valued for the poor rate, 365,466/. No. of scholars in 1834, about 20,000, of whom about 19,000 were K. Catholics. Kerry is divided into 8 baronies, and 83 pas., in the diocese of Ardfert. Chief towns, Tralee (the cap.), Killarney, Dingle, and Kenmare. The co. sends 2 membs, to H. of C, and the bor. of Tra- lee 1 mem. Keg. elects, for co. (1849) 771. It was made a shire by King John, in 1210, and gives the title of Earl to the Marq. of Lansdowne, one of its principal landowners. Kebky, or Ceri, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Mont- gomery, 2} m. E.S.E. Newton. Pop. 2,104. The Till., situated in the beautiful vale of Kerry, has an ano. church, and manufs. of flannel and baize. Keert-Head, a lofty promontory of Ireland, Munster, co. Kerry, S. of entrance to Shannon. Kebsey, a pa., Engl., co. Suffolk, 2 m. "W.N.W. Hadleigh. Area 1,630 ae. Pop. 787. Kerswell, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 2 m. S. Newton-Abbot. Area 1,400 ac. Pop. 846. [Abbots' Keesweil.] Kbbtoh, a seaport town of S. Russia, gov. Tau- rida, in the Crimea, on the strait, and 8 m. W. Yeuikale. Pop, 1,000. It has a good harbour, with from 9 to 11 feet of water close in shore, and defended by a fort. It exports salt, corn, hides, skins, &e. It was made a free port by the late Emperor Alexander, and is the quarantine sta- tion for the sea of Azov. Kerviqnac, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Morbihan, 5 m. E. L'Orient. Pop. 2,448. Keshan, or Kuskoi, a town of £urop. Turkey, Rumili, sanj. and 26 m. N. Gallipoli. It is en- closed by walls, and has about 900 houses, and a thriving trade. Keshin, or Keshein, a marit. vill. of Arabia, on its S.E. coast, 35 m. S. W. Ras Fartak. Though the cap. of the Mahrah chief, it is a miserable place, with only a few stone houses. Pop. 400. Kessbave, a pa. of England, co. Suffglk, 4 m. E.N.E. Ipswich. Area 1,610 ac. Pop. 88. Kesmaek (Germ. Kaisersmarkt), a free town of N. Hungary, circ. Zips, on the Poprad, 126 m. N.E. Pesth. Pop. 4,200, of whom 2,600 are Pro - testants. It is enclosed by old walls, entered by 3 gates, and has a large tower, built by the Em- peror Sigismund in 1433 ; a town-hall, a Roman Catholic church,' and high school, Protestant gymnasium, and a ruined castle. Kessel, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Lim- burg, 8 m. N.N.E. Ruremonde. Pop. 1,091.— KesseUdorf is a vill. of Saxony, W. Dresden, where the Prussians conq. the Auatrians in 1745. . Kessel-Bashi-Nob, a lake of Chinese Turkes- tan, near the sources of the Irtish river, lat. 46 30' N., Ion. 87° E. Length nearly 80 m. ; breadth varying to 25 m. It receives a considerable river, but has no efflux for its waters. Kessing, an island of the Asiatic Archipelago, off the S.E. extremity of Ceram. Lat. 3° 60' S., Ion. 131° E. Circumference about 45 miles. Kessinglakd, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 5 m. S.S.W. Lowestoft. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 658. Its old church is a noble ruin. Kesteven (Parts of), a subdiv. of the Engl. CO. Lincoln, forming its S.W. part, having N.the parts Lindsey, and S.E. the parts Holland. Area 445,560 ac. Pop. 92,369. It contains much ex- cellent arable and pasture land, with the towns Grantham, Sleaford, Folkingham, Bourne, Corby, Market-Deeping, and Stamford. Keston, a pa., England, co. Kent, 4 J m. S.S.E. Bromley. Area 1,560 ac. Pop. 668. Holwood- hill, the seat of the late Mr Pitt, occupies the site of a strong Roman station, supposed Novirnnagus. Keswick, a mkt. town of Engl., co. Cumber- land, pa. Crosthwaite, on the Greta, between the foot of Skiddaw mountain, and the N. end of lake Derwentwater, 24 m. S.S.W. Carlisle. Pop. 2,442. It is well built of stone, has an elegant modern church, a town-hall, market-house, free school, work- house, 2 museums, chiefly of minerals; se- veral good hotels, manufs. of linsey-woolseys, and black-lead pencils. The potting of char, taken in the lakes, is also a considerable business ; but the chief dependence of this cap. of the lake dis- trict, is on the crowd of tourists, who make it their head-quarters. The scenery around is scarcely equalled elsewhere in Engl. Mkt., Sat. [Deewektwatee.]. — II. a pa., co. Norfolk, 3 m. S.S.W. Norwich. Area 960 ac. Pop. 117.— III. [East), a township, co. Tork, W. Riding, pa. Hare- wood, 3^ m. S.W. Wetherby. Pop. 465. Keszthelt, a mkt. town of W. Hungary, co. Szalad, near the W. extremity of L. Balaton, 96 m. S. Presburg. Pop. 7,410. It has manufs. of woollen cloths, fisheries, a trade in wine, and a noble residence, belonging to Count George Festetics, who has founded here an extensive school of agriculture and domestic husbandry, termed the Georgicon, with a gymnasium. Ketlei, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Salop, pa. and 1 m. E. Wellington. Pop. 2,642, partly employ- ed in iron works. Ketskemet, or Kecskemet, the largest mkt. town of Hungary, between the Danube & Theiss, CO. and 60 m. S.E. Pesth. Pop. (1845) 42,081, mostly employed in breeding live stock, tanning, soap-making, and growing wine. It has various churches, a Fiarist, and 2 Reformed gymnasia, a normal school, school of design, orphan asylum, and military hospital. It has 6 yearly markets ; that for cattle is the largest in Hungary. Kettering, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. and 14 m. N.N.E. Northampton. Area of pa. 2,840 ac. Pop. 4,867, employed in weaving silk, plush, and wool combing. The town has a large mkt. place, surrounded by good houses ; in other parts, it is ill built. The church is a fine speci- men of the later English style. Market, Friday. Ketteringham, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 2JS m. E.N.E. Wymondham. Area 1,680 ac. Pop. 246. Kettins, a pa. of Scotl., co. Forfar, immediate- ly E. Coupar-Angus. Pop. 1,109. It contains several handsome residences, and a hill, on which stood Dores, traditionally reputed to have been the castle of Macbeth. Kettle, a pa. of Sootl., co. Fife, 5J m. S.W Cupar. Pop. 2,312, extensively employed in linen weaving. Here are remains of Clatto tower. KET 711 KHA Ketti.ebaston, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 6i m. N.N.W. Hadleigh. Area 960 ac. Pop. 203. Kettleburgh, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 2J m. S.W. Framlington. Ac. 1,550. P. 355. K.ETTLESTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 3 m. N.E. Fakenham. Area 1,070 ac. Pop. 219. Kettlethobpe, a pa, of Engl., co. and 9 m. W.N.W. Lincoln. Area 3,280 ac. Pop. 501. Kettleweli., apa.,Engl., co. York, W. Riding, ontlieWharf,13m.N.Skipton. Ac. 8,820. P. 685. Kktton, a pa. of England, co. Rutland, 3^ m. W.S.W. Stamford. Area 2,740 ac. Pop. 820. Kettwig, a town, Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 13 m. N.E. Diisseldorf, with manufe. of cloth. P. 2,700. Ketenlleece, or CEFYNi.LYs,apa. of S.Wales, CO. Radnor, 10 m. E.S.E. Rhayader. Pop. 379. Ketekne (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 7.-S m. S.S.W. Falmouth. Area 9,650 ac. Pop. 2,4C9' Kew, a pa. of Engl., co. Surrey, on the Thames, here crossed by a stone bridge, connecting it with Brentford, 7 m. W. London, and 1 J m. N.W. the MortJake station of the London and Rich- mond railway. Area 230 ac. Pop. 923. The vill. is mostly built around a green, and has many handsome mansions, including a royal palace, once the favonrite residence of George in., and more recently of the King of Hanover. It is surrounded by ornamental grounds, covering 120 ae., and containing a pagoda, 163 feet in height. The botanical garden, possessing one of the most celebrated collections of plants in Europe, is kept up at the national cost, and is open to the public. The pahn-honse is unrivalled, being 360 ft. by 90. BLew (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, i m. N.N.E. Wadebridge. Area 7,530 ac P. 1,429. Kewstoke, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, on the Bristol Channel, 8 m. N.W. Axbridge. Area 1,980 ac. Pop. 645. It has the remains of a priory, founded by William de Courtenay in 1210. Eexbobodgh, a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, W. Bid., pa. Darton, 3^ m. W.N. W. Barnsley. P. 625. K£:XH0LM, a town of Finland, Isen and 50 m. N.E. Wyborg, at the influx of the Voxa into Lake Ladoga. Pop 2,000. Ketingham, or Katikgham, a pa. of Engl., CO. York, E. Riding, 10 m. E.S.E. Hull. Area 3,210 ac. Pop. 728. BjiYMEB, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 2 J m. E.S.E. Hurst-Pier-point. Area 4,070 ac. Pop. 1,364. The branch of the S. coast railway to Lewes, here leaves the London & Brighton line. Keynsham, a mkt. town and pa. of England, CO. Somerset, on the Avon, here crossed by a bridge of 15 arches, and on the Great Western railway, where it emerges from a tunnel, 1,012 yards in length, 5 m. S.E. Bristol Area of pa. 3,330 ac. Pop. 2,307. The town, on a rocky eminence, has a fine church, with a lofty tower & many ancient monuments, a union work-house, some small woollen and linen manufs. Keynston-Taebant, a pa., Engl., co. Dorset, 3Jm. E.S.E. Blandford-Forum. Ac. 1,560. P. 334. Keys (The), or Cays, are the islets and reefs along the shores of Honduras, Central America, and m other parts of the W. Indies ; the prin- cipal being the Great Key, Bahama. Lat. 21° 45' N., Ion. 71° 40' W.— IL a group, E. Archip., W. of theAroo isls. [Ki Islands.]— .STey (West), is an island, U. S., at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico, lat. 24° 31' 6" N., Ion. 81° 47' W., 60 ra. S.W. the S. extremity of Florida, having on its N.W. side, a harbour admitting the largest ves.sels, and a vill. with a court-house, church, light-house, and 500 inhabitants, who live by salt making, and the profits obtained by the frequent wreck.s on the ac(jaofint reefs. [Florida Kjsys.] Keysok, a pa. of England, co. Bedford, 3 m. S.S.W. Kimbolton. Area 3,510 ac. Pop. 757. Revs TON, a pa. of Engl., co. Huntingdon, 6J m. N.N.W. Kunbolton. Area 2,480 ac. Pop. 190. Keyton, and Keykba, two towns of N.W, Hindo.^tan ; the former in dom. and 11 m. E.S.E. Kotah ; the latter, British dom., dist. and 40 m. S.E. Ajmere. Keywokth, a pa. of Engl., co. and 6J m. S.S.E, Nottingham. Area 1,530 ao. Pop. 676. Kezanlik, a large town of European Turkey, Rumlli, 88 m. N.W. Adrianople. Estimated pop, 10,000, many empld. in the manuf. of rose-attar. Kezdi-Vasarhely, a mkt. town of Transyl- vania, Szeklerland, 35 m. N.E. Kronstadt. Pop. 2,736. Stat, of the xv. Szekler Tegiment.—Kezd- iSzaaaisamkt. town, 4 m. S.E. Segesvar. P. 4,900, Khabur, two rivers of Asiatic Turkey I. (Araxes), pashs. Diarbekir and Bagdad, flows S. through Mesopotamia, and joins the Euphrates at Kerkissa, after a course estimated at 190 m. Principal affl., the Nahr-el-Singar. — II. pashs. Van and Koordistan, flows S. & joins the Tigris, 65 m. N.W. Mosul. The towns Bitlis and Zaku are on its banks. Length 50 m. Khafaloun, or Khafaloon, a town of W, Tibet, at the junction of the Shayook and Let rivers, 90 m. N.W. Leh, & the cap. of a rajahship, having about 12,000 inhabs., between the doms. Ladakh and Little Tibet. Khaibab, a town of Arabia, prov Hedjaa, 100 m. N.N.E. Medina, and cap. of an indep. Jewish territory. It was captured in 628 by Mohammed, who here received from a Jewess the poisoned egg which ultimately cost him his life. Khai-fung, and Khai-hoa, 2 cities of China ; the former, cap. prov. Ho -nan, on the Hoang-ho, 300 m. N. W. Nanking ; the latter, prov. Yun-nan, cap. dep., near the Tonquin frontier, in lat. 23° 24' 30" N., Ion. 104° 21' E. Khairabad, avill. of the Punjab, on the Indus, opposite Attock, with which it is connected by a bridge of boats, 36 m. E.S.E. Peshawer. It has a mud fort, and an aqueduct for irrigation. Khalkas Country, the N. part of Mon- goUa, Chinese Empire, extending from the Al- tai, in Ion. 90° to 112° E,, and between lat. 47° and 53° N., having N. Siberia, and W. Chinese Turkestan. Surface in a great part moun- tainous ; elsewhere consisting of vast plains and steppes, over which the Tartar tribes wander with their herds ; in the S. it comprises a part of the great desert of Gobi. The Yenisei, Selenga, Orkhon, and other large rivers rise in this region ; which also contains many large lakes, the prin- cipal being the Oubsa Nor. It is divided into 4 khanats, governed by native chieis, tributary to the Chinese since the 18th century, when the aid of the latter was called in to repel the in- vasions of the Eleuthi. Cap. city Ourga. The inhabitants are Mongol tartars and of the Budd- hic faith. This was the native country of Zing- his (or Jenghis) khan. Khalki, one of the Princes Isls., Sea of Mar- mora, S.E. Constantinople, with an ancient cop- per mine and a Greek college. It is resorted to by visitors from the adjacent coasts. Kiiamil, or Kami, a city of Chinese Turkestan, lat. 42° 30' N., Ion. 93° 40' E., in a fertile and well cultivated region, with a garrison of 1,000 men. It is the centre of a large trade. KnAMin, a marit vill. of Persia, prov. Laristan, opposite Laft, in the isl. Kishm. It exports sulphur to Muscat from mines in its vicinity. Khanhaila, a considerable town of N.W. Hindostan, dom. and 56 m. S.W. Bhawlpoor. KHA 712 KHI Khangur, two vills. of the Punjab, between the Chenab and Indus rivers, respectively 26 and 76 m. S.S.W. Mooltan. — Khangurh is a vill. in the Indian desert, dom. and 66 m. S. Bhawlpoor. Khania, or Canea, Cydonia, a fortified sea- port, and the principal commercial town of Crete, cap, prov., on the N. coast of the isl., 64 m. ■wTn.W. Candia. Pop. 8,000, of whom about 6,000 are Mohammedans, & 1,000 foreign Greeks. Its fortifications, built by the Venetians, are in- ferior to those of Candia, but its port is the best in Crete, and capable of holding many vessels of 300 tons ; it is formed by a mole 1,200 feet long, witli a light-house at its extremity, opposite a fort, defending the harbour. It has an ar- senal, docks, Venetian galley vaults, a small lazaretto, and soap factories. It is the seat of a provincial council & governor, a Greek bishop's see, & the residence of several European consuls. Khanka, two towns of Central Asia, indep. Turkestan. —I. khanat and 30 m. E.N.E. Khiva, on the Jyhoon, and consisting of about 350 houses, enclosed within a poor wall. Khanfoor, several towns of N.W. Hindostan. —I. dom. & 78 m. S.W. Bhawlpoor. Pop. 20,000. (Hough). It was formerly of more importance, but it is still a flourishing commercial town, with a good bazaar, and a navigable canal from the Indus. — II. Punjab, near the Chenab, 7 m. N.W. Jhung III. Punjab, 40 m. E. of Attock. Khansa, a town of Nepaul, on a tributary of the Ganges, 56 m. E.N.E. Khatmaudoo. Kharah, a town of N. Beloochistan, prov. and 40 m. S.W. Sarawan, cap. dist., in the midst of a desert region. Its inhabitants barter gum, dates, and assafoetida, for provisions from the N. and E. Kharesm, the N. part of the territory of Khiva, Central Asia. [Khiva.] Khargeh (El), a town of Upper Egypt, cap. of the Great Oasis, 98 m. S.W. Girgeh. Pop. 6,000. It has the remains of a temple, and is a station for the caravans going from Egypt to Darfur and Central Africa. Kharijah, an inland town of Arabia, W. of Makallah, and reputed to have 3,000 inhabitants, who trade in ghee and cattle. Kharkov, or Charkow, or Ukraine, a gov. of European Kussia, in the S., bounded E. by Voroniej, S. Ekaterinoslav, W. Poltava, N. Koursk. Area 20,931 sq. m. Pop. 1,467,400, chiefly Russians and Cossacks. It is watered by the Donetz & the Oskol. Surface flat and little wooded. Soil fertile, entirely agricultural, pro- ducing grain of all sorts, and wine in great abun- dance. It has numerous distilleries, tanneries, and tallow and saltpetre factories. Kharkov, a city of European Russia, cap. gov. Kharkova, at the confl. of the Lopau and Khan- kova, affls. of the Don, 420 m. S.S.W. Moscow. Pop. (1846) 36,000. It is the cap. of a Greek eparchy, and see of the bishops of the Ukraine and Kharkov. It has a university, founded 1803, with 83 professors, and 486 students (in 1846), a library of 25,000 vols., a theological seminary, a gymnasium and a female academy, with 25 pro- fessors. Its manufs. comprise leather & fine car- pets, & its trade is extens. It has fairs for cattle andwool, among the most important in S. Russia. Kharput, a town of Turkish Armenia, pash. and 60 m. W.N.W. Diarbekir. It is said to have 1,400 Turkish and 300 Armenian families, and stands on an eminence, in a fertile plain. Khartoom, or Khartum, the modern cap. town of Nubia, on one of the heads of the Nile, 96 m. S.W. Shendy. Pop. 16,000, including garrison. It is regularly built, and having risen rapidly into importance under Mehmet Ali, at the expense of Shendi and Sennaar, it is now a place of considerable trade, and the great dep6t of slaves sent from Soudan & Abyssinia into Egypt. Khaso uhge, a town of British India, presid. Bengal (upper provs.) dist. Etawah, in the Doab, 60 m. N.E. Agra. Khash, a town and fort ofW. Afghanistan, on the Kash-rood. Lat. 31° 36' N., Ion. 62° 45' E. Pop. about 2,000 The Khash-rood (or river) enters the Hamoon lake, after a S.W. course of about 180 m. through abarreu country, & partly separates the Candahar and Herat dominions. Khatmandoo, the cap. town of Nepaul, in a mountainous region, about 145 m. N.N.W. Patna. Lat. 22° 42' N., Ion. 86° 16' E. Estim. pop. 20,000. It extends for about 1 m. along a river, is iDuilt mostly of brick, and has many Buddhic temples^ with a palace of the Nepaul rajah. Khawak, the most E. pass across the Hindoo Koosh, Kafiristan, 100 m. N.E. Cabool. Lat. 35° 38' N., Ion. 70° E. Elevation of summit 13,000 feet. By it Timour entered Hindostan. Khediwari, one of the navigable mouths of the Indus, at its delta, entering the sea in lat. 24° ■9' N., Ion. 67° 29' E., where it is 650 yards across. Kheib, two towns of British India, presid. Bombay I. dist. S. Concan, 93 m. S.S.E. Bom- bay. — II. dist. Candeish, 104 m. E.S.E. Surat, fenELiDONiA, a cape and group of islets (Cheli- donicB) Asia Minor, Anatolia, on its S. coast. Eeelmos, a mountain of Greece, Morea, gov. Kyllenia, 6 m. S.E. Kalavrita. Elevation 7,654 ft. Khemlassa, a considerable walled town of India, dom. and 140 m. S. Gwalior. Khenqunpoor, & Kheorah, two vills. of the Punjab, the former near the Ghara, 32 m. S.W. Ferozpoor, the latter 26 m. N.W. Julalpoor. Kherson, or Chebson, a gov. of S. Kussia, mostly between lat. 46° and 49' N., and Ion. 29° and 34° E., having S. the Black Sea and gov. Taurida, and on other sides, Ekaterinoslav, Pol- tava, Kiev, Podolia, and Bessarabia. Area 28,305 sq. m. Pop. (1846), excluding Odessa, 766,500. Surface in the N. undulating, and covered with forests, elsewhere a wide steppe or prairie. Prin- cipal rivers, the Dnieper, on the N. and S.E., the Dniester, forming the W. frontier, and the Bug traversing its centre. Its W. half is very fertile ; cattle and sheep breeding is, however, the chief branch of industry. Products comprise oak-bark, tobacco, mustard", saffron, and .liquorice, besides corn, hemp, flax, nitre, salt, & sandstone. Some manufs. of cloths, tallow, leather, butter, cheese, & caviar, are carried on, partly by Swedish, Ger- man, and other colonists, the pop. consisting of a great intermixture of races. Principal towns, Kherson, Nikolaev, Elizabetgrad, and Odessa; but the last now forms a separate government. Kherson, or Cherson, a fortified town of S. Russia, cap. gov. Kherson, onr. b. of the Dnieper, 92 m. E.N.E. Odessa. Pop. (1846) 30,000. It was founded by Potemkin in 1778, is well built, and divided into four quarters, the citadel, in which are the arsenal, bai'racks, other gov. build- ings, and the cathedral in which Potemkin, its founder, is buried ; the admiralty quarter, with excavated docks for the construction of ships of war, is now disused. It has various other schools, and 3 m. distant are the tomb and cenotaph of Howard the philanthropist, who died at Kherson, January 20, 1790. Khin-gan Mountains, is aname applied to two extensive mountain chains of E. Asia, one be- tween the Russian and Chinese doms., the other separating Manchooria & Mongolia. The Khing- Kin 713 gasi-Oola is a portion of tliegreat mountain chain of Asia, separating the Russian and Chinese em- pires, about 150 m. E.S.E Kiachta. KmNe-YiNG, and KniNG-YnAN, two cities of China, cap. dep., the former in prov. Kan-su, near lat. 36° N., Ion. 107J° E., and elaborately fortified ; the latter, prov. Quang-se, 320 miles W.N.W. Canton, and having a larg;e drug trade. Khim and Khinis, two towns of A^iMtio Tur- key, the former in pash., and 43 m. N.E. Diar- l;oidr, with 300 Mohammedans and 150 Armenian families, the latter engaged in a trade of fruit, and in spinning and weaving cotton cloths, about 30,000 pieces of which are said to be produced here annually from 120 looms, and consumed in the vicinity. The latter is a wretched town, pash. and 45 N.N.E. Moosh, with about 130 houses, a mosque, and a castle. Khioxg-tchou, the cap. city of the island Plainan. (Kiong-tchou). — Khiu-ichou is a city of China, prov. Che-lfiang, cap. dep., 100 m. S.W. Hang-ehow-foo. Ehiva, or Kharesm, Chorasmia^ a country of independent Turkestan, mostly between lat. 36° and 44° N., and Ion. 52° and 64' E., having N. the Kirghiz steppe and the Sea of Aral, E. Bok- hara and the Kara-kalpack territory, S. Khoras- san (Persian dom.), and W. the Caspian Sea. Estimated pop. 200,000, mostly wandering tribes. Surface almost wholly a sandy desert, with some scattered hill ranges in the N. and W., the Oxns flows through its E. part ; and along its banks, and the canals connected with it, there are many fertile tracts. In these places, wheat, millet, barley, fruits, linseed, cotton, flax, and some rice, are grown. The vine also thrives. Sheep and goats, and a good breed of horses, are pretty numerous. Camels are the ordinary beasts of biu-den. Some cotton and silk stufis, and shawls, are made by the females, and ex- ported ; agriculture is, however, the principal occupation of the settled population. About 2,000 camels go annually to Orenburg, Astrak- han, and Cabool, with agricultural produce, silk, and cotton fabrics, and yam, to be exchanged for the products of Russia and the "West, which are also brought in boats across the Caspian. The population is very mixed, the dominant race being Uzbeks, as in Bokhara. — Khiva, the cap., is in an irrigated plain near the Oxus. Lat. 41° 40' N , Ion. 59° 13' E. Pop. 10,000. Helmersen reports that it comprises 1,500 houses, which, like the palace of the khan, are built of earfti, the only stone buildings being three mosques, a school, and a caravanserai. It is surrounded by numerous gardens, and is the chief seat of trade. Khoi, a town of N. Persia, prov. Azerbijan cap. dist., on a tributary of the Kur, 20 m. N. Lake Urumea. Pop. .30,000. It is well built, streets are shaded by avenues of trees, and it has a good bazaar. In its plain, Shah Ismael totally defeated the Turks under Selim i. in Ihli. Khojenb, a populous town of Central Asia, independent Turkestan, khanat and 60 m. W. Khokan, on the Jaxartes. It stands on rising ground, enclosed by decayed walls, & wet ditches, and intersected by canals. It ha-s mannfs. of coarse cotton fabrics, in which, and in Russian goods, it has a large trade, and it is the station at which toll is paid for all merchandise entering the khanat from Bokhara. Khokan, Kokaw, or Ferghana, a khanat of Central Asia, independent Turkestan, between lat. 40° and 45° N., and Ion. 67° and 76° E., hav- ing E. Chinese Turkestan, N. and W. the Kirg- hiz and Kara-kalpack territory, and S. Bokhara KHO and the table land of Pamere. Surface moun- tainous, and it comprises a part of the lofty region W. of the great plateau of E. Asia. The Jaxartes has its upper course in this region. Pro- ducts comprise corn, cotton, silk, and fine fruits, with coal, copper, iron, lapis-Iazuli. Pasturage plentiful, live stock numerous, and wool is an im- portant article of export. Manufs. comprise em- broidered silks, cotton stuffs, cochineal, sandal- wood. Shawls are imported from Cashmere and Balkh, the rest of the trade is chiefly with Budalishan and Russia. The khan maintains an ai'my of about 10,000 men. Principal towns, Khokan, Khojend, and Tashkend. — Khokan, cap. above khanat, on the Jaxartes, about 280 m. N.W. Kashgar, & N.E. Samarcand. It is report- ed to be of about half the size of Bokhara. Prin- cipal buildings, the khan's residence, some stone bazaars, many mosques & public schools, & seve- ral caravanserais. Its vicin. is fertile, & cultivated. Kholm, a town of Russia, gov. Pskov, cap. dist., on the Lowat, 103 m. S.E. Pskov. Pop. 2,000. — II. a vill., gov. Smolensk, N.W. Viazma. — Kholmiczis a mkt. town of Russian Poland, gov. Minsk, on the Dnieper, 21 m. S.S.E. Rechitza. Kholmogort, a town of Russia, gov. and 32 m. S.E. Archangel, cap. dist. of same name, on an island in the Dwina. Pop. 1,600. Khonsar, a town of Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 83 m. W.N.W. Ispahan, on the route to Rama- dan. Pop. 12,000 to 13,000, engaged in raising and drying fraits, and weaving chintz. Khooloom, Khulm, or Tash-Kurgan, a town of Central Asia, khanat and 60 m. S.W. Koon- dooz, on Khooloom riv., a tributary of the Oxus. Estimated pop. 10,000. It is enclosed by an earthen wall, is regularly built of clay and brick, and has two forts, and an active general trade. Khoonatvur (or Koonawar) Pass, one of the loftiest across the Himalaya. Lat. 31° 40' N., Ion. 18° 30' E. Elevation 20,000 feet. Khobasan, or Khorassan (" country of the sun"), a prov. of Persia, between lat. 34° & 38° N., and Ion. 53° and 61° E., but its limits have often varied considerably. It has S. the prov. or dist. Tezd, W. Irak-Ajemi and Mazanderan, N. Khiva, and E. Afghanistan. Its S. part is a sandy waste, the rest of its surface consists of mountain ranges and fertile valleys. Wheat, rice, tobacco, cotton, hemp, assafoetida, are grown . Pasturages are extensive, and many of the pop. are engaged in rearing live stock. Goats' hair & turquoises are important articles of produce. Principal towns. Meshed and Nishapoor. Khore (a "mouth," or "estuary"), is the pre- fixed name of various bays in the East, the prin- cipal being Khore Abdallah, Persian Gulf, W. of the mouth of the Euphrates. KnoBOL, atn. of Russia, gov. & 60 m. W.N.W. Poltava, on the Khorol, an afii. of the Psiol. Khobum-abap, a town of Persia, dist. Louri- stan,93m. S.E. Kermanshah. It consists of about 1,000 houses, and has many curious antiquities, comprising a remarkable inscribed pillar. — Khur- rumabad is a vill. of Mazanderan, 80 m. W. Amol, KnosRAu-SnAH, a vill. and valley of Persia, prov. Azerbijan, the former S.W. Tabriz, and formerly of importance. The valley is a tract of groves and gardens, and one of the " paradises" celebrated in old Persian poetry (the others being at Samarcand, at Hamadan, the plain of Damascus, and Kaleh Sofid, prov. Ears). KnoTAN, Eleciiee, or Jlitsi, a town of Chin- ese Turkestan, on the route between Yarkand & Lapa. Lat. .37° N., Ion. 80° 30' E. It is enclosed by earth ramparts, and is the station of a Chinese KHO 714 KIA governor and garrison, but mostly peopled by Uzbeks, who manuf. leather, silk fabrics, and paper, & have a brisk trade in these g^oods, and in jasper, and other natural produce. Its terri- tory contains also the towns Karakash & Kirrea. Khotine, a town of Bessarabia. [Chotvn.] Khotmvjsk, a town of Russia, gov. and 76 m. S.S. W. Koursk, on r. b. of the Vorskla. P. 2,400. Khozdab, a decayed town, Beloochistan, cap. prov. Jlialawan, in a fertile valley, 80 m. S.S.W. Kelat. Lat. 27° 50' N., Ion. 66° 23' E. Kholkaii, a town of Persia, prov. Azerbijan, 46 m. S.S.E. Ardabil. Khulm, a town, Central Asia. [Khooloom.] Khomaulea, a populous town of Hindostan, Guicowar's dom., Gujerat, 75 m. N. W. Joonaghur. Khubd-Kabool, avill. of Afghanistan, chief- ship and 16 m. S.E. Cabool, elev. 7,466 ft., here the British troops, retreating to Cabool ft'om Je- lalabad, were butchered by the Afghans, in 1841. Khubbumabad, or Koomabai), a large vill. of N. Persia, prov. Mazanderan, near the Caspian Sea, 80 m. W. Amol. Khuzistan, Susiana, a prov. of Persia, mostly between lat. 30° and 33° N., and Ion. 46° and 61° E., having N. the Bakhtiyar mountains, separating it from Irak-Ajemi, E. Ears, W. the pash. Bagdad (Asiatic Turkey), and .S. the Per- sian Gulf. Surface mostly mountainous, but in the S. are some plains, where the climate in sum- mer is oppressively hot. Principal rivers the Kerah, Karun, and Jerahi ; the Tigris and Eu- phrates (Shat- el- Arab), form a part of its W. boundary. Products, rice, maize, barley, cotton, sugar cane, dates, indigo, silk. Pasturages are extensive, & live stock numerous. Trade mostly with Bassorah and Bagdad. Principal towns, Shuster, Dizful, Bebhak, and Mohammerah. Khvalvnsk, a town of Russia, gov. and 115 m. N.E. Saratov, cap. dist., on rt. b. of Volga. P. 3000. Khvbeb Pass, Afghanistan, is the principal N. pass into that country from Hindostan, com- mencing about 10 m. W. Peshawer, and extend- ing for 30 m. N. W. to the plain of Jelalabad. It lies through cliffs of slate, rising from 600 to 1,000 feet on either side, and, though narrow and dan- gerous, is the only route for artillery across the Khyber mntus. It was forced by the British troops on first occupation of Cabool, and in 1842. Khven Country, a region of Further India, between lat. 19° and 24 N., and Ion. 93° and 96° E., iaving W. the British provs. Aracan and Chit- tagong, N. Cassay, and E. the Burmese dom. Khien-dwem, or Ning-thee, a riv. of Further India, rises in the kingdom Bong, lat. 27° N., and Ion. 96° 30' E., flows mostly S. between the Cassay and Burmese doms., and joins the Irra- wady, opposite Tandabo in Burmah, after a course loosely estimated at 400 m. It is navigable for the largest boats to King-nao, in lat. 23° 45' N. All its afBs. from the E. are said to be auriferous. Khterpooe, a town of Scinde, 16 m. E. of the Indus. Lat. 27° 31' N., Ion. 68° 46' E. Pop. 15,000. Though the residence of the ameers of N. Scinde, it is a mere collection of mud hovels, with a fort, a mosque, and some bazaars, and its only manuf. is one of coarse cotton goods. IChyrabad, several towns of India and Af- ghanistan, the principal being in dom. and 100 m. W.N.W. Oude. Lat. 27° 3' N., Ion. 80° 40' E. Khsrgaon, atown of Scinde, on an arm of the Indus, in lat. 26° 66' N., Ion. 67° 50' E. Pop. between 2,000 and 3,000. It has 7 mosques, and a bazaar well supplied with cotton goods. Khybpoob, atown of N.W. Hindostan, dom. & 32 m. N.E. Bhawlpoor, near the Ghara (Sutleje), on the border of the desert, which encroaches fast on the town and vicinity. It is mostly built of earth, but has a large mosque of burned brick, a tolerable bazaar, & some trade by caravans with the desert, though its commercial importance is much less than formerly. — II. {K.-Dahr), a con- siderable town of Scinde, 60 m. N.E. Roree, in a tract well irrigated by canals from the Indus. Khytijl, a town of N.W. Hindostan, cap. an independent Shik cliiefship, 97 m. N.W. Delhi. Ki, or Key Islands, a group in the Malay Ar- chipelago, consisting of the Great and Little Ki, Watelu, and some smaller islands, near lat. 6° S., Ion. 133° E. United pop. from 8,000 to 10,000. The Great Ki is about 45 m. in length and moun- tainous ; Little Ki is nowhere more than 50 feet above tiie sea level. Many of the pop. are Mo- hammedans. Products comprise provisions iu plenty, timber, native boats, tortoise-shell, and cocoa nut oil ; and some little trade takes place with Celebes, Banda, &c Ki, Kia, and Kiai,are the names of numerous towns of China. KiACHTA, or KiAKHTA, a town of Siberia, gov. & 180 m. S.E. Irkutsk, on an affluent of the Selenga, close to the Chinese frontier, and the great empo- rium of the trade between Russia & China. Lat. 50° 20' N., Ion. 106° 35' E. Pop. about 5,000. It consists of an upper fortified town, with a stone church, and some brick government offices, &c., but otherwise built of wood ; and the lower town at some little distance, inhabited by merchants, and opposite the Chinese village Mai-ma-tchin. The Russians here exchange lamb skins, furs, broad-cloths, coarse linens, cattle, and bullion, for tea, raw and manufactured silks, nankeens, porcelain, rhubarb, and other Chinese produce, especially at a large fair in December. A great temporary increase of its trade took place during the late British war with China ; and during 1843, as many as 102,700 chests of superfine tea are stated to have been received here by the Russians, the returns to China comprising 660,090 yards of Russian broad -cloth, worth 228,000/., other Rus- sian woollens to 167,400?., cotton goods to 26,000Z., leather to 46,000Z., & furs to 210,880Z. in value. KiA-HiNG, a city, China, prov. Che-kiang, on the Imperial canal, 60 m. N.E. Hang-chow-foo. KiAMA, a town of Central Africa, in dist. of same name, state Borghoo, 70 m. S.W. Boussa. KiANe-si, a prov. of China, between lat. 24° & and 30° N., and Ion. 113° 20' and 118° 30' E., en- closed by the provs. Hou-nan, Hou-pe, Ngan- koei, Tche-kiang, Fo-kien, & Quang-tong. Pop. (1812) 23,046,999. Surface mostly mountainouB; but its centre is traversed by the Kan-kiang. Products comprise gold, iron, tin, lead, excellent hemp, grass-cloths of the best kind, drugs, and the finest porcelain. Cap. city Nan-chang. KiANS-sn, a marit. prov. of China, between lat 31° and 35° N., and Ion. 116° and 122° E., having E. the Yellow Sea, & landward the provs. Shan- tung, Ho-nan, Ngan-hoei, and Tche-kiang. Pop. (1812) 37,843,601. Surface mostly level, except in the S., and this is one of the most fertile and valuable provs. of the empire, exporting more silk than any other part of China. The great rivs. Hoang-ho and Yang-tze-kiang, here enter the sea. Principal city Nanking. KiANKARY, Gangra, a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, cap. sanj., 65 m. N.E. Angora. It is mostly built of wood, and defended by a castle. KiAN-NiNG, and Kian-tchang, two cities of China, the former in prov. Fo-lcien, cap. dep., 96 m. N.W. Foo-chow; the latter prov.'Kiang-si, cap. dep., 46 m. S.E. Foo-chow, with manulis. of arrack and summer clothing. KIB KIL KiBBLESTONE, a liberty, England, co. Stafford, pa. and 2 m. N. Stowe. "Pop. 1,896. Here Earl St Vincent was born, a.d. 1734. KiBWORTH, a pa. of England, co. Leicester, 5J m. N.N.W. Market- Hai-borough. Area 3,220 ac. P. 1,740, partly employed in frame-work knitting. KiOHENET, a town of S. Rnssia. [Kishenau.] Kidderminster, a pari, and mmiie. bor., ma- nufacturing town and ^a. of England, co. Wor- cester, on both sides ot the Stour, near its con- fluence with the Severn, 15 m. N. Worcester. Area of pa. 11,160 ac. Pop. 20,753. Pop. of pari. bor. 15,427. Chief buildings the pa. church, a noble Gothic structure in the decorated style, the grammar school, formerly a chantry attached to the church, revenue about 6001. per annum ; a large town-hall, market-house, bank, union work-house, and, adjoining the town, tlie remains of an ancient castle of the Cokeseys. Kevenue of charities upwards of 500/. per annum. Kid- derminster was noted for its woolleu uianufs. in the reign of Henry viii. The fabrics now made are carpets and finger rugs, with some bomba- zines, button coverings, and waistooat pieces. The carpets ai-e unrivalled for excellence of workmanship. In 183S, upwards of 2,000 looms, and 4,000 hands, were employed in this manuf. The Staffoi'd and Worcester canal passes the town, and opens a communication with Liver- pool, Hull, and Bristol. Market Thursday. Corp. revenue (1847) 1,240?. The bor. sends 1 mem. to House of Commons. Reg. electors (1848) 622. KiDDiNGTON (Nkther), a pa. of England, co. Oxford, il m. N.N.W. Woodstock. Area 2,450 ac. Pop. 274. It has a very ancient church. EroLiNaxoN, a pa. of England, co. and 5^ m. N.N.W. Oxford. Area 3,000 ac. Pop. 1,303. EiDBOs, Pydna (?), the most N. vill. of Thessaly, European Turkey, 30 m. S.W. Salonica, near Gulf of Salonica. It is remarkably clean & neat. KiDWELLV, a munic. bor., small port, market town, and pa. of S. Wales, co. and 9 m. S. Car- marthen, on both sides of the Gwendraeth, near its mouth in Carmarthen Bay, Pop. 1,563. A bridge connects the old and new towns. The former, almost in ruins, has remains of a castle, erected in the 11th century, now the property of Lord Cawdor, with vestiges of anc. town walls, including a gate, now used as a town-hall and prison. The new town has an old cruciform church, a free school, the remains of a priory, and some iron and tin-smelting works, the pro- ducts of which, with coal, form the chief exports. Kief, a gov. and city of Russia. [Kiev.] Kiel, a seaport town of Denmark, duchy Hol- stein, on a fine bay of the Baltic, 53 m. N.N.E. Hamburg, at the terminus of the railw. from Al- tona. Pop. (1847) 14,000, or including its suburb Brunswick, 16,000. It is well built, and thriving. Principal edifices the church of St Nicholas, a fine royal palace, and the public baths. Its uni- versity, founded in 1665, had, in 1846, 191 stu- dents ; attached to it are an observatory, botanic garden, lying-in-hospital, and public library. Kiel has manufs. of iron goods and machines, tobacco, starch, and refined sugar ; a good har- bour, with 16 feet water, considerable trade in ship-building, and an annual fair in January, at which extensive exchanges are transacted. The Holstein canal joins the Baltic, 2 m. N. the town. Steam and other packet-boats place it in constant communication with Copenhagen, and also with Aalborg, Randers, and Kolding. KiELCE, a city of Poland, cap. prov., 64 m. N.N.E. Cracow. Pop. 6,100. It is a bishop's see, and has numerous religious edifices, with a gymnasium and diocesan school. There aro copper and lead mines in its vicinity. KiELDREcHT, a comm. & vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 18 m. N. Dendermonde. Pop. 2,632. KiEN-LUNG, atown of Tibet, on the Upper Sut- leje, 42 m. S. Gardokh, with hot sulphur springs. KiEou, an initial name of several cities, &c., China, — the principal being K.-hiang, prov. Kiang-si, cap. dep., with a fort on the Yang-tze- kiang, in lat. 29° 64' N., Ion. 116° 8' E. KiERTEMiNDE, a scaport town of Denmark isl. Fiihnen, on its E. coast, at the entrance of an inlet of the Great Belt. Pop. 1,800. Kiev, Kief, or Kiew, a government of Euro- pean Russia, in the S.W., bounded E. by Tcher- nigov and Poltava, S. by Kherson and Podolia, W. VoUiynia, and N. Minsk. Areal9,184sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,605,800. Surface flat or undulating, watered by the Dniester, which forms its E. limit, and by the Tejerev in N. Soil very fertile, and entirely occupied in agriculture, except a small portion in the N., which is covered with excellent timber. Chief crops, wheat, reputed the best in Europe, rye, oats, maize, lint, hemp, tobacco, hops, and vines. Cattle are extensively reai'ed. Manufs. Umited to candles and soap. Kiev, a fortfd. city of Europ. Russia, cap. prov. Kiev, on rt. b. of the Dnieper (over which a suspen- sion bridge \ m. long, is being erected), 670 m. S. St Petersburg, and 490 m. S.W. Moscow. Pop. (1846) 45,000. It is the seat of the Governor- General of Little Russia, cap. of a Greek eparchy, and of a criminal and civil court, and has an ar- senal. Chief edifices, cathedral of St Sophia, and the monastery of Petschersk in the citadel, with catacombs containing the remains of 110 mar- tyrs. Its university, founded in 1834, is endowed with a million rubles, it has a library of 35,000 vols., cabinets of medals, mineralogy, zoology, & botany, and most of the collections transferred from the old university of Vilna. In 1846, it had 85 professors and 649 students, a Russian theo- logical seminary, with a large library, 2 gymnasia, and an establishment for the education of the daughters of nobles. Kiev is very ancient, and is held in high veneration by the Russians, on account of the numerous relics it contains. KiFFiCK, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Carmarthen, 8 m. E, Narberth. Pop. 486. KiFEi, a town or vill. of Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 108 m. N.E. Bagdad, on the Kurdistan fron- tier. Here are some extensive ruins. KiKEU, a town of Assam, prov. Tonquin, on a river, 80 m. E. Caohao. It is fortified in the European style, regularly built, intersected by canals, and has a palace, & large rice magazines. KiKiAT, a group of small islands, N. Pacific, S. of Japan and N. of the Loo-choo islands. KiKiNDA, Nagt, a market town of E. Hungary, CO. Torontal, 36 m. W.N.W. Temesvar. Pop. with 10 vills. (1845) 12,344. KiKiNEis, a large Tartar vill. of Russia, gov. Taurida, near the Black Sea. Pop. 1,000 (?). It is buUt on a mountain, which, in 1838, gradually slid down for a distance of IJ m., only a small portion being destroyed by the occurrence. Kikiwhabv, a considerable town of the Ashan- tee dom., Guinea, 60 m. S. Coomassie. It is re- ported to be regularly built. Pop. 12,000 (?). Kila, and Killa, the names of many forts and vills, of Afghanistan, the principal was Killa- Murgha, or Nowa-Murgha, a fort, 100 m. S.S.W. Ghuznee, and destroyed by the British in 1839. KiL and Kin (Erse a Wood and Church), pre- fixes to numerous pas. and towns of Ireland, the principal of which are—Kilballyhone, apa., Mun- KIL 716 KIL ster, 00. Clare, 13 m. W.S.'W. Kilrush. Area 10,835 ao. Pop. 4,346. — Kilbarron, a pa., Ulster, CO. Donegal, including part of the town of Bally- shannon. Area 23,932 ac. Pop. 10,027.— Kil- beagh, a pa., Connaught, co. Mayo, 8 m. W.N.W. Ballaghadireen. Area 33,824 ac. Pop. 9,963 Kilbeggan, a pa. and market town, Leinster, co. Westmeath, on the Upper Brosna, & on a branch of the Grand canal, 6^ m. N. Tullamore. Pop. 1,910. It has a pa. church, once the chapel of a monastery, founded by the Anglo-Normans in 1200, and a large Roman Catholic chapel. — Kil- begnot, a pa., Connaught, co. Galway, 6^ m. N. BalHnamore. Area 10,867 ac. Pop. 5,036. — Kilbehenny, a pa., Munster, co. Limerick, 4 m. E.N.E. Mitchells-Town. Area 16,376 ac. Pop. 4,291 Kilbolane, a pa., Munster, co. Cork, 9 m. W.S.W. Charleville. Area 10,015 ac. Pop. 4,155. — Kilbride, several pas., the principal be- ing — I. Ulster and Leinster, cos. Cavan and Meath, | m. W.N.W. Oldcastle. Area 9,341 ac. Pop. 5,041 11. Connaught, co. & 5 m. N. Ros- common. Area 19,287 ac. Pop. 8,578. — III. Leinster, King's co., including the town Tulla- more. Area 10,152 ao. Pop. 9,608. In it are the ruins of six castles. — Kilbrin, a pa., Munster, CO. Cork, 9i m. N.W. Mallow. Area 12,631 ac. Pop, 4,855. — Kilbrogan, a pa., Munster, co. Cork, adjoining and including a part of Bandon. Area 7,578 ao. Pop. 5,404. — Kilcar, a pa. of Ulster, CO. Donegal, on Donegal Bay, 5 m. W. Kiljy- begs. Area 18,883 ac. Pop. 4,969. — Kilcashin, a pa., Munster, cos. Cork & Kerry, 8| m. E.N.E. Castletown-Berehaven. Area 61,491 ac. Pop. 6,780.— A'zVcatera, a pa., co. Cork, 7 J m. N.N.W. Castletown-Berehaven. Area 21,778 ac. P. 6,940. — Kilclooney, a pa., Ulster, co. Armagh, including apart of the town of Market-hill. Area 12,833 ac. P. 8,079. — Kilcoch, a mkt. town, Leinster, co. Kil- dare, on the Grand canal,3 m.W.N.W. Maynooth, and having a station on the Midland Great W. raUff., 17 m. W.N.W. Dublin. P. 1,531 .—Kilcole- Tnan, several pas., of which the chief are — T. Munster, co. Kerry, including the town of Mill- town. Area 7,768 ao. Pop, 4,745. In this pa. are Kilcoleman abbey, and the fine ruins of Kil- lagh abbey, founded" by Geoffrey de Mariscis in the reign of Henry in., & rebuilt of dark marble at a later period. — II. Connaught, co. Mayo, in- cluding the town of Clare-Morris. Area 23,739 ac. Pop. 9,451. — III. a ruined castle, Munster, CO. Cork, 2 m. N. Doneraile, was the domain of the poet Spenser, and the place where he com- posed a great part of the " Faery Queen." — Kil- common, a pa., Connaught, co. Mayo, forming the principal part of the wild mountain district of Erris. Area 203,396 ac. Pop. 17,000. It com- prises the vill. Belmullet. — II. a pa., same co., 4J m. E.N.E. Ballinrobe. Area 17,395 ac. Pop. 7,456. — Kileonduff, a pa., Connaught, co. Mayo, containing the town Swineford. Area 16,622 ac. Pop. 1 ,0/J2.^Kilcormel, a pa., Connaught, CO. Galway, 7i m. W.N.W. Ballinasloe. Area 6,082 ao. Pop. 1,880. — Kilcoo, a pa., Ulster, co. Down, including the town of Newcastle. Area 18,205 ao. Pop. 6,583.— Kilcooley, a pa., Mun- ster and Leinster, cos. Tipperary and Kilkenny, and containing New Birmingham. Area about 11,500 ac. Pop. 4,006. — Others of same name are in cos. Meath, Roscommon, and Galway Kilcrohane, two pas., Munster. — I. co. Kerry, 17 m. W.S.W. Kenmare. Area 63,702 ao. Pop. 10,776. Darrynaue Abbey (O'Connell), is in this pa. — II. 00. Cork, 13 m, W.S.W. Bantry. Area 14,588 ac. Pop. 4,856. — Kilcronaghan, a pa., Ulster, CO. Londonderry, and containing the town of Tubbermore. Area 7,992 ac. Pop. 4,345 KilcuUen-Bridge, a small town, Leinster, co. Kildare, on the Liffey, here crossed by a bridge, 5 m. S.S.W. Naas. Pop. 1,056. — Kileummin, two pas. — I. Connaught, co. Galway, containing the town Oughterard. Area 108,791 ac. Fop. 10,824. — II. Munster, co. Kerry, 4 m. N.N.W. Killar- ney. Area 38,953 ac. Pop. 7,360.— .fftVArifon, a pa.,Ulster, co. Cavan, 3} m. N.N.W. Killeshaudra. Area 11,989 ac. Pop. 4,480.— .Ki'Wrm, a pa., Ulster, CO. Tyrone, 3^ m. W.N.W. Cookstown. Area 26,251 ac. Pop. S,\92.—KildrumferUmi a pa., Ulster, co. Cavan,6 m. W S.W. Ballinanagh, Area 16,400 ac. Pop. 10,ii6. —Kildyseri, a pa,, Munster, co. Clare, 12 m. S.S.W. Ennis. Area 12,869 ac., consisting partly of islands in the es- tuary of the Fergus and Shannon. Pop. 5,130. — Kilfarboy, a pa., Munster, co. Clare, containing the town of Miltown-Malbay. Area 13,981 ac. Pop. 7,498 Kilfedane, a pa., Munster, co. Clare, 45 ni. W.S.W. Kildysert. Area 13,733 ac. Pop. 4,661. — Kilfenora, a pa., Munster, co. Clare, 5 m. N.E, Ennistymon. Area of pa. 10,777 ac. Pop. 3,266.^-Kilfergus, a pa., Munster, co. Lim- erick, containing the town Glin. Area 14,207 ac. Pop. 6,052. — Kilfieragh, a pa., Munster, co. Clare, on the Atlantic, 7J m. W.N.W. Kilrush. Area 9,870 ac. Pop. 7,137 Kilfinane, a vill. and pa., Munster, co. Limerick, 5 m. S.E. Kilmallock. Area 6,487 ac. P. 4,356. P. of vill. 1,782. Near it are the remains of Castle Oliver, an anc. seat of the Oliver family. — Kilfree, a pa., Connaught, co. Sligo, 10 m. W.S.W. BalUnafad. Area 14,313 ac. Pop. 6,048. — Kilfyan, a pa., Connaught, co. Mayo, 6} m. W. Killalla. Area 28,735 ac. Pop. 6,040. — Kilgarriffe, a pa., Munster, co. Cork, in- cluding the town of Clonakilty. Area 4,328 ac. Pop. 6,432. — Kilgarvan, a pa., Munster, co. Kerry, 7 m. E.N.E. Kenmare. Area 43,631 ac, mostly mountainous. Pop. 3,988.— Kilganey, a pa., Connaught, co. Mayo, 6 m. E.S.E. Ballina. Area 19,879 ac. Pop. 4,168 Kilgeeuer, a pa., Connaught, co. Mayo, 11 m. W.S.W. Westport. Area 68,089 ac. Pop. 12,583.— Kilglass, three pas. — I. Connaught, co. Roscommon, 5 m. N.E. Strokestown. Area 15,970 ac. Pop. 10,053. — II. CO. Sligo, 4| m. S.W. Easkey. Area 12,884 ac. Pop. 4,941.-111. Leinster, co. Long- ford, 3J m. S.W. Edgeworthstown. Pop. with Ahara 2,977. — Kilkee, a small town, Munster, co. Clare, on the beautiful bay of same name, 8 ra. W.N.W. Kilrush. Pop. 1,481.— Kilkeedy, 2 pas., Munster. — I. co. Clare, 5 m. N.N.E. Corrofin. Area 18,629 ac. Pop. 4,192.-11. a pa., co. and 4^ m. S.W. Limerick. Area 8,881 ac. Pop. 4,109. — Kilheel, a town and pa., Ulster, co. Down, on the Kilkeel, 1 m. above its mouth in the Irish Sea, and 7J m. E.S.E. Bostrevor. Area of pa. 47,882 ac. Pop. 16,269; do. of town 1,146,— Kilkeeven, a pa., Connaught, co. EoscommoD, including the town of Castlereagh. Area 27,007 ac. Pop. 10,922. — Kilkenny (see separate no- tice). — Kilherran Bay, is a large inlet of tlie Atlantic, on the W. coast, Connaught, co. Gal- way, district Connemara. Its coast line, N.W. Galway Bay, is intricately varied with small bays and headlands, and the bay, studded with islands, mostly inhabited by fishermen. — Killaconneagh, a pa., Munster, co. Cork, including the vill. of Castletown-Berehaven. Area 19,295 ac. Pop, 7,085.— Killaghtee, a pa., Ulster, co. Donegal, 3 m. E.S.E. liillybegs. Area 13,368 ac. Pop. 5,803, partly employed in fisheries. — Killaghy, a pa., Leinster, King's co., 2J m. E. Ballyboy. .area 18,132 ac. Pop. 4,421 Killalla, a small seaport town and bishop's see, Connaught, co. Mayo, on KIL m KIL a large inlet of the Atlantic bearing the same name,7Jm. N.N.W. Ballina. Pop. 1,446. Ithasa small, pUiin, but venerable cathedral, a round tower, and a harbour, whence corn & provisions are exported. The ancient bishopric is now united to Tuam. In 1798, a French force landed at Killalla Bay and took the town. — Killaloe, a thriving market town and episcopal see, Mun- ster, CO. Clare, beautifully situated on the Shan- non, crossed by a bridge of 19 arches, 11 m. N.N.E. Limerick. Pop. 2,783, including the suburb of Ballina. It is in'cguiarly and poorly built; has a piaiu massive cathedral, in a very early style of architecture, 2 very old stone- roofed churches, the remains of two forts, which formed the ancient defences of the only ford on the Shannon below Athlone ; a barrack, large slate and marble works, valuable salmon fisheries, a considerable wool market, with quays, docks, and warehouses, of the Ii'ish Steam Navi- gation Company, whose boats, by aid of canals, ply to Limerick, and also up the river to Dub- lin. The episcopal palace of Killaloe is in the vicinity. The diocese, which was founded very early, extends over 109 pas. in Clare and 5 adjoining cos. Average episcopal revenue of 3 yeai's ending in 1831, 3,240Z. Killaloe is also a Roman Catholic bishopric. About 1 m. N.N.W. is Kincorra, famous for the residence of the celeb. King Brian Boromh, but the only remnant of which is a large earthen fort. — Killaney, a small bay & fishing vill., Comiaught, co. Galway, near the E. end of the island Arranmore. Pop. of vill. 604. It has a harbour and coast-guard station. — II. a pa., Ulster, co. and 4 m. W. Louth. Pop. 4,896. — Killanin, a pa., Connaught, CO. and 8J m. N.W. Galway. Area 71,463 ac. Pop. 11,278 Killard, a pa., Munster, co. Clare, 6J m. N.E. Kilkee. Area 17,022 ac. Pop. 6,041. —Killare, a pa., Leinster, co. Westmeath, con- taining a part of the town of Ballymiore. Area 11,281 ac. Pop. ifiOQ.—Killargey, a pa,. Con- naught, CO. Leitrim,5^ m. S.S.W. Manoi--Hamil- ton. Area 14,893 ac. Pop. 4,873. — Killamey, a market town and pa., Munster, co. Kerry, 44 m. W.N.W. Cork, and 16 m. N.N.E. Kenmare. Area of pa., which includes only a part of the far famed lake scenery, 38,151 ac. Pop. 10,476. Pop. of town 7,127. It has two or tliee good streets, & many miserable alleys, a pa. church, with a fami- ly vault of the Earl of Kenmare, a Roman Catho- lic cathedral for the diocese of Kerry, a nunnery with female school attached, a court-house, market-house, and assembly-room; union work- house, hospital, reading-rooms: there are se- veral good hotels, and the town is mainly sup- ported by tourists. Market, Saturday.— .Ki'Wa/-- ney (Lakes of), three connected lakes in the S.W. of Ireland, co. Kerry, the lowest, or most southern of which approaches within IJ m. W. of the above town. It is 3^ m. in length by 2 m. in breadth, & is divided, from the middle lake, by a projectmg peninsula, on which stand the pic- turesque remains of Muckruss abbey. On the ■ff., S., and S.E. side of these lakes rise the lofti- est mountains (still haunted by red deer), the wildest ravines, the finest woods, and some of the boldest cascades in Ireland. These lakes are fed by the river Flesk, and many smaller mountain streams, and discharge their superfluous waters at the N.W. extremity of the lower lake by the river Laane.—Killashee, a pa. of Leinster, co. Longford, containing the vills. Killa-shee and Cloondara, the fprmer on the Koyal canal, 4J m. S.S.E. Tarmonbarry. Area 14,427 ac. Pop. 4,491. — Killannet, a pa., Connaught, co. Leitrim, containing a part of the town of Manor-Hamil- ton. Area 26,918 ac. Pop. %;2?,&.—Killasser, a pa., Connaught, co. Mayo, 6 m. E.N.E. Foxfonl. Area 19,677 ac. Pop. 6,962.— A'a/ead, or Kil- lengh, a pa., Ulster, CO. and 5 m. S. Antrim. Area 42,836 ac. Pop. 6,726. — Kilhbun, a pa., Leinster, Queen's CO., containing the vills. Bally- linan and Aries. Area 2S,995 ac. Pop. 12,939. Killedan, a pa., Connaught, co. Mayo, 6' m. W.S.W. Swineford. Area 14,616 ac. Pop. 6,410. — Killeedy, a pa., Munster, co. Limerick, 6J m. S. Newcastle. Area 25,466 ac. Pop. 6,341.— KiUeevan, a pa. of Ulster, co. Monaghan, con- taining the vill. New-Bliss. Area 11,671 ac. Pop. 8,417 Killenaule, a small ill built town, Munster, co. Tipperary, 12^ m. S.S.W. Urling- ford. Pop. 1,786. — Killencare, a pa., Ulster, co. Cavan,4J m. W.S.W. Bailieboro'. Area 15,911 ac. Pop. 8,126. — Killenumenj, a pa., Connaught, CO. of Leitrim, IJ m. S. Dromahaire. Area 14,036 ac. Pop. 4",065 Killereran, a pa., Con- naught, CO. Galway, 6^ m. S.E. Tuam. Area 14,536 ac. Pop. 4,782. — KilUrsherdiny, a pa., Ulster, CO. Cavan, 2| m. S.W. Cootehill. Area 16,618 ac. Pop. 10,208. — Killeshandra, a mar- ket town and pa., Ulster, co. Cavan, 22 m. S.S.E. Enniskillen. Area of pa. 22,241 ac. Pop. 12,662. Pop. of town 1,085. It is finely situated, tolerably well built, & has weekly markets for coarse linen. — Killesher, a pa., Ulster, co. Fermanagh, 4 m. N.N.W. Swanlibar. Area 24,936 ac. Pop. 5,226.— Killeshill, a pa., Ulster, co. Tyrone, 4^ m. E.N.E. Ballygawley. Area 9,839 ac. Pop. 4,986 KiU leshin, a vill. and pa., Leinster, Queen's co., in- cluding the town of Graiguc. Area 10,905 ac. Pop. 6,278. — Killaiy, a pa., Ulster, co. Armagh, 3 m. W. Newry. Area 28,174 ac. Pop. 17,789.— Killian, a pa., Connaught, co. Galway, 3^ m. N.E. Mount Bellew. Area 13,664 ac. Pop. 6,671.— Killimore, a pa., Connaught, co. Galway, 6 m. N.N.W. Portumna. Area 9,220 ac. Pop. 4,140. — Killinagk, a pa., Ulster, co. Cavan, 10 m. E.S.E. Manor- Hamilton. Area 24,783 ac. Pop. 6,512. — Killinane, a pa., Munster, co. Kerry, 3^ N.N.E. Cahirciveen. Area 26,868 ac. Pop. 3,569 Killinchy, a pa., Ulster, co. Down, 9 m. N. Downpatrick. Area 13,865 ac. Pop. 7,470. — Killiney, a maritime pa. and vill., Leinster, co. Dublin, on Killiney Bay, between Dalkey & Bray Head, 2J m. S.S.E. Kingston. Area of pa., com- prising the vill. Cabinteely, 1,334 ac. Pop. 986. A royal residence (1849) is in course of construction here. — Killoe, a pa., Leinster, co. & 6^ ra. N.E. Longford. Area 41,612 ac. Pop. 19,477.— XiV- loran, a pa., Connaught, co. Sligo, 6J m. W.N.W. Ballymote. Area 1,399 ac. Pop. ifiH—Kil- lorglin, a vill. and pa., Munster, co. Kerry, on the Laune, 13 m. W.N.W. Killarney. Area of pa., including the Glen of Carra, upwards of 30,000ac. Pop.8,574. Pop.ofvill.925.— .ffiHowyA, a small seaport town, Ulster, co. Down, on a bay ofsame name, forming a good barb., 1^ m. W.S.W. Ardglass. Pop. 1,148. It exports corn and salt; imports coal, & has considerable fisheries & four yearly fairs. — Killucan, a large pa., Leinster, co. Weatraeath, 8J m, E. Mullingar, and near the Middle Great W. railway. Pop. 9,662. The vill. is neatly built, and is the rendezvous of one of the oldest fox hunts in Ireland. — Killursa, a pa., Connaught, co. Galway, including the town of Headford. Area 8,877 ac. Pop. ifi^b.—KH- lury, a pa., Munster, co. Kerry, 4i m. N. Ard- fert. Area 11,090 ac. Pop. 6,i80.—KiUybegs, a small seaport town and pa., Ulster, co. Done- gal, in a narrow inlet of the Atlantic, forming an excellent harbour, 14 m, W. Donegal. Pop. of KIL 718 KIL pa. 3^0; of town im.—KiHyleagh, a seaport town & pa., Ulster, co. Down, on Lough Strang- ford, 16m. S.S.E. Belfast. Pop. of pa. 6,688; do. of town 1,116. It has a fine castle, built in 1666, a handsome church, a market-house, barracks, & small harb., with some manufs. of cotton. Hans Sloane, the celebrated naturalist, was born here in leeo.—Killyman, a pa., cos. Tyrone and Armagh, on the Blackwater, 2im. N. Moy. Area 10,559 ac. Pop. 8,220.— Killymard, a pa., Ulster, CO. of & containing part of the town of Donegal, on the N. side Donegal Bay. Area 28,229 ac. Pop. i,143.—Kilmacabea, a pa., Munster, CO. Cork, on Glandore harbour. Area 13,757 ac. Pop. 6,209. —KiUmacallane, a pa., Connaught, co. Sligo, 4 ra. S.S.E. Colooney. Area 9,928 ac. Pop. 5,098. —Kilmacduagh, a pa., Connaught, co. Galway, 3 m. S.S.W. Gort. Area 8,804 ac. Pop. 4,149. It has the ruins of a cathedral and abbey, and of a round tower, which leans even more than the tower of Pisa. Its ancient episcopal see is now united with that of Killaloe. — Kilmacduane, a pa., Munster, co. Clare, 7 m. N.N.E. Kilrush. Area 16,701 ac. Pop. 6,762. — Kilmacomogue, a pa., Munster, co. Cork, including the town of Bantry. Area 58,836 ac. Pop. \Q,1SS.—Kilmacrehy, a maritime pa., Munster, co. Clare, on the Atlan- tic, and comprising the vill. of Liscanor. Area 7,403 ae. Pop. 4,264 Kilmaerenan, a pa., Ul- ster, CO. Donegal, 6 m. N.N.W. Letter-kenny. Area 35,617 ac. Pop. 9,343. The church is said to have formed part of an anc. friary. — Kil- irUKleigue, a pa., Connaught, co. Sligo, 8 m. W.S.W. Tubbereurry. Area 32,533 ac. Pop. 9,097 Kilmacthomas, a town, Munster, co. and 12 m. W.S.W. Waterford. Pop. l,W.—Iiilmae- iraney, a pa., Connaught, co. Sligo, 6 m. N.N.E. Boyle. Area 13,447 ac. Pop. ifiOi.—Kilmain- more, a pa., Connaught, co. Mayo, 6 m. E.S.E. Bal- linrobe. Area 13,792 ac. Pop. 4,877.— XiHmai- locA, a munic. bor. and market town, Munster, CO. and 19 m. S. Limerick. Pop. 1,408. It has fine remains of ancient walls, towers, and gate- ways, and ruins of two ancient abbeys, a street consisting of antique stone-built houses, mostly of the date of James i. — Kilmaly, a pa., Munster, CO. Clare, 5 m. W.S.W. Ennis. Area 2-3,936 ae. P. 4,908. — Kilmandheen, a pa., Munster, co. Clare, comprising the town of Ennistymon. Area 8,177 ac. Pop. 6,436. — Kilmanman, a pa., Leinster, Queen's co., comprising the vill. of Clonaslee. Area 16,848 ac. Pop. 4,665. — Kilmeedy, a pa., Munster, co. Limerick, 7 m. E.S.E. Newcastle. Area 9,037 ac. Pop. 4,739. — Kilmeen, three pas. — I. Munster, co. Cork, 3 m. W.S.W. Newmar- ket. Area 36,710 ac. Pop. 10,380.— IL same CO., 5 m. W.N.W. Clonakilty. Area 8,667 ac. Pop. .3,7.36. Here are the ruins of Ballyward castle. —III. Connaught, co. Galway, SJ m. W.N.W. Loughrea. Area 3,808 ae. Pop. 980. — Kilmegan, a pa., Ulster, co. Down, containing the town of Castlewellan. Area 13,970 ac. Pop. 7,467. — Kilmichael, two pas., Munster I. co. Clare, SJ m. W.N.W. Kildysert. Area 18,772 ac. Pop. 5,080 ac.— II. co. Cork, 5i m. S.S.W. Macroom. Area 20,869 ac. Pop. 6,250.— XiV- mina, a pa., Connaught, CO. Mayo, 2^ m. N. Westport. Area 10,762 ac. Pop. 7,876.— XiV- moe, a pa., Munster, co. Cork, on the coast, be- tween Crookhaven and Dunmanus Bay. Area 1.3,974 ae. Pop. 7,23i.—Kilmoily, a pa., Mun- ster, 00. Kerry, 3 m. W.N.W. Ardfert. Area 7,750 ac. Pop. 4,469 Kilmore, several pas. — I. Ulster, CO. and 2^ m.W.S.W. Cavan. Area 16,886 ac. Pop. 7,250. It is an episcopal see, & has an anc. and very plain cathedral ; church & modern episcopal mansion. The diocese comprising 39 pas., chiefly in prov. Ulster, was founded in 13th. century, and is now united to that of Elphin II. Ulster, CO. Armagh, containing the town of Richhill. Area 17,273 ac. Pop. 14,266. A des- perate affray which took place here between the Koman Catholics and Protestants in 1795, is said to have given rise to the " Orange " institutions. —III. Ulster, CO. Down, IJ m. E.S.E. Ballinahinch. Area 12,864 ac. Pop. 6,277.— IV. co. and 2^ m. W.N.W. Monaghan. Area, including numerous lakes, 8,689 ac. Pop. 6,121. — V. Connaught, oo. Eoscomraon, on the Shannon, opposite James town. Area9,316ac. P. 5,164.- VI. Munster, co. Tipperary,4m. S. Nen^h. Area 13,535 ac. Pop. 5,138. It has several ruined churches and castles. — VII. (Erris), Connaught, co. Mayo, on the At- lantic. Ac. 29,492. P. 9,428. Several smaller pas. have this name. — Kilmoremoy, a pa., Connaught, CO. Sligo, containing the town of Ballina. Area 12,331 ac. Pop. lS,129.-^KiImovee, a pa., Con- naught, CO. Mayo, 4 m. W.S.W. Ballaghadireen. Area 20,756 ac. Pop, 5>844. — Kilmurry, several pas., of which the principal are in Munster, co. Clare. — I. on Clonderalaw Bay. Area 10,457 ac. Pop. 4,332 IL {Ibrichcane), 6 m. S.S.W. Mil- town-Malbay. Area 26,867 ac. Pop. 10,747. Fairs, May 17 and August 2.5. Others are in the COS. Cork, Limerick, Tipperary, &c. — Kilnama- nagh, a pa., Munster, co. Cork, 9 m. S.W. Castle- town-Berehaven. Area 13,810 ac. Pop. 5,861. — Kilnaughten, a pa., Munster, co. Kerry, con- taining the town of Tarbert. Area 9,164 ac. Pop. 5,102. — Kilneboy, or Killiruiboy, a pa. Mun- ster, CO. Clare, containing the town of Conofin. Area 17,967 ac. Pop. 4,102. It has the ruins of three churches, three or four castles, a round tower, and several Celtic antiquities Kilrea, a market town and pa., Ulster, co. Londonderry, on the Bann, 13 m. W.N.W. Ballymena. Area of pa. 6,313 ac. Pop. 4,277 ; do. of town 1,191, partly engaged in linen weaving. It has a mkt.- house & a public school built by the Mercers' Co., London, to whom the town belongs. — II. a pa., Leinster, co. Kilkenny, 3 m. N.W. Knocktopher. Pop. 720. Here is one of the finest round towers in Ireland, and a ruined abbey, founded in 1176 by de Marisco, brother-in-law of Earl Strongbow. — Kilronan, three pas. — I. Connaught, co. Ros- common, 9^ m. N.N.W. Carrick-on-Shannon. Ac. 16,356. Pop. 7,085.-11. Mmister, co. Water- ford, 3^ m. S.S.W. Clonmel. Area 16,701 ac. Pop. 4,772.-111. CO. and 3^ m. S.W. Waterford. Pop. 126. — Kilrush, a seaport, market town, and pa., Munster, co. Clare, on an inlet in the estu- ary of the Shannon, 27 m. S.W. Ennis. Area of pa. 15,658 ac. P. 11,385; do. of town 5,071. It is finely situated & mostly well built ; it has manufe. of flannel, frieze, linen sheetings, &o. It ex- ports turf to Limerick, and has a considerable corn trade, & herring fisheries. Market, Satur- day Kilseily, a pa., Slunster, co. Clare, con- taining the town of Broadford. Area 11,102 ae. Pop. 4,469. — Kilshanig, a pa., Munster, co. Cork, 3 m. S.W. Mallow. Area 27,695 ac. Pop. 9,348. — Kilsheery, a pa., Ulster, co. Tyrone, contain- ing the town of TriUick. Area 20,438 ac. Pop. 9,352. — Kilskyre, a pa., Leinster, co. Meath, con- taining the town Crossakeel. Area 11,724 ac. Pop. 5,014. — Kilteel, a pa., Leinster, co. Kildare, 5} m. E.N.E. Naas. Pop. 797. It has the ruins of a castle and an abbey. — Kilteeeoch, a pa., Ul- ster, CO. Donegal, 5J m. W.N.W. Strainorlar. Area 41,131 ac. Pop. 4,864. — Kiltoghart, a pa., Connaught, co.and IJ m. E.S.E. Leitrim. Area 30,494 ac, including a part of the town of Car- IvIL 719 KIL rick-on -Sliannon. Pop. 17,581. — KiltonanUa, a pa., Munster, co. Clare 3} m. W.S.W. O'Brien's Bridge. Area 7,627 ac. Pop. 4,016.— A'tftoom, a pa., Connaught, co. Roscommon, B\ m. N.AV . Atlilone. Area 13,246 ae. Pop. 4,150.— .BTiVte- hrid, a pa., Connaught, co. Leitrim, 3 m. E.S.E. Drumshambo. Area 15,608 ao. Pop. 7,228. — KiltuUagh, a pa., Connanght, co. Roscommon, 11 m. W.S.W. Castlerea. Area 24,7 13 ac. Pop. 7,664. — Kilvemnon, a pa., Munster, co. Tipperary, 8 m. E.N.E. Fethard. Area 10,561 ac. Pop. 4,983. — Kilvolane, a pa., Munster, co. Tipperary, containing the town of Newport-Tip. Area 8,678 ac. P. 4,254. — Kilworth,a mavket town, Munster, CO. Corli, on the Puncheon, here crossed by a bridge of six arches, 2^ m. N.N.E. Fermoy. Pop. 1,772. It has an ancient church and a neat mar- ket-house. Near it is Moore Park, and ruins of Clonglileagh castle. KiLBABCHAN, a towu and pa. of Scotland, co. Renfrew, 5J m. W.S.W. Paisley. Area of pa. about IQsq.m. Pop.5,595; do. of town 2,382,mostly silk and cotton weaTers. The town has two public libraries, an agricultural and various other so- cieties. Near it are the ruins of EUiston tower, and of Ranfiirly castle, a seat of the Knox family, of wliich the reformer, John Enox, was a member. EiLBiBNiE, a pa. of Scotland, co. Ayr, dist. Cunningham, with a vil]., 3 m. N.N.E. Dairy, & a station on the Glasgow and Ayr railway, 20 m. W.S.W. Glasgow. Pop. 2,631. It has a cotton and flax mill, a beautiful lake, and coal mines. KitBOTTRNE, a township of England, co. and 6 m. N.N.E. Derby, pa. Horsley. Pop. 826. KjiBBANDON, a pa. of Scotland, co. Argyle, in Lorn, S.W. KJlninver, and opposite the island MnU. Pop., with Kilchattan, 2,602. KiLBBTDE, several pas. of Scotland. — I. co. Bute, on the E. coast of Arran. Area about 42,000 ac. Pop. 2,786.-11. a pa. united with Kilmore. — III. (East), co. Lanark, 6 m. W. Hamilton. Pop. 3,810. It is the birth-place of the famous Drs John and William Hunter. — IT. (West), CO. Ayr, on the Firth of Clyde, 3 m. N.W. Ardrossan. Pop. 1,885, partly employed in weaving for the Glasgow manufacturers. It has fine scenery and several interesting ruins, includ- ing those of Portincross castle. KiLBUBN, a pa. of England, co. York, N. Rid- ing, 6| m. N.N.W. Easingwold. Ac. 3,670. P. 837. KiLBUENiE, or Ellbibnie, a pa. of Scotland, CO. Ayr, 2 m. W. Beith. Pop. 2,631, employed in manufe. of cotton and flax. It has a beautiful lake, and the ruins of a castle of the Crawfords. KiLBi, a pa. of England, co. and 6h m. S.S.E. Leicester. Area 1,060 ac. Pop. 408.' KiLCAiMONELi., a pa. of Scotland, co. Argyle, forming the N. extremity of the peninsula of Kintyre. Pop. 2,460. It has several small fish- ing villa, and ancient forts, and Tarbert castle. KiicHOMAW, a pa. of Scotland, co. Argyle, in the W. part of the island of Islay. Pop. 4,605. KiLCHEEHAK, a pa. of Scotland, co. Argyle, on both sides of Loch Awe. 49,000 Scots ao. P. 943. KiLCONQiiHAB, a pa. of Scotland, co. Fife, lOJ m. S.E. Cupar. Pop. 2,605, partly linen weavers. KiLOA (St), an island in the Atlantic, 52 m. W. Harris (Hebrides). Lat. 57° 48' 32'' N., Ion. 8° 32' 2' W. Area about 4,000 ac. Pop. (1849) 109, who all live in a vill., near the S.E. coast, and are occupied in rearing a few cattle and sheep, fishing, and taking wild fowl and eggs. KiLBAXE, a pa. of England, co. York, N. Rid- ing, a m. E. Stokesley. Area5,730ac. Pop. 181. KitnALTON, a pa. of Scotland, co. Argyle, at the S.E. end of the Isle of Islay. Pop. 3,315. KiLDABE, an inland co. of Ireland, Loinster, having N. Meath, E. the cos. Dublin and Wick- low, S. Carlow, and W. King's and Queen's cos. Area 053 sq. m., or 418,436 ac, of which about 50,000 ai-e comprised in the bog of Allen. In- habited houses 18,556. Pop. 114,448. Surface mostly flat. Cliief rivers the Boyne, Barrow, and Liffey. Climate moist, owing to the pre- valence of bogs. Soil mostly a deep and fer- tile loam ; and the Curragh of Kildare, a tract in its centre, is scarcely to be matched for the excellence of its turf and rich verdure. Chief crops, wheat, oats, and barley. The best English breeds of cattle have been introduced. Many estates are large, and farms 'less subdivid- ed than in most other Irish cos., but farming is very backward. Average rent of land 13». an acre. Annual value of land (1847) 290,660?. Minerals and manufs. unimportant. The prin- cipal trade is in corn and flour, the export of which is facilitated by the river Barrow, and Royal and Grand canals and their branches, which connect the co. with Dublin, Waterford, and the Shannon. A good deal of peat is sent from the CO. to Dublin. The Great S. and W. railway intersects the co. Kildare. The co. con- tains 10 baronies and 113 pas. in the dioceses of Kildare and Dublin. Principal towns, Athy, Kildare, and Naas. It sends two members to H. of C. Reg. electors (1849) 967. Kildare has since 1316 given title to the Fitzgeralds, now Dukes of Leinster. — Kildare, a market town, episcopal see, and pa., in above co., on the Great S. and W. railway, 30 m. W.S.W. Dublin. Pop. of pa. 2,664 ; do. of town 1,629. It stands on an elevated plain, about \ m. from the common, or curragh, & consists mostly of cabins, intermixed with ancient edifices. It suffers greatly from want of water. It has a very ancient cathedral, partly ruined, and containing the burial vault of the Fitzgeralds, a part of a chapel, reputed to date from the 6th century, a round tower, 132 feet in height, remains of an abbey & of a castle, a CO. infirmary, a Roman Catholic chapel, nun- nery, friary, market-house, jockey-club, and nu- merous inns, greatly frequented during the cele- brated Curragh races in April, June, Sept., and October. The bishopric, now united with that of Dublin, comprises 81 pas. in King's, Queen's, and Kildare cos. It is also the see of a Roman Catholic bishop. KiLDONAN, a pa. of Scotland, co. Sutherland, about 20 m. N.N.W. Dornoch. Pop. 256. It is mountainous & contains several Plctish towers. KiLDBUMMiE, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, on the Don, 15 m. S.S.W. Huntly. Pop. 627. Surface a rich level, enclosed by hills, on one of which stand the remains of Kildrummie castle, famous for its siege by Edward i. in 1306. KiiDWioK, a pa. of England, co York, W. Riding, 4 m. S.S.E. Skipton. Area 25,990 ac. Pop. 10,607, partly employed in worsted factories. KiLFiNAN, a pa. of Scotland, co. Argyle, 16 m. N.W. Rothsay. Pop. 1,816. KiLFiNicHEN, and KiLvicK-EON, apa. of Scotl., CO. Argyle, at the S. extremity of the isl. Mull, and comprising the island of lona. Pop. 4,113. KiLGABBOw, or KiLGEEBAW, a towu and pa. of S. Wales, CO. Pembroke, on the Teify, 4 m. S.E. Cardigan. Pop. 1,149, engaged in the manuf. of shoes, and in slate quarries and salmon fisheiies. Kij,GWBBwa, a pa. of England, co. Monmouth, 5J m. E.S.E. Usk. Area 670 ao. Pop. 133. KiLiiAM, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Riding, 5^ m. N.N.E. Great Driffield. Area 7,660 ac. Pop. 1,140. The vill. is pleasantly situated on a KIL 720 KIL declivity of tlie "Wolds, and had formerly a market. KiLiA, or KiLiANOVA, a fortified town of the Bussian dom., gov. Bessarabia, on the Kilia, or north arm of the Danube, at its delta, 12 miles from its mouth. Pop. 7,000. It is ill built, and its harbour is shallow; it has, however, some trade, and several churches and mosques. — Kill, or Kilia, is the name of a fortress on a bay of the Black Sea, Anatolia, 34 m. N.E. Constantinople. KiLTMANDJAKO, a snowy mntn. of E. Africa, discov. 1847, supposed one of the " mntns. of the Moon,"inlat. 3°40' S.,lon. 36°E., plev. 20,000 ft. (?) KiLiSEH-Koi, a vill. of Asia Minor, Anatolia, on a lake 68 m. S. Brusa, and with many re- mains, supposed to be those of the anc. Ancyra. Kilkenny, an inland co. of Ireland, Leinster, having N. Queen's co., E. the cos. Carlow and Wexford, S. and S.W. Waterford, and W. Tip- perary. Area about 790 sq. m., or 508,811 ac, of which about 21,000 are uncultivated, & 18,000 in woods. Inhabited houses 29,090. Pop. 183,349. nearly all Roman Catholics. Surface slightly undulating, with a slope towards the S ; several summits, however, rise to upwards of 1,000 feet in elevation. Chief rivers, the Nore, Barrow, & Suir. Soils various, but for the most part light fertile loams resting on limestone, gravel, &c., and presenting a much less proportion of bog than in most parts of Ireland. Climate drier & crops earlier than in the average of Irish cos. Agriculture improving. The usual corn crops form the chief object of the farmer, but dah'y and sheep farms are also numerous. The breeds of stock are mostly native. Estates generally large ; farms small. Average rent of laud 17*. an acre ; this being one of the highest rented cos. in Ireland. Anthracite coal abounds ; fine black marble is also found. The manufs. of woollens and linens, which long flourished here, have now materially dechned. The principal export is grain. Two crossing lines of railway intersect this CO. ; and navigable rivers and the Grand canal furnish facihties for transport to all parts of Ireland. Annual value of land (1847) 357,752i. Kilkenny is divided into 9 baronies and 127 pas. in the dioceses of Ossory, Leighlin, and Cashel. It sends 3 mems. to H. of C, 2 for the co., and 1 for its chief town. Reg. electors for co. (1849) 481. It gives title of Earl to the Butler family. — Kilkenny, a city and pari, and municipal bor., cap. above co., and a co. of itself, on the Nore, here crossed by two handsome bridges, and on the Irish S.E. railway, 62 m. SM. DubUn. It also communicates by a branch with the Great S. and W. railway. Area of city 921 ac. ; do. of CO. 17,012 ac. Pop. of city 19,071 ; of co. 23,626. Inhabited houses in do. 3,788. It is divided by the river into the Irish and English towns, and is, with the exception of suburbs, well built of stone ; streets paved with black marble quarried in the vicinity. The principal thoroughfares run paral- lel to the river, along which and a canal, is a public walk termed the Mall. Chief buildings are the cathedral of St Canice or Kenny, and of the diocese of Ossory, a cruciform structure of the 14th century ; the bishop's palace, chapter- house, deanery, a fine round tower, the churches of St John and St Mary, several Roman Catholic churches, one of which is the cathedral of a Roman CathoUc bishop, fine ruins of a Francis- can friary, the co. oourt-ho., co. and city prisons, infirmary, fever hospital, union work-house, bar- racks, and a castle built by Strongbow, and now the residence of the Marquis of Ormonde. Pub- lic institutions comprise a college, or gram- mar school, several other public schools, a lu- natic asylum, alms-houses, a Ubrary, and news- room. The woollen mannf., early introduced by the Butler family, is very much d^ressed, and the condition of the lower classes is wretched, though the city is the residence of many of the provincial gentry. It has some distilleries, tan- neries, breweries, & flour mills, but the principal dependence of its inhabitants is on the retail trade. Corp. rev. (1833) about 2,000Z. Kilkenny- sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1849) 244. The town figures conspicuously in Irish history as the seat of parliaments, and the scene of many stirring events. (For a notice of the diocese see Ossobv.) KiLKHAMPTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 3k m. N.N.E. Stratton. Area 8,120 ac. Pop. 1,237. The church, built by the Grenvilles soon after the conquest, and remarkable for the richness of its architecture, contains several monuments to that family. The chui'ch-yard was the scene of Harvey's " Meditations among the Tombs." KiLLAMABSH, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, 7| m. N.E. Chesterfield. Area 1,860 ac. Pop. 906. KiLLABBOW, or BOWMOEE, a pa. of ScOtl., CO. Argyle, Isle of Islay, & containing the vill. Bow- more, whence it is named. Ac. 30,000. Pop. 4,026. KiLLEAN, a pa. of Scotland, co. Argyle, penin- sula of Kintyre. Pop. with Kilchenzie 2,402. . KiLLEABN, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 18 m. W.S.W. Stirling. Pop. 1,224. Here are the re- mains of the residence of Napier, the celebrated inventor of logarithms, and a monument to the memory of George Buchanan, born in this pa, in 150C. "The scenery is strikingly picturesque. KiLLEAKNAN, a pa. of Scotland, co. Ross, 6 m. S.S.E. Dingwall. Pop. 1,643. KiLiESBT, or KiLSBT, a pa. of EngJ., co. Nor- thampton, 5h m. N.N.W. Daventry. Area 3,200 ac. Pop. 655. The London and Birmingham railw. here passes through a tunnel IJ miles long. KiLLiECBANKiE, a famous pass through the Grampian mntns. in Scotl., co. Perth, 15 m. N.W. Dunkeld. The river Garry here flows for about 2 m. through a narrow, rocky, and thickly wood- ed ravine of great depth, along the side of which the road has been cut, overhanging a terrific precipice. At the N.W. extremity of the pass, the battle was fought, 1689, in which Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee, fell. KiLLiN, a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth, between Loch Tay & the co. Argyle, about 16 m. N.N.W. Callander. Pop. 1,702. It contains some of the grandest scenery in Scotland. KiLLiNGHAti,, a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, pa. Ripley, 4 m. w.N.W. Knaresborongh. Pop. 659. KiLLiNGTioLME, a pa. of Engl., CO. Lincoln, 9J m. N.W. Great Grimsby. KiLLiNSLT, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Connec- ticut, 47 m. E. Hartford. Pop. 3,685, mostly em- ployed in cotton &,ctories. KiLLiNGwoBTH, a tushp. of England, co. Nor- thumberland, pa. Long Benton, with a station on the Great North of England railway, 5 m. N.E. Newcastle. KiLLis, Ciliza, a town of Syria, pash. aad 38 m. N. Aleppo. Pop. about 2,000 {jBowring), who trade in galls, wax, and inferior cottons. KiLLVAROK, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Cardigan, 8 m. N.W. Lampeter. Pop. 307. KiLMADAK, a pa. of Scotland, co. Argyle, 16 m. S.S.W. Inverary. Pop. 507. KiLMADOCK, a pa. of Scotl., CO. Perth, contain- ing the vill. of Doune. Pop. 4,055, employed in extensive cotton works. KIT. 721 KIL Kilmalcolm, a pa. of Scotland, co. Renfrew, on the Clyde, 4 m. S.E. Port-Glasgow. Area 19,800 ac. Pop. 1,616, The niined castle of Duchal, and Finlayston-house, formerly tlie re- sidence of the Glencairn family, are in this pa. KiLMALiE, a pa. of Scotl., cos. Argyle and In- verness, about 28 m. S.W. Fort Augustus. Area estimated at upwards of 400,000 ao. Pop. 6,397. Surface mntnous., and the pa. comprises Ben Nevis. It has excellent sheep-walks, several veins of argentiferous lead ore, quarries of beau- tiful marble, ajid ruins of a vitrified fort. Fort William is in this parish. KiLMANivAiG, a pa. of Scotl., CO. Inverness, on the Lochy, 7 m. N.N.E, Fort- William, Area about 300,000 ac., mostly glen and mutn. Pop. 2,791. In this pa. is Inverlochy castle. KiLMAKT, a pa. of Scotl., co. Fife, 5 m. N.N.E. Cupar. Pop. 669. Etlmabsock, a pari, and munic. bor., manuf. town, and pa. of Scotl., co. & 12 m. N.N.E. Ayr (with which town, and with Glasgow, it is con- nected by railways), and on the Irvine, at the in- flux of the Kilmarnock water, both here crossed by several bridges. Area of pa. 6,900 Scots ac. Pop. of bor. 19,956. Though long & straggling, it is well built. Princip. edifices, a collegiate and two other churches, a neat town-hall, the ex- change, a spacious inn, erected by the merchants' society, the Ayrshire bank, academy, free school, workhonse, &c. In the pa. are numerous schools, benevolent, scientific, and literary associations, several public libraries, and Kilmarnock House, tile seat of the former earls of Kilmarnock. It has important manufs. of carpets, of superior quality ; shawls, boots and shoes, woollen yarn, Scotch bonnets, and leather, with others of linen &cotton goods; silks,hose, telescopes, machinery, saddlery, hats, and tobacco, the annual produce of which, in 1840, was estimated at 650,000?., em- ploying 1,400 hands. The value of the shawls made was estimated at 240,000Z., and of carpets at 160,0002. These, and other goods, are exten- sively exported at Troon, which is connected with the town by a railway 9J m. in length. Corp. rev. (1839-40) 6462. Kilmarnock, in conjunction with Kenfrew, Port-Glasgow, Dumbarton, and Entherglen, sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Keg. elec- tors (184S) 630. KiLHABONocK, a pa. of Scotl., CO. Dumbarton, at the S.E. end of Loch Lomond. Pop. 931. KiLHABTiH, a pa. of Scotl., CO. Argyle, between its W. coast and Loch Awe. Area 18,000 ac. Pop. 1,233. The vill. stands in one of the most picturesque of the highland glens. KiLMADBS, a burgh of barony, & pa. of Scotl., CO. Ayr, 2 m. N.N.W. Kilmarnock, Area of pa, 6,000 ac. Pop, 2,617 ; pop, of borough 1,035. KiLMENv, a pa, of Scotl., co, Argyle, island & on the Sound of Islay. Pop. 1,766, KiLMEESDON, a pa, of Engl,, co. Somerset, 6 m. W,N,W, Frome. Area 3,560 ac. Pop, 2,143, KiLMESTON, a pa, of Engl,, co. Hants, 4 m, S, New Alresford. Area 1,740 ac. Pop. 256. KiLMiNGTON, two pas, of Engl, — I, CO, Devon, 2 m. W, Axminster. Ac. 1,940, P,495.— II,co, Somerset, 6i m, E,N,E, Brnton, Ac, 2,750, P, 635, KiLMOEACK, a pa. of Scotl., 00. Inverness, in- cluding the vill. of Beauly. Pop, 2,694, Here are the falls of the river Beanly, and a picturesque island, an ancient seat of the Lovats. KjLMOEE, with KiLBBiDE, a pa, of Scotl., CO. Argyle, on its W. coast. It includes the island Kerera, and borough of Oban. Pop. 2,773. KiLMORY, a pa. of Scotl., co. Bute, at the S. extremity of the island of Arran. Pop, 3,436, KiLMuiB, a pa, of Scotl,, co, Inverness, at the N, end of the isle of Skye. Pop. 3,625. Here is a singularly secluded valley, containing remains of Duntulm castle, a residence of the MacDon- ald's. The heroic Flora M'Donald is buried in the church-yard. — Kilmuir Easter is a pa., cos. Ross and Cromarty, on the N, side of the firth of Cro- mai-ty, 6 m. S, Tain, Pop. 1,486. KiLMUiB Wbsteb, and Suddt, a pa. of Scotl., 00. Ross. [Knookbain.] KiLMUN, a sea-bathing vill. of Scotl,, co. Argyle, pa, Dunoon, at the head of Holy Loch, an inlet of the firth of Clyde, 8 m. N,W. Greenock, It has ruins of a collegiate church, founded by one of the dukes of Argyle, whose burial place is here. KiLNiNiAN, and Kilmobe, a pa, of Scotl,, co, Argyle, at the N.W, end of I, of Mull, Area, including Staffa, and other islets, about 65,000 ac. Pop, 4,335. KiLNiNvEE, a pa, of Scotl,, co, Argyle, 6J m, S S.W. Oban. Pop., with Kilmelford, 896. KiLNSEA, a pa, of Engl,, co. Tork, E. Riding, 24 m. E.S.E. Hull. Area 1,130 ao. Pop. 140. In this pa, is the promontory of Spurn-head, The port of Kavenspur formerly stood here, but hasj with other towns on the same coast, been en- gulphed by the sea, KiLNWicK, 2 pas, of Engl,, co. York, E. Rid- ing.— I. 6 m. S.S.W. Great Driffield. Area 3,990 ac. Pop. 627.— II. (Pern/), If m. E.N.E. Pock- lington. Area 1,610 ac. Pop. 68. KiLPATKicK, 2 pas. of Scotland. — I. (New), cos. Dumbarton and Stirling, 5J m. N.N.W. Glasgow. Area 13,440 ao. Pop. 3,467, partly employed in manufs. Fairs, 1st May, o.s. Portions of Anto- ninus' wall intersect the pa. — II. (Old), co. Dum- barton, on the Clyde, adjoining the above pa. on the W. Area about 19 sq. m. Pop. 7,020, ex- tensively engaged in manufs. of cotton, paper, dyeworks, and ship -building. KiLPECK, a pa. of Engl., co. and 7J m. S.S.W. Hereford. Area 2,230 ac. Pop. 238. The church is very interesting. KiLRENNT, a pari. & munic. bor., seaport, and pa. of Scotl., CO. Fife, on the N.E. shore of the firth of Forth, 8J m. S.S.E. St Andrew's. Pop. of pa., including the fishing vill. of Cellardykes, 2,039; do. of pari. bor. 1,719. It has a small harbour, and unites with Cupar, St Andrew's, Crail, Anstrnther, and Pitteuweem, in sending 1 member to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1848) 43. Kil-Rheddth, a pa. of S. Wales, cos. Carmar- then & Pembroke, 4 m. S.S,W, Newoastle-iu- Emlyn, Pop, 1,108. KiLSPiHDiE, a pa. of Scotland, co, and 7 ra, E, Perth, Pop, 709, partly empl, in linen weaving. Kilsyth, a bor, of barony, mkt, town, and pa, of Scotl,, CO, Stirling, 12J m, N,E, Glasgow. Area of pa. about 15,000 ac. Pop. 5,613 ; do. of town 4,106, employed in cotton weaving, and in coal and iron mines. The bor., in a valley, on the Forth & Clyde canal, is singularly built, and has a gloomy aspect. In the pa. are several Pictish & Roman antiq., & ruins of Kilsyth castle. Montrose' gained a victory here over the Covenanters. KiLTAHLiTY, a large pa. of Scotland, co. Inver- ness, 10 ra. S.S.W. Dingwall, Area about 240 sq. m., mntnous, and including 3 lakes. Pop. 2,869, KiLTEABN, a pa, of Scot!., CO. Ross, on the firth of Cromarty, 7 m. N,N.E. Dingwall. Pop, 1,436, Ben-Wyvis, and Loch Glass are in this pa. KiLTON, a pa, of Engl,, co. Somerset, lOJ m. W.N.W. Bridgewater, Area 1,660 ac. Pop. 161, KiLvE, a pa, of England, co, Somerset, 11} m. W,N,W. Bridgewater. Area 1,680 ac. P/ip, 240, 2z KIL 722 KIN Bjlvehstone, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, If m. E.N.E. Thetford. Area 2,540 ac. Pop. 47. KiiTiNGTON, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Notts, 7 m. S. Newark. Area 900 ac. Pop. 66.— II. (South), CO. York, N. Riding, 1 m. N.N. W. Thirsk. Area 2,610 ac. Pop. 402. KiLWAH, or Keelwa, E. Airica. [QniioA.] KiLwiNNiNO, a bor. of barony, mkt. town & pa. of Seotl., CO. Ayr, on the Glasgow & Ayr railw., 3 m. N.N.W. Irvine. Areaofpa. aboatl7i sq. m. Pop. 6,251 ; pop. of bor. 2,971. The town has a handsome pa. church, a branch bank, remains of a rich and celebrated abbey, founded in 1140 ; an anc. fountain, dedicated to St Winning ; a ma- sonic lodge, the oldest in Scotland ; an archery society, which existed before 1488 ; numerous looms, employed in the cotton and silk manufs. of Paisley and Glasgow, and 2 ann. fairs. The noble domain of Eglinton castle is in this pa. KiLWOKTH, two pas. of Engl., co. Leicester. — I. {North), 4 m. E. Lutterworth. Area 2,230 ac. Pop. 422 II. (South), 4 m. E.S.E. Lutter- worth. Area 1,470 ac. Pop. 478. Kil-y-Bebill, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamor- gan, 5 m. N.N.W. Neath. Pop. "ai.—Kil-y- Macnllwyd is a pa., cos. Carmarthen and Pem- broke, 6^ m. N.N.E. Narberth. Pop. 520. KiMBERLBi, a,pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 3 m. N.W. Wymondham. Area 1,460 ac. Pop. 148. Kimberley Hall, the anc. seat of Ld. W odehouse, is 1 m. E. the vill. — II. a hamlet, co. Notts, pa. Greasley, 6 m. W.N.W. Nottingham. Pop. 1,778. KiMBEBWoRTH, a tushp. of Eugl., CO. Tork, W. Kiding, pa. & 1^ m. W.N.W. Rotherham. P. 5,066. Kimble, two contig. pas. of Engl., co. Bucks. —I. (Great), SJ m. W.S.W. Wendover. Area 2,670 ac. Pop. 489. Here are the remains of the castle Belinesbury.— II. (Little), 3 m. W.S.W. Wendover. Area 750 ac. Pop. 177. KiMBOLTON, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. and 10 m. W.S.W. Huntingdon. Area of pa. 6,200 ac. Pop. 1,634, partly employed in lace- making. The church contains monuments of the Manchester family. Kimbolton castle, the noble seat of the Duke of Manchester, is in a spacious park. Here Queen Catharine, of Arra- gon, lived after her divorce from Henry viii. The remains of Stonely priory are in the vicinity. — II. a pa., CO. Hereford, 2 j m. N.E. Leominster. Area 4,640 ac. Pop. 715. KiMCOTE, or KiLNCOTE, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 2i m. E.N.E. Lutterworth. Area 1,710 ac. Pop. 652, partly employed in irame-knitting. Ktmebidge, or Komebidqe, a pa. of Engl., CO. Dorset, m the isl. of Purbeck, 3^ m. W.S.W. Corfe- castle. Area 1,570 ac. Pop. 164. KiMiTO, a vill. of Finland, ten & 26 m. S.S.E. Abo, on an island of same name. The island is 26 m. long and 13 m. broad. KiMOLos, or Ctmolos, an isl. of the Grecian Archipelago, gov. Syra, in the iEgean Sea, im- mediately N.W. Milo. Area 25 sq. m. Pop. 200. Surface parched and barren ; it has one vill., and some hot springs. Principal product sulphur, but it formerly yielded silver, whence its I'rankish name Argentiera. , KiMPiNA, a town of Wallachia, 47 m. N.N.W. Bucharest, with several churches, and a custom house. Commerce in salt from adjacent mines. KiMPOLTJNQ, a town of Wallachia, near a pass into Transylvania, 80 m. N.W. Bucharest. Pop. 4,000. It covers a large surface, has several Greek churches and convents, with some Roman Catholic convents, and a considerable trade. KiMPTON, two pas. of England.— I. co. Herts, 4 m. W.N.W. Welwyn. Area 3,700 ac. Pop. 945. — II. a pa., co. Hants, 6 m. N.W. Andover. Area 1,810 ac. Pop. 391. Kin, a small isl. of Russia, Gulf of Livonia, 22 m. S.W. Pernau. Also several towns of China. KiNCABniHE, a bor. of barony and seaport town of Scotland, co. and 26 m. S.S.W. Perth, pa. Tulliallan, on the Firth of Forth. Pop. 2,875. Houses mostly well built. It has a good pier, a convenient I'oadstead for large vessels, a steam ferry, two branch banks, rope and sail works, yards for ship-building, large exports of coal, and considerable imports of Baltic produce. — II. a pa., COS. Ross and Cromarty, 14 m. W.N.W. Tain. Pop. 2,108. The Marquis of Montrose was de- feated in this pa., in his last battle, a.d. 1650.— III. a pa., CO. Perth, consisting of two detached portions on the river Forth, with a church 6 m. W.N.W. Stirling, and the vills. Morriestown and Thornhill. Area upwards of 6,000 ac. Pop. 2,232. KiNCABDiNE O'Neil, a pa. of Scotland co. and 23 m. W. Aberdeen, on the Dee. Area 30 sq. m. Pop. 1,857. KiNCARDfNESHiBE, Or The Meabns, a marit. CO. of Scotland, having N. co. Aberdeen, S. & W. CO. Forfar, & E. the North Sea. Area 382 sq. m., or 243,444 ac, of which about 120,000 are produc- tive. Inhabited houses 7,304. P. 33,076. A great part of the co. is occupied by the Grampian mntns., of which Mount Battock rises to nearly 3,600 feet, but along their foot, in the S. and E., lies the rich, low, arable tract called the " How of the Mearns," comprising about 50,000 ac. Principal rivers, the Dee, N. Esk, and Bervie. Agriculture is well conducted, and the land is above average productiveness. Cattle, chiefly of the short-horned breed, are fed on most farms, and the mountains yield extensive pasture for sheep. Estates generally large. Average size of arable farms about 200 ac. Average rent of arable land estimated at upwards of U. an acre. Annual value of land (1842-3) 128,468/. Total value of assessed property (1842-3) 134,341/. Principal mineral products, granite & sandstone. Chief manufe. are coarse linens, and the well- known and finely jointed wooden snuff boxes. Kincardine comprises 18 pas., and pts. of 3 others. Chief towns, Stonehaven, the cap., and Inver- bervie. The CO. sends one member to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 876. KiNCLAVEN, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 10 m. N.N.E. Perth. Pop. 880. Ruins ofa castle on Tay.' KiNOELBRiJcK., a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 20 m. N. Erfurt, on the Wipper. Pop. 2,020, who manuf. leather and paper. KiNDERHoOK, a township of U. S., N. Amer., New York, 17 m. S. Albany. Pop. 3,512. KiNDEETON, with HuLME, a tushp. of Engl., co. Chester, pa. & IJ m. E.S.E. Mlddlewich. P. 555. KiNELLAE, a pa. of Scotl., CO. and 11 m. N.W. Aberdeen. Ai-ea 4,000 ac. Pop. 483. Kineshma, a town of Russia, gov. and 65 m. E.S.E. Kostroma, on the Volga. Pop. 2,000, who manuf. linens and sail cloths, paper, &;c. KiNETON, or liisGTON, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. and 9 m. S.S.E. Warwick. Area of pa. 3,810 ac. Pop. 1,248. The famous battle of Edgehill was fought in the vicinity, a.d. 1642. KiNFAEE or KiNVEE, a pa. of England, co. Stafford, 4-1 m. N.N.E. Kidderminster. Area 8,790ac. Pop. 2,207. The vill. was formerly a bor. & mkt. town, with a manufact. of woollen cloths. KiNPAHNs, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 1^ m. E. Perth. Pop. 720. Its fine castle, the seat of Earl Gray, is beautifully situated on 1. b. of the Taji. King, several towns of China ; one in pruv. Chi-li, 160 m. S. Pekin, is stated to have three KIN 723 KIN triumphal arches, & a tower 11 stories in heiglit. — King Island is a lofty and rugged islet of the N. Pacific, near the Andreanov group. King and Qdeen's Co., U. S., N. Ainer., in E. of Virginia, Area 385 sq. m. Pop. 10,862. KiNGARTB, a pa. of Scotland, co. and at the S. extremity of the island of Bute. Area about 8,400 ac. Pop. 931. KiMQ Charles' South Lanb, a name of the largest island of Tierra del Fuego. Surface mostly low and level, but mountainous in the S., where Mount Sarmiento rises to 7,000 feet. Kino-Edwabd, or Ken-Edar, a pa. of Scotl., CO. Aberdeen, 4 m. S.S.E. Banff. Area about 28 sq. m. Pop. 2,492. It has two ruined castles, and a salmon fishing in the Deveron. Kins George's Co., IT. S., N. Amer., in E. of Virginia. Area 254 sq. m. Pop. 5,927. £ho George Archipelago, Kussian Amer., B mostly between lat. 56° and 58° N., and about Ion. 135° W. Principal isls., Sitka and Baranov. King George Islands, Pacific Ocean. Lat. 15° S., Ion. 144° 40' W. , were discovered by Byron in 1765. — (River), E. Africa, enters DelagoaBay on its N. side. It is also called the Manice, from a town of that name on its banks. — (Sound), W. Australia, dist. Plantagenet Lat. of its entrance 35° 6' 20* S., Ion. 118° V E. It is a fine road- stead, and contains Princess Koyal and Oyster harbours, both landlocked bays, the latter of which receives the Kalagan and King rivers ; and on the former is the town Albany. KiNGERBT, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 4J m. W.N.W. Market-Raisen. Area 1,510 ac. Pop. 106. It has a poor's hospital, founded in 1675. EiNGHAH, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, 4J m. W.S.W. Chipping-Norton. Ac. 1,540. Pop. 555. Kiii6H0RN,a royal pari. & munic. bor., seaport, and pa. of Scotland, co. of Fife, on the Firth of Forth, 3 m. S.S.W. Kirkcaldy. P. of pa. 2,935, do. of pari. bor. 1,542. It is irregularly built ; it has a town-hall, a jail, a handsome school house, and an active linen mannfacture. The harbour is in- different. Corp. rev. about 670Z. It unites with Kirkcaldy Dysart, and Burntisland, in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Keg. elect. (1848) 476. BasGLAss:E, a pa. of Scotl., co. Fife, 6 m. N.N.W. Kirkcaldy. Pop. 1,155. KiNGOLBBUM, a pa. of Scotl., CO. Forfar, 4 m. W.N.W. Kirriemuir. Surface mostly mountain- ous. Pop. 440. KiNGKoAD, in the Bristol Channel, is at the rauath of the river Avon, between cos. Glos'ter and Somerset. Vessels too large to proceed up the Avon to Bristol, lie at anchor here. Kings — for English pas. with this prefix, not under-mentioned, refer to their additional names. KiNGSBAKNS, 3. pa. of Scotl., CO. Fife, 6 m. E.S.E. St Andrews. Pop. 968. KiNosBRiDGE, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. Devon, on an inlet of the English Channel, navigable for vessels of 70 tons, 33 m. S.S.W. Exeter. Area of pa. 150 ac Pop. 1,564. The town is remarkably neat; it has a grammar school, a union workhouse, three branch banks, small mannfs. of woollens, and some trade in malt and leather. The situation is so sheltered, and the climate so mild, that oranges, and some other productions of S. Europe, come to perfec- tion in the open air. KiNGSBDRT, several pas. of E«g1. — I. co. Mid- dlesex, 8J m. W.N.W. London. Area 1,700 ac. Pop. 636. The church occupies the site of an ancient encampment. The Sudbury station of the London and Birmingham railway, is in this pa — II, a pa., co. Warwick, i^ m. N. Coles- hill. Area 9,070 ac. Pop. 1,322.-111. (East), CO. Somerset^ 6 m. E.S.E. Langport. Area 3,890 ac Pop. 212. Kingsbury, a tnshp. of V. S., N. Amer., New York, 46 ra. N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,773. King's Caple, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 4 m. N.N.W. Ross. Area 1,720 ac. Pop. 299. KiNQSCLEEE, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. and 31 m. N.N.E. Southampton. Area of pa. 17,240 ac. Pop. 2,732. The Saxon kings had a palace here, and at Freemantle park there was a royal abode in the time of King John. King's-Cliffe, a pa. of Engl. [Cliffe-Reqis J King's County, Ireland, prov. Leinster, has NI the CO. Westmeath, E. Kildare, S. Queen's co., and Tipperary and W. Tipperary, Galway, and Roscommon. Area 772 sq. m., or 493,985 ac, of which about 330,000 are cultivated, 11,000 woodland, and 146,000 uncultivated, a large por- tion of which in the N. forms a part of the bog of Allen. Inhabited houses 24,534 Pop. 146,857, Surface flat except in the S. Principal rivers, the Shannon, Brosna, Barrow, and Boyne. The grand canal also intersects the co. Soil of aver- age fertility. Climate drier than in most Irish cos. Agriculture and crops much the same as in the co. Kildare. Tillage farms mostly very small. Grazing farms often extensive, & estates generally large. Sub-tenancy less common than in most parts of Ireland. Average rent of land irom 12s. to 15s. an ac Small tenants and la- bourers are in a wretched condition. Annual value of land (1847) 234,250t Minerals and manufs. of no importance. The eo. is divided into 11 baronies and 52 pas., in 5 different dio- ceses. Principal towns. Birr and Tullamore. Its sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1849) 1,130. King's Co., U. S., N. Amer., in W. of Long Island, New York. Area 76 sq. m. Pop. 47,613. KiNGScOTE, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 5 m, W.N.W, Tetbury. Area 1,990 ac. Pop. 295. Kingscourt, a mkt. town of Ireland, Ulster, CO, Cavan, 5 m. S.W. Carrickmacross. Pop. 1,614. It has a neat church, and a large Roman Catholic chapel. In the vicinity is the fine de- mesne of Cabra castle. KiNGSDON, a pa, of Engl,, co. Somerset, 2 m. S.S.E. Somerton. Area 1,870 ac Pop. 653. Kingsdown, two pas. of Engl., oo. Kent. — I. 6i m. W.S.W. Faversham. Area 1,040 ac. Pop. 104.— II. 7 m. S.S.E. Dartford, Area 3,060 ac Pop. 466. Kingsessing, a township of U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, 7 m. S.W. Philadelphia. Pop. 1,339. It has a botanic garden. Kingsey, apa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 3 m. E.N.E. Thames. Area 1,350 ac. Pop. 237. Kino's Island, an island of Australasia, Bass' Strait, between Australia Felix and Tasmania (Van Dieraen's Land). Lat. 35° 50' S., Ion. 144° E., 60 m. S. Cape Otway. Length 36 m., breadth about 16 m. It is well wooded, but uninhabited, and very dangerous to shipping. Here, from 1835 to 1845, the Neva, Isabella, Rebecca, and Catara- qui, were wrecked and lost. — II. Maldive islands, in lat. 4° 10' N., Ion. 73° 40' E.— III. N.W. Amer., in the Pacific. Lat. 62° 10' N., Ion. 128* W.— IV. Pacific Ocean, 20 m. N.E. Baraka. Lat. 16° 42' 25' S., Ion. 144° 88' 46" W. Kingsland, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, SJ m. W.N.W. Leominster.- Area 4,660 ac Pop. 1)088. On Kingsland-field was fought, in 1461, the battle of Mortimer's Cross, which established Edward iv. on the English throned— II. a hamlet, 00. Middlesex, pas. Islington and Hackney, 2J m. KIN 724 KIN N.N.E. St Paul's, London, being a N. suburb of the metropolis. Ithas extensive nursery-gardens. King's Langiet, a pa. of England, oo. Herts, yith a station on the London and Birmingham railway, 4J m. N.W. Watford. Area 3,400 ac. Pop. 1,629. Here was a palace, in which Henry iii. resided, and a celebrated priory, in which Piers Gaveston, a favourite of Edward II., was buried. In the church, the bodies of Richard ii. and Edmund of Langley, 6th son of Edward iii., were interred. KiNGSLEv, a tnshp. of Engl., CO. Chester, pa. and 3i m. S.E. Frodsham. Pop. 1,007.-11. a pa., CO. Hants, 4 m. E.S.E. Alton. Area 1,640 ao. Pop. 359.— III. a pa., co. Stafford, 2^ m. N. Cheadle. Area 5,290 ac. Pop. 1,664, em- ployed in coal mines, brass and copper works. King's Lynn, a seaport town of Engl. [Lynn.] King's North, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 2J m. S.S.W. Ashford. Area 3,300 ac. Pop. 416. King's Nokton, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, on the Birmingham and Glos'ter railway, 4^ m. S.S.W. Birmingham. Area 11,970 ac. Pop. 6,505. It has a large church, with a iine spire, and a grammar school, founded by Edward vi. The Birmingham & Worcester canal here passes through a tunnel nearly 2 m. in length. King's Pton, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 2} m. E.S.E. Weobly. Area 1,980 ac. Pop. 424. King's Kiveb, Ireland, is an affl. of the Nore, cos. Tipperary & Kilkenny. Total course IS m. King's Somboubn, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 3 m. S. Stockbridge. Area 7,100 ac. Pop. 1,125. KiNGSTEiGNTON, a pa. of Eugl., CO. Devon, 1^ m. N.N.E. Newton-Bushel, on the river Teign. Area 4,110 ac Pop. 1,498. KiNGSTHOBPE, a pa. of Engl., co. and 2 m. N. Northampton. Area 1,800 ac. Pop. 1,467, partly employed in excellent stone quarries. Kingston, the principal commercial city and seaport of Jamaica, co. Surrey, on its S. coast, on the N, side of a fine harbour. Pop. estimated at 35,000. It stands on a gentle slope, and is regularly laid out, its houses being mostly of two stories, and furnished with verandahs. Principal buildings, the English and Scotch churches, se- veral chapels, two synagogues, a hospital, and various other charitable institutions, a free school, endowed with 1,600Z. a year, the workhouse, new penitentiary, commercial subscription rooms, & theatre ; here are also an athenaeum, a society of arts, savings' bank. Kingston harbour, a land- locked basin, available for the largest ships, is enclosed S.ward by a long tongue of land, at the extremity of which is Port Koyal. Value of im- ports (1839) 439,224?., of exports in do., 747,419?., of which the amount of 397,216?. stood for goods exported to Great Britain. Upper Park camp, with the barracks, Sic^ is about IJ m. N. of the city. A railway between Kingston and Spanish Town, 10 m. W., was opened in 1846. [Jamaica.] Kingston, a town of Upper Canada, Midland dist., on the site of Fort Frontenac, at the N.E. extremity of Lake Ontario, and at the mouth of the Cataraqui, 150 m. E.N.E. Toronto. Pop. (1846) 6,123. It covers a large surface, has many Stone buildings, with a good harbour, and is the entrepot of the trade between Upper and Lower Canada. Estimated value of imports (1843) 91,235?. — II. (or Kingstown), a town, cap. island St Vincent, British W. Indies, on its S.W. coast. Pop. (1844) 4,769. It is regularly built, and has several substantial public edifices, comprising a large church, Wesleyan, Presbyterian, & Roman Catholic chapels, an old government house, new government house, in the botanic garden, and the court house, the last being constructed of stone, the rest mostly of brick. Kingston, several townships of the U. S., N. Amer. — I. New York, 62 m. S.W. Albany. Pop. 6,824. It has a conrt house, several churches, and leather and carriage factories. — II. Penn- sylvania, on the Susquehanna, opposite Wilkes- barre. Pop. 2,004.-111. Massachusetts, on Ply- mouth harbour, 30 m. S.S.E. Boston. Pop. 1,440. —IV. New Hampshire, 33 m. S.S.E. Concord. Pop. 1,032 V. New Jersey, on the Delaware h Raritan canals, 14 m. N.E. Trenton. Kingston, numerous pas., &c., of Engl. — I. co. Cambridge, 3J m. S.E. Caxton. Area 1,807 ac. Pop. 307.— II. CO. Devon, on the English Chan- nel, 3 m. S.S.W. Modbury. Area 2,420 ac. Pop, 629 III. a chapelry, co. Dorset, pa. Canford- Magna, 6 m. N.E. Poole. Pop. 846.— IV. a pa., CO. Somerset, 3^ m. N. Taunton. Area 3,470 ac. Pop. 921.— V. co. Somerset, IJ m. E.S.E. Ilminster. Area 830 ac. Pop. 301 VL Isle of Wight, 6i m. S.S.W. Newport. Area 650 ac. Pop. 73.— VII. co. Stafford, 3 m. S.S.W. Uttoxeter. Area 1,950 ac. Pop. 339.— VIII. CO. Sussex, 4J m. W.S.W. Worthing. Area 490 ac. Pop. 46. The church was long since de- stroyed by the sea IX. co. and 6 m. W.S.W. Hereford. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 501. Rev. of charities (1837) 52?.— X. co. Kent, 5J m. S.S.E. Canterbury. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 310 XL (JBaffpuze), co. Berks, 6^ m. W.N.W. Abingdon. Area 1,180 ac. Pop, 290. Kingston-bt-Lewes, a pa. of Engl., co. Sus- sex, 2i m. W.S.W. Lewes. Area 2,990 ac. Pop. 149. From Kingston hill, which is crowned with an anc. encampment, the view is remarkably fine. Kingston-by-Sea, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, IJ m. E. New Shoreham. Area 610 ac. Pop. 46. Kingston Detebill, a pa, of Engl., co. Wilts, 3i m. N.N.E. Mere. Area 2,060 ac. Pop. 440. Kingstok-Seymode, a pa. of Engl., co. So- merset, 8 m. N.N.W. Axbridge. Area 2,790 ac. Pop. 376. The manor house was built in the reign of Edward iv. KiKGSTON-cpON-HnLL, 3, town, Engl. [Hull.] KiNGSTON-trpoN-SoAB, a pa. of Engl., co. & 9 m.S.S.W. Nottingham. Area 1,200 ac. Pop. 181. Kingston-upon-Thames, a munic. bor., town, and pa. of Engl., co. Surrey, on the E. bank of the Thames, at the influx of the Ewell, and 10 m. W.S.W. London. Area of pa. 7,300 ac. Pop. 9,760. The town, exclusive of suburbs, extends about half a mile along the river, here crossed by an elegant stone bridge of 5 arches, It is irregularly built, but has a spacious church, a handsome new town-hall, a mkt. house, a house of correction, jail, and union workhouse, a gram- mar school, several other well-endowed schools, and almshouses. Ann. rev. of charities upwards of 1,000?. It has some flax and oil mills, a brisk malting trade, and a large market for com on Saturday. Lent co. assizes are held, and it has petty & quarter sessions. Corp. rev. (1846-7) 466?. It is a polling place for the co. A Roman town or station existed here, and numerous coins, and other Roman antiquities, have been from time to time discovered. Egbert held a general ecclesi- astical council here in 838, and most of the Saxon monarchs, from Edward the Elder to Eth- elred the Unready, were crowned at Kingston. The first armedjbrce in the Parliamentary war, assembled in the town, and the last effort in favour of Charles i. was made here. — New King- ston, or K.-on-Railway is a hamlet which has within a few years sprung up around the station on the S.W. railway, an(i it has now many handf KIN 725 KIN Bome terraces, detached villas, with a good inn, and public libraries. KiNSSTOWN, formerly i>«ji?eary, a seaport town and watering-place of Irel., co. and on the bay of Dublin, on railway, 7 m. S.E. Dublin. Pop. 7,229. It is finely situated. The only objects of interest are a short atmospheric railway to Dalkey, said to be the first ever laid down ; an obelisk, com- memorating the visit of George iv. in 1821 ; and a fine granite pier, enclosing a harbour of 261 ac, finished at a cost of about 750,000i., and at the head of which is a revolving light, in lat. 63° 18' N., Ion. 6° 8' W. It is the mail packet station for communication with Liverpool and Holyhead, and a favourite resort of the Dublin citizens. King's- Waiden, a pa. of Engl., co. Herts, 4 m. S.S.W. Hitchin. Area 4,180 ac. Pop. 1,034. KiNGSWiNFOED,apa.,Engl. [Wintebbourn.] KixGswEAR, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, on the E. side of the harbour of Dartmouth, with which it commimicates by means of a floating bridge. Area 120 ac. Pop. 270. KisGswooD, a vill. of Engl., co. Glos'ter, pas. St George and Bitton, 3 m. N.E. Bristol. Here is a school for the sons of methodist preachers. — n. a pa., CO. Wilts, 1 m, S.W. Wootton-under- Edge. Area 2,320 ac. Pop. 1,321, employed in woollen factories. KiSGSWOETHT, a pa, of Engl., co. Hants, on the S. W. railway, 2 m. N.N.E. "Winchester. Area 2,190 ac. Pop. 349. KiNG-TCHOu, a fortified city of China, prov. Hon-pe, cap. dep., on 1. b. of theTang-tze-kjang. Lat. 30° 26' 40' N., Ion. 112° 8' E. KiJ(G-TE-TCHiANG, a towTi of China, prov. Ki- ang-si, 95 m. N.E. Nan-tchang. It is the princip. seat of the manuf. of porcelain in China, for which it is said 600 furnaces are employed. KiHGTON, a mkt. town & pa. of Engl., co. & 18 m. N.W. Hereford. Area of pa. 8,130 ac. Pop. 8,131. The town, pleasantly situated under Brad- nor hills, has a church erected about the 12th century, a free school, a union workhouse, 2 or 3 branch banks, and manufs. of gloves and nails. KiNGTos, several pas., &c., of England. — I. co. Warwick. [KraETON.]---II. a tything, co. Glo's- ter, pa. & IJ m. W.N.W. Thombnry. Pop. 745. — ^III. a pa., CO. and 8^ m. E. Worcester. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 151 IV. (Magna), a pa., co. Dor- set, 6 m. W. Shaftesbury. Area 1,910 ac. Pop. 616— V. {St Michael), co. Wilts, 3 m. N.N.W. Chippenham. Area 3,950 ac. Pop. 1,173 — VI. (West), same co., 8 m. W.N.W. Chippenham. Area 2,320 ac. Pop. 349. KiHG-ToNG, a city of China, prov. and 125 m. S.W. Tun-nan, cap. dep., in a mntnous. country, near a source of the Tonquin river. Kingussie, a pa. of Scotl,, co. Inverness, 23 m. E.S.E. Fort- Augustus. P. 2,047. Birth-place of Macpherson, translator of Ossian's poems. KiHGWESTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 3 m. N.E. Soraerton. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 128. In the church is an oak chair bearing the initials of the last abbot, who was hanged by Henry viii. King William, a co. of U. S., N. Amer., in E. ofVu'ginia. Area 270 sq.m. Pop. 9,268. King William's Cataract, a fine fall of the Essequiho river, Briti-sh Guiana, in lat. 3° 14' SS'' N., Ion. 57° 44' W. It was reached and named by Sir R. Schomburgh, in 1836.— JT. W.Islandis, in Dampier strait, E. Archipelago, S. Waygiou. KiNGwooD, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., New Jersey, 29 m. N.W. Trenton. Pop. 2,947. KiN-HOA, a city of China, prov. Che-kiang, 72 m. S.S.W. Hang-chow-foo. — liin-lcui-jin is a sea- port town on W. side of Great Loo-Choo island. KiNLET, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 8 m. S. Bridgenorth. Area 6,660 ac. Pop. 480. KiNLoOH, a pa. of Scotl., co. Perth, now united to Lethend^. KiNLOss, a pa. of Scotl., co. Moray, including the town of Findhorn. Area about 3J sq. m. Pop. 1,202. It has the ruins of a celebrated ab- bey, founded by David i. in 1150. KiNNAiBD, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 9 m. E.N.E. Perth. Pop. 458. Kinnaibd's-Head, a promontory of Scotl., co. Aberdeen, projecting into the N. sea, about J m. N. Fraserburgh. On its summit is a castle, now used as a lighthouse. Lat. 57° 42' N., Ion. 2° W. KiNNARD, a pa. of Irel., Munster, co. Kerry, 3 m. E.S.E. Dingle. Area 6,002 ac. Pop. 1,283. KiNNEFP, with Katekline, a pa. of Scotl., co. Kincardine, 6 m. S. Stonehaven. Area 6,408 ac. Pop. 1,029. On the rocky coast here are several ruins. The Kegalia of Scotland was, dur- ing the invasion of Cromwell, long safely con- cealed mider the pulpit in the church of Kinneff. KiNNEGAD, a mkt. town & pa. of Irel., Leinster, CO. Westmeath, near the Midland Gt. W. raUw., 12 m. E.S.E. Mullingar. Pop. of town 716. KiNNEiQH, a pa. of Ireld., Munster, co. Cork, containing the vills. Castletown and Inniskeen. Area 15,104 ac. Pop. (rural) 5,530. It has a round tower of a peculiar build. KiNNELL, a pa. of Scotl,, co. and 8J m. E. For- far. Pop. 863. KiNNELTT, a pa. of Ireld., Leinster, King's co., 4 m. E.N.E. Birr. Area 13,894 ac. P. 2,562. The vill. adjoins the domain of Castle-Bernard. KiNNEKLEY, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 6J m. S.S.E. Oswestry. Area 8,070 ac. Pop. 1,286. KiNNEBSLEv,twopas. ofEngl. — I. CO. Hereford, 3| m.W.S.W. Weobley. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 281. — II. CO. Salop, 3^ m. N.N.E. Wellington. Area 1,710 ac. Pop. 295. KiNNEsswooD, a vill. of Scotl., CO. and 5 m. E. Kinross, par. Portmoak. Pop. 479. KiNNETHMONT, a pa., Scotl. [Kennethmont.] KiNNETTLES, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 3 m. S.S.W. Forfar. Pop. 437. KiNNOUL, a pa. of Scotl., co^ and opposite the town of Perth, on 1. b. of the Tay, here crossed by a handsome bridge. Pop. 2879, mostly in the vill. of Bridgend, a suburb of Perth. The pa. consists of several detached parts. It has exten- sive nursery grounds, numerous elegant villas, an ancient church, the ruins of a castle of the Knights Templars, and a hill from whence is ob- tained one of the finest views in Britain. It gives title of Earl to a branch of the Hay family. KiNouLTON, a pa. of Engl., co. and 8J m. S.E. Nottingham. Area 2,500 ac. Pop. 388. KiNBOss, a town and pa. of Scotl., cap. co. Kinross, on Loch Leven, at its W. end, 14 m. S.S.E. Perth, Area of pa. 5,600 ac. Pop. 2,822. Pop. of town 2,062. It has a handsome main street, a fine co. hall and gaol, a town-hall, elegant parish church, 2 libraries, a branch bank, and manufs. of cottons, tartan shawls and damasks. In its vicinity is Kinross-ho., a spacious edifice built by Sir W. Bruce for the D. of York in 1686. KiNBOss-siiiBE, the smallest co. of Scotland, having E. and S. co. Fife, and W. and N. co. Perth. Area about 70 square m. or 45,000 ac, of which about 30,000 are arable, 3000 wood, and 4,600 water, consisting principally of Loch Leven. Inhabited houses 1,812. Pop. 8,763. Surface varied and well cultivated. Property much sub- divided. Average rent (in 1810)_, 9s. lod. an ac; but now greatly raised owing to improvements in agriculture. Annual value of land, (1843) 88,892^ ; KIN 726 KIR total value of assessed property, 44,009?. Mine- rals and manufs. unimportant. Chief town, Kin- ross. The CO. is divided into 4 whole pas., and parts of 4 others, and unites with Clackmannan and portions of Perth co. in sending 1 member to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848), 1408. KiNSALE, a pari, and munic. borough, sea-port and town of Ireland, Munster, co. and 13 m. S.S.W. Cork, on the estuary of the Bandon riv., called Kinsale-harbour, and here about 800 yds. in breadth, 2 m. from the Atlantic. Inhabited houses 1,007. Pop. of pari, borough including the suburb of Scilly, 6,918. It is built at the base and on the sides of acclivities almost rising from the water. Streets steep and narrow; houses antique, chief buildings, a pa. church of the 14th century ; a large Koman Cath. Chapel, a convent, town-hall, gaol, assembly rooms, baths, a fever hospital, union workhouse, fort and bar- racks. The harbour, which was formerly a naval depdt, is excellent ; but the trade is now mostly transferred to Cork. Extensive and valuable fisheries form the chief resources of the people. In summer many visitors resort here for sea- bathing. Corp. rev. 500?. per annum. Kinsale sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1849,) 333. It gives title of premier baron of Ireland to the De Courcey family, descendants of the Dukes of Normandy, and whose representative has the singular privilege of wearing his hat in the royal presence. In 1601, Kinsale was taken by the ^laniards. In 1689, James ii. landed here. — The Old Head of Kinsale is a promontory pro- jecting about 3 m. into the Atlantic, 4J m. S.S.W. the entrance of Kinsale harbour, and 8 m. S. the town. On it is a light-house with fixed light, lat. 51° 36' 45" N. ; Ion. 8° 32' 16' W., 241 ft. elev. KiNSHAM, a pa. of England, co. Hereford, 3J m. E.N.E. Presteigne. Area 1,090 ao. Pop. 97. KiN-sHAN (or " Golden Island "), an isle of China, prov. Kiang-su, in the Tang-tse-kiang riv., nearly opposite the mouth of the Grand Canal, and covered with pagodas, temples, pavi- lions aud gardens, now mostly in decay. KiNTAii., a pa. of Scotland, co. Ross, on its W. coast, intersected by two arms of Loch Alsh, 6J m. E.N.E. Glenelg. Length 18 m., average breadth 6 m. Fop. 1,168 consisting mostly of the Clan Macrae. Surface wild and mountainous. KiNTBUKT or Kentburt, a pa. of England, co. Berks, on the Kennet, 3^ m. E.S.E. Hungerford. Area 7,410 ac. Pop. 1,881. KiN-TCBon, a town of Manchooria, near the frontiers of China and Corea, nearly 8 m. from the N. shore of the Gulf of Leao-tong. Lat. 40° 10' N., Ion. 121° 10' E. It is aplace of considble. trade in the produce of the adjacent territory. KiNTOKE, a royal and pari, borough, and pa. of Scotland, co. aud 12 m. W.N.W. Aberdeen on the Aberdeen Canal. Area of pa. upwards of 7,000 ao. Pop. of bor. and pa. 1,299. It has a neat town-house, and claims to be the most ancient royal borough in Scotland. It unites with Banff, Elgin, Cullen and Inverury in sending 1 member to House of Commons. Reg. electors (1848) 35. It gives the title of Earl to a branch of the Keith family. KiNTTBE, or Cantibe, a peninsula of Scotland, between the Firth of Clyde and the Atlantic ocean, forming the S. extrem. of the co. Argyle, to the N. of which it is united by the narrow isthmus of Tarbert, Length N. to S. 40 m. ; average breadth 6i m. Pop. 19,318. Surface, which comprises 10 pas., is much diversified with hill and dale. —The Mull of Kintyre, the S. W. point of the above peninsula, has a light-house. with fixed lights 297 ft. above high water, in lat. 65° 19' N. ; Ion. 5° 49' W. KiNKABEA, a small sea^port town of Ireland, Connaught, co. Galway, 11 m. S.S.E. Galway. Pop. 959. It has a Roman Catholic cathedral and bishop's residence. KiNvfABTON, a pa. of England, co. Warwick, IJ m. N.E. Alcester. Area 480 ac. Pop. 67. KiK-YANO a city of China, prov. Kan-su, cap. dep., in lat. 36° 42' N., Ion. 105° 42' E. KiN-vuEN, a city of China, prov. Quang-si, cap. dep., in lat. 24° 26' N., Ion. 106° 60' E. KiNzia, 2 rivs. of Germany. — I. WUrtemberg and Baden, after a N.W. course of 45 m. joms the Rhine by several branches at Kehl. — II. Hessen-Cassel, joins the Main near Banau. KioGE, a marit. town of Denmark, isl. Seeland, on Kioge bay, an inlet of its E, coast, 21 m. S.S.W. Copenhagen. Pop. 2,300. KiOKG-TCHOu, a maritime city of China, cap. the isl. Hai-nan on its N. coast. Estimated pop. above 100,000. It is enclosed by strong walls, is well built, and has two colleges, a large public library, and an extens. trade with Macao, Assam, Siam, and Singapore. K[oi.EN,or Ejolen, a mountain chain of Scan- dinavia, extends from about lat. 63° N.ward, between Sweden and Russian-Lapland on the E. and S., and Norway and Einmark on the W. and N. Mount Sulitelma, its highest point, in lat. 67° 5' N., Ion. 16° 20' E. is 5,956 ft. in elevation. Kio-TsiNG, a city of China, prov. Yun-nan, cap. dep., 70 m. E.N.E. Yun-nan. KiPCHAK, a vill. of central Asia, dom. and 70 m. N.E. Khiva, on the Oxus, and consisting of 200 houses enclosed by a ruined wall. Kipfenberg, a market town of Bavaria, circ. Middle Franconia, 30 m. W. Regensburg, on rt. b. oftheAltmiihl. Pop. 729. It has 2 churches, breweries, and dye-works. Kippax, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, 7J m. E.S.E. Leeds. Area 3,400 ac. Pop. 2,232. Here is Kippax-hall, built in reign of Elizabeth. KippEU, a pa. of Scotl., cos. Perth and StWing, 9J m. W. Stirling, Area 21 sq. m. Pop. 1,922. KippENHEiM, a market town of Baden, circ. Upper Rhine, 11 m. E.N.E. ZeU. Pop. 1,917. KippuBE, a mountain of Ireland, Leinster, between cos. Dublin and Wicklow, 11 m. S.S.W. Dublin. Elevation 2,473 ft. KiRBT, several pas. of England,— I. co. Essex, on the N. sea, 10 m. S.E. Maningtree. Area 3,530 ac. Pop. 924.— U. (Bedon), co. Norfolk, 3i m. E.S.E. Norwich. Area 1,120 ac. Pop. 265. It had formerly two churches, one of which is now a picturesque ruin. — III, (Cane), same co., 4i m. N.W. Beccles. Area 1,290 ac. Pop. 458. —IV. {Cold), CO. York, N. Riding, 7 m. E.N.E. Thirsk. Area 2,100 ac. Pop. 182 —V. {Grinda- lyth), CO. York, E. Riding, 8 m. E.S.E. New Mal- ton. Area 7,970 ac. Pop. 474.— VI. (Knowle), same co., N. Riding, 4 m. N.N.E. Thirsk. Area 3,550 ac. Pop. 553.— VII. (Monlis), co. Warwick, 7 m. N.N.W. Rugby. Area 9,640 ao. Pop. 1,861. —VIII. (Underdale), co. York, E. Riding, 6J m. N. Pocklington. Area 5,060 ac. Pop. 324. [For other places sometimes spelt Kibby see Kiekby]. KiBCHBERG, nums. small towns & vills. of Ger- many I. Saxony, circ. Zwickau, 23 m. S.W. Chemnitz. Pop. 4,149. It has manufactures of woollen cloths and paper. — II. Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 30 m. S.S.W. Coblenz. Pop. 1,523. Other places of same name in Austria, &c. EiBCHDOBF, or KiECHDBAUF (Huug. Scpes Varallya), a town of N. Hungary, co. Zips, 23 m. KIR 727 KIR W. Eperies, with 3,500 inhabitants ; Roman Ca- tholic and Lutheran churches, and a citadel. KiEOHHAYN, two town3 of Germany. — I. H.- Cassel, prov. Upper Hessen, on the Ohm, 8 m. E. Marburg. Pop. 1,819 II. Prussia, prov. Brandenb., reg and 66 m. S.W. Frnnkfurt-on-the Oder. Pop. 2,135, mostly engaged in weaving. KiBCHHEiM, several towns of S. Germany, — I. Wiirtemberg, circ. Danube, 16 m. S.E. Stuttgart. Pop. 5,256. It is enclosed by planted walks and has a royal palace, and manufs. of cotton and woollen goods, and toys. — II. (K. Bolanden), Rhenish Bavaria, at the foot of the Uonnersberg, 18 m. K.N.E. Kaiserslautern. Pop. 3,120. It has a castle and a church, with family vault' of the Dukes of Nassau; and in its vicinity ai'e mines of iron, copper, and mercury. KiRDFORD, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 4J m. N.E. Petworth. Area 14,950 ac. Pop. 1,973. It has quarries of the " Petworth marble," which consists of masses of petrified periwinkles. KiBENSK, a town of Siberia, gov. and 410 m. N.N.E. Irkutsk on the Lena, at the influx of the Kireugha, and 780 ft. above the sea. Pop. 1,500, chiefly Russians. It has 5 churches, & a school. Inhabs. mostly engaged in hunting and fishing. KiBGHiz Country or Steppe, an extensive region of central Asia, embracing all the N. part of Turkestan between lat. 44° and 55° N., and Ion. 53° and 82° E., partly independ., and partly comprised in the Russian governs. Orenburg and Tomsk, having E. the Chinese Empire, W. the Caspian Sea, and S. the khanats, khohan, Bok- hara, and Khiva. Estimated area 1,533,000, and pop. 2,260,000 (Levchine). Surface traversed by many mountain chains, but it chiefly consists of barren plains, abounding in salt lakes, some upwards of 100 m. in length, and into which the principal rivers pour themselves. Climate re- markable for variability, and destructive hurri- canes are frequent. The pop. is almost wholly nomadic, and rude in the extreme, their principal occuiiation being the rearing of sheep, goats, horses, and camels. Some land on river-banks, however, is roughly tilled, for millet, rye, and barley, especially in the S. or Kara-kaipack country ; and seals, sturgeons, &c., are taken in the lakes. Some domestic weaving, and manufs. of hsur cordage, soap, leather, and iron wares are carried on ; but this region may be considered as pre-eminently the head quarters of barbarism in Asia, nearly all manufactured goods and neces- saries being derived from the a(^acent countries in exchange for cattle, hides, horns, and wool. The Kirghiz are of the Mongol race, & separated into the so-named Great, Little, and Middle hordes, who are again subdivided into numerous tribes, each having its own khan or chief. Their religion is a compound of Islamiam and idolatry. Notowns exist in their territory, and the apparent remains of any such, or of temples, are certainly the vestiges of a previous race of inhabitants, much more advanced in civilization than the present occupants. KiBiA, or Kerbea, a town of Chinese Turkes- tan, 130 m. E.S.E. Khoten. Lat. 37° N. ; Ion. 82° 50' E, It has an active trade with Yarkand, to which it sends silk, gold-dust, and raisins ; and caravans from the Russian frontier bring to it broad cloths, brocades, steel and furs, in ex- change for tea, rliubarb & sal-ammoniac. Near it are gold mines wrought by the Chinese govern- ment. Kirilov, a town of Russia, gov. and 265 m. E.N.E. Novgorod. Pop. 2,163. It is surrounded by lakes, and owes its name to a remarkable convent founded by St. Kiril in 1398 ; it has a cathedral, numerous churches, and a valuable library. A canal recently cut near it unites the basins of the Volga and N. Dwina, through the Sheksna and Suchona rivers. — Kirilovsk is a town, cap. circ, gov. and W. Ekaterinoslav. KmiN-ooLA, a town of Mauchooria, cap. its S. division on the Soungari. It is enclosed by an earth rampart, and is tlie residence of a Manohoo viceroy. Its inhabs. are stated to be chiefly exiles. Kirk-Adhadj or Kikkagatch, a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 62 m. N.E. Smyrna. It is large, populous, and stated to have some trade in cotton. Kirk, a prefix of the names of numerous towns and pas. in Great Britain. For those not under- Tnentioned, see separate names, following. — Kirk-Andrews [on-Eden), a pa., co. Cumberland, 3i m. W.N.W. Carlisle. Area 1,060 ac. Pop. 142. It has no church. — II. (on-Esh), a pa., some CO., 2| m. N.N.E. Longtown. Area 21,630 ac. Pop. 1,932. It has bridges over the Esk and Sark, and an ancient border castle. — Kirh-Ar- borg, a pa. of the Isle of Man, 2 J m. N.W. Castle- town. Pop. 1,616 Kirltbean, a pa., stewartry Kirkcudbright, on Solway Firth, 12 m. S. Dum- fries. Pop. 891. It has the remains of 2 castles, and comprises Mount Criffel, 1,896 ft. above the sea. Paul Jones, the pirate, was born here, about 1746. — Kirkbride, a pa., co. Cumberland, 6i m. N.N.W. Wigton. Area 1,750 ac. Pop. 372.— Kirh-Bum, a pa., co. York, E. Riding, 3.^ m. S.W. Gt. Griffield. Area 6,320 ac. Pop. 508. The church is an interesting Anglo-Norman structure. — Kirk-Burton, a pa., co. York, "W. Riding, 6 m. S.E. Huddersfleld. Area 15,990 ac. Pop. 18,452, extensively engaged in woollen manufactures, for which, in 1838, there were 47 mills in the pa. The church was built in the reign of Edward iii. Ktrkb Y, numerous pas., &c. — I. a chapelry, co. Lancaster, pa. "Walton-on-the-Hill, 5 m. N.W. Prescot. Pop. 1.476.— II. (/n Ashfield), co. Notts, 4J m. S.W. Mansfield. Area 5,690 ac. Pop. 2,143. — III. (on Bain), a pa., co. Lincoln, 4| m. S.S.W. Horncastle. Area 6,110 ac. Pop. 680. —IV. {Bellars), co. Liecester, 2 m. W.S.W. Melton-Mowbray. Area 2,590 ac. Pop. 236.— V. (In Cleveland'), co. York, N. Riding, 2 m. S.S.E. Stokesley. Area 5,020 ac. Pop. 712.— VI. (East), CO. Lincoln, 5 m. W.S.W. Spilsby. Area 1,670 ac. Pop. 436.— VII. (Fleetham), co. York, N. Riding, 4 m. S.S.E. Catterick. Area 2,960 ae. Pop. 657.— VIII. (Green), co. Lincoln, 7 m. N.N.E. Sleaford. Area 680 ac. Pop. 87.— IX. (Ireleth), co. Lancaster, 5J m. N.W. IJlverstone. Area 22,220 ac. Pop. 3,489, partly employed in quarries of fine slate. — X. (Kendal). [Kendal.] — Kirhby Lonsdale, a market town and pa., co. Westmoreland, on the Lune, here crossed by an ancient & beautiful stone bridge, 11 m. S.S.E. Kendal, and 2 m. E.'the Burton station, Lan- caster and Carlisle railway. Area of pa. 23,760 ac. Pop. 4,178 ; do. of town 1,285. It lies in a picturesque valley, and has several handsome streets, a fine old church, a grammar school, founded in 1691, and endowed with several exhi- bitions to the universities ; a curious antique market cross, with some manufs, of carpets, blankets, &c. It is aco. polling-place, and gives the title of Earl to the Lowther ia,mily. — Kirkby (In Malham-Dale), a pa., CO. York, W. Riding, 4| m, E.S.E. Settle. Area 22,040 ac. Pop. 947, gartly employed in cotton mills. The church is andsome. The river Aire rises in this parish. [Malham.] — Kirhby-Mallory, is a pa., co. Lei- cester, 4i ra. N.N.W. Hincltley. Area 3,110 ac. Pop. 2,479. — Kirhby Malzeard, a market town & KIR 728 KIB pa., 00. York, W. 'Riding', 6 m. W.N.W. Ripon. Area of pa. 53,530 ao. Pop. 6,180. Pop. of township 900. In this pa. is the ruin of Foun- tains-Abbey. — Kirhhy Misperton, a pa., co. York, N. Ridinff, 3i m. S.S. W. Pickering. Area 7,130 ac. Pop. 905.— Kirkby-on-the-Moor, is a pa., same oo. and riding, 1 m. N.N.W. Boro'bridge. Area 2,200 ao. Pop. 655. — Kirhhy-Moorside, a market town and pa., co. Yorlt, N. Riding, 24 m. N.N.E. York. Area of pa. 13,700 ac. Pop. 2,758. The town is enclosed by hills. In an old house, in the market-place, the profligate Dulce of Buokingham died in misery and poverty, in 1687. Malting is actively carried on ; and in the vicinity are stone quarries and coal mines. — Kirhhy-Overblow, a pa., oo. York, W. Riding, 5 m. W.N.W. Wetherby. Area 10,730 ac. Pop. 1,625. The view from the churchyard, over Wharfdale, is strikingly beautiful — K.Savcns- worth, a pa., same co., ST. Riding, 4J m. N.W. Richmond. Area 14,070 ac. Pop. 1,451. It has a grammar school, and an hospital, found- ed in 1666 K. South, a pa., co. York, W. Rid- ing, 7 m. S. Pontrefact. Area 6,390 ao. Pop. 1,528.— Kirkby-Stephen, a market town and pa., CO. Westmoreland, 22 m. S.E. Penrith. Area 31,870 ao. Pop. 2,850 ; do. of township 1,345. It is pleasantly situated on the Eden, and has a spacious old churoh, a small grammar school, having 2 exhibitions to either university, several other endowed schools, with woollen and silk manufs,, stocking-knitting, and lead, and coal mines. It is a polling-place for the co. — Kirkby- Thore, a pa., oo. Westmoreland, H m. N.W. Appleby. Area 11,030 ao. Pop. 1,171. Many Soman antiquities have been found here. — K.- Le Thorpe, a parish, co. Lincoln, 2 m. E.S.E. Sleaford. Area 1,570 ac. Pop. 213.— III. K.- Underwood, a pa., same co., 5 m. N.N.W. Bourne. Area 1,.340 ac. Pop. 192.— IV. K.- Wharft, a pa., co. York, W. Riding, 2 m. S.S.E. Tadoaster. Area 3,050 ac. Pop. 744.— V. K.- Wish, a pa,, co. York, N. Riding, 6 m. W.N.W. Thirsk. Area 5,070 ac. Pop. 905. Kiee-Christ, a pa., Isle of Man, 2 m. S.W. Ramsay. Pop. 3,044.^XiVAc«nncZ,apa., oo. Dum- fries, 4 m. N.W. Sanquhar. Area about 26,000 ao. Pop. 1,130. — Kirkcolm, a pa., oo. Wigton, 6^ m. N.N.W. Stranraer. Area about 11,660 ao. Pop. 1,973. — Kirlccowan, or Kirhowan, a pa., CO. and 8 m. W.N.W. Wigton. Area about 31,600 ac, including several lochs, and much moorland. Pop. 1,423. — KirMale, a township, CO. Lancaster, pa. Walton-on-the-Hill, 2 m. N. Liverpool, within which pari, bor, it is included. Pop. 4,268. Here are a oo.-gaol, and house of correction, a cemetery, district church, and many good houses in the township. — II. a pa., co. York, N. Riding, 1 j m. W.S.W. Kirkby-Moorside. Area 10,030 ac. Pop. 1,059. The church was founded in the time of Edward the Confessor. A cave was discovered here in 1820, containing an extraordinary assemblage of the bones of hyenas, tigers, elephants, &c., with those of ani- mals still natives of the climate Kirkden, a pa., 00. and 6 m. E.S.E. Forfar, containing the vill. of Friookheim, on the Lunan, near the Arbroath & Forfar railway. Pop. 1,483, partly employed in maaufs. of linens. Here is Gardyne castle, built in 1568, and a very ancient and curiously carved obelisk. — Kirlc-Germaii, a pa. of the Isle of Man, 2 m. E. Peeltown. P. 1,896. — Kirkgunzeon, a pa. of stewartry of Kirkcudbright, 3 m. E.N.E. Urr. Pop. 638. It contains the vill. Dalbeattie, and several Roman and Druidic antiquities. — Kirk- ham, a market town and pa., oo, Lancaster, on the Preston & Wyre railway, 8i m. W.N.W. Preston. Area of pa. 41,850 ac. Pop. 11,604. Pop. of town 2,903. It is handsomely built, and has a large modem church, with an ancient tower, a chapel for Roman Catholics, who are numerous herej a grammar school, endowed in 1670, a richly en- dowed establishment at Goosnaigh for decayed persons of the higher orders of society, several other well endowed charities & schools, manufe. of sailcloth, sacking, cordage, flax, and cotton goods. Imports of Baltic produce via Fleetwood, are extensive. — II. an extra-parochial liberty, co. York, E. Riding, 6 m. S.S.W. New Malton, with a station on the York and N. Midland railway, 16J m. N.E. York. Pop. 54. Here, in a beauti- ful valley, are the ruins of a priory founded in 1121. — KirkJiammerton, a pa., oo. York, W. Rid- ing, ainsty & 7J m. E.S.E. Knaresborough. Area 2,190 ao. P. 341. — Kirkhaugh, a pa., co. Northum- berland, 8 m. W.S.W. Hexham. Area 5,940 ac. Pop. 221. Many Roman remains have been found here. — Kirlc-heaton, a pa. of England. [Heaton-Kibk.] — Kirkhill, a pa., co. and 7 m. W. Inverness,on Moray Firth. P, 1,829. Surface a fine plain. It has some Dmidic and other an- tiquities — II. a vill., CO. Edinburgh, pa. and J ra. N.E. Pennicuiok. Pop. 500, mostly engaged in weaving and paper-making KirUnner, a pa., CO. and 2 m. S. Wigton. Area nearly 24 sq. m. Pop. 1,769 — Kirhintilloch, a burgh of barony, mkt. town & pa., Dumbartonshire, on the Forth and Clyde canal, and the Edinburgh and Glas- gow railway, 6} m. N.N.E. Glasgow. Area of pa. about 10,700 ao. Pop. 8,880 ; do. of bor. 6,698. It is very irregularly built. It lias a court- house and gaol, a library, manufs. of hats, iron foundry, gas works, distilleries, and about 2,000 cotton looms. The pa., among other anti- quities, contains vestiges of the wall of An- toninus. — Kirkland, a pa., co. Cumberland, 9 m. E.N.E. Penrith. Area 12,150 ac. Pop, 887. — II. a township, oo. Westmoreland, pa. and adjoining the town of Kendal. Pop. 1,222. — Kirhland, a vill., co. Fife, pa. Wemyss, 1 m. W, Leven. Pop. 534, employed in a large flax spinning.mill II. (or Kirkfield), a vill., co. La- nark, pa. Lesmahago, on the Clyde, 1 m. W. Lanark. Pop. 1,023, chiefly weavers.— ^zVA- leatham, a pa., oo. York, N. Riding, 4J m. N.N.W. Guisboro'. Area 8,030 ac. Pop. 1,075. It has a free grammar school, an hospital for the main- tenance of 40 poor, founded in 17th century, by Sir W. Turner, Lord Mayor of London, who is buried in its chapel, a handsome structure, with a fine painted window. — Kirk-Lees, a hamlet, 00, York, W. Riding, on the Manchester and Leeds railway, pa. and about 4 m. W. Dewsbury. In Kirklees park, the beautiful domain of the Armitage family, is a tomb-stone, supposed to mark the grave of Robin Hood Kirkley, a pa., CO. Sufl'olk, 2 m. S.S.W, Lowestoft. Ao. 1,320. Pop. 433. — Kirklington, two pas. — I. oo. Notts, 3 m. N.N.W. Southwell, Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 280.— IL CO. York,N. Riding, 4i m. S.E. Bedale. Area 3,800 ac. Pop. 486. — Kirk-linton, a pa., oo. Cumberland, 3^ m, E S.E. Longtown. Area 11,290 ao. Pop, \,902.— Kirkliston, a pa. of Scotland, cos. Linlithgow and Edinburgh, 9 m. W. Edinburgh. Area about 12 sq. m. Pop. 2,989. It has a very ancient church, formerly be- longing to the Knights-Templars, fine remains of Niddry and Eliston castles, and the mansionhouse of Newliston. The Glasgow and Edinburgh rail- way is here carried across the vale of the Almond on a viaduct of 30 arches Kirhnaireek, a pa., stewartry Kirkcudbright, on Wigton Bay, and KIR 729 KlU comprising the vill. Creetown. Pop. 1,854. It has several quarries of excellent granite. — jSrhnahoe, a pa., co. and 4 m. N. Dumfries. Area about 18j sq. m. Pop. 1,668. Dalswinton, an elegant mansion stands here, near the site of the ancient castle of the Comyns. — Kirkmaidetij a pa., CO. Wigton, forming a peninsula ending in the Mull of Galloway. Area about 23^ sq. m. Pop. 2,202, partly employed in fisheries. It has several ruined castles, bays, hamlets, and a light-house on the Mull, in lat. 64° 88' 1' N., Ion. 4°61' 2^ W. — Kirkmalew, a pa. of the Isle of Man, 2 m. N. Castleton. Pop. 3,085. — Kirkmichael, several pas. — I. co. and 8 m. S. Ayr, with the vills. of Kirkmichael on tlie Girvan, and Crossbill . Area 36 sq. m. Pop. 2,933, employed in cotton weaving, &c. Here, among other fine mansions, are Cloncaird and CassilUs' castles, the latter jBcturesquely situated on the Boon. — II. co. and 8 m. N.N.E. Dumfries. Area 264 sq. m., of which fall a half is sheep-walk. Pop. 1,108.-111. co. and 23 m. N. Perth. Area about 100 sq. m., mostly mountainous. Pop. 1,412. Here are numerous cairns and Druidic antiquities. — IV. CO. Banff, 27 m. W.S.W. Huntly. Area 29,600ac., mostly in the wild strath or vale of the Aven. Pop. 1,576. Here is the forest of Tomintoul. — V. (or Bemlis), cos. Ross and Cromaity, on the S. shore of Cromarty lirth. Pop. 1,549. It has several old castles, and numerous traces of Danish camps. — VI. a pa.. Isle of Man, on the Irish Sea, 8 m. N.E. Peel-town. Pop. 1,376. The vill., pleasantly situated, has a new church, and an ancient Runic pillar, curiously inscribed. In its vicinity is Bishop's Court, the palace of the bishops of Sodor and Man, a Gothic edi- fice, surrounded by fine grounds. — Kirk-newton, apa.,co. Northumberland, 6 m. W.N.W. Wooler. Area 34,010 ac. Pop. 1,726. — II. a pa., co. and 11m. W.S.W. Edinburgh. Area (which includes a part of the Pentland Hills) about 15 sq. m. Pop. 1,441. It contains the vill. of East Calder, with Meadowbank, and various other mansions. —Kiri-Otwald, a market town and pa., co. Cum- berland, 8 m. N.N.E. Penrith. Area of pa. 9,390 ac. Pop. 948. The town, in the vale of the Eden, is mostly built of stone, and has an old church, the ruins of a castle, paper and com mills. Three m. distant is the iumous Druidical circle called " Long Meg and her daughters." — Kirkoiwald, a pa., co. Ayr, on the Firth of Clyde, 4 m. S.W. Maybole. Pop. 2,030. Colzean castle, with ruins of Bruce's castle, Tumberry, and of Crossraguel abbey, founded in 1244, are in this pa. — Kirhpatrick, several pas. — I. (Durham), stewartry Kirkcudbright, 13 m. W.S.W. Dum- fries. Area about 38 sq. m. Pop. 1,484. Fair last Thursday in March. — II. (Fleming), co. Dumfries, 6 m. E.N.E. Annan. Area 16i sq. m. Pop. 1,692, partly cotton weavers. — III. (Iron- fray), stewartry Kirkcudbright, 6i m. W.N.W. •umfries. Pop. 927. — IV. {Juxta), co. and 16 m. 1I.N.E. Dumfries. Area about 30 sq. m. Pop. 934. Queensberry mountain rises to 2,140 feet above the sea; and here also is Auchincass castle Kirkpatrick is also a pa., Isle of Man, 2 m. S. Peel-town. Pop. 2,768.— ^irA St Anne, a pa. of the Isle of Man, 5 m. N.E. Castleton. Pop. 769 Kir/Mall, a vill., co. York, W. Riding, on the Aire, pa. and 2f m. W. Leeds. Pop. extensively employed iu cloth manufs. and iron works. It has a handsome modern church, and the remains of an abbey, founded in 1162. — Kir/c- atead, a pa., co. Lincoln, 6 ra. S.S.W. Homcastle. Area 1,640 ac. Pop. 160. The chapel is a very ancient and curious structure. — Kirkton, or Kirton, a pa., co. Notts, 2* m. E.N.E. Ollcrtnn. Area 1,090 ac. Pop. 269. — Kirhioun, a pa., co. Roxburgh, 3 m. E.S.E. Hawick. Pop. 313.— iCir- kurd, a pa., co. and 8 m. W.N.W. Peebles. Area 6,620 ac. Pop. 306. — Kirh-whelpington, a pa., CO. Northumberland, 14 m. W.S.W^ Morpeth. Area 12,420 ac. Pop. 706. KiHKOALDT, a royal pari, bor., seaport, manu- facturing town, and pa. of Scotland, co. Fife, on the N. shore of the Firth of Forth, and on the Edinburgh, Dundee, and Perth railway, 6 m. N.E. Burntisland, and 11 m. N. Edinburgh. Pop. of pa. 6,275; do. of pari. bor. 9,778. The town consists principally of one irregularly built street of neai'ly 2 m., or as continued through the suburbs, about 3 miles in length, hence Kirkcaldy is called the " Lang town." It is well lighted, and has many elegant shops, a hand- some town-ball & gaol, several places of worship, 2 well endowed schools, a library, a shipping com- pany, chamber of commerce, custom house, 4 branch banks, important manufs. of linen, sheetings, dowlas, tick, sail-cloth, and coarse cottons ; also iron foundries and machine works. In 1838, there were 10 flax mills, and, in 1839, nearly 1,000 looms at work. Imports chiefly of Baltic produce. Exports manufs. and coals. The harbour, formed by stone piers, admits large vessels ; but is dry at low water. It has a light- ho. Customs rev. (1846) 9,097?. 10s. Reg. shipping (1847) 9,654 tons. Corn market Saturday. Se- veral vessels employed in whale fishing. Corp. revenue (1839-40) 2,060?. The borough joins with Dysart, Kinghorn, and Burntisland in send- ing 1 member to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 476. Adam Smith, author of the " Wealth of Nations," was born here in 1723. KiEKCtrDBRTaHT, a royal & pari, bor., seaport town, and pa. of Scotland, cap. co., on the es- tuary of the Dee, 6 m. above its junction with the Solway Firth, 28 m. S.W. Dumfries. Area of pa. about 22J sq. m. Pop. 3,526 ; do. of pari, bor. 2,588. Inhabited houses in bor. 397. It is finely situated; has a large pa. church, a co.-hall, a gaol, anc. market cross, handsome academy, library, a custom-house, some vestiges of a castle in which Henry Ti. of England found refuge after the battle of Towton, and imposing ruins of another, built in 1582 by the Maclellans, whose title of Baron Kirkcudbright recently became extinct. Although the harbour is the best in the S. of Scotland, the town has but little trade be- yond the employment of a few cotton looms, some ship-building, small export of agricultural produce, and imports of coals, &c. It is, however, the abode of many opulent families, and a quiet, agreeable place of residence. A steamer com- municates with Liverpool. Market Friday. Sheriff courts are held. Corp. revenue (1839-40) 1,130?. It unites with Dumfries, Annan, Loch- maben, and Sanquhar, in sending 1 member to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 90. KlRKCUDBBIGHTSHIRE, Or the StEWARTRT OF KiKKcuDBBiGHT, a marit. co. in the S.W. of Scotland, forming the E. half of the district of Galloway, and having N. the co. Ayr, E. Dum- friesshire, W. CO. Wigton, and S. Solway Firth, separating it from Cumberland. Area estimated at 866 sq. m., or 647,200 ac, of which nearly one- third is arable. Inhabited houses 8,162. Pop. 41,119. Surface generally hilly, and in the N.W. mntnous. Granite, porphyry, and greywacke are the prevalent rocks. Chief mntns. Blacklarg, in the N., 2,890 ft. ; Criffel, in the S.E., 1,896 ft. ; and Cairnsmoor, on Wigton Bay, 2,329 ft. in eleva- tion. Principal rivers the Dee, Fleet, Ken, and KIR 730 KIS Urr. takes numerous. Climate moist, and, ex- cept in the uplands, very mild, Soil, where manured, often very productive. Chief crops, oats, barley, wheat, turnips, and potatoes. Pas- tures exce'llent ; and cattle of the polled Gallo- way breed are extensively reared and fattened for export. Southdown and Cheviot sheep are nu- merous in the mountains. Some remains of the pure and much esteemed Galloway breed of horses still exist. The co. is noted for its supe- rior honey. Estates mostly small. Average size of farms about 200 ac. Leases for 19 years are almost universal. Average rent of land (1810), 7s. 3d. an acre ; annual »value of land (1842-3) 182,926?. Total annual value assessed property (1842-3) 193,80i;. The co. has 28 pas. Chief towns, Kirlccudbright, New Galloway, and Castle Douglas. It sends 1 member to H. of C. Kegistered electors (1848) 1,291. KiBKiNBioLA, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Antrim, including the town of Ballymena. Area 6,390 ao. Pop. 8,843. KiRK-KiLissiA (the " forty churches "), a large and ruinous town of European Turkey, Kumili, cap. sanj., on the route from Constantinople to Shumla, 32 m. E.N.E. Adrianople. Pop. va- riously estimated at from 16,000 to 28,000. It is enclosed by walls, & has many mosques, & baths. KiKKLAND, a township, XJ. S., N. Amer., New York, 100 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,984. KiRKWAi.i., a royal and pari, bor., seaport town and pa. of Scotland, cap. co. Orkney, on a bay, on the N.E. side of Mainland, 26 m. N.N.E. John O'Groat's. Lat. 68° 59' 2' N., Ion. 2° 57' 2' W. Pop. of pa. 3,699; do. of bor. 2,206. Inha- bited bouses in borough 322. It consists chiefly of one street, about a mile in length ; houses an- tique, and built of stone. The most conspicuous edifice is the cathedral of St Magnus, a tine Gothic pile, founded in the 12th century, with a modern tower and spire 140 feet in height. Its choir is used as the pa. church, and it contains many monuments of Scandinavian worthies. On either side of it are the ruins of the castle of the Earls of Orkney, and of the bishop's palace, in which latter Haco, king of Norway, died in 1263 ; and opposite it are the remains of the king's castle. Principal modern buildings are the town- hall, jail, assembly rooms; and the town has a museum, grammar school, libraries, and a cus- tom house. It has some manufs. of hnens and straw-plait, with an export trade in fish, beef, butter, tallow, hides, skins, oil, feathers, linen goods, and some corn. Customs rev. (1846) 9621. Keg. shipping (1847) 13,336 tons. It communi- cates by steamers with Leith, Aberdeen, Wick, and Lerwick. Fair for 14 days in August, at which the principal mercantile business of Ork- ney is transacted. It is the seat of the superior courts of law for Orkney ; and its society equals that of the best provincial towns in Scotland. Corp. rev. (1840) 521. Kirkwall joins Cromarty, Wick, Dingwall, Dornoch, and Tain, in sending 1 member to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 111. Kibk-Yetholm, a vill. of Scotl. [Yetholm.I KiKMAN, a prov. & city of Persia. [Kekman.J KiRMOND-LE-MiEE, a pa. of England, co. Lin- coln, 6 m. E.N.E. Market-Raisen. Area 1,290 ac. Pop. 69. KiKMiNQTON, apa. of England, co. Lincoln, 6J m. N.N.W. Caistor. Area 2,210 ac. Pop. 367. Kirriemuir, or Killamdir, a bor. of barony, town, and pa. of Scotl., co. and 5 m. N.W. Forfar. Area of pa. 18,000 ac. Pop. 7,085 ; do. of town 3,067. The town, finely situated between the Grampians and the Vale of Strathmore, has a handsome church and Episcopal chapel, a traded hall, numerous schools, 2 libraries, a branch bank, and about 2,000 looms employed in weaving linen, sheeting, and dowlas, chiefly for export. Mkt., Friday. In the vicinity is Inverquharity-castle. K.IRSAH0V, a town of Russia, gov. and 44 m. E.N.E. Tambov. Pop. 3,000. It is mostly of wood. Kir-Shehr, Andrapa, a town of Asia Minor, near its centre, on an affl. of the Kizil-Irmak, 60 m. N.W. Kaisarieh. Pop. from 3,600 to 4,000. It is surroun. by gardens, but is in a ruinous state, KiRSTEAn, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 6 m. N.N.W. Bungay. Area 1,250 ac. Pop. 249. Kirtarpoor, and Kirthipoob, two towns of Hindostan ; the former, in the Punjab, E. of the Beas river, near the Himalaya ; the latter, in Ne- paul, 6 m. W.S.W. Khatmandoo, KiRTLiNG, a pa. of Engl., co. Cambridge, 4J m. S.S.E. New-Market. Area 3,016 ac. Pop. 803. KiRTLiweTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, 3^ m. E.N.E. Woodstock. Area 2,500 ac. Pop. 846. KiBTON, two pas. of England. — I. co. Lincoln, 3 m. S.S.W. Boston. Area 10,650 ac. Pop. 2,092. It has an endowed free school. — II. co. Suffolk, 8J m. E.S.E. Ipswich. Area 1,830 ac. Pop. 607. KiRTON-iN-LiNDSET, a mkt. town and pa. of England, co. and 17 m. N. Lincoln. Area of pa. 4,210 ac. Pop. 1,335. The town has a massive church in the early English style, an endowed school, and a manorial court-house. KiBTORF, a small town of H. Darmstadt, prov. Upper Hessen, 25 m. N.E. Giessen. Pop. 1,276. KisAMOS, a fortified raarit. town of Crete, on its N. coast, on the Bay of Kisamos, 18 m. W. Khauia. E. of it are the ruins of anc. Cysamus. KisARiAH, Ceesarea, a ruined marit. town of Syria, pash. and 26 m. S.S.W. Acre. A large extent of ground here is covered with the re- mains of public and private buildings, including those of a castle, two aqueducts, the ancient city walls, and an artificial harbour. Ceesarea re- ceived its name in honour of Augustus, b. o. 22. Under the Romans it was the residence of a pro- consul, and it is memorable in the early history of Christianity; it was ruined during the crusades. KisHENAGOB, a town of British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, dist. Nnddea, & the residence of its civil officers, 57 m. N.N.E. Calcutta. It has a new English college, and some manufs. of mushns, and indigo is raised in the vicinity. KisHENAU, or KicHENEV, a town of Russia, cap. gov. Bessarabia, on the Buik, 85 m. N.W. Odessa. Pop. 43,000. It stands on three hills, has 14 churches, a gymnasium founded in 1831, 10 other public schools, a government library, & extensive woollen cloth and other factories. KisHENGHUR, two towns of Hlndostau. — 1. Bundelcund,100m. S.E. Jhansi.— II. Bajpootana, cap. a dom. of about 724 sq. m., 60 m. S.W. Jey- poor, and enclosed by substantial walls. KisHM, Oaracta, the largest isl. in the Persian Gulf, near its entrance, 15 m. S.W. Ormuz, and surrounded by many smaller isls. Length 70 m. ; average breadth 12 m. Estimated pop. 6,000, chiefly Arabs, and the isl. belongs to the imam of Muscat Kishm, the cap., on its E. side, is rudely fortified, and the residence of a sheikh ; its markets are well supplied, and it has some ship- building, and a brisk coasting trade. KisHON, a river of Palestine, pash. Acre, rises in Anti-Libanus, flows N.W. through the plain of Esdraelon, and enters the Mediterranean, 6 m. S.S.W. Acre. [Esdraelon.] KisKA, an isl., N. Pacific, Andreanov group. KisKiMiNETAs, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Penn- sylvania, 146 m. W.N.W. Harrisburgh. P. 2,287. KIS 731 KLl RiSLiMOBUKT, a pa. of England, co. and 3} m. yf. Northampton. Area 2,170 ao. Pop. 686. EissEEi, an isl. of the Malay Archip., N.E. of Timor, 20 m. in circumference. Pop. between 7,000 and 8,000, many Christians. It is a resort of numerous trading vessels. Bjssixgen, a town and watering-place of Bava- ria, circ. Lower Fi'anoonia, on the Saale, 30 m. N.N.E. Wiirtzburg. Pop. 1,600. It has three principal springs of saline-chalybeate water, of which 500,000 bottles are annually exported ; adjacent to these are a pump-room, baths, and a colonnade. Near it are salt mines, from which 30,000 centners or cwts. of salt are raised yearly. KiSTSASHEBRv, a towu and formerly a strong fort of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 60 miles N. Salem. KisTNAH, or Krishna, a river of India, Deccan, rises in the W. ghauts, near lat. 18° N., Ion. 74° E., flows E. through the territories of Sattarah, the Nizam, and the British presids. Bombay and Madras, and enters the ocean by several mouths, in lat. 15° SO' N., Ion. 81° E. Length 600 m. It receives some large tributaries, as the Beemah, Toombuddry, & Mussy ; but as it traverses mostly a mntnous. region, it is ill adapted to navigation. Kii's-CoTr-HonsE, England. [Atlesfoed.] KiTSEE, a frontier mkt. town of W. Hungary, CO. Wieselburg, 5 m. S.S.W. Presburg. P. 3,100. KiixERT, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Maine, connected with Portsmouth by a bridge over Pis- cataqua river. Pop. 2,435. Ejttesfobd, apa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 3i m. W.N. W. Wellington. Area 1,080 ao. Pop. 152. EiTTOOB, a town of British ludia, presid. Bom- bay, dist. and 22 m. N.W. Dharwar. Kitt's (St), W. India isl. [Chbistopheb (St).] KiTziNGEN, a town of Bavaria, circ. Lower Franconia, on the Main, 11 m. E.S.E. Wiirzburg. Pop. S,170. It has manu^. of vinegar, colours, gunpowder, leather, and printers' ink. KiDsm, or Ximo, the most S. of the 3 princi- pal isls. of Japan, in the Pacific Ocean, separat- ed from Corea by the Strait of Corea, and from Niphon Isl. by the Strait of Sikoke. Surface mntnous., and here are several volcanoes ; that of lUigigama, having been the seat of a most de- structive eruption on 1st April, 1826. Nanga- sald, the principal commercial port of Japan, is on this island. Kiz, or KxLisA-HissAB, Tyana, a vill. of Asia Minor, Karamania, 38 m. N.E. Erekli. It has the ruuis of an aqueduct, and massive Koman foundations. Great quantities of nitre are manu- iactnred here ; and 2 m. distant is a small sul- phurous lake answering to the ancient AsTiuibceuSf sacred to Jnpiter. Kizil-Aghaj, avill. of Turkish Armenia, pash. and 10 m. W. Moosh II. a marit. vill. of Asiatic Russia, dist. Talish, on a bay of the W. coast of the Caspian, 30 m, N. Lankeran. Kizil-Ibmak (the "red river," Halys), the principal river of Asia Minor, rises by many heads in the centre of that peninsula, flows N., and enters the Black Sea, S.E. Sinope. Length 620 m. In antiquity it separated the Lydian & Persian doms. ; it now separates the Turkish pashs. Anatolia and Sivas. Principal afll., the Eara-su or Kastamouni river. KiziL-OuzEN, Mardus, a river of Persia, provs. Irak-Ajemi, Azerbiian, and Ghilan, rises near Senna, and after a N.E. course of 300 m., enters the Caspian Sea, 35 m. E. Reshd. In its latter part it is called the gefid-rood. KizLJAB, a fortified town of Russia, prov. Cau- casus, cap. dist., on the Terek, 60 m. W. its mouth, in the Caspian. Pop. 12,000 (?). It has manuls. of silk and cotton fabrics, and an active trade in wine raised in its vicinity. Kjobknhavn, Denmark. [CopENHAaEN.I Klaarwateb, or Griqua, the chief town of the Griqua tribes, S. Africa, 500 m. N.E. Cape-Town. Klagenfuut, a town of Illyria, cap. duchy Carinthia, & of a circ, on the G Ian, 41 m. N. Lay- bach. Pop. (1846) 14,200. It is well built ; and its fortifications, destroyed by the French in 1809, have been replaced by a handsome prome- nade. Principal edifices, a fine residence of the prince-bishop of Gurk, with rich galleries of art, a cathedral and other churches, an old castle, the hall of the Cai'inthian assembly, an edifice of the 14th century, a new mkt.-place, and numerous chai'itable institutions. In one of its squares is a leaden statue of Maria Theresa. It is the seat of the court of appeal for the government, and has a gymnasium and a normal school, several extensive woollen cloth and white lead factories, manu&. of silk fabrics, and a large transit trade. Klarentza, or Chiarentz*, a seaport vill. & mountain fortress of Greece, gov. Elis, at the W. extremity of the Morea, near Cape Klarentza, 17 m. N.E. Zante. In the middle ages it formed a principality, which was inherited by a son of Edw. m., and from this, junior branches of the royal family of England have since repeatedly borne the title of Duke of Clarence. Klattau, a town of Bohemia, cap. circ, on an afll. of the Beraun, 68 m. S.W. Prague. Pop. 6,564. It has manufs. of woollen cloth and stock- ings, a gymnasium, a high school, and 2 hospitals. Klausek, a small town of the Tyrol, on the Eisach, 1,712 ft. above the sea,7 m. S.W. Brixen. Klausenburg, or Kolosvae, one of the two royal free cap. cities of Transylvania, on the Sza- mos, 72 m. N.N.W. Hermanstadt. Pop. 22,000. It consists of the old and new towns, surrounded by walls, and entered by 6 gates. It has a cita- del and several suburbs, a cathedral, Roman Catholic, Calvinist, Unitarian, and Lutheran churches, the town-haU, military and other hos- pitals, and some private palaces. It is the seat of the Transylvanian diets, of the Unita- rian superintendence for Transylvania, and of a Protestant consistory ; and has Roman Catho- lic, Reformed, and Unitarian colleges, Piarist & other monasteries, an institute for nobles, unim- portant manufs. of woollen cloths, China-ware, & paper. It is the birthplace of the famous king of Transylvania, Mathias Corvinus. Klausthal, a town of Hanover. [Clausthal.] Kleve, a town of Rhenish-Prussia. [Cleves.] Kliasma, or Kliazma, a river of Russia, govs. Moscow and Vladimir, rises near Klin, flows E. 360 m., and joins the Oka at Gorbatov. Klin, a town of Russia, gov. & 40 m. N.N.W. Moscow, on the Sestra, with a palace. Pop. 2,400. Klingenbeeo, a town of Bavaria, circ. Lower Franconia, on the Main, 15 m. S. Aschaffen- burg. Pop. 1,007. KLiNGENTHAii, & comm. and vill. of France, dep. B. Rhin, 16 m. N.N.W. Schelestadt, with manufs. of arras & cutlery.— II. a vill. of Saxony, circ Zwickau, 13 m. E.S.E. Plauen. Pop. 1,691. KLiNGNAU,atown of Switzerland, cant. Aargau, on the Aar, 16 m. N.E. Aarau. Pop. 1,300. Klissura, a town of Albania, on the Voyussa, 40 m. E. Avlona, with a mntn.-fort. Pop. 1,500. Kliotch, a town of Turkish- Croatia, on the Sanna,30m. S.W. Banialuka. Pop. mostly Turks. It has a strong fortress, and a mart for horses. Klintzv, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. Tcher- nigov, 17 m. S. Suraj. Pop. 3,300. KLO 732 KNO Klobauk, a mkt. town of Moravia, ciro. & 21 m. E.N.E. Hradiseh. Pop. 2,896.— Klobucho is a small town of Poland, prov. and 70 m. S.E. Ka- lisch, with 1,800 inhabitants, and a fine palace and park. Rlodava, a town of Poland, proT. and 90 m. W. Warsaw. Pop. 2,300. Kloppenbues, a town of N. Germany, duchy & 19 m. S.S.W. Oldenburg, cap. circ. Pop. 883. Klostbrle, a small town of Bohemia, circ. & 16 m. W.N.W. Saaz, on the Eger. Pop. 1,600. It has manufs. of lace, earthenwares, & cutlery. Klostekneububg, a town of Lr. Austria, on the Danube, 8 m. N.W. Vienna. Pop. 3,800, with manufs. of bobbinet and morocco leather. It is remarkable for a large Augustine monastery, one of the oldest and richest in Austria, with a library of 30,000 volumes. Klundert, a fortiiled town of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 12 m. N.W. Breda. P. 2,444. Klus, a market town of Switzerland, cant. So- leure, at the N. extremity of the celebrated defile of the same name, with ruins of a castle. KNAiin, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 2J m. E.S.E. Gainsboro'. Area 1,640 ac. Pop. 72. Knapdaie (Nobxh and Sodth), two contig. pas. of Scotl., CO. Argyle, between Loch Fyne and the Sound of Jura, and connected S.ward with the peninsula of Cantu'e. Length 25 m., greatest breadth about 11m. Pop. of N. Knapdaie, 2,170 ; of S. Knapdaie, 2,223. Surface mostly mntnous. and rugged. Lochs Swin and KUlisport indent the W. coast. Knaptoft, a pa. of Engl., co. and 11 m. S.S.E. Leicester. Area 4,940 ac. Pop. 936, mostly cm- ployed in framework knitting. Knapton, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3 m. N.N.E. North Walsham. Area 1,410 ac. Pop. 348. — II. a township, co. and 3 m. W. York, pa. Acomb.— III. achapelry, co.Tork,pa. Wintring- ham, with a station on the York and N. Midland railway, 15J m. N.E. York. Knapwell, a pa. of Engl., co. & 8^ m. W.N.W. Cambridge. Area 2,000 ac. Pop. 156. Knabesbobough, a pari, bor., mkt. town, and pa. of Engl., CO. York, W. Riding, 3 m. E. Har- rogate, and 16 m. W.N.W. York. Area of pa. 11,970 ac. Pop. 9,947 ; do. of pari. bor. 5,382, It is picturesquely situated in the narrow valley of the Nidd, here crossed by 2 stone bridges. It has an anc. pa. church, & numerous other places of worship ; a small grammar school, another en- dowed school, massive remains of a castle, erected soon after the Conquest, and a part of which is used as a prison for the forest of Knaresboro" ; a court house in the castle area, a market house, public library, banking co., and long established manufs. of linens, which have, however, greatly declined. Along the river is a pleasant promen- ade, on which is the famous " dropping well," of strongly petrifying quality. Not far from the town are the remains of a priory of the 13th cen- tury, and anc. chapels, hewn out of soUd rock, and now tenanted as dwellings ; with St Robert's cave, the scene of the murder committed in 1745, by Eugene Aram. The bor. sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. elect. (1848) 245. — Knaresborough forest is a dist. extending W. of the town for 20 m., and in some places 8 m. in breadth. It has belonged to the duchy of Lancaster since the time of Edward iii. Knaeesdale, a pa. of Engl., co. Northumber- land, 16 m. W.S.W. Hexham. Area 8,940 ac. Pop. 491. The church is very old. The anc. forest of Knaresdale formerly abounded with red deer, a few of which still remain. Knebworth, a pa. of Englaad, co. and 8^ m. W.N.W. Hertford. Area 2,740 ac. Pop. 263. Kneesall, a pa. of Engl., co. Notts, 4 m. S.E. Ollerton. Area 3,360 ac. Pop. 596. KiTELSTOir, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, 11 m. S.W. Swansea. Pop. 113. Knesselaebe, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, proT. E. Flanders, 16 m. N.W. Ghent. P. 3,853. Knettishall, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 7 m. E.S.E. Thetford. Area 1,120 ac. Pop. 79. Kneveton, or Kneeton, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 7i m. S.S.W. Newark. Area 990 ac. P. 109. KNiAeiNiN, a town of Russia, gov. & 60 m. S.E. Nijnii Novgorod. Pop. 1,600. Kniesen (Hung. Gnezda), a town of N. Hun- gary, CO. Zips, 16 m. N.E. Kesmark. Pop. 1,480. Knightok (or Tref-y-Clawdd, " Town on the Dyke '^, a pari, bor., town, & pa. of South Wales, CO. Radnor, on the Teme, 10 m. N.N.E. New- Radnor. Pop. 1,404. It has a small church, a union workhouse, and on Thursday, large provi- sion markets. The borough, which is governed by a bailiff, under the queen, lady of the manor, unites with Radnor, &c., in sending 1 membcF to H. of C. The great dyke thrown up by Ofe in the 8th century, as a defence against the Brit- ons, passes through the town, — II. {On Teame), a chapelry of Engl., co. Worcester, 3 m. E.N.E. Tenbury. Pop. 652 III. (Wesf), a pa., co. Dor- set, 3 m. S.E. Dorchester. Area 1,920 ac, P, 268, Knightsbeii>ge, a W, suburb of the English metropolis, co, Middlesex, pas. St Margaret and Kensington, between Hyde park comer & Ken- sington Gore, continuous with Piccadilly, & 3J m. W. St Paul's, London. A beautiful new church, the Albert gate, entering Hyde Park, cavalry barracks, and many superior residences, here a(^oin or approach the line of one of the great Western roads from London. Ksight's Island, British Amer., near the W, coast of Hudson Sea. — II. one of the Snares isls., S. of N. Zealand. Knightwick, a pa. of Engl., co. and 9 m. W. Worcester. Area 820 ac. Pop. 157. KsiLi;, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 2} m. N. Kington. Area 560 ac. Pop. 75. Kjiin, a small town and fort of Dalmatia, circ. Zara, cap. dist., on the Kerka, 900 feet above the sea, 36 m. N.N.W. Spalato. Khiphausen, a Idshp. & castle of N. Germany, at the mouth of the Jahde, 30 m. N. Oldenburg, with which it is incorporated. Pop. 3,000. Knipton, a pa. of England, co. Leicester, 8m. N.N.E. Melton-Mowbray. Ac. 1,430. Pop. 363. Knittelfeld, a town of Styria, on I. b. of the Mur, 32 m. N.W. Gratz. Pop. 2,000. It has important iron works. Knittlinqen, a irontier town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, 26 m. N.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 2,392. Kniveton, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, SJ m. N.E. Ashbourne. Area 2,240 ac. Pop. 326. Knock, a mntn. of Scotl., co. & 11 m. W.S.W. Banff. Height 2,600 feet above the sea. It is a noted land-mark in navigating Moray Krth. Knockamdo, a pa. of Scotl., co. Moray, on the Spey, .14 m. S.S.W. Elgin, and containing the vill. Archiestown. Pop. 1,676. Knockane, a pa. of Irel., Munster, co. Kerry, 6 m. W.N.W. Killarney. Area 57,993 ac, almost entirely mntnous., and comprising part of the magnificent scenery of Killarney. Pop. 5,191.— Knoelcanure is a pa., same co., 4 m. E.S.E. Lis- towel. Area 5,950 ac. Pop. 1,358. Knockbain, a pa. of Scotl., co. Ross, on Mo- ray Firth, 6 m. N.N.W. Inverness. Pop. 2,665. Kmookbeeda, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, co. Down, KNO 783 KOJ including the town of Ballymaoarret, a suburb of Belfast. Area 8,197 ao. Pop. 10,627. The Marq. of Donegal, and Sir R. Bateson, bart,have man- sions in this parish. Knockbride, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, co, Cavan, ii m. N.E. Ballieboro'. Ac. 18,693. Pop. 10,603. KsocKGBALTON, a pa. of Irel., Munster, oo. Tipperary, IJ m. S. Cashel. Area 9,873 ao. Pop. 3,^6. It has several ruined churches & castles, and a singular artificial mound, called the moat. Knockin, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 5J m. S.S.E. Oswestry. Area 450 ac. Pop, 271. Knocklude, a mntn. of Irel., tjlster, co. An- trim, 2i m. S. Ballycastle. Height 1,695 feet. Knockmahon, a vill. of Ireland, Munster, co. Waterford, near the Atlantic, IJ m. E.N.E. Bon- mahon. Pop. 255. It has copper mines, which in 1840 employed upwards of 1,000 persons, and yielded nearly 4,000 tons of ore. Rnockmeledown Mountains, Irel., Munster, are between the cos. Waterford and Tipperary, and extend E. and W. for about 18 m. Their highest point, Knockmeledown, is 4J m. N.N.W. Lismore, and 2,690 feet in elevation. Knocktophek, a small mkt. town of Ireland, CO. Kilkenny, 2 m. E.N.E. Newmarket. Pop. 467. E^oDisaAi.L, a pa. of Engl., co. Snffolk, 3^ m. E.S.E. Saxmnndliam. Area 1,710 ac. Pop. 397. Enook, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 5 m. E.S.E. Warminster. Area 1,440 ac. Pop. 265. Khossington, a pa. of Engl , co. Leicester, 7 m. S.S.E. Melton-Mowbray. Ac. 1,370. Pop. 252. Here is an hospital for clergymen's widows. Knotting, a pa. of Engl., co. Bedford, 3 J m. S.S.B. Higham-Ferrers. Area 1,270 ac. P.'l75. Knottinglet, a chapelry of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, pa. & 3 m. E.N.E. Ponteiract, within the parliamentary boundary of which bor. it is included. Pop. 4,304. KNOwtB, a chapelry of Engl., co. and 9J m. N.W. Warwick, pa. Hampton-in-Arden. Pop. 1,208. The chapel, founded in the reign of Richard ii., is remarkable for elegance. — II. (St Giles), a pa., co. Somerset, 2 m. S.S. W. Ilminster. Area 760 ac. Pop. 99. — Knowle Park, co. Kent, is the fine residence of the Countess of Plymouth. Knowiling, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New Jersey, Warren co., 66 m. N.W. Trenton. Pop. 2,307. Knowiton, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 8J m. E.S.E. Canterbury. Area 550 ac. Pop. 27. Knowslby, a township of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Huyton, 3 m. W.N.W. Prescot. Pop. 1,602. Here is the magnificent seat of the E. of Derby, in a fine old park enclosing a large sheet of water. Knowstone, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 8i m. W.N.W. Hampton. Area 4,440 ac. Pop. 578. Knox, several cos., U. S., N. Amer. — I. in E. of Tennessee. Area 864 sq. m. Pop. 15,485. — n, in S.E. of Kentucky. Area 495 sq. m. Pop. 6,722.-111. in centre of Ohio. Area 618 sq. m. Pop. 29,579 IV. in S.W. Indiana. Area 640 sq. m. Pop. 10,657.— V. in N.W. of Illinois. Area 792 sq. m. Pop. 7,060. Also a township. New York, 21 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,143. Ksoxvitr-E, a vill., U. S., Tennessee, on Hol- ston river, at the head of steam navigation, 183 m. E.S.E. Nashville. Pop. 1,500. It has a court house, a jail, and a state college. A railway connects this place with Charleston, S. Carolina. KNovLE,twopas.of Engl., co. Wilts. — I. {East), 2^ m. S.W. Hindon. Area 5,320 ac. Pop. 1,0.38. The famous architect, Sir C. Wren, was bom here in 1632.— II. {WeH), 3 m. E.N.E. Mere. Area 2,390 ac. Pop. 206. Knutsfobd (Cnufs ford, Canute's Ford), a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. & 24 m. E.N, E. Chester, and 6 m. W. the Chelford station of tho Manchester and Crewe railway. Area of pa. 4,300 ao. Pop. 4,006. The Birkin rivulet divides it into the tushps. Over and Nether K. The town has a handsome pa. church, free school, and ac- tive manufs. of cotton velvets and yarn, worsted, 6 leather. It is the polling place for N. division of CO. Near it is Tabley Hall (Lord de Tabley). KoANB-siD, a city of China, prov. Kiang-si, cap. gov., 130 m. E. Nan-chang. KoBRE, a town of Central Africa, cap. Darfur, about lat. 14° 11' N., Ion. 28° 8' E. Pop. 6,000. Koblenz, a city ofllhen.-Prussia. [Coblenz.] KoBKiN, or lioBRVN, a town of Russ. -Poland, gov, & 100 m, S.E, Grodno, cap. dist., with 4,300 inhabitants, and a Greek monastery. It was al- most wholly destroyed by fire in 1812. KoBYLANKA, a vill. of Galicia, circ, and near Jaslo, with a celebrated shrine visited by 50,000 pilgrims annually. KoBYLiAKi, or KoBtjLjAKi, a town of Russia, gov. and 37 m. S.W. Poltava. Pop. 6,820. KoBTLiN, a town of Prussian-Poland, reg. & 60 m. S.S.E. Posen, cap. circ, on the Orla. P. 2,270. KocHEK, a river of Wiirtemberg, in N.E. , joins the Neckar, 6 m. N. Heilbronn ; length 70 miles. KocH-HissAB, a town of Asia Minor, Karama- nia, on the E. bank of a large salt lake, the anc. TatttEa Palus, in lat. 38° 50' N., Ion. 33° 29' E.— II. a ruined town of Turkish-Armenia, pash* Diarbekir, W. of Mardin. KoDA, a town of Scinde, 23 m. S.W. Khyer^ poor. Pop. 2,200. KoDEN, a town of Poland, prov. Siedleo, on the Bug, 23 m. E.S.E, Biala, Pop, 2,506, KoDiABL, an isl, of Russian-America, S.E, the peninsula Aliashka, Shape very irregular ; length 75 m, ; breadth 60 m. Surface mountainous. On its N, side is the harbour and station St Paul, KoEBMOND, a town of W, Hungary, co, Eisen- burg, on the Raab, 24 m, S, Giins, with a noble residence. Pop, 3,400, KoEsrELD, a town of Prussian Westphalia, cap. circ, reg, and 20 m, W, Miinster, on the Berkel. Pop, 3,610, employed in linen & woollen weaving, KoGBNHEiM, a coram, and vill, of France, dep. Bas Rhin, on the Strasbourg and Basle railway, 7 miles N,N,E, Schelestadt, Pop, 1,324, KoH, a prefix of the names of several isls, in the Gulf of Siam ; the largest being Koh-Dud, or Phu-kor, KoHAT, a town of Afghanistan, 25 m, S, Pes- hawer. It has a fine mosque, and in its vicinity are springs of naphtha, & beds of sulphur, KoH-HissAB (the " head castle"), a ruined city of Asiatic Turkey, pash, Diarbekir, 12 m, S,W. Mardin, with remains of walls, arches, & tombs, Koh-i-Baba, a mntn, range of Afghanistan, off the S,W, extremity of the Hindoo Coosh, between which mountains is the principal pass into Tur- kestan, Lat, 34° 30' N,, Ion. 67° 30' to 68° 30' E. Height 17,640 feet. KoH -i-Damaun (the " mountain skirt "), a dist. of Afghanistan, N. of Cabool, comprising a por- tion of the S. declivity of the Hindoo Coosh. KoHisTAN (the " land of mountains "), is a name applied to the N. part of Afghanistan, and to several portions of Beloochistan and Persia. KoHBEN, a town of Saxony, circ. and 24 m, S.S.E. Leipzig, on the Sprottau. Pop. 1,033. KoJETEiN, a town of Austria, Moravia, circ, and 10 m. S.W. Prerau, on an afil. of the March. Pop. 2,836. KoJttK Pass, Afghanistan, traverses the Am- ran mntns., between the valley of Pisheen and KOK 734 KON Candahar. The British troops advanced through it in 1889, and forced it in 1842. E.OKAN, a state of Central Asia. [Khokan.] KoKEL, or KcKEL (Gkeat and Little), two rivers of Transylvania, which, after a W. course of upwards of 100 m. each, unite at Balasfalva, and the united stream, joins the Maros, 10 m. N. Karlsbnrg. The rivers give name to a co., the cap. of which is Kokelburg, or Kiikiillovar, on the Little Kokel, 14 miles E.N.E. Balasfalva. KoKELAT, a marit. town of Ceylon, on its E. coast, 35 miles N.N.W. Trincomalee. Ko-KiNQ, a city of China, prov. Tun-nan, cap. dep., on the Yang-tze-kiang & Tibet frontier. Ko-Ko-NOB, a lake of the Chinese Empire, W. China-proper, lat. 37° N., Ion. 100° E., 70 miles in length, by 40 miles in breadth. Kola, a town of Russian Lapland, gov. & 335 m. N.W. Archangel, near the mouth of the Kola riv., in the Arctic Ocean. Pop. 1,000. KoLDiNe, a marit. town of Denmark, prov. N. Jiitland, stift and 30 m. E.N.E. Ribe, on an inlet of the Little Belt, enclosed by walls. Pop. 2,600. KoLiAziN, a town of Russia, gov. and 80 miles E.N.E. Tver, on the Volga. Pop. 4,590. KoLiN (New), a town of Bohemia, circ. Kaur- zim, on the Elbe, on railway to Briinn, 35 m. E. Prague. Pop. 6,800. Marshal Daun here de- feated Frederick the Great, 18tli June 1757. KoLiNGSoo, a small isl. of China, in the har- bour of Amoy, immediately opposite that city. KoLLEDA, a town of Prussian Saxony, eire. & 34 m. W.S.W. Merseburg, on the Loose. P. 4,100. KoLLUM, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Fries- land, 8 m. S.E. Dokkum. Pop. 1,000. KoLN, a town of Rhen. Prussia. [Cologne.] Koto, a town of Poland, prov. and 40 m. N.E. Kiilisch, on an isl. in the Warta. Pop. 3,400. KoLOMEA, a town of Austrian Galicia, cap. circ, on the Pruth, 112 m. S.E Lemberg. Pop. 6,980. Kolomna, a town of Russia, gov. and 58 m. S.S.E. Moscow, on the Volga, near its confluence with the Oka. Pop. 13,000. It is enclosed by old walls, and has manufs. of silks and woollens. KoLos (Wallach. Koshakea), a mkt. town of Transylvania, 12 m. E. Klausenburg. Pop. 3,180. Kolyma, or Kohma, a large riv. of N.E. Asia, Siberia, gov. Yakutsk, rises by several heads, near lat. 61° 30' N., and after a N. com-se of 700 m., enters the Arctic Ocean by a wide estuary, near lat. 69° 30' N., and Ion 161° 30' E. KoLTTAK, a small town of Asiatic Russia, gov. and 110 m. S.W. Tomsk, cap. dist., on the Obe, with valuable lead and gold mines. — ^The Kolyvan Mountains are a spur of the Lesser Altai. KoMLOs, a mkt. town, Hungary, co. Torontal, 30 m. W.N.W. Temesvar. P. 4,950 Kommotau is a town,Bohemia, circ. & 10m. N.N.W. Saaz. P. 3725. KoMO RN, or CoMOEN, a royal free town of Hun- gary, cap. CO. same name, 48 m. W.N.W. Buda, on 1. b. of the Danube, at the mouth of the Waag. P. (1845) 20,320, mostly Protestants. It is fortified, and has Benedictine and Reformed gymnasia, an active transit trade in corn, wine, wood, and fish, & a steam packet station. The celebrated wine called Monostor grows in its vicinity. The cita- del of Komorn, constructed by Corvinus, and ex- tended in 1805, is considered one of the strongest in Europe. It was long unsuccessfully besieged by the Austrians in 1849. KoMOTAPOOK, a ruined town of British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, dist. Rungpoor, and formerly the cap. of the Hindoo kingdom Cam- roop, on the Dhurlah, by which river, and by a moat 14 m. in circuraf., the town was enclosed. Two or three gates and pillars are all its remains. Kose, an extensive mntn. system of Central Afiica, between Nigritia and Lower Guinea. Many of its peaks are said to reach the snow-]me, but little of it has been visited by Europeans. — II. a town of Cent. Africa, 600 m. S. Timbuctoo. KoNG-OHANo, a city of China, prov. Kan-su, cap. dep. Lat. 35° N., Ion. 104° 30' E. KoN»EN, a mkt. town of Wiirtemberg, circ. & on the Neckar, 5 m. S.E. EssHngen. Pop. 2,039. KoNGSBERG, a town of Norway, stift Aggers- huus, 43 m. W S.W. Christiania, ontheLauwen- Elv. Pop. 3,935. It has a school of mines, and a royal manuf. of arms and powder. The silver mine of Kongsber^, discovered 1623, is the most important of the kingdom. It was nearly aban- doned in 1806, was again worked in 1816, and has continued flourishing since 1830. KoNGSTiNGEB, a mutu. fortress of Norway, stift Aggershuus, amt. Hedemarken, beside the Glommen, 45 miles E.N.E. Christiania. KoNiEH,or KoNiA, Asiatic Turkey. [Koniteh.] KoNiGGRATZ, a royal fortified town of Austria, Bohemia, cap. circ, 64 m. E.N.E. Prague, on 1. b. of the Elbe. Pop. (1845) 8,464. Chief edifices, a cathedral, Jesuits' church, & Episcopal palace. It is the see of a bishop-suffragan of Prague, & has a seminary, a gymnasium, and a royal stnd. KoNiGiNHOF, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 16 m. N. Koniggratz, on the Elbe. Pop. 4,610. Manufe. of printed cotton stuffe, linen fabrics, & leather. — Konigsaal is a vill. of Bohemia, circ. Beraun, at the confluence of the Beraun and Moldau, 7 miles S. Prague. Pop. 1,000. KoNiGSB ACH, a mkt. town of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, 10 m. S.E. Carlsruhe,withacastle. P. 1,700. KoNiGSEEKS, Mom-Regius, a fortified city of Prussia, and 2d cap. of the kingdom, cap., reg., and circ. same name, 338 m. E.N.E. Berlin, on the Pregel, 5 m. from its mouth, in the Frische-HafF. Lat. of observatory 54° 42' 8' N., Ion. 20° 30' 2" E. Pop. (1846) 72,400. Mean temp.ofyear43°.2; winter 37° .8 ; summer 60° .5, Fahr. Chief edifices, the royal castle, built 1257, the former fortress of Friedrichsburg, now used as a store; the ex- change, built 1624 ; the town-house ; the cathedral, built 1332, with tombs of the grand masters of the Teutonic order, and of the dukes of Prussia; citadel, exchange, and theatre. The university, founded 1644, had, in 1844, 341 students, alibrary^ a botanic garden, and an astronomical obser- vatory; there are besides 2 theological semi- naries, 3 gymnasia, schools of art & architecture, and deaf-dumb, and blind asylums. Mannl^. comprise woollens, cottons, linens, silks, soap, tobacco, leather, starch, sealing-wax, and refined sugar. It has ship-building yards, and an ex- tensive export trade in grain. The harbour only admits small vessels, large ships land at Pillau. Birthplace of Kant. Frederick i., the first Idng of Prussia, was crowned here in 1701. — 11. a walled town, prov. Brandenburg, reg. and 42 m. N. Frankfurt. Pop. 5,060, with manufs. of wool- len cloth, leather, cotton, starch, and hosiery.— III. Bohemia, circ. and 11 m. S.W. Elbogen, on the Eger. Pop. 3,890 IV. (Hung. Vj-Banya), W. Hungary, co. Bars, on the Gran, 66 m. N.N.W. Buda. Pop. 3,950. KoNiGSB niJcK, a town of Saxony, with a castle, circ. and 17 m. N.N.E. Dresden. Pop. 1,740. KoNiGSEE, a town of Germany, Schwartzhurg- Rudolstadt, on the Rhine, 17 m. W.S.W. Budol- stadt. Pop. 2,050.— Konigseckwald is a vill. and castle of Wiirtemb., circ. Danube, S.W. Sulgan. KoNiQSEGG, a town of Bohemia, with a fine church & school, 31 m. S.E. Tabor. Pop. 2,859. KoNiQSHUTE, a vill. of Prussian Silesia, reg. KON 735 KOR and 54 m. E.S.B. Oppeln, with a station on the Sileslan railw., and royal iron works. Pop. 1,560. KoNiGsi.uTTEB, a town of N. Germany, duchy Brunswick, dist. and 9 m. "W.N.W. Helmstadt, on the Lutter. Pop. 2,520. It has an ancient Benedict, church, witli monuments to the Emp. Lothaire ii., his Empress, Henry of Bavai-ia, &c. KoNiGS-SEE, a picturesque lake of Upper Ba- varia, 65 m. S.E. Jliinioh, and 6 m. in length. K.0NIGSTADTL, a Small town of Bohemia, circ. Bidschow, 40 m. E.N.E. Prague. Pop. 1,747. KoNiQSTEiN, several towns and vills. of Ger- many, the principal in Saxony, circ. and 17 m. S.E. Dresden, on 1. b. of the Elbe. Pop. 2,022. It has a fortress situated on a rock, 450 ft. high, and one of the few in Europe never yet taken. The royal treasures have usually been deposited here duringwar. — 11. Nassau, 12 m. N.E. AViesba- den. Pop. 1,300. Near it is the castle of same name, ruined by the French in 1796. KosiGswiiDE, a town of Prussia, reg. Frank- furt, circ. Sternberg, between two lakes. Pop. 1,360. Manuf. cloth & paper. — II. a vill. of Saxony, circ. and 4 m. N.W. Zwickau. Pop. 1,978. KoNiGSWARTH, atowuof Bohemia, circ. & 16 m. S-S.W.Elbogen, with mineral springs. Pop. 1,540. Its noble castle, the property of Prince Metter- nich, contains a splendid collection of worlcs of art, and an elaborate chapel, built 1834. KoNiGSwiNTEB, a town of Rhen. Prussia, reg. and 21 m. S.S.E. Cologne, on the Rhine. P. 2,100. KoNiir, a town of Poland, prov. and 3.3 m. N.N E. Kalisch, on the Warta. Pop. 4,600. KoNiTEH, or KosiAH, Iconium, a city of Asia Minor, cap. pash. Karamania, or Koniyeh. Lat. 37° 51' N., Ion. 32° 40' E. Pop. 30,000. Its walls, which are from 2 to 3 m. in circ, were built with materials of ancient edifices, by the Seljuk sul- tans, of whom it was the cap. from the 12th cen- tury to the time of Genghiz Khan. It has numerous mosques, some colleges, Armenian churches, public baths, khans, extensive suburbs, a fortified palace, with some massive Arabic ar- ciiitecture, a famous Mohammedan tomb, and some mannfe. of carpets and coloured leather. KoNSKi, a town of Poland, prov. Sandomir, 35 m. S.W. Badom. Pop. 4,000. It has iron forges, and manufe. of cutlery and carriages. KoNSTANTiNOGBAn, 3, town of Hussia, gov. & 40 m. E.S.E. Poltava. Pop. 1,673 KoocHAN, a strong fortified town of N.E. Per- sia, prov. Khorassan, 85 m. N.W. Meshed. It was, a few years ago, taken by the Persians from the Koords, and it has a garrison. KoocHiAK, a mud-built town of Afghanistan, in the Pisheen valley, on the route to Candahar. KooKSEE, a considerable fortified town of India, dom. and 76 m. S.W. Indoor. KooKUBMUNDA, a towu of British India, pre- sid. Bombay, on the Taptee, 82 m. E.N.E. Surat. KooM, a decayed city of Per.sia, prov. Irak- Ajemi, cap. dist., 80 m. S.W. Teheran. Pop. 8,000. It stands in a plain, surrounded by ex- tensive ruins, and has a college and a mosque. KooM-sHAH, a town of Persia, prov. Irak- Ajemi, 60 m. S.S.E. Ispahan, enclosed by walls. Pop. 4,000, who weave and dye cotton goods. K.00NCH, a town of British India, presid. Ben- gal, cap. a rajahship, 67 m. E.S.E. Gwalior. KooNDAH, two towns of British India, one in dist. Delhi, 9 m. N.E. Kurnanl, the other in dist. Kamghur, 105 m. S.S.W. Patna. KooNiiooz, a khanat of Central Asia, indepen- dent Turkestan, extending (inclusive of its de- pendency Budukhshan) between lat. 35° and 38° N. and Ion. 86° and 92° E., having S. Afghanis- tan, W. Bokhara, and E. the great table land separating Chinese from independent Turke.5tan. Though mostly mountainous, it comprises several fertile valleys, watered by the afils. of the Oxus, and yielding rice, wheat, and barley. Fruits are plentiful, and silk is an important product. A considerable traffic in slaves, procured by the Koondooz from adjacent countries, is stated to be carried on. An active trade exists with the Chinese prov. of Tarkund & with Bokhara, whence European manufs. are obtained. The khan main- tains an army of 2,000 men. Principal towns, Koondooz, Khooloom, and Budukhshan. — Koon- dooz, the cap., lat. 36° 60' N., Ion. 69° 10' E., has the khan's residence, an earthen fort, and about 1,500 inhabs. It is inferior in size to Khooloom. KOOBDISTAN, W. Asia. [KUBDISTAN.] KooBJAH, a considerable town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. and 30 m. N.N.W. Alighur. KooKwvE, a town of Hindostan, dom. and 140 m. S. Gwalior, on the Betwah. KopiNG, a town of Sweden, Isen and 20 m. S.W. Westeras, at the W. extremity of the Maelar lake. Pop. 1,300, who export iron. KoPENioK, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. Potsdam, on an island formed by the Spree and Dahme, and on the railway from Ber- Im to Frankfurt, 8 m. S.E. Berlin. Pop. 2,300, It has manufs. of woollens, silks, carpets, and chemical products, and is a favourite place of resort for the pop. of Berlin Kopnitz is a small town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 46 m. S.W. Posen, on right bank of the Obra. KoPBEiNiTZ (Hung. Kaproncza), a town of Austrian Croatia, 27 m. E.S.E. Warasdin, with a strong castle. Pop. 3,660. KoPBiLi, a town of Eur. Turkey, Macedonia, 23 m. S. Uskup, stated to comprise 1,000 houses. KopUKTHELLA, a town, Punjab, betw. Loodiana and Lahore. Lat. 31° 24' N., Ion. 71° 21' E. KoPTOS, Copies, a town of Upp. Egypt, prov. Thebe.s, near rt. b. of the Nile, 10 m. S. Keneh. KoRAH, a town of British India, presid. Ben- gal, Upper provs., dist. and 25 m. S. Cawnpoor. KoBBAOH, a town of Germany. [Cobbaoh.'] KoEDOFAN, a country of Central Africa, mostly between lat. 11° and 16° N., and Ion. 28° and 32° E., having E. Sennaar, and W. Darfur, and now comprised in the Egyptian dom. The Bahr-el- Abiad (White Nile) traverses its S.E. part. For- merly many slaves were sent from it into Egypt, but this trade appears to have been checked. The inhabitants are partly negroes, and partly of Arab descent. Principal town El Obeid. KoEEE, the most E. arm of the Indus river, at its Delta, dividing Scinde from Cutch. Lat. 23° 30' N., Ion. 68° 26' E. Its month, 7 m. in width, is navigable 16 m. to Cotasir. KoEENNAiA, a vill. of Russia, gov. and 18 m. N.N.W. Koursk, with a convent frequented by numerous pilgrims, and one of the largest fairs in the empire. KoBK, a vill. of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, on the Kinzig, and on railway to Appenweyer, 8 m. N.N.W. Offenburg. Pop. 1,100. K.iBNA, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. Bap;- dad, at the confl. of the Euphrates and Tigris, 38 m. N.W. Bassorah. KoBNEGALLE, a town of Ccylon, cap. dist. Seven Korles, 48 m. N.E. Colombo. KoBNEUDDBG, a town of Lower Austria, cap. circ, on 1. b. of the Danube, 9 m. N.N. W. Vienna, and on the railway to Stockerau. Pop. 2,470. KoBNWESTiiEiM, a vlU. of Wilrtcmbcrg, circ. Neckar, with mineral baths, on the railway be- tween Stuttgart and Bietigheim, S. LudwigsDurg, KOK KOU KoRON, a fortified seaport town of Greece, Morea, gov. Messenia, on the Gulf of Koron, 7 m. N."W. Cape Gallo. KoBOBABiKA, a Settlement of New Zealand, on the Bay of Islands, N.E. coast of the island, and flourishing until destroyed by the native chief Held in 1845. Seat of a Jesuit mission. KoBos, a river of E. Hungary, rises by several heads in Transylvania, flows W., and after a course of 200 m., joins the Theiss at Csongrad. KoBos, two large vills. or market towns of Hungary, — I. (JSTt's, or Little), co. and 46 m. S.E. Pesth. Pop. 6,433— n. (Nagy, or Great), 5 m. S. the foregoing. Pop. 17,697. Kobos-Banta, a town of Hungary, co. Zarand, on the Koros, with gold mines. Pop. 2,200. KoROTCHA, or Kabotcha, a town of Kussia, gov. and 68 m. S.E. Koursk, cap. dist. Pop. 10,000. It is well built, and has several churches. KoEOTAJAK, a town of Russia, gov. and 48 m. S. Voronej, on the r. b. of the Don. Pop. 7,000. KoEPO, an island of Finland, laen and 36 m. S.W. Abo, in the Baltic. Circuit about 18 m. KoBTi, a town of Nubia, on 1. b. of the Nile, 48 m. E. Old Dongola. KoETBiGHT, a tnshp. of U. S., N. Amer., New York, 12 m. N. Delhi. Pop. 2,441. KoETsoHBVA, a towu of Russia, gov. and 40 m. E. Tver, cap. circ, on the Volga, with 1,207 in- habitants, and an active export trade. Kosciusko, a eo. of the C. S., N. Amer., in N. of Indiana. Area 667 sq. m. Pop. 4,170. KosoiusKO (Mouht), Australia, Victoria, is the most lofty of the Australian Alps, at the head of the river Murray. Elevation 6,600 feet. KosEL, a fortified town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 26 m. S.S.E. Oppeln, on the Oder, and at junction of railway from Breslau to Cracow, P. (1846) S,5B9.—Alt-Kosel is a vill. S. of Kosel. KosELEiz, a town of Russia, gov. and 40 m. S. W. Tchernigov, cap. circ , on the Oster. Pop. (1838) 3,749. It has a cathedral, and a fort. KosMODEMJANSK, two towns of Russia I. gov. and 103 m. W.N.W. Kasan, on r. b. of the Volga. Pop. 6,000.-11. 60 m. N.N.E. Tambov. RossEiB, or CossEiB,a seaport town of Upper Egypt, on the W. coast of the Red Sea, 96 m. E. Keneh. Lat. 26° 8' N., Ion. 34° 15' E. Pop. from 1,600 to 2,000. It is an entrepot for the trade between Egypt and Arabia, and defended by a citadel. Old Kossier is about 6 m. N. W. Kossovo, a town of European Turkey, Rumili, 7 m. N.E. Pristina. Near it the battle took place in which the Turks annihilated the independence of Servia, June 15, 1389. KosTAiHiozA, a town of Austrian Croatia, mili- tary frontier, 20 m. S.E. Petrinia. Pop. 3,150. KosTAMBCL, Asia Minor. [Kastamotini.] KosTASiTz, a town of European Turkey, Rumili, S. of the Balkan, 130 m. W.N.W. Adrianople. KosTEii, two towns of the Austrian empire. — I. Moravia, on the Thaya, 28 m. S.S.E. Briinn. Pop. 1,700. — II. lUyria, Carniola, with a castle near the Kulpa, 46 m. S.E. Laybach. KosTELBTZ, several small towns of Bohemia. — I. on the Adler, circ. and 17 m. E.S.E. Koniggratz. Pop. 2,665.-11. circ. and 23 m. N.W. Kaurzim, on the Elbe. Pop. 1,496 III. {Schwarz-K,), circ. & N.W. Kaurzim. Pop. 1,800. KosTEN, a town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 26 m. S.W. Posen, cap. circ, on the Obra. Pop. 2,210. — Kostenblut is a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 19 m. W. Breslau. Pop. 818. KosTENDiL, Europ. Turkey. [Ghiustendil.] KosTNiTZ, or KoNSTANZ Lake. [Comstascb.] Kostroma, a river of Russia, joins the Volga at Kostroma, after a S. course of 130 m,, for most part of which it is navigable. KosTBOMA, a gov. of Europ. Russia, near its centre. Area 31,790 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 164,600. Surface flat or undulating. Nearly the entire surface is pasture land and forests, except a small part in the S.W., which belongs to the manu- facturing district of central Russia. Manufs. comprise leather, flax, hemp, and cotton. KosTKOMA, a city of Europ. Russia, cap. gov. Kostroma, 200 m. N.E. Moscow, at the confl. of the Kostroma and the Volga. Pop. (1846) 14,000. It is the cap. of a Greek eparchy, and the see of the bishops of Kostroma and Galitsch, and has a gymnasium, tanneries, and manufe. of leather, cloth, Prussian blue, soap and candles. It has a fine cathedral, and a foundry of bells. KoswioK, a town of Cent. Germany. [Coswio.] KoTAH, a town & Rajpoot state of Hindostan. The town, on the Chumbul, 190 m. S.W. Agra, is large and populous, strongly fortified, entered by double gateways, and has some good bazaars, numerous temples, and substantial dwellings, a palace, and manufs. of cloths & other native goods. The state, subsidiary to British, and enclosed by the Gwalior, Odeypoor, & Kishenagur, doms., has an area of 4,400 sq. m., and is amongst the most flourishing native states of India. KoTEGHUE (Hind. Cataghara), a fortified town of N. Hindostan, Gurhwal, cap. chiefship near the Sutleje, 43 m. E. Belaspore. Kote-Kangba, a large and strong hill-fortress, and town of the Punjab, in the Himalaya, 127 m. E.N.E. Lahore, suiTendered to the British, in 1846. — Kot, or Kote, is the initial name of nu- merous small towns of N.W. Hindostan. KoiELNOi, an island of Siberia, the princip. of an extensive group N. of Sviatoi Nos, in the Arc- tic O., beyond the mouth of the Lena, betw. lat. 74° 30' and 76° 10' N., Ion. 140° E. It is a desolate mass of rooky mutns., 130 m. long & 70 m. broad. KoTEBAH, or KoTEBBE, two towHS of Central Hindostan, dom. and W. of Bhopaul. K6THEif,orC6THEN, a town of Cent. Germany, cap. duchy Anhalt-Kothen, on the Ziethe, and at the junction of the Anhalt & Berlin, and Leipzig and Magdeburg railways, 19 m. N. Halle. Pop. 6,136. It has two ducal palaces, a normal school, an institution for noble ladies, a theatre, and manufactures of woollen cloth and linens. KoTBA, a large town of Central Hindostan, near the Gwalior territ, 20 m. E.S.E. Hindia.— Kotrah, a town of Bundelcund,80m.S.E. Gwalior. KoTREE, several vills. of Scinde, &c. — I. on the Koree estuary, and the place of embarkation on the line between Hyderabad and Cutch. — II. on the Indus, nearly opposite Hyderabad, and an important militaiy post III. on the route to Roree, 90 m. N.N.E. Hyderabad.— IV. Beloo- chistan, prov. Cutch-Gundava, 8 m. S.W. Gnn- dava, with a fort and a good bazaar. KoTZBBDE Sound, Russian-Amer., is an inlet of Bchring Strait, betw. Capes Krusenstem & Es- penberg. Lat. 66° to 68° Ni, & Ion. 162° to 167° E. KouKA, a town of Central Africa, Bornou, on the W. bank of Lake Tchad. It was, about 30 years' since, the residence of the ruler of Bomon, and had a very extensive weekly market. KoxjKon-KOTA, or Khoton, a town of Mon- golia, 60 m. N. W. the Great Wall of China. Lat. 40° 40' N., Ion. 111° 16' E. It has a Chinese garrison, and manufs. of skins. KouBSK, or KcESK, a gov. of Europ.-Kussia, in the S., bounded E. by Voronetz, S. by Khar- kov, W. Tchernigov, and N. Orel. Area 17,382 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,637,700. Surface flat, or KOU 737 KRE undulating ; soil very fertile, nearly all occupied in agriculture. Manms. comprise coarse woollens, leather, tallow, soap, saltpetre, and pottery. It is the most densely populated of any gov. in Rus- sia Koursk, the cap. city, is situated on the Seim, 290 m. S.S.W. Moscow. Pop. 26,000. It is the see of a Greek eparchy, and of the bishops of Eoursk and Bielgorod, and has a gymnasium and a theological seminary. JManufs. of leather, wax, and tallow, and an active commerce, KoDS, ApoUinopolis Parva, a town of Upper Egypt, 16 m. S. Keneh, on r, b. of the Nile. KousHAN, one of the most ftequented passes across the Hindoo Koosfa, fi'om Afghanistan into Turkestan. Lat. 35° 37' N., Ion. 68° 65' E. Its summit estimated to be 15,000 feet in height. Konssns, or Kowsie River, forms the N.W. boundary of the Cape Colony, S. Africa, & enters the Atlantic, near lat. 29° 40' S., Ion. 17° E. £outgh£, a town of Chinese-Turkestan, 200 m. E.N.E. Aksn, lat 41° 40' N., Ion. 83° E. It is fortified, gari-isoned by Chinese, and deemed the key of Turkestan. Its territory is fertile. KovEL, a town of Russia, gov.Volhynia, on the Turija, 97 m. N.W. Ostrog. Pop. 3,200. K.OVNO, or KowHO, a town of Russian-Poland, 58 m, W.N.W. Vilna, cap. gov. same name, on the Niemen. Pop. 7,000. It has many religious establishments, including a Jesuit college. Large quantities of mead are brewed here, and the town has an active trade in corn, &e. KowAZ., a town of Poland, gov., prov. and 80 m. W.N.W. Warsaw. Pop. 2,350. KowAEA, or KwABi River. [Niger.] EowBAH, and Kowreenaodk, two towns of W. Hindostan, the former in Cutch, in an oasis of the Runn, 36 m. N. Bhooj ; the latter, Gui- cowar's dom, in the Gujerat peninsula, 10 m. N.N.W. Diu-head. KozELSK, a town of Russia, gov. and 35 m. S.S.W. Kaluga, on the Jizdra. Pop. 4,800. It was burned in 1777, & has since been regularly built. KoziENicE, a town of Poland, prov. and 65 m. N.W. Sandomir, on left bank of the Vistula. Pop. 2,590; birth-place of Sigismund i., king of Poland. KozLov, a town of Russia, gov. & 55 m. W.N. W. Tambov, cap. dist., on an am. of the Don. Pop. 20,403, who have a considerable trade in cattle and tallow II. gov. Taurida. [Eupatokia.] KozMiN, a town of Prussian Poland, reg. & 47 m. S.S.E. Posen, on the Obra. Pop. 3,270. Kbageboe, a maritime town of Norway, stift Aggershuus, on an inlet of the Skager-rack, 70 m. N.E. Christiansand. Pop. 1,819. Kbailsheim, or Ceailsheim, a town of Wiir- temberg, circ. & on the Jaxt, 13 m. N. Ellwangen, with an ane. castle. Pop. 764, employed in ma- nufs. of hosiery, earthenware, and gunpowder. KRAiif, or Caeniola, a prov. of the Austrian Empire, in the kingdom of Illyria. Area 4,137 sij.m. Pop. 427,000. It is divided into the 3 circles of Laybaoh, Adelsherg, and Neustadtl ; cap. Lay- bach. [Illtkia.] Khaisbueo, a town of Illyria, Carniola, 16 m. N.W. Laybaoh, on the Save. Pop. 1,712. Krajova, the cap. town of little Wallaohia, nearl. b. of the Schyl, 120 m.W. Bukharest. Pop. 9,000 (?) It has numerous churches, and an active trade in salt, from neighbouring mines. Ebakait, former cap. of Poland. [Cbaoow,] Kbalisgek, a pa. & vill. of the Netherlands, S. Holland, 3 m. N.E. Rotterdam. Pop. 3,348. Kbaiowiiz, a municipal town of Bohemia, circ. and 19 m. N.N.E. Pilsen. Pop. 1,636. KEANENBnE<},asmall town of Rhenish-Prussia, reg & 6 m. W. Cleves, with a custom-house, near the Netherlands fi'ontier. Pop. 1,100. Kranichfeld, a town of Saxony, jointly pos- sessed by Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Meiningen, on the Ilm, 11 m. S.W. Weimar. Pop. 1,411. Keanidi, a small town of Greece, gov. Argolis, 23 m. S.E. Nauplia, with about 600 houses, and to which the sitting-s of the Greek senate were temporarily transferred in 1823. Its hihabs. are expert divers, and thriving sponge fishers. ICbanovfitz, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. & 50 m. S.S.E. Oppeln. Pop. 2,130. Keapivka, a town of Russia, gov. and 25 m. S.W. Tula, and on the Upa. Kbappitz, a town of Prussian-Silesia, reg. and 15 m. S. Oppeln, on 1. b. of the Oder. P. 1,942. Krasnik, a town of Poland, gov. & 28 m. S.W. Lublin. Pop. 4,120. Keasnokutsh, a town of Russia, gov. & 43 m W. Kharkhov, with 6 churches. Pop. 4,800. Keasnoslobodsk, a town of Russia, gov. and 105 m. N.N.W. Pensa, cap. dist. on the Mokscha. Pop. 7,762, who have an active trade in corn. Erasnoe-Szelo, a vilL of Russia, gov. & 18 m. S.S.E. St. Petersburg, with cotton, print, and earthenware factories, distilleries, several schools, an hospital for crown-peasants, & a royal palace, Keasnoi, several towns of Russia — I. gov. & 28 m. W.S.W. Smolensk, on the Svinaia. Pop, 1,732. Here, on the 5th and 6th of Nov. 1812, the French army, retreating from Moscow, sus- tained a severe defeat by the Russians. — II. gov. Pskov, 35 m. S. Ostrov.— III. (K.-Kholm), gov. and 95 m. N.E. Tver. Pop. about 2,000.— IV. (K.- Yar), gov. and 35 m. E.N.E. Astrakhan, on an island in the Volga. Pop. 3,000. — Kramoi- yar is also a vill., gov. and S.E. Simbirsk. Keasmostov, or Keasntstav, a town of Po- land, gov. and 30 m. S.E. Lublhi. Pop. 3,016. KiiAsso-XJriMSK, a town of Russia, gov. & 118 m. S.E. Perm, on the Ufa. Pop. 3,050. KisASNOTABSK, a towu of Siberia, cap. gov. Yeniseisk, in a fertile plain, on the Yenisei, and on the high route between Tobolsk and Irkutsk, Lat. 6° N., Ion. 92° 57' 10" E. Pop. 6,000. (?) It is important as the emporium of a wide region ; and it has several churches, government offices, a literary club, and manufs. of Russian leather. Kbaszna, a riv., CO., and vill. of Transylvania ; the riv. flows N.ward for 80 m., and joins the Theiss near Nameny. On it, near its source, is the vill., 44 m. N.W. Klausenburg, with 1,570 in- habitants, and warm baths. Keaw (Isthmus of), Siamese dom., connects the Malay peninsula with the rest of Further India, extending between lat. 9° and 12° N., with a breadth of about 70 m. Near its centre is the town Itraw, or Krah. Keawang, a Dutch residency of Java, on the N. coast. Pop. 95,000. Cap. Poerwakarta. Kremenetz, a town of Russian Poland, gov. Volhynia, cap. dist., 36 m. W.S.W. Ostrog. Pop, 6,760. It has sev. churches, & a ruined citadel. Krementschdo, a town of Russia, gov. and 64 m. S.W. Poltava, cap. dist., on the Dnieper, here crossed by a bridge of boats. Pop. (1838) 17,087. It is enclosed by an earth rampart, & has manufs. of hats, refined sugar, nitre, and soap. Kremnitz (Hungar. Kdrmocz BanyaXa, min- ing town of Hungary, circ. Baos, 8 m. W, Neu- sohl. Pop. 5,000. It stands in a deep valley, surrounded by 7 hills, and has several suburbs, a castle, mint, and a miners' infirmary. Its mines have about a dozen principal shafts, and lately yielded 15,000 marcs of silver, and 250 do, of gold annual! v, and coin to 260,000?, yearly issued from 3a KRE 73S KUB its mint. Attached to the mines are nearly 20 smelting and washing works, the machinery used in which is the best in Hungary. Eremnitz has a royal vitriol factory, 2 paper mills, manufs. of earthenware and vermilion ; and It is supplied with water by an aqueduct 50 miles in length. Kkemfe, a town of Denmark, duchy Holstein, 4 miles N.N.E. Gliickstadt. Pop. 1,300. Ebbms, a town of Lower Austria, on a height, on. 1. b. of the Danube, at the influx of the Krems, 38 m. N.W. Vienna. Pop. 6,637. It is enclosed by old walls, and has a Piarist college, military & high schools, large infantry barracks, alum, nitre, metal buttons, soda, mustard, and vinegar factories. — II. a vill. of Styria, ch-c. Crratz, with a castle, and manufs. of block tin. Kbemsib, a town of Moravia, circ. and 12 m. S.W. Prerau, on the March. Pop. 4,000. It has a Piarist college, a gymnasium and high school, and a fine summer residence of the archbishop of Olmiitz. During a part of 1849, it was the seat of the Austrian government & imperial councils. EnBMSMiiNSTEB, a vill. of Upper Austria, with 609 inhabitants, and several superior schools, at the foot of a hill, crowned by a celebrated Bene- dictine abbey, founded in the 8th century, and having a library of 30,000 vols., with an observa- tory, and various museums of art and science. Kbedth, a bathing-place and vill. of Upper Bavaria, on the Tegem-see, near the Tyrolese frontier, 34 m. S.E. Munich, and greatly resorted to by the inhabitants of that city. KjiEUTz, a town of Austrian Croatia, cap. circ, 24 m. S.S.E. Warasdin. Pop. 3,066. Kbeutznagh, ov Kkbuznaoh, a town and watering-place of Rhenish Prussia, reg. Cobienz, cap. circ, on the Nahe, 8 m. S. Bingen. Pop. 8,160. It stands in a fertile & picturesque tract, at the foot of a castle-crowned hlU, and is separ- ated by the river into two parts, connected by a stone bridge. It has Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist churches, a synagogue, gymnasium, and manufs. of leather, snuff, and woollens, and important salt works. Kreuzburg, several towns of Germany. — I. Prussian Silesia. [CREnzBURS.] — II. E. Prussia, reg. and 1 5 m. S.W. Konigsberg, with a castle, & 1,678 inhabitants. — III. a town, duchy Saxe- Wei- mar, on the Werra, 16 m. N.W. Eisenach. Pop. 2,150. — IV. (or Kreutzburg), a strongly fortified town of Russia, gov. Vitebsk, on the Duna, 62 m. W. Reshitza. Pop. 2,000. It has a palace. Krbtbitz, a town of Bohemia, 28 m. N.E. Leit- meritz, on the borders of Saxony. Pop. 2,000. Krienz, a pa. and vill. of S?ritzerland, cant, and 2 m. S.W. Lucerne. Pop. of pa. 2,663. Krilov, or Krvlov, a town of Russia, gov. & 170 m. N.N.E. Kherson, on the Dnieper. P. 2,600. Krishna, a river of S. India. [Kistnah.] Krisso, or Chrtso, Crissa, (?) a small town of Greece, gov. Phocis, 5 m. S.E. Salona. Kristinestad, a seaport town of Finland, Isen and56m. S.W. Vasa, on abay of the Gulf of Fin- land, has a harbour & building docks. Pop. 700. Krivitz, or Crivitz, a town of Mecklenburg- Schwerin, 10 miles E.S.E. Schwerin. Pop. 2,000. Kroben, a town of Prussian Poland, reg. Po- sen, cap. circ, S.E. Kosten. Pop. 1,360. Keojanke, or Keaienke, a town of W. Prus- sia, reg. & 86 m.W.S.W. Mavienwerder. P. 2,620. Kbolevetz, or Korole vetz, a town of Russia, gov. & 100 m. E.S.E. Tchernigov. P. 6,188. For- merly residence of the governor of Little Russia. Kbomt, a town of Russia, gov. & 20 m. S.W. Orel, cap. dist., on the Kroma. Pop. 4,518. liRONE (Deutsoh), Prussia. [Deutsch Krone.] — Polish Krone, is a town, prov. Posen, on the Brahe, 14 m, N. Bromberg. Pop. 2,233. Kronach, a walled town of Bavaria, circ. Upp. Franconia, at the foot of a mountain, crowned by the castle of Rosenberg, on the Kronach, 22 m. N.W. Baireuth. Pop. 3,100, employed in bleach- ing, brewing, manufe. of cutlery, and a trade in timber. It has a mineral spring. The painter, Lucas Cranach, was born here in 1472. Kbonstadt (Hung. Brasso), a town of the S.E. of Transylvania, cap. dist. Burzeulande, or " dist. of Itronstadt," on the N. slope of the E. Car- pathians, 70 m. E.S.E. Hermanstadt, 2,000 feet above the sea. Pop. (1845) 36,000. It consists of the inner town, surrounded by walls, and in- habited by Saxons ; the suburb of Altstadt, in- habited by Szeklers ; and that of Bulgarey by Wallacks. Chief edifices, a large Gothic Luth- eran church, 3 other Protestant, 2 Roman Catho- lic, and 2 Greek churches, town-hall, & barracks. It has a Protestant gymnasium, and a Roman Catholic primary school. It was formerly the first' commercial place in Transylvania, but its trade has greatly declined. Manufs. coarse wool- lens and linens. Kronstadt has the best paper mill and book printing establishment in Transyl- vania. The first books printed here were the Confession of Augsburg and Luther's works. Although, in nearly the same lat. as Venice and Lyon, its climate is very cold, & snow often falls on the mntns. in June. It is much resorted to by travellers, on their way to Bukharest & Jassy. Kronstabt, a toivn of Russia. [Cbonstadt.] Kropemn, a town of N. Germany, duchy Meck- lenburg-Schwerin, 15 m. W. Rostock. P. 1,975. Krossno, a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, circ. and 13 m. E.S.E. Jaslo, on the Wisloka. Pop. 4,900. It has a castle and some convents ; & is an entrepot for the sale of Hungarian wines. Kroppstab, a vill. of Prussian Saxony, reg. Merseberg, 8 m. N.E. Wittenberg. Pop. 752. Krotoszyn, or Krotoshin, a town of Prus- sian Poland, cap. circ, reg. and 54 m. S.S.E. Posen. Pop. 6,750, who manuf. woollen and linen fabrics, tobacco, leather, and chicory ; and have a large trade in wool. The duchy of which it is cap. belongs to the Prince of Tour & Taxis. Krotzingen, a vill. of Baden, circ. Upper Rhine, on the railway between Basle and Frei- burg, 9 m. S.W. Freiburg. Pop. 1,311. Krota, or Crota (Turk. Ak-Hissat), a town of Albania, sanj. and 45 m. S.S.E. Scutari. Pop. 15,000 (?). It has some manufe. of arms ; and is the birth-place of Geo. Castriot or Scanderbeg. Krumau, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 14 m. S.S.W. Budweis, on an isl. in the Moldau. Pop. 5,196. It has manufs. of cottons, woollens, and paper ; & a fine palace of Prince Schwarzenberg. Krusekstern Island, one of tlie Diomede isls., Behring Strait. Lat. 65° 46' N., Ion. 168° 65' \\. Krushovatz, or Krujevacz, a town of Servia, near the Morava, 34 m. W. Nissa. It is the re- sidence of a Greek bishop, has an old castle, and was the cap. of Servia before conquered by the Turks Kruschwitz is a market town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 34 m. S.S.E. Bromberg. Pop. 390. It was formerly important, and the native place of the Polish King Piast. Kdba, a fortified town of Russia in the Cau- casus, prov. Daghestan, formerly residence of a khan, on S. sideof ariv. of same name. Pop. (1844) 4,200. It is new, &, being Russian,its streets are straight. It has a bazaar with rich Persian car- pets, and 3 mosques. On the opposite side of the river is Kulgat, a Jews' village. Pop. 4,000. Kuban, Hypanis, a river of S. Russia, rises near KUB 739 KUN Mount Elburz, receives numerous aiBs. from the Caucasian mountain ciiain, and, after a generally W. course estimated at 380 m., between Circassia uid the gov. Caucasus, enters the Bay of Kuban, Black Sea, 20 m. N. Aaapa. It is rapid and difficult of navigation. Along its banks are nu- merous Russian forts. KuBETCHi, a town of Russian Caucasus, prov. Daghestaa,42m. N.N.W. Derbend. Pop. 6,000, who manuf. arms and woollen cloths. KuBiN, two Tills, of Hungai-y. — I. Banat, 65 m. S.S.W. Temesvar. Pop. 4,700.-11. {AUo-Kubin), 32 m. N.N.E. Neusohl. P. 1,291. [Also-Kubin.] EuDA, a vill. of India, Conkan (Alaliaratha country), 4 m. W. the town of Thai, & 42 m. from Bombay. Here many cave temples have re- cently been discovered. K-DFA, a decayed town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. Bagdad, 25 m. S. the ruins of Babylon. It was founded by the Caliph Omar, and contains the mosque where All was assassinated. From it the Arabic characters designatedCK^c are named. Kdfstein, a town and fortress of the Tyrol, circ. Inntbal, on the Inn, and on the Bavarian frontier, 43 m. N.E. Innsbruck. Pop. 1,400. KurLENBrBO, or Eulembobgh, a fortified town of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, on the Lech, 10 m. N.W. Thicle. Pop. 4,697. It has mamifs. a£ arms, silk fabrics, and twist. Kola, a vill. of Hungary, oo. Bacs, with Ro- man Catholic and Greek churches. Pop. 6,304. Kdt.ah, a frontier vill. of Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 40 m. N.W. Kars. EniJ>SHA, Ele, or Ili (Chin. Hoei-Yuan- Tchmg), a fortified city of Chinese Turkestan, cap. of Dzonngaria, and of a military dist., on the Mi river. Lat. 43° 61' N., Ion. 82° 27' E. Pop. mostly Mantchoo, a large garrison being main- tamed; but here are ^so 1,500 Mohammedan £unilies. It is the seat of considerable trade. KuiisJEBA, a large fortified vill. of W. Hin- dostan, dom. and 10 m S.W. Banswara. EiiLLUOAnM, a firontier town of Beloochistan, prov. Mekran, 120 m. N.E. Bunpoor. Edlm, several towns of Germany, &c. — I. W. Prussia, reg. and 34 m. S.W. Marienwerder, near the Vistula. Pop. (1846) 6,260. It has manufs. of woollen cloth, a mifitary school, Roman Ca- tholic and Lutheran churches. — ^11. a vill. of Bohemia, circ. and 16 m. K.N.W. Leitmeritz, at the foot of the Erzgebirge mountains. Pop. 620. Here on 29th and 30th August 1813, the French army under Vandamme were totally defeated by the confederated army, under the personal com- mand of the Emperors of Russia and Austria, and King of Prussia. — III. a mkt. town of Bohemia, circ. and 9 m. W.S.W. Elbogen, on the Eger. KoLMBACH, or CuLMBACH, a wallcd town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Franconia, on railway, 48 m, N.E. Niimberg. Pop. 4,000. Principal edifice the ancient fortress, now a house of correction. Kdlmsee, a small town of W. Prussia, reg. Marienwerder, 15 m. S.E. Kulm. Pop. 1,640. Kdlna, a vill. of British India, presid. & prov. Bengal, dist. Jessore, on an arm of the Ganges, 78 m. E. Calcutta, It has a brisk trade, is a station for steamers to take in coal ; and is the seat of many sugar and indigo factories. Kdlpa, a riv. of Austrian Croatia, rises 25 m. N.N.E. Fiume, flows E., mostly separating civil mdmilitary Croatia, and, after a course of 120 m., oins the Save a little beyond Petrinia. KcLPi Salt Mines, Armenia, 40 m. N.W. Mount Ararat, are on the Persian side of the iras, but belong to the Russians, and consist of ixcavations in a hill range, composed of salt. KuLSHEiM, a town of Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, 6 m. S. Wertheim. Pop. 2,180. KuLD, arajahship of the Punjab, consisting of a few valleys on the S. slope of the Himalaya, betw. lat 31° 30' and 32° 30' N., and Ion. 77° 30' E. KoLUTzi, or Khaletse, a lai-ge vill. of Central Asia, Ladakh, in lat. 34° 20' N., Ion. 76° 44' E., near the Indus, which, in its vicinity, is crossed by a wooden bridge about 30 yards m length. KoMA, a riv. of S. Russia, gov. Caucasus, en- ters the Caspian about 135 m. S. W. Astrakhan, after a N.E. course of 800 miles. Rumania, or Cumania, two privileged dists. of Hungary, W. of the Theiss. — I. {Great\ cap. Felegyhaza. — II. {Little), cap. Jasz-Bereny. KuMAON, or Kemaon, a prov. of N. Hindostan, forming a part of British India, presid. Bengal, N. W. provs., comprised, with a part of Ghurwal, mostly between lat. 29° and 31° N., and Ion. 78° and 81° E., including a portion of the S. slope of the Himalaya. Area (with Ghurwal) 6,962 sq. m. Pop 166,755. Some of its mountains rise to 25,000 feet in elevation. The Upper Ganges and Kali rivers bound it on the W. and E. The central and lower regions are almost an uninterrupted forest. Wheat, hemp, rice, and a little com are raised. The cultivation of the tea plant has lately been introduced with success. Mineral products comprise copper, iron, and lead, which, with turmeric, ginger, &c., are sent to the plains, and exchanged for chintz and cot- ton cloths, sugai', tobacco, sugar candy, glass, hardwares, and European manufs. Some coarse woollen, hempen, cotton, camlet, and bamboo fabrics ar*^ woven, and an active transit-trade is carried on between Tibet and Hindostan. Large periodical fairs are also held in the principal towns, which comprise Almorah, the cap., Mandi, and Kasipoor. Kumaon contains numerous Hindoo temples and places of pilgrimage. KuMLA Gdbh (the " Fool's fortress "), a range of hill-forts in the Punjab, rajahship Mnndi, near the Beas, m lat. 31° 41' N., Ion. 76° 37' E. ; the principal rising on an isolated rock to 1,600 feet above that river, and 3,000 feet above the sea. They were considered impregnable until taken by the Sikhs under General Ventura. KuN, 2 vills. & market towns of Hungary, Ku- mania. — I. (St Marion) on the Koros, 70 m. S.E. Pesth. Pop. •6,280 II. (St Miklos), 32 m. S.E. Pesth, on an arm of the Danube. Pop. 6,200. Kunashib, one of the Kurile isls., N.E. Jcsso, Japan. Length 70 m. ; average breadth 25 m. Kdnchinqinoa Mountain. [Himalaya.] KuNDA, a small seaport town of Russia, gov. Esthonia, on the Gulf of Finland, 10 m. N.E. Wesenberg, and where is a new harbour. KuNBAiLAH and KuNDAX, two towns of Hin- dostan. — I. 60 m. N.W. Jeypoor. — II. presid. Bengal, dist. Tiperah, 24 m. S.S.E. Comillah. KuNG, a small town of Persia, prov. Laristan, opposite the island Kishm, Persian Gulf. Here the Portuguese formerly wrought copper mines. KuNGOUR, a town of Russia, gov. & 42 m. S.E. Perm, on the Silva. Pop. (1838) 8,400, partly employed in tanneries and soap manufs., but chiefly engaged in mining and in iron-works. KuN-HEGTES, a vill. of Hungary, Great Cu- mania, near Kardzag, on the Theiss. Pop. 6,183. KuNjpooBA, a walled town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. and 73 m. N. Delhi. KuNKA, a town of British India, presid. Ben- gal, dist. and 80 m. N.E. Cuttack, and cap. a ra- jahship, comprising about 380 sq. m. KuNKUL, a town and place of pilgrimage, Hin- dostan, presid. Bengal, upper provs., dist. Seha- KUN 740 KUS runpoor, on the Upper Ganges, i m. S.W. Hurdwar, with which it communicates by a new government road. It is a resid. of rich natives. KuNTCOTE, a town of W. Hindostan, Cntoh, 62 m. E.N.E. Bhooj. KiJNZELSAU, a town of Wiirtemberg, ciro. Jaxt, on the Kocher, 24 m. N.E. Heilbronn. Pop. 2,600. It has two castles, & manufs. of tobacco. Kuopio, atown of Finland, cap. Isen, on a penin- sula, in Lake Kalavese, 180 m. E. Vasa. P. 2,000. KuppEBWUNjE, a town of British India, pre- sid, Bombay, dist. & 25 m. E. Ahemedabad, en- closed by walls, and estimated to comprise 3,000 houses. It has manufs. of soap and pottery. KuR, or KooB, Cyras, the principal river of Georgia, W. Asia, the whole of which prov. it drains, rises in the pash. Akhalzikh, ijows mostly E.S.E., and enters the Caspian, 100 m. S.W. Ba- ku, after a course estimated at 520 m. Chief affluents, the Aras or Araxes, Alazan and Tara. K.CKDISTAW, or KooKDisTAN, Assi/ria, an exten- sive region of W. Asia, mostly between lat. 32° and 38° N., and Ion. 42° and 47° E., and shared between Turkey & Persia; Turkish-Kurdistan being mostly comprised in the pash. Bagdad, and Persian-Kurdistan in the prov. Irak-Ajemi. Area estimated at about 620,000 sq. m. Pop. 1,000,000, of which 4-5ths are Kurds; but its limits are ill defined. Surface mountainous, es- pecially in the N., and Mount Bisutun rises to 12,000 feet. Principal rivers, the Zab Aid, Zab Asfal, and Diyalah, affluents of the Tigris. Cattle rearing is the chief occupation of the pop., and large numbers of sheep and goats are annually transported hence to Constantinople, Aleppo, &c. ; other products are rice, cotton, tobacco, galls, and timber, the only cultivated land, how- ever, is near the vills. The Turkish are more settled in their habits than the Persian Kurds ; but a large proportion of the pop. wander in hordes over the country, very imperfectly sub- ject to either the Turkish or Persian sovereigns. Principal towns, Arbil, Altun-Kupri, & Kerkuk. KuBaAON and Kuboommah, two towns of Hin- dostan ; the former, dom. and 62 m. S.W. In- door, still large, and once flourishing ; the latter, British India, presid. Bengal, on the Hustoo riv., lat. 23° 9' N., Ion. 82° 33' E. KuatLE Islands, a group of about 25 islands in the N. Pacific, extending from Kamtchatka to Japan, of which latter dom. the three most S. form a part, the rest belonging to Russia ; be- tween lat. 43° 40' and 67° N., and Ion. 145° and 166° E. Total estimated area 3,070 sq. m. Pop. uncertain, but small. Surface very irregular, & here are many volcanic mountains, some rising to 6,000 feet in elevation. The inhabitants live mostly by hunting and fishing, the products of which they barter to Russian, American, Ja- panese, and Dutch traders. Chief isls., Iturup, Kunashir, Paramushir, Crup, and Amakutan. jXuemilla, a considerable fortified town of British India, presid. Bombay, dist. Kaira, 68 m. S.E. Ahmednuggur. KuKNADL, a town of British India, presid. Ben- gal, Upper provs., dist. and 70 m. N.W. Delhi, on Ali Merdan's canal, and formerly the seat of some military cantonments, now abandoned. KuKKiK, a town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 13 m. S.S.E. Posen. Pop. 2,730, engaged in woollen cloth and damask weaving. KuRNOoi., a rajahship of India, at the S. ex- tremity of the Nizam's dom., with a strongly for- tified cap. town of same name, on the Toombud- dra, 110 m. S.S.W. Hyderabad, & taken by the British, December 14, 1815. Ktjbacohes, or Kabachee, the principal sea- port town of Soinde, on an inlet of the Indian O., 18 m. irom the W. branch of the Indus. Lat. 24° 47' 3' N., Ion. 66° 66' 2' E. Pop. (1830) 16,000. It stands on a low sandy shore, and a few years ago consisted, with its extensive suburbs, mostly of straggling huts ; but the latest accounts state that it has been almost rebuilt, and greatly im- proved since it has become a British possession ; its old fortifications were levelled by Sir Charles Napier, & its trade and consequence are rapidly augmenting. The harbour is the only port along this coast for vessels drawing more than 10 feet water, and is sheltered by C. Munorah, about 4 m. S.W., on which is a fort, and beyond it a good road-stead. Kurrachee has considerable military and political importance, & commercial relations with Cutch, Bombay, the Malabar ports, and E. Beloochistan. In 1837, 60 well manned fishing boats belonged to the port. The town was bombarded and taken by the British in 1839, and was subsequently retained as a military post. A great loss occurred here afterwards from cholera amongst the British troops. KuBBEA, or KiBiA, a town of Chinese Turke- stan, 180 m. S.E. Khoten, with 4,000 houses. (?) KuBBEE, a town of W. Hindostan, Guicowar's dom., 25 m. N.W. Ahmedabad. — II. an oasis in the Runn of Cutch, Hindostan, 65 m. N.E. Bhooj. KuBBiCHANE, a large town of S. Africa, Bechu- ana territory, estimated to be near lat. 26° 40' S., Ion. 27° 10' E., and 5,000 feet above the sea. Pop. 16,000 (?). It is partly stone-built, and ap- pears fitted for people above a savage state. KuKSHEE, one of the principal towns of the Bokhara dom., Central Asia, 100m. S.E. Bokhara, & S.W. Samarcand, in a fertile oasis. P. 10,000. KuBUM, or Kabdn, EuIieus, a river of Persia, rises in & traverses the Bakhtiyari hill country, & the prov. Khuzistan, and enters the head of the Persian Gulf by several mouths, after a total course of about 240 m. Principal affls. the Diz- ful and Jerahi, which last joins an arm of its Delta. The HaflFar canal connects its lower part with the Shat-el-Arab. It is navigable for ves- sels drawing 4 feet water from the sea to within 6 m. of Shuster, with which city it is further con- nected by the Ab-i-gargar Canal. Kcezolari Islands, Echniades, a small group of Ionian Islands, oif the coast of Acainania. Lat. 38° 20' N., Ion. 21° E., comprising Oxia, Makri, and Vroman, inhabited by fishers. KnsEL, a town of Rhen. Bavaria, on the Glan, 17 m. N.W. Kaiserlautern. Pop. 2,200. KrsHviNSK, a mining town of Russia, gov. and 70 miles E.N.E. Perm. Pop. 6,000. KcsNETZK, two towns of the Russian dom.— I. gov. and 110 m. N.E. Saratov. Pop. (18.38) 10,626, employed in tannhig, iron works, and trading in timber. — II. Asiatic Russia, gov. Tomsk, on the Tom, 150 m. E.N.E. Barnaul. P. 2,120, eng. in iron -works, and trade in peltry. KussNACHT, two vills. of Switzerland. — I. cant, and 4 m. S.E. Zurich, on the Lake of Zurich, with 1,500 inhabitants, some baths, and cotton & woollen manuiis. — II. cant, and 11 m. W.N.W. Schwytz, at the N. extremity of the Lake of Lucerne, famous in the history of William Tell, as the place where he escaped from Gessler. KussooB, a town of the Punjab, near the Ghara (Sutleje), 27 m. S.S.E. Lahore. It is large, ancient, enclosed by bastioued walls, subdivided into numerous fortified quarters, and has several mosques and palaces. Pop. Mohammedan. KusTENDJi, Comtantiana, a fortified seaport town of European Turkey, Bulgaria, on the KUS 741 LAB Black Sea, 40 m. E. Kassova, at the termination ot Trsgan's wall, of which some traces exist. It has some trade in corn, abundant supplies of which are raised in its vicinity, but its harbour is exposed, and ill adapted for large ships. KiJSTaiN, a fortified town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circ. and 17 m. N.E. Franltfurt, at the confl. of the Wai'tha with the Oder, on a marsh crossed by 36 bridges. Pop. (IS^e) 6,556. It has extensive grain and powder magazines, & a strong castle. It was bombarded by the Rus- sians in 1788, and taken by the French in 1806. KcTAis, or KoTAis, the cap. town of Imeretia, Russian Transcaucasia, and anciently the cap. of Colchis, 63 m. E.S.E. Kedut-Kale, on the Rion. Pop. 1,600, nearly half Jews. KcTATA, or KoTAiAH, CotycBum, a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, and the usual residence of its pasha, in lat. 39° 24' N., and Ion. 30° 19' E. It stands in a mountainous region, is large and po- pulous, and has numerous mosques, public baths, and khans, some Greek and Armenian churches, a mntn. fortress, & many handsome private build- ings, interspersed with gardens. Trade chiefly in com, cotton, fruits, gall nuts, goats' hair, ifc wool. KuTCH, a prov. of W. Hindostan. [Cutch.] KtriNO, a town of Poland, gov. and 70 m. W. ^f arsaw. Pop. (1838) 4,000, employed in manufs. of leather and woollen cloths, &c. Kdtsclee, a consid. walled town of Brit. India, Upper provs., dist. and 2-5 m. N. Meerut. K.UTTENBERO, a town of Bohemia, circ. and % m. N."W. Czaslao, on the railway from Prague to Vienna. Pop. 8,603, mostly employed in copper, lead, and silver mines. Ktrrr, a town of Austria, Galicia, circ, and 20 m. S.E. Eolomea, on the Czeremosze. Pop. 3,570. Kwi-LiN, or QuEi-LiKG, a city of China, cap. prov. Quang-si, on the Kwi-kiang river, 236 m. N.W. Canton, stated to be fortified in the Euro- pean style. Kwi-cHoo, a prov. in the S.W. of China. Pop. (1812)6,288,219. {Chinese census). Surface moun- tainous; cattle rearing is stated to be chiefly followed ; manufs. few. It has mines of gold and silver, vermilion, and iron, and is divided into 13 deps. Chief city,Kwi-yang. Kwi-TE, a city of China, prov. Ho-nan, cap. dep , 70 miles S.E. Khai-fung. Ktholm Island. [North Sea.] Kyle, a dist., Scotland, middle part of co. Ayr. Ktles-of-Bute, a narrow arm of the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, between the N."W. of the Isle of Bute & the mainland of co. Argyle. Its shores are in the highest degree picturesque, KvLOE, a parochial chapelry of England, co. Durham, 6 m. N.W. Belford. Ac. 7,750. P. 1,023. Ktme, a pa. of Engl, co. Lincoln, 7 m. E.N.E. Sleaford. Area 8,218 ao. Pop. 942. It has remains of a priory of the reign of Henry ii. KiPARissiA (lately Arhadia), a seaport town of Greece, Morea, cap. gov., on the Gulf of Ark- hadia, 24 m. N. Navai'ino. Pop. 2,500. Kyraghok, a town of India, Berar dom., 113 miles E.N.E. Nagpoor. Kybe, a pa. of Engl., co. and 16 m. W.N.'W, Worcester, Area 1,580 ac. Pop. 160. Ktkee (Dera & Gurree), two vills. of Soinde, respectively 12 and 37 miles N. Larkhana. Kybeeghdr, a town of N. Hindostan, dom, & 136 miles N.W. Oude, on the Kali. Kvritz, a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. Potsdam, cap. circ, on an afS. of the Elbe, 53 miles N.W. Berlin. Pop. 3,600. Ktskal, a decayed town of Siberia, gov. To- bolsk, near the Obe, ruined by fire in 1841, Laa, or Laha, a fortified town of Lower Aus- tria, on the Thava, & on the borders of Moravia, 36 m. N. Vienna. Pop. 1,378. Laak, a small town of Illyria, Krain, circ. and 12 m. N.W. Laybach, with a castle, & 1,072 mhabs. Laalakd, or LoLLAND, an isl. of Denmark, in the Baltic, betw. lat. 64° 38' & 64° 68' N., & Ion. 11° & 11° 52' E. Area 462 sq. m. Pop. (1847) 53,200. Surface low and level ; it is one of the most fertile of the Danish islands, producing fine crops of com, hemp, hops, apples, and timber. Laarat, an island of the Malay Archipelago, off the N. extremity of Timor-Iaut. Length and breadth about 30 miles each. Laas, a small town of Austria, Illyria, Car- niola, 29 m. S. Laybach. Pop. 520. Laasphe, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 36 m. S.S.E. Amsberg, on the Lahn. Pop. engaged in woollen cloth factories & iron works. Labbeo, a vill. of Central Italy, Pontif, Sta., deleg. & 9 m. N.W. Rieti, with 900 inhabitants, a collegiate church, and an hospital. Laber, several small rivers of Bavaria, tribu- taries to the Danube. A vill. on one of these, circ. Upp. Palat., 10 m. N.W. Regcnsburg, has 854 inhabs., 2 churches, a castle, and iron manufs. Labes, a town of Prussian Pomerauia, reg. & 42 m. E.N.E. Stettin. Pop. 3,207. Labiau, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 26 m. N.E. KiJnigsberg, on the Deine. Pop. 3,595. Labiszin, or Labischin, a town of Prussian Poland, reg. & 13 m, S.S.W. Bromberg. P. 2,620. Labrador, a vast peninsula of British N. Amer., between lat. 51° and 62° N,, & Ion. 55° & 78° W,, having S. & S.W. Lower Canada, W. James and Hudson Bays, N. & N.W. Hudson Strait & the Atlantic, and S.E. Belleisle Strait and the Gulf of St Lawrence. Area loosely estimated at 420,000 sq. m., and pop. at 4,000 ; consisting of Esqui- maux, with a few Europeans. Its shores are most desolate and sterile, but the interior is wooded, well irrigated, and in parts mntnous., Mt. Thoresby rising to 2,730 feet in elevation. Several large rivers enter the sea on its coasts. Climate very severe, but less foggy than in New- foundland. Com will not ripen, and only hardy kitchen vegetables are raised. The whale, cod, salmon, and herring fisheries, employ the indus- try of its inhabitants. About 300 schooners come annually to the E. coast, during the fishing season, from Newfoundland, 120 from Nova Sco- tia and New Brunswick, and some from Canada ; and it is estimated that 20,000 British subjects are employed in whale, cod, salmon, and hei*ring fisheries off Labrador, during the season, besides the crews of about 400 United States' vessels, which visit the coast annually. Much of the produce is sent to Newfoundland before being exported to Europe ; but here are several Eng- lish and Jersey establishments, and f-Sd of the resident inhabitants consists of English, Irish, & Jersey servants left in charge, and who take ann. from 16,000 to 18,000 seals. Total annual value of produce in fish, oil, &o., has been estimated at 302,000/. The European settlements, all on the E. coast, consist of Forteau and Bradore bays LAB 742 LAD Anse, le Blanc, and the Moravian stations Nain, Okhalc, Hopedale, and Hebron. Labrador was discovered by Cabot in 1496 ; and rediscovered by Hudson in 1610. Labbede, a comm. & vili. of France, dep. Gi- ronde, cap. cant., 11 m. S. Bordeaux. Pop. 1,329. Its castle was the birth-place of Montesquieu. Labkit, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Landes, arrond. and 16 m. N. Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. 938. It was formerly a town called Albert, and has ruins of a castle of Henri iv. LABRnGuifeHii, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Tarn, cap. cant., 4 m. S.S.E. Castres. Pop. 3,666. Labuan (Pulo), an island of the Malay Archi- pelago, off the N.W. coast of Borneo, 30 m. N. Borneo. Lat. of its centre 6° 22' N., Ion. 116° 10' E. Length 10 m., breadth 6 m. It has a pretty good harbour, some worliable beds of coal, and abundance of good water. It was taken posses- sion of by the British in 1846. Labu-Hadji, a seaport town of the Malay Ar- chipelago, on the E. coast of the island Lombok. Labun, a town of Kuss. Poland, gov. Volhynia, on the Khorim, 50 m. "W.S.W. Jitomir. P. 3,200. Labv, a town of W. Africa, Senegambia, state Futa-Jallon, 60 m. N.N.W. Timbo, reported to have manufs. of cloth, metallic goods, &c. Lacakacoonda, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. Birbhoom, 116 m. N.E. Calcutta. Lacaune, a comm. and vill. of S. France, dep. Tarn, arr. & 23 m. E.N.E. Castres. Pop. 3,965. Lacaze, a comm. and town of France, dep. Tarn, arrond. and 16 m. N.E. Castres. P. 2,366. Laccabive Isles, a group of low islands in the Indian Ocean, Cananore dom., extending between lat. 10° & 12° N., and Ion. 72° & 74° E., about 160 m. W. of the Malabar coast. They consist of 17 principal isles of coral formation, 4 of which be- long to the E. I. Co., Anderov, the largest, being 3 miles long, and 8 have an aggregate pop. of 9,980 Mohammedans. Principal products are coir, jaggery, cocoa, and betel nuts, with some rice, sweet potatoes, and small cattle. The best cables of Malabar are made from the Laccadive coir. Discovered by Vasoo de Gama in 1499. Lacebt, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 4 m. W.S.W. Great Grhnsby. Area 1,660 ac. P. 755. Lacedogna, a small town of Naples, prov. Princip. Ult., cap. cant., 19 m. E.S.E. Ariano. Pop. 600. It is a bishop's see. Lacepede Islands, a group of low sandy isls., N.W. AustraUa, off Dampier Land. — Lacepede Bay, S. Australia, is that part of Encounter Bay immediately N. Cape Bemouilli. Lachen, a town of Switzerland, cant, and 13 m. N.N.E. Schwyz, on the S. shore of the lake of Zurich. Pop. 1,510. Laohfork, a chapelry of England, co. Chester, pa. Grappenhall, 1 m. S.E.Warrington. P. 2,361. Lachlan, a river of E. Australia, rises by several heads in the cos. King and Bathurst, New South Wales, flows W., and joins the Mur- rumbidgee to form the Murray river, near lat. 84° 30' S., Ion. 144° 10' E. In the last part of its course it expands into extensive marshes. Total course may be estimated at 400 m. It gives name to a dist., having an area of about 15,000 sq. m., and a pop. of 2,198, between the rivers Lachlan and Murrumbidgee. La Chboma, an islet of the Adriatic, 5 m. E. Bagusa, at which Richard Coeur de Lion landed on his return from Palestine. Lachsa, a town of Arabia, on a bay of the Persian Gulf, opposite the island Bahrein. Lackawannack, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, 6 m. S.W. Mercer. P. 2,130. Lackfobd, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 6} m. N.W. Bury-St-Edmunds. Area 2,470 ac. P. 193. Lackinqton, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, IJ m. E.N.E. Ilminster. Area 1,170 ac. P. 283. Lacock, or Laycook, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 3 m. S. Chippenham. Area 41,710 ac. Pop. 1,780. Here are an ancient church and stone cross, and interesting remains of a large nunnery, founded in 1232, in one of the rooms of which is preserved a copy of Magna Charta, sent by Henry ni. to the Countess of Salisbury. Laconi, a vill. of the island Sardinia, div. and 45 m. N. Cagliari, cap. maud., on a hill. P. 1,768. Laconia, a gov. of Greece, comprising the S.- most sub-peninsula of the Morea. Principal town, Zimova {AriopolU) on its W. coast. Ladakh, an independent country of Central Asia, between lat. 32° and 36° N., & Ion. 76° and 79° B., having S. and S.W. the Himalaya sepa- rating it from Cashmere and other dependencies of the Punjab, N. the Karakorum mountains, se- parating it from Chinese Turkestan, E. Great Tibet, and N.W. Baltee or Little Tibet. Area loosely estimated at 30,000 sq. m., and pop. at from 160,000 to 180,000, mostly Tibetans. Snr- face wholly mountainous, interspersed with nar- row valleys, the principal -being those of the Upper Indus and its affluents. Soil sterile, and climate severe; yet the mountain sides being carefully embanked with stone dykes, and in- dustriously cultivated, pretty good crops of wheat, bariey, & buckwheat, are raised, with ap- ples and apricots. Prangos, a peculiar kind of fodder, is abundant, as is rhubarb. Sulphur, iron, lead, and copper might be mined profitably ; and this country is the great depot for the wool used for the mauuf. of cashmere shawls. The transit trade with all the neighbouring regions is exten- sive, and conducted mostly by means of mules & sheep. Government despotic, but the rajah is controlled by the priests, who swarm in this country as in Tibet. Armed force consists of a peasant-militia, and Ladakh has been repeatedly under the rule of more powerful neighbours; during the life of Runjeet Singh it formed a part of his dom. Principal city, Leh. Ladekoke, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 2 m. S. Southam. Area 6,100 ac. Pop. 262. Ladeinge-Pole, a small town of Russia, gov. Olonetz, on the Svirlia, 30 m. from its mouth, in Lake Ladoga, and where, under Peter the Great, the first Russian ships were built for the naviga- tion of the Baltic. Ladenburo, a town of Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, cap. dist., on the Neckar, with a station on the Main-Neokar railway, 6 m. E.S.E. Mann- heun. Pop. 2,431. Ladignac, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Haute- Vienne, arrond. St Triex. Pop. 2,600. Ladik, the modem name of the ancient iao- dicea Comlmsta, Asia Minor. Ladock, a pa. of Engl., co. Comwsil], 3^ m. W.N.W. Grampound. Area 6,730 ac. Pop. 857. Ladoga (Lake), the largest lake of Europe, Russia, mostly between lat. 69° 58' and 61° 46' N., and Ion. 30° and 33° E., enclosed by the govs. St Petersburg, Olonetz, and Wyborg. Area 6,190 sq. m. Depth very unequal. Shores generally low ; and it contains several isls., and numerous rooks and quicksands. It receives about 60 rivs., and discharges its surplus waters by the Neva into the Gulf of Finland. The Ladoga canal, 70 m. in length, and 74 feet in breadth, & the Siasl & Svir canals, form a navigable chain all around its S. and S.E. sides. Ladoga (New), a town of Russia, on the S, LAD 743 LAH shore of Lake Ladoga, gov. & 70 m. E. St Peters- burg. P. 3,000 Old Ladoga is a vill. adjacent. Lasa Isles, a cluster of high rugged isls., off the N.W. coast of the Malay peninsula. Ladbones, or Marianne Islands, a group in the N. Pacific, belonging to Spain, mostly be- tween lat. 13' & 21° N., & Ion. 144° & 145° E., & consisting of 20 isls., of which only C are inha- bited. Pop. 10,000. They are of volcanic origin, densely wooded, and very fertile. Principal isls., Guguan,Rota, and Tinian, on the first of which is t£e cap. town St Ignazio de Agaria. — II. a small group in the Chinese Sea, opposite the en- trance to the Canton river, 18 m. S.E. Macao. Ladwa, a town of N. Hindostan, cap. a small chiefehip, 22 m. E.N.E. Kurnaul. Lady, a pa. of Scotland, co. Orkney, in the N.E. of the Isle of Sanda. Area 8 sq. m. P. 909. — Ladybank is a station on the EcUnbur^h, Dun- dee, and Perth railway, Scotland, co. Fife, at its divergence to Perth. .Ladx Isle, an uninhabited rocky islet, off the W, coast of Scotland, co. and 5} m. N.N. W. Ayr. It is important, as affording the only sheltered anchorage along a great extent of coast. Last Jdlia Pekcy Island, an islet, off the S. coast of Australia, in Portland Bay. Lat. 33° 35' S., Ion. 141° 60' E. Ladykibk, a pa. of Scotl., co. & 7 m. W.S.W. Berwick-on- Tweed. Area 3,100 ac. Pop. 604. LABS.EN, a vill. of Belgium, prov. S. Brabant, 2 m. N. Brussels, with which it communicates by a planted avenue. It has a royal park & residence. La Fayette, several cos., U. S., N. Amer. — I. in S. of Louisiana. Area 1,800 sq.m. Pop. 7,841. — II. in N. of Mississippi. Area 790 sq. m. Pop. 6,531 — III. in W. of IVQssouri. Area 460 sq. m. Pop. 6,815.— lY. in S. of Arkansas. Area 1,260 sq. m. Pop. 2,200. — Also several tnshps. — 1. 130 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,600.-11. a vill., Georgia, in its N.W. part, and having about 100 houses. — III. a vill., Indiana, on the navigable Wabash, 63 m. N.W. Indianopolis. Pop. about 2,000. It has a court-house, gaol, mkt.-house, bank, 7 churches, and is connected by canal with Lake Erie IV. a town, Louisiana, forming the N.E. suburb of New Orleans. Pop. 3,207. It has a steam ferry across the Mississippi. Lafourche, a branch of the Mississippi river, U. S., N. Amer., Mississippi, leaves the riv. near Donaldsville, and flows 90 m. S.E. into the Gulf of Mexico. — II. a pa. in S.E. of Louisiana. Area 11,000 sq.m. Pop. 7,303. Lasan, a river of Ireland, Ulster, rises in the Slieve-Croob mountains, co. Down, & after a N.E. course of 35 m., enters Belfast harbour. It has been made navigable beyond Lisburn, whence a canal connects it with Lough Neagh. Laoe, 2 small towns of N. Germany. — I. grand duchy Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circ. Wenden, on the Kecknitz, 12 m. N.E. Giistrow. Pop. 1,624. — II. princip. Lippe-Detmold, on the Werra, 7 m. S.W. Lemgo. Pop. 1,500. Lagoan, a pa. of Scotl., co. Inverness, about 17m.S.E. Fort Augustus. Pop. 1,201. Length of Loch Laggan, in this pa., about 7 m. On its shore are the remains of an ancient church. Laokaseo, a town of Piedmont, div. Coni, prov. and 4 m. S.E. Saluzzo. Pop. 1,921. Laqnied, a coram, and town of France, dep. Ain, arrond. & 18 m. N. Belley, near the Rhone, here crossed by a chain bridge. Pgi. 2,214. Lagkt, a comm. and town of France, dep. Scine-et-Marne, arrond. and 10 m. S.W. Meaux, on 1. b. of the Marnc. Pop. 2,082. It manufs. cheese, and has a large grain market. Lago, a vill. of Naples, prov. Calab. Citra, 10 m. S.W. Cosenza. Pop. 2,600. LoooA, a town of Brazil, on E. coast of island, Sta. Catharina. Pop. 3,000. [Catiiabina Sta.J Lago-Maggiobe, or Lake of Looaeno, Lacus YerbantiSf a lake of N. Italy, enclosed by Piedmont, Lombardy, and the Swiss cant. Ticino, being the most W. of the great lakes in this region. Shape very in'egular. Length 40 m., average breadth 2 m. ; depth in some places 300 fathoms. It is traversed by the Ticino river, of which it is properly but an expansion. On its highly picturesque banks are the towns Arena, Canobbio, Locarno, Luino, and Lavena, and it contains the Borromean isles. Steam packets were estabUshed on it in 1826. Lagonegro, a town of Naples, prov. Basili- cata, cap. dist., and 76 m. S.S.E. Salerno. Pop. 4,000. It has an old castle, & manufs. of woollen cloth & caps. — Lago Santo is a vill. of the Pontif. Sta., 25 m. E.S.E. Ferrara. Pop. 1,350. Lagor, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. B. Pyrenees, cap. cant., 15 m. N.W. Pau. P. 1,738. Lagos, a fortified seaport town of Portugal, prov. Algarve, cap. coraarca, 110 m. S. Lisbon, Pop. 7,000. It stands on a large bay, and has a miUtary asylum, town hospital, and two parish churches. — II. a town of the Mexican confedera- tion, state and 100 m. E.N.E. Guadalaxara, hav, ing near it some rich silver mines. — III. a town of Guinea, cap. state, on an inlet of the bight of Benin, 160 m. W. Benin, & S.E. Abomey. Pop. 5,000 (?). — IV. agulf & town of European Turkey, Rumili, 88 m. S.W. Adrianople. Lagosta, the most S. island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic. Length 6 m., by 4 m. in breadth. On its N. coast are a vill. and small port. Lagot, a town of Poland, prov. and 35 m. W.N.W. Sandomir. Pop. 1,600. La Grange, a co. of U. S., N. Amer., in N.E. of Indiana. Area 380 sq. m. Fop. 3,644. Se- veral tnshps. of U. S., N. Amer. — I. New York, Dutchess CO. Pop. 1,851,-11. Ohio, 111 m. N.N.E. Columbus.— Pop. 1,001.-111. Alabama, CO. Franklin, near Busselville, and having a me- thodist college, founded in 1831.— IV. Georgia, 108 m. W. Milledgeville. Pop. 1,000 — V. a vill. of Texas, co. Fayette, 60 m. S.E. Austin. Lageasse, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aude, 22 m. S.E. Carcassonne, on 1. b. of the Orbieu. Pop. 1,400. Lagdna, several towns of America. — I. Brazil, prov. Sta. Catharina, GO m. S.W. Nossa Senhora do Desterro, at the mouth of a lagune, whence its name. Pop. 1,000. — II. Yucatan, on the island Carmen, across the mouth of the Lake Terminos. Has trade in logwood.— III. Peru, dep. Assuay, cap. prov. Maynas, on the Huallaga, in lat. 6° 10' N., Ion. 75° 40' W.— IV. (St Cristoval de la), island Teneriffe, on its N. side, in a high and healthy plain, with 6,532 inhabitants. Laguna-de-Madee, Texas, co. San Patricio, extends along the coast nearly from the mouth of the Kio Grande del Norte to that of the Nueces, communicating with the gulf by three shallow inlets between the islands del Padre, de Bayin, &c., & terminating N. in Corpus Christi bay. Length, N. to S., 100 m., breadth 10 m. Lah, a militarypost in Scinde, held by the late Ameers for levymg the customs between Cutch and Hyderabad. Lat. 23° 68' N., Ion. 68° 40' E. Lahadj, or Lahaj, a town of Arabia, Yemen, 18 m. N.W. Aden. It stands in a wide and cul- tivated plain, enclosed by gardens, and has a bazaar, and a sultan's residence. Pop. 6,000. Lahae, two towns of Hindostan,— I. dom, and LAH 744 LAM 66 m. E. Gwalior.— II. British India, presid. Bengal, Upper provs., 53 m. E.S.E. Agra. Lahijan, a town of Persia, prov. Ghilan, 30 m. E.S.E. Eeshd. Pop. 7,000. It is clean, hand- some, and has anc. sculptures. — II. a plain, prov. Azerbijan, S.W. Lake Ummiyah. Lahn, a river of Central Germany, after a W. course, of 100 m,, through Prussia, Hessen, and Nassau, joins the Rhine4 m. S.E. Coblenz.— Za'An is a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 23 m. S.W. Leignitz. Pop. 939. Lahnstein (TJppek and Lower), two contigu- ous market towns of W. Germany, duchy and 8 m. W.N.W. Nassau I. on the Rhine, with an old castle & 1,530 inhabs., employed in cultivating wine and fruit. — II. on the Lahn. Pop. 1,860. Laholm, a seaport town of Sweden, Isen and 16 m. S.S.E. Halmstad, on the Laga-an. P. 1,000. Lahore, the cap. city of the Punjab, British India, on an affluent of the Ravee, in lat. 31° 36' N., Ion. 74° 18' E. Pop. estimated at from 100,000 to 120,000. It is enclosed by a double line of defences, the outer being about 7 m. in circuit. Streets narrow, filthy, and excessively crowded ; houses of brick, and lofty. It has many large and handsome mosques, and around it for many miles are extensive Mohammedan ruins, with the fine tomb of the Emperor Jehan- gire, & the garden of Shah Jehan. Here are also many Hindoo temples, well supplied markets, and a citadel, containing the palace of the Sikh sovereigns. Under the Mogul Emperors, the city was of much greater extent. In 1748, it fell mto the hands of Ahmed Shah ; in 1798 Runjeet Singh was invested governor and rajah. After the final defeat of the Sikhs, in 1849, Lahore was taken possession of by the British. Lahr, a town of Baden, ciro. Middle Rhine, on the Schutter, 53 m. S.S.W. Carlsruhe. Pop. 6,110. Manufs. linens, woollens, and cottons. Laibach, a town of Austria. [Layeaoh.] Laichev, a town of Russia. [Laishev.] Laichingien, a market town of 'Wiirtemberg, circ. Danube, 16 m. N.AV. Ulm. Pop. 2,000. Laishpooe, a town of Scinde, 60 m. S.S.W. Hyderabad. Lat. 24° 34' N., Ion. 68° 22' E. Laigle, Aquila, a comm. and town of France, dep. Orne, cap. cant., on the Rille, 17 m. N.E. Mortagne. Pop. (1846) 4,720. It is walled, and was formerly a military post. It is now the principal manufacturing town of its dep., having thriving manuis. of needles, pins, and steel goods. — II. an island of Lower Canada, formed by the confluence of the Prairie and St Lawrence rivs. Laignes, a comm. & town of France, dep. Cote- d'-Or, arrond. and 10 m. W. Chatillon-sur-Seine. Pop. 1,563. It has manufs. of hats and linens. Laigueglia, a market town of Sardinian Sta., Genoa, prov. and 6 m. S.S.W. Albenga, on the Mediterranean. Pop. (with comm.) 1,421. Lain.ite, a market town of Lombardy, deleg. and 11 m. N.W.Milan, noted for the magnificent palace of the house of Litta. Pop, 2,436. Laindon with Basildon, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 3J m. S.S.E. Blll«ricay. Area 420 ac. Pop, 568. Laiba, a vill. of England, co. Devon, with a station, forming the terminus of the Exeter and Plymouth railway, 2 m. E. Plymouth. Lairg, a pa. of Scotland, co. Sutherland, 18 m. W.N.W. Dornoch. Surface almost entirely in lake, wood, and sheep-walk. Pop. 913. Laishev, a town of Russia, gov. and 30 m. S.E. Kasan. Pop. about 2,100, chiefly engaged in the transit trade of iron and salt by the river. Lairsac, a coram, and town of France, dep. Aveyron, cap. cant., 23 m. N.W. Millau. Pop 1,702. Manufs. pottery and paper. Lai-tchou, a fortified maritime town of China, prov. Shan-tung, cap. dep. on the Gulf of Pe- tche-lee, 280 m. S.E. Peking. Laino, a market town of Naples, prov. CaJab. Cit., 23 m. N.W. Cassano. Pop. 2,600. Laeahubbah, a vill. of the Puijjah, 60 m. N.E. Mooltan, on the route thence to Lahore. Lake, several cos. of the U. S., N. America. — I. in N.E. of Ohio. Area 220 sq. m. Pop. 13,719.-11. in N.W. of Indiana. Area 468 sq. m. Pop. 1,468.-111. in N. of Illinois. Area 425 sq. m. Pop. 2,634. Also a township, Ohio, 134 m. N.E. Columbus. Pop. 2,150. Lakenham, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 1} m. S.S.W. Norwich, of which city its vill. forms a suburb. Pop. 4,006. Larenheath, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, with a station on the E. counties railwav, 5^ m, W.S.W. Brandon. Area 10,650 ac. Pop. 1,679. Lake of the Thoosahd Islands, Upper Canada, is formed where the river St Lawrence emerges from Lake Ontario, and extends for 40 m. N.E. from Kingston. It is supposed to con- tain 1,700 islands ; the largest, Wolfe island, is 10 m. in length by 6 m. in breadth. Lake of the Woods, a lake of British N. America, lat. 49° N., Ion. 95° W., orrc. 300 m.; studded with wooded islands ; shores much in- dented by bays, and produce a good deal of wild rice, receives the Rainy river from the S., and N.ward gives origin to the river Winnipeg. Lakooba, a vill. of Beloochistan, prov. Jhala- wan, 60 m. S.W. Kelat. Laxand, an island of Denmark. [Laaland.] Lalant-Unt, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 3 m. S.E. St Ives. Area 4,240 ac. Pop. 2,012. Lalbenque, a comm. and town of France, dep. Lot, cap. cant., 8 m. S.S.E. Cahors. P. 1,984. Laleham, a pa. of Engl., co. Middlesex, on the Thames, 2i m. S.E. Staines. Ac. 1,290. Pop. 612. Lord Lonsdale has a mansion here. Laleston, a pa. of S. Wales, co, Glamorgan, 3J m. W. Bridgend. Pop. 607. Lalita-Patak, a town of N. Hindostan, Ne- paul, 2 m. S. Khatmandoo. Pop. 24,000 (?). Lallee, a town of the Punjab, between the Chenab and Jhylum rivers, 95 m. W.N.W. La- hore. Pop. 5,000. Lalloo, a vill. of Scinde, 60 m. S. Korce Bukkur, on the road to Hyderabad. Lalpoob, a town of Afghanistan, plain of Jela- labad, on Cabool riv., 36 m. W.N.W. Peshawer. Lalss, a town of Russia, gov. and 270 m. E.N.E. Vologda, on the Luza. Pop. 3,000. Lalsoont, atown of Hindostan, prov. Bajpoo- tana, dom. and 38 m. S.E. Jeypoor. Lama, several vills. of Italy. — I. Naples, prov. Abruzzo Citra, cap. cant., 20 m. S. Chieti. Pop. 2,400.-11. Pontif. sta., deleg. and 6 m. E.N.E. Ascoli. Pop. 1,260 III. N. Italy, gov. Venice, 8 m. E.S.E. Rovigo. — Lama, a river of Russia, gov. Moscow, joins the Volga 25 m. N. Klin. Lamab, a township of the U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, co. Clinton. Pop. 1,883.-11. a seaport town of S. America, Bolivia. [Cobua.] Lamabche, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Vosges, cap. cant., 20 m. S. Neufchateau. P. 1,623. Lambach, a market town of Upper Austria, circ. Hausriick, on the Traun, and on the railway between Gmunden and Linz, 24 m. S.W. Linz. Pop., including the vill. Ebensee, on the oppo- site hank of the river, 2,300, chiefly employed in salt-works. It has a Benedictine abbey. Lamballe, a comm. and town of Fiance, dep. .•ASit LAM 745 LAM CMes-du-Nord, cap. cant., on the Gouessant, 12 m.E.S.E. StBrieuc. Pop. 4,086. It stands on the slope of a hill, crowned by a fine Gothic church, and has manufe. of woollen stufis. Lambay, a small fishing island of Ireland, Leinster, co. Dublin, in the Irish Sea, 3 m. S.E. Rush Point. Area 596 ac. Pop. about 100. Lambayeqce, a town of Peru, dep. and 120 m. N.W. Truxillo, on the Lambayeque river, near its mouth in the Pacific. Pop. 8,000. Lambkrhuhst, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 14 m. S.S.W. Maidstone, and 10 m. S.E. the Tun- bridge station of the S.E. railway. Area 5,290 ac. Pop. 1,572. Here sire the ancient castle & modem house of Sootney. Lambert (St), several market towns and comms. of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire. — 1. (de la Poterie)j arrond. Angers. Pop. 1,273 II. (e river ; the castle, a noble pile, founded at the conquest, on the site of a Roman station, renovated by John of Gaunt, and now embracing, within its vast ai-ea, the co. court house, jaU, and penitentiary ; an ancient pa. church; an excellent grammar school, na- tional and other schools ; some ancient alms- houses; a CO. lunatic asylum ; town-haU, theatre, assembly rooms, baths, custom house, and mar- ket house. It has also a mechanics' institute, and an establislunent for promoting fine arts, with thriving mannfs. of furniture, cotton, silk, linen, sail cloth, exported coastwise, and to N. Amer. and Russia. The coasting trade increases, but the foreign has been chiefly transferred to Li- verpool. The river, obstructed by sands, is be- ing deepened and improved. Reg. shipping (1847) 5,989 tons. Customs duties (1847) 30,774?. The continuation of the Preston railway to Car- lisle and Scotland, places Lancaster in ready communication with both N. and S. Britain. Markets, Wednesday and Saturday. Corp. rev. (1847) 2,649Z. Lancaster is a polling place, and the place of elect, for N. division of co., and sends 2 members to H. of C. Keg. elect. (1848) 1,313. Lahcastee, a co. of U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. of Pennsylvania. Area 928 sq.m. Pop. 84,203. —II. a CO. in E. of Virginia. Area 161 sq. m. Pop. 4,628 (slaves 2,478).— III. a dist. in N. part of S. Carolma. Area 524 sq. m. Pop. 9,907 (slaves 4,236). — IV. a township of New Hamp- shire, cap. CO. Coos, on Connecticut river, here crossed by two bridges, 38 m. N.N.E. Haverhill. Pop. 1,316. It has an academy with 120 students. — V. New York, co. Erie, on Cayuga creek. Pop. 2,083. — VI. a city of Pennsylvania (of which it was formerly the cap.), 63 m. w. Philadelphia. Pop. 8,417. Streets broad, well paved, and cross- ingat right angles. It has 11 churches, a county academy, Franklin college, established in 1787, some iron foundries, & a considerable retail trade. —VII. Massachusetts, 30 m. N.W. Boston. Pop. 2,019.— VIII. a vill., Ohio, on a branch of the Ohio canal, 30 m. S.E. Columbus. Pop. 3,272.— Lancaster Sound, British N. Amer., extends W. from Baffin Bay into Barrow Strait. Lat. 74° to 75° N., Ion. 80° W. L.UICAVA, or Langkavi, an island off the W. coast of the Malay peninsula, forming a portion of a group dependent on the kingdom Quedah. Lat. 6° W N., Ion. 99° 50' E. Lahcebota, Canary Islands. [Lanzarote.] Lanchans, the cap. town or city of the Laos country, S.E. Asia, on the Menam-kong river, lat. 15° 40' N., Ion. 104° 30' E. It is stated to be enclosed by a high wall, and well built. Lanchesteb, a pa. of Engl., co. and 7J m.N.W. Durham. Area 41,890 ac. Pop. 7,783. It has a church in the early Enghsh style, containing some curious sculptures and stained glass, a well endowed almshouse, and a union workhouse. The vill. is a polling place for N. division of co. Lanciano, Axanum, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo-Citra, cap. dist., 6 m. from the Adriatic, and 13 m. S.E. Chieti. Pop. 13,000. It stands agreeably on three hills, has a cathedral, an arch- bi.5hop's palace, 10 pa. churches, several convents. diocesan and other schools. In the middle ages its trade and manufs. were important. Lahcino, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 2^ m. E.N.E. Worthing. Area 2,490 ac. Pop. 781. Lanodt, or L.ANOsnuT, a town of Austria, Ga- licia, ciro. & 12 m. E. Rzeszow. P. 1,862, employ- ed in linen-bleaching. It has ahandsome palace. Lanhak, a Chinese settlement on the island of Borneo, near its W. coast, N.E. Pontianak, cap. prov. Lat. 20° N., Ion. 109° 53' E. In its dis- trict a great deal of gold, diamonds, and excellent iron, are obtained. Lanhas, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, 17 m. N.E. Donai. Pop. 2,405. Landau, a strongly fortified town of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Queich, 18 m. N.W. Carlsruhe. Pop. (1846) 6,074, among whom are many Jews. Its fortress was constructed by Vauban in 1680. Since destroyed by fire in 1686, the town has been regularly laid out. Trade chiefly retail, but ex- tensive vinegar factories have been established. It was held by the French from 1814 to 1815. Landbeach, a pa. of England, co. and 5 m. N.N.E. Cambridge. Area 2,490 ac. Pop. 468. LANnoEoss, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 2 m. S.E. Bideford. Area 1,150 ac. Pop. 120. Gen. Monk was born here in 1608. Landean, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. lUe-et-Vilaine, 6 m. N.E. Fougferes. Pop. 1,845. Landeck, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. Bres- lau, on the Biala. Pop. 1,530. In its vicinity are sulphur baths. — II. a vill. of the Tyrol, on the Inn, 40 m. W.S.W. Innsbriick. Pop. 1,000. Landeleau and Landelles, two comms. and vills. of France. — I. dep. Finistere, 17 m. E. Cha- teaulin. Pop. 1,203 II. dep. Calvados, 6 m. N.W. Vire. Pop. 1,641. Landen, a town of Belgium, prov. and 19 m. N.N.W. Huy, on railw. MechUn to Liege. P. 742. Landeeneatj, a seaport town and comm. of France, dep. Finistere, on the Landernean, cap. cant., 12 m. E.N.E. Brest. Pop. (1846) 4,099. It has a comm. college, a port with good quays, a town- hall, hospital, and marine asylum, manufs. of white and printed linens, and bleach-grounds. Landbeon, a town of Switzerland, cant, and 8 m. N.E. Neuchatel, at the entrance of the Thiele into Lake Bienne. Pop. 1,000. Landes, a marit. dep. of S.W. France, formed of part of the old prov. Gascogne, bounded N. by Gironde, E. Garonne and Gers, S. B.-Pyrenees, and W. the Mediterranean. Area 3,486 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 298,220. Surface covered by offsets of the Pyrenees in the S. North of the Adour it is occupied by heaths (Landes) whence its name. On the coast are numerous lagoons, communi- cating with the sea, and between these are exten- sive downs, the sands of which are partially fixed by plantations of pines. Chief rivers the Leyre, Adour, and Gave-de-Pau. Climate mild, un- healthy on coast. Soil fertile in S. and on the river banks. Chief riches, mines of iron, coal, and bitumen, timber, and mineral waters. It is divided into 3 arronds., Dax, Mont de Marsan, and St Sever. Landevant, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Morbihan, 11 m. E. Lorient. Pop. 1,600. Landewednack, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 30 m. S.S.E. Helstone. Area 1,300 ac. Pop. 431. Lizard Point, the most S.land in Great Britain, is in this pa. The .singular cove of St Kynan, and the soap rocks, from which steatite is ob- tained, are also in the vicinity. Landfobk, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, lOni. S.E. Salisbury. Area 1,290 ac. Pop. 255. Landibas, a comm. and vill. of W. France, LAN 748 LAN dep. Gironde, 21 m. S.S.E. Bordeaux. Pop. 2,321. It has large cattle fairs. Landivisiau, a coinin. and town of France, dep. FinistSre, 12 m. W.S.'W. Morlaix. Pop. 1,810. Landitt, a town of France, dep. and 22 m. N.W. Mayenne. Pop. 2,020. It has 5 large fairs. LiNDKET, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 2^ m. S.E. Barnstable. Area 2,510 ac. Pop. 774. Lanuoura, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, Upper provs., dist. Seharunpore. Landfokt (formerly Half-way Houses), a large suburb of Portsmouth, England, co. Hants, compr. all the buildings beyond the fortifications of Portseatown, & betw. the suburbs of Southsea and Mile-end Newtown. It has been greatly im- proved & extended of late years. At its S. extre- mity is the terminus of the London & S. railway. Landrake, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 4 m. N.W. Saltash. Area 3,640 ac. Pop. 812. Landrbcies, a comm. and fortified town of France, dep. Nord, arrond. & 11 m. W. Avesnes, cap. cant., on the Sambre. Pop. 3,483. Landkiano, a town of Lombardy, deleg. and 10 m. N.N.E. Pavia, on the Lambro. Pop. 2,000. LANDSBEua, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. and 40 m. N.E. Frankfiirt, cap. circ, on the Warta. Pop. 11,621, many of whom are Jews. It is enclosed by walls, and consists of an old and a new town, with 5 suburbs, 3 churches, a gymnasium, a house of correction, an hospital, and orphan asylum. It has manufe. of woollens, leather, and paper, distilleries and breweries. Lahssbebq, several small towns of Germany. — I. Bavaria, circ. Upper Bavaria, on the Lech, 22 m. S. Augsburg. Pop. 3,245. — II. E. Prussia, reg. & 28 m. S. Konigsberg. Pop. 1,967.-111. prov. Brandenburg, reg. Potsdam. Pop. 1,507. — IV. Prussian Saxony, reg. Merseburg, 9m. N.E. Halle. Pop. 1,002 V. Prussian Silesia, reg. and 33 m. N.E. Oppeln, on the Polish frontier. Pop. 1,026. Land's End, Bolerium, a celebrated headland, forming the most W.land of England, and pro- jecting on the Atlantic, at the W. extremity of co. Cornwall. It is formed of granite cliffe, about 60 feet in height. About 1 m. W. are the dan- gerous rocks, called the Longsfaips, with a light- house, and fixed lights 88 feet above high water. Lat. 50° 4' 4' N., Ion. 5° 44' 44' W. Landshdt, several towns of Germany. — I. Lower Bavaria, on the Isar, 39 m. N.E. Miinchen. Pop. (1845) 9,307. It is highly picturesque, en- closed by old fortifications, and consists of an old and a new town, with a suburb on an island in the Isar. Principal edifices, an old castle, a cele- brated church, the steeple of which is 454 feet in height, and one of the loftiest in Germany, a Cis- tercian abbey, royal palace, old town hall, several hospitals, some convents, a lyceum, gymnasium, and other schools. In 1800 the university of In- golstadt was removed thither, but in 1826 was tx'ansferred to Miinchen. Principal manufe. wool- len cloths, hosiery, tobacco, paper, cards, and leather; it has numerous distilleries and brew- eries, and trade in com, cattle, and wool. — II. a fortified town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 29 m. S.S. W. Liegnitz, on the Bober. Pop. 3,998, chiefly employed in woollen and linen weaving, & bleach- ing — III. a market town of Moravia, reg. and 37 m. S.S.E. Brunn, near the March. Pop. 1,937. — IV. Galicia. [Lancdt.] Landskron, 2 towns of Austria — I. Bohemia, circ. and 37 m. E.S.E. Chrudim, on the Sawaza, and with a station on the Austrian N. States rail- way. Pop. 4,816, chiefly employed in extensive woollen cloth, lioen, cotton, stuff, and needle factories, and in the largest bleaching establish- ment in the kingdom. — II. Galicia, circ. Wado- wice, 18 m. S.W. Cracow. Pop. 1,500. • Landskrona, a fortified seaport town of S. Sweden, Isen MaJmo, on the Sound, 16 m. N.E. Copenhagen. Pop. 3,975. It has a citadel, a good harbour, & manufs. of leather and tobacco. Landstuhl, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, dist. and 16 m. N.E. Deux-ponts. Pop. 1,907. Landolfh, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 1 J m. N. Saltash. Area 1,880 ac. Pop. 550. Landwade, a pa. of England, co. & 13 m. N.E. Cambridge. Area 120 ac. Pop. 29. Laneast, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 6i m, W. Launceston. Area 2,600 ac. Pop. 320. Lane End, a mkt. town of Engl., co. Stafford, in the dist. of the Potteries, and about 3 m. S.E. Stoke, 6 fli. E. the Whitmore station of the Lon- don and North Western railway, in the pa. and pari. bor. of which it is included. Pop. 12,345. It has a handsome church, large schools and chapels, a subscription library, spacious market- hall and branch bank, with extensive manufe. of porcelain and earthenware. Laneham, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 5J m. N.E. Tuxford. Area 1,840 ac. Pop. 385. Lanercost- Abbey, a pa. of Engl., co. Cumber- land, 12 m. E.N.E. Carlisle. Area 36,510 ac. Pop. 1,582. Here are the remains of a large abbey, founded in 1169, the nave of which forms the pa. church, and traces of the wall of Severus. Lanesborouoh, a small mkt. town of Ireland, Leinster, co. Longford, on the Shannon. P. 300. Lanfains, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord,12m.S.S.W.StBrieuc. P. 2,226. - Langas, a pa. of Engl., co. and 10 m. E.S.E. Nottingham. Area 3,650 ac. Pop. 309. Langdale (Gt. & Little), a chplry. of Engl., CO. Westmoreland, pa. Grasmere, 5 m. W.N^W. Ambleside. Pop. 442. Here are several fine lakes & waterfalls, & the Langdale Pikes mntns. Langdon, several pas. of England, — I. {East)^ CO. Kent, 3 m. N.N.E. Dover. Area 1,050 ac. Pop. 316.— IL (Hills), CO. Essex, 2 m. N. Hor- don-on-the-Hill. Area 1,850 ac. Pop. 288. The highest land in the co. is in this pa III. (West), CO. Kent, 3^ m. N. Dover. Area 740 ac. P. 119. Langeac, a comm. & town of France, dep. H. Loire, cap. cant., on the Allier, 14 m. S.S.E. Bri- oude. Pop. 2,347. It has manufe. of lace. Langeais, a comm. and town of France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, cap. cant., 13 m. W.S.W. Tours, on r. b. of the Loire. Pop. 1,981, mostly engaged in manufs. of bricks and earthenware. Langcliffe, a township of Engl., co. York, W. Hiding, pa. Bentham, 1 m. N. Settle. Pop. 664, mostly employed in paper and cotton mills. Langeland, an isl. of Denmark, in the Great Belt, between Fiihnen and Laaland. It is, as its name implies, long, extending 33 m. from N. to S., by about 3 m. in average breadth. Area 106 sq. m. Pop. (1847) 17,100. Surface level, but slightly more elevated than the neighbouring isls. Corn, apples, flax, timber, & cattle are produced for exportation, & the fishery is important. Prin- cipal town, Rudkioping, on the W. coast. Langelsheim, a mkt. town of Germany, Bruns- wick, in the Harz, 5 m. N.W. Goslar. Pop. 1,461, chiefly engaged in silver and lead mines. Langemarch, a comm. & vill. of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 6 m. N.N.E. Tpres. Pop. 5,796. Langen, a town of Hessen-Darmstadt, prov. Starkenburg, 9 m. N.E. Darmstadt. Pop. 2,552. Langenau, several small towns of Germany. — I. Wiirtemberg, circ. Danube, 10 m. N.E. Blm. Pop. 3,418. — II. Bohemia, circ. Leitmeritz. Pop. 2,147. LAN 749 LAN Langenberg, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 6 m. N. Elberfeld. Pop. 2,360. Lakqexbielau, four contiguous vills. of Pruss. Silesia, reg. and 33 m. S.W. Breslau. United pop. 9,006, chiefly employed in manufs. of cotton. LANGENBKnCKEjr, and Langenbubg, two vills. of S. Germany ; the fonner in Baden, ciro. Middle Rhine, with a station on the Baden railway, be- tween Carlsruhe & Heidelberg, 7 m. N.E. Bruch- sal, with 1,210 inhabs., and some mineral baths ; the latter, 'Wiirtemberg, eirc. and near the Jaxt, 46 m. N.E. Stuttgart, with the residence of the princes Hoheulohe-Langenburg. Lasgenes, an isl. of Denmark, Schleswig, off its W. coast, 2 m. S. Fohr. Length 6 miles. Lanoenkandel, a Till, of Rhenish Bavaria, cap. cant., 9 m. S.S.E. Landau. Pop. 3,542. Langenhoe, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 5^ m. S.E. Colchester. Area 2,200 ac. Pop. 161. LANGE29LEUBA, a vill. of Saxony, duchy and 9 m. S.E. Altenburg. Pop. 1,636. Langenlois, a mkt. town of Lr. Austria, 6 m. N.E. Krems. Pop. 3,549.-11. a vill. of Prussian Saxony, reg. circ. & E.N.E. Erfurt. Pop. 1,049. Lakoekols, 2 contig. vills. of Prussian Silesia, reg. Leignitz. Pop. 2,676. Langensalza, a town of Pruss. Saxony, reg. & 19 m. N.W. Ei-fnrt, cap. circ. on the Salza. Pop. (1846) 7,610. It is enclosed by walls, and de- fended by a castle, and has manufs. of woven fiabrics, paper, and saltpetre. Langesschwalbach, a town of Nassau, 8 m. N.W. Wiesbaden. Pop. 2,000. It is frequented as a watering place, and about 250,000 bottles of its mineral waters are annually exported. Lanqenselbold, a vill. of Central Germany, H.-Cassel, prov. & 6 m. E.N.E. Hanau. P. 2,549. Lakgesthal, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 24 m. N.E. Bern. Pop. 2,700. Lahgenweltzendokf, a vill. of Central Ger- many, princip. Benss-Schleitz, on the Leube, 5 m. W.N.W. Greitz. Pop. 1,704. Langenzekk, a town of Bavaria, circ. Middle Franconia, on the Zenn, 17 m. N.E. Anspach. Pop. 1,960. Manufs. silks, ribbons, and hosiery. Langek-oog, three islets of Hanover, prov. E. Friesland, in the N. sea, opp. Esens, which formed one island previous to an inundation in 1825. Langebwehe, a mkt. town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 13 m. E. Aachen, with a station on the railway thence to Duren. Pop. 1,296. Langesuhd, a seaport town of Norway, stift Aggershuus, amt. Bradsberg, on a small bay of the Skager-rack, 10 m. "W.S.W. Laurvig, with 600 inhabitants, a harbour, and trade in timber. Lakgezwaag, a mkt. town of the Netherlands, prov. Friesland, 18 m. S.E. Leeuwarden. P. 1,160. Lakgfield, a tnsbp. of England, co. York, W. Riding, pa. and 10 m. S. Halifax. Pop. 3,284. Langfield (Uppee and Loweb), 2 adjoining pas. of Irel., Ulster, co. Tyrone, 7^ m. W. Omagh. Joint area 33,623 ac. United pop. 8,237. Laugfoed, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Bed- ford, 2 m. S. Biggleswade. Area 2,100 ac. Pop. ,340.— II. cos. Berks and Oxford, 2i m. N.N.E. Lechlade. Area 4,200 ac. Pop, 707. — III. co. Essex, 8 m. E.N.E. Chelmsford. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 257— IV. CO. Norfolk, 6 m. S.W. Watton. Area 1,380 ac. Pop. 67.— V. co. Notts, 3J m. N.N.E. Newark. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 146— VI. {Budville), co. Somerset, 3 m. W.N.W. Welling- ton. Area 1,600 ac. ' Pop. 608.— VII. (Little), 00. Wilts, 8 m. W.N.W. Salisbury. Area 740 ac. Pop. 37.— VnL(5fecpfe),co.Wilts, Sim. W.N.W. Salisbury. Area 1,510 ac. Pop. 626. Lakgham, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Essex, 6 m. N.N.E. Colchester. Area 3,100 ac. Pop. 816.— II. 00. Rutland, 2 m. N. W. Oakham. Area 3,260 ac. Pop. 691.— III. co. Suffolk, 20 m. N.N. W. Ipswich. Area 1,270 ac. Pop. 293 IV. CO. Norfolk, 6 m. E.S.E. Wells. Ac. 1,950. P. 383. Langholm, a bor. of barony, pa., & mkt. town of Scotl., CO. &25m. E.N.E. Dumfries, ontheEsk& Ewes rivers, each here crossed by a bridge. Area of pa. 30 sq. m. Pop. 2,820 ; do. of bor. 2,362. It is pleasantly situated and well built, having near its centre a mkt. place, in which are the town- hall and jail, and a monument to Sir Pulteney Malcolm, a native of Langholm. It has a cotton factory, looms for woollen plaid and other fabrics, some dye-houses, two branch banks, several lib- raries and public associations. In the pa. are the ruins of Wauchope castle, & of Langholm tower, once a castle of the Armstrongs. Meikle, the translator of the Lusiad, and the engineer Tel- ford, were born here. Langholm, one of the isls. in the Swedish lake Maeler, on which Stockholm is partly built. Lanblet, several pas., &c., of Engl. — I. co. Essex, 6^ m. W.S.W. Saffron Waldon. Area 5,730 ac. Pop. 448 II. co. Kent, 4 m. S.E. Maidstone. Area 1,610 ac. Pop. 294. — III. co. Norfolk, 9 m. S.E. Norwich. Area 2,430 ac. Pop. 323. Lang'ley Hall is in this pa IV. a tything, co. WUts, pa. Kington-St-Michael, 2 m. N. Chippenham. Pop. 601. — V. (Burrell), apa., same co., on the Avon, here crossed by a bridge, l|m. N.N.E. Chippenham. Area 1,980 ac. Pop. 628 ^VI. (Kirk), co. and 4J m. W.N.W. Derby. Area 2,900 ac. Pop. 647.— VII. (Marsh, or St Mary's), co. Bucks, with a station on the Great Western railway, 2 m. E. Slough. Area 3,820 ac. Pop. 1,363. In this pa. is Langlev Hall, erected by the duke of Marlbro' in 1740.— VIII. (Dale), a township, co. Durham, pa. Staindrop, 6 m. N. Barnard Castle. Pop. 186, employed in extensive lead and silver ore smelting works. Langlev-Point, S. coast of Engl., co. Sussex, extends between Pevensey bay and Beachy head. Langnad, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. & 16 m. E. Bern, in the Emmenthal, for the cheese and hnen thread of which valley it is the princip. mart. Lanooat, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, 6 m. W. Lannion. Pop. 2,140. Langoen, the most N. of the Lofoden isls., off the N.W. coast of Norway. Length 35 miles. Langogne, a comm. and town of France, dep. Lozfere, cap. cant., on the Allier, 23 m. N.E. Mende. Pop. 2,387. — liatwoiran is a vill., dep. Gironde, 14 m. S.E. Bordeaux, with a Gothic castle, and some curious grottos. Pop. 1,542. Langon, a comm., town, and river port of France, dep. Gironde, 26 m. S.S.E. Bordeaux, on the Garonne, here crossed by a suspens. bridge. Pop. (1846) 2,697. Its neighbourhood is famed for the growth of the Vin-de-Grave, in which it has a large trade with Bordeaux. Lanoonnet, a comm. and town of France, dep. Morbihan, arrond. & 26 m. W. Pontivy. P. 3,442. Langpokt, an anc. mkt. town, river port, and pa. of Engl., CO. Somerset, on the navigable Par- ret, 32 m. S.S.W. Bath. Area 660 ac. Pop, 1,172. It has an old church and a grammar school. L.ANGEES, Audomatunum, a comm. and forti- fied town of France, dep. Haute-Marne, cap. arrond., near the source of the Marne, 18 m. S.S.E. Chaumont, Pop. (1846) 7,636. It stands on a scarped mntn. 1,460 feet in elevation ; and is among the highest towns in France. It has a cathedral of great antiquity, a Roman arch, a new town-hall, public library, several hospitals, and a fine public promenade and fountain; a LAN 750 LAN tribunal of commerce, school of geometry, &c. It is the principal seat of the French manufs. of fine cutlery. Birth-place of Diderot. Langeiok-tille, a chapelry of Engl., co. Lin- coln, parts Lindsey, with a station on a branch of the Great N. railway, between Boston & Lincoln. Langkidoe, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 3J m. N. Bath. Area 800 ac. Pop. 109. A battle was fought in this pa. between the royalist and par- liamentary armies in 1643. Lahgside, a small vill. of Scotland, co. Sen- frew, pa. Cathcart, 2 m. S. Glasgow. Pop. 125. The troops of Queen Mary were, in 1668, totally defeated here by the Regent Murr^. Langston, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Hants, at the head of Langston harbour, an inlet of the sea, between Portsea and Hayling Isls. [PobtseaJ — Langstone is a pa., co. Monmouth, 4 m. E.N.E. Newport. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 220. Lahotopt, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 7 m. E.N.E. Stamford. Area 2,520 ac. Pop. 778. Langton, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. York, E. Riding, 3 m. S.S.E. New Malton. Area 2,480 ac. Pop. 328. — II. (near Homeastle), co. and 17 m.E.S.E. Lincoln. Area 980 ac. Pop. 177.— IIL (% SpiUby), same co., 3 m. N.W. Spilsby. Area 1,590 ac. Pop. 194. Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, afterwards made Cardinal by Inno- cent III., was born here. — IV. {near Wrctgby), co. and 11^ m. E.N.E. Lincoln. Area 2,640 ac. Pop. 262.— V. (Great), co. York, N. Riding, 9 m. B.S.E. Richmond. Area 2,160 ac. Pop. 252.— VI. (Herring), co. Dorset, 7§ m. S.S.W. Dor- chester. Area 1,400 ac. Pop. 260.— VII. (Lang Blandford), same co., li m. S.E. Blandford- Forum. Area 1,660 ac. Pop. 202 YIIl. (Mat- raver), same CO., 3 m. S.E. Corfe Castle. Area 3,420 ac. Pop. 762. Langton, a pa. of Scotland, eo. Berwick, 2 m. "W.S.W. Dunse. Area 7,200 ac. Pop. 479. Langtree, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 3^ m. S.'W. Great Torrington. Area 4,080 ao. Pop. 941. — II. a tnshp., co. Lancaster, pa. Standish, 4 m. W.N.W. Wigan. Pop. 2,565. Langdedoc, an old prov. in the S. of France, the cap. of which was Toulouse, now forming the deps. Tarn, Aude, Herault, Gard, and Ardeche, with parts of H. Loire, H. Garonne, and Tam-et- Garrone. — The Canal of Zanguedoc, or du Midi, commences in the Garonne, near Toulouse, and terminates in the Lake of Thau, in the Mediter- ranean. Length 163 miles. Langdidic, a comm. and town of France, dep. Morbihan, 10 m. N.E. Lorient. Pop. 6,105. Langwith, a pa. of England, co. Derby, 6} m. N. Mansfield. Area 1,600 ae. Pop. 194. Lanhtdrock, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 2| m. S.S.E. Bodmin. Area 1,680 ac. Pop. 263. The anc. church is small, but beautiful. Lanhy- drock fort, built early in the 17th century, is an embattled granite structure, and was garrisoned for the parliament in 1644. Lanisoat, a comm. and vill. of France, dep, C5tes-du-Nord, 17 m, W.N.W. Loud^ac. P. 3,200. Lanivet, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 3 m. S. W. Bodmin, within the pari, boundary of which bor. it is included. Area 6,540 ac. Pop. 1,149. Lanjaron, a mkt. town of Spain, prov. and 26 m. S.E. Granada, on the S. declivity of the Sierra Nevada. Pop, 2,960. It stands on the brow of a spur of the Pic de Beleta, & is much frequented in summer on account of its coolness and its mineral waters. A Moorish castle stands on a neighbouring hill, & the whole district is beautiful. Laskerah, the most S. town of Russian Trans- caucasia, dist. Talish, on the Caspian Sea, 40 m. S. the mouth of the Kur, and since its conquest by the Russians, of commercial importance. Lanltvebt, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, Ij m. W. Lostwithiel. Area 6,670 ac. Pop. 1,809. A railway, 7 m. in length, is here carried on a via- duct across a valley, at an elevation of 95 feet. Lanmeub, a comm. and town of France, dep. Finistfere, cap. cant., 40 m. E.N.E. Brest. P. 2,776. Lahnemezan, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Pyrenees, 17 m. S.E. Tarbes. P. 1,243, Lannepax, a comm. and small town of France, dep, Gers, 13 m. S.S.W. Condom. Pop. 1,613. Lanniles, a comm. and town of France, dep. Finistfere, cap. cant., 13 m. N. Brest. Pop. 3,12i. Lannion, a comm., town, and river-port of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, cap. arrond., on rt. b. of the Guer, 6 m. from the English Channel, and 36 m. W.N.W. St Brieuc. Pop. (1846) 6,401. It has a harbour accessible to vessels under 200 tons, bordered by a spacious quay ; a pa. church of the 12th century, a comm. college, barracks, hospitals, and a manufacture of linen fabrics. Lannot, a comm. and town of France, dep. Nord, cap. cant., 7 m. E.N.E. Lille. Pop. 1,392. Lanreath, a pa. of Engl., co Cornwall, 6 m. W.N.W. West Looe. Area 4,750 ac. Pop. 651. Laneivain and Lanrodec, two comms. and vills. of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord. — I. 14 m. S., and II. 6 m. S,E., Guingamp. Lansaxloes, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 5 m. W.S.W. West Looe. Area 2,930 ac. P. 828. Lansdown, an elevated tract of table-land in England, co. Somerset, 2ij m. N.W. Bath. It is noted for its breed of sheep, has a fair, August 10, and gives title of Marquis to the family of Petty. Lansdowne, a CO. of W. Australia, at the N.E. extremity of the colony, betw. lat. 31° 10' & 31° 40' S., and Ion. 118° and 119° E., having N.W. & S. the dists. Carnarvon, Durham, and Beaufort. Lansing, a tnshp., 17. S., N. Amer., New York, 175 m. W. Albany. Pop. 3,672. Lansingbueg, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, on the Hudson riv., 10 m. N.E. Albany. Pop. 3,330 ; do. of vill. about 3,000. Lans-Le-Boc»g, a mkt. town of Savoy, 3 m, N.W. Mont Cenis. Pop. with comm. I,5o0. Lantao, or LiNTAO (Chinese Ty-ho), an isl. of China, at the mouth of the Canton riv., 17 m. E. Macao, and 1 m. from the mainland. It is long, narrow, and mntnous., with numerous bays and headlands. Ty-ho village is on its N.W. coast. Lantar, an isl, Indian O. [Pulo Lontab.] Lan-tchod, a city of China, cap. prov. Ean-su, on the Hoang-ho, lat. 36° 8' N., Ion. 103° 60' E. Lanteglos, two pas. of Engl., co. Cornwall.— Lljm. S.E.Fowey. Area 3,280 ac. Pop. 1,269. — II. 1 m. S. Camelford, which it includes. Area 3,750 ac. Pop. 1,541. Lanxosca, a mkt. town of Sardinia, div. and 20 m. N. Nice. Pop. 2,240. Lantwit, or Llahtwit, two pas. of S. Wales, CO. Glamorgan.— 1. 1 ^ m. S.E. Neath. Pop. 1,532, chiefly employed in mining II. (Mayor), a mkt. town and pa., same co., 4 m. S.W. Cowbridge. Pop. 1,027 ; with an ancient church. In the. church-yard are 2 crosses, a curious ancient in- scription to the memory of Sampson, afterwards Archbishop of Dol. Market, Friday. Lantwitfatrdee, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Gla- morgan, 2 m. N.E. Llantrissant. Pop. 2,192. Lancsei, a mkt. town of the island of Sardinia, div. & 67 m. N.N.E. Cagliari. Pop. 1,766. Lanvolion, a comm. and town of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, 13 m. N.W. St Brieuc. P. 1,462. Lanzabote, the most N.E. of the Canary Isls. Area about 300 sq. m. Pop. 17,600. In its IAN 761 LAR centre it rises to 2,000 feet in elevation, anil at its W. end is a high voloauo. It is scantily watered, but yields the finest wine and grapes in the Canaries; other products are barilla and orchil. On its S.E. coast is the town Arecife, S. of Teguise, the ca^. of the island. Lanzo, a comm. ot Piedmont, div. prov. & 18 m. N.N.W. Turin, on tlie Stura. Pop. 2,335. It contains 8 nearly contiguous hamlets, with smelt- ing works, and manufs. of nails and coarse iron goods. In its dist. are mines of iron and copper. Laodicea, two ancient cities of Asia Minor I. the Laodioea of Scriptui-e now in ruins ; (Turk. Esld-Bissar), Anatolia, was near an afiluent of the Mendere (Maunder), about 48 miles S.E. Allah Shehr (Philadelphia). Its remains com- prise extensive portions of walls, two theatres, several temples, and a massive bridge. — II. (L. Combusta, Turk. Yorgan Ladih), pash. and 22 m. N.N.'W. Konieh ; has also various remains of an- tiquity on and around its site. — The ancient Lao- mxa ad Mare, Syria, is the modern Latakia. Lack, Landunum, a city of France, cap. dep. Aisne, 74 m. N.E. Paris. Pop. (1846) 8,054. It is enclosed by old massive walls, & placed on an isolated hill, crowned by a fine Gothic cathedral. Other principal edifices are the prefecture, con- tfuning a library of 17,000 vols. ; a remarkable leaning tower, the town-hall, new citadel, 2 hos- pitals, large barracks, a theatre, comm. college, work-house, & tower of Q. Bmnhilda. Under the French kings of the 1st and 2d races, Laon was a place of importance, and it remained the last pos- session of the Carlovingian dynasty under Louis v., the foundations of whose massive castle still remain. Laon has manufs. of nails, coarse cloth, leather, earthenwares, &c. ; and in its vicinity are numerous vineyards. Here, on 9th and 10th ilarch 1814, a sanguinary battle was fought be- tween Napoleon, and the allies nnder Blucher. Laos, a country of S.E. Asia, occupying the centre of the peninsula of Further India, sur- rounded by the Burmese and Siamese doms., Camboja, Tonquin, and the Chinese prov. Yun- nan. Its boundaries and area are wholly un- known to Europeans ; its population has been loosely estimated at a million. It is traversed by the Menam and Menam-kong rivs., & is reported to have a fertile soil, and to be thinly peopled, its inhabitants living mostly in migratory hordes. ■Products comprise a species of rice, tobacco, sugar cane, inmgo, benzoin, lac, and other gums, betel, numerous fruits, teak, sapan and sandal woods, elephants, and draught cattle : with iron, lead, copper, gold and silver. Silk and cotton fabrics, paper from bark, leather, sugar; and gunpowder are manufactui'ed, and the natives are mgenious as workers in metals, mat-makers, embroiderers, and potters. The trade with Ton- quin appears to be extensive ; of late there has been a growing trade with Martaban and the Tenasserim provs., whence British cotton and woollen goods are introduced hito Laos. An in- dependent kingdom is said to exist here, the cap. of which is Lanehang ; but the outlying tribes are supposed to be tributary to their more power- ful neighbours. In habits, customs, religion, & language, the Laos most resemble the Burmese. Laoub, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. Sylhet, 110 m. N.N.E. Dacca. It has an active export trade in salt and limestone. La Paz, a dep. of Bolivia, mostly between lat. 14° and 18° S., and Ion. 67° and 70° W., having W. south Pern and Lake Titicaca, & on other sides the deps. Oruro, Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz. Estimated area nearly 40,000 sq. m., and pop. 300,000. It is traversed by the Cordillera of the Andes, containing lUimani and Sorata, the upper courses of the rivers Beni and Deaaguedero, the city La Paz, and the towns Chulumani and Apo- lobamba. Gold and cinchona bark are among its most important products.— ia Paz, the cap., is situated in lat. 16° 30' N., Ion. 68° 10' W., at an elevation of 12,226 feet. Pop. 20,000. It is a bishop's see, and has religious establishments with considerable revenues, and ranks as a place of wealth and importance, being an entrepot for Paraguay tea, gold, bark, and European goods. LAPFOBn, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 5 m. E.S.E. Chumleigh. Area 2,260 ac. Pop. 706. Lapio, a town of Naples, prov. Princip. Ult., 13 m.W.N.W. St Angelo dei Lombardi. P. 2,500. Lapland, a country of N. Europe, belonging partly to Russia, and partly to Sweden, between lat. 64° and 71° N., & Ion. 10° and 42° E., havmg S. Finland & Sweden, "W. Norway, N. the Arctic Ocean, and E. the White Sea. Estimated area 160,000 sq. m., about 2-3ds being included in the Russian dom. Pop. loosely estimated at 60,000. Sui*face mountainous in' the "W., elsewhere mostly level, and abounding in lakes. Princi- pal rivers, the Tornea, Kemi, and Kola. It eon- tains only a few scattered vills., the principal, in the Russian portion, being Enontekeis, Enare, and Kola. Swedish Lapland or Lappmark is comprised in the Isens Pitea & Umea. La Plata, South America. [Plata.] Laplev, or Lappele, a pa. of England, co. Staf- ford, SJ m. W.S.W. Penkridge. Ac. 3,740. P. 952. Lapbairie, a vill. of Lower Canada, on right bank of the St Lawrence, 9 m. S. W. Montreal. Lapte, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Haute- Loire, arrond. and 6 m. N.W. Brioude. P. 2,616. La Puebla, Mexico. [Puebla (La).] Lapwokth, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 4 m. N.N.E. He.nley-in-Arden. Ac. 1,700. Pop. 729. Lab, a town of Persia, cap. prov. Laristan, and formerly of an Arabian kingdom, 180 m. S.E. Shiraz. Pop. 12,000 (?). It stands in an exten- sive plain, has a fortified residence of the go- vernor, and a large and fine bazaar ; it is the seat of some manufs. of arms, gunpowder, and cotton fabrics. — II. a riv. of Persia, prov. Mazanderan, tributary to the Caspian Sea. Lakache, a town of Marocco. [El-Aeaish.] Laeacor, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Meath, 2 m. S.E. Trim. Area 8,335 ae. Pop. 2,682. The Duke of Wellington was born in this pa., 1769, and the living was long held by Dean Swift. Lmiagh, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. and 7 m. E. Cavan. Area 17,282 ac. Pop. 8,658. Laranjeieas, a town of Brazil, prov. Sergipe, on 1. b. of the Cotindiba, 20 m. from its mouth, in the Atlantic. Pop. 3,000. Labbeet, a pa. of Scotl,, co. Stirling, 2 m. N.W. Falkirk. Pop. 4,404, including the vill. of Carron. Birth-place of the celebrated traveller, Bruce. Laeedo, a seaport town of Spain, prov. Sant- ander, 34 m. W.N.W. Bilbao. Pop. 2,980. Its harbour, formerly deep, is now choked with sand. L.WEN, two comms. & vills. of the Netherlands. — I. prov. Gelderland, 8 m. N.E. Zutphen. Pop. 2,954.-11. N. Holland, S.E. Naarden. Pop. 1,929. Labgentiere, a comm. & town of France, dep. Arddche, cap. cant., on tho Ligne, 21 ra. S.W. Privas. P. 2,700. Manufs. silk fabrics.-II. a vill., dep. H. Alpcs, cap. cant., 9 m. S.W. Briangon. Laeqo, a pa. of Scotland, co. Fife, on an inlet of the Firth of Forth, 2J m. E.N.E, Leven. Pop. 2,751. The vill. is frequented for sea-bathing, and has a harbour, whence a steam-boat plies to Newhaven. In the pa. are a handsome and well endowed poor's hospital founded in 1659. Alex- ander Selkirk, the prototype of Defoe's " Robin- son Crusoe," was born here in 1676. Labgs, a seaport and pa. of Scotland, co. Ayr, on a bay of same name, surrounded by beautiful hills, 22 m. W.S.W. Glasgow. Area of pa. estimated at 19,743 ac. Pop. 4,044. Pop. of town 3,523. It is irregular, but well built, has an interesting church, elegant baths, a good library, branch banks, a steam-boat pier, numer- ous handsome villas, small manufs. of cotton, but is chiefly supported by visiters from Glasgow, &c. A great victory was obtained here in 1263 by Alexander iii., over Haco, King of Norway, and numerous tumuh mark the field of battle. Labi, a market town of Central Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 14 m. S.E. Pisa. Pop. 1,570.-11. a town of Central Africa, on the N.W. shore of Lake Tchad, 100 m. N.W. Kouka. Labino, a town of Naples, prov. Molise, cap. dist., 22 m. N.E. Campobasso. Pop. 3,700. Labissa, or Yenitcheb, a town of European Turkey, cap. prov. Thessaly, on rising ground beside the Salembria river (ancient Peneus), here crossed by a stone bridge, 20 m. from the Gulf of Salonica. Lat. 39° 37' N., Ion. 21° 28' E. Estimated pop. 20,000, of whom3-4ths are Turks. " It stands in an oasis of trees and verdure in the midst of a plain of sand," & is enclosed by walls. Labistan, n maritime prov. of Persia, having S. the Persian Gulf, and landward the provs. Fars and Kerman. Estimated area 16,000 sq. m. It is an arid and sandy waste, interspersed with salt steppes ; salt, silk, and camels are the chief products. The coast is inhabited by inde- pendent Arab tribes. Princip. towns, Lar & Forg. Labke, a river of England, rises in the S.W. part of CO. SufFolk, and flows past Bury-St-Ed- munds into the Ouse, near Ely, co. Cambridge. It is navigable to Bury. Labkhall, a vill. of Scotland, co. Lanark, pa. Dalserf, 9 m. W.N.W. Lanark. Pop. 1,609. Labkhana, or Laekhaku, a fortified town of Scinde, cap. a dist., 145 m. N. W. Hyderabad, and 7 m. W. of the Indus, with which it communi- cates by the Larkhana canal. Pop. from 10,000 to 12,000. It has a citadel, formerly the artillery depot of the Scinde ameers, a good bazaar, ma- nufs. of silk and cotton goods, and one of the chief corn markets of the country. Lablinofobd, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 1 J m. N.N.W. East-Harling. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 205. Labne, a market and seaport town of Ireland, CO. Antrim, on Lough Lame, an inlet of the sea, 17J m. N.N.E. Belfast. Pop. 3,345. It has ma- nidfactures of cotton, sail-cloth, and ropes, with bleaching grounds and lime works. Labnica, or Labneca, a town of Cyprus, near its S. coast, 23 m. S.E. Lefkosia. Pop. 3,000. It has a citadel, large cisterns, and numerous other vestiges of antiquity ; its port is the most frequented in the island, and it is the residence of many European consuls and merchants. Laboche, a vill. of Belgium, prov. Luxembourg, on the Ourthe 14 m. N.W. Bastogne. P. 1,334. La Roda, a town of Spain, prov. and 24 m. N.W. Albacete. Pop. 4,572. Celebrated for its defence against the Carlists in 1840. Labbaok, an island at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, 15 m. S. Ormuz. Labbaqa, a town of Spain, prov. Navarra, 20 m. S.S.W. Pamplona, with 1,612 inhabitants. Labs, a strong fort and vill. of S. Russia, gov. Caucasus, on the road to Georgia, N.N.E. Danil. Laetikqton, a township of England, co. York, N. Riding, pa. Romald-Kirk, 2 J m. W.N.W. Bar- nard Castle. Pop. 188. Here is Lartington Hall (Witham), beautifully situated. Labuns, a comm. and town of France, dep. B.- Pyrenees, cap. cant., 22 m. S. Pau. Pop. 1,464. Laevego, a vill. of Sardinia, div. and prov. Genoa. Pop. of comm. (1838) 3,840. Lasalle, a CO. of the U. S., N. America, in N.E. of Illinois. Area 1,864 sq. m. Pop. 9,348. Lasalle, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Gard, arrond. Vigan, with manufs. of bonnets and flowers. Pop. 1,464. Lascuabbe, a town of Spain, prov. and 42 m. E. Huesca, with a fair in November. Pop. 978. Lasqibd, a fortified vill. of Persia, prov. Khorassan, 15 m. S.W. Semnoon, on a mound. Lasham, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 3i m. N.N.W. Alton. Area 1,860 ac. Pop. 284. Lask, or Lasko, a town of Poland, prov. and 48 m. E.S.E. Kalisz, on the Grabowka. Pop, 2,020. It has manufactures of woollen cloths. Las Palmas, cap. tn. of Canary isls. rCAHABi.] Lassa, or H'Lassa, " Land of the i>ivine In- telligence," the cap. city of Tibet, and residence of the Dalai or Grand Lama, on the Mourau river, an afiluent of the San-po. Lat. 29° SW N., Ion. 91° 40' E. Poj. comectured to be about 24,000, besides a garrison of 3,000 Chinese cavalry. It has handsome streets, numerous towers, ba- zaars, and temples. The great temple of Bud- dha, also the residence of the Grand Lama, the pontifical sovereign of Tibet and E. Asia, is a vast square edifice, covering, with its precincts, many acres, its centre beinp; surmounted by a, gilded dome ; contiguous to it, on its four sides, are four celebrated monasteries, said to be in- habited by 4,000 recluses, and greatly resorted to by the Chinese and Mongols as schools of the Buddhic religion and philosophy. Lassa is also a place of large trade in silk, wool, goats' hair, woollen, cashmere, & linen fabrics, velvets, assa- foetida, bezoar, fruits, bullion, & precious stones ; its commerce extending to Hindostan, China, & manyparts of Cent. Asia,& its lapidaries, workers in metals, & engravers, said to equal the Chinese. Lassan, a town of Pruss. Pomerania, reg. and 40 m. S.E. Stralsund, on the Peene. Pop. 1,985. Lassat, a comm. & town of France, cap. cant., dep. and 10 m. N.N.E. Mayenne. Pop. 1,356. Lasseube, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. B.-Pyrenees, 6m. E.N.E. Oleron. P.3,040. Lassington, a pa. of Engl, co. & 2J m. N.W. Glos'ter. Area 560 ac. Pop. 82. Lassoor, a town of British India, presid. Bom- bay, dist. Candeish, 7 m. N.W. Choprah. Lasswade, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 6 m. S.E. Edinburgh, on the N. Esk. Pop. 6,025, princi- pally employed in a carpet manuf., in gunpowder, paper & oatmeal mills, an iron & brass foundry, coal mines, cfec. The situation is beautiful. Here is Melville Castle, Dryden, & many elegant villas. Lastingham, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Rid- ing, 6 m. N.W. Pickering. Area 25,980 ac. Pop. 1,609. The church formed part, and is the only remains, of a monastery founded a.d. 648. Lastba, or Gahgalandi, a vill. of Tuscany,5 m. W. Florence, on the Arno. Pop. of pa. 4,388. It is the centre of important manufs. of straw hats. Laswabeb, a vill. of Brit. India, dist. & 68 m. N.W. Agra. Here the British forces defeated those of Scindia in 1803. Lata, a town of Turlsish Armenia, pash. & 4S m. N. W. Van. It is garrisoned by ] ,000 men. Lataccnga, a town of S. Amer.' [Tacdnga.] Latakia, or Latakieh, Laodicea ad Mare, a seaport town of Syria, pash. & 70 m. N. Tripoli, on the Mediterranean, in lat. 35° 30' N., Ion. 35° LAT 753 LAU 48' E. Pop. vaiionsly estimated from 5,000 to 10,000. It consists of an upper and a lower town, separated by gardens. The lower town, whicii is the princip. resort of the seafaring pop., borders on a well-sheltered, but shallow harboui-, having on its N. side a ruined castle. Here ai-e the cus- tom house and several large warehouses. The upper town, dilapidated by the effects of repeated earthquakes, has narrow and irregular streets; flat-roofed stone houses ; several Greek churches and mosques; a Koman triumphal arch, and many remains of the ancient city. Principal ex- ports, tobacco of the finest quality, cotton, wax, scammony, and sponge. Imports sugar, coffee, spices, cotton twist, printed goods, and woollens. [I/AOnlCEi.J Latchingdon, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 12^ m. E.S.E. Chehnsford. Area 4,160 ac. Pop. 372. Laterina, a viU. of Tuscany, prov. Arezzo, on the Amo, with mineral springs. Latebza, a Till, of Maples, prov. Otranto, 25 m. N.W. Taranto. Pop. 3,100. Lathau Islakd, near E. coast of Africa, lat. 6° 54' S., Ion. 40° E. ; is about 1,000 feet in length, and a few years ago was covered with guano. Lathbcrt, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 1 m. N. Newport Pagnell, and 5 m. from the Wolvertou station of the London and North Western railw. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 127. Lateebor, a pa. of Scotl., co. Caithness, on the N. sea, 14 m. S.W. Wick. Area about 140,000 ac. Pop, 7,637, partly employed in valuable fish- eries. It has several ancient remains. William Sutherland, whose stature was 9 feet 5 inches, was bom here about the end of the 14th century. Lateom, a chapelry of England, co. Lancaster, pa. and 3 m. £. Ormskirk, on the Douglas. Pop. 3,262. It has an endowed school and alms-house. Lathom House, a fine Grecian structure, the seat of Lord Skelmerdale, occupies the site of the ancient fortified mansion so heroically defended, during the civil wars in 1644, by Charlotte de Tremouille, Countess of Derby. Latikekbt, a town of Hindostan, dom. & 140 m. N.E. Kotah. LatillS, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vienne, 12 m. W.N.W. Poitiers. Pop. 1,181. Latisaha, a mkt. town of N. Italy, gov. Venice, prov. and 23 m. S.S.W. Udine. Pop. 2,800. Latbonico, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, cap. cant., 40 m. S.E. Potenza. Pop. 3,500. Lattaeoo, a populous town of S. Africa, Bech- nana country, lat. 27° 10' S., Ion. 24° 30' E. Old Lattakoo is about 33 m. N.E.ward. [Mashow.] Latta-Latta Isr.Es, a group in the Malay Ar- chipelago, off the W. coast of Gilolo, lat. 0° 15' S., Ion. r 27' E. The largest is 25 m. in eircum. Lattier (St), a comm. andvill. of France, dep. and on the Isere, 7 m. S.W, St Marcellin. P. 1,558. Lattom, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Essex, 16 m. W.N.W. Chehnsford. Area 1,380 ac. Pop. 303. It has remains of a priory.— II. co. Wilts, 1 J m. N.N.W. Cricklade. Area 1,680 a«. Pop. 879. Labbach, a town of Central Germany, H.- Darmstadt, prov. Upper Hesscn, 15 m. E.S.E. Giessen. Pop. 2,032. It has a noble residence, with a library of 60,000 vols., iron foundries, and several annual fairs. — II. a station on the railway between Linz and Gmiinden, in Upper Austria. Lauban, or LuBEN, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. & 40 m. W.S.W. Lieguitz, cap. circ, on the Queiss. Pop. (1846) 5,850, employed in manufs. of woollen cloth, cotton, linen, and tobacco. liACHEiM, a mkt. town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Danube, 13 m. S.S.W. Ulm. Pop. 3,100. Laucha, and Ladchstadt, two towns of Pruss. Saxony. — I. reg. and 17 m. S.W. Merseburg, on the Unstrut. Pop. 1,670 — II. 8 m. S.S.W. Halle, with 1,430 inhabs., a castle, and sulphur baths. Lauchheim, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Jaxt, on the Jaxt river. Pop. 873. Ladda, a walled town of Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, on the Tauber. Pop. 1,077. — Lavdenbach is a Till, of Wiirtemberg, circ. Jaxt, 7 m. E.S.E. Mergentheim. Pop. 1,136. Ladder, a royal and pari, bor., town, and pa. of Scotl., CO. Berwick, cap. dist. of Lauderdale, on the Leader, 23 m. S.E. Edinburgh. Area of pa. about 68 sq. m. Pop. 2,198. Pop. of bor., 1,148. It is a poor, irregularly built town ; has a town-house, several libraries, and a branch bank. The town estate consists of about 1,700 ac. The bor. unites with Haddington, &c., in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1848) 65. — Lau- derdale, anciently the western district of Berwick- shire, gives title of Earl to the Maitland family, whose spacious and stately castle of Thirlestane adjoins the borough of Lauder. LAuDEBnALE, Several cos., U. S., N. America. — I. in N.W. of Alabama. Area 672 sq. m. Pop. 14,485 II. in E. of Mississippi. Area 700 sq. m. Pop. 6,358. — ^III. in W. of Tennessee. Area 375 sq. m. Pop. 3,436. Ladenbubg, a duchy of Denmark, situated between lat. 52° 21' & 63° 48' N.,and Ion. 10° 13' & 11° 3' E., bounded N. by Liibeck, E. Mecklen- burg Schwerin, S. by the Elbe & W. by Holstein. Area 400 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 46,486. Surface flat, sandy in centre, and marshy in S. On its E. borders are several lakes, the chief of which are the Ratzeburger See, and Schaal See. Principal rivers, the Steclinitz andDelveuaue. It is divided into 3 amts., Eatzeburg, Lauenburg, & Schwar- zenbek. — Lauenburg, the cap., is situated on rt. b. of the Elbe, at the mouth of the Delvenaue and on the Stecknitz canal, 27 m. S.E. Hamburg. Pop. of town proper 1,200, with suburbs 3,800. It has ruins of a castle, formerly the residence of the dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg, a custom-house for the Elbe dues, and an extensive transit trade. —II. a town of Prussia, prov. Pomerania, reg. & 68 m. E.N.E. Koslin, on r. b. of the Leba. Pop. 3,810. It has manufs. of woollens and linens. Laudun, a comm. & town of France, dep. Gard, arrond. & 13 m. N.E. Uzes, on the Tave. P. 1,980. Lacensteiw, two mkt. towns of Germany. — ^I. Saxony, circ. and 20 m. S.S.E. Dresden. Pop. 663— II. Hanover, E.S.E. Hildesheim. P. 1,012. Lauf, a town of Bavaria, circ. Middle Fran- conia, 10 m. E.N.E. Niirnberg, on the Pegnitz. Pop. 3,008, employed in manufs. of wire, brass, needles, and plate glass. — Laufuch is a vill., 8 m. E.N.E. Aschaffenburg. Pop. 1,077. Ladfen, a frontier town of Upper Bavaria, on the Salzach, 10 m. N.N.W. Salzburg. Pop. 1,800, employed in ship-building and navigation. — II. a town, Wurtemberg, circ. Neckar, on the Neckar, 6 m. S.S.W. Heilbronn. Pop. 3,960. It has three churches, a convent, and a palace, and is men- tioned in records of the 9th century — Laufen- burg is avill. of Baden, circ. Lake, and — II. Swit- zerland, cant. Aargau, connected across the Rhine by a wooden bridge just above the cata- ract (laufin), 5 m. E. Siickingen. Laugharne, an anc. munio. bor., seaport town, and pa. of South Wales, co. and 9 m. S.S.W. Carmarthen, on the estuary of the Taff & Towy. Pop. of pa. 2,010. The town, remarkably well built, has the ruins of a ca.stle, and is much re- sorted to in summer by visitors. Laughton, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Lei- cester, 5 m. N.W. MTarket-Harborough. Area 3b LAU 754 LAU 1,430 ao. Pop. 180.— II. co. Lincoln, IJ m. S.E. Falkingham, to which the vicinity is united. Area 840 ac. Pop. 73.— III. co. & 18 m. N.N.W. Lin- coln. Area 4,070 ac. Pop. 483. — IV. co. Sussex, 5} m. E.N.E. Lewes. Area 4,110 ac. Pop. 830. Laughton palace is a moated and castellated edi- fice, built in 1534, and now used as a farm house. In the vicinity are marble quarries. — V. (En le Mbrthen), co. York, W. Riding, 10^ m. E. Shef- field. Area 7,590 ac. Pop. 1,212. It has a fine church, with a spire 185 feet in height. Laijinoen, a town of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, on the Danube, 26 m. N.W. Augsburg. Pop. 3,816. It has a castle, a church with remarkable sculp- tures ; and manufe. of woollen and Cotton fabrics. LiDJAB, or Lanjab, a town of Spain, prov. & 18 m. N.W. Almeira, on the S. slope of the Sierra Nevada. Pop. 2,980. It has manufs. of cloth. Ladn, a town of Bohemia, circ. & 10 m. N.E. Saaz, with a fine bridge on the Eger. Pop. 2,100. Launcells, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 1 m. E.S.E. Stratton. Area 6,340 ac. Pop. 855. Launoeston, a pari. & munic. bor., town, and pa. of England, co. Cornwall, of which it is joint cap. with Bodmin, on the Kensey, a tributary of the Tamar, 12 m. N.W. Tavistock, and about 22 m. N.N.W. Plymouth, to which a railway is pro- jected. Area of pa. 2,180 ac. Pop. of bor. 6,070. It is built on a steep hill, crowned by the majestic ruins of its castle ; streets narrow, houses mostly good. Chief buildings, the castle, founded by the anc. Cornish princes, and formerly known under the name of Castle Terrible ; the old towti gates, the ancient church built of granite, elaborately carved ; the small grammar school of queen Eli- zabeth, a national school, guild-hall, jail, and union workhouse. It has also a library, and a philosophical society. »Assizes held alternately with Bodmin. Corp. rev. (1846-7) 674?. It is a polling place for the E. division of the co., and sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Keg. elects. (1848) 344. In the vicinity is Werrington House, a fine seat of the duke of Northumberland. LAtTNOESTON, the most N.E. dist. of Tasmania (Van Dieman's Land), extending E.ward from Fort Sorell, & having N. Bass Strait, E. the ocean, S. the dist. Campbeltown, from which it is separ- ated by the South Esk river, and W. Norfolk plains. Surface mntnous., & in its S. part is Ben Lomond, 4,600 feet in height. The Tamar ilows wholly within this dist., in a N.W. direction to its mouth, Port Dalrymple. Chief towns, Launces- ton, George Town, and York Town, all on this river. — II. cap. co. Cornwall, and second town of Tasmania, hund. and pa. Launceston, at the confi. of N. & S. Esk rivers with the Tamar, 32 m. S.E. Port Dalrymple. Pop. 6,000. It is thriving, and has important traffic with S. Australia and Vic- toria ; ships of considerable burden anchor at its quay. Princip. buildings, a spacious stone church, government nouse, court house, jail, barracks, public schools, post-office, and bank. It is the residence of a civil commandant. Launceston-Takeant, a pa. of Engl.,co. Dor- set, 4 J m. N.E. Blandford-Forum. Ac. 710. P. 123. Launton, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 1| m. E.N.E. Bicester. Area 3,550 ac. Pop. 619. Laupen, a small town of Switzerland, cant. & 11 m. W.S.W. Berne, on the Sarine. Near this the Swiss, under Bodolph of Erlach, totally de- feated the Austrian forces, 21st June, 1339. Laceeana, a town of Naples, prov. Calab.- Ult., cap. cant., 10 m. E.S.E. Nicotera, P. 2,050. Latjhel Mountains, IT. S., N. Amer., are a branch of the Alleghany range, extending from Pennsylvania across Virginia into Kentucky, where they take the name of Cumberland moun- tains. — U. a CO. in S.E. of Kentucky. Area 400 sq. m. Pop. 3,079. Ladbence-Kirk, a bor. of barony and pa. of Scotland, co. Kincardine, 10 ra. N. Montrose. Area of pa. 5,381 ac. Pop. 1,904, do. of town 1,365, chiefly employed in linen weaving, and in the manuf. of snuff boxes. It has an Episcopal chapel. Bbth-place of Dr James Beattie, Latjbence (St), several pas. of Engl, — I. co. Essex, 8 m. E.S.E. Maldon. Area 2,080 ac. Pop. 176. — II. CO. Kent, 1 m. W. Ramsgate. Area 3,200 ac. Pop. 2,694. Rev. of charities (1836) 601. Fair, 10th August.— III. S. Wales, CO. Pembroke, 8 m. N.W. Haverford-West. Pop. 223.— IV. CO. Suffolk, 3 m. S.E. Bungay, Area 1,760 ac. Pop. 221. [Laweence, St.] Laubeht (St), a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 16 m. N.W. Ghent. Pop. 2,680. Laobent (St), numerous comms., towns, and vills. of France. — I. (cfe la Sdlangue), dep. E. Pyrenees, near the mouth of the Gly, 7 m. N.E. Perpignan. Pop. 3,526 II. [du Pont), dep. Is6re, cap. cant., 14 m. N. Grenoble. Pop. 3,156. — III. ((fe M(doc), dep. Gironde, cap. cant., 25 m. N.N.W. Bordeaux. Pop. 2,750.— IV. {mr Gorre), dep. H. Vienne, cap. cant., on the Gorre, 14 m. W.S.W. Limoges. Pop. 2,619.— V. (de Cerda), dep. E. Pyi-enees, 10 m. S.W. Ceret. Pop. 3,302.— VI. (de Chamouset), dep. Rhone, cap. cant., 17 m. W. Lyon. Pop. 1,690.— Vll, (d'Olt), dep. Aveyron, on the Lot, 24 m. N. Mil- hau. Pop. 2,130.— Vm. (de Terra GaUe), dep. Manche, 9 m. S.S.E. Avranches. Pop. 1,390.— IX. (de la Plaine), dep. Maine-et-Loire, arrond. Beaupr^au. Pop. 1,630. — X. (de rAin), dep. Ain, arrond. Bourg. Pop. 1,370 — XI. (deNeste), dep. H. Pyrenees, near the Neste, 14 m. E.N.E. fiag- neres. Pop. 1,409. — XII. (en Royans), dep. Dr6me, 23 m. E.N.E. Valence. Pop. 1,240.— XIII. (du Pape), dep. Ardjche, on the Erienx, at its confl. with the Rhone, 9 m. N.E. Privas. Pop. 1,250 ^XIV. (dea Bains), same dep., 16 m. W.N.W. Largentiere, celebrated for its saline thermal baths. — XV. (sur Sevre), dep. Vendue, on the Sevre Nantaise, 3 m. S.E. Mortagne. Pop. 1,066. — XVI. a comm. & vill. of Corsica, arrond. Corte. Pop. 623. Ladbents, a dist. of U. S., N. Amer., in N.W. of South Carolina. Area 920 sq. m. Pop. 21,684. — II. a CO. in centre of Georgia. Area 780 sq. m. Pop. 6,586. — III. a township of New York, 83 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,173. Latjrenzana, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, cap. cant., 15 m. S.S.E. Potenza. Pop. 5,000. Ladbia, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, dist. and 7 m. S.S.E. Lagonegro. Pop. 6,700. It consists of an upper and lower town, and lias manufactures of coarse linen fabrics. Ladbiebe, a comm. & market town of France dep. H. Vienne, 23 m. N.N.E. Limoges. P. 1,248. Laubiston, or Lawebston, a vill. of Scotland, CO. Stirling, pa. and IJ m. E. Falkirk. Pop. 1,198, partly employed in nail making & weaving. Laubino and Laubito, two small towns of Na- ples, prov. Princip. Cit., caps, cants ^I. on the Calore, 11 m. W.S.W. Diano, with 2,000 inhahi- tants.— II. 9 m. S.E. II Vallo. Pop. 1,300. Ladeo, two vills. of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro. — L 16 m. E. Oaeta.— II. 6 m. S.E. Nola. Laubvio, a seaport town of Norway, stift Aggershuus, cap. amt., on an inlet of the Skager- rack, 65 m. S.S.W. Christiania. P. 3,400. It has a cannon foundry, snuff-factories, and distilleries. Lausanne, a city of Switzerland, cap. cant. Vaud, J m. from Ouchy, its port, on the N. shore LAU 765 LAV of the Lake of Geneva, and on the S. slope of the Jura mntns., 150 feet above the lake, 32 m. N.E. Geneva. Mean temp, of year 49°. 4; winter 32° .1; summer 64° .7 Fahr. Pop. 12,000. It stands on elevated ground, and ha& narrow and ill-paved streets, but some good edifices, including the finest cathedral in Switzerland, a massive castle, a cantonal hospital, lunatic asylum, penitentiary, barracks, and theatre. Its educational institu- tions comprise an academy with 14 professors, a cantonal college, military, drawing, and other schools, numerous literary societies, and collec- tions of art & science ; manufs. of woollen cloths, paper, leather, and jewellery, are also carried on. It has good inns, several public baths, libraries, an English chapel, &c., and is distinguished for its good society. Voltaire, Haller, Tissot, and Byron, resided here ; and at Lausanne, Gibbon wrote the latter half of his "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." In the cemetery of St Pierre, near it, John Eemble was buried. Under the French it was the cap. dep. Leman. Ladsigk, a town of Saxony, circ. and 18 m. S.S.E. Leipzig. Pop. 2,261. It has manufs. of woollens and linens, and mineral baths. Laussonne, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Haute-Loire, 10 m. S.E. Le Puy. Pop. 1,900. Lact, anisl., E. Archipelago. [Pdlo-Ladt.] Lautehbdrg, a town of W. Prussia, reg. and 50 m. S.E. Marienwerder. Pop. 2,050. Lautenthai-, a town of Hanover, dist. and 5 m. N.Sr.W. Clausthal, in the Harz. Pop. 2,174. Ladter, a river of Rhenish Bavaria, forming in part of its course its boundary with France, joins the Rhine at Neuborg. Length 44 m. — II. a vill. of Saxony, circ. Zwickau. Pop. 2,388. Lautebbach, a town of Germany, H. Darm- stadt, prov. Upper Hessen, 14 m. W.N.W. Fulda, with 2 castles, 2 churches, & paper mills. P. 3,380. Ladtebbebo, a town of Hanover, 14 m. S.E. Clausthal, with mines of iron and coal. Pop. 3,216. Ladtebbocbq, a fortified frontier town and comm. of France, dep. B. Rhin, cap. cant., on r. b. of the Lauter, near its confl with the Rhine, 34 m. N.E. Strasbourg. Pop. 2,280. It has iron works & potash factories. In 1793 the French took it by forcing the famous lines of Lauterbourg. Ladtebbrukne!;, a pa. and viH. of Switzerland, cant, and 33 m. S.E. Bern, in the Oberland. Pop. 1,350, mhab. scattered residences, in a valley watered by the white Liitchine, celebrated for its picturesque grandeur, and so confined, that in summer the sun does not appear before 7 o'clock A.M., nor in winter before noon, & which contains the Siaubbach, and numerous other cascades. LAniEEECKEM, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, at the junction of the Lauter with the Glan, 17 m. If.w. Eaiserslautem. Pop. 1,155. Lautbec, a comm. and town of France, dep. Tarn, cap. cant., 8 m. N.W. Castres. Pop. 1,090. Laczeete, a comm. and town of France, dep. Tam-et-Garonne, 10m. N.N.E. Moissac. P. 1,660. Ladzet (Le), and Lauzun, a vill. and a forti- fied town of Franoe.J-I. dep. B. Alpes, cap. cant, 25 m. N.N.E. Digne. — II. dep. Lot-et-Gar- onne, 16 m. N.E. Marmande. Pop. 1,390. Lavagna, a marit. town of Sardinia, div. and IJ m. S.E. Chiavari, cap. mand., on the Gnlf of Genoa. P. of comm. 6,232 Lavagno is a vill. of Austrian Italy, deleg. & 6 m. E. Verona. P. 2,800. Lavai, a comhi. and town of France, cap. dep. Mayenne, on the Mayenne, 41 m. B. Rennes, and 160 m. W.S.AV. Paris. Pop. (1846) 16,424. It is on a steep declivity, enclosed by old walls, and comprises an old quarter, with narrow tortuous streets, and black overhanging wooden houses, and a new quarter, with wide, regular, well-built, streets. Principal buildings, a vast castle, now a prison, a curious gothic cathedral, 2 hospitals, prefecture, town-hSl, fine new linen hall, theatre, comm. college, and public library. It has import- ant manufs. of linen thread, and fabrics, cotton handkerchiefs, and cahco, bleach and dye works, tanneries, marble works, and a brisk trade in linen and cotton fabrics. It was taken by the English in 1466, but retaken by the French in the following year. It suffered greatly in the Ven- dean war at the end of the last century. Lavamund, amarket town of lUyria, Carinthia, on the Drave, 31 m. E. Klagenfurt. Lavant, a river of Carinthia, joins the Drave at Lavamund, after a S. course or 40 miles. Lavant, a river of England, co. Sussex, rises at Lavant, flows past Chichester, and enters its harbour after a S.W. course of 10 m. Lavant (East and West), a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 2^ m. N. Chichester. Area 2,970 ao. Pop. 370. Near it is Goodwood, the seat of the Duke of Richmond. [Mid-La vast.] Lavardao and Lavabdens, two towns of S.W. France. — I. dep. Lot-et-Garonne, cap. cant., on the Baise, 16 m. W. Agen. Pop. 1,442.-11. dep. Gers, 8 m. N.N.W. Auch, with warm baths. Lavaub, a comm. and town of France, dep. Tarn, cap. arrond., on the Agout, 23 m. S.W. Albi. Pop. 4,014. It has a comm. college, and manufs. of thick silk damasks, and is the entre- pot for the silk goods of Upper Lauguedoc. In the 13th century it was the stronghold of the Albigenses, from whom it was taken in 1211 by Simon de Montfort, with much barbarity. Lavelaket, a comm. and town of France, dep. Ari6ge, aiTond. and 12 m. E. Foix. Pop. 2,710, mostly employed in the manuf. of fine woollens. Lavello, Labellum, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, dist. and 8 m. N.E. Melfi. Pop. 3,000. Lavenbon, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, 2 m. N.E. Olney. Area 2,320 ac. Pop. 691. Lavenham, or Lanham, a market town and pa, of Engl., CO. Suffolk, 16^ m. W.N.W. Ipswich. Area of pa. 2,800 ac. Pop. 1,871. It has consi- derable manufactures of hemp. Laveno, and Lavenza, two market towns of N. Italy. — ^I. in Lombardy, deleg. and 23 m. W.N.W. Como, on Lalce Maggiore. — II. duchy and 6 m. W. Massa, on the Gulf of Genoa. Laventie, a comm. and town of France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, 12 m. N.E. Bethum. Pop. 1,330. Lavee, several pas. of Engl., co. Essex. — I. (High), 6 m. N.N.E. Epping. Area 1,960 ac. Pop. 478. The philosopher Locke lived, and in 1704 was buried, here.— II. {Little), 7 m. N.N.E. Epping. Area 680 ac. Pop. 128. — Wl.iMagda- Zen), 12 m.W.N.W. Chelmsford. Ac. 880. P. 217. Laveestoke, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Hants, 2 m. N.E. Whitchurch. Area 1,630 ac. Pop. 123 II. {and Ford), co. Wilts, 1\ m. N.E. Salis- bury. Area 3,160 ac. Pop. 1,076. Laveeton, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 3J m. N.E. Frome. Area 1,060 ac. Pop. 199. Lavet, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, co. and 6 m. S.E. Cavan. Area 10,678 ac. Pop. 6,931. Lavington (East), a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. Wilts, on the N. border of Salisbury plam, 6 m. S. Devizes. Area of pa. 6,840 ac. Pop. 1,000. The town has an ancient church. Bishop Tanner was born here in 1673. Lavington (West), two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Linooln,4m. N.N.E. Corby. Ac. 4,540. P. 829. —II. CO. Wilts, 6m. S. Devizes. Ac. 6,140. P. 1,654. Lavis, a market town of Austria, in the Tyrol, circ. and 6 m. N. Trent. Pop. 2,207. LAV 756 LEA Lavit, a oomm. & town of France, dep. Tarn- et-Garonne, 11 m. S.W. Castelsarrasin. P. 1,466. LAvOEo(TEKKADi),NapIes. [TerkadiLavobo.] LATRA3-DE-FnHiL, a town of Brazil, prov. Minas-Geraes, 106 m. W.S. W. Ouro-Preto. Pop. (including district) 12,000. Lawford, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Essex, IJ m. W. Manningtree. Area 2,160 ac. Pop 868. —II. (Church), 00. Warwick, SJ m. W.N.W. Rug- by. Area 2,070 ac. Pop. 333 III. [Long), a township, same co., pa. Newbold on Avon, 2 m. N.N.W. Rugby. Pop. 626. Law-Haden, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 3 m. N.W. Narberth. P. 634. It has picturesque ruins of a castle of the bishops of St David's. Lawhittok, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 2i m. S.S.E. Lannceston. Area 2,670 ac. Pop 487. Lawrence, several cos., &c., U. S., NT Amer. — I. in N. of Alabama. Area 725 sq. m. Pop. 13,313.-11. in S. of Tennessee. Area 780 sq. m. Pop. 7,120.-111. in S. of Mississippi. Area 790 sq. m. Pop. 6,920.— IV. in N. of Kentucky. Area 650 sq m. Pop. 4,730.— V. in S. of Ohio. Area 430 sq. m. Pop. 9,738 IV. in centre of Indiana. Area 438 sq. m. Pop. 11,782.— VII. in S.E. of Illinois. Area 660 sq. m. Pop. 7,092.— VIII. in N.E. Arkansas. Area 130 sq. m. Pop. 2,836 IX. a township of Ohio, co. Stark, on the Ohio canal. Pop. 2,043. — X. a township of New York, 25 m. N.E. Canton. Pop. 1,845.— XI. New Jersey, 6 m. N.E. Trenton. Pop. 1,556 XII. Ohio, CO. Tuscarawas, with three vills., and 1,523 inhabitants. — XIII. Iowa, co. Marion. Pop. 1,437. — Zawrenceburg 3,nA Zawrenceville are the names of many small places in the U. S. Lawrence (Golf of), a large inlet of the At- lantic, N. Amer., between lat. 46° & 60° N., & Ion. 68° and 65° W., surrounded by the British colo- nial territories, Lower Canada, New Brunswick, Cape Breton and Newfoundland. The two last mostly shut it off on the E. from the ocean, with which it communicates by three passages, the most N. being the Strait of Belleisle, and the S. the gut of Canso. Average length and breadth 280 m. each. On its W. side are the bays of Chaleur and Miramichi, and the estuary ot the St Lawrence riv. It contains Anticosti, Prince Edward's, the Magdalen, and many other islands. Its fisheries are highly imjportant. Lawrence (St), a pa. ot Ireland, Munster, co. and comprising a part of the city of Limerick. Area 280 ac. 'Pop. 1,794. Lawrence (St), or Clark. Island, an isl. in Behring Sea. Lat. 63° N., Ion. 170° W. Length, E. to W., 80 m., breadth 30 miles. Lawrence (St), an important riv. of N. Amer., forming part of the N. boundary of the U. S., and watering the finest portion of British Amer., rises, under the name of the St Louis, in lat. 47° 45' N., Ion. 93° W., flows E., and enters the S.W. extremity of Lake Superior. Passing through the chain of great lakes, it quits Lake Ontario at Kingstown, here it takes the name of the Iroquois, and flowing N.E. forms the wide expanses called lakes St Francis, St Louis, and St Peter ; it is first called St Lawrence after passing Mon- treal. Below Quebec it forms a broad estuary, and it enters the Gulf of St Lawrence at Gaspd point, by a mouth 100 m. wide. Length from Lake Ontario to the Gulf 650 m., entire length 1,800 m. The basin of the St Lawrence is esti- mated to contain 297,000 sq. m., of which 94,000 are covered with the waters of the great lakes. The river receives many important tributaries from the N., but none of any size from the S. The tides rise to the dist. Three Rivers. Ships of the line ascend to Quebec, and vessels of 600 tons to Montreal. The navigation is continued hence by canals to Kingstown and Lake Ontario. Lawrence (St), a pa. of the Isle of Wight, E. Medina, in the dist. called the TJnderclifF, W. Bonchurch. Area 350 ac. Pop. 114. Lawrenny, a pa. of South Wales, co. Pem- broke. Pop. 432. The seat of the Barlow family here is among the finest in South Wales. Lawshall, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 6} m. S. Bury-St-Edmund's. Area 2,280 ac. Pop. 925. Laxas, a river of Central Amer., enters the Lake of Nicaragua from the country between it and the Pacific, IG m. S.E. Nicaragua. Laxenburo, a market town of Lower Austria, with a station on the railway between Vienna and Glognitz, 9 m. S. Vienna. It is well built, and has an imperial summer palaee. Pop. 790. Laxfield, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 6} m. N.E. Framlington. Area 3,790 ac. Pop. 1,172. Laxton, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Northamp- ton, 7 m. N.W. Oundle. Area 1,370 ac. Pop. 136 — II. CO. Notts, 3 m. S.S.W. Tuxford. Area 3,601 ac. Pop. 642. Lavbach, or Laibach (Slav. Lublami, anc. AMona), the cap. city of lUyria, Austrian empire, and of a gov. comprising Carinthia and Camiola, on the Laybach, and on the railway from Vienna to Triest, m lat. 46° V 48' N., Ion 14° 30' E. Pop, (1845) 13,000. It has many handsome public edi- fices, comprising a cathedral and several other churches, agothic city hall, theatre, masque hall, barracks, the citadel, now a prison, courts, agri- cultural and philharmonic societies. Manu& of porcelain, refined sngar, and linen fabrics, an active transit trade between Germany and Triest. In 1821, an European Congress was held here. — Upper Laybach is a vill., 12 m. W.S.W. Pop. 1,400 The Laibach river rises S. Adelsberg, under the name of the Poik ; is lost in the Grotto of Adelsberg, and re-appears in the Unz ; it is again lost below the surface, and appears at Upper Laibach, where it becomes navigable. Latde, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, co. Antrun, 36 m. N. Belfast. Area 26,000 ac. Pop. 4,218. Later-Breton, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 6 m. S.S.W. Colchester. Area 970 ac. Pop. 290. Later, two pas. of Engl. — I. (de la Haye), co. Essex, 4 m. S.S.W. Colchester. Area 2,490 ac. Pop. 731.— IL {Mamey), 15 m. N.E. Chehns- ford. Area 1,500 ac. Pop. 256. Latham, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 2 m. S. Hadleigh. Area 2,290 ac. Pop. 649. Latrag, a oomm. and town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, 6 m. S. Agen, on the Gers, near its confl. with the Garonne. Pop. 1,253. Latsters, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 3 m. S.S.W. Tenbury. Area 2,220 ac. Pop. 226. Latston, a pa. of Engl., co. Hertford, 1 m. E. Buntingford. Area 1,680 ac. Pop. 1,187. Latton (with Warbrick), a township of Engl., CO. Lancaster, 7 m. N.W. Wigan. Pop. 1,968. Lazaroff, a small isl.. Pacific Ocean, on the track to Tahiti, E. end, in lat. 14° 63' 30* S., Ion. 148° 39' 30" W. Lazise, a small fortified town of Austrian Italy, deleg.and 13 m. W.N.W. Verona, on the E. shore of Lake Garda. Pop. (1843) 2,640. Lazonbt, a pa. of Engl., co. Cumberland, 61 m. N.N.E. Penrith. Area 11,610 ac. Pop. 670. Lazzaro-degli-armeni (St), a small isl. in the lagoon of Venice, with a celebrated convent and an Armenian college. Lg, or Ladakh, a city of Cent. Asia. [Leh.] Lea, a river of Engl., rises in co. Bedford, near Luton, flows E.S.E. and S., through co, LEA 757 LEC Herts, past Hertford, Ware, Cheshunt, and Wal- tham ; thence S., between the cos. Middlesex & Essex ; and joms the Thames at Blackwall, after a coiirse of 40 m. — The Lea Bridge sta. of the E. Cos. railway, is 5} m. E.N.E. Shoreditoh, London. Lea, several pas. of England. — I. cos. Glo'ster and Hereford, 4 m. E.S.E. Ross. Area 530 ac. Pop. 209. — II. CO. Lincoln, 2 m. S.S.E. Gains- boro'. Area 2,050 ac. Pop. 198.— III. (Clever- Urn), CO. Wilts, 2 m. E.S.E. Malmesbury. Area 1,170 ac. Pop. 330. — IV. (Marston), co. Warwick, 2 m. N. Coleshill. Area 1,130 ac. Pop. 278.— V. a tnshp., co. Lancaster, on the Wyre and Preston railway, pa. and 4 m. W.N.W. Preston. Pop. 710. — Lea-Green is a station on the Liver- pool and Manchester railw., 10} m. £. Liverpool. Lea, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, Queen's co., containing a part of Portarlington. Area 18,488 ac. Pop. 7,787. Here is Lea castle, built in 1,260. Leacock, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Pennsyl- vania, 44 m. E.S.E. Harrisburg. Pop. 3,537. Leadenham, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 8^ m. W.N.W. Sleaford. Area 2,260 ac. Pop. 698. Leadhills, a mining vill. of Scotland, co. and 18 m. S. Lanark, pa. Crawford, in a bleak dist. Elevation 1,300 feet. Mean temp, of year 44° .1 ; winter 32° .1; summer 56° .7 Fahr. Pop. 950, em- ployed in some of the richest lead mines of Scot- land, yielding 700 to 800 tons yearly. Allan Bamsay, the poet, was bom here in 1685. Leafiels, a cbapelry of Engl., co. Oxford, pa. Shipton-raider-Wmchwood,4m. N.N.W. Witney. Pop. 737. Leake, several pas. of England. — I. co. Lin- coln, 7 m. N.E. Boston. Area 5,880 ac. Fop. 1,859.— n. {£ast), CO. and 8J m. S.S.W. Nottmg- ham. Area 2,604 ac. Pop. 1,057. It is a polling- place for S. divis. of co. — IIL (West), a pa. adjoin- ing, 9 J m.W.S.W. Nottingham. Ac. 1,390. P. 208. Leal, a town of Russia, gov. Esthonia, cap. circ, 20 m. S.S.E. HapsaL Leauihotoh, a mkt. town, pa., and fashionable watering-place of Engl., co. and 2| m. E. War- wick, with which it is connected by a branch of the London and Birmingham railway. Area of pa. 1,720 ac. Pop. 12^Si. It is pleasantly situ- ated on the Learn, an afS. of the Avon, here crossed by 2 elegant bridges ; and it is one of the handsomest towns in England. Chief structures, a fine Gothic church; the new pump-room and baths ; assembly, concert, and reading rooms ; a theatre, museum, picture gallery, and several splendid hotels. It has also beautiful public gardens, a hunting club, 3 banks, and 2 news- papers. The waters from the springs are saline, sulph., and chalybeate. — II. (Hastinga), a pa., co. Warwick,4m.N.N.E.Southam. Ac. 3,340. P. 509. Leao-Tono, Movesen, or CHi»e-KiHO, a prov. of the Chinese empire, N. of the Cireat Wall, and nominally comprised in Mongolia, but separated from the rest of that region and Irom Corea by a palisade. Surface mntnous., and it comprises the " Regent's Sword," a peninsula in the Yellow Sea, bounding E. the Gulf of Leao- tong, into which its principal river, the Leao, flows. Products comprise pulse, flour, cotton, live stock, and fish. Principal city, Moukden. — The GalfofLeao-tong, an inlet of the Tellow Sea, is 160 m. long, and from 70 to 120 m. broad. Leasingham, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 2} m. N.N.W. Sleaford. Area 2,960 ac. Pop. 472. Leathebhead, a pa. and small town of Engl., CO. Surrey, on the Mole, here crossed by a bridge of 14 arches, 4 m. W. Epsom, and on the line of the projected London and Portsmouth railway. Area of pa. 3,260 ac. Pop. 1,740. Leathlet, ajpa. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, 10 m. N.N.W . Leeds. Area 1,640 ac. Pop. 382. Leatinoton, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Rid- ing, 5 m. W. Stockesley. Area 4,560 ac. P. 483. Leavisham, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Riding, 6 m. N;N.E. Pickering. Area 2,670 ac. P. 163. Leba, a river, lake, and town of Prussia, prov. Pomerania, the river entering the lake, and the town on the channel connecting this with the Baltic, 30 miles N.E. Stolpe. Pop. 948. Lebadea (pron. Livadia), a town of Greece, cap. gov. Boeotia, at the base of a rocky hill, the site of the ancient city, and having before the Greek revolution about 10,000 inhsibitants ; but it was then ruined, and is now unimportant. The famous cave of Trophonius was here, and is conjectured to be now hidden by the walls of a middle age citadel on the hill-summit. Lebanon (Hebrew " the White Mountain," Li- harms), a famous mountain chain of Syria, extend- ingfrom the vicinity of Antioch, 24 m. dist. from the Mediterranean, South to near Sidon ; & with the chain of Anti-Libanus, from 10 to 20 m. fur- ther E. ; its S. part encloses the valley of Coele- Syria. Its culminating point, Jeb-el-Makmel, rises to 12,000 feet ; and near this is a grove of several hundred cedars, 8 of which are very large and old. The whole range is composed of a whitish limestone (whence its name), and abounds with cultivated grounds and vills., inhabited by a race of hardy mountaineers. — Anti-Libanus stretches farther S., divides to enclose the Dead Sea, the Wady-el-Ghor, to the head of the Gulf of Akabah, and attains its greatest height in Mount Hermon, which is about 10,000 ft. high. Lebanon, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. of Pennsylvania. Area 348 sq. m. Pop. 21,872.— Also several tnshps. — I. Pennsylvania, 24 m. E. Harrisburg. Pop. 6,197. It has a bor. of same name. Pop. about 2,600.-11. Maine, 86 m. S. W. Augusta. Pop. 2,273. — III. Connecticut, 25 m. E.S.E. Hartford. Pop. 2,194 IV. New Jersey, 40 m. N.W. Trenton. Pop. 3,849.— V. a vill., Ohio, 68 m. W.S.W. Columbus. Pop. 1,600, em- ployed in woollen manufs. and iron foundries. — VI. a vill., Tennessee, 22 m. N.E. Nashville. Pop. 1,600. In the vicinity are a college and a large cotton factory. — VII. New York, co. Madison, 107 miles W. Albany. Pop. 1,794. Lebedian, a town of Russia, gov. and 110 m. W.N.W. Tambov, cap. circ. Pop. 3,000. Lebedin, a fortified town of Russia, gov. and 75 m. W.N.W. Kharkov, cap. dist., on the Ol- chana. Pop. (1838) 10,615. Numerous distilleries. Lebida, or Lebda, Lqptis Magna, a ruined town of N. Africa, 64 m. E. Tripoli, on the Mediterr. Septimus Severus was born in its vicinity, a.d. 146. Lebeija, a town of Spain, prov. & 29 m. S.S.W Sevilla, near 1. b. of the Guadalquivir. Pop. (1845) 7,741. It is in a marshy tract ; streets narrow & houses mean. Chief public buildings, a church, formerly a mosque, a college, & a ruined castle. It has manufs. of cloths, pottery, & soap, and is famous for its oil. — II. ariv. of S. Amer., New Gra- nada, joins the Magdalena, 120 m. N. W. Pamplona. Lebos, a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. and 6 m. N. Frankfurt, cap. circ, on the Oder. Pop. 1,750. Leoce, Metium, a city of Naples, prov. and 23 m. N.W. Otranto. Pop. 14,200. It is enclosed by walls, and has a castle, a large cathedral, and 30 other churches, several convents, a royal college, foundling hospital, and a theatre, with a noble government-house and new town-hall. It has a royal manuf. of snuff, & manuls. of woollen, cotton, and silk goods, lace and linen thread. LEC 758 LEE Leoelles, a comm. and viJl. of France, dep, Nord, 8 m. N.N.W. Valenciennes. Pop. 2,230, who manuf. nails and agricultural implements. Lecco, a mkt. town of Lombardy, deleg. and 16 m. E.N.E. Como, cap. circ, at the month of the Adda, in the Lake of Lecco. Pop. 4,330. It has manufs. of silks, cotton, and woollen stuffs. Lech, a river of S. Germany, Tyrol & Bavaria, rises in the Vorarlberg, and after a N. course of 140 m., joins the Danube, 26''m. N. Augsburg. liECHENicH, or Leohnioh, a fortified town of Khenish Prussia, reg. and 13 m. S.W. Cologne. Pop. 1,700. Lechhausen, a vill. of Bavaria, circ. Upper Danube, on the Lech, IJ m. N.N.E. Augsburg. Pop. 2,100. Manufs. linen, silk stuffs, & oil-cloth. Leohlabe, a mkt. town and pa. of England, CO. Gloucester, at the confl. of the small river Leach, with the navigable Isis, & on the Thames & Severn canal, 4 m. E.S.E. Fairford. Area of pa. 3,980 ae. Pop. 1,300. It has a bridge across the Isis ; a handsome church of the reign of Henry vii. Leck, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Donegal, | m. E.S.E. Letterkenny. Ac. 10,746. Pop. 3,422. Leck, a river of the Netherlands, forming an arm of the Old Khine, at its delta, N. of the Waal. It forms the S. boundary of prov. Utrecht, & joins the Haas, 7 m. E. Rotterdam. [Nethebiajids.] Leckfobd, a pa. of England) co. Hants, 2 m. N.N.E. Stockbridge. Area 530 ac. Pop. 231. Leckhampstead, a pa. of England, co. and 3^ m. N.N.E. Buckingham. Area 2,070 ac. P. 505. Leckhampton, a pa. of Engl., co. Gloucester, 2 m. "VV.S.'W. Cheltenham, and comprising a part oftheCotswold Hills. Area 1,330 ac. Pop. 1,770. Leokonfield, a pa. of England, co. York, E. Kidiug, 3 m. N.N.W. Beverley. Ac. 4,030. P. 374. Leokpatkick, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, oo. Tyrone, containing a part of the town of Stra- bane. Area 13,451 ac. Pop. 5,723. Leoropt, a pa. of Scotland, cos. Perth and Stirling, on the Allan, 3 m. N. Stirling. P. 613. Lectodke, a comm. and town of France, dep. Gers, cap. arrond., 20 m. N. Auoh. Pop. 3,107. It stands on a steep rock, enclosed by ruined walls, and has an old episcopal palace, now the prefecture, a fine Gothic church, comm, college, town-hall, and hospital. Its manufs. consist of serge and coarse woollen cloths, and it has a brisk trade in cattle, wines, brandy, and grain. Leozna, a royal town of Poland, prov. and 16 m. E.N.E. Lublin, on the Wieprz. Pop. 2,266. It is the seat of a large cattle fair. Ledbury, a mkt. town and pa. of England, co. and 13 m. E. Hereford, on the Hereford and Gloucester canal. Area of pa. 9,010 ac. Pop. 4,691. The town, on a declivity, at the S. ex- tremity of the Malvern Hills, has many ancient, intermixed with handsome modem, houses ; a church, partly of Norman architecture, with a detached tower & fine altar-piece; a decayed grammar school ; an hospital, with chapel, for 24 brethren and sisters, founded 1232, annual rev. 1,720?. ; several other charities ; a union work- house, ancient mkt.-house, 2 branch banks, and some manufs. of rope & sacking. In its vicinity are valuable cider orchards, hop grounds, and marble quarries. Market, Tuesday. Lede, and Ledeohem, two comms. and vills. of Belgium. — I. prov. E. Flanders, 6} m. S.W. Dendermond. — II. prov. W. Flanders, 6 m. W.N.W. Conrtrai. Pop. 2,637. Ledesma, a fortified town of Spain, prov. and 20 m. N.W. Salamanca, on the Tormes, crossed here by a fine old Roman bridge. Pop. 2,000. It has warm mineral baths, much frequented. Leosham, a pa. of England, co. York, W. Rid- ing, 5 m. N. Pontefract. Ac. 6,190. Pop. 1,066. Ledtaed, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, 171 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,143.— IL a tnshp.,. Connecticut, 47 m. S.E. Hartford. Pop. 1,871. Lee, a river of Ireland, Munster, co. Cork, rises in Lake Gongane-Barra, flows E., & enters Cork harbour, after a course of 36 m. — Also a small river, co. Kerry, flows into Tralee Bay. Lee, several pas. of England. — I, co. BuckSjS m. S.S.E. Wendover. Area 500 ac. Pop. 142. — II. CO. Kent, on the S. edge of Blaokheath, 6 m. E.S.E. London. Area 1,470 ac. Pop. 2,360, It has many handsome residences, a beautiful new church (in the old burying-ground attached to which, Halley the astronomer was buried), and an endowed school.^ — III. (Botwood), co. Salop, 3^ m. N.N.E. Church-Stretton. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 233. — IV. (Brochhurst), same co., 2} m. E.S.E. Wem. Area 550 ac. Pop. 165 V. {St John), CO. Northumberland, IJ m. N.N.W. Hex- ham. Area 15,090 ac. Pop. 1,947. Coal and lead are wrought here. The church, small and antique, is picturesquely situated on the Tyne. Lee, several places, U. S., N. Amer. — I. a co. in S.W. of Virginia. Area 612 sq. m. Pop, 8,441.-11. a CO., in S.W, of Georgia. Area 600 sq. m. Pop. 4,620 III. a co., in N. of Illinois. Area 720 sq. m. Pop. 2,035.— IV. a co., in S. of Iowa. Area 600 sq.m. Pop. 6,093. — V. a tnshp., Massachusetts, 109 m. W. Boston. Pop. 2,428 VL New York, 9 m. N.W. Rome. Pop, 2,936, Leeds, a pari, and munic, bor,, and the princi- pal woollen manufacturing town of England, co. York, W. Riding, situated on the N. side of the Aire, across which it communicates with its suburbs Holbeck and Hunslet, by 3 stone and 2 iron bridges, 30 m. N. ShefBeld, & 170 m. N.N.W. London. Area of bor. and pa. 21,450 ac. In- habited houses 31,626. Pop. 152,054 ; of whom 88,741 inhabited the town and township. It stands on a declivity, and is upwards of l| m. in length, by about 1 m. in breadfli. It is irregularly laid out, but has several good and spacious thoroughfares. The dist. on the W. containing Wellington, West, and Guildford Streets, is new, handsome, and inhabited by the more wealthy classes. Principal edifices, the coloured cloth and white cloth halls, in which the sales from the clothiers to the merchants are effected ; the commercial buildings, handsomely constructed of stone, and containing news and concert rooms; the central market, erected at an expense of 35,000?. ; the free and south markets, com ex- change, court-house, cavalry barracks, with a parade-ground, occupying 11 or 12 acres, the hall of the literary and pliilosophical society, theatre, music-hall, assembly-rooms, infirmaiy, and some pubUc baths. The modern pa. church is a handsome Gothic edifice. Here are 25 per- petual curacies, and between 30 & 40 Dissenting places of worship, of which the new Independent and the Roman Catholic chapels are the most striking in their architecture. The grammar school, founded in 1522, is open to the sons of all residents in the town, annual rev. 1,6002., and its scholars have a title to compete for an exhi- bition in Queen's college, Oxford, and for 4 scho- larships in Magdalen college, Cambridge; St John's charity, founded in 1705, annual mcome 600?., is appropriated to training up girls as household servants ; the royal Lancasterian school has numerous pupils ; and here are na- tional, infant, and numerous Sunday schools, literary institution, public library, society for the promotion of the fine arts, mechanics' institute, LEE 7S9 LEG and various subscription libraries. Tiie infir- mary has an annual income of 2,5002. ; other medical charities are fever and lying-in hospitals, an eye and ear infirmary, and public dispensary, & in connection with them is a school of medicine. HaiTison's aJms-houses, founded in 1653, are ap- propriated to 61 poor women, and supported on an mcome of 8601 a year. The charitable en- dowments of Leeds are estimated to produce 5,000i. a year ; in addition to which provision for ttiepoor,benefitsocieties are unusually numerous. The position of Leeds, in a coal dist., and having abundant means of communication with both seas, and with numerous great seats of commerce, have been the sources of its eminence as a seat of manufecture. In 1839 it had 106 woollen, 44 flax, 13 worsted, and 2 silk mills, with engines, having an aggregate power of 4,117 horses, and employing together 18,432 persons, besides whom a large number are occupied on hand-looms at their own houses. Its principal woollen fabrics consist of the finest broad cloths, kerseymeres, swandoy(ps, and beavers; in addition, carpets, blankets, camlets, and shalloons, are woven, and large quantities of unfinished stuffs are brought from Bradford & Halifax to Leeds to be finished. Linen yam, canvass, sacking, and linen cloth are the chief flaxen goods produced. The factories for machinery, chemical works, glass houses, potteries, tobacco mills, and soap works, are ex- tensive. Leeds has a branch of the bank of 'Sngland, besides many other banks, and a sav- ings' bank. It is connected by railways with Tork, Selby and Hull, Wakefield and Derby, Manchester & Halifax ; with the North Sea by the Aire and Calder navigation, and with Liver- pool by the Leeds and Liverpool canal. It is divided into 12 wards, and governed by a mayor, a recorder, 16 aldermen, & 48 burgesses. Corp. rev. (1846-7) 21,2362. It has quarter-sessions, court-baron for the honour of Pontefract, court of record, and petty sessions ; and is the seat of the Michaelmas quarter-sessions for the W. Rid- ing. Mkts., Tuesday and Saturday. It sends 2 members to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 6,298. Leeds, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, ik m. E.S.E. Maidstone. Area 1,760 ac. Pop. 676. The vilL is anc. and picturesque. Leeds castle is a fine old quadrangular pile, surrounded by a moat. LEEns, a town, U. S., N. Amer., Maine, 21 m. W.S.W. Augusta. Pop. 1,736.-11. a pa., Upper Canada, 15 m. E.N.E. Ifingston. Leek, a manufacturing, mkt. town, and pa. of Engl., CO. Stafford, on the Chumet, 12 m. S.E. Macclesfield. Area of pa. 34,370 ac. Pop. 11,738, The town, in a vale in the hilly dist., called the Moorlands, has many old and some good modern houses, an anc. Gothic church, a pyramidal cross, supposed to be Danish, a small town-hall, union ■work-house, and a mechanics' institution, with important manufs. of silks and ribbons. A canal, connecting it with the Trent and Mersey, and an abundance of coal in the vicinity, facilitate its trade.— II. a pa., co. York, N. Biding, 6 m. N. Thirsk. Area 7,520 ac. Pop. 1,235.— III. (i^n«A), a tnshp., CO. Stafford, pa. and 6 m. W.N.W. Leek. Pop. 926.— IV. {Woolton), a pa., co. and 2^ m. N.N.E. Warwick. Area 1,860 ac. P. 360. Leek (De), a comm. & vill. of the Netherlands, prov. and 9 m. W.S.W. Groningen. Pop. 4,451. LEEMiN6,a chapelryof Engl,,co.Tork, N. Rid- ing, pa. Bumeston, 3 m. E.N.E. Bedale. P. 682. Leeude, a comm. and vill. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 7 m. S.E. Eyndhoven. P. 1,528. Leee, a town of Hanover, landr. and 17 m. S. Aurich, cap. dist., on the Leda, near its junction with the Ems. Pop. (1845) 6,719. It has manufs. of linens, hosiery, soap, vinegar, and candies. Leebdam, a town of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, 19 m. E.N.E. Dordrecht. Pop. 2,665. Lees, a chapelry of England, co. Lancaster, pa. Ashton-under-Lyne, li m. B. Oldham. Leesbuky, a vill., U. ^, N. Amer., Virginia, 36 m. N.W. Washington. It has 3 churches, a court-house, gaol, market-house, and bank. Leeowabden, a fortified town of the Nether- lands, cap. prov. Fi-iesland, on the Ee. Lat. 63° 12' 14' N., Ion. 5° 47' 33" E. Pop. (1840) 21,966. It is intersected by numerous canals, connected by others with Harlingen and Groningen, regu- larly and well built, and has a fine town-hall, an arsenal, exchange, house of correction, palace of the princes of Orange, a church with many of their tombs, synagogue, & a branch of the society of public good, with manufs. of linen, paper, print- ing establishments, and a large general trade. Leeuvten, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, 14 m. W. Nymeguen. Pop. 1,600. — Cape Leeuwm. is a headland of W. Australia, dist. Sussex, 6 m. S.W. Augusta. Lat. 34° 22' S., Ion. 116° W E. ; and Leeuwen-land comprises most part of the colony of W. Australia, S. of lat. 30° S. Leeward Islands, a name applied to the W. India isls., N. of lat. 15° N., and comprising the British isls. Dominica, Monserrat, Antigua, St Christopher, AnguiUa, and the Virgin group, the French isls. Guadeloupe & Marie Galante, with all the Danish, Swedish, and most of the Dutch possessions in this archipelago. S. of this group are the Wikdwaed Islands. Lefke, a vill. of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 46 m. E.N.E. Brusa, neatly built of sun-baked brick. — II. a vill. of Ithaca, Ionian Isls., 1 J m.'.N.W. Vathi. Lefkosia (vnlg. Nicosia), the cap. city of the isl. Cyprus, nearly in its centre. Pop. 18,000 (?), about 2-3ds Turks. It is " a Venetian, convert- ed into a Turkish city ; " having bastioned walls, mosques which have all been churches, one a fine Gothic edifice ; several Greek and Rom. Catholic churches and convents, a large caravanserai, some baths, houses furnished with balconies, and enclosed by gardens, &c., but its streets are narrow and dirty, and it is mostly in decay. It has, however, manufs. of carpets, printed cottons, & red leather, and some trade in cotton & wine. Leftwioh, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Chester, pa. Davenham, 1 m. S. Norwich. Pop. 2,001. Lefdga Island, one of the Hapay group. Pacific Ocean, [Fbiendlt Islands.] Lesanes, a small town of Spain, prov. and 7 m. S.W. Madrid, by the inhabitants of which it is much frequented as a rural retreat. Pop. 1,905. Lbgboukne, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 3 m. S.E.Louth. Area 1,910 ac. Poj). 461. It has a station on the Great Northern railway. Lsaf, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Loire-Inf., cap. cant., 23 m. S.S.W. Nantes. Pop. 3,401. Legeb (St), numerous comms, and vills. of France ; the principal being : — I. {de Foucheret), dep. Tonne, 10 m. SiE. Avallon. Pop. 1,499 II. (Magnazeix), dep. H. Vienne, 14 m. N.E. Bellac. Pop, 1,623. — III. {sur d'Heune), dep. Sa6ne-et- Loire, 12 m. W.N.W. ChWon sur Sa6ne. Pop. 1,697. — St Leger is also a vill. of Belgium, Lux- embourg, 7 nules E.N.E. Virion. Legbbwood, a pa. of Scotland, co. Berwick, 6 m. S.E. Lauder. Area about 16 sq. m. Pop. 571. Legni, or Letni, a vill. of Piedmont, div. prov. and 9 m. N.E. Turin. Pop. (with comm.) 3,090. Legbsby, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 3 m. S,S,E, Market-Kaisen. Area 3,230 ac. P. 326. LEG 760 LEI Leqhorn (Ital. Livomo), a city and the princi- pal seaport of Tuscanyjrov. Pisa, on the Medi- terranean, 48 m. W.S.W. Florence. Lat. 43° 32' 7' N., Ion. lO" 17' T E. Pop. (1846) 80,195, of whom 4,300 were Jews. It is of square shape, enclosed by new walls, well built, clean, well paved, and was lighted by gas in 1846. It has a Gothic cathedral, 6 other pa. churches, chapels belong- ing to the English, Dutch, and German Protes- tants, Armenians, and Maronites, a synagogue, mosque, 3 hospitals, 2 government pawn-banks, a work-house, house of refuge, 2 large schools & a public library, an observatory & oratoria, with a citadel and old castle. Leghorn, from its situa- tion, is not salubrious ; but great and effectual efforts have recently been made for its drainage ; and water is distributed through it by an aque- duct from Colognole, 12 m. distant. The N. part of the city is intersected by canals, and comprises many wharfs and warehouses ; the port is divided into an inner and outer harbour ; the latter for vessels under 400 tons, is protected by a fine mole running upwards of J m. into the sea, near which is a lighthouse. The roadstead lies W.N.W. the harbour, and outside of it is the Melora sandbank, running 4 m. N. and S., about 4 m. from the shore ; at its S. extremity stands the Melora tower, and on an isl., about 1 m. S., the lazaretto, esteemed one of the best in Europe. Leghorn has a considerable coral-fishery, manufs. of woollen caps., straw hats, glass, paper, soap, coral, and alabaster factories, rope walks, ship building docks, tanneries, &c. It was made a free port by Cosmo de Medicis in the 16th cent., and to this circumstance it owes its chief pro- sperity. Exports comprise raw & manufactured sUks, straw hats and plait, straw for plaiting, oil and fruits, borax, cheese, anchovies, marble, and sulphur. Imports consist of colonial produce, raw cotton, cotton and woollen fabrics, hardware, metallic bars, earthenware, & salted fish. rPisA.I LEGNAeo, a fortified town of Lombardy and Venice, deleg. and 22 m. S.E.Verona, on the Olona&Adige. Pop. (1845) 5,900. It has a royal gymnasium, a theatre, hospital, and manufs. of leather, and extensive corn markets. — ^11. a mkt. town, deleg. and 16 m. N.W. Milan. Pop. 4,790. Leqsaja (Boboo di), a vill. of Tuscany, form- ing a suburb of Florence on the W. Pop. 2,104. Lesbad, a mkt. town of S.W. Hungary, co. Szalad, on theDrave,10 m. N. Kopreinitz. P. 2,337. Leh, or L£, a city of Central Asia, cap. the dist. Ladakh (Little Tibet), in the valley of the Indus, N. of the Himalaya. Lat. 34° lTn of N.E. Hungary, co. & 11 m. E.N.E. Zemplin. Pop. 1,609. It has a castle, Le MiiRE Steait, South America, is between Tierra-del-Fnego and Staten Island. Lat. 64° 40' S., Ion. 65° W. Breadth 12 m. It was discovered in 1616 by the Dutch navigator Le Maire. Leuan (Lake), Switzerl'd. [Geneva, Lake of.] Lemanaohan, a pa. of Irel., Leinster, King's CO., 3J m. E.N.E. Ferbane. Area 19,616 ac, a large portion of which is bog. Pop. 6,806. Lembach, a comm. & vill. of Fi-ance, dep. B. Khin, 30 m. N. Strasbourg. Pop. 1,961. Lembeck, a vill. of Belgium, prov, S. Brabant, 11 m. S.S.W. Brussels. Pop. 1,400. Lembebg (Pol. Zwow ; Lat. Leopolis), a city of Austrian Poland, cap. of the kingdom of Ga- licia & Lodomeria, on the Peltao, 185 m. E.S.E. Cracow. Pop. (1773) 25,000; (1845) 75,000, of whom 20,000 are Jews. It is the seat of a civil and military governor, and of a Greek and an Anneniau archbishop, and was formerly an im- portant fortress, but its ramparts are now con- verted into elegant public waUcs. The city proper is small and confined, but the suburbs are hand- some. Chief public buildings, the cathedra], built 1370 ; a Greek Catholic church, with the elegant residence of the archbishop ; Dominican church, with fine paintings and sculpture ; a Protestant church, and 3 synagogues, an elegant new coun- cil bouse and theatre. The university, established 1784, had, in 1845, 1,400 students, and a library of 48,000 vols. ; the literary institute, with a li- brary of 68,000 vols., mostly of Slavonic history and literature ; 1,200 MSS., 15,000 medals, and a large collection of paintings and prints ; 2 gym- nasia, a normal school, and numerous seminaries and charitable institutions. Lemberg is cele- brated for its hotels, and has many attractions for strangers. It has few manufs., but important transit trade, and extensive corn and cattle mar- kets. Near it are the baths of Szeklo and Lu- bien. [Lowenbebg.] Lehbebo, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Moselle, 14 m. S.E. Sarreguemines, with 1,900 inhabs. — ^11. a vill. of Rhenish Bavaria, 16 m. E.S.E. Deux-Ponts. Pop. 1,240. Lembete, a comm. and town of France, dep. B. Pyrenees, cap. cant., 16m.N.E.Pau. P. 1,324. Lbmfobde, a mkt. town of Hanover, co. & 10 m. S. Diepholz. Pop. 912. Lemqo, a town of the principality of Lippe- Detmold, Central Germany, on the Bega, 6 m. N. Detmold. Pop. 2,022, mostly Lutherans. It M enclosed by walls ; consists of an old and a new town ; has several churches, a convent, a palace of the prince, a gymnasimn, seminary for noble ladies, and orphan asylnm. It is the chief seat of the manufs. of this petty state, comprising wool- len & linen stnfls, leather, & meerschaum pipes ; ^d was formerly one of the Hanse towns. LEMiNGTOif, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 121 m- S.S.E. Stratford-on-Avon. Area 660 ac. Pop. 68. Lehlum, or Lemloom, a vill. of Asiatic Tur- key, pash. Bagdad, on the Euphrates, 62 m. S.E. the ruins of Babylon, and S.E. from which are the marshes of Lemlum, a wide and inundated tract, partly cultivated for rice. Lemmeb, a town of the Netherl'ds, prov. Fries- land, on the Zuyder-Zee, 14 m. S. Sneek. P. 2,327. Lemkos, isl., Greek Archipelago. [Stalimene.] Lempa, a river of Central Amer., state St Sal- vador, enters the Pacific O. 35 m. S.E. that city. Lehpdes, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep.Puy-de-D6me, 6 m. S.E. Clermont. P. 1,935. Lemps (Le Geand), a comm. & town of France, dep. Isfere, 20 ra. N.W. Grenoble. Pop. 1,703. Lemsal, or LiMBAsoHA, a town of Russia, gov. Livonia, near the G. of Riga, 30 m. W. Wolmar. Pop. 1,050. It was formerly fortified, Lemvig, a town of Denmark, Jiitland, on the S. shore of the Liimfiord, 32 m. N.E. Ringkiobing, Pop, 800, who trade in corn, tallow, and fish, Lena, one of the principal rivers of Asia, and the most easterly and largest of the great streams of Siberia, its basin lying between those of the Yenisei on the W., and the Tana and Indigirka on the E, It rises near Irkutsk, W. of Lake Bai- kal ; flows first N.E. to Yakutsk, and thence N. to the Arctic O., which it enters by numerous mouths, between lat. 72° & 73° N., and Ion. 125° and 130° E. Total course 2,400 m., the whole of which is within the Russian dom. Chief tributs., the Vitim, Aldan, and Bilini, both of which last it receives N. of lat 63°. 800 m. from the ocean it is a noble river, 5 or 6 m. in width, and it is generally navigable with safety ; but in a great part of its course it flows through a frozen desert. Lenawee, a co., U. S., N. America, in E. of Michigan. Area 735 sq. m. Pop. 17,889. Lench, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, 6 m. W.S.W. Alcester. Area 1,380 ac. Pop. 280. Lencloitre, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep.Vienne, cap. cant., 16 m. N. Poitiers. P. 1,357. Lenczt, or Leczyca, a town of Poland, gov, & 80 m. "W.S.W. Warsaw, cap. dist., on the Bzura. Pop. 3,370, one half of whom are Jews. It is en- closed by walls, and has several convents. Lendinaka, a fortified town of Austrian Italy, gov. Venice, cap. dist., deleg. and 9 m. W. Rovigo. Pop. 5,600, mostly employed in agriculture. Lengefeld, a town of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, 14 m. S.E. Chemnitz. P. 3,995, mostly employed in manufs. of woollen and linen stuffs, & in steam cotton mills. — Lengenfeld is a town, same circ, 26 miles S.W. Chemnitz. Pop. 2,42,5. Lengerich, or Makgaeethen-Lengeeioh, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. & 19 m. N.N.E. Miiuster, at the foot of a mountain. Pop. 1,430, Manufs. silk, woollen, and linen stuffs.— II. aviJI. of Hanover, landr. and 29 m. N.W. Osnabriick. Lengnau, several viUs. of Switzerland.^ — I. cant. Bern, 3 m. N. Buren, with 600 inhabs., & a bath establishment. — II. {Oher and Unter), cant. Aar- gau, 4 m. S.S.E. Zurzach. United pop. 1,330. Lbngsfelb, two towns of Central Germany. — I. grand duchy Saxe- Weimar, principality & 16 m. S.S.W. Eisenach, an affl. of the Werra. Pop.' 2,239. It is enclosed by walls, and has 2 castles, and a synagogue. — II. (or Schenh-L.), a market town, grand duchy, H. Darmstadt, prov. Starken- burg, dist. & 5 m. S.S.E. Dieburg. Pop. 1,160. Lenham, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 9i m. E.S.E. Maidstone. Area 6,890 ac. Pop. 2,214, Lenk, a pa, & vill. of Switzerland, cant. Bern, in the Simmenthal, 22 m. S.S.W. Thun. P. 2,240. Lenkeean, a town of Russia. [Lankeran.] Lennep, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 21 m, E.S.E, Diisseldorf, cap, circ, on the Lennep. Pop. 4,910. It has manufactures of woollens and cottons. Lennik St QuENTiN, a mkt. town of Belgium, prov, S, Brabant, 9 m, S.W, Brussels. Pop, 2,000. Lennox, the anc. name of the co. Dumbarton, Scotl., comprising also parts of the cos. Stirling, Perth, and Renfrew. It gives the title of Duke, in the Scotch peerage, to the Duke of Richmond. — Lennox hills are a range extending between COS. Dumbarton and Stirling. The highest sum- mit rises about 1,600 feet above the sea. Lennox Town, a vill., co. Stirling, pa, Camp- sie, 9 m. N, Glasgow, Pop, 2,821, employed in large calico print-works and collieries. It is a LEN 764 LEO polling-place for the co., and the seat of a she- riffs' court. Adjacent is Lennox castle. Leko, a mkt. town of Lombardy, deleg. & 12 m. S. Brescia, cap. dist., near the Mella. Pop. 3,805. Manufs. linen, silk, and cotton. Lenoib, a CO. of U. S., N. America, in S.E. of North Carolina. Area 300 sq. m. Pop. 7,600. Lenola, a vill. of Naples, prov. T. cfi Lavoro, dist. and 16 m. N.N.W. Gaeta. Pop. 2,160. Lenox, a tnshp., TJ. S., N. America, New York, 106 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 5,440. Lens, a comm. & town of France, dep. Pas-de- Calais, cap. cant., 9 m. N.E. Arras. Pop. 2,768, with coal mines, distilleries, tanneries, and soap works. Here, in 1648, the Prince of Cond^ gained a signal victory over the Spanish forces. — II. a vill. of Belgium, prov. Hainault, cap. cant., on the Dender, 7 m. N.N.W. Mons. Pop. 1,800.-111. a pa. and vill. of Switzerland, cant. Valais, 6 m. N.E. Sion. Pop. 1,622. Lenthali, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 6 m. W.S.W. Ludlow. Area 970 ao. Pop. 147. Lentini (Lake of), Sicily. [Biviebe Lake.] Lentini, Zeontium, a town of Sicily, intend. Syracuse, on a hill near lake Biviere, 15 m. S.S. W. Catania. Pop. 6,100. It has a gunpowder mill, and an active fishery on the adjoining lake. Lenton, a pa. of Engl., eo. and 1| m. W.S.W. Nottingham, on the Nottingham branch of the Midland railway. Area 6,080 ae. Pop. 4,467. It has a court-room and jail, for the liberty of Peverel, originally granted to Wm. Peverel, natu- ral son of William the Conqueror. The jurisdic- tion and power of this court is very extensive. Lent, a romantic mountain pass of Scotl., co. Perth, 2 m. W. Callander. Loch Lubnaig here discharges its waters by a stream which joins the Teith near Callander. Lenzbdro, a town of Switzerland, cant. Aar- gau, cap. dist., 7 m. E. Aarau. Pop. 1,760. Lenzen, a town of Pruss. Saxony, prov. Bran- denburg, reg. & 83 m. N.W. Potsdam. Pop. 8,000. Lenzkieoh (Uppeb & Lower), two vills. of W. Germany, Baden, circ. Lake, 3^ m. S. Neustadt. Leo (San), a small town of Central Italy, Pon- tifical States, deleg. Urbino, 7 m. S.W. San Marino. It is a bishop's see, protected by a fort. P. 1,200. Leoben, a town of Austria, Styria, circ. and 9 m. W.S.W. Briick, on the Mur. Pop. 2,000, mostly employed in mining and forging iron. The peace of Leoben, between France & Austria, was concluded here, 18th April, 1797. Leobschdtz (Slav. Hlubzim), a town of Pruss. Silesia, reg. and 33 m. S.W. Oppeln. Pop. 6,230. Leooane, a marit. town of Hayti, cap.arrond., on its W. coast, 20 m. W. Port-au-Prince, at the S.E. angle of Gulf of Leogane, an inlet of the Caribbean sea, about 120 m. in length. Leominsteb, a pari, and munic. bor., market town, & pa. of Engl., co. & 12 m. N.N.W. Here- ford, on the Lugg. Area of bor. & pa. 9,290 ac. Pop. 4,916. It has many curious old timber houses ; an ancient church, a grammar school, founded by Queen Mary; a grotesquely built town-hall, or "butter cross," erected in 1633; a jail, house of industry, mkt. house, and branch bank ; with manufs. of leather, gloves, hats, and a few woollens ; large mkts. on Tuesday, for com, wool, hops, and cider ; and 7 large yearly fairs for cattle. Corp. rev. (1846-7)529/. Leominster sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. elects. (1848), 663. It is a polling place for the co. — II. a pa., co. Sussex, 10 m. E. Chichester. Ac. 3,280. P. 785. Lbominsteb, a tnshp., U. S. of N. America, Massachusetts, 36 m. W.N.W. Boston. P. 2,069. Leo», an old prov. and formerly a kingdom, in the N.W. of Spain, now divided into the provs. Leon, Salamanca, and Zamora. It was origin- ally called the kingdom of the Asturias, and was united to Castile in 1230. The new prov. of Leon in the northern portion, has an area of 6,894 sq. m. ; and a pop. of 267,438. Leon, a city of Spain, cap. prov., on the Ber- nesga, at the confl. of the Sorib, 60 m. S.E. Oviedo, & 174 m.N.N. W.Madrid. Pop. 6,720. Its walls are nearly demolished. Cliief buildings, the church of San Isidore, built in the 11th cen- tury ; 13 other churches, and 4 hospitals. Linen- weaving, stocking-ltnitting, and glove-maJdng, are the principal branches of industry. Leon, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Lan- des, on a lagoon, 17 m. N.W. Dax. Pop. 1,402. Leon, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, co. Cataraugus. P. 1,326. — II. acity, Cen. Amer., cap. state Nicaragua, near the N.W. extremity of the Lake of Leon, 10 m. from the Pacific O. Lat. 12° 25'N., Ion. 86°50'W. P. 25,000. Ithadformerly 60,000 inhabs. ; it is now greatly decayed and dilapidated, and one third of it is in ruins ; but it still has many handsome residences, and other buildings. It is a bishop's see, and has a noble Gothic cathedral ; 20 other churches, some con- vents, an hospital, a university, various other public institutions, and well supplied markets. — III. a town of the Mexican Confederation, state and 30 m. W.N.W. Guanaxuato. It has several handsome churches, and is one of the most industrious places in the confederation. — IV. a CO., U. S., N. America, in N. of Florida. Area 1,824 sq. m. Pop. 10,713.— V. a river of Cent. America, enters the Caribbean sea, 75 m. W. Truxillo. Length 30 miles. Leon (Isla db), a long, narrow isl., S. Spain, prov. Cadiz, in the Atlantic, separated from the mainland by the channel of Santi Petri. Length, N. & S., 10 m., breadth abt. 2 m. Surface mostly sandy and barren, with salt water marshes. On it are the cities of Cadiz, San Fernando, and Gorda. [Isla be Leon.] Leon, Managua, or Matiabes (Lake op), a lake of Central America, state Nicaragua, lat. 12° 15' N., Ion. 86° 15' W., is 36 m. in length, by 16 m. in greatest breadth. Its surface is 28 feet above that of the L. of Nicaragua, with which it communics. at its E. end by the riv. Tipitapa. Leon (Nuevo, or New), a dep. of the Mexican Confederation, betw. lat. 24° & 27° 30' N., &lon. 99° and 100° 40' W., enclosed by Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, Zacatecas, and Coahuila. Area 21,000 sq. m. Pop. (1842) 101,108. Surface generally mntnous. ; principal river, the Tigre. Soil fertile. Mineral products comprise lead, gold, silver, and salt. Chief towns, Monterey the cap., Florida, Saltilla, and Linares. Leon (Si), numerous comms. & vills. of France ; the principal being L. mr L'Isle, dep. Dordogne, arrond. Perigneux. Pop. 1,093. Leonard (St), a pa. of Scotl., co. Fife, com- prising a part of the town of St Andrews. Pop. 554. Leonard (St), a comm. & town of France, dep. H. Vieune, 11 m. E. Limoges. Pop. 8,808.-11. {des BlMs), a vill., dep. and on the Sarthe, 20 m. W. Mamers. Pop. 1,810. — III. a vill., dep. Lok- et-Cher, 17 m. N. Blois. Pop. 1,170. Leonard (Sx), a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, form- ing a suburb of Exeter on the S.E. Area 80 ao. Pop. 1,129. Here is the West of England deaf and dumb asylum. Leonardo (San), a mkt. town of Spain, prov. and 24 m. W.N.W. Soria. Pop. 582.— IL a vill. of Naples, prov. Capitanata, 7 m, W.S.W. Man- LEO 765 LES fredonia III. a fort, defending the harbour of the island Favignana, off the W. coast of Sicily. Leonabs's (St), a pa. and watering place of Engl., CO. Sussex, immediately adjoining Hast- ings, on the S.W. Area 750 ac. Pop. 768. The town, commenced about 15 yeai'S ago, has now become a thriving and favourite locEUity for visi- tors, and it has a handsome new church, and the various appliances of a place of summer resort. — St Leonardos Forest, co. Sussex, 1 J m. E. Hor- sham, occupies about 10,000 ac, and is an en- closed part of the ane. Andi-edswald, or wood of Anderida, which in the Roman and Saxon period occupied all the tract called the weald of Sussex, Surrey, and Kent. Leonbebo, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Nec- kar, 8 m. "W.N.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 2,200. It is the birthplace of the philosopher SchelUng. Leondabi, or Londabi, Leuctra, a town of Greece, Morea, gov. GortjTiia, near the head of the Kouphia {Alphem), 18 m. S.W. Tripolitza. Lgonessa, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo- Tllt., cap. cant, 12J m. N. Civiti-Ducale, on the Como. Pop. 6,500. It has a college, 3 parish churches, 7 convents, and 3 annual fairs. Leonforxe, or Liontoete, a town of Sicily, in- tend, and 37 m. W.N.W. Catania. Pop. 11,000. ■ It is situated in a mntnous. dist., enclosed by walls, and has a brisk trade in com, wine, & oil. Leonhabd (St), several small towns of Ger- many, &c. — I. Upp. Austria, 26 m. S. Steyer. — II. niyria, Carinthia, circ. and 34 m. N.E. Rla- genfurt, on the Lavant, and having iron & coal mines. — III. circ. and 13 m. S.S.W. Klagenfurt. — IT. Styria, 8 m. E. Marburg. — V. Lr. Austria, S m. S.E. Pechlarn. — VI. a vSl. of Switzerland, cant. Valais, on the Khone, 4 m. N.E. Sion. Leoni, a town of Naples, prov. Principato-Ult., i m. S. St Angelo. Pop. 4,000. Leopoldova, and Leopoldau, two vills. of the Austrian empire. — I. S. Hungary, Banat, near the Danube, with 2,257 inhabs. — II. Lower Aus- tria, 5 m. N.N.E. Vienna. LEOFOLnsTADT (Hung. Leopoldvar), a strongly fortified town of Central Hungary, circ. Neutra, 90 m. N.W. Pesth, on the Waag. Pop. 1,700. It has 2 arsenals, built by Leopold i., R. Catholic and Protestant churches, and a synagogue. Leovo, a town of S. Russia, gov. Bessarabia, on the Pruth, SO m. S.W. Kishenev. Pop. 2,000. L^rus-LOjifaupactus, a seaport town of Greece, W. Hellas, gov. .£tolia, on the N. coast of the G. of Lepanto, 12 m. N.E. Patras. Pop. 3,000. Lepamto (GnLF of). [Cobinth, Gulf of.] Lepanto (Stbait of), the entrance to the G. of Corinth, Greece, at its narrowest part about 1 m. across, and defended by a castle on either side. Here, on 8th Oct. 1571, the fleet under Don John of Austria, totally defeated that of the Turks. Lepe, aseaport town of Spain, prov. and 11 m. W. Huelva, near the Atlantic. Pop. 3,024. Lepel (New and Old), two towns of Russian Poland, gov. Vitebsk. — I. cap. circ, on L. Be- reshta, 62 m. W.S. W. Vitebsk, with 2,700 inhabs., — IL about 3 m. N.W. New Lepel. Lepees' Isle, one of the New Hebrides, Paci- fic O., between Espiritu Santo and Aurora. Lepton, a tnshp., Engl,, co. York, W. Riding, pa. Kirk-Heaton,4 m. S.E. Huddersfield. P. 3,876. Leqdeitio, a marit. town of Spain, prov. Bis- cay, 17 m. B.N.E. Bilbao, on the Bay of Biscay. Pop, 2,335. Its harbour is defended by several forts. Le Bat, atnshp. of U. S., N. Amer., New York, 8 m. N.E. Watertown. Pop. 3,721. Leebz, a mkt. town of Spain, prov. & 5 m. E. Pontevedra, on the river of Lcrez. Pop. 2,088. It has manufs. of leather. Lebici, a marit. town of Sardinia, div. Genoa, prov. Levante, cap. mand., on the G. of Spezzia, 6 m. E.S.E. Spezzia. Pop. 5,217. Lebida, Ilerda, a fortified town of Spain, cap, prov. Lerida, on the Segre, here crossed by a fine bridge, 82 m. W. Barcelona. Pop. (1845) 16,634. It stands on a hill-slope, commanded by a lofty citadel, comprising an old ruined cathed- ral. Principal buildings, a modern cathedral, in the lower part of the town ; 3 pa. churches, and a military hospital. Its university was suppressed by Philip v. In the adjoining plain, Scipio, the Roman general, defeated the Carthaginian Han- no, B.C. 216. Lerida was stormed by the French during the war of Succession in 1707, and again taken by them under Suchet in 1810, Lebik, a town of Spain, prov, Navarra, 34 m, S,S,W, Pamplona, Pop, 2,398, It stands on a plain near an affl. of the Ebro, Leeins (Isles), a group of islands in the Medi- terranean, belonging to France, dep, Var, near the coast, consisting of the fortified islands of St Marguerite and St Honorat, the first of which was the prison of the " man with the iron mask." Lebma, a town of Spain, prov. & 23 m. S. Bur- gos. Pop. 1,396. It has a palace, built by the Cardinal Duke de Lerma, minister of Philip m. Lebo, a small island of the Grecian Archipel- ago, off the coast of Asia Minor, 36 m. S. Samos. Length, N. to S., 6 m., greatest breadth 4 m. Pop. about 2,000. Surface mntnous., but fertile. On its N, side is a tolerable port ; and on its E, the towi< of Lero, with a ruined castle, Le Rot, a tnshp, of U, S,, N. Amer., New York, 236 m, N,W, Albany, Pop. 4,323, Minor tnshps. of same name in Pennsylvania and W, States, Lebwick, a bor, of barony and pa. of Scotl., and the chief town of the Shetland Islands, Mainland, on Bressay Sound, 21 m. N.N.E. Sum- burgh Head. Pop. of pa, 3,284, do. of town 2,287, employed in the whale and herring fisheries, & in manufs. of straw-plait. Customs rev. (1846-7) 549i. Beg. shipping (1847) 2,134 tons. Houses very antique. It is defended by a fort, and is the seat of the Shetland courts of law. In the vicinity are the ruins of 2 Danish castles. Lesaca, a town of Spain, prov. Navarra, 28 m, N. Pamplona, Pop, 2,180, It has iron works, Lesbos, isl., Grecian Archip. [Mittlene,] Lesbukt, a pa. of Engl., co, Northumberland, on the Alne, 3i m. B,S,E, Alnwick, with a sta, on the Newcastle railway, Ac. 4,540. Pop. 1,108. Lesoae, a comm. and town of France, dep. B. Pyrenees, 4 m. N.W. Pau. Pop. 1,796. LESOHEifAOLT (Poet), a marit. settlement and inlet of W. Australia, dist. Wellington, imme- diately opposite Australind, about lat. 33° 18' S., Ion. 115° 37' W., in a fertile position, but with a harbour adapted only for boats. Leschnitz, a small town of Prussian Silesia, reg. & 21m, S.S.E, Oppeln. P, 1,290, Near it is a hill convent greatly resorted to in pilgrimage, Lesodbe, two comms, and vills of France, — I. dep. Tarn, 2 m. N.E Albi. Pop. 2,070.-11. dep. Ari^ge, 5 m. E.N.E. St Girons. Pop. 1,776, Lesionano ni Baqni, a vill. of Italy, duchy and 14 m. S,W, Parma, celeb, for its mineral springs, Lesina, Pharos-I-nsula, an island of Dalmatia, circ, and 23 m, S,E, Spalatro, in the Adriatic, between the islands Brazza and Curzola, Length 40 m., breadth 2 to 6 m. Pop. 12,539. Surface undulating and fertile, but in great part waste. Principal products, figs, wine, marble, anchovies, and-rosemary-oil. Chief town Lesina. Pop. 2,000. LES 766 LEU — II. a town of S. Italy, Naples, prov. Capita- nata, 29 m. N.W. Foggia, on the S. shore of the Lake of Lesina (a,nc. Pantamis), a salt lagoon ex- tending along the Adriatic shore, 13 m. in length. Leslie, a bor. of barony and pa. of Scotl., co. Fife, 10 m. S.W. Cupar. Pop. of pa. 3,635, employed in large flax mills, and in linen and cotton weaving. Pop. of bor. 1,207. Here is the ancient seat or the LesUes, Earls of Bothes. — II. a pa., 00. Aberdeen, 10 m. S.S.E. Huntly. P. 553. Lesmahago, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 6 m. W.S.W. Lanark, on the Clyde, the celebrated falls of which are in this pa. Area 34,000 ac. Pop. 6,902, mostly employed in weaving and in colUeries. The church is collegiate. Craigne- than castle, in this pa., has been identified with the Tillietudlem of Scott's " Old Mortality." Lesneven, a comm. and town of France, dep. Finistfere, cap. cant., 16 m. N.N.E. Brest. Pop. 2,734. It has a large naval hospital, a corn ex- change, an active trade in com, and 13 annual fairs. Near it is the church of Folgoat, one of the finest Gothic structures of the dep. Lesnewth, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 4 m. N.E. Camelford. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 137. Lesno, a town of Lombardy and Venice, deleg. and 11 m. S. Brescia. Pop. 3,400. Lespaere, a comm. and town of France, dep. Gironde, 37 m. N.W. Bordeaux. Pop. 1,404. Lessa, a seaport vill. of Portugal, prov. Minho, 4 m. N. Oporto, and becoming a place of sum- mer resort for visitors from that city. Lessat, a comm. and town of France, dep. Manohe, 13 m. N.W. Coutanees. Pop. 1,750. Lessen, or Laszin, a town of "W. Prussia, reg. and 17 m. S.S.E. Marienwerder. Pop. 1,670 II. a vill. of Prussian Silesia, reg. &, 31 m. N.W. Liegnitz, on the Bober. Pop. 576.— III. a vill. of the duchy Brunswick, district Wolfenbiittel, E.N.E. Brunswick. Pop. 4,062. Lessines, a town of Belgium, prov. Hainault, cap. cant., on the Dender, 19 m. N.N.W. Mens. Pop. 4,971. Principal buildings, St Peter's chureh and the town house. It has a literary so- ciety, distilleries, chicory and salt factories. Lessinoham, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, on the North Sea, 7 m. E.S.E. North Walsham. Area 600 ac. Pop. 241. Lessnoi-Kakamush, a vill. of Russia, gov. and 60 m. S.S.W. Saratov. Pop. 2,760. Lessoe, or Lasoe, an isl. of Denmark, in the Kattegat, 12 m. E. the N. part of Jutland. Area 42 sq. m. Pop. 2,400, the males mostly engaged in fishing, and the females in agricultural pur- suits. It is level, and environed by sand banks. Lf.stebps, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Charente, 5 m. E.N.E. Confolens. Pop. 1,426. Leswalt, a pa. of Scotl., co. Wigton, 4 m. N."W. Stranraer. Area 66 sq. m. Pop. 2,712. The coast is here defended by bold, rocky cliffs. The ancient castle of Lochnaw stands on a beau- tiful loch in this parish. Lbtcombe, two pas. of Engl., co. Berks. — I. (B(Mse«),2im.S.S.W. Wantage. Ac. 1,260. P. 293. —iRegis),l^m. S.W. Wantage. Ac. 4,640. P. 1,030. Letchwobth, a pa. of Engl., co. Herts, 2 m. E.N.E. Hitchin. Area 1,120 ac. Pop. 108. Letham, a vill. of Scotl., co. Fife, pa. Moni- mail, 4 m. W. Cupar. Pop. 383. LETHEM,a vill. of SootK, CO. & 6 m. E. Forfar, pa. Dunniehen. Pop. 745. Lethbndv andKiHLOOH, annitedpa. of Scotl., CO. & 12 m. N. Perth, near the Tay. Pop. 662. It has several lochs, and numerous anc. remains. Lbtheringham, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 11 m. N.N.E. Ipswich. Area 1,090 ac. Pop. 164. Lethehingset, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 2 m. W.N.W. Holt. Area 1,010 ac. Pop. 273. Lethnot, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 12 m. N.N.E, Forfar. Pop. 400. Leti, a marshy island of Bulgaria, formed by the Danube at its Delta, between the Kilia and Sulina mouths. Length 42 m., breadth 20 m. Letitshev (Pol. Zetycew), a town of Russian Poland, gov. Podolia, cap. circ, on the Bug, 66 m. N.E. Kamenetz. Pop. 2,325. Le-to, an island belonging to China, in the Yellow Sea, off the peninsula Shan-tung, with a good harbour, and a small town. Lettee, or Leti, a small island of the Malay Archipelago, 35 m. E. the N. extremity of Timor. Letteke, a town of Naples, prov. Naples, 3J m. E. Castel-a-mare. Pop. 4,000. Letterkekny, a market town of Irel., Ulster, CO. Donegal, on the Swilly, 65 m. N.W. Raphoe. Pop. 2,161. It is irreg. built, has a church, session house, union workhouse, bridewell, a harbour; at head of Lough Swilly, admit, vessels of 160 tons. Lettebkenht, atnshp., U. S.,N. Amer., Penn- sylvania, 7 m. N.W. Chambersburg. Pop. 1,918. Lettebstoh, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 8 J m. N.N.W. Haverford-West. Pop. 498. Letton, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Hereford, 6 m, S.W. Weobly. Ac. 1,330. P. 224.— II. co. Norfolk, 4i m. S.S.W. East-Dereham. Ac. 1,440. P. 154. Letue, a town of Spain, prov. Albacete, 30 m. N. Caravaca. Pop. 2,970. Leubus, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 28 m. W.N.W. Breslan, on the Oder, with 665 inhabs. — II. a contiguous vill., with a magnificent Cistercian abbey. Pop. 1,309. Leuoa (Capo di), the most S.E. extremity of Italy, Naples, prov. and 25 m. S.W. Otranto, bounding E.ward the entrance to the Gulf of Taranto. Lat. 39° 48' 7' N., Ion. 18° 22' 5' E. Lehcadia, anc. name of Santa Maura, p. 1138. Leucate, a comm. and vill. of S. France, dep. Aude, near the Mediterranean, 18 m. S. Nar- bonne. The lake of Leucate, deps. Aude and Pyrenees Orientales, is a lagoon, 10 m. in length. Leuchaes, a pa. of Scotl., co. Fife, 4 m. N.W. St Andrews, and with a station on the Edinburgh and Dundee railway, 7 m. N.E. Cupar. P. 1,901. Leuce, an isl., Black Sea. [Isle of Sebpents.I Leo (St), a town and quarter of the island ;^ourbon, on its W. coast, 10 m. S. St Paul.— II. (Tavemy), a vill. of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 8 m. E.S.E. Pontoise. Pop. of comm. 1,182. It has aline ch3.teau and park, which belonged suc- cessively to the Bonaparte, Orleans, and Bour- bon-Cond^ famiUes. — III. l^cCEsserent), a mar- ket town, dep. and on the Oise, with a station on the Paris & Brussels railway, 3 m. S.S.W. Creil. Leuohtenbebg, a market town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Palatin., 21 m. N.E. Amberg, with a castle on a steep hill. Pop. 663. In 1814 it gave the title of Duke to Eugene Beauharnais, in whose family it still remains. Leuotea, the ancient name of several small vills. of Greece, that near which the Thebans, under Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans, B.C. 371, being in Bceotia, 7 m. S.W. Thebes, and now called Lefha. — II, a marit. vill. of Morea, gov. Laoonia, on the Gulf of Koron, llj m. N.W. Tzimova, and now called Lefiro. [Leondaei.] Leuk (Fr. Zoueche), a vill. and celebrated bathing-place of Snitzerlsind, cant. Valais, on the Rhone, at its confl. with the Dala, 15 ™" E.N.E. Sion, and 6,000 feet above the seanpt is resorted to between May and October. ^HM St Lawrence spring has a temp, of 144° Fah^^ Lectenbeeg and Levtebshausen, two towns LEU 767 LEW of Central Germany I. principality Schwartz- borg Rudolstadt, 12 m. 8.S.E. Budolstadt, mth the castle of Friedensberg. — II. Bavaria, circ. Middle Franc, on the Altmuhl, 7 m. W.N.W. Anspach, with 1,422 inhabitants. Leuthen, several vills. of Geimany, one iu Prussian Silesia, reg. and W. Breslau, where, on the 5th Dec. 1757, Frederick the Great totally defeated the Austrians. Leutkirch, a town of Wurtemberg, circ. Danube, cap. dist., 40 m. S. Uhn. Pop. 2,000. It has mannfs. of linens & cottons. Pop. 1,000. Leutomischel, Bohemia. [Leitomisohel,] Ledtschau (Hung. Loize), a royal free town of North Hungary, circ. Zips, on a hill, 123 m. N.E. Pesth. Pop. 6,500, 3-8ths protestants. It has the oldest Lutheran college in Hungary, a Roman Catholic gymnasium, seminary for noble females, & an asylum for the children of soldiers. Leuze, a town of Belgimn, prov. Hainault, cap. cant., on the Dender, 17 m. N.W. Mons. Pop. (1842) 6,880, engaged in dyeing, bleaching, brew- ing, &c. — II. a pa., prov. and 6 m. N.E. Namur. Levas (Sx), a marit. pa. of Engl., co. Corn- wall, at the S. extremity of the peninsula, Land's- Eni^ 8 m. S.W. Penzance. Area 2,400 ac. Pop. 531. It has an ancient well and oratory, and " The Logan Stone," a rocking mass of granite, poised on an elevated rock. Levane, a town of Tuscany^ prov. and 26 m. S.E. Florence, on the Amo. Pop. 2,000. Letanso, PhorbanHa, an island in the Medi- terranean, off the W. coast of Sicily, intend, and 9 m. W. Trapani, and nearly 6 m. in circuit. Levasx, a name derived from the Italian word for the " Sonth-east," and applied in the middle ages to that quarter of the Mediterranean E. of Cape Matapan, now generally applied to the coasts of Asia Minor, Syria, &c. Levahte, the most £. prov. of Sardinia, div. Genoa, bordering the Mediterranean for about 45 m., and bounded N. by the Apennines. Area 450 sq. m. Pop. (1838) 73,139. It is subdivided into 6 mands. Principal towns, Spezzia, the cap., Lerici, Levante, and Sarzana. Levantine (Yai.), Ital. Zevantina, a valley of Switzerland, cant. Tessin, extends ii-om St Go- thard to the confl. of the Tessrn, with the Blenio. Letanto, a marit. town of Sardinia, div. Genoa, prov. Levante, cap. mand., on a small bay of the Mediterranean, 18 m. N.N.W. Spezzia. P. 4,596. Leveland, a pa, of Engl., co. Kent, 4J m. S.S.W. Faversham. Area 320 ao. Pop. 100. Leven, several small rivers of Britain.— I. EngL, CO. Cumberland, formed by the junction of the Black and White Leven, or Line, near Sta- pleton, flows S.W. for 16 m., and joins the Esk 3 m. S. Longtown. — II. co. Lancaster, forms the channel by which Windei-mere communicates with Morecambe Bay III. Scotland, co. Dum- barton, risesjat the S. extremity of Loch Lomond, and discharges its surplus waters into the Clyde at Dumbarton castle, after a S. course of 7 m. On its banks are Dumbarton, Alexandria, Bon- hill, and Benton, with numerous print works, and other factories. — IV. co. Fife, issues from the S.E. extremity of Loch Leven, and after an E. course of 14 m., enters the Firth of Forth at Leven, besides which vill., Leslie, Markinch, and Balgonie, are on its banks. Leven, a bor. of barony of Scotl., co. Fife, pa. ScMJKe, at the mouth of the Leven, which here for^a harbour for vessels of 300 tons at spring ti^mB m. N.N.E. Kirkcaldy. Pop. 1,827, chiefly emppyed in linen manufs., but also in tile and iron works. It has seven annual fairs. — II. a pa. of Engl., CO. York, E. Biding, 6 m. N.E. Bever- ley. Area 5,070 ac. Pop. 988. — Zoch Zeven is in CO. & immediately E. Kinross. Circuit about 11 m., a partial drainage having reduced it 3 m. It receives the Orwell, and all the other streams of the CO. ; is famous for trout, and contains se- veral islands, on one of which, near Kinross, are the remains of a famous castle, in which Mary Queen of Scots was confined in 1667-8, & signed her abdication on July 4th 1567, and from which, on May 2d 1668, she made her memorable es- cape, shortly before the battle of Langside. — II. a narrow arm of Loch Linnhe, from which it stretches E. for 12 m., between cos. Argyle and Inverness. Scenes highly picturesque, and on its S. side is the wild vale of Glencoe. Levens, a chapelry of Engl., co. Westmore- land, pas. Haversham and Kendal, 6 m. S. Ken- dal. Pop. 993. Levens-Hall, an ancient seat of the Howard family, is in this chapelry. Levehshulme, a township of Engl., co. Lan- caster, with a station on the railway from Man- chester to Crewe, &c., 3 m. S.E. Manchester. Levento, or Levenzo, a vill. of Sardinia, prov. and 11 m. N. Nice, cap. mand., with 1,600 inha- bitants. Birth place of General Massena. Levekano, a town of Naples, prov. Otranto, Lecce. Pop. 2,000. Leveb (Dabci), a chapelry of Engl., co. Lan- caster, pa. and 3^ m. S.E. Bolton. Pop. 1,700. — II. (Great), a township, same co., pa. Middleton, 1 m. S. Bolton. Pop. 667, partly employed in bleaching works. — III. (Little), a chapelry, same CO., pa. & 3 m. E.S.E. Bolton, at the junction of the Bolton, Bury & Manchester canals. Pop. 2,680. Leverington, a pa. of Engl., co. Cambridge, 1 m. N.N.W. Wisbeach. Ac. 9,000. Pop. 1,954. Levebton, three pas. of Engl. — I. co. Lincoln, 6 m. E.N.E. Boston. Area 3,390 ac. Pop. 687. — n. (North), CO. Notts, 6i m. E.N.E. East-Bet- ford. Area 1,050 ac Pop. 344.-111. (South), same co., 6-m. E.S.E. East-Eetford. Area 2,630 ac. Pop. 461. It has a small grammar school. Levico, a market town of the Tyrol, circ. and 10 m. S.E. Trient, near a small lake. Pop. 3,517. Levier, a comm. and market town of France dep. Donbs, 11 m. W.N.W. Pontarlier. P. 1,430. t/EviGNAC, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Lot- et-Garonne, 9 m. N. Marmande. Pop. 1,586. Letington, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 5J m S.E. Ipswich. Area 1,660 ac Pop. 214. Levisham, a pa. of England. [Lbavisham.] Levizzano and Levoraso, two market towns of Italy. — I. duchy and 17 m. S W. Modena. Pop. 2,200.-11. Naples, prov. Otranto, 11 m. S.W. Leece. Pop. 1,800. Levroux, Gabatum, a comm. and town of France, dep. Indre, cap. cant., 13 m. N. Cha- teauroux. Pop. 2,608. It has manufs. of fine woollen cloths and leather, and a brisk trade in corn, wine, & wool. It was formerly fortified. Lew, two pas. of Engl., co. Devon. — I. (North), 4 m. S.W. Hatherleigh. Area 6,050 ac. Pop. l,051^U.(Trenchard),d^m. W.S.W. Oakhamp- ton. Area 3,630 ac. Pop. 527. Lewanniok, apa. of Engl, co. Cornwall, 4J m. S.W. Launceston. Area 8,920 ac. Pop. 733. Lbwenz (Hung. Leva), a market town of W. Hungary, circ. and 4 m. S.E. Bars. Pop. 4,600. Lewes, a pari. bor. and town of Engl., co. Sus- sex, on the navigable Onse, here crossed by a stone bridge, 44 m. S.E. London, and 8J m., by railway, N.E. Brighton. Area of bor. 1,360 ao. Inhabited houses 1,603. Pop. 9,199. It is finely situated on a declivity of the S. Downs, and has a grammar school, alms-houses, believed to have LEW 768 LET been founded by Gundrada, 4th daughter of Wm. the Conqueror, an elegant co. hall, a co. jail, and house of correction, barracks, & theatre. Large markets are held on Tuesday for corn, malt, wool, & cattle, and a considerable trade is carried on with London by the port of Newhaven, at the mouth of the Ouse. Large sheep fairs are held in September and October. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 844. It is a polling place for E. division of co., and the head of a poor law union. Lewes is said to have been the Roman station Mutuantoms. Simon de Mont- ford and the barons, in 1264, defeated Henry iii. here, and imprisoned him in the castle. Lewin, a small frontier town of Pruss. Silesia, reg. Breslau, circ. & 14 m. W. Glatz. Pop. 1,830. — 'II. a vill. of Bohemia, circ. and 10 m. N.E. Leitmeritz. Pop. 599. Lewis (with Habbis), the most N. and largest island of the Outer Hebrides, off the W. coast of Scotl., between lat. 67° 40' and 58° 32' N., and Ion. 6° and 7° W,, separated from the mainland by the Minch, a sea 30 m. across. Length, N. to S., 60 m., greatest breadth 80 m. Area variously estimated between 700 and 770 sq. m. ; of wMch Lewis, the N. portion, separated from Harris by the inlets Lochs Beasort and Seaforth, comprises about 575 sq. m. Pop. 17,037. Coast line very much indented ; on the E. side are Loch Erisort and Broad Bay, and on the W. Loch Roag. Its N. headland, the Butt of Lewis, lat. 68° 31' N., Ion. 6° 14' W., rises to 80 ft. above the sea. Sun- neval mntn. is estimated to be 2,700 ft. in height, and a great part of the island is rugged ; but it is not generally so lofty and bare as Harris, and it has many low. swampy tracts. Gneiss is the prevailing rock, and much of the surface is co- vered with peat, and with remains of ancient fo- rests. The inhabitants are occupied in raising barley & potatoes, cattle breeding, fishing, kelp- making, and domestic manufs. The Seaforth estates have now passed into the possession of Mr Matheson, who has introduced extensive im- provements. The island abounds with Druidic edifices and ruined fortresses. The people are almost entirely of Celtic descent; but in the N. (Butt of L.), are a race of purely Scandinavian origin, although speaking the Gaelic language. Lewis is divided into the 4 pas. of Stornoway, Big, Barvas, and Lochs. Stornoway, the only town, is on the E. coast. [Hakkis — Hebbides.] Lewis Island, Dampier Archipelago, off the N.W. coast of Australia, is in lat. 20° 35' S., Ion. 116° 33' E. Lewisboboo&h, atnshp., U. S.,!N. Amer., state & 40 m. N. New York, on Croton riv. P. 1,619. Lewisham, a pa. of England, co. Kent, on the Bavensbourne, an afS. of the Thames, 5 m. S.E. London. Area 5,220 ac. Pop. 12,276. The vill., about 1 m. in length, has many handsome resi- dences, & a school, founded in 1647. It gives the title of Viscount to the Earl of Dartmouth. Lewis, or Gbeat Snake Kiveb, U. S., of N. America, Oregon territ., is formed by the union of two rivers rising in the Rocky Mountains, and joins the Columbia river from the S.E., 200 m. &om the Pacific ocean. Lewiston, a tnshp., U. S., N. America, New York, on Niagara river, 297 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,688. It communicates with Oswego by steamboats, and with Buffalo by railway. — II. a town, Pennsylvania, on Juniata river, and on the Pennsylvania canaJ, 48 m. N.W. Harrisburg. Pop. 2,068 — III. a township, Maine, 23 m. S.W. Augusta, with a bridge across the Androscoggin river, below its falls. Pop, 1,800. Lew Kbw Islands, Pacific. [Loo-CHOO.J Lewehob, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 5A m. S.S.E. Thame. Area 4,690 ac. Pop. 847. Lexdbn, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 2 m. W. Colchester. Area 2,440 ac. Pop. 1,464. Lexham, two pas. of England, co. Norfolk. — I. (East), 5\ m. N.E. Swaffham- Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 236.— IL {West), 5 m. N.N.E. Swaffham. Area 1,140 ac. Pop. 124. Lexington, a city, U. S., N. America, Ken- tucky, on a branch of Elkhom river, 72 m. E.S.E. Louisville. Pop. 6,997. It is beautifully situated and well built, and is the oldest town in the state. It has 10 churches, a courthouse, jail, superb ma- sonic hall, state lunatic asylum, 2 academies, and the Transylvania university. — II. a tnshp., Mas- sachusetts, 11 m. N.W. Boston. Pop. 1,642. It has a monument commemorating the first action in the revolutionary war, which was fought here, April 19, 1776 III. a tnship., New York, 28 m. W. Catskill. Pop. 2,813 IV. a vill., Vu-gmia, on a branch of James river, 110 m. W. Richmond. Pop. 1,200. It has a court-house, a college en- dowed by Gen. Washington, and a state military institution, which educates about 60 cadets V. a vill., Missouri, 132 m. W.N.W. Jefferson city. Pop. 2,354.— VI. a tnshp., Ohio, co. Stark. Pop. 1,637 VII. a central (Bst. in S. Carolina. Area 900 sq. m. Pop. 12,111. Letboubne, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 4|m. N.W. Maidstone. Area 660 ac. Pop. 265. Letbuew, a mkt. town of Engl., co. York, N. Kid.,pa. Wensley,7m. S.S.W.Richmond. P. 829. Leyden (Dutch Leiden), L-ugdumimSatamrum, a city of the Netherlands, cap. cant., 22 m. S.W. Amsterdam, and 17 m. N. Rotterdam, and with both of which it is connected by canals & railws.) on the Old Rhine, 6 m. from its mouth, in the N. sea. Lat. of observatory, 52° 9' 5" N., Ion. 4° 29' 5" E. Pop. (1844) 38,500. Mean temp, of year 49°; winter 86°; summer 62° .7, Fahr. It is inter- sected by canals, and surrounded by wind-mills ; streets wide and clean; public edifices not re- markable for architecture. The town hall, erected 1574, is a picturesque building. The university, founded 1676, one of the most distinguished schools of learning in Europe, had, in 1847, 439 students. Among its professors were Scaliger, Gomarus, and Arminius, and it had as pupils, Grotius, Descartes, Fielding, and Goldsmith. Connected with the university are museums of natural history, cabinets of comparative anatomy, an Egyptian museum, an astronomical observa- tory, an excellent botanic garden, and an exten- sive library of books, and rare Oriental MSS. There are besides several private museums, and many learned societies. The church of St Peter contains a monument to Boerhaave. Leiden has a public hospital, arsenal, custom-house, & cham- ber of commerce. Its manufs. have greatly de- clined. In the middle of the 17th century, it had 100,000 inhabs. Its principal trade is in grain, butter, and cheese. It sustained a severe siege by the Spaniards in 1573-4 ; was ravaged by the plagTie in 1655, and was greatly imured by an ex- plosion of gunpowder in 1807.— Leyderdorp is a vill, N. Holland, 1 m. E. Leyden. Pop. 1,654. Leiden, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, 108 m. N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,438.-11. two isls., one off the N. coast of Ceylon, the other off that of Java, opposite Batavia. Letland, a pa. of Engl., co. Lancaster, 6^ m. S. Preston, Area 17,960 ac. Pop. 14,032, exten- sively employed in inanufe. of cotton goods. It comprises the chapelries Euxton & Heapey, and townships Hoghton, Whittle, Clayton, Cuerden, LEY 709 LIB Leyland, Wheelton, and Withnell. It has a hand- some choreh, with monuments of the Farington family, whose mansion, Shawhall, contains a mu- seam and fine gallery of paintings ; a grammar school, numerous other endowed schools, alms- houses, and a station on the Manchester & Pres- ton railway. [Hoghton.] Letni, a vill. of Piedmont, diT. prov. and 9 m. N.E. Turin. Pop. 3,090. Letsdown, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 7^ m. E.S.E. Queenborough. Area 2,370 ac. Pop. 310. Lette, an isl, of the Malay Archipelago, Philip- pines, immediately S.S.W. Samar. Length 130 m., average breadth 35 m. Pop. (1837) 92,175. Soil in many parts very fertile, producing rice & cotton, with ebony and other fine woods. Leytha, a river of the Austrian empire, forms a part of the boundary between Austria and Hun- gary, and after a N. and E. course of 90 m. joins an arm of the Danube at Altenburg. Between it and Lake Neusiedl are the Leytha mountains. Lgttoi', a pa. of England, co. Essex, on the Eastern Counties railway, 5 m. N.E. Loudon. Area 2,820 ac. Pop. 3,274. The vill., on the Lea, has an anc. brick church, & many handsome resi- dences. Strype, the antiquary, was vicar of the pa. Lez, a river of France, dep. Herault, rises in the Cevennes mntns.. Hows S., and after a course of 20 m. falls into the Mediterranean, 2 m. S.E. Montpellier. Its lower and navigable part is called the Canal de Grave. IiEzuiT, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, i m. S.S.E. Launceston. Area 4,660 ac. Pop. 905. Lezjltsk, a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, 25 m. N.E. Ezeszov, on 1. b. of the San. P. 3,300. liEZABDBiEiix, a comm. & town of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, 16 m. E.N.E. Lannion. P. 2,130. Lezat, and Lezay, two comms. & small towns of France. — L dep. Ari^e, on the Leze, 17 m. N.W. Pamiers. Pop. 1,642.-11. dep. Deux-Se- vres, on the Dive, 7 m. E.N.E. Melle. P. 2,480. Leziate, a pa. of the Isle of Man, 3 m. "W.S.W. Eamsey. Pop. 2,322.-11. a pa. of Engl., co. Nor- folk, 3im. S.E. Castle-Bising. Ac. 1,310. P. 172. Lezi&nah, a comm. and town of France, dep. Ande, cap. cant., 13 m. "W. Narbonne. P. 2,253. Lezotix, a comm. & town of France, dep. Puy- de-D6me, 15 m. E.N.E. Clermont. Pop. 1,054. Lezuza, LVnsosona, a town of Spain, proT. & 22 m. W. Albacete. Pop. 2,451. Loovf, a town of Bnssia, gov. and 36 m. W. Koursk, cap. circ, on the Sem. Pop. 2,000. Lhahbbtde, a pa. of Scotl., co. and adjoining Elgin on N.E. Pop. 1,176. L'Hassa, the cap. city of Tibet. [Lassa.] Lhonaub, a town of India, Nizam's dom., 42 m. E.N.E. Janlna. Lat 20° N., Ion. 76° 43' E. Liamone, CercidUis, a river of Corsica, after a S.W. course of 21 m., enters the Mediterranean 11 m. N. Ajaccio. In 1793 it gave name to the most southerly of the two deps. of the island. LiANcouET (Saiu Clermont), a comm. & town of France, dep. Oise, with a station on the Paris & Brussels railw., 5 m. S.S.E. Clermont. P. 1,364. LiAKG-TCHOu, and LiAW-ToHon, two cities of China, caps, of deps. — I. prov. Kan-su, near the Great Wall, and 140 m. N.N.W. Lantcheou.— II. prov. Quang-tong, 240 m. S.W. Canton. LiBAU (Lettish, Leapdia), a seaport town of Bussia, gov. Courland, on the Baltic, N. of Lake Libau, and 105 m. W.S.W. Mitau. Pop. 10,110. It is enclosed by walls, and has a council-hall, theatre, Lutheran, Koman Catholic, & Calvinist churches; a synagogue, hospital, 2 extensive alms-houses, and an orphan asylum. Its harbour is artificial. Its trade is considerable. LiBUEXiTON, a pa. of Scotl., co. Lanark, 3 m, E.S.E. Carnwath. Area 8,700 ac. Pop. 796. LinEBTON, apa. of Scotl., co. & 2^ m. S.E. Edin- burgh. Area estimated at betw. 4,000 & 6,000 ac. P. 3,450. The anc. Borough Muir of Edinburgh, the bituminous well of St Catherine, Craigmiflar Castle, & other objects of interest are in this pa. LiBEBiA, an independent Negro republic of W. Africa, established 1823, extends along the coast of Guinea, between Sierra Leone and Cape Mensurado for 320 m., with an average breadth of 80 m. Pop. estimated at 80,000 coloured per- sons, of whom 10,000 are free blacks from the IT. States, and the remainder aborigines, or captives released from slavers. The country has been all purchased from time to time by the American Colonization Society; and its climate has im- proved greatly by a systematic drainage, and clearance of woods. Palm oil, to the value of 150,000 dolls., was shipped from it in 1847 ; cam- wood, ivory, gold-dust, coffee, indigo, ginger, and arrow-root, are other principal products. Cocoa and sugar thrive, and it is expected that cotton will soon become an article of export. N o draught animals succeed, and much of the cam-wood ex- ported is brought 200 m. from the interior on mens' backs. It is estimated that 2 million inhabs. of the interior now obtain supplies of European goods from this republic and Cape Palmas. In 1847, 82 foreign vessels visited the coast, and brought away merchan disc to the value of 600,000 dollars. Liberia, formerly a dependency of the U. States, was recognised as an independent re- public in July 1848. Government vested in a president, vice-president, & a senate of 6 mems., and house of representatives of 28 mems., elected by all possessors of a real estate to the value of 30 dollars. Ann. rev. about 20,000 dolls., derived from sale of land and duties on spirits. About 50,000 of the pop. are said to use the English language, and children are sent from the sur- rounding countries, 400 or 500 m. distant, to at- tend the schools of this state, which also supports two public journals. On the whole, the establish- ment of Liberia is a most successful experiment for the civilization of W. Africa. The seaport and cap. Monrovia, has a pop. of 9,000. LiBEBTT, a CO. of the U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. of Georgia, on the Atlantic & the Alatamah rivs. Pop. 7,241, of whom 5,561 are slaves. — II. a town- ship. New York, 10 m. N.N.W. Monticello. Pop. 1,569 III. a tnshp., Ohio, co. Adams. Pop. 1,498.— IV. Ohio, co. Fairfield, on the Ohio ca- nal. Pop. 2,778.— V. Ohio, Highland co. Pop. 3,621.— VI. Missouri, co. Marion. Pop. 2,159.— VII. a vill., Indiana, cap. co. Union, 66 m. E.S.E. Indianopolis. — VIII. Missouri, cap. Clay co., 160 m. N.W. JefFerson city. P. 1,127 Minor town- ships are in Pennsylvania and other states. LiBETHEN (Hung. LibethSanya), a free town of Hungary, co. Sohl, 14 m. E. Neusohl. Pop. 1,400. It has mines of iron and copper. LiBOKOvo, a town of European Turkey, Al- bania, sanj. Avlona, 12 m. S.E. Arwro-Kastro. — Lihochowitz is a small town of Bohemia, circ. and 10 m. S.W. Leitmeritz, on the north banlt of the Eger. LiBOUBNE, Lihumum, a town and river-port. of France, dep. Gironde, cap. arrond., on r. b. of the Dordogne, at its junction with the Isle, and on the railway from Tours, 17 m. E.N.E. Bordeaux Pop. (1846) 8,850. It is enclosed by walls, and has large cavalry barracks, manufs. of woollen stuffs, glass, & cordage, yards for ship-building, a port admitting vessels of 300 tons at high wa- ter, and a considerable traffic with Bordeau* in 3a LIB 770 LIE wines, brandy, salt, and corn. It was founded in 1286, by Edward I., king of England. Libyan Desebt, a wide region of N. Africa, in- cluding parts of Egypt, Tripoli, and Barca. It contains tlie oasis of Siwah, with the town of same name, about lat. 20° 12' N., Ion. 26° 15' E., near which is the vill. of Gharmy, with remains of the temple of Jupiter Ammon. LiCAiA, a town of Sicily. [Alioata.] LicH, a town of Central Germany, H.-Darm- stadt, prov. Upper Hessen, on the tfetter, 8 m. S.E. Giessen. Pop. 2,357, mostly Lutherans. LiCHBOBonGH, a pa. of Engl., co. Northamp- ton, 5i m. N.W. Towcester. Area 1,580 ac. Pop. 408. LiOHET, two pas. of Engl., eo. Dorset. — I. (Ma- iravers), 5J m. W.S.W. Wimbome Minster. Area 2,580 ac. Pop. 817.— II. (Minster), i^ m. N.N.E. Wareham. Area 3,660 ac. Pop. 858. Lichfield, a city, pari, and manic, bor., and CO. of itself, England, co. Stafford, on the Grand Junction canal, and the Stafford and Rugby rail- way, 17 m. E.S.E. Stafford, and 110 m. N.N.W. London. Area of city, co., and pari, bor., 3,180 ao. Inhabited houses 1,384. Pop. 6,761. It stands on a fine plain, and is mostly well built. The cathedral, one of the noblest ecclesiastical edifices in the kingdom, is built in the richly de- corated style of flie 13th and 14th centuries ; it has a superb porch, choir and ladye chapel, 3 fine towers with spires, of which the central is 258 feet in height ; and many interesting monu- ments, inducing those of Lady M. Wortley Mon- tague, Johnson, Garrick, Miss Seward, and the celebrated one by Chantrey of the "Sleeping Children." The cathedral library contains the Saxon Gospels of St. Chad, and other literary rarities, Lichfield has also a large episcopal palace, a deanery, 3 pa. churches, a grammar school, said to have been founded by Edward vi., and where Addison, Ashmole, Johnson, & Gar- rick, were educated ; a poor's hospital, founded in the reign of Henry m. ; an ancient female hospital, an asylum for relicts of the clergy, and numerous other charities ; a union work-house, a guildhall, gaol, house of correction, theatre, statue of t>i Johnson, a mkt.-house, 2 branch banks, excellent breweries, and small manufs. of carpets. Markets, Tuesday and Friday. Corp. rev. (1847) 1,330?. Lichfield sends 2 members to House of Commons. Keg. elects. (1848) 704. The bishopric, founded by the early Saxons, & which numbers the celebrated St. Chad among its bishops, comprised, in 1838, 491 benefices in cos. Stafford, Derby, Warwick, and Salop. Episcopal rev. (1843) 4,500Z. — II. a pa., co. Hants, 3J m. N. Whitchurch. Area 2,900 ac. Pop. 94. LiCHTENAU, several small towns of Germany. — I. Prussian WestphaUa, reg. and 47 m. S. Min- den, on the Sauer. Pop. 1,525.-11. H.-Cassel, prov. Lower Hessen, on the Losse, 12 m. S.E. Cassel. Pop. 1,476. It is enclosed by anc. walls, and has manufs. of linens. — III. grand duchy Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, near the Rhine, 26 m. S.W. Carlsruhe. Pop. 1,300. LicHTENBEKG, a principality of the Pussian States, in the S. of Rhenish Prussia, between Rhenish Bavaria on the S.E., and Birkenfeld on the N.W. It was ceded to Prussia by the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1834. LicHTENDEHO, a towu of Bavaria, circ. Upper Franconia, on a height near the N. frontier, 12 m. N.W. Hof. Pop. 900.— II. a vill. of France, dep. B. Rhin, 14 m. N.N.E. Saverno. Pop. 1,010. Lichtenfels, a town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Franconia, cap. dint., on the Main, and with a station on the Nurnberg and Neumarkt railway 20 m. N.N.E. Bamberg. Pop. 2,105. LiCHTENSTEG, a town of Switzerland, cant, and 16 m. S.W. St Gall, on rt. b. of the Thur. Pop. 750. It has a handsome old market-place. LiOHTENSTEiir, a town of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, cap. principality, 14 m. W.S.W. Chemnitz, at the foot of a mntn. crowned by a castle. Pop. 3,218. LicHTEHvooRDE, a viH. of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, 6 m. S.W. Groenlo. Pop. 3,657. LicHTEEVEtnE, a comm. and town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 13 m. W.S.W. Bruges. Pop. 5,660. It has manufs. of tobacco and leather. LicHTENWALO, two villages of Germany. 1. Styria, on the Save, IS m. S.S.E. Cilly. Pop. 600 II. Saxony, N.E. Chemnitz. Pop. 672. LiCHViN, a town of Russia. [Likhvin.] Lick, Lvk, or Oelk, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 55 m. S. Gumbinnen, cap. circ, on the Lake of Lick. Pop. (1846) 3,397. Licking, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in centre of Ohio. Area 666 sq. m. Pop. 35,096 II. ariv., Kentucky, rises in the S.E. of the state, flows N.W. for 160 m., and joms the Ohio, opposite Cincinnati. It is navigable for 70 miles. LicoBPiA, a town of Sicily, intend. Catania, dist, and 7 m. S.E. Calatagirone. Pop. 7,000. — II. a vill., on a height, prov. Catania. Pop. 1,000. LicosA (Pdnta di), a cape of Naples, prov. princip. Citra, forming the S. limit of the Gulf of Salerno. Lat. 40° 14' N., Ion. 14° 53' E. LicQUES, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, 16 m. E.N.E. Boulogne. P. 1,676. Lisa, a town of Russian Poland, gov. and 70 m, E.N.E. Grodno, cap. circ. Pop. 2,000. LiDDEL, a river of Scotland, co. Roxburgh, rises in a bog in pa. Castletown, flows S.W. for about 24 m. (for a part of which it divides Scoti from Engl.), and joins the Esk, near Canoby. Its valley forms the romantic dist. of LiddesdaJe. LiDDiABD, two pas. of England, co. Wilts.—! {MiHicent), 3 m. N.N.E. Wootton-Basset. Area 1,850 ac. P. 564 II. (Tregooze), 3 J m. W.N.W. Swindon. Area 5,930 ac. Pop. 960. LiDDiNGTON, two pas. of Eugl.- 1. CO. Rutland, 2 m. S.E. Uppingham. Area 2,020 ac. Pop. 689. Here is an hospital, founded in 1600 bv Sir T. Cecil, 2d Lord Burghley.— II. co. Wilts, 3| m. E.S.E. Swindon. Area 2,280 ac. Pop. 454. LiDGATE, or LvDGATE, a pa. of Engl., co. Suf- folk, 6J m. S.E. Newmarket. Area 1,780 ac. Pop. 450. It has the remains of an anc. castle. LidkSpino, a town of Central Sweden, Isen and 30 m. S.W. Marienstadt, at the mouth of the Lid-Au, in L. Wener. Pop. 1,900. It has a large mlrt.-place in which, on the 29th Sept., one of the most frequented fairs in the kgdm. is held, LiDtiKQTOH, a pa. of Engl., co. Bedford, 3 m. W.N.W. Ampthill, with a station on the Bedford and Bletchley branch of the London and N.W. railway. Area 2,520 ac. Pop. 926. LiDNET, a mkt. town & pa. of Engl., co. & 16J m. W.S.W. Gloucester, on a bank of the Severn, whence a railway proceeds to the Wye. Area of pa. 7,320 ac. Pop. 1,885. Liduey-hall is a seat of the Bathurst family. Lido, a chain of sandy isls., Austrian Italy, forming a curve between the rivers Brenta and Piave, separating the lagoons of Venice from the Adriatic, with several small forts. LiEBAU, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 34 m. S.S.W. Liegnitz. Pop. 1,930, mostly employ- ed in weaving. — II. a town of Moravia, circ. and 18 m. N.E. Prerau. Popi 3,260. LiEBEMiJHL, a small town of E. Prussia, reg. and 72 m. S.S.W. Konigsberg. Pop. 1,300. LIE 771 LIG LiEBENAn, several small towns of Germany. — 1. Bohemia, cire. and 19 m. N.E. Jun^-Bunzlau. Pop. 2,282.-11. landr. and 33 m. N.W. Hanover, on the Weser, here joined by the Aue. Pop. 1,966. — HI. H.-Cassel, prov. Lr. Hessen, on an Island in the Diemel, 16 m. N.N.W. Cassel. Pop. 650. LiEBENxnAi,, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 30 m. S.W. Liegnitz. Pop. 1,540. LiEBEtnvALSE, a town of Prussia, prov. Bran- denburg, reg. and 37 m. N.N.E. Potsdam, on the Havel, here joined by tlie Finow canal. P. 2,375. jLiEBENWERDA, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 60 m. E.N.E. Merseburg, cap. eirc, on an isl. in the Black Elster. Pop. 2,100. LiEBENZEix, a town of Germany, Wiirtem- berg, eirc. Black-Forest, 20 m. W. Stuttgart, on the Nagold, with 1,062 inhabitants, mineral baths, and important linen markets. LiEBEBOSE, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. and 33 m. S.S.W. Frankfurt. Pop. 1,600. LiEBEKTTOLKWiTZ, a mkt. town of Saxony, eirc. and 6J m. S.E. Liepzig. Pop. 1,232. LiEBSTADT, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 54 m. S.S.W. Konigsberg, on the Muhl. Pop. 1,740. — II. a town of Saxony, eirc. and 15 m. S.E. Dresden, with a castle. Pop. 818. Liechtenstein (Peincipalitt of), a small indep. state of S. Germany, inclosed between the Austrian prov. Tyrol, and the Swiss cant, of St Gall. Area 53 sq. m. Pop. 6,361. It had 1 vote in the German confederation, and furnished 55 men to the confederate army The cap. Va- dutZj or Liechtenstein, is a mkt. town, on rt. b. of the Rhine, 40 m. S.S.E. Constance. Pop. 1,700. LiEDOtsHEiM, a vill. of Baden, eirc. Middle Rhme, 10 m. N. Carlsruhe. Pop. 1,813. LiEFKENSHOEE, 3. fort of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, on 1. b. of the Scheldt, & 7 m. N.W. Antwerp, the approach to which it protects, with Fort LiUo, immediately opposite. LiEFLAND, a prov. of Russia. [Litonia.] LiEGE (Dutch Zuyk, German ZutUch), a city of Belgium, cap. prov., on the Maese, and on the railway from Ostende to the Prussian frontier, 64 m. E.S.E. Brussels. Pop. (1846) 77,687. It is the see of a bishop, has a court of appeal, a chamber of commerce and mannft. ; an univer- sity, founded 1817, cabinets of chemistry and natural history, a botanic garden, and a school of mines. It has many learned societies, & among its charitable institutions are schools for the blind and for deaf mutes. Chief edifices, the palace of justice, formerly palace of the prince- bishop, theatre, and the church of St Jacques. Liege has been called the " Birmingham of the low countries ;" the coal mines in its vicinity oc- cupy upwards of 10,000 miners. It has long been celebrated for its manufs. of arms ; its other manufs. comprise steam machinery, files, nails, & hardware of all kinds, watches, jewellery, woollen and cotton fabrics, paper, and glass. It has also sugar refineries, tanneries, and distilleries. It was cap. of the French dep. Ourthe from 1793 to 1814. At Seraing, in the vicinity, are the exten- sive iron works established by the late Mr Cooke- rill The prov. of Liege is hilly in the S., where it comprises part of the Ardennes Forest ; it has rich pasturage, and valuable mines of iron, lead, zinc, and coal. Its mineral waters are celebrat- ed. Area 1,111 sq. m. Poji. (1845) 438,077. Liegnitz, a town of Prussian Silesia, cap. reg., on 1. b. of the Katzbach, at its confl. with the Schwarzwasser, and on the Berlin and Breslau railway, 40 m. W.N.W. Breslau. Pop. (1846) 13,980. It was formerly fortified, but its works have been destroyed, and are now replaced by public walks ; it has 2 Lutheran and 3 Roman Catholic churches ; a ducal chapel, in which are buried the princes of the line of Piast ; an anc. council-house, an academy, established 1810, an orphan asylum, & a work-house. It has manufs. of woollen cloths, and its vicinity is famous throughout Silesia for its horticulture. Here, on the 16th August 1760, the Prussians under Fred, the Great, totally defeated the Austrians. Liempde, a comm. and vill., Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 9 m. S. Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1,277. Lienz, a town of the Tyrol, circ. Pasterthal, on the Drave, 40 m. E.N.E. Brunecken. Pop. 3,000 engaged in iron works. It has a college & con- vents, and near it is an ancient fortified abbey. LiEon-TCHOD, a city of China, prov. Quang-si, cap. dep., on a navigable river. Lat. 24° 14' N., Ion. 109° E Lieou is a prefixed name of va- rious Chinese towns. LiEPVEE, a comm. & vill of France, dep. Haut- Rhin, 14 m. N.W. Colmar. Pop. 1,449. LiERBE, or LiEB, a town of Belgium, prov. & 10 m. S.E. Antwerp, cap. cant., at the confl. of the Great and Little Nethes. Pop. (1845) 13,876. It has manufs. of lace, cotton, woollen, and silk fabrics ; many breweries, distilleries, & oil mills. LiESTHAi, a town of Switzerland, cap. cant. Basle country, 8 m. S.E. Basle. Pop. 2,200. LiETOB, a town of Spain, prov. Albacete, on the Mundo, 63 m. N.W. Murcia. Pop. 2,451. It has a Carmelite convent, & manufs. of woollens. LiEUEET, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Eure, 8 m. S. Pont.Audemer. Pop. 2,711. LiBoviN, an old div. of Normandy, cap. Lisieux, now comprised in the deps. Calvados and Eure. Life and Benvie, a united pa. of Scotland, cos. Forfar and Perth, 4 m. W. Dundee. Pop. 3,948, actively employed in linen weaving. The Earl of Camperdown's seat is in this parish. LiFFEr, a river of Ireland, Leinster, rises in the mntns. of Wicklow, about 12 m. S.W. Dublin, and after a course of 60 m., enters Dublin Bay. LiFFOBD, a mkt. town of Ireland, Ulster, cap. CO. Donegal, on the Foyle, here crossed by a bridge connecting with Strabane, 14 m. S.S.W. Londonderry. Pop. 752. LiferS, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Ille- et-Yilaine, cap. cant., 11 m. N.E. Renues. F. 2,649. LiFTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 4 m. E.N.E. Launceston. Area 6,480 ao. Pop. 1,784. LiQHTHOENE, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 3 m. N. Kington. Area 1,960 ac. Pop. 384. LiaHTWOOD Forest, England. [Blurtok.] Liqn£, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Loire- Inf., cap. cant., 16 m. N.E. Nantes. Pop. 2,000. — Ligne is a vill. of Belgium, with breweries and distiUeries, prov. Hainault, 4 miles W. Ath. LiowfeBES-iA-DoroELLE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. and 26 m. N.W. Mayenne. P. 2,891. LiGNiERES, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cher, cap. cant., 25 m. S.W. Bourges. P. 2,281. LiGNOi., a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Mor- bihan, arrond. and 14 m. W. Pontivy. P. 1,780. LiGNY, a comm. and town of France, dep. Meuse, cap. cant., on the Ornain, 10 m. S.E. Bar-le-Duo. Pop. 3,246. It has manufs. of cotton thread and fabrics, and a trade in wool and timber. — II. (le Chatel), a comm. and market town, dep. Tonne, cap. cant., on the Serein, 11 m. N.E. Auxerre. Pop. 1,488. — III. a village of Belgium, prov. and 14 m. W.N.W. Namur, cele- brated for a combat between the Prussians and French, 16th June 1815, two days before the action of Waterloo. LIG 772 LIM LiQONiEE, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Pennsyl- vania, 149 ID. W. Harrisburg. Pop. 2,204. LiooB (Siamese Sakor), a fortified town of Lower Siam, on the E. side of the Malay penin- sula. Lat. 8° 17' N., Ion. 100° 10' E. It is a cap. rajahship, and has many temples and pyramids. ' LiGUEiL, a comm. and vfll. of France, dep. indre-et-Lou-e, 26 m. S. Tours. Pop. 1,767. LiHONS, a. comm. and town of France, dep. Somme, 11 m. W.S.W. Peronne. Pop. 1,248. LiiM- (or Lym-) FiOBD, an inlet of the Katte- gat, Denmark, stretches far into N. Jutland, and there expands into a large, irregular, & shallow .lagoon. It receives several small rivers, and contains the isl. Mors, and several smaller isls. Lira, or LiccA, a river of Austrian Croatia, military frontier, after a N.W. course of about 30 m., sinks under ground near Mount Tuliba. It gives name to a mntnous. dist. in the circ. , bttochaez, having an area of 800 sq. m., and con- taining the towns Gospich and Carlopago. LiKHTiN, a town of Russia, gov. and 30 m. S. Kaluga, cap. circ, on the Oka. Pop. 2,600. Li-KiANO, a city of China, prov. Yun-nan, cap. dep. Lat. 26° 45' N., Ion. 100° 20' E. LiLBOUBN, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 4 m. E.N.E. Kugby. Area 1,920 ac. Pop. 279. LiLFOBB, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 2J m. W.S.W. Oundle. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 133. It gives the title of baron to the Powis family. LiLiENFELD, a vill. of Lowcr Austria, 37 m. W.S.W. Vienna, with a manuf. of arms, and a rich Cistercian abbey Lilienthal is a vill. of Hanover, 7 m. N.E. Bremen. Pop. 510. Lule, or Lisle (Flem. Ryssel), a comm. and strongly fortified and manufacturing city of France, cap. dep. Nord, on the i)eule, a canal connecting the Scarpe and Lys rivers, 26 m. N.N.E. Arras. Lat. 50° 38' N., Ion. 3° 2' W. Pop. (1846) 67,768. It is entered by seven gates, and has a strong citadel, with barracks and ma- gazines on its N.W. side ; it is pretty well laid out, having many straight and wide streets, lined with substantial brick houses, a Grande Place of noble extent, and about 20 other squares ; but its quarters inhabited by the manufacturing pop. are narrow, dirty, and unhealthy, audits artisans are in the most impoverished condition. Prin- cipal public buildings, the town hall, formerly a palace of the Dukes of Burgundy, and inhabited in the 16th century by Charles v., now compris- ing the chief municipal offices ; the puMic library and museums, several Roman Catholic churches, with fine paintings ; the Protestant church, syna- gogue, and prefecture ; 6 large hospitals, several extensive barracks, the prisons, exchange, mint, theatre, concert hall, and large corn storehouses ; and among its public establishments are a valu- able picture gallery, academy of music, archi- tecture, and a botanic garden. The canal, on which the town is built, has several branches na- vigable by small vessels, and along one part of it, called the middle Deule, is a fine esplanade, close to which is the handsome Pont Royal. Lille derives high importance ii-om being one of the chief seats of the French thread and cotton manufs. Calicoes, cotton handkerchiefs, printed goods, table linen, fine linen cloths, thread, lace, stockings, and gloves, are its principal products ; in cotton-spinning it also rivals some of the towns of Lancashire; and it has considerable manufs. of broad cloths, kersej-meres, serges, and other worsted stuffs, velvets, hats, paper, beet- root-sugar, and mineral acids, with government tobacco and gunpowder factories, and an exten- sive fabrication of gold coin. Its vicinity is studd- ed with bIeacliing-grounds,,rapeseed-oiI mills, & beet-root plantations, the two latter of which are very important, employing many hundreds of the inhabitants. A railway connects Lille witli Brussels and Ghent, through Courtrai, Rouh^x, and Turcoing, all industrial towns of import- ance. Lille, which successively belonged to the counts of Flanders, kings of France, and Earls of Burgundy, was finally annexed to the crown of France by Louis xiv. in 1667. It was taken, after a three months' siege, by thfe alUes under the Duke of Marlborough & Prince Eugene in 170S, and was bombarded by the Austrians in 1792. LiLLEBONNE, JuUohona, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-Inf , cap. cant., arronfl. and 19 m. B. Havre. Pop. 4,810. It has a ruined castle, built by William the Conqueror, and flour- ishing cotton factories and tanneries. It was anc. cap. of the Caletes, and was colonized by tlie Romans, under whom it was important. LiLLEBS, a comm. and town of France, dejj. Pas-de-Calais, arrond. and 7 m. N.W. Bethune. Pop. 3,066. It was formerly fortified. LiLLBSHALL, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 3 m. S.S.W. Newport. Ac. 6,140. Pop. 4,653. Near it is a monument to the late Duke of Sutherland. Lillet, or Lihdley, a pa. of Engl,, co. Herts, U m. W.S.W. Hitchin. Area 1,620 ae. Fop 476. LiLLiESLEAF, a pa. of Scotl., CO. Roxburgh, 5^ m. E.S.E. Selkirk. Area 7,000 ac Pop. 771. LiLLiNGTOH, two pas. of Eugl I. CO. porseji, 2i m. S.S.W. Sherborne. Ac. 1,620. Pop.l9i.^ II. CO. & 3 m. E.N.E. Warwick. Ac 1,550. P. 272. LiLLiKGSTON, two pas. of Eugl.— 1. {DayreW), CO. & 3^ m. N. Buckingham. Area 2,210 ac Pop. 187. The Dayrell family has resided here for more than 20 generations. — II. (LmelC), co. Oxford, 4i m. N.E. Buckingham. Area 1,280 ac. Pop. 140. LiLLO, a town of Spain, prov. & 37 m. E.S.E. Toledo. Pop. 2,VSS.—Fart Lillo is a military stronghold, Belgium, prov. and 7 m. N.W. Ant- werp, on the Scheldt, opposite Fort Lief kenshoek. LiLSTOCK, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 9^ m. W.N.W. Bridgewater. Area 710 ac Pop. 48. Lima, the metropolitan dep. of N. Peru, ex- tending along the coast, S.ward of lat. 10° 30' S., separated landward by the Andes from the deps. Ayacucho and Junin, and having N. T^xiQa. Estimated area 38,000 sq. m. Independent of the city and dist. of Lima, it is subdivided into 7 provs. Towns, Callao, Chancay, Huaura, & Ija. Lima, the cap. city of Peru, in a fine valley, about 6 m. from its port Callao, on the Pacific, and connected with it by a noble road. Lat. 12° 2' 65' S., Ion, 77° 6 30' W. Pop. (1838) 45,000; according to a census, 64,098, including suburbs. Mean temp, of year 73° .3 ; winter 68° .1 ; summer 77° .6 Fahr. It is about 2 m. in length by IJ m. in greatest breadth, and separated from a suburb by the Rimac, here crossed by a fine stone bridge, & elsewhere enclosed by a bastioned wall, entered by 6 gates. Its numerous domes & spires give it a magnificent appearance, and it is regularly laid out. Through most of the streets flows a stream. Houses flat-roofed, built of sun-dried bricks, around court yards, and seldom of more than one story. Principal edifices, comprise the cathedral church, parish church, archbishop's palace, now partly occupied by the Peruvian senate, the former residence of the viceroy, now the court house, the city hall, jail, all in the principal square, which has in its centre a bronZe fountain and statue of Fame. Lima has nume- rous richly-decorated churches, a convent, dedi- cated to San Francisco, and of great extent and wealth ; 2 foundling asylums, 11 ptiblic hospitals. LIM 773 MM a nniversity, with a handsome edifice, partly ap- propriated to the meetings of the N. Peruvian chamber of representatives, a national museum, a public library with rare books, a public mu- seum, ecclesiastical, Lancasterian, naval, and other schools, a handsome theatre, a large bull- ring, a cockpit ; & outside of the walls, a planted Promenade, a public cemetery, and public baths, t has some manufs. of gold lace, and a glass factory. Its vicinity is fertile, and produces large quantities of provisions and live stock. Climate pleasant, and reputed healthy ; but the mortality is hi^h, partly owing perhaps to great neglect of dramage and disposal of refuse. It was long the grand commercial entrepot for all the W. coast of S. America, and it still has a large trade, its exports consisting of silver, cop- per ore, bark, soap, vicuna wool, chinchilla skins, nitre, sugar, &c. ; and imports of manufactured goods from England, wines, silks, and brandy, from Spain & France, and other produce chiefly from the American continent. Lima, a river of Spain and Portugal, rises in Galicia, flows S.W. for about 90 m., and enters the Atlantic at Viana. It is navigable only for the last 12 m. — II. a river of Central Italy, Tus- cany, tributary to the Serchio. Lima, a township, U. S., N. Amer., New York, 196 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,176.-11. a vill. of In- diiuia, cap. co. La Grange, in N. part of the State. LiMACAPAN, a small island of E. Archipelago, N.E. Palawan. Lat. 11° iW N., Ion. 120° E. LiMAGNE, an old subdivision of France, Au- vergne, now comprised in the dep. Puy-de-D6me. LiMALON&ES, a comm. and vill. of .France, dep. Denx-Sevres, 16 m. E.S.E. Melle. Pop. 1,426. LiMABi, a river of Chile, dep. Coquimbo, en- ters the Pacific O., 70 m. S.S.W. Coquimbo, after a W, course of 100 m. Affls., Samo and Elque. IiiuASOL, a seaport town of the island Cyprus, on its S. coast, 38 m. S.W. Larnica. It is full of ruins and rubbish, but has a good harbour. Old Limasol (anc. Amathus) stood a little N.E., but no traces of it are left. LiHATOLA, a town of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, on the Voltumo, 5 m. N.E. Caserta. Pop. 1,600. LiuAT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, cap. cant., on r. b. of the Seine, arrond. and 3 m. E.N.E. Mantes. Pop. 1,500. - LiMBAOH, a vill. of Saxony, cu-c. Zwickau, 7 m. N.W. Chemnitz. Pop. 2,681. LiMBEB, two pas. of Engl., co. Lincoln. — I. (GraK), 5 m. N.E. Caistor. Ac. 6,180. P. 480.— IL (Little), 6^ m. N. Caistor. Ac. 3,860. P. 229. LiMBOUBG, an old prov. of the Netherlands, divided between Belgium and Holland in 1839. LiMBOCBe, a prov. of Belgium, having N. and E. Dutch Limbourg, and on other sides the provs. Brabant, Antwerp, and Liege. Area 929 sq. miles. Pop. (1846) 186,913. Surface level. The Mease forms its E. boundary ; the rearing of various live stock forms a principal branch of industry. Iron, calamine, coal, and turf, are the chief mineral products. Manufs. comprise woollen and linen mbrics, leather, tobacco, &c. Principal towns, Hasselt, St Trond, and Tongres. — II. a town of Belgium, prov. and 16 m. E. Liege, on railw. to Aix-le-Chapelle. Pop. 1,797. LiMBODBG, or LiMBUBO (DuOHY of), a prov. of the Netherlands, having E. Rhenish ^Prussia, & on other sides the provs. N. Brabant, Liege & Belgian Limbourg. Area 852 sq. m. Pop. (1848) 202,942. Surface level, consisting of the valley of the Maese {or Meuse) where it receives the Koer ; in the N. IS a part of an extensive marsh^ — the Peel. Products similar to those of the Belgian prov. Limbourg. Principal towns, Maestricht and Roermond. LiMBBA, a town of British India, presid. Bom- bay, dist. Aurungabad, 22 m. N.E. Poonah. LiMBOBCt, a walled town of Germany, duchy Nassau, cap. oirc, on the Lalm, near its confl. with the Ems, 22 m. N.N.W. Wiesbaden. Pop. 3,146. It has a ducal palace, a Roman Catholic seminary, and an hospital.— II. a town of Prus- sian Westphalia, reg. and 22 m. W.S.W. Arns- berg, cap. circ, on the Leine. Pop. 2,300. It has manufs. of cotton and linen, cutlery, & wire. LiMEHODSE, a pa. of Engl., co. Middlesex, on the Thames, forming a suburb of the metropolis, 3 m. E. St Paul's, & with a station on the London and Blackwall railway. Area 280 ao. Pop. 21,121, employed in manufs. of ropes and in ship-build- ing, and in the adjoining West India Docks. Limekilns, a seaport and vill. of Scotland, co. Fife, on the Firth of^Forth, pa. and 3 m. S. Dun- fermline. Pop. 949. From the harbour, which admits vessels of 300 tons, lime is exported. Limebat, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, with a station on the Orleans & Tours railway, 4 m. N.E. Amboise. Pop. 1,129. Limebigk, an inland co. of Ireland, prov. Mun- ster, having N. the Shannon, separating it from the CO. Clare, E. Tipperary, Cork, and W. Kerry. Area, excluding city, 1,054 sq. m., otherwise es- timated at 678,224 acres, of which about 627,000 are cultivated, 120,000 waste, & 12,000 in woods. Inhabited houses 42,872. Pop. 281,638. Sur- face on the E., S., and W. border, mountainous or hilly, with a soil generally moorish or boggy. In the centre and N. mostly flat, and soil re- markably fertile, especially on the Shannon and in the " Golden Vale," or E. part of the plain of Limerick. Climate mild, but humid. Principal riveri5, the Shannon, Mulkern, Maig, and Deel. Tillage is increasing, and much bog and moun- tain land has been reclaimed. Dairy and stock farms numerous, and often extensive. Estates large. Average rent of land 18s. 8d. per an- num. Estimated rental (1847) 20,940?. Chief exports, butter, com, and cider. In 1847, there were in the co. 82 national schools, and 12,000 pupils. Limerick is divided into 9 baronies and 125 pas., in dioceses of Limerick, Emly, KJllaloe, & Cashel. It sends 4 members to the H. of C, 2 for the CO. and 2 for Limerick, its only importaiit town. Reg. electors for co. (1849) 1,096. Limebick, the principal city of W. Irel., and a pari, and munic. bor., river port, and co. of itself, and cap. co. Limerick, on an island in the Shannon, and on both banks of that river, being partly in co. Clare : 50 m. from the Atlantic, and 25 m. N.N.W. Tipperary, with which town it conmiunicates by a railway. Lat. 62° 40' N., Ion. 8° 35' W. Area of co. 70,000 ao. Pop. 65,296, of whom 48,391 were in the city. It stands in a cultivated plain, and is divided into — English town, an old and wretched quarter on the island, Irish town on the S., Newtown on the W., on rising ground, and Thomond Gate on the N. The second and third quarters are hand- some. Six bridges cross the arms of the river here. Chief buildings, the cathedral,' a large heavy structure, founded in 1180, an^ rebuilt m 1490, the, episcopal palace, the parish churches, diocesan & blue doat schools, a Roman Catholic C3.thedral, & numerous chapels, schools, friaries, and convents ; a large co. aiid city infirmary, lii- natio & blind asylums, fever, lying-in, magdalen, and other hospitals ; a house of industry, and numerous other charities; co. and city court- houses artd jails; a union workhouse, remains of LIM 774 LIN a castle, built by King John, and within the area of which are extensive barracks; 3 other bar- racks, a theatre & circus, a monument in honour of Lord Monteagle, a great benefactor of the town Some beautiful terraced gardens ; remains of the ancient city walls ; a handsome exchange and custom house; a chamber of commerce, linen haJl, com and butter markets. Here are a literary institution, co. clnb, and banks ; news- papers are published 4 days in the week. There are numerous flour mills, but manuis. are very limited; those of lace and fish-hooks are the principal ; the trade, consisting of imports of British manufs., coal, turf, continental & colonial produce, and of exports of corn, meal, butter, beef, pork, is great, & still increasing. Customs' duties (1846) 218,8072. Reg. shipping 14,924 tons. Ships of SOO tons unlo:^ at the quays, and those of 1,000 tons approach within 6 m. of the city, which by steamers on the upper Shannon and by canals, has also a water communication with Dublin. The corporation consists of a mayor, 9 aldermen, and 30 councillors, and the mayor is admiral of the port, with jurisdiction on the riv. Corp. rev. (1847-8) 7,817/. ; expend. S,nil. The bishopric comprises 88 pas., & has annexed to it the dioceses of Ardfert and Aghadoe. Average rev. of see 4,973/. The city sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1849) 1,246. Limerick was a royal seat of the kings of Thomond before the conquest. It capitulated to the troops of Wm. iir., under Ginkell, in 1691. It gives the title of Earl to the Pery family, whose mansion is in the city. Limestone, a co. of U. S., N. Amer., in N. of Alabama. Area 575 sq. m. Pop. 14,374. Limeuil, a comm. and market town of Prance, dep. Dordogne, onrt. b. of theDordogne. P. 929. LiMiNGTON, a township of U. S., Maine, 70 m. S.W. Augusta. Pop. 2,210. LiMMUT, a river of Switzerland, cants. Zurich and Aargau, leaves the Lake of Zurich at its N. extremity, and after a rapid N.W. course of 18 m., joins the Aar, 2 m. E. Brugg. LiMOEiBO, a town of Brazil, prov. and 70 m. N.AV". Pernambuoo. Pop. of dist. 10,000. Limoges, Zemovicum, a comm. and city of Prance, cap. dep., Haute Vienne, on r. b. of the Vienne, 110 m. N.E. Bordeaux. P. (1846) 26,924. Its older part is ill built, having narrow, ill-paved streets, and grotesque wooden houses ; but the upper and more modem portion is open, well built, and enclosed by pleasant walks. Princi- pal buildings, an unfinished cathedral, a church, with an elegant steeple ; in the upper town, the bishop's palace, town hall, exchange, mint, thea- tre, prison, cavalry barracks, hospitals, & public baths. Of its numerous fountains, one is sup- posed to be Roman ; and it has an amphitheatre, and various other antiquities. It is the seat of a national college, university academy, societies of agriculture, arts and sciences, and a school of commerce. Manufs. comprise porcelain, glass, broad cloths, coarse woollen fabrics, calicoes, hats, paper, cards, &c. It has tanneries, wool- dyeing houses, wax-bleaching houses, brandy distilleries, and an extensive trade with Toulouse and the S. of France. Limoges, once strongly fortified, was besieged and taken in 1370 by the Black Prince. Birth-place of Pope Clement v., the chancellor D'Aguesseau, of Marshal Jour- dain, and the surgeon Dupuytren. LiMONE, a vill. of Piedmont, prov. and 16 m. S. Coni, cap. mand. Pop. 3,436. — II. a vill. of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 32 m. N.E. Brescia, LiMOSANi, amkt. town of Naples, prov. Molisc, dist. & 7 m. N.N.W. Campobasso. Pop. 2,900. LiMOOBS, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 22 m. E. Rambouillet. Pop. 960. It had formerly a royal castle. LiMonsiN, an old prov. of Central France, now forming the dep. Corrfeze, and part of H.-Vienne. LiMODX, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aude, cap. arrond., on the Aude, 13 m. S.S. W. Carcassone. Pop. (1846) 7,270. It has a comm. college, and important manufe. of fine broad cloths, yarn factories, tanneries, and oil mills. LiMPEKHOE, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 11 m. E.S.E. Norwich. Area 940 ac. Pop. 186. LiMPSFiELD, a pa. of Engl., co. Surrey, 9J m. E.N.E. Reigate. Area 4,040 ac. Pop. 1,344. LiMREB, a town of W. Hindostan, Baroda dom., Gujerat peninsula, 9 m. S.S.E. "Wadwan. Lin, a town of China, prov. Ho-nan, cap. dist., 30ra. W. Tchang-te. — Lin-an is the name of caps, of dists. in provs. Che-kiang and Ynn-nan, LiNABES, a town of Spain, prov. & 23 m. N.E. Jaen, in a fertile plain, near the Guarrezas. Pop. 6,567. It has several convents, and some Roman antiquities, including a ruined aqueduct. — H. a town of the Mexican Confederation, state Nuevo- Leon, 65 m. E. Monterey. L1NCHDA1.E, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 1^ m. N.N.W.Leighton-Buzzard. Areal,830ac. P.883. LiNCHMBRE, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 3 ra. W.S.W. Haslemere. Area 2,170 ac. Pop. 280. Lincoln, Lindum, a city, pari. & munic. bor., & CO. of itself, Engl., cap. co. Lincolnshire, on the Witham, here crossed by 3 bridges, 47 m. E.N.E. Derby, and with which town & with Boston, New Holland, Grimsby, and central England, it is connected by railways. Area of co. of city, com- prising numerous pas. 17,660 ac. Inhab. houses 3,254. Pop. 16,172 ; do of city 13,896. It is sit- uated in a fine dist., at the foot and on the slope of a hill, crowned by its cathedral, castle, &c. Streets irregular, but generally well built, paved, and lighted. The superb cathedral was erected between the 12th and 15th centuries, in a mixed, but uncommonly beautiful style of English archi- tecture, and the exterior is generally considered the finest in the kingdom, while the vast interior is only surpassed by that of York. The W. fronts stained windows, screen, choir, ladye chapel, great bell (recast in 1835) ; tombs of the bishops, and of Catherine Swynford, wife of John of Gannt; the chapter-house, cloisters, valuable library, and ruins of the old episcopal palace, all demand special mention. Several of the pa. churches, anciently 62 in number, are interesting, and the city abounds in anc. remains, including the stately castle built by William the Conqueror ; traces of the old town walls ; a gateway, perhaps the most perfect relic of Roman architecture in the coun- try ; a beautiful conduit ; numerous ruins of churches and convents ; the palace of John of Gaunt, and many other antique houses. Other prinoip. buildings are the co. hall and jail, within the castle walls ; the ancient guild hall, a sessions house, city jail, and house of correction ; gram- mar school, founded in 1683 ; blue-coat school, rev. nearly 2,000/. per ann.; co. lunatic asylum, CO. hospital, union workhouse, theatre, assembly rooms, several libraries, mechanics' institution, and mkt. house. It has also several newspapers, a banking company, and branch bank, with ex- cellent breweries, and large exports of flour, by the Witham, and the anc. Roman Foss-dyke ca- nal, which communicates with the Trent. Mkt., Friday. Races in Sept. Corp. revenue (1847) 4,987/. Amount of charities under town trustees (1838) 1,286/. Lincoln is the polling & elect, place for N. divis. of the co. The citv sends 2 mems. to LIN 775 LIN H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 1,146. The dio- cese comprised in 1838, 1,072 benefices, in cos. Lincoln, Notts, Leicester, Hunts, Buclcs, and Bedford. Episc. rev. (1827) ifiOOl. Lincoln was, at the Conquest, & long after, one of the richest ports in England, the Witham at that period being navigable for large vessels. It suffered greatly during the baronial wars, & also in the civil war, when its cathedral was occupied as a barrack. Lincolnshire, a large mai-it. co. of England, extending along its £. coast from the "Wash to the Humber, wmch separates it from Yorkshire ; It has E. the North Sea, S. cos. Cambridge, Northampton, and Rutland ; and W. Leicester, Notts, and York. Area 2,611 sq. m., or 1,671,040 ac., of which nearly 1,500,000 are said to be cul- tivated, and about 470,000 are enclosed fen-land. Inhab. houses 72,964. Pop. 362,602. It is natur- ally divided into 3 districts : — 1. the wolds, a low range of hills in the N.E. ; 2. the moors, a lower, but more extensive division, running N. and S., and now mostly cultivated ; 3. the fens, in the S. and £., a low tract protected from the sea by embankments, which, as the shoaling of t^e water is very gradual (the tide often running out more than 2 m.), might in places be extended so as to gain vast tracts of new land. Chief rivers, the Trent, Welland, Witham, and Ancholme. Cli- mate in the fens moist, and previous to the ex- tensive drainage now effected, very productive of ague. Soil mostly a fei-tiie sandy loam, on the moors and wolds ; in the fens, deep loam, rich marly clay, or peat. Improvements in agricul- ture, especially as regards draining, irrigation, & bone manuring, have rendered this one of the most productive English cos. Chief crops, oats, especuiUy on the moors and wolds, wheat, beans, barley, hemp, woad, rape, turnips, and artificial grasses; but the pasture land greatly exceeds the arable in extent. That of the fens is unequalled elsewhere in quality. The cattle, mostly short- homed, attain a great weight. The sheep are also famous for size and for long wool. Many horses arc bred; the waste fens support vast flocks of geese, chiefly kept for their feathers, and the waters are the resort of wild ducks. Estates and farms of all sizes. Average rent of land, estimated in 1840, about 21». an acre. Total annual value of land (1843), 2,340,624?. , of all as- sessed property 2,868,339?. Lincoln is separated into the parts of Lindsey in the N., Kesteven S. W., and Holland S.E., and into 33 bunds., & 629 pas., in the Midland circuit and diocese of Lincoln, besides which city, it contains Boston, Grantham, Stamford, and Great Grimsby. The co. sends 4 membs. to H. of C, 2 of which are for the N., & 2 for the S. division. Reg. co. electors (1848) of N. div,, 11,898; of S. div., 9,163. This co. is famous for the number and beauty of its ancient parish churches. LiHcoiN, several cos., TJ. S., N. America I. inS. part of Maine. Area 950 sq.m. Pop. 63,517, — U. m W. of North Carolina. Area 1,200 sq, m. Pop. 26,160, slaves 6,386.-111. in N.E. of Geor- gia. Area 220 sq, m. Pop. 5,896.— IV. in S. of Tennessee. Area 650 sq. m. Pop. 21,493, slaves 4,221.— v. in centre of Kentucky. Area 432 sq, m. Pop, 10,187, slaves 3,480.— VI, in E, of Mis- souri. Area 576 sq. m. Pop. 7,449, slaves 1,572. LiNCOLNvitLE, a township of the U. S., N. America, Maine, on the Penobscot river, 10 m. S. Belfast. Pop. 2,048. It has a good harbour. LiHDAH, a town of W. Hindostan, Cutch, 1 m, from Shahpoor, thickly populated, & flourishing. LiNDAu, a fortified town of Bavaria, circ. Swa- bia, on an isl. in the Lake of Constance, united to the mainland by a wooden bridge, 300 feet in length, 25 m. E.S.E. Constance. Pop. 3,902. It has Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, a castle, high school, and an active commerce in corb, fruit, wine, & cheese ; steamers trade hence to Constance. — II. a town of Hanover, landr. Hildesheim, 12 m. N.E. Gottingen. Pop. 1,473. LiNDBT, a pa. of Engl., co, and 7} m. N.N.W. Nottingham, Area 1,190 ao. Pop. 271. LiNDE, or LiNDESBEBG, a town of Central Sweden, laen and 20 m. N. Orebro, between two lakes. Pop. 760, mostly employed in potteries. Linden, numerous vills. of Germany, the prin- cipal. — 1. 1 m. W. Hanover. — II. H. -Darmstadt, prov. Lower Hessen, 3 m. S.S.W. Giessen. — III. a small vill. of Prussian Silesia, reg. Breslau. LiNDENAu, several vills. of Germany, the prin- cipal in Bohemia, circ. & E.N.E. Leitmeritz, with 1,189 inhabitants, employed in manufs. of muslins, linens, and glass wares. — Lindenfels, is a small town, H.-Darmstadt, prov. Starkenburg, 15 m. S.E. Darmstadt. Pop. 880. LiNSESAV (MonNT), the most lofty mountain yet measured in E. Australia, about 65 m. S.W. Moreton Bay, and 5,700 feet above the sea The Lindesay range is considerably further S.W. LiNDESN.ffis, or the Naze, a cape of Norway, forming the S. extremity of the Skager-rack, with a light-house, in lat. 57° 57' N., Ion. 7° 2' E. LiNDFiELD, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 3 m. N.N.E. Cuckfield. Area 5,350 ae. Pop. 1,939. LiNDLEY, a chapelry of England, co. York, W. Riding, pa. and 2i m. "W.N.W. Huddersfield. Pop. 2,881, employed in manufs. of woollens. LiHDO, Lindus, a vill. and the ancient cap. of the island of Rhodes, on a promontory of its E. coast, 23 m. S. Rhodes, with a small harbour. Birth-place of Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men of Greece, & of Chares & Laches, the artists, who executed the colossus of Rhodes. LiNDOBES Abbey, Scotland. [Newbursh.] LiNDOso, a frontier town of Portugal, prov. Minho, on the Lima, 29 m. N.E. Braga. Pop. 600. LiNDOW, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. Potsdam, 36 m. N.N.W. Berlin. P. 1,549. LiNBRiDGE, a pa. of England, co. Worcester, 5J m. E,S,E, Tenbury, Area 6,250 ac, P, 1,815, LiNDSELL, two pas, of Eugl. — I, CO. Essex, 3i m. S.E.Thaxted. Ac. 2,530. Pop, 393.— IL co. Suf- folk, 3i m. W.N.W. Hadleigh. Ac. 1,850. P. 290. LiNDSEv (Parts of), Engl., the N. division of CO. Lincoln, of which it occupies nearly one-half, including the city of Lincoln, & 19 market towns. LiNFOED, several pas. of England. — I. co. Nor- folk, 5 m. N.N.E. Brandon. Area 1,500 ac. Pop. 105.- II. {Great), co. Bucks, 2 m. S.W. New- port-Pagnell. Ac. 1,810. Pop. 474.— III. (LUtle), same co,, 2 m , W, Newport-Pagnell, Ao, 550. P. 64. Ling, two pas. of England. — I. co. Norfolk, 6 m. E.N.E. East-Dereham. Area 2,020 ac. Pop. 601.— II. CO. Somerset, 6 m. S.S.E. Bridgewater.. Area 1,970 ae. Pop. 422, LiNOA, two small Shetland isls,, between Main- land and Yell ; and an islet, Hebrides, W. of Mull, Lingabths, a township of England, co, York, W. Riding, 3^ m, S, Huddersfield, Pop, 801. LiNGATBN, a populous soaport town, W. coast of Luzon, Philippines, 100 m. N.N.W. Manila. LiNQEN, or LiNGA, an island of the Malay Ar- chipelago, off the E. coast of Sumatra, lat. 0° 20' S., Ion. 104° 40' E., 100 m. S.S.E. Singapore. Shape irregular ; length 40 m.; greatest breadth 20 m. In its centre is a mountain with two peaks, termed " the ass's ears." Surface low in the S., but the island, generally, is healthy. Pro- ducts opmprise sago, fruits, and fine timber. LIN 776 LIN LiNQEN, a towrf of Hanover, landr. and 36 m. W-N-W. Osuabruok, cap. cc, near the Ems. Pop. 2,776. It has Calvinistic, Roman Catholic, and Lutheran churches, a gymnasium, and manufs. of woollen cloth, linens, leather, and starch. LiNQEN, a pa. of England, co. Hereford, 4 m. N.E. Presteign. Area 2,880 ac. Pop. 285. > LiN HENAU, a vill. of the Tyrol,' circ. Vorarlberg, 8 m. E.S.E. Bregenz. Pop. \,790.—Lmgenfeld, is a vill., Rhenish Bavaria, W. Spires; P. 1,357. , LiNGFiELD, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, 4 m. N. East-Grinstead. Area 7,440 ac. Pop. 1,866. LiNauAOBOSSA, a town of Sicily, intend, and 28 m. N. Catania, cap. cant. Pop. 2,450. LiHGUETTA (Cape), a headland of European Turkey, Epirus, advances into the sea, about 40 m. E.N.E. Otranto, bounding E.ward the en- trance into the Adriatic. Lat. 40° 26' 16" E. LiNHABES, a town of Portugal, prov. Beira, 15 m. W.N.W. Guarda. Pop. 870.— IL a town of Brazil, prov. Espiritu Santo, on 1. b. of the river Doce, 30 m. from its mouth in the Atlantic. LiNowooD, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 8J m. E. Norwich, Area 810 ac. Pop. 473. LiNKENHOLT, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 8 m. N. Andover. Area 540 ac. Pop. 109. Lm-EiAHG, a city of China, prov. Kiang-si, cap. dep., lat. 28° N., Ion. 115° i24' E. LiNKiNHORNE, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 4 ra. N.N.W. Callington. Area 8,270 ac. P. 1,526. LiNHOPiNG, a Isen of Sweden, on the Baltic. Area 4,253 sq. m. Pop. (1848) 206,626. Sur- face mountainous, wooded, and interspersed with numerous lakes. The Motala river and Kumla cdnal traverse its centre. Products comprise com, hops, flax, and timber, with iron, lead, and various other mineral products. Manufacturing establishments comprise barrel and sail-cloth factories, and iron and copper works. Princi- pal towns, Linkiiping and Norrkoping. LiHKOPiHO, a town of Sweden, cap. Isen, on the Stang-an, near its mouth in Lake Roxen, 108 m. S.W. Stockholm. Pop. 4,000. It has a ca- thedral and several other churches, a town-hall, house of assembly, old castle, and a gymnasium. LiNLEV, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 4 m. N.N.W. Bridgenorth. Area 610 ac. Pop. 111. Linlithgow, a royal and pari, bor., town, and pa. of Scotland, cap.'eo., on the Union canal, and with a station on the Edinburgh and Glasgow railway, 17 m. W. Edinburgh, and 28 m. E.N.E. Glasgow. Area of pa. about 7,600 ac. Scots. Pop. 5,950 ; of bor. 3,872 ; 803 inhabited houses. It is situated in a hollow, beside a fine lake of about 80 ac, and consists principally of a main street. Houses mostly old. Chief buildings, pa. church of St Michael, erected in 12th cent., and esteemed one of the noblest Gothic struc- tures in Scotland ; a town-house, with sheriff's court-room, jail erected in 1668, a curious hexa- gonal cross-well, rebuilt in 1805 from an old mo- del. On an eminence, bordered by a lake, are magnificent remains of a royal palace, founded, probably, by Edward i. of England, on the place of a Roman camp, and gradually rebuilt in its present form, by various Scottish monarchs down to James vi. It is a quadrangle, occupying an acre of ground; it has a heavy, but imposing ex- terior, and fine apartments, the most interesting being the parliament hall, and the room in which Mary Queen of Scots was born, in 1542. The town has a grammar school, a branch bank, and some manufs. of leather. Mkt., Friday. It unites with Falkirk, Airdrie, Lanark, and Hamilton in sending 1 mem, to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1846) 99. LiNLITRGO'WSHIRE, Or West Lothiah, a CO. of Scotland, having N. the Firth of Forth, E. & S. CO. Edinburgh,. and W. the cos. Lanark and Stir- hug. Area estimated at 120 sq. m., or 77,440 ac, about 3-4ths of which are arable. Inhabited houses 5,333. Pop. 26,872. Surface beautifully, varied with knolls and gentle undulations. Chi^ rivers the Almond and Avon. Soil in the S. swampy and moorland, elsewhere generally /fer- tile. Agriculture Bimilai to that Of the otbejti Lothians, except that more, tnmips are raiaSd. Estates large ; farms of middle size. Averagii rent of land (1810) 21s. 7d. an ac Annual valiie of land (1842-3) 82,841?. Coal is extensively wrought ; annual value of mines 3,5612. Manufsj unimportant. Total value of assessed property (1842-3) 109,321Z. Chief towns Linlithgow (the cap.), Queensferry, and Borrowstounness. The CO. is divided into 13 pas., and, independent of two contributary bors., sends one member to H. of Commons. Reg. electors (1848) 560. Linn, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 10 m. N.N.W. Diisseldorf. Pop. 1,200. Linn, a co. of the U. S., N. America, in W. of Iowa. Area 720 ac. Pop. 1,373. — II. a co., in N. part of Missouri. Area 688 sq. m, P. 2,245. LiNNHE (Loch), a large inlet of the sea, on th^ W. coast of Scotland^ between the cos. Argyle and Inverness, joining Loch Eil on the N^ Length 20 m. ; breadth 8 m. Its branches are Lochs Etive, Cretan, and Leven. LiNNicn, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg.) and 17 m. N.N.E. Aix-la-Chapelle, on the Boem Pop. 1,520. The military order of St Hubert was instituted here in 1444. Linosa, (Effusa, a small island of the Medi- terranean, lOOm. S.W. Sicily, & 85m. W. Malta. It is of volcanic formation, and uninhabited. LiNSELLES, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, arrond. and 7 m. N. Lille. Pop. 1,357. LiNSTEADj three pas. of England: — I. [Great), CO. Suffolk, 4J m. W.S.W. Halesworth. Area 3,070 ac. Pop. 92.— II, [Little), same co., 3 m. W. Halesworth. Ac. 1,010. P. 206 IIL co. Kent, 4im. W.S.W.Feversham. Ac 1,640. Pop. 1,050. LiNTAO, an island of China. [LantaoTI LiNTH, a river of Switzerland, cant. Glarus, enters Lake Wallentstadt, after a N. course of about 26 m. On it are the town Glarus, and vills. Schwanden and Linthal, the last having 1,600 inhabitants. The Linih canal, 9 m. long connects Lakes Wallenstadt and Zurich. LiNTHWAiTE, a township of Engl., co. York, W. Riding,' pa. Almondbury, 4 m. S.W. Hudders- field. Pop. 3,301, employed in woollen mannfe. LiNTiN, an island of China, in the Canton riv., about 18 m. N.E. Macao, and ,9 m. N. Lintao, with a remarkable conical peak. Linton, several pas. of England. — I. a mar- ket town and pa., co. and 10^ m. S.E. Cambridge. Area of pa. 3,663 ac. Pop. 1,838. Barham hall, in this pa., was built from the remains of a priory founded in 1292. — II. a pa., co, Devon, on the English Channel, 13m. E.N.E. Ilfracombe. Area 1,520 ac. Pop. 1,027.-111. co. Hereford, 4 m. E.N.E. Koss. Area 2,730 ac. Pop. 750.— IV. a pa., CO. Kent, 4 m. S. Maidstone. Area 1,250 ac. Pop. 900.— V. a pa., co, York, W. Riding, 7 m. N. Skipton, Area 11,110 ac. Pop. 2,060, partly employed in lead mines and worsted factories; A small grammar school has four exhibitions to St John's college, Cambridge. — VI. a township, CO. Hereford, pa. and 3 m, S.E. Bromyard. Pop. 601.— VII. (ok Oase), a township, co. York, W. Riding, pa. Newton, 14 m. W£.W. York. Linton, 3 pas. of Scotl.— I. co. andlOm.N.W. Peebles, bounded by co, Edinb, P. 1,616, partly LIN 777 LIS employed in cotton manufe. Large spring and summer fairs are held for sheep, the breed of which, in this pa., is much esteemed. The vill. is a bor. of regality under the Earl of March. — II. CO. Roxburgh, 5 m. S.S.E. Kelso. Area 6,500 ac. Fop. 626. Here are traces of a castle of the So- merdles, anc. lords of the pa. — III. {East), a rill., CO. & 5 J m. E. Haddington, on the Tyne, pa. Pres- tonkirk, with a sta. on the N. Brit, railw. P. 775. LntTBATHEN, a pa. of Scotland, oo. and 12 m. W.N.W. Forfar, in the Grampian mntns. P. 981. LiN-TsiNa, a city of China, proT. Shan-tung, cap. dist., on the Tu-ho canal, 70 m. W. Tsi-nan. It is papulous, and stated to be handsome and important as a commercial city. It has some mosqnes, several temples, one with a colossal gold ido^ and an octagon tower of nine stories. Lintz-Gbebn, a township of England, co. and 6^ m. N. Durham, pa. Chester-le-Street. P. 904. LiNwooD, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 2 m. S.S.E. Market Raisen. Area 2,410 ac. Pop, 226. —II. a Till, of Sootl., CO. Renfrew, pa, Kilbarchan, 3} m. W. Paisley. Pop. 1,126, mostly employed in a large cotton factory. LiNz, or LiNTZ, a fortified city of Austria, cap. Upp. Austria, on the Danube, here crossed by a wooden bridge 280 yds. in length, 98 m. W.S.W. yienna. Pop. (1845) 31,000. It is fortified in a remarkable manner, by a circle of 32 detached forts, 23 on the S., and 9 on the N. bank of the Danube ; is handsomely built, and has 3 suburbs, more extensive than the city itself; many fine churches, a landhaus, formerly a Franciscan con- vent, and an old castle, once the residence of the Dnkes of Aiustria, bnt now a prison and peniten- tiary for the prov. ; and some large barracks, a custom house, bank, theatre, &c. In the prin- cipal square is a marble column, erected in 1723, between statues of Jupiter and Neptune, to com- memorate the escape of the city from the double attack of the plague and the Turks. Its institu- tions comprise a gymnasium and lyceum, with a library of 25,000 vols. ; an asylum for deaf mutes, and other hospitals. Principal manufs. are of cotton and silk goods, leather, gold lace, cards, tobacco, and carpets, its woollen manufs. having declined. Its transit trade by the Danube is very considerable ; and it communs. by railways with Bndweis in Bohemia, and with Gmunden on the Trann. It is probably the Zentium of the Bo- mans. Some Roman antiquities have been dis- covered here. — II. a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 18 m. N.N.W. Coblenz, on the Rhine. P. 2,330. Lion (Golf of), erroneously called the Gnlf ofl/gons, a wide bay of the Mediterranean, wash- ing most of the S. coast of France. Coast very much diversified, but along some parts are exten- sive lagoons and low islands. It receives the Rhone, Orb, Aude, and Tet rivers. On it are the towns of Marseille, Cette, and Port-Vendres. It is named from the violence of its waves, which are compared to the raging of a lion. Lion d'Anobbs (Le), a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, cap. cant,, on the Oudon, 13 m. N.N.W. Angers, with 1,680 inhabs. LiPABi Islands, JEtolieB, or Vulcanice Insulm, a group of volcanic islands in the Mediterranean, between lat. 38° 20' & 38° 65' N., and Ion. 14° 1.5' and 16° 15' E., from 15 to 30 m. from the N. coast of Sicily, and comprised in the intend. Messina. Aggregate pop. about 22,000, of whom 14,000 are in the isl. Lipari. The 7 principal islands are Lipari, Vulcano, Stromboli, Salini, Panaria, Fe- licudi, and AUcudi, besides some islets, &c. All are mntnous. and volcanic, Stromboli having a still active volcano. Climate healthy, and soil highly fertile where duly inigated by water care- fully preserved in cisterns. — Lipari, the largest and most central island, is 18 m. in circuit, and produces large quantities of grapes, figs, olives ; and corn sufficient for 3 months' consumption ; it is the great magazine for pumice stone, sent hence to all parts of the world, and sulphur, nitre, sal-ammoniac, soda, capers, and fish, are import- ant articles of export. — Lipari, its cap. town,iia on its E. side. Fop. 12,500. It has a castle on a huge rock, a cathedral, a Capuchin convent, nunnery, hospital, gymnasium, bishop's palacei some fragments of cyolopean walls, a tolerable harbour, and an active trade. The island Feli- cudi, ancient Phcmicusa, has a church and a remarkable grotto. Pop. 800. LiPOSE (Nemeth), a market town of Hungary, CO. Liptau, 8 m. E.N.E. Rosenberg. Pop. 8,216j LiPETZK, a town of Russia, gov. and 84 m. W. Tambov, cap. circ, on r. b. of the Voroniej. Pop. 6,500. It has woollen cloth manufs., and well frequented mineral baths. i LiPNiczA (Also and Felso), 2 vills. of N. Hun- gary, CO. Arva, 44 m. N.W. Resmark, on the Schwarz. P. of former 3,403 ; of the latter 1,514. LiPNO, a town of Poland, prov. & 32 m. IKW. Flock, cap. circ, on the Niemen. Pop. 3,600j LiPOVETz, or LiPOWiEO, a frontier town of Russia, gov. and 102 m. S.W. Kiev. Pop. 3,100. LiPPA, a mkt. town of S.E. Hungary, co. To- mes, cap. dist., on 1. b. of the Maros, 30 m. N.E. Temesvar. Pop. (1845) 7,937, mostly employed in agriculture and in cattle breeding. LippB, a river of Germany, rises in the S.W. of the principality of Lippe-Detmold, 3 m. N.B, Lippspring, flows mostly W. through Prussian WestphaUa and Rhenish Prussia, and joins the Rhine at Wesel, after a course of 110 miles. Lippe-Detmold, a principality of N. W. Ger- many, the chief part of which is comprised betw, Prussian Westphalia, Hanover, and the princip, of Pyrmont. Cap. Detmold. Area 438 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 8,236. Surface haiy, partlj; covered by the Teutoburger-Wald, where Arminius ex- terminated the legions of Varus. The Ems and the Lippe (which last gives its name to the terri- tory), have their sources here. Some portions are remarkably fertile. Mineral products, salt, lime, iron, and marble. The power of the prince is nearly absolute. Chief towns, Detmold, Lem- go, Horn, and in the detached bailiewick of Lip- perode, a portion of Lippstadt. [Lippstadt.] LiPPE-SoHADMBUKG, Germ. [Sohaumbueg-L.] LippEHNE, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. & 48 m. N.N.E. Frankfurt. Pop. 2,760. LippsPBiNG, a town of Prussian WestphaJia, reg. and 35 m. S.S.W. of Minden, near the source of the Lippe. Pop. 1,621. Lippstadt, a fortified town of Prussian West- phalia, reg. & 23 m. N.N.E. Arnsberg, cap. circ, on 1. b. of the Lippe. Pop. 4,335. It is enclosed by walls, & is regularly & well built. Its inhabs. are mostly employed in manufs. of woollen cloth, linen, starch, leather, and iron wares. Half of the town belongs to principality of Lippe-Detmold. LiFso, Lepsia, a small island off the coast of Asia Minor, 6 m. S.E. Patmos. LiEfi, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Maine- et-Loire, 12 m, N.W. Beaupreau. Pop. 2,030. LmiA, a town of Spain, prov. and 18 m. N.W. Valencia. Fop. (1846) 8,524. It has a handsome modern church, and manufs. of linens, soap, and earthenware. The adjoining dist. is fertile, and the hills furnish excellent pasturage. Lisbon (Portug. Lisboa, anc. Obispo), a city of W. Europe, cap. of the kingdom of Portugal, and LIS 778 LIS of the prov. Estremadnra, on r. b. of the Tagus, near its month in the Atlantic ocean. Lat. of observatory 38° 42' i" N., Ion. 9° 8' 2" W. Castle battery 373 ft. above the sea. Pop. (1845) 280,000. Mean temp, of year 61° .3 : winter 52° .4, summer 70° .9. Climate healthy, but variable ; exposed to heavy rains and cold winds in winter. The city rises in the form of an amphitheatre, & the older part has numerous steep as filthy streets, but the new quarter is well laid out, & has Blackhorse & many other handsome squares. It is an open city, defended on the side next the sea by the forts St Julian and Torre de Belem, and has an arsenal and ship-bnilding docks. It is the residence of the sovereign, and contains many splendid archi- tectural monuments, among which are the mag- nificent aqueduct of Alcantara, with 36 arches of white marble, the royal palaces of Bemposta and Necessidades ; the anc. cathedral, an Engl, chapel, with a fine cemetery ; citadel, prison, and 5 the- atres ; and in the vicinity the palace of Ajuda, & the magnificent convent or palaee of Belem. It has a royal school of naval architecture, a school of artillery and engineering ; a royal college of nobles, schools of design, music, commerce, and navigation; an astronomical observatory, royal academy of sciences, with a library and printing estabUshment ; a national library of 30,000 vols., formed from those of the convents suppressed in 1835 ; museums of natural history, and a botanic garden. Lisbon has a royal manuf. of fire arms and powder, & a cannon foundry ; other manufs. comprise silks, porcelain, paper, soap, jewellery, and trinkets ; none of these, except the last, is in a flourishing state. The harbour is one of the finest in the world, and large vessels approach nearly to the commodious quays. Commerce, formerly considerable, has greatly deoUned since the independence of Brazil. Chf. expts., oranges, citrons, wine, wool, oil, & leather. Imports, woollen and cotton goods, fish, butter, grain, and cheese. A great part of Lisbon was destroyed, & 60,000 , lives lost, by an earthquake, in 1765. It was taken by the French in 1807, but resisted an at- tack from them in 1809. Lisbon, several tnshps., U. S.,N. Amer. — I. New York, 10 m. W. Canton. Pop. 3,508.-11. Maine, on the Androscoggin, 33 m. S.S.W. Augusta. Pop. 1,532 IIL New Hampshire, 89 m. N.N.W. Concord. Pop. 1,682. — IV. Connecticut, 7 m. W. Norwich. Pop. 1,052. — V. New Zisbon is a vm., Ohio, 35 m. B.N.E. Columbus. Pop. 2,000. LisBUKN, a pari, bor., town, and pa. of Ireland, Tllster, COS. Down and Antrim, on the Lagan, 6i m. S.S.W. Belfast, with which town it communi- cates by railway. Pop. of pa. 15,015 ; do. of town 6,284. It is one of the most beautifully situated, & best built, towns of Irel. ; has a spacious cathed. church for the diocese of Down & Connor, con- taining a monument to Jeremy Taylor, who died bishop here in 1667 ; remains of a castle built by Lord Conway in 1610, and burnt, together with the town, in 1707, and the grounds of which now form a public promenade ; a court-house, an in- firmary for CO. Antrim, fever hospital.free school, union workhouse, linen hall, large mkt. house, & assembly rooms, with thriving manufs. of linen, and in the vioinitjf bleach-grounds. A canal from L. Neagh here joins the Lagan, by which goods are conveyed to Belfast. Mkt., Tuesday. The bor. sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1848) 462. LisCA-BiAKCA, and Lisoa-Neba, two islets of the Mediterranean, Lipari group, E. of Panaria. LiscANOB, a vilj. of Irel., Munster, co. Clare, on an inlet of the Atlantic of same name, 4J m. W. Ennistymon. It is a coast-guai-d station. LiscABD, a township of Engl., co. Chester, pa. Wallasey, at the mouth of the Mersey, 9J m. N. Great Neston. Pop, 2,873. LisOHATi, a mkt. town of Bohemia, ciro. & 7 m. E.N.E. Budweis. Pop. 2,283. LisiANKA, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. and 80 m. S.S.E. Kiev, with mineral baths. Pop. 2,500, LisiEux, Lexovium, a comm. & town of France, dep. Calvados, cap. arr., on r. b. of the Touques, 27 m. E. Caen. Pop. (1846) 11,345. It has a cathedral of the 12th century, bishop's palace; with fine gardens; hospital and theatre. Its dwellings are mostly antiquated, built of wood^ and lining gloomy thoroughfares. Principal manufs., coarse woollens, flannels, and horse cloths. It has tanneries, brandy distilleries, dye and bleaching worlra, and cotton yam factories. LisKEABD, a pari, and munic. bor., town, and pa. of Engl., CO. Cornwall, on the Looe, 16 m. W.N.W. Plymouth. Area of pa. 7,740 ac. Pop. 4,287 ; do. of bor. 3,001. It is irregularly bufit on a rocky, uneven site; has a large Gothic church, a handsome town-hall, national school, union work-house, hterary and philosophical society, and branch bank; some mannra. of serges and leather, and a trafBc in the produce of the adjacent tin, copper, & lead mines. Mkts., Saturday. It is co. polling-place, and returns 1 member to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 812. LiSKO, a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, circ. and 8 m. S.E. Sanok, on the San. Pop. 2,329. LisKovo, a vill. of Russia, gov. and 50 m. S.E. Nishui-Novgorod, with 4,000 inhabitants, and ex- tensive horse and cattle fairs. Lisle, a city of France. [Lille.] — 11. a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Dordogne, on the Dronne, 10 m. N.W. Perigueux. Pop. 1,790.— III. a township, U. S., N. America, New York, 60 ra. S.E. Auburn. Pop. 1,660. [Isle.] LiSLEE, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Cork, 7 m. E. Cloghnakilty. Ac. 6,392. Pop. 6,211. LisMOBE, an episcopal city and pa. of Ireland, Munster, cos. Waterford and Cork, 111 m. S.S.W, Dublin. Area of pa. about 64^000 ac. Pop. 21,562 ; do. of town 3,007. It is picturesquely situated on a steep eminence above the Black- water. It has been much improved by its pro- prietor, the Duke of Devonshire. It possesses one of the finest baronial castles in Ireland, ori- ginally founded by King John, & recently restor- ed; anew cathedral, with elegant interior; a large Roman Catholic chapel, grammar and other schools, alms-houses, a union work-house, fever hospitals, and court-house. There is but little trade beyond that of a salmon fishery, though a canal has been carried thence to where the Blaokwater becomes navigable. The diocese, comprising 73 pas. in cos. Waterford and Tip- perary, was united to Waterford in the reign of Edward iii. Lismore is the birth-place of the philosopher Boyle, and of the poet Congreve. Lismore, an isl. off the W. coast of Scotland, CO. Argyle, at the entrance of Loch Linnhe, 7 m. N.N.W. Oban. Area about 8,000 ac. Pop.ljS99. Surface alternately rocky and fertile. It was the anc. seat of the bishops of Argyle ; and amongst other vestiges of antiquity, it has remains of their castle and cathedral ; the chancel of which latter is now used as the pa. church. — II. {vrith Appin), a pa., co. Argyle, including the above isl., and a great extent of territory on the adjoining mainland. Pop. 4,193. LiSNABiLL, a pa of Ireland, Ulster, co. and 2J m. S.E. Armagh. Area 18,557 ac. Pop. 9,893. LissA, Issa, an isl. of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, circ. & 33 m. S.W. Spalatro. Pop. (1843) 3,702. LIS 779 LIU Chief prodacts, wine, oil, almonds, and anclio- vies. Principal towns, San Giorgio, with a good harbour, and Comisa. From 1810 to 1816, this island was held by the English, when it had a dep6t of English manufe., and a pop. of 12,000. LissA, several towns of Germany, &c I. (Pol. tesaio), Prussian Poland, reg. and 42 m. S S.W. Posen. Pop. (1846) 8,730, of whom 4,000 were Jews. It is mostly l)uilt of wood, but has a rastle, Koman Catholic, Lutheran, & 2 Calvinist churches, a synagogue, & manufe. of woollen cloths, leather, and tobacco, and a trade in wine. It wa£ the original seat of the Leszinski family, ancestors of Stanislaus, Icing of Poland II. (iVeu Lissa), Bohemia, cu'c. Bunzlau, 21 m. N.E. Prague, with 2,513 inhabs., & a castle. — Lisse is a TiU.,Netherrds,prov. N. Holland,9 m. S. Haarlem. LisSAN, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, cos. Tyrone and Londonderry, 2 m. S.W. Moneymore. Area 24,684 ac, mostly mntnous. Pop. 6,282. LissiNOTON, a pa. of Engl., co. & Hi m. N.E. Lincoln. Area 1,570 ac. Pop. 186. LissiTZ, a mkt. town of Moravia, with a castle, cire. and 18 m. N.N.W. Briinn. Pop. 1,370. lossoNE, a vill. of Lombardy, deleg. Milan, dist. and 3 m. N.W. Monza. Pop. (1843) 2,827. LissosuFFr, a pa of Ireland, Connanght, co. Boscommon, 44 m. S.E. Strokestown. Area 11,665 ac. Pop. 4,832. LisTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 3 m. N.N.W. Sndbniy. Area 630 ac. Pop. 80. LisTowEL, a mkt. town of Ireland, Mnnster, CO. Kerry, on the Feale, here crossed by a fine bridge, 16i m. N.N.E. Tralee. Pop. 2,698. It has a chnrch, a bridewell, and ruins of a stately castle, formerly belonging to the earls of Desmond. It gives the title of earl to the Hare family. LisTBAC, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Gironde, 20 m. N.X.W. Bordeaux. Pop. 1,803. LiTAKon, South Airica. [Lattakoo.] LiTASY (El), Le(yntcs, a riv. of Palestine, pash. Acre, rises near Baalbec, flows betw. Lebanon & Anti-Libanos, & enters th e Mediterranean, 6 m. N. Tyre. Near its mouth it is called El-Kasimiyeh. LiTCEAH, a mkt. town & pa. of Engl., co. Nor- folk, 7 m. N.N.W. Swaff ham. Ac. 2,060. P. 846. LiTOHBOHODeH, a pa., Engl. [Lichbokoush.] LixcHFiELD, a CO. of the U. S., N. Amer., Con- necticut, in its N.W. part, on the Housatonic riv. and its branches. Area 885 sq. m. Pop. 40,448. Iron is mined and extensively manufactured. — II. a tnshp., cap. above co., 26 m. W. Hartford. Pop. 4,038.— IIL a tnshp., Maine, 11m. S.S.AV. Augusta. Pop. 2,293.— IV. a tnshp.. New York, 83 m. N.W. Albany. Pop. 1,672. [Lichfielb.] LiTHEELAND, a tnslip. of Engl., CO. Lancaster, pa. Sefton, 6 m. N. Liverpool. Pop. 1,686. Lithuania, a country of Europe, forming all the N. and N.E. part of the ane. kingdom of Po- land, and now mostly comprised in the Russian govs. Vitebsk, Moghilev, Vilna, Grodno, Minsk, and a small part of Prussia, reg. Gumbinnen. LiTBT, or LiTTEV, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Calvados, arrond. & 15 m. W.S.W. Bayeux. P. 2,128. In its vicinity is an extensive coal basin. LiTscHAU, a frontier town of Lower Austria, on the Launitz, 80 m. N.W. Vienna. Pop. 667. LiTTAD (Morav. lAUowle), a town of Moravia, with a station on railway to Prague, circ. & 10 m. N.W. Olmutz, Pop. 2,280, mostly engaged in manufs. of woollen cloth, muslin, and hosiery. LiTTEEMOEE, OF Lettebmobe, an isl. off the W. coast of Ireland, Connanght, co. Galway, on the S. side of Kilkinan Bay. It has a coast- guard station. LiTTLEBOROUGH, a pa. of Engl., CO. Notts, on the Trent, 7-1 m. E.N.E. East Retford. Area 290 ac. Pop. 77. — II. a ehapelry, co. Lancaster, pa. and 34 m. E.N.E. Rochdale, at the foot of Black- stone Edge, witli a station on the Manchester & Leeds railway. It was anciently a Roman station. LixTLEBOUBNE, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 4 m. S.E. Canterbury. Area 2,010 ac. Pop. 819. Little Bmtain, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Pemisylvania, 22 m. S.E. Lancaster. Pop. 3,042. LiTTLEBUBY, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 1| m. W.N.W. Saffron- Walden. Ac. 2,300. Pop. 822. Little Compton, a tnshp. of U. S., N. Amer., Rhode Isl, 26 m. S.S.E. Providence. Pop. 1,327. Little Ckeek, two hamlets of the U. S., N. Amer., Delaware, cos. Kent & Sussex. P. 2,050. Little Falls, a tnshp. of U. S., N. Amer., New York, on Mohawk river, which has here rapid falls, and on the Erie canal and Utica rail- way, 91 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 3,881. Littleiiam (with Exmouth), a pa. of Engl., CO. Devon, at the mouth of the river Axe, 7 m. W.S.W. Sidmouth. Area 2,260 ac Pop. 3,927. — II. a pa., same co., 2 m. S. Bideford. Area 1,290 ac. Pop. 390. LiTTLEPOET, a pa. of Engl., co. Cambridge, with a station on the E. Anglian railway, 41 m. N.E.Ely. Area 16,390 ac. Pop. 3,366.— iti«e- port Fen, partly in this pa., comprises about 28,000 ac, and is drained by steam engines. Little Rook, a city of the U. S., N. Amer., cap. state Arkansas, on the S. bank of Arkansas river, 88 m. N.W. its junction with the Missis- sippi. Fop. about 2,600. It is built on a bank 200 feet above the river. Littleton, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Mid- dlesex, 3 m. E.S.E. Staines. Area 1,060 ac Pop. 111.— II. CO. Hants, 3 m. N.N.W. Winchester. Area 1,300 ac. Pop. 136.— III. (Drew), co. WiltSy 7J m. N.W. Chippenham. Area 760 ac Pop. 251. Here are some Druidical remains. — IV, (High), CO. Somerset, 9 m. W.S.W. Bath. Area 1,190 ac Pop. 1,116, partly employed in coal mines. — V. (North), co. Worcester, 3J m. N.N.E. Evesham. Area 1,610 ac. Pop. 296 VI. (On Severn), co. Glo'ster, 5 m. E.S.E. Chepstow. Area 900 ac Pop. 195.— VII. (South), co. Wor- cester, 3 m. N.E. Evesham. Area 900 ac. Fop. 189.— VIII. (West), CO. Glo'ster, 7 m. N.N.E. Bath. Area 1,050 ac. Pop. 168.— IX. (Pannell), a tything, co. Wilts, pa. West Lavington, 6 m. S.S.W. Devizes. Pop. 607. Littlington, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Cam- bridge, 3 m. W.N.W. Royston. Area 2,880 ac. Pop. 722. At " Heaven's Walls," in this pa., was a Roman cemetery II. co. Sussex, 6| m. S.S.W. Halesham. Area 570 ac. Pop. 140. Litton, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Somerset, 6 m. N.N.E. Wells. Area 1,230 ac. Pop. 430.— II. (Cheney), co. Dorset, 6 m. E.S.E. Bridport. Area 2,360 ac. Pop. 463.— III. a hamlet, co. Derby, 5J m. N.N.W. Bakewell. Pop. 864. LiTTOBALE.or LiTOKALK (Hunoarian), a dist. extending along the Adriatic, between Ulyria and military Croatia, for about 20 m. in length, by a breadth varying to 10 m., and comprising the towns Fiume, Buccari, and Novi, and it is continuous S.ward with the Croatian Littorale. LiTTBT, a comm. and market town of France, def). Calvados, 9 m. W.S.W. Bayeux. Pop. 2,130. In its vicinity is an extensive coal basin. LiTviNoviTSHi, a market town of Russia, gov. and 65 m. S.E. Moghilev. Pop. 1,700. LiTVN, or LiTiNSK, a town of Russian Poland, gov. Podolia, 66 m. N.E. Kamenetz. Pop. 3,600. Liu-TCHOU, a city of China, prov. Ngan-hoei, cap. dep., 80 m. W. Nanking, LIV 780 LIV LivADiA, or LivADHtA, the former name of Hellas (Greece) under the Tuijss, so named from the town Lebadea. LiTADOBTBO, a vill. of Greece, at the mouth of a river in the bay of Livadostro, 15 m. N.N.W. Megara. — The Bay of Livadostro is the N.E. termination of the Glulf of Corinth, 11 m. in length by 9 m. in average breadth. LivAROT, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Calvados, cap. cant., on the Vie, 10 m. S.S.W. Lisienx. Fop. 1,162. Its cheese is celebrated. LiTENZA, Liquentta, a river of Austrian Italy, rises in the deleg. TJdine, flows tortuously S.ward, and after a course of about 70 m., enters the Adriatic, 28 m. N.E. Venice. It communicates by a canal with the Piave. LiTEBMEBB, two pas. of Engl., CO. Suffolk. — I. (Great), 5 m. N.N.E. St-Edmund's-Bury. Area 1,680 ac. Pop. 320.— II. (Little) 5 m. N.N.E. St-Edmund's-Bury. Area 1,500 ac. Pop. 172. ^III. a tnshp. of U. S., N. Amer., Maine, 23 m. W. Augusta. Pop. 2,745. LivEBPOOL, a pari, and munic. bor., and, next to London, the principal seaport of England, oo. Lancaster, hundred W. Derby, on the E. bank of the Mersey estuary, about 4 m. from the Irish Sea, 31J m. W.S.W. Manchester, and 210i m. N.W. London. Lat. of St Paul's Church, 63° 24' 6' N., Ion. 2° 69' 6' W. Area of borough, comprising, with Liverpool pa., portions of the townships of Kirkdale, Everton, W. Derby, and the extra parochial place of Toxteth Park, 5,000 ac. Pop. (1831) 205,964; (1841) 286,487; (1846) 358,665. Mean temp, of year, 50° .8 ; winter 41° .3, summer 61° .1 Fahr. It extends 6 m. in length, by about 2^ m. at its greatest breadth over .gently rising ground; the highest point within the :borough, being about 220 ft. above the quay wall of the river. Though very irregularly laid out, it has many broad, straight, and handsome thoroughfares ; & its streets are receiving great embellishment in pointof architecture. Alongthe shore, there is a line of docks & basins of nearly five miles in extent, having, in 1848, an aggregate water area and quay space of 196 ac. 624 yards, & 14m. 119 yards in length of space round them. Among the largest of the docks are the Bruns- wick,'Qneen's, King's, Albert, Salthouse, Canning, Georgefs, Prince's, Waterloo, Victoria, Trafalgar, <3Iarenee, Nelson, Bramleymoore, Wellington, Sandon, Salisbury, Collingwood, & Stanley. The three last are connected with the -Leeds and Liverpool Canal, and most of the others have half tide locks and wet basins. Notwithstanding this enormous dock accommodation, the exigencies of the traffic daily demand more, & an extension of the line of doclra for about 1^ ra. N.wards, is flow being made. The number of sliips that entered the port in 1849 was 20,783 ; the tonnage 3,639,146 ; the revenue 224,224?., after a reduction of 38^ per cent, from the rates of 1886—33 per cent, from those of 1844, on the tonnage dues on East India voyages, or 18 per cent, on the aggregate foreign dues — and again a further reduction in 1848, equal to 40,000/. on the gross income. The rapid increase of the commerce of the port, is seen by contrasting the extent of aock-room, and the amount of shipping, ton- nage, and revenue, above stated, with the cor- responding items in 1836, when they were as fol- lows : — Area 111 acres, sliipping 12,637, tonnage 1,592,436, revenue 183,465/. Warehouse room attached to the docks is wanting, and most of the imported goods have to be placed in private warehouses. The London and North Western railway has a terminus on the high ground of the town at Edge-hill, and from thence 3 branches through tunnels run, one to the centre of the town for general traf&e, and one to the North & South docks respectively for goods. The East Lancashire, the Lancashire and Yorkshire, and the Liverpool and Southport lines join, and have a goods station near the docks in Great Howard Street, & a general station in Tithe-barn Street, near the exchange. Liverpool is supplied with water pumped from wells in the red sandstone, into head reservoirs, from which it is distributed with such pressure that fires are extinguished by jets direct from the mains, without the inter- vention of fire-engines. The water is of fine quality, but deficient in quantity. Gas is supplied by a chartered company, and is introduced into most of the houses. The sewerage of the town was, until lately, extremely defective, & the pav- ing and cleansing were not properly attended to ; in some localities, too, the population lived chiefly in cellars, or in crowded courts. Owing to these causes, & to the influx of a vagrant Irish, the mor- tality of the town was very high. Under a local act obtained in 1846, active measures have been taken to remedy these evils. Sewers are being made in all directions, and houses drained. The cellars have been emptied of their inhabitants, and 6,000 of them shut up. Attention has been given to the paving of the streets, and to their proper cleansing. Among the public buildings is the town hall, erected at a cost of upwards of 110,000f. It con- tains a superb suite of entertainment rooms, the council-hall, and various public offices, connected with the management of the municipal business, and the corporate estate. On the landing of the grand staircase, is a fine statue of Canning tby Chantrey. The hall stamds on one side of a square, the other 3 sides of which are formed by the ex- change buildings, a noble pile, the lower story of which is an arcaded walk. In the centre of the quadrangle is a statue of Nelson, surrounded by emblematical bronze figures. The custom-house, comprising also the excise, post, dock, & stamp offices, is an enormously- large heavy building, of the Ionic order, covering an area of' 6,700 sq. yards. In the area opposite its north front is a bronze statue of Huskissoni A beautiful struc- ture is in progress (1849), intended to contain the assize courts and a hall for music, to be called St George's. It is of the Corinthian order, externally and internally. .Arnew concert hall has also been completed, oi colossal dim'enfflons, and in excel- lence in the requisites of hearing and seeing, may vie with any building of a similar kind. The principal ; churches are those of Saints Peter, Catherine, James, Michaely Luke, Philip, & Paul ; and St George's, the Scotdi' kirk. Free churches, Unitarian, Independent, & Wesleyan chapels,al- together 109 churches and chapels. Among the educational establishments are the Liverpool Koyal Institution, which has a large library, and a museum inferior only to those of the metropolis, the Collegiate, a fine buildmg in the Gothic stjle ; the Mechanics' Institute; a school of medicine, and several schools belonging to the different religious bodies. ■ There are many hospitals, an infirmary, dispensaries, and charitable institu- tions ; four large covered, and two open, public markets forprovisions, a fish market and pedlars' market; corn exchange, and tobacco ware- house. A new jail, 2 m. out of town, is in course of erection, to supersede that within the bor- ough. There are public baths on the pier-head, and 2 other baths & wash-houses in the town for the working classes, the first of the kind erected. LIV 781 LIX Another extensive building, containing wash- houses and baths for the worlcing classes, is in process, and sites have been secured for four additional establishments. The bank of England has a branch here, and next to it is the Liverpool Commercial Bank, both fine buildings, near the exchange. There are ten other banks. There are fourteen newspapers published in Liverpool. The town has some extensive sugar refineries, iron and brass foundries, breweries, rope, glass, soda, & alkali works ; alarge manuf. of watches & jewellery ; and ship-building is carried on in it to a great extent, but it owes its chief importance to its being a great seat of foreign export and im- port trade, and the main outlet for the manufs. of Manchester, W. Yorkshire, Staffordshire, and tlie principal part of the trade of England with Ireland & America. The entrance of the Mersey is encumbered with shoals, but at high water it may be entered by the largest ships. Nearly all the raw cotton imported into Britain, is brought to Liverpool ; the imparts in 1846, amounted to 1,134,081 bales ; exports of British & Irish produce in 184d, amounted in value to 28,427,7672. (those of London in the same year amounting to no more than 11,078,164J.) Customs rev. in same year amonnted in Liverpool to 3,434,521/., more than double that of London. Customs revenue (1846) 3,622,056/. Reg. shipping (1847) 1,466 vessels, aggregate burden 387,535 tons. Idverpool is connected by railway and canals with all the great towns of England, and by steam packets with Glasgow, Dublin, Cork, Bristol, London, and the principal ports of America to which mail steamers depart. The bor. is divided into 16 wards, and governed by a mayor, a recorder, 16 aldermen, and 48 coun- cillors. The Corp. rev. from town dues alone amounted, in 1S36, to 49,332/., and in 1849, to 102,596/. iSt. Sd. With this and other sources of income, the council are enabled to meet their ordinary and obligatory expenses, imposed under the municipal act, and from 1836 to 1849, there has been an annual surplus varying irom 20,000/. to 40,000/. The corp. estate is estimated at above 4)000,000/., and the debt about 650,000/. It has qnarter and petty sessions, courts of record and requests, and is the seat of assizes for the hundred of W. Derby. Its port jurisdiction comprises the whole estuary of the Mersey. It sends 2 mem- bers to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 15,569. Liverpool, a vill. of V. S., N. Amer., New York, on Onondaga Lake, 130 m. N. W. Albany. Fop. about 1,000. It has valuable salt springs. —II. a small town of Nova-Scotia, cap. Queen's CO., on its 8.E. coast, 70 m. S.W. Halifax.— III. a town of E. Australia, N. S. Wales, co. Cumber- land, 18 m. S.W. Sidney. — Cape Liverpool, is the name of a headland on the S. side of the entrance to Lancaster Sound, British N. Amer., and of another bounding the inlet Liverpool Bay, Arctic Ocean, North America, immediately S.W. Cape Bathnrst. Lat. about 70° N., Ion. 129° W. Livekpool-Plains, a " hilly, picturesque, and well-watered region," E. Australia, between lat. 31° Si 32° S., and Ion. 150° and 151° E., N. of Bris- bane CO., N. S. Wales, from 800 to 900 feet above the sea level, containing the head streams and upper course of the Peel river, & bounded S.ward by the Liverpool mntn. range, 4,000 ft. in height. —Lwerpool river, N. Australia, Amhem-land, enters the sea near lat. 12° S., Ion. 134° 10' E. LivEBSEBQE, a ohapeliy of Engl., co. York, W, Kidmg, 5i m. N.N.E. Huddersfield. Pop. 6,988, employed in manufs. of woollens. LivERTO!*, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Biding, 6} m. E. Guisborough. Area 2,360 ac. Pop. 203. LivESET, a township of Engl,, co. Lancaster, pa. Blackburn, 8J m. E.S.E. Preston. Pop. 1,996. LiviHQSTON, several cos. of U. S., N. Amer. — I. in W. of N. York. Area 609 sq. m. Pop. 8,514. — II. in S.E> of Louisana. Area 730 aq. m. Pop. 2,315 III. in N. part of Kentucky. Area 330 sq. m. Pop. 9,025 IV. in centre of Mic higan. Area 676 sq. m; Pop. 7,430. — V. in centre of Illinois. Area 1,026 sq. m. Pop. 759. — VI. in N.W. ' of Missouri. Area 610 sq.im. Pop. 4,325.— VII. a township of New York, 32 m. S.W. Albany. Bop 2,190.— VIII. New Jersey, 9 m. N.W. Newark. Pop. 1,081. Livingstone, a pa. of SootL, co. Linlithgow, 14 m. W.S.W. Edinburgh. Pop. 1,004. It has an ancient peel or tower. LivNiJ, or LivKV, a town of Bussia, gov. and 80 m. S.E. Orel, cap. dist., on the Sosna, an afB. of the Don. Pop. (1838) 9,380. It has numer- ous churches, and several annual fairs. LivNO, a fortified town of European Turkey, Croatia, 64 m. N.W. Mostar, on the Bistritza, here crossed by a bridge of 5 arches. Livonia (Germ. Livland, or Li^and), a marit. gov. of Bussia, mostly between lat. 50° 30' and 66° 20' N., and Ion. 24° and 28° E.j having W. the Gulf of Livonia, and on other sides the govs. Pskov, Vitebsk, and Courland, & the lake Beipus. Area, comprising the island Oeael in the Baltic^ 20,450 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 814,100. - Surface mostly flat and marshy. Principal rivers, the Diina and Eyst, and on the S. frontier, the Bol- der-aa, Fennern, and Embai Lakes numerous. Soil fertile, & more corn is raised than is required for home consumption, principally rye and barley, but also comprising wheat, oats, and buckwheat 5 the rearing of live stock is of great import- ance; the fisheries are active, both on the coast and in the lakes. Timber is an important product. Manufs. of cotton and woollen stufts, sugar, tobacco, glass, &c., are more extensive in this tlian in the neighbouring govs, ; the peasaur try spin linen yarn, and mostly weave their own clothing. , Pop. very mixed, and mostly Lutherr ans. Principi towns, Biga, the cap., Dorpat, Per- nau, & Wenden, with Arensberg in the isl. Oesel. Livonia, or Biga (Gulf of), an inlet of the Baltic Sea, in Russia, between the govs, of Li- vonia and Courland. Lat. 67° to 68° 30' N., Ion. 22° to 24° 20' E. Length,N. to S,, 100 ra,, breadth 80 m. The island Oesel covers almost all its entrance, which is difficult of navigation owing to shoals. In it are several small islands. It re- ceives the Duna, Aa, Alass, and Fennern rivers. LivoBNO, a town of Piedmont, div. Novara, prov. and 17 m. W.S.W. Vercelli. Pop. (includ- ing coram.) 4,806. It has a large pa, church, two convents, and a considerable trade in cattle and wool.— II. a city of Italy. [Leghorn.] LrvBADB (St), acomm. & town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, cap. cant., near the Lot, 4 m. W.S.W. Villeneuve-sur-Lot. Pop. 3,209 — II. a comm., dep. H. Garonne, arrond. Toulouse. Livbon, a comm. and market town of France, dep, Dr6me, 10 m. S. Valence. Pop. 1,616.— Ziura is the name of vills., deps. Calvados, Nievre, and Seine-et-Oise, the last, 10 m. E. Paris, with an old Augustine abbey, once the residence of Mad. de Sevign^. Livhma, a considerable river of E. Africa, enters the Indian Ocean, behind Cape Delgado. Lixheim, a comm. and town of France, dep. Meurthe, 6 m. N,E. Sarrebourg. Pop. 1,093. LixuBi, a seaport town of CephaloBia, on its LIZ 782 LLA Vf. limb, 6 m. N.W. Argostoli. Pop. 6,000. It is a Greek bishop's see, and though not so well built as Argostoli, is its rival in commercial im- portance ; its harbour is sheltered by a new mole. LizAN, a large and fine vill. of Tnrlcish Kurdis- tan, on the Zab, about 40 miles X.E. Mosul. LizANEiiLO and Lizano, two market towns of S. Italy, Naples, proT. Otranto, the former 5 m. S.E. Lecce, the latter 11 m. E.S.E. Taranto. Lizard Point, a bold headland of Engl., co. Cornwall, pa. Landewedneck, forming the most southern point of Britain, 23 m. E.S.E. Land's- End, & having two lighthouses with fixed lights, elevated 200 feet above the sea, in lat. 49° 67' 40' N., Ion. 6° 12' 6' W.— Lizard Isl. is off the E. coast of Australia. Lat. 14° 40' S., Ion. 146° 30' E. LiziEB (St), Avstria and Comorama,, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aritee, cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Salat, 1 m. N.W. St Girous. Pop. 1,160. LizY-suR-OuBCQ, a comm. & town of France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, 8 m. N.B. Meaux. P. 1,200. Ljubaschevo, a town of Russia, gov. Minsk, 48 miles S.W. Slutsk. Pop. 1,800. Ljubetsh, a market town of Russia, gov. and 38 m. N.N.W. Tchernigov. Pop. 1,600. Ljcbin, a town of Russia, gov. and 64 m. N.E. Jaroslavl, cap. oirc, on the Obnora. Pop. 2,000. Ljdsne, a river of Sweden, Isens Ostersund and Gefle, after a tortuous E.ward course of 200 m., enters the Gulf of Bothnia, 6 m. S. Soderhamu. Ljutzun (Pol. Lucyn), a town of Russian Po- land, gov. and 130 m. N.W. Vitebsk. Pop. 2,100. Llafebhoe, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, 6 m. S. Cardiff. Pop. 86. Llagosteba, a mkt. town of Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 10 m. S.S.E. Gerona. Pop. 2,000. Llamphey, a pa. of S. Wales, co. and 2 m. S.E. Pembroke. Pop. 407. LiiAN (a church), is the prefix of num. pas. and towns in Engl. & Wales. — Llan-dber, a pa.. North Wales, CO. Merioneth, IJ m. N.W. Barmouth, Pop. 1,709. — Llan-(tfan, a pa.. South Wales, co. Cardigan, 8 m. N. Tregaron. Pop. 411. — Lla3i- afan-fawr, a pa.. South Wales, co. Brecon, 6 m. N.W. Builth. Pop. WlS.—Lhm-afan-fechan, a pa., South Wales, co. Brecon, 6 m. S. W. Builth. Pop. 172. — Llan-aml-llech, a pa.. South Wales, eo. Brecon, 5 m. S.E. Brecon. Pop. 324. — Llan-anno, a pa., South Wales, co. Radnor, 9i m. E.N.E. Rhayadergwy. Pop. 329. — Ltan-armon, several pas.. North Wales. — I. co. Carnarvon, 4^ m. N.E. Pwllheli. Pop. 589.— II. co. Denbigh, 6 m. E.S.E. Ruthin. Pop. 1,823. — III. {Byfryn Ceiriog), same CO., 9 m. E.N.E. Oswestry. Pop. 634. — IV. {Mynydd Mawr), a mntnous. pa., in same CO., 8J m. N. Llanfyllin. P. 182.^Llanarth, a pa.. South Wales, CO. Cardigan, 12 m. E.N.E. Lampeter. Pop. 2,421. — 11. a pa., Engl., co. Monmouth, 3} m. N.W. Ragland. Area 3,640 ac. Pop. 669. — Llanarthne, a pa.. South Wales, co. and 7J m. E. Carmarthen. Fop. 2,171. — Zltm-asaph, a pa.. North Wales, co. Flint, 6 m. N.W. Holywell. Pop. 2,669, employed in coal mines, &c.. On St Asaph hill, in this pa., is a signal tower, and at the mouth of the Dee, Point of Air, a lighthouse. Lat. 63' 22' N., Ion. 3° 19' 24' W Zlan-babo, a pa.. North Wales, co. Anglesey. P. 174. — Llanba- da/m, several pas., &c., Wales. — I. (Fawr), South Wales, CO. Cardigan, 1 m. S.E. Aberystwyth. P. 11,239.-11. CO. Radnor, 8i m. E.N.E. New Rad- nor. Pop. 448 III. {Fynydd), same co., 10 m. N.E. Rhayadergwy. Pop. 610.— IV. {Odyn), South Wales, co. Cardigan, 3 m. W.N.W. Tre- garon. Pop. 504.— V. (Tref-Eglws), same co., 11 m. N.N.W. Lampeter. Pop. 1,046. — VI. (Y. Carreq), co. Radnor, 6 m. E.S.E, Builth. Pop. 81. — Llaribadock, a pa.; Engl., co. Monmouth, 1 m. S. Usk. Area 3,430 ac. Pop. 457 Llanbadrig, two pas.. North Wales. — I. co. Anglesey, 4J m. W.N.W. Amlwch. Pop. 1,295. The church, according to tradition, was built by St Patrick II. CO. Carnarvon, 4 m. S.W. PwllheU. Pop. 624. — Llanbeblig, a pa., South Wales, co., and includes the bor. of Carnarvon. Pop. 9,192. Llahbedb, or Lampbtek-Pont-Stephew, a pari, bor., market town, & pa., South Wales, co. & 28 m. E.N.E. Cardigan, on the Teify, here crossed by a stone bridge. Pop. of pa. 1,507, do. of bor. 902. It has a very anc. church, & a handsome go- thic quadrangle, forming the royal college of St David's, founded in 1822, revenue 3,000?. Aver- age number of students about 60. The bor. joins with Cardigan, Aberystwyth, and Adpar, in sending 1 mem. to H. of C Llaribedr, se- veral pas., Wales, — I. co. Brecon, 2 m. N,E, Cricknowel. Pop. 290 II. co. Merioneth, 7J m. N.N.W. Barmouth. Pop. 404. It has two well en- dowed schools HI. CO. Radnor, 6 m. N.W. Hay. Pop. 348 IV. {Dyffryn Clwyd), co. Denbigh, 1{ m. N.E. Ruthin. Pop. 622 V. (Felfrey), South Wales, CO. Pembroke, 2| m. E. Narberth. Pop. 1,026.— VI. (Goch), CO. Anglesey, 7 m, E.S.E. Llanerchymedd. Pop. 407 ^VII. (Y-Cennin), CO. Carnarvon, 6 m. N.N.W. Llanrwst. Pop. 456. — Llanberris, a pa., North Wales, co. and 9 m. E.S.E. Carnarvon. Pop. 1,024, employed in cop- per mines. Tourists are attracted hither by the magnificent lake and mountain scenery. In the pass of Llanberris stands the picturesque ruin of Dolbadern castle Llanbeulan, a pa.. North Wales, CO. Anglesey, 9 J m. S.E. Holyhead. Pop. 314. A Druidical cromlech here has the name of Arthur's quoit. — Llanbister, a pa.. South Wales, CO. Radnor, lOJm.W. Knighton. P. 1,122.— Llati- bleiddian, a pa.. South Wales, co, Glamorgan, 1 m. S.W. Lowbridge. Pop. 724. — Llanboidy, a pa.. South Wales, co. Pembroke, 8J m. N.E. Narberth. P. 1,789. — Llanbryrmmair, apa.. North Wales, co. Montgomery, on the Dyfi, 9^ m, £. Machynnllaeth Pop. 2,019. The cataract of Frwydafawr is in this pa. — Llancadwaladyr, a mntnous. pa., North Wales, CO. Denbigh, 7} m. W.N.W. Oswestry. Pop. 234. — Llancarfan, a pa.. South Wales, co. Glamorgan, 4J m. S.E. Cowbridge. Pop. 699.— Llarmlloe, a pa., Engl., co. and 13 m. S.W. Here- ford. Area 1,060 ac. Pop. 84. — Llanciwg, a pa.. South Wales, co. Glamorgan, 5 J m. N.W. Neath. Pop. 2,813. Llandaff, a city and pa. of South Wales, co. Glamorgan, on the Taff,here crossed by a bridge, 3 m. N.W. Cardiff, & with a station on the Taff- vale & Aberdare railw. Pop. of pa. 1,276. The "city" is a mere hamlet, noted only for its cathe- dral. Adjoining are the chapter house, & remains of the ancient episcopal palace. The see of Llan- daff, founded in the 6th century, comprised, in 1831, 192 benefices in the cos. Glamorgan and Monmouth. Episcopal rev. 1,000Z. — Llandcmleg, a pa., North Wales, co. Merioneth, 2 m. S. Har- lech. Pop. 746. — Llandarog, a pa.. South Wales, CO. and 6 m. S.E. Carmarthen. Pop. 1,047.— Llandauddwr, a pa.. South Wales, co. Carmar- then, 3S m. N.W. Langharm. Pop. 392.— XJon- dawh, a pa., S. Wales, co. Carmarthen, 1) m. N.W. Langharm. Pop, 26 Llanddausaint, a pa,, South Wales, co. Carmarthen, 6 m, S.E. Llangaddog — Llanddeirdot, two pas., Wales, co. Cardigan, 6 m. S.E. Aberystwyth. Pop. 273.— II. (Fab), 00. Anglesey, 6 m. N.E. Newborough, Pop. 407. — Llandeth/, a pa.. South Wales, co. and 8m. S.E. Brecknock. Pop. 420. — Llanddew,a'pA-i South Wales, co. Brecon, 1^ m. N.E. Brecknock. LLA 783 LLA Pop. 317. — Llanddewi (i. e., Cliurch of St DcoMs), several pas., South Wales I. co. Glamorgan, 5 m. N.E. Penrice. Pop. 164.— II. (Aberarth), CO. Cardigan, on the Arth, 13 m. N.W. Lampe- ter. Pop. 1,066. — III. (Aber-Gwesin), co. Brecon, 11 m. W.N.W. Builth. Pop. 143.— IV. {Brefi), CO. Cardigan, 6J m. N.E.Lampeter. Pop. 2,591. The church is ancient. St David held here a synod for tlie suppression of P;»ganism in 519. It is supposed to have been the Roman station Loventium. — V. (Fach), co. Radnor, 5J m. W.N.W. Hay. Pop. 130.— VI. {Felfrey), co. Pembroke, 2J m. N.E. NarberUi. Pop. 788.— Til. ( Ystradetmy), co. Radnor, 8^ m. N.E. Rhaya- der. Pop. 693. — Llanddewirewm, a pa., S. Wales, CO. Brecon, 1^ m. S.S.W. Builth. P. 244:.— Lland- dana, a pa., North Wales, co. Anglesey, 3J m. N.W. Beaumaris. Pop. 506, employed in a her- ring fishery. — Uandduywe, a pa., North Wales, co. Merioneth, 4J m. N.W. Barmouth. Pop. 386.— Utmddwyn, a pa.. North Wales, co. Anglesey, 6i m. W. Carnarvon. Pop. 283. — Llanddyfiian, a pa., North Wales, co. Anglesey, 7 m. W. Beamnaris. Pop. 718. It has a very ancient church. — Llaitdecwyn, a pa.. North Wales, co. Merioneth, 2J m. S.W. Maentwrog. Pop. 386. T^Uandefailog, several pas.. South Wales, co. Brecon.— L (Fach), 2} m. N. Brecon. Pop. 382. — IL (Fawr), 6 m. N.E. Brecon. Pop. 705 III. (Freyr-Graig), 4 m. N.E. Brecon. Pop. 36. —Llaadegai, a mountainous pa.. North Wales, CO. Carnarvon, 1^ m. S.E. Bangor. Pop. 3,010, chiefly employed in immense slate quaries. Here is a fine modem Saxon castle. — Llcmdegfcm, a pa., North Wales, co. Anglesey, 2J m. s!W. Beau- maris. Pop 812. — ^ifandeyZo, a pa., North Wales, CO. Denbigh, 6J m. S.E. Ruthm. Pop. 417.— UastdegUg, a pa.. South Wales, co. Radnor, 9} m. 8.E. Rhayador. Pop. 424. — LUmdegveth, a pa., England, co. Monmouth, Z\ m. N. Caerleon. Area 720 ac. Pop. 131. — Llajukgwnmg, a pa.. North Wales, co. Carnarvon, 7i m. W.S.W. Pwllheli. Pop. 143. — Llandeilo, several pas., &o.. South Wales.— L co. Pembroke, 8 m. N.N.W. Karberth. Pop. 205.— II. (Aber-cywyn), co. & 8 m. 8.W. Carmarthen. Pop. 78.— III. (Arfan), CO. and 10 m. W.N.W. Brecon. Pop. 525.— IV. (Graban), co. Radnor, 5J m. S.E. Builth. Pop. 283— V. {Tal-p-Bont), co. Glamorgan, 8 m. N.W. Swansea. Pop. 1,410. Coal is wrought in this pa. Liandeii.o-Vawb, or Fawb, a mkt. town & pa. of South Wales, co. & 14 m. E.N.E. Carmarthen, on the Towy, here crossed by an elegant bridge, and on the Llauelly railway. Pop. of pa. 5,471 ; do. of tOTm 1,313. It is beautifully situated on the side of a hill ; it has an old church ; manufs. flannels ; has tanneries, and in the vicinity are rich coal mines. Near it is Grongar hill, where the last struggle was made for the independence of Wales, in 1282 ; also the modem seat of Lord Dynevor; and Golden Grove, the seat of Earl Cawdor, where the famous drinking horn, given by Henry vii, to David-ap-Iquan, is still pre- served — Llandehdolen, a pa., North Wales, co. and 5 m. N.E. Carnarvon. Pop. 4,202, partly employed in large slate quarries. The remains of a strong Roman camp, and an ancient Welsh palace, are still visible here. — LUmdenny, a pa., Engl., CO. Monmouth, 4 m. N.E. Usk. Area 2j470 ac. Pop. 61— tlanderfel, a pa., North Wales, CO. Merioneth, 7^ m. S.W. C'orwen. Pop. 953 — Llandinabo, a pa., Engl., eo. Hereford, 5i m. W.N.W. Ross. Area 540 ac. Pop. 62.— Llandinam, a pa.. North Wales, co. Montgomery, 65 m. N.E. Llanidloes. Pop. 1,732 Llandingad, a pa., South Wales, co. Carmarthen, J m. W. Llandovery. Pop. 2,345. — Llandoch, two pas,, South Wales, co. Glamorgan. — I. (Barry), 3 m. S.W. Cardiff. Pop. 133.— II. 1 m. S. Cowbridge. Pop. 92. It has a ruined castle, and a fine resi- dence of the Talbot family. — Llandoget, a pa., North Wales, co. Denbigh, IJ m. N.N.E. Llanrwst. Pop. 222. — Llandogo, a pa., Engl., co. and 6 m. S.E. Momnouth. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 600. Llandovery, a munic. bor., and mkt. town, S. Wales, CO. & 24 m. E.S.E. Carmarthen, pa. Llan- dingat, on the Bran, here crossed by 2 bridges. Pop. 1,709. It is pleasantly situated in a fine vale, near the Towey ; & has picturesque remains of a Norman castle, destroyed by Cromwell. — Llandrillo, two pas,, North Wales. — I. co. Me- rioneth, 4J m. S.W. Corwen. Pop. 875 II. (Yn- rhos), cos. Denbigh and Carnarvon, 4 m, N.E. Conwy. Pop. 1,176. — Llandrindod, a pa.. South Wales, CO. Radnor, 6 m, N,N.E. Builth. Pop. 270. Three mineral springs, respectively chaly- beate, sulphureous, and saline, have long ren- dered the village a great resort of invaUds, for whom good accommodations are met with. — Mandrinio, a pa,, North Wales, co. Montgomery, 7 m, N.N.E. Welshpool. Pop. 881. — Llandryqam, a pa.. North Wales, co. Anglesey, 6 m. E.N.E. Llangefiiii. Pop. 485. — Llandudno, a pa., North Wales, CO. Carnarvon, on the Irish Sea, 4 m. N.N.W. Conwy. Pop. 1,047, employed in copper mines. The lofty cliffs and sea-worn caverns of the promontory of Gogarth, are in this pa., which contains also several monuments of early Cyclo- pean architecture, and is still the haunt of the once celebrated peregrine falcon. — Llandudwen, a pa.. North Wales, co. Carnarvon, 6} m. W.N.W. Pwllheli. Pop. 86. — Llandulas, a pa.. North Wales, 00. Denbigh, 2^ m, W.N.W. Abergele. P. 514. — II. a pa., Soutlii Wales, co. Brecon. Pop. 141. — Llandwf, or Llandow, a pa.. South Wales, CO. GIamorgan,3i m. S.W. Cowbridge. Pop. 125. — Llandwrog, a pa.. North Wales, co. and 4} m. S.S.W. Carnarvon. Pop. 2,688. Rev. of hospital founded by Nell Gwynne, in 1727, for decayed maiden gentlewomen, 201Z. — Llandylie, a pa., South Wales, co. Carmarthen, 4^ m. S, Llandeilo- Fawr. Pop, 2,534. — Llandyfeisant, a pa.. South Wales, CO, Carmarthen, Pop. 267. — Llandyfodwg, a pa.. South Wales, co. Glamorgan, 6J m. N.E. Bridgend. Pop. 338. Coal and iron abound. The pa. belongs to the duchy of Lancaster, — Llandyfriog, a pa,, South Wales, co, Cardigan, li m. E.N.E. Newcastle-in-Emlyn. Pop. 925.— Llandyfrydog, a pa,. North Wales, co. Anglesey, 2 m. N.E. Llanerch-y-medd. Pop. 721, partly employed in copper mines. — Llandygwydd, a pa.. South Wales, co.and3J m. S.W. Cardigan, Pop, 1,044, — Llandylwyf, a pa.. South Wales, co. Pem- broke, 7 m. N.E. St David's. Pop. 205.— Llan- dymog, a pa.. North Wales, co. and 4 m, E,S,E, Denbigh. Pop. 645. — Llandysil, a small mkt. town and pa.. South AVales, co. Cardigan, on the Teifl, 12 m. S.W. Lampeter, Pop. of pa, 2,967. In the vicinity are several ruined chapels. — Llandysilio, several pas. of Wales,— -I, North Wales, co. An- glesey, on the Menai Strait, here crossed by the celebrated suspension bridge, 2 m, W,S,W. Ban- gor. Pop, 871, — II. CO. Montgomery, SJ m. N.E. Welshpool. Pop. 876 — III. co. Denbigh, IJ m, N.W. LUangoUen. P. 921. The fine ruins of Llan- ggwest abbey are in this pa IV, (Goge), South Wales, CO. Cardigan, 16m.W,N,W, Lampeter, P. 1,407,— V, cos, Pembroke & Carmarthen, 4^ m. N. Narberth. P, 1,060 Llandyssil, a pa.. North Wales, 00. and 2 m. S.W. Montgomery. Pop. 744 Llandyvailog, a pa,. South Wales, co, & 6 m, S.S.E. Carmarthen. Pop. 1,303. — Llanedern, LLA 18i LLA a pa.. South Wales, co. Glamorgan, 4^ m. N.N.E. Cardiff. Pop. 354. — Llamedwen, a pa., North Wales, CO. Anglesey, on the Menai Strait, here crossed by a ferry, 4 m. N. Carnarvon. Pop. 283. — Llanedy, a pa., South Wales, co. Carmar- then, 8 m. N;E. Llanelly. Pop. 1,098.— itone- gryn, a pa.. South Wales, co. Merioneth, 3} m. N Towyn. Pop. 745. — Llanegwad, a pa., Soutt Wales, CO. Carmarthen, 7 m. W. Llandeilo-Eawr. Pop. 2,113. — Llaneigrad, a pa., North Wales, co. Anglesey, 7 m. S.E. Amlwch. Pop. 715 Llanel- haiam, a pa., North Wales, co. CarnarTon, 6 m. N. Pwllheli. Pop. 660. — Zlanelian, two pas.. North Wales I. co. Anglesey, on the Irish sea, li m. S.E. kmlwoh. Pop. 1,439. It has a light- house. Copper ore is exported. — IL co. Den- bigh, 6 m. W.S.W. Abergele. Pop. 604 Llan- elidan, a pa.. North Wales, co. Denbigh, 5 m. S. Ruthin. Pop. 962. — Llamlieu, a pa., South Wales, CO. Brecon, 5i m. S.W. Hay. Pop. 103. — Llanellen, a pa., Engl., co. Monmouth, 2J m. S. Abergavenny. Area 2,480 ac. Pop. 342. — Llan- elltyd, a pa.. North Wales, co. Merioneth, IJ m. N.W. Dolgelly. Pop. 504. The ruins of Cym- mer abbey are in this parish. Llaneilt, a pari, bor., sea-port town, & pa. of S. Wales, on a creek of Carmarthen bay, co. & 15 m. S.E. Carmarthen, to which, and to Swansea, a railway has been constructed. Pop. of pa. 11,155 ; do. of pari. bor. 6,818. It is irregularly built, has an anc. church, 4 docks, extensive copper works, and some iron foundries, the produce of which is sent to Liverpool. Coal is brought by railway from the rich adjacent mines, and is largely exported to the continent, for the supply of steam-boats. Chief imports, copper ore fi'om Cornwall. Vessels of 500 tons burden can enter pne of the docks. Customs rev. (1846) 953Z. Beg. shipping (1847) 4,883 tons. It unites with Car- marthen in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. — Llanelly, a pa., S. Wales, co. Brecon, 2^ m. S.S.E. Criokho- well. P. 7,366. It has coal, iron, & Ume works. — Llanelwethy, a pa., South Wales, co. Badnor, \ m. N.N.E. Bmlth. Pop. 197. — Llanetiddwyn, a pa., North Wales, co. Merioneth, 5 m. N.N.W. Bar- mouth. Fop. 940. — Llanengan, a raarit. pa.. North Wales, CO. Carnarvon, on the W. coast of Cardi- gan bay, 7 m. S.W. Pwllheli. Pop. 1,063. Off the coast here, are the two islets of St Tudwall, on one of which are ruins of a chapel. St Tud- wall's road affords good anchorage. — Llanenghe- nel, a pa.. North Wales, co. Anglesey, 4^ m. W.S.W. Holyhead. Pop. US.—Llanerch-y-Medd, a small mkt. town & pa.. North Wales, co. An- glesey, 11 m. N.E. Holyhead. Pop. 64. It has a manuf. of Welsh snuff. — Llaner/yl,a,psL.,SoTth Wales, CO. Montgomery, 4J m. N.W. Llanfair. Pop. 1,000. — Llanfabon, a pa., South Wales, co. Glamorgan, 5i m. N.W. Caerphilly. Pop. 1,449. — Zlanfachreth, two pas.. North Wales. — I. co. Anglesey, 3 m. E. Holyhead. Pop. 493 ^11. co. Merioneth, 3i m. N.N.E. Dolgelly. Pop. 956.— Lla^aelog, a pa.. North Wales, co. Anglesey, 8^ m. S.E. Holyhead, fop. 786. — Llanfaelrhys, a pa., North Wales, co. Carnarvon, 12 m. S.W. Pwllheli. Pop. 236. — Llanfaea, a pa.. North Wales, CO. Anglesey, li^ m. N.N.E. Beaumaris. P. 268. It has remains of a castle and a priory. — Llar^aethlu, a pa., North Wales, co. Anglesey, 5 m. N.E. Holyhead. Pop. 483, — Llanfaghm, a pa.. North Wales, co. and 2 m. S.W. Carmarthen. Pop. 205. — Llanfair, numerous pas., &c., Wales. — I. {Byffryn Clwyd), North Wales, co. Den- bigh, 2 m. S.E. Euthin. Pop. 1,264.-11. (Caer- einion), a small market town & pa., North Wales, 00. and 10 m. N.W. Montgomery. Pop. 2,747. — III. (Ar-y-Brynn), a pa.. South Wales, eo, Car- marthen, J m. N. Llandovery. Pop. 1,649. — IV. (Clydogan), co. Cardigan, 2^ m. N.E. Lampeter. Pop. 471.— V. (Fechan), North Wales, co. Car- narvon, 7 m. S.W. Conwy. Pop. 747. Off the coast here are Lavan sands, supposed to have been formed by an inundation in the 6th century. — VI. (Mathafam-Eithaf), co. Anglesey, 8 m. N.W. Beaumaris. Pop. 741 ^VII. (Is-Gaer), CO. and 2J m. N.E. Carnarvon. Pop. 649.— Vm. (Juxta Harlech), co. Merioneth, 1 m. S. Harleigh. Pop. 464.— IX. (Nantygof), South Wales, co. Pembroke, 3 m. S.S.E. Pishguard. Pop. 237.— X. {Nantygwyn), South Wales, co. Pembroke, 6 m. S. Cardigan. Pop. 241.— XI. (Orllwyn), co. Cardigan, 4 m. N.E. Newoastle-in-Emlyn. Pop. 397 XII. iPwll-Gvyyngyll), North Wales, co. Anglesey, 6 m. S.W. Beaumaris. Pop. 617. XIII. (Talhaiam), co. Denbigh, 5 m. S.S.W. Abergele. Pop. 1,416.— XIV. {Trehelygon), S. Wales, CO. Cardigan, 4 m. N.E. Newcastle-in- Emlyn. Pop. 108. — Llanfallieg, a pa.. South Wales, COS. Carmarthen & Pembroke, 4 m. N.E. Narberth. Pop. 399. — Llanfareth, a pa., S. Wales, CO. Badnor, 2 m. S.S.E. Builth. Pop. 163 LUm- fawr, ,a pa.. North Wales, co. Merioneth, 1 m. N.E. Bala. Pop. 1,836. — Llanfechan, a pa.. North Wales, CO. Montgomery, 3 m. N.N.E. Llanfyllin. Pop. 733. — LlaTffechel, a pa. and small market town. North Wales, co. Anglesey, 6 m. W.S.W. Amlwch. Pop. 1,062, principally employed in copper mines. — Llanferras, a pa.. North Wales, CO. Denbigh, 4 m. S.W. Mold. Pop. llS.—Llan. feagan, a pa., South Wales, co. and 4 m. S.E. Brecon. Pop. 662. Llanfihanoel, numerous parishes of Wales. — I. North Wales, co. Montgomery, 4J miles S.W. Llanfyllin. Pop. 1,041.- IL {Glyn^y-My- fyr), COS. Denbigh and Merioneth, 10^ m. S.W. Kuthin. Pop. 427 IIL {Aberbythych), South Wales, CO. Carmarthen, 3 m. S.W. Llandeilo- Fawr. Pop. 948. — IV. (jlierconren), same co., IJ m. N. Llacham. Pop. 819. — ^V. (Abergwisdn), CO. Brecon, 11 m. N.W. Builth. Pop. 311.— VL [Ar-Arth), South Wales, co. & 13 m. N.N.E. Car- marthen. Pop. 1,993.— VII. (Bachalleth), North Wales, CO. Carnarvon, 4J m. W.S.W. Pwllheli. P. 333 VIII. (Bryn-Pabwan), South Wales, co. Brecon, 5 m. N.W. Builth. Fop. 384.— IX. (Cil-Fargen), South Wales, co. Carmarthen, 4m. N.W. Llandilo-Fawr. Fop. 61 X. {Cwm-Dee), CO. Brecon, 11 m. N.W. Abergavenny. P. 1,039. —XI. (Faeh), co. Radnor, 6 m. S.E. Rhayadar.- Pop. 102.— XII. {Gmeur-Glyrm), co. Cardigan, 4 m. N.E. Aberystwith. Pop. 3,838 ^XIU. (In- Bug), North Wales, co. and 3 m. E. Carnarvon. Pop. 1,760.— XIV. (Lethyr-Froed), South Wales, CO. Cardigan, 7 m. N.W. Tregaron. Pop. 1,149. Fair, Oct. 7 XV. (Nant-Brane), South Wales, CO. and 7J m. N.W. Brecon. Pop. 496.— XVL (Nant-Mettan), co. Radnor, 2J m. S.W. New-Rad- nor. Fop. 419.— XVII. (Penbedw), co. Cardi- gan, 7 m. S.W. Newcastle-ln-Emlyn. Pop. 343. —XVIII. {Rhosicom), South Wales, oo. Carmar- then, 10 m. N.N.W. Llandeilo-Fawr. Fop. 709.— XIX. {Rhycliihon), co. Radnor, lOJ m. S.E. Rha. yader. Pop. 337.— XX. (Tal-Y-Llynn), co. & 4J m. E.Brecon. Fop. 151.— XXI. {Teir-BdrM), North Wales, co. Anglesey, 2^ m. E. Llaner- chymedd. Fop. 373.— XXII. {Tynsylwy), same CO., 4 m. N. Beaumaris. Fop. 63 XXIH. (T- Bont-Faen), South Wales, co., Glamorgan, 2i m. S. W. Cowbridge. Pop. 60.— XXIV. ( Y- Croddin Isaf and Uchaf), co. Cardigan, 7 m. S.E. Abery- stwith. Pop. 2,102 XXV. (y-i>«7inffln«). North Wales, CO. Carnarvon, 4J m. N.W. Tremadoc. LLA 785 LLA Pop. 680.— XXVI. North Wales, co. Merioneth, 8 m. S.W. Dolgelly. Pop. 375. — XXVII. {Yscnfiog), CO. Anglesey, 6J m. W.N.W. Bangor. P. 947. Coal abounds here.— XXVIII. ( Ystrad), Sooth Wales, co. Cardigan, 6J m. N.W. Lara- peter. Pop.1,2'26.— XXIX. (r-7Vae 2^ m. W. Wem. Area 4,600 ac. Pop. 612. LoEA, a river of S. Afghanistan, rises in the mntns., about 50 m. N.E. Quetta, and after flow- ing S.W. for 80 m., is lost in the sands of the desert. — II. a district near Ghuznee. LoRA-DEL-Bio, a towu of Spain, prov. and 32 m. E.N.E. Sevilla, on the Guadalquivir. Pop. 4,690. It has manufs. of hats and leather. LoROA, a city of Spain, prov. & 29 m. W.S.W. Murcia, on the Sangonera. Pop. (1846) 40,469- The old town is irregularly built, but clean ; the ' new town is more regularly laid out and open. Principal edifices, a collegiate church, bishop's palace, a college, and 2 hospitals. Its old castle once caused Lorca to be considered the key of Murcia ; the walls of the town and a tower are Moorish, and it has some Roman antiquities. Principal manufs., salpetre, linen cloths, and thread. A large fair is held here in September. LoBOn, several small towns of Germ.any.— I. duchy Nassau, 20 m. W.S.W. Wiesbaden, on the Rhine. Popi 1,736. — II. a market town, Wiir- temberg, circ. Jaxt, cap. dist., 23 m. S.W. Ell- wangen. Pop. 1,720, with an abbey in which most of the Hohenstauffen princes are buried. Lorenzo Mabquez, a Portuguese establish- ment on the E. coast of Africa, on the Mouissa, 22 m. from its mouth, in the Bay of Lagoa. LoRB Hood's Island, Pacific Ocean, is in lat. 21° 30' S., Ion. 135° 33' W. Lord Hovte's Islands, Pacific Ocean, form a part of the Solomon Islands. — II. a group, Pacific, N.E. of Sydney, lat. 31° 30' S., Ion, 159° 10' E.— III. one of the Society Islands. LOR 799 LOT LOBENZANA, a town nf Spain, prov. and 31 m. N.N.E. Lugo. Pop. 2,872.— San Lorenzo ia a town of the island Majorca, Balearic Isles. LoREO, a mbt. town of Austrian Italy, gov. & 26 m. S.S.W. Venice, on canal of Loreo. P. 3,200. LoRETO, or LoBETTO, a city of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 13 m. N.E. Rlacerata, cap. commissariat, on a hill, about 3 m. from the Ad- riatic. Pop. 8,000. It owes its origin to a famous chapel of the Virgin, and over which a magnifi- cent church has been built, while around it has grown up the town, encircled by walls of the 16th century. Its suburb, Montereale, is more elegant than the city. (See Murray's Hand-Booh for Central Italy and iPCulloch's Geog. Did.) The governor's palace and the public fountains are worthy of notice, but the holy shrine is the chief object of attraction to visitors, and the trade of the place, is exclusively in rosaries and relics for the use of pilgrims. LoRETO, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo TJlt., dist. and SJ m. S.E. Civita-di-Penne. Pop. 4,560. It has a pasteboard factory, and some dye works. LoEETO, a town of N. America, cap. of Lower California, on the Gulf of California, lat. 26° 12' N., Ion. 110° aC W. LoBGrES, a conun. and town of France, dep. Var, 7 m. S.W. Dragnignan. Pop. (1846) 5,344. Manufs. linen, hempen and woollen cloths. LoBGABRARA, a vill. of N.W. Hindostau, Bhawlpoor dom., 25 m. N.E. Subzulcote. LoBiENT, a fortified seaport town and comm. of France, dep. Morbihan, cap. arrond., at the confluence of the Scorff and BJavet, at the head of the Bay of PortLonls, 28 m. W.N.W.Vannes. Pop. (1846) 19,106. It has a town-hall, theatre, spacious market-places, a national college, a comm. college, and a public library. Manufe. of hats, linens, gold lace, and earthenwares. Its port is commodious, and bordered by fine quays, on which are large buildings, connected with the dock-yard, an observatory and light-house. The dock-yard is on a smaller scale than that of Brest; hnt there are slips for the construction of 30 vessels of all sizes, and extensive work- shops. Lorient owes its importance to having been made the naval depot of the French East India Company in 1728, at the dissolution of which, in 1770, it wa.s made one of the stations for the French navy, and a free commercial port. It has an active trade, and pilchard fisheries. LoEiOL, a comm. and town of France, dep. Drome, cap. cant., 12 m. S.S.W. Valence, near the Dr6me river, across which it communicates with the vill. Livrons. Pop. 2,100. LoKMES, a comm. and town of France, dep. Hievre, cap. cant., 18 m. S.E. Clamecy. P. 2,100. — ZoTTnonf is a comm. and vill., dep. Gironde, on theGaronne, 3 m. N.N.E. Bordeaux. P. 2,208. LoBN, a mountainous district of Scotland, co. Argyle, bounded on E. by Breadalbane (co. Perth), and W. by Loch Linnhe. LoRoux (Le), or Lobocx Bottereaii, a comm. & town of France, dep. Loire-Inf., cap. cant., 10 m. E.N.E. Nantes. Pop. 1,257. LoEQDiK, acomm. & town of France, dep. Meur- the, cap^ cant., 5 m. S.S.W. Sarrebourg. P. 1,389. LoEEACH, a frontier town of Baden, circ. tfp- per Rhine, cap. dist., on the Wiesen, 28 m. S.S.W. Freiburg. Pop. 2,500. It has manufs. of cotton. LoKBAiNB (German Zothringen), an old prov. in the N.E. of France, the cap. of which was Naney, now comprised in the deps. Meurthe, Mo- selle, Meuse, and Vosges. In ancient times the name was applied to the countries of Germany and the Netherlands, northwards to the mouths of the Rhine. The French portion was called Upper Lorraine, and the other Lower Lorraine, or the duchy of Lothaire. LoRBiiA, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Tipper- ary, 6 m. E. Portumna. Ac. 16,520. Pop. 4,742. LoERis, a comm. and town of France, dep. Loiret,cap. cant,, 13m. S.W. Montargis. P. 1,538. LoBsoH, or Ladeisbeim, a town of Germany, grand duchy H.-Darmstadt, prov. Starkenburg, cap. circ , 16 m. S. Darmstadt. Pop. 2,459. LoRTO^■, a chapelry of Engl., CO. Cumberland, pa. Brigham, 3 m. S.S.E. Cockermouth. Pop. 635. Los (IsiEs de), a group of islands off the W. coast of Africa, belonging to England, 75 m. N.W. Sierra Leone, of volcanic origin, and con- sisting of Factory Island, Tamara, and Ruma. LoscH and LosoHiJTZ, two small towns of Moravia I. circ. and 4 m. E.N.E. Briinn. Pop. 2,267 II. circ. & 17 m. N.W. Olmiitz. P. 2,322. LosLAu (Polish Vodcislawice), a town of Prus- sian Silesia, reg. and 53 m. S.S.E. Oppeln. Pop. 2,060. It has two churches, and a castle. Los Santos, a town of Spain, prov. and 36 m. S.E. Badajoz, and on the N. slope of the Sierra Morena. Pop. 5,274. LossiE, a river of Scotland, co. Elgin, issuing from a small loch of same name, in S.W. of the CO., and flowing N. and N.E. past Elgin, to Los- siemouth, where it forms a harbour, on the Mo- ray Firth. Total course 20 m. Lossiemouth, a small seaport of Scotland, on the above riv., co. & 5 m. N.E. Elgin, pa. Drainy. Pop. 902. The harbour has 12 to 16 feet water. LossiNi (German Lussin), an island of Ulyria, gov. Triest, in the Adriatic, immediately S.W. the island Cherso. Length 19 m. ; breadth 3 m. Near its S. extremity are the contiguous vills. L. Grande 4' L. Piccolo, with an united pop. of 6,260, a good iiarbour, ship-building yards, a manuf. of liqueurs, and trade in fruits. LossNiTZ, a town of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, 17 m. S.S.W. Chemnitz. Pop. 4,799. It is end. by walls, & has manufs. of woollen cloths, & linens. LossuK, a vill. of Tibet, Ladakh, dist. Spiti, in lat. 32° 8' N., Ion. 78° 6' E. ; elev. 13,400 feet. LosirocK, a hamlet of England, co. Lancaster, pa. & 5\ m. W. Bolton. Pop. 625. — II. a town- ship, CO. Chester, pa. Great Budworth, 2 m. E. Northwich. Pop. 874. — Lostoch Lane is a sta- tion on the Manchester and Preston railway, be- tween Bolton and Chorley. LosTwiTHiEt, an anc. & decayed bor., market town, and pa. of England, co. Cornwall, of which it was formerly the cap., on the Fowey, 5 m. S.S.E.Bodmin. Arcaofpa. 120ac. P. 1,186. The town is beautifully situated & well built. Tanning & wool-stapling are the princip. trades ; & tin, cop- per, iron, and slate are exported. About 1 m. N. are the fine ruins of Restormel. Market, Friday. Lot, Oltis, a riv. of France, rises in Mt. Lozere, passes Mende, Espalion, and Entraigues (where it becomes navigable), Cahors, Penne, Villeneuve, d'Agen, and joins the Garonne, near Aiguillon. Length 250 m., mostly W. Affls. Truyere & Selle. Lot, a dep. in the S.W. of France, formed of part of the old prov. Gascogne, between the deps. Correze, Dordogne, Lot-et-Garonne, Tarn-et- Garonne, Aveyron, and Cantal. Area 1,530 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 294,566. Surface elevated and mntnoas., covered on E. by part of Mont Cantal. Chief rivers. Lot & Dordogne. Climate healthy ; soil fertile ; corn more than sufficient for home consumption ; wine abundant. Manufs. are un- important ; the dep. has numerous flax mills, a few iron forges, potteries, and paper mills. It is divided into the arrs. Cahors, Figeac, &Gourdon, LOT 800 LOU Lot-et-Gaeonne, a dep. in the S.W. of France, forming part of the old prov. Gasoogne, and situated between the deps. Dordogne, Giron- de, Landes, Gers, Tarn-et-Garonne, and Lot. Area 1,8S8 3q. m. Pop. (1846) 346,260. Princi- pal rivers, the Garonne and its af&uents, the Bayse and Lot. Soil very fertile in the plains on the river banks, but sterile in the arid dists., termed " Landes," and in the marshes. Corn is raised sufficient for home consumption ; wine is exported ; the chesnnts and prunes of the dep. are esteemed. The chief industrial establish- ments are a national manuf. of tobacco, brandy distilleries, manufs. of vinegar, sail cloth, woollens and linens, calico, and gloves. The dep. is di- vided into the arronds. Agen, Marmande, Nerac, and Villeneuve-d'-Agen. Loth, a pa. of Scotland, co. Sutherland, 9 m. N.E. Golspie. Pop. 2,526. Here are the ruins of Helmsdale castle. LoTHEETON, atnshp. ofEng]., co TorkjW. Rid- ing, pa. Sherburn, 5 m. S.S.W. Tadcaster. P. 664. LoTHiANS (The), a division of Scotland, com- prising the COS. Haddington, Edinburgh, and Linlithgow, respectively called East, Middle, and West Lothian. Lothian gives the title of Mar- quis to the Kerr family. LoTHRmsEN, and Lothakingia. [Lobbaine.] Lot's Wife, a rock, N. Pacific Ocean, near lat. 30° N., Ion. 157° 50' E. LoTUN, a town of British India, presid. Ben- gal, dist. and 35 m. N. Goruckpoor. LoTZEN, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 42 m. S.S.W. Gumbinnen, with a castle. Pop. 1,860. Lon-Aif, or Lorir-GAif, a city of China, prov. Shan-si, cap. dep. Lat. 36° T 12' N., Ion. 113° E. — IL a town, prov. Ngan-hoei, 135 m. S.S.W. Nanking. LouABGAT, a coram, and vill. of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, 26 m. W. St Brieuc. Pop. 4,000. LouBfe (St), a comm. and market town of France, dep. Gironde, 8 m. N.E. Bordeaux. Pop. 2,520. Large weekly markets and 6 annual fairs. LouBBESSAO, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Lot, 21 m. N.N. W. Figeac. P. 1,570. LotiDEAC, a comm. and town of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, 16 m. S. St Brieuc. Pop. 1,830. LoUDonN, a pa. of Scotland, co. Ayr, 4 m. E.S.E. Kilmarnock. Pop. 4,446, partly employed in lime and coal works. Here are several re- mains of antiquities, besides the modernized and magnificent castle of the Marquis of Hastings. On Loudoun hill, a battle was fought between Bruce & the troops of the E. of Pembroke in 1307. LouDuif, a comm. and town of France, cap. arrond., dep. Vienne, 31 m. N.N.W. Poitiers. Pop. (1846) 4,071. It has a comm. college, and is celebrated for the synod held here by the Pro- testants in 1611 and 1612. In ancient times it was cap. of a small dist., called the Loudunois. Lou£, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Sarthe, 16 hi. W. Le Mans,onrt. b. oftheVegre. Pop. 1,765, manufs. linen and paper. LouGA, or Ldga, a small town of Russia, gov. and 80 m. S.S.W. St Petersburg, on the river Louga, which falls into the Gulf of Finland. LouGAN, a river of Norway, stift. Aggershuus, rises by many heads in the Langefield & Sogne- field mountains, flows S.E., traversing Lake Mi- osen, and under the name of Vermen, joins the Glommen 28 m. N.E. Christiania. Course 200 m. LoDGH Allen. [Allen]; & for all articles with prefix Lough, not round below, see additional title. LouGHBOBOuGH, a market town and pa. of England, co. and 9 m. N.N.W. Leicester, with a station on the Midland cos. railway. Area of pa. 5,460 ac. Pop. 10,170 ; do, of town 10,025. It has several handsome streets, a spacious church, numerous places of worship, & schools, including Burton's school, endowed in 1495, other charities about 420Z. per annum, a union work- house, barracks, good public Hbrary, news room, theatre ; and extensive manufs. of woollen and cotton hosiery, bobbinet lace, machinery, and shoes. A canal communicating with the Trent and Soar facilitates its trade. LonGH-BBicKLANB, a market town of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Down, 10 m. N.N.E. Newry. Pop. 647. It has the ruins of a monastery. LouGHGALL, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. and 5 m. N.N.E. Armagh. Area about 10,900 ac. Pop. 9,615. Castle Dillon is in this pa. LouGHGiLLT, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Ar- magh, 3 J m. S.S.E. Markethill. Ac. 16,029. P. 9,852. LoDGHGLTNS, a pa. of Ireland, Connaught, co. Roscommon, 4 m. N.W. Castlerea. Pop. 10,124. LouGHGUiLE, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. An- trim, 8 m. E.S.E. Ballymoney. Area 29,839 ac, a large portion of which is bog. Pop. 6,082. The beautiful seat of Lissanoure is in this pa. LouGHiNisLAND, a pa, of Irel., Ulster, co. Down, 4|m.W.S.W.Downpatrick. Ac. 12,486. P. 6,651. LoTJGHBEA, a mkt, town of Irel,, Connaught, CO. and 20 m. E.S.E. Galway, on a lake of same name. Pop. 5,468. It has a neat pa. church, several Roman Catholic chapels and schools, a handsome nunnery, a priory, adjoining the fine remains of a small abbey, founded by Richard de Burgh about 1300 ; with some manufs. of linens. LoDGHTON, two pas. of Engl. — I, co. Bucks, 3| m, N,W. Fenny-Stratford. Area l,620ac. Pop. 361. — II. CO. Essex, 11 m. N.N.E. London. Area 3,170 ac. Pop. 1,333. LonHAHS, a comm. and town of France, dep. Sa6ne-et-Loire, cap. arrond., 29 m. N.E. Macon. It has a comm. coUege, and is a depot for mer- chandise betw. Lyon & Switzerland. Pop. 3,240. Louis (Poet & Poet St). [Pobt Louis, &e.] Louis (St), a lake of Lower Canada, formed by an expansion of the river St Lawrence, 7 m. S.W. Montreal. Length 20 m., greatest breadth 7 m. The river Ottawa enters it by two channels on its W. side. — II. a river of the U. S., N, America, Wisconsin territ., enters Lake Superior at its W. extremity, after a course of 120 m., in most part of which it is navigable. Only a short, portage separates it from the Savannal^ a tributary of the iUississippi. [Laweence, St.] — III. an isl. in the S.W. part of the strait of Magalhaens, S. Amer, Louis (St), a co. of the U. S., N. Amer., Mis- souri, bordered E. by the Mississippi, and N.W. by the Missouri ; cap. St Louis city. Pop. 35,979. — II. a tnshp., Missouri, co, St Louis. P. 8,116. — Louis {Si), a city & riv. port, Missouri, on r. b. of the Mississippi, 18 m. below the junction of the Mis- souri, and 1,130 m. above New Orleans. Pop, (1850) 82,744. It stands on rising ground, and is well built. Has many churches, of which the Ro- man Catholic cathedral deserves notice ; a Roman Catholic convent, two orphan asylums, the St Louis university (Roman Catholic), with a library ; an episcopal college, and chemical laboratory; numerous academies and schools, the city-hall, a United States land-office and arsenal, atheatre, concert-hall, a museum, the academy of sciences, with a museum of natural history & mineralogy ; several printing offices, and a bank. Has manufs. of machinery, leather, and ropes, with distilleries, breweries, corn, saw, and oil, mills. It is the principal western depot of the American fur com- pany, and the entrepot of a vast extent of back country. In 1840, there belonged to the port LOU 801 LOU 11,259 tons of shipping. It w2 m. W. Castle-Carey. Area 1,900 ac. P. 368. Lydfobd, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, on a small river of same name, 7 m. N.N.B. Tavistock. Area 68,390 ac. Pop. 1,213. The pa. extends over the lonely waste of Dartmoor. The vill. has now fallen into decay. LvDHAM, a pa of Engl, and Wales, cos. Mont- gomery and Salop, 1^ m. N.E, Bishop's-castle. Pop. 198. LvDiAED, two pas. of Engl., co. Somerset I. (Bishop's), 5 m. W.N.W. Taunton. Area 3,030 ac. Pop. 1,296.-11. (St Lawrence), 4 m. N.E. Wiveliscombe. Area 2,720 ac. Pop. 641. LvDiATE, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Halsall, 4 m. W.S.W. Ormskirk. Pop. 848. Lydlinch, a pa., Engl., co. Dorset, 7 m. E.S.E. Sherborne. Area 1,190 ac. Pop. 419. Lydoch (Loch), Scotl., co. Perth, in the moor of Rannoch, 6 m. E. Kingshouse. Length 7 m. Lyokumklosieb, a town of Denmark, duchy Schleswig, cap. dist., 19 m.W. Apenrade. Pop. 1,200. Lyk, or Oelk, a town of E. Prussia. [Lick.] Lykens, a tnshp., U. S. of N. Amer., Pennsyl- vania, 26 m. N. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,409. Lyman, two tnshps., U. S., N. Amer — I.Maine, 72 m. S.W. Augusta. Pop. 1,478 — IL New Hampshire, in the N. part. Pop. 1,480. Lyme, several tnshps., TJ. S., N. America.- 1. Connecticut, 37 m. S.E. Hartford. Pop. 2,866. —II. New York, 12 m. W. Watertown. Pop. 6,472.-111. New Hampshire, 63 m. N.W. Con- cord. Pop. 1,786.— IV. Ohio, 99 m. N.E. Colum- bus. Pop. 1,320. LvME-REais, a pari, and munic. bor., seaport town and pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, on the small river Lyme, at its extremity in the English Chan- nel, 22 m. W. Dorchester, to which a railway is projected. Area of pa. 1,190 ac. Pop. 2,7S6. Pop. of pari. bor. 3,376. It has a handsome church, a Roman Catholic, and other chapels, almshouse, old town hall, assembly rooms, cus- tom house, and a harbour, consisting of 2 piers, forming a basin, useful as a refuge for small ves- sels. Its trade has greatly declined. Customs rev. (1846) 2,141?. Reg. shipping (1847) 820 tons. Markets, Tuesday and Friday. The bor. sends 1 member to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 266. In 1668, the great engs^ement with the Spanish Armada took place off Lyme. In 1672, the Dutch fleet was defeated here by the Enghsh. Inl609, Cosmo-de-Medici diediuthetown. Ad- miral Summers, discoverer of the Bermudas, was born here. An earthquake, accompanied by fissures of the ground, and other extraordinary phenomena, occurred in the vicinity, in 1839. [Chabmodth.] Lymikge, a pa. of Engl., co. Eent^ 4 m. N. Hythe. Area 4,320 ac. Pop. 941. Ltmington, a pari, and munic. bor., seaport town and pa. of Engl., co. Hants, in the New Forest, on a small navigable river of same name, and communicating with a handsome suburb, close to its mouth in the English Channel, 12 m. S.W. Southampton, to which the port is subor- dinate. Area of pa. 1,670 ac. Pop. of pari, bor. 4,926. It is beautifully situated on a steep declivity, has many handsome houses for the accommodation of sea-bathers, a church subor- dinate to Boldre, a union workhouse, townhall, theatre, handsome baths, and custom house, establishments for ship building, and salt works. The harbour admits vessels of 300 tons, but has little trade. Steamers ply to Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight. The bor. sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 293. It is a polling place for S. division of co., and gives the title of Viscount to the Wallop family. — II. a pa. of Engl., CO. Somerset, IJ m. E.S.E. Uchester. Area 1,450 ac. Pop. 842. Cardinal Wolsey was once rector of this parish. Lymm, a pa. of Engl., co. Chester, 7 m. N.N.W. Nether-Knutsford. Area 4,840 ac. Pop. 2,658. The church is ancient. Oughtrington hall, the seat of the Trafford family, is finely situated. Lymm hall is an ancient moated edifice. Lympne, or LiMNE, Partus Lemanis, a pa. of Engl., CO. Kent, 2^ m. W. Hythe. Area 2,200 ac. Pop. 606. Streetfall castle, the seat of the arch- deacon, occupies the site of an anc. Brit, fortress ; a Roman road runs direct to Canterbury. Ltmpseam, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 6 m, W. Axbridge. Area 4,940 ac. Pop. 667. Lympston, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 6J m. S.S.E. Exeter. Area 1,790 ac. Pop. 999. LTN 811 LYO Lynch, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 4J m. N.N. W. Midhurst. Area 190 ac. Pop. 70. LvNCHBURO, a vill. of U. S., N. Amer., Vir- ginia, on James river, 93 m. W.S.W. Riclimond. Pop. 6,395. It has tobacco factories, cotton mill, and iron foundry. Packet-boats to Richmond. Lyncombe, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, con- tiguous to Bath, within the pari, boundary of which it is included. Area 1,700 ac. Pop. 9,920. There is a Roman Catholic college. Lyndhuest, a pa. and large vill. of Engl., co. Hants, beautifully situated in the centre of the New Forest, 8 m. W.S.W. Southampton. Area 3,660 ac. Pop. 1,380. Here is the " King's House," or official residence of the lord warden of the forest. All the forest courts are held at Lyndhurst. In vicin. is the spot where William Rufus was slain by the arrow of Sir W. Tirel. Lyndon, a pa. of Engl., co. Rutland, 4J m. S.E. Oakham. Area 860 ac. Pop. 100. Whiston is buried in its church. Lyndon, a tnshp.,TJ. S., N.America, Vermont, U m. N.E. Montpelier. Pop. 1,753. Lyne, a river of Scotland, co. Peebles, rises on the borders of co. Edinburgh, and flows S. for 20 miles, into the Tweed, above Peebles. Lyne, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 4 m. W.N.W. Peebles, on the Lyne, uiuted with MEoaET, 8 m. distant. Pop. 175. Lyneham, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, i m. S.W. Wootton-Basset. Area 3,500 ac. Pop. 1,317. Lynesack, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Durham, pa. St Andrew-Auckland, 7 m. N.E. Barnard Castle. Pop. 910. Lyngbye, a mkt. town of Denmark, in the isl. Seeland, 7 m. N.N.W. Copenl^gen, with a royal summer palace. Lynn, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Massachusetts, 13 m. N.E. Boston. Pop. 9,367. It has, on the promontory of Nahant, a superb hotel, much frequented by sea-bathers II. a tnshp. of Penn - sylvania, co. Lehigh. Pop. 1,895. Lynn, 2 pas. of Engl., co. Norfolk. — I. {North), 1 m. N. Lynn-Regis. Ac. 1,080. Pop. 38.— II. (IFert),lm. W.Lynn-Regis. Ac. 1,710. P. 477. Lynn-Reois, or Kins's-Lynn, a pari, and mnnic. bor., seaport, and town of Engl., co. Nor- folk, on the E. side of the estuary of the Great Ouse, 9 m. from the N. Sea, & 26{ m. N.E. Ely, on the E. Anglian railway. Area of bor., includ- ing 2 pas., 2,620 ac. Pop. 15,751. It is divided into several parts by 4 small navigable rivers called fleets, over which are about a dozen bridges ; it is defended on the land-side by a fosse, strong bastions, and remains of an ancient embattled wall, with fine gate-way. Town well built, and containing many noted old mansions. The mkt.- place is very handsome, and extensive public walks, lined with trees, beautiftr the E. part of the town. Chief buildings, St Bfargaret's church, a stately pile of vast dimensions, founded in 12th century ; the beautiful and spacious chapel of St Nichofis, All-Saints' church, a Roman Catholic ch^el, the ruins of a convent, an octagonal Ladye chapel tower, a free grammar school, founded in 15th century, endowed with some small exhibitions to Cambridge ; a large Lan- oasterian school, several ancient poors' hospitals, an ancient guildhall and jail, theatre, library, mechanics' institution, handsome custom-house, large mkt.-house, and fort. The harbour is ca- pacious, the river being here about 1,000 feet in breadth, but the approach is seriouslj; obstructed by shifting sands. Spring tides rise 18 feet. The trade of Lynn, which ranked, withm the last 60 years, as the 6th commercial port of Engl., is again rapidly increasing. Principal imports, coal, wine from the peninsula, timber, hemp, and other Baltic and Canadian produce. ExpoilB corn and wool. Ship-yards, breweries, iron foundries, cork, rope, and tobacco manufs., also employ the pop. Customs rev. (1846) 49,613?. Reg. sliipping (1847) 164 vessels ; aggregate burden 19,078 tons. Steamers ply to Hull. It is a polling-place for W. division of co. The bor. sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 980. Lynn was remarkable for its fidelity to the royal cause in the reign of John, who presented the town with a large silver cup and sword. It also espoused the side of Charles i. Lyon, Lugdunum, a city of France, cap. dep, Rh6ne, on the Rhfine and Sa6ne, which unite below the city, lat. 45 45' 44' N., Ion. 4° 49' 34' E. Pop. (1846) 159,V83. Altitude 532 feet. A railway connects Lyon with the Loire at Roanne, and others are being constructed to Paris and Marseille. It consists of the city proper, mostly on a peninsula, & numerous suburbs ; it is the seat of a national court, and of a university academy for the deps. RhSne, Loire, and Aix; it is the resi- dence of many foreign consuls, and has a cham- ber of commerce, a mint, a national college, seminary and library of 10,000 vols., museum, & botanic garden and the school of design, called InsHtuiion de la Martiniere. Lyon, the second city of France, in regard to pop. and commercial importance, is regarded as a fortified town, since batteries have been erected on the heights com- manding the town & its approaches. Its streets are in general narrow and ill paved, but the quays and the Place Sellecour are lined with hotels and elegant mansions. Among the nu- merous public buildings, the chief are the hotel- de-ville, h6tel-Dieu, church of St Jean, and the great theatre. The Rhone & Saone are traversed by numerous bridges. Lyon has manufs. of all kinds ; those of silks are the most celebrated in the world. It was founded by the proconsul Munatius Planous, b. c. 43, and became the cap. of Celtic Gaul or the Lyonnaise. Destroyed by fire, it was rebuilt by Nero. Severus mined it, a. d. 197, but it was restored by Constantine. It was the residence of the kings of Burgundy till the end of the 6th century ; and was ravaged by the Saracens in the 8th century ; afterwards govern- ed by its archbishops, feudatories of the Ger- man empire ; it was annexed to France in 1312. In 1793 it was taken by the army of the conven- tion after a two months siege, and was the scene of the most horrid cruelties. Birth-place of Ger-. manicus ; the Emperors Claudius, M. Aurelius, and Caracalla ; of the botanist Jussieu, Jacquard, and Camille Jourdan. Lyonnais, was an old proT, of France, cap. Lyon, now forming the deps. RhSne and Loire. The Lyonnaise (anc. Gallia Lugdun- ensis), was a name given by Augustus to Celtic Gaul, or the country comprised within the Loire, Sa6ne, Marne, and Seine, cap. Zugdunum ; it was afterwards divided into the Ist, 2d, 3d, and 4th Lyonnaise. Lyon, a river of Scotland, co. Perth, rises in Benachastle, and flows through Glenlyon & For- tingal, 28 m. into the Tay at Taymouth castle. Lyons, a township of the U. S., N. America, New York, on the Erie canal, 175 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 4,302. Pop. of vill. 1,800. It has a court-house, jail, and 5 churches. Lyons (Gulf of). [Lion (Gdlf of).] Lyons-la-Foeet, a comm. & town of France, dep. Euro, 11 m. N.E. Andelys. Pop. 1,660. Lyonshall, a pa. of England, co. Hereford, 2J m. E.S.E. Kington. Area 4,660 ac. P. 912. LYS 812 MAC Lts, a river of France and Belgium, deps. Pas de Calais and Nord, provs. W. and E. Flanders, joins the Scheldt at Ghent, after a N.E. course of 100 m. Numerous canals communicate with it, and it has an active navigation. Lys (St), a comm. and market town of France, dep. H. Garonne, cap. cant., 7 m. N.W. Mu- ret. Pop. 1,223. LvsANDEE, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, lH m. N.W. Albany. Pop. 4,306. Ltskova, a town of Russia, gov. and 45 m. E.S.E. Nijnii-Novgorod. Pop. 4,000. It has a noble residence, and a large annual cattle fair. Lyss-Tekxey, a tything of Engl., co. Hants pa. Odiham, i m. N.N.E. Petersfield. Pop. 656. Lytham, a marit. pa. of Engl., co. Lancaster, on the Irish Sea, 6J m. W.S.W. Kirkham, with a sta. on the Preston and "Wyre railway. Area 5,240 ac. Pop. 2,082. The vill. is frequented for sea- bathing. Lytham's (St), a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamor- gan, 5i m.W.S.W. Cardiff. Pop. 110. Lythe, a pa. of England, co. York, N. Kid- ing, 3i m. N.W. Whitby. Area 13,250 ac. Pop. 2,080. In vicinity is "Mulgrave Castle, seat of the Marquis of Normanby. M Maab, a town of N. Hungary, co. Zemplin, in the Hegyalla mntns., with celebrated vineyards, 5 m. N.W. Tokay. Pop 5,644. Maabsen, and St Maartensdyke, two vills. of the Netherlands.— I. prov. & 5 m. N.W. Utrecht, with a station on the railway to Amsterdam. — II. prov. Zeeland, island, & 6 m. W.N.W. Tholen. MAAS,orMAESE, a riv. of Netherl'ds. [Medse.] Maasland, & Maaslius, 2 contiguous vills. of the Nethds., prov. S. Holland, 10m. W. Rotterdam. Maasxbicht, Dutch Limburg. [Mabstbicht.] Maat, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, Upper provs., dist. and 35 m. N.W. Agra. Mabe, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 4 m. W. Falmouth. Area 2,410 ac. Pop. 694. Mablethoepe, 2 pas. of Engl., co. Lincoln. — I. (Si Mary), 6| m. N.N.E. Alford. Area 2,800 ac. Pop. 261.— II. {St Peter), a contiguoas pa. P. 62. Mabeook, a town of Central Africa, Sahara, 200 m. N.E. Timbuctoo, on the route to Tripoli. Mabyn (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 4 m. E.N.E. Wadebridge. Area 3,570 ac. Pop. 870. jMacacu, a river of Brazil, rises in the Organ mntns., & flows S. to the Bay of Kio Janeiro. — II. a town on its banks. [Sahto Antonio, p. IISJ.] Macahe, a seaport town of Brazil, prov. Rio de Janeiro, at the mouth of the Macahe river, in the bay of St Anna, 40 m. N.N.E. Cape Frio. Macaieb (Si), a comm. & town of France, dep. Gironde, cap. cant., on the Garonne, 9 m. W. La Keole. Pop. 1,540. — II. a comm. and vill., dep. Maine-et-Loire, arrond. Beaupr^au. Pop. 2,070. Macans, two contiguous vills. of Portugal, Es- tremadura, M. de Caminha, being 17 m., and M. de Dona Maria 18 m., N.E. Thomar. Macao, a seaport town and settlement of the Portuguese in China, prov. Quang-tong, on a penins. of the island Macao, at the S.W. entrance of the Canton river, 70 m. S.S.E. Canton. Lat. of flag staff, 22° 11' i" N., Ion. 113° 32' E. Pop. between 20,000 and 30,000, mostly Chinese. The peninsula, 2^ m. in length, by less than a mile in breadth, is connected with the mainland by a narrow, low, & sandy isthmus. The town stands on dechvities around a semioircnlar harbour fac- ing W. the island Patera, the shore being lined by an embanked parade and a terrace of white houses, above which Chinese and European resi- dences are curiously intermingled. Principal edifices, the colleg. church of St Joseph, 11 other churches, and the senate house, besides some Chinese temples, and at the end of the town is a mansion where Camoens composed a great part of his Lusiad. Six forts defend the harbour N. and W. of the town, which is fit only for small vessels, and large ships anchor in a roadstead E. of the island. All trade of Macao is nominally restricted to Portuguese and Spanish shipping. Educational seminaries are the college of St Joseph, a royal grammar school, and female or- phan asylum. The Portuguese authorities and others form a senate, but the government is sub- stantially vested in a Chinese mandarin. Macao was given to the Portuguese by the Chinese Em- peror in 1586, in return for assistance against pirates II. a town of Portugal, prov. Estrema- dura, 85 m. N.E. Lisbon. Pop. 2,200. Macapa, a town and fort of Brazil, prov. Parai at the mouth of the Amazon. Pop. 6,000. Macaesca, a small seaport town of Dalmatia, circ. & 34 m. S.E. Spalatro, on the Adriatic. Pop, 1,800. It is beautifully situated on a small bay, and was formerly the seat of a republic. Macarthue, a river of N. Australia, flows into the G. of Carpentaria on its S.W. side. Its banlts j are verdant, and openly timbered. — II. a river in the S. of Austrialia, Victoria, Gippsland, flows from the Australian Alps into L. King, an inlet of the S. Ocean. — III. a river. New South Wales, CO. & tributary to the Gloucester Macarthur isles are off N.E. Aiistralia, near Bird isles. Macabthy Island (Native Janjan Burl), an isl. of W. Africa, belonging to Great Britain, in the Gambia river, 127 m. from its mouth. Area 3 sq. m. Pop. in 1836, 1,600, mostly liberated Africans, but in part natives of adjacent states. Macassar, or Mankassee, the chief town of government of same name, and a Dutch settle- ment of the Asiatic Archipelago, on the S.W, peninsula of the island Celebes, lat, 5° 9' S., Ion. 119° 36' E., 250 m. from Borneo. It is mostly inhabited by Chinese, and defended by Fort Rotterdam. It was made a free port in 1846, and has an extensive trade, chiefly with China. Its territory comprises about 6,000 sq. m. Pop. 150,000. — The Strait of Macassar separates the islands Borneo and Celebes. It varies in breadth from 70 to 240 m., and contains the Paternoster, Pulo-Laut, and Pamaroong islands, Maoac, a comm, & mkt. town of France, dep, Gironde,. 11 m. N. Bordeaux. Pop. 1,626, MAgAYO, a marit, town of Brazil, cap, prov. Alagoas (since 1839), on the Atlantic. Lat. 38° 4' S., Ion. 35° 44' W. Pop. 5,000. Its harbour is protected from the ocean by a reef of roclcs. Maccagno-Scpeeiobe, & Infeeiobe, 2 vills. of Austrian Italy.. — I. deleg. & 24 m. N.W. Como, on rt. b. of the Giona, & on the E. coast of Lago Maggiore II. same prov. on opp. side of the riv. Macclesfield, a pari, and munic. bor., and manuf. town of Engl., co. Chester, pa. Prestburyj on railway, 17 m. S.S.E. Manchester. Pop. of pari. bor. 32,523. It is built on an acclivity ; has several handsome streets, a large church, a gram- mar school, founded in 1602, ann. revenue, 900?. a town hall, anc. jail for the forest liberty, assem- MAC 813 MAC bly rooms, theatre, news room, 2 banks, and a spacious market house. Extensive manufs. of various silk fabrics, employ about 8,000 hands in 48 miUs. About 3,000 persons are also em- ployed in 16 cotton mills. Coal is plentiful, and a canal joins that of Peak Forest, tlius connect- ing with Manchester and London. Mkt., Tuesd. The bor. has a commission of the peace, & forest courts of record ai-e held. Corp. rev. (1848) 3,652?. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C, and is also a polling place for N. division of co. Reg. elects, for bor. (1848) 946. It gives the title of Earl to the Par- ker family. The jurisdiction of the district still called Macclesfield forest, is vested in the Stanley family. Macclesfijeld, a tnshp. of S. Australia, pic- turesquely sit. on the Angas river, E. of Adelaide. Macckaken, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in W. of Kentucky. Area 200 sq. m. Pop. 4,745. Macdisoogh, a co., U. S., N. America, in W. part of Illinois. Area 576 sq. m. Pop 5,308.-11. atowu of New York, 119 m. W. Albany. P. 1,369. Macduff, a bor. of barony, and seaport town of Scotl., CO. & 1 m. E. Banff, with which town it commun. by a fine bridge across the Deveron, & vitbifi the pari, bounds of which it is included. Pop. 2,228. It has a neat church, town house, jail, and an excellent harbour, the private pro- perty of the Earl of Fife. The port is subord. to Banff. Duff house (E. of Fife), is in its vicinity. Macbdon, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, 20 m. E. Lyons. Pop. 2,396. Macerata, a city of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., cap. deleg., on an eminence, 22 m. S.W. Ancona. Pop. 16,030. It is enclosed by walls, and has a cathedral and a university, founded in 1824. Tinder the French, Macerata was the cap. dep. Musone.— IL {M. Feltria), a vill., 11 m. N.W. Urbino. Pop. 1,370. MACGiLLicmiDT Beeks, the loftiest mountain range in Ireland, Munster, oo. Kerry, extending for about 10 m., between Lakes Killarney on the E., and Carra on the W. It takes the name of the Glena-Pnrple mntn., immediately on Lake Killarney, beyond which, the loftier Reeks form a magnificent back-ground. Height of Carran- tuaJ, the highest peak, 3,404 feet. Machab (Old and New), two pas. of Scotland, CO. Aberdeen ; the former, comprising a part of the city of Aberdeen. Pop. 28,020; the latter, S. of the foregoing. Pop. 1,262. On an isl., in Bishop's Loch (New Machar), are the remains of an old ca.stle of the bishops of Aberdeen. MACHEOout, a comm. and town of France, dep. Loire-Inf., 19 m. S.W. Nantes. Pop. 1,762. MACHEENWAKA,atownof N.W. Hmdostan,4m. S. of the Sutleje, and 20 m. E. Loodianah. Machen, a pa. of Engl., co. Monmouth, 5J m. W. Newport. Area 3,940 ac. Pop. 1,577. Machenet, a CO., V. S., N. Amer., in N.E. of Illinois. Area 9G0 sq. m. Pop. 2,678. Macheela, a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 70 m. W. Guntoor. Maoherbt, Alvab, or Alwub, a state of Hin- dostan, tributary to the British, between lat. 27° and 28° N., and Ion. 76° and 77° E., mostly en- closed by the territ. Jeypoor, and the upper provs. of the Bengal presid. Area 3,236 sq. m. Surface hilly and jungly ; its rivers are affls. of the Jumna. Principal towns, Alvar, Macherry, Tejarah, Rajghur, and Ghosaulz. Machiana, a small isl. of Brazil, at the mouth of the Amazon riv., between the islands Joannes and Caviana. Lat. 0° 5' S , Ion. 49° 40^ W. Machtas, a river-port and tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Maine, on river Machias, 123 ra. E.N.E. Augusta. Pop. 1,351. It has large exports of timber. The harbour admits vessels of 260 tons. Machine (La), a comm. and market town of France, dep. Nievre, arrond. Deeize. Pop. 1,760. Machnovka, a town of Russia, gov. and 94 m. S.W. Kiev, cap. circ. Pop. 4,700. Manufs. leather. Machvnlleth, a contrib. pari, bor., town, and pa. of N. Wales, co. and 32 m. E.N.E. Mont- gomery, on the navigable Dovey. Pop. of pa. 2,482 ; do. of pari. bor. 1,672. It has a moderi clmrch, town-hall, and mkt.-house, with manufs, of flannels & other coarse woollen fabrics. Mkt., Wed. The bor. unites with Montgomery in send- ing 1 mem. to H. of C. In 1402, Owen Glen- dower assembled a parliament here. Macieowice, a town of Poland, prov. and 45 m. S.W. Siedlec, on the Vistula. Pop. 900. Macintosh, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. of Georgia. Area 600 sq. m. Pop. 6,360. Mackean, a CO., TJ. S., N. Amer., in N.W. of Pennsylvania. Area 1,470 sq. m. Pop. 2,976. — II. a tnshp., Erie, co. Pennsylvania, 265 m. N.W. Harrisburgh. Pop. 1,714. Mackenzie, a considerable river of British N. Amer., N.W. territory, rises in the Great Slave Lake, at its W. extremity, flows mostly N.W., & after a course, estimated at 900 m., enters the Arctic Ocean by numerous mouths ; its W.most being in lat. 68° 49' N., Ion. 136° 37' W. Princi- pal atHs. jMountain River, and that by which it receives the waters of the Great Bear Lake. Forts Simpson, Norman, and Good Hope, are on its banks. It was discovered and first navigated by Alexander Mackenzie in 1789. An extensive deposit of lignite accompanies its course and its estuary W.ward II. a river of N. Australia. about lat. 23° 36' S., flowing from the W. Coal is found along its course. — Mackenzie Isls. are a group, N. Pacific Point Mackenzie is a cape in Cook's inlet, Russian America. Mackinac, or Mackinaw, a vill., U. S., N. Amer., Michigan, cap. co. and on the Mackinac (or Michili Mackinac) isl., in the strait of that name, between Lakes Michigan and Huron. It has a fort, and an active trade in furs and fish. Mackinac, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in upper peninsula of Michigan. Area 13,464 sq. m. Pop. 923. The cap. town of same name, on an isl., has a harbour, and extensive fishing and fur trade. Mackwobth, a pa. of Engl., co. and 3 m. W.N.W. Derby. Area 3,400 ac. Pop. 661. Maclean, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in N.E. of Illinois. Area 1,296 sq. m. Pop. 6,666. Macleat, a navigable river of E. Australia, in the territory N. of New S. Wales, enters the Pacific Ocean, 65 m. N. Port Macquai'ie. It divides the co. Macquarie and dist. Macleay. — II. a squatting dist. of E. Australia, having S. co. Macquarie, N. Clarence river dist., W. New Eng- land, and E. the Pacific. It is watered by the Macleay, Nambucca, and Bellinger rivers. Pop. (1846) 466 An isl. in Moreton Bay, a river of the 00. St Vincent, New S. Wales, and a mntn. range near Darling-downs, have this name. Maclrod, a lake and fort of British N. Amer., W. territory, lat. 56° N., Ion. 122° 16' W. Macmin, a CO., U. S., N. Amer., in N.E. of Tennessee. Area 608 sq. m. Pop. 12,719. Maonaiey, a CO., U. S,, N. Amer., in S.W. of Tennessee. Area 960 sq. m. Pop. 9,385. Macnean (Uppeb and Loweb), 2 lakes of Ire- land, Ulster and Connaught, cos. Fermanagh & Leitrim, about 9 m. S.W. Enniskillen. Macomb, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in E. part of Michigan. Area 485 sq. m. Pop. 9,716. Macon, Matisco, a comm. and town of France, MAC 814 MAD cap. dep. Sadne-et-Loire, on 1. b. of the Saone, 37 m. W. Lyon. Pop. (1846) 11,781. It is very old and ill built. Chief edifices, the hotel de Ville, cathedral, and old episcopal palace. It has a national college, normal school, & public library. Manufs. watches and jewellery. — II. a oomm. of Belgium, prov. Hainault, "W. Chimay. Pop. 800. Macon, several cos., U. S., N. Amer. — I. in W. of N. Carolina. Area 900 sq. m. Pop. 4,869.— II. in centre of Georgia. Area 420 sq. m. Pop. 6,045. — III. in S.E. of Alabama. Area 970 sq. m. Pop. 11,247 IV. in centre of Illinois. Area 1,400 sq. m. Pop. 3,039.— V. in N. of Missouri. Area 846 sq. m. Pop. 6,034. — VI. a city, cap. of Bibb, CO. Georgia, 26 m. S.W. Milledgeville, on rt. b. of Ocmulgee, at the head of Ite steam- boat navigation. Pop. 3,927. Maoosquin, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, co. London- derry, 3 m. S.W. Coleraine. Ac. 17,804. P. 6,545. Macoupin, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in S.W. of Illinois. Area 864 sq. m. Pop. 7,826. Macowai,, a town of British India, Punjab, 40 m. N.E. Loodianah. Macqdabie, a co. of New S. Wales, between lat. 31° and 32° S., and Ion. 162° and 163° E., having S. the Manning river, separating it from CO. Gloucester, and N. Macleay river, dividing it from the dist. Macleay. Area 2,800 sq. m. Pop. 1,973. It is watered by the Hastings river and its affls. Lakes numerous, but small. With Glou- cester and Stanley it returns 1 mem. to the legis- lative council. — II. (called by natives Wambool), a, considerable river of E. Aiitralia, is formed by the junction of the Fish and Campbell rivers, cos. Bathurst and Westmoreland, flows N.W., to lat. 30° 45' S., Ion. 147° 10' E., where it loses itself in marshes, whence issue tributaries to the riv. Dar- ling. Total course about 280 m. In some places it is deep, broad, and navigable ; in others rapid and obstructed by falls ; in lat. 32° S. ; it is from 20 to 60 yards wide, and 20 feet deep, with a cur- rent of IJ m. an hour. — II. a river of Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land), flows N. through the co. Somerset, & joins Lake river. Afils., the Black- man, Elizabeth, and Isis. — III. {Harbour), Tas- mania (Van Diemen's Land) is on its W. coast, between lat. 42° 12' and 42° 30' S., and Ion. 145° 16' and 145° 35' E {Island), S. Pacific. Lat. 54' 50' S., Ion. 159° E. Length N. to S. about 26 m. ; breadth 4 m. Surface mntnous., but well wooded, and inhabited only by aquatic animals. — {Lake), E. Australia, New S. Wales, co. Nor- thumberland, is an irregular lagoon, communicat- ing with the sea by the inlet Keid's Mistake {Mountains), a range, W. of this colony, between the rivs. Lachlan and Morumbidgee. — Macquarie is the prefixed name of niunerous localities in New South Wales. — IV. {Port), a harbour of E. Australia, 190 m. N.N.E. Sydney. Lat. 31° 27' S., Ion. 153° 50' E. Its shores are lofty, well wooded, and fertile, & it receives the Hastings river. — V. New Zealand, is an inlet of Foveaux Strait, at the S. extremity of the Middle isl. Lat. 46° 20' S., Ion. 1G7° 50' E. Macbi, a town & gulf of Asia Minor. [Makri.1 — Macrigny is a vlll. of European Turkey, on the Sea of Marmora, 2 m. from Constantinople, where are extensive iron works, and a model farm. Macroom, a market town of Ireland, Munster, CO. and 20J m. W. Cork, on the Sullane. Pop. 4,794. It is finely situated, but consists chiefly of cabins, with a pa. church, a Roman Catholic chapel, sessions house, bridewell, and an Anglo- Norman castle, now tastefully restored. Macxan, a small isl. of the PhiUppuies, Asiatic Archip., E. Zebu. Magellan was killed here in 1621. Maccgnaga, a vill. of Piedmont, div. Novara, near the head of the Val d'Anzasca, 19 m. S.W. Domo d'Ossola. Maccilah, a town of Arabia. [Makallah.J Madagascae, an island of the Indian Ocean, separated from the S.E. coast of Africa by the channel of Mozambique, situated between lat. 11° 57' (C. Amber) & 25° 38' (C. St Mary) S., and Ion. 43° 20' (C. St Vincent) and 50° 31' (C. East) E. Length 1,030 m., greatest breadth 350 m. Pop. variously estimated at from 1,600,000 to 4,000,000. Surface flat on the coasts, but in the interior elevated mountains divide the island into numerous well watered valleys. Climate hot on the coasts, temperate in the interior, but every, where unfavourable to Europeans. Soil ge- nerally very fertile, with rich pasturage and magnmcent forests. Chief vegetable produc- tions, medicinal plants, pepper, cotton, indigo, sugar cane, tobacco, rice, manioc. Domestic animals comprise bisons, sheep, swine, dogs, & cats. Silk worms are reared. Honey and wax are procured in great abundance in the woods, which swarm with bees. The mountains supply gold, silver, copper, lead, and iron, which last is mined to a considerable extent. Coal is used in smelting, and there is a coal mine near the cap., andanother near Diego-Suarez. The inhabitants manuf. iron utensils, and work in gold and silver articles, as chains, necklaces, & ear-rings. Car- pets are made at Tananarive, & cotton goods are extensively manufactured. Sugar mills have been lately introduced, and at Mahala 3,000 men are employed in the manuf. of sugar. Trade is conducted chiefly with the Portuguese settlers on the E. coast of Africa. Exports, native pro- duce. Imports, linen, ribbons, glass, and Spanish piastres. The inhabitants consist of Malagashes, Ovas, and other tribes of Papuan, Malay, Ara- bian, and Kafir origin. The island is divided into 28 provs., each having a chief subject to one of the Ovas, with the title of king, whose cap., Tananarive, is near the centre of the isl. Tamatave is the chief commercial town. Feti- cism is the prevailing superstition. European missionaries were protected by one of the late kings, when civilization made considerable pro- gress, but in 1835 Christianity was prohibited, and in 1845 all Europeans were expelled. This island was known to the Arabs in the 13th cen- tury, under the name of Zaledj ; it was first called Madagascar by Marco Polo. In 1642, the French settled on it, and called it " He Dau- phiue ; " they have since made several attempts to colonize it, but without success. Madain, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 20 m. S.E. Bagdad, on the 1. bank of the Tigris, occupying a part of the site of anc. Ctesiphon. Madapollam, a marit. town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 43 m. E.N.E. Masuli- patam, on the Coromaudel coast. Has manufs. of long cotton cloths. Madabasz, a market town of Hungary, co. Szabolcz, dist. Great Cumania, 12 m. W.S.W. Szegedin. Pop. 7,517. Mavdalena (La), an island off the N. coast of Sardinia, 10 m. W. Longo-Sardo. Pop. 1,200. It has a small town, with a good harbour. MAnDALONi, a city of Naples, prov. T. di La- voro, 16 m. N.N.E. Naples. Pop. 11,700. It has a royal college, and a noble aqueduct, built by Charles in., to convey water to the cascades in the royal gardens of Caserta. Maddehjee, a considerable vill. of Scinde, 28 m. S .E. Larkhana. Lat. 27° 36' N., Ion. 68° 34' E. MAnDBRTY, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 10 m. MAD W.S.W. Perth. Pop. 384. Here are the ruins of Inchaffirey abbey, founded a.d. 1200. Haddington, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 5J m. W.N.W. Amesbu?-f: Area 4,180 ac. Pop. 445. Maddt (LocH),"a large bay of Scotl., in the Hebrides, on the E. side the island of N. Uist. It has nums. branches, and central group of isls. Madehukst, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 2| m. W.N.W. Arundel. Area 1,900 ac. Pop, 150. Madeika Isles, a group in the Atlantic Ocean, belonging to Portugal, from the S-W. coast of vhich they are distant 660 m. S.W. They con- sist of the isls. Madeira and Porto Santo, and the islets called the Desertas, situated between lat. 32° 23' 16' and 33° 7' 60' N., and Ion. 16° 13' 30' and 16° 38' W. The largest isl., Madeira, is 31 m. long and 12 m. broad. Pop. (1842) 100,000. Cap. Fnnchal. It consists of a mass of volcanic rocks, which in Pico Kuivo rise to 6,056 feet in elevation. From the central mass steep ridges extend to the coast, where they form precipices of l.OOOto 2,000 feet in height. The only plains are a small portion of the W. coast, & the table land of Paul de Serra in the interior. The roads are very steep, and unfit for carriages. Oxen are the only beasts of draught, and ponies are used in travelling. Climate remarkably equable, and celebrated for its salubrity, on which account numerous visitors, afflicted with disease of the longs, constantly resort to Madeira. The soil, which on the S. side extends 2^ m. inland, is well watered, and extremely productive. The vine is the chief article of cultivation, it grows to an elevation of 2,000 feet, but the best wine is produced at an elevation of less than 1,000 feet. Sugar, once extensively cultivated, is now ne- glected. Coffee is grown of superior quality, and the arrow root is excellent. The orange, banana, and guava, are abundant. Wheat, maize, beans, & barley, are cultivated to a small extent, but quite insufficient for home consumption. The iailure of the potato, formerly the chief support of the pop. of the vills. and remote districts, has added to the existing distress, and the condition of the lower orders is that of squalid poverty. Begging is universal. Madeira was settled by the Portuguese in 1431. [Fdnchai.] Madeiba, or Cayaei, a river of S. America, Brazil, is formed by the junction of the Beni and Mamor^, lat. 10° 26' S., and Ion. 66° W., whence it flows If.E., receiving a vast number of afflu- ents, & joins the Amazon in lat, 3° 30' S., Ion. 58° W. Total course estimated at 1,800 m. Madelet, a market town & pa. of Engl., co. Salop, on the Severn, 14 m. E.S.E. Shrewsbury. Area of pa. 2,750 ac. Pop. 7,368. It has an iron bridge across the Severn of 1 arch, 100 feet span ; a handsome modem church, a market-house, & in the pa. iron works, manufs. of porcelain, and coal mmes. Market, Friday.— II. a pa., co. Staf- ford, 4J m. W.S.W. Newoastle-under-Lyne, with a station on the London and N.W. railway. Area 6,010 ac. Pop. 1,492. Madhajeajpoob, a town of Hindostan, prov. Rajpootana, dom. and 24 m. S.S.E. Jeypoor. It was taken by the British in 1818. Madiholey, a pa. of England, co. and 3J m. W.N.W. Cambridge. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 282. Madiok, a Dutch residency of the isl. Java, on its S. coast, with a town of same name. Pop. of residency 270,000. Madiean, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Pyrenefe, 23 m. N.N.W. Tarbes. Pop. 1,300. Madison, several cos. of U. S., N. Amer. — I. in centre of New York. Area 582 sq.m. Pop. 40,000. Cap. same name. Pop. 2,344.-11. in centre of 815 MAD Virginia. Area 330 sq.m. P. 8,107,— III. in N.E. Georgia. Area 250 sq.m. P. 4,510.— IV. in centre of Florida. P.2,644.— V. in N. of Alabama. Area 760 sq. m. Pop. 26,706.— VI. in centre of Mis- sissippi. Area 548 sq. m. Pop. 16,.530.— VII. in N.E. Louisiana. Area 800 sq.m. Pop. 6,142. — VIII. in W. of Tennessee. Area 170 sq. m. Pop. 16,630 — IX. in centre of Kentucky. Area 620 sq. m. Pop. 16,356.— X. in centre of Ohio. Area 400 sq. m. Pop. 9,025.— XI. in centre of Indiana. Area 300 sq.m. Pop. 8,874.— XII. in S.W. of Illinois. Area 760 sq. m. Pop. 14,433. —XIII. in S.E. of Missouri. Area 780 sq. m. Pop. 3,306 — XIV. in N.W. of Arkansas. Area 1,050 sq. m. Pop. 2,775,— XV. a township, So- merset, CO. Maine, 4 m. N. Augusta. Pop. 1,701. — XVI. a township, New Haven co., Connecti- cut, 56 m. S.E. Hartford. Pop. 1,788 XVII. a township, Columbia, co. Pennsylvania. Pop. 1,700.— XVIII. a township. Lake co., Ohio, 190 m. N.N.E. Columbus. Pop. 2,800.— XIX. ditto in Franklin co. Pop. 1,800. Madison, a town of the United S., N. Amer., cap. territory Wisconsin, 70 m. W. Milwaukee, finely situated on small lakes, & rapidly increasing. Madjekydeooo, a town and strong hill fort of South India, 62 m. W.N.W. Bangalore. Madjicosima Isls. (properly Meiacoshima), an archipelago in the Pacific O., between Formosa and the Loo-choo isls. Principal isls., Typinsan, Pa-tching-san, Calayan, & Babuyan. Pop. esti- mated at 11,238. They are all subject to Loo-choo. Madley, a pa. of Engl., co. and 6f m. W.S.W. Hereford. Area 6,440 ac. Pop. 923. Madohian Mountains, a gi'oup in Sicily, in- tend. Palermo, extending for about 16 m. N.W. and S.E. between the rivers Grande and Pollina. They are mostly of limestone formation. Madges, or Madois (St), a pa. of Scotland, co. and 5 m. S.E.Perth, on the Firth of Tay. P. 327. Madbas (Pkesidency of) one of the great di- visions of British India, comprising the S. portion of Hindostan, between lat. 8° and 20° N., and Ion. 73° and 86° E., having N. and N.W. the presids. Bengal, Bombay, and the Nagpoor and Berar doms., and enclosing the territories Mysore and Travancore. Area, pop., and subdivisions as follow : — Districts. Area in sq. m. Pop. (1837). Land Bevenue (1837). Gauj.ini, 3,700 688,079 *93,397 Viziigapntnm, 6,600 1,047,414 120,600 Rajaliinundry, . 4,690 678,629 176,714 MMulipatam, 4,810 332,039 94,498 Gurtoor, . 4,860 19,318 137,806 Nellore and Ougolo, 13,000 846,672 139,981 Arcot, N. DivlBion, 8,200 606,831 187,649 „ S. Division, 4,600 660,239 197,660 Ctltngleput, 9,268 336,219 87,635 Madnis, 30 630,000 6,636 Saii'm, 6,618 906,194 164,471 Cotmljatoor, 8,302 807,064 208,4111 Triciiinopoly, 8,169 664,730 142.886 Tanjore, . 8,626 1,128,730 346,777 Madura. . Tinnevelly, 7,066 1,136,411 173,079 6,690 850,891 106,044 Boilary, 12,703 1,112,839 217,090 Cuddapail, 12,763 1,063,164 191,247 Mal.-lmr. . . 6,262 1,140,916 161,162 Caiiara, 7,477 769,776 167,122 Total, 130,888 14,894,861 £3,182,746 In the centre is a table land consisting of the Balaghaut ceded dists. (Bellary and Cuddapah), with Mysore, &c., bounded by the E. and W. Ghauts, these chains uniting near lat. 11° N., Ion. 76° 30' to 77° E., in the NeiTgherry hills, the ele- MAD 816 MAO vstion of one peak of which, Dodabittus, is esti- mated at 8,760 feet. On every side the country descends from the Ghauts progressively to the sea, but more rapidly on the W. than the E. side, in which latter region, extensive plain tracts stretch along the Coromandel coast. Prin- cipaJ rivers, the Godavery, Eistnah, Pennaar, Palaur, Punnair, Cavery, and Coleroon, all flow- ing to the E. coast ; where also are many salt la- goons, the principal being that of Colair. Kice, paddy, wheat, barley, maize, and all the grains common in India are here raised ; other pro- ducts are sugar cane, cotton, pepper, tobacco, hemp, areca, ginger, and numerous fine fruits, with teak timber from the Ghauts ; coir, cocoa nuts, ebony and sandal wood, iron and copper ores, soda, nitre, and diamonds. Except in the N. circars, where the zemindary prevails, the land is mostly assessed on the ryotwar system, by which the government collector is in immedi- ate contact with the cultivator, who is annually assessed according to his crop, or the land he cul- tivates. [India.] The principal cultivated land is in the dists. Rajahmundry, Coimbatoor, and Tanjore, which last may be called the granary of the presidency. Manufs. of cotton cloths, for- merly extensive, are carried on in all the E. dists ; those of Tinnevelly being exported to the W. Indies and America; and the red cloths of Ma^ dura, musUns of Chicacole, carpets of Ellore, & silks of Berhampore still maintain some celebri- ty, though they have long begun to be super- seded by British manufs. Iron, saltpetre, and salt are among the principal manufd. products. The foreign trade is mostly monopolized by Ma- dras, the cap. Government is vested in a gover- nor, subordinate to the governor-general of In- dia, a council of three members, and secretaries of the political, civil, and miUtary departments. In each of the dists. is a European collector with the chief magisterial power ; & provincial courts of appeal are located at Chittoor, Masulipa- tam, Trichinopoly, and Tellicherry; Madras having the supreme court and some special tri- bunals. Total gross revenue (1844-5) 4,996,329?., of which the land revenue amounted to 3,378,188?. Net revenue in same year 3,746,578?. ; total ex- penditure 3,711,553?. The territories of this pre- sid. were nearly all acquired by the British dur- ing the latter half of the 18th century. Mai>bas, a maritime city of British India, cap. above presid., on the Coromandel coast, lat. of observatory 13° 4' 1" N., Ion. 80° 14' E. Pop. of its dist. of 30 sq. m., in 1836-7, estimated at 630,000 persons, of whom, the city and suburbs, within 2i m. around Fort George, comprise from 300,000 to 400,000. It is badly situated for a commercial cap., on a surf-beaten shore, where rafts (catamarans) are obliged to be used to land passengers and all lands of merchandise. It stands on level ground ; it has no striking ap- pearance from the sea, but it is generally well built and liandsome. Fort George, the citadel, is on the beach, surrounded by an esplanade, on the N. side of which, is the " black town," partly enclosed by a brick wall, and containing many good native houses, with European warehouses, the custom-house, board of trade, & court-house ; on the W. & S. sides of the fort, separated from the town by a river, is Choultry-plain, on which are some extensive suburbs, consisting mostly of detached houses, occupied by Euro- peans ; and here are also the residences of the governor and the Carnatio nabob, St George's cathedral, and a handsome stone mosque. Other chief buildings are several Episcopal and Armen- ian churches, an elegant Scotch church, Inde- pendent, Wesleyan, and Unitarian chapels, the cenotaph to the Marquis Cornwallis, &c. Ma- dras is the seat of auniversity, a medical college, Bishop Corrie's grammar schools, various other schools, and several literary associations. At the suburb, St Thom^, on the shore, about 3 m. S. from the fort, are a Roman Catholic cathedral and some chapels, this being the place where most of the inhabitants of Portuguese descent reside. Madras is the seat of all the chief govern- ment offices for the presid., of the supreme court, boards of revenue, admiralty, education, &c. ; & though having less foreign trade than the caps, of the other presids., its commerce is still con- siderable, as it is the chief emporium of the Cor- omandel coast, and trades direct with Great Britain and the other European countries, the United States, Ceylon, and S.E. Asia. Princi- pal imports are rice and other grains chiefly from Bengal ; cotton piece goods, twist, and metallic wares from Great Britain ; raw silk, areca, betel, gold dust, spices, and tealc timber from Pegu ; spirits and wines, coral beads, horses, drugs, to the total value, in 1841-2, of 1,060,028?. Exports of cotton stufls & wool, indigo, pepper, timber, cof- fee, & other native produce, amounted in the same year to 2,284,270?. The site of the city formed the flrst territorial acquisition by the British if India, permission to erect a fort here having been obtained in 1639. Madbe-de-Dios Archipelago,W. Patagonia, is between lat. 60° and 51° S., and Ion. 76° W., separated from the mainland, and from Hanover and Chatham isls. by Concepcion Str., & consists of several mntnous. & rocky isls., little explored. MiDRESFiELD, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, 6 m. N.N.W. Upton-on-Severn. Ac. 920. Pop. 180. Madkid, a city of S. Europe, cap. of the king- dom of Spain, and of the prov. Madrid, near the centre of the peninsula, on 1. b. of the Manzanares, and in the middle of the table land of Castile, 1,995 feet above the sea. Lat. 40° 24' 57' N.,lon. 3° 41' 51" W. Mean temp, of year 58° .2 j winter, 43° .1 ; summer, 76° .4 Fahr. Pop. (1845)216,740. Madrid is situated in an arid plain, & its provisions have to be brought from a distance ; it is sub- ject to extreme changes of temperature. The city is surrounded by a brick wall with 15 gates, the finest of which are those of Alcala, San Vicente, and Toledo. The principal promenades are the Prado, near the gate of Alcala, with the fountain of Apollo, and the Calle d'Alcala. The largest square is the PZaza Mayor, Chief public edifices, the royal palace, with extensive gardens, on 1. b. of the Manzanares, and the summer palace, Casa real del Campo, on the opposite side of the river ; palace of Buen-retiro, founded by Philip iv. ;pa- lace of the D. of Alba, museum, and post office. It has no cathedral nor university, but a college with a faculty of theology ; schools of medicine and veterinarj' surgery ; a house of education for orphans of the military, founded in 1836 ; normal school, school of engineers, military college, con- servatories of arts and trades, and of music ; a national library of 130,000 vols., and numerous MSS. ; an astronomical observatory, botanic gar- den, the academy of Spain, founded in 1713 ; and several other academies, museums, and cabinets ; numerous hospitals, and benevolent institutions. Madrid has 4 theatres, but the chief place of re- sort is the bull ring, an amphitheatre near the Alcala gate, capable of containing 12,000 specta- tors. The chief indnstrisJ establishments are royal manufs. of porcelain and carpets ; and, ma- nufs. of paper. Jewellery, silks, and hats, none of MAD 817 MAG which aie important. It was the birth-place of many Icings of Spain, and many eminent men, among whom ai'e Alouzo de Ercilla, Lopez de Vega, Calderou de la Barca, Nuiiez, and the brothers Velasquez. Madrid occupies the site of the auc. Matitua Carpetaitontm, called Miyo- ritium, in the middle ages. Its importance only commenced when made cap. of Spain by Philip II. It was held by the French from 1808 to 1812, and here Napoleon placed his brother Joseph on the throne of Spain. MiDBro, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New Torli, 235 m. N.N.W. Albany. Pop. 4,511.— AVw Ma- drid is a vill., Missom*!, on the Alississippi, 40 m. S.W. the mflux of the Ohio. Pop. 1,668. Madridejos, a town of Spain, prov. and 40 m. S.E. Toledo. Pop. 6,156. It stands in an exten- sive plain, and is ancient and well built. Manufs. serge. Safifrou is extens. cultivated in its vicinity. Masrigai., a town of Spain, prov. and 35 m. N.N.W. Avila. Pop. 2,050. It is memorable as the birth-place of Isabella of Castile. Madron, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 2 m. N.W. Penzance. Area 6,810 ac. Pop. 2,566. Madbohera, a town of Spain, prov. and 32 m. E. Caceres. Pop. 1,964. It has no mannfs., and its inhabitants emigrate extensively. Maddra, an island of the Malay Archipelago, immediately N.E. of Java, with which it is in- cluded under the Dutch government. Lat. 7° S., Ion. 113° E. Area estimated at 1,330 sq. m. Pop. (1840) 280,000. It is inferior in fertility to Java, and barely supports its pop. Principal seaports, Bankalan, Sumanap, and Pamakasan. Madura and Dindigul, a dist. of Brit. India, presid. Madras, near the S. extremity of India, having E. the Gulf of Manaar, & landward Tra- vaucore, and the dists. Tinnevelly, Coimbatoor, Trichinopoly, and Tanjore. Area 7,656 sq. m. Pop. (1836-7) 1,135,411 . Surface mntnous. in the N. and W., elsewhere level and highly productive. Principal riv., the Vegiaur. This dist. comprises the island Biimisseram. Chief exports, piece goods, cotton, rice, and chank shells ; imports, betel, oil seeds, & cocoa nuts. Land rev. (1837-8) 163,363?. ; total rev. 219,054/. Principal towns, Madura, Dindigul, Ramnad, and Shevagunga. — Madura, cap. of above dist., is a fortified city, pre- sid. & 270 m. S.W. Madras. It is enclosed by old bastioned stone walls ; streets wide and regular, and public edifices magnificent ; but its private dwellings are mean. Here are some of the most remarl^ble Hindoo buildings in India, compris- ing a large palace, temple, with pyramidal towers, and a celebrated choultry, or inn, 312 ft. in length, and with fine columns and grotesque sculptures. The Brit, civil sta. is pleasantly sit. H miles S.W. M.SANDEB, a river, Asia Minor. [Mendebe.] M^LAH (Lake), an extensive lake of E. Swe- den, stretching inland from the Baltic, for about 70 m., surrounded by the laens Stockholm, Upsal, Westeras, and Nykoping. Breadth 2 to 23 m., and it contains 1,300 islands. It has deep & clear water, and at its E. end receives the river Arboga, by which, and a canal, it is connected S.ward with L. Hiaelmar. Its banks are highly picturesque. Stockholm is situated on both sides of the strait connecting it with the Baltic. MAEi.-CABHAix,acomm. & vill. of France, dep. Cates du Nord, 22 m. S.W. Guingamp. P. 2,013. Maellas, and Sahta Sdsaha, a town of Spain, prov. Zaragoza, on the Matarrana. Pop. 2,945. Maelstrom, whirlpool. [Lofouen isles.] Maenclochog, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pem- broke, 8J m. N.N.W. Narberth. Pop. 503. Maenob, three pas. of S. Wales, co J'embroke. —I. {Byrr), 4J m. W.S.W. Tenby. Pop. 691.— II. (Dewi), 8J m. S.E. Cardigan. 'Pop. 963.— III. {Owain), 1^ m. W.S.W. Fishguard. Pop. 194. Maenobdeilo, a hamlet ot S. Wales, co. Car- marthen, pa. Llandilo-fawr. Pop. 748. Maen-Twbog, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Merion- eth, 17 m. W.N.W. Bala. Pop. 883, partly em- ployed m slate quarries. The romantic vale of Festiniug extends into this parish. Maeb, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, N.W. Stoke. Area 2,790 ac. Pop. 559. Maesoar, a hamlet of S. Wales, co. and 7J m. S.W. Brecon, pa. Devynnock. Pop. 770. Maes Mynis, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Brecon, 1 m. S.W. Builth. Pop. 252. Maese, or Maas, a riv. of N. Europe. [Meuse.] Maesetck, atown of Belgium, prov. Limbourg, 20 m. N.E. Hasselt, on 1. b. of the Meuse. Pop. 4,000. Birth-place of the brothers Van Eyck. inventors of painting in oil. Maestbioht, Trajeclum ad Mbsam, a strongly fortified town of the Netherlands, cap. duchy of Limburg, on 1. b. of the Maese, which separates it from its sub. Wyck,and at the head of a branch railway to Cologne, 110 m. S.E. Amsterdam: Pop. (1844) 31,000. The citadel is built on a mntn., in which remarkable petrifactions are found. It has a handsome town house, & manufs. of cottons, woollens, and paper. It was taken by the French in 1648, 1673, 1748, and 1794. From 1795 till 1814, it was cap. of the French dep. Meuse Inferieure. Mafba, a town of Portugal, prov. Estrema- dura, near the Atlantic, 18 m. N.W. Lisbon. Pop. 3,000. It has a celebrated convent, and a royal palace, founded by John v. Magadino, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Tessin, at the mouth of the Ticino, in L. Maggiore, 5^ m. S.W. Belinzona. It is a station for steamers. Magadoxo, or Mukdeesha, a marit. town of E. Africa, cap. a state, and the chief commercial entrepot between C. Gardafui and the riv. Juba^ on the Indian O., in lat. 2° 2' N., Ion. 45° 25' E. Pop., with suburbs, between 3,000 and 4,000. The town is enclosed by stone walls, and divided into two parts, one composed wholly of tombs; the other, comprising about 150 stone, and many wooden houses, a mosque, and several minarets, of Arabian architecture. It is extremely filthy and unhealthy. The harbour is formed by a long reef. Exports comprise ivory, gums, and some peculiar cloths ; principal imports, sugar, dates, salt fish, arms, and slaves. The pop. of its king- dom settled on the Haines and Jubb rivers is estimated at 150,000. Magalhaens, or Magellan (Strait of), di- vides the continent of S. Amer., from the isl.Tierra del Fuego : the E. entrance is formed by Cape de la Virgines, on the mainland, and by Cape del Espiritu Santo (Queen Catherine's Foreland), on one of the largest isls. composing Tierra del Fuego. Length nearly 300 m., extending between lat. 52° 10' and 65° S., and Ion. 68° 20' and 75° W. Navigation difScult, and seldom now attempted. Discovered in 1620 by Fernando Magalhaens. Maodala, a town of Germany, Saxe Weimar, circ. Weimar, on the Madel, 6 m. E.N.E. Blanken- hain. Pop. 676. Magdala (Mod. ^l Mejdel, Heb. MigdaT), a vill. of Palestine, pash. Acre, on the W. side of the Lake of Tiberias. Magdalen (Channel or Sound), Tierra del Fuego, is a branch of the Strait of Magalhaens, Ion. 71° W., between Clarence and Dawson isls. Off its S.E. coast is Mt. Sarmiento, 7,000 feet in height, and on its W. side is a tolerable harbour 3f ■ MAG 818 MAG — (Islands), a group, G. of St Lawrence, opposite the entrance of Chaleur bay, consisting of Coffin, Saunders, Wolfe, and Amherst islands, inhabited by a few fishermen. Maodalena, the most N. dep. of New Granada, S. Amer., having E. Venezuela, and N. the Ca- ribbean sea. Estimated area nearly S4,000 sq. m., and pop. 337,000. Surface verjj diversified, two Cordilleras of the Andes covering its S. and E. portions. It is divided into the provs. of Carta- gena (its cap.), Santa Marta, Rio del Hacha, and Mompox, its chief towns. — II. a river of S. Amer., and next to the Orinoco, the principal in New Granada, rises at the frontier of Ecuador, lat. 2° N., Ion. 76° W., flows N., and enters the Carib- bean sea, lat. 11° N., Ion. 75° W. Total course estimated at 800 m., for more than half of which it is navigable. Principal tributaries, the Canca, and the Galinazo. Mompox, and Turalameque are on its banlcs. Above Honda it divides, to enclose the Island de Morales, 40 m. in length. Its current is very rapid, and its navigation dan- gerous ; but it is still the main route of communi- cation between the interior of New Granada and the sea. — III. a river of Bolivia, also called the Ubahy, joins the Guapore, lat. 12° 20' S., Ion. 65° W. On it is the mission station Magdalena, 300 m. N. Santa Cruz de la Sierra IV. the most S. of the Marquesas isls.. Pacific O. It has a harb. on its S. side. — V. an island of Senegambia, near the coast, S. of Cape Verd. — VI. a bay, Lr. Cali- fornia, in which is the island Sta. Margarita. — VII. a cavern, Illyria, Carinthia, gov. Laybach, 3 m. firom the cavern of Adelsberg. — Santa Mag- dalena is a bay on the N.E. coast of Malta, i m. N.W. Valletta. Magdeburg, a fortified town of Prussia, cap. prov. Saxony, and of a reg., 80 m. W.S.W. Berlin, on 1. b. of the Elbe, on railways from Berlin, Hamburg, and Dresden. Pop. (1846) in- cluding suburbs and garrison, 54,600. Its cita- del is built on an island in the river, and it is one of the strongest fortifications in Germany. It is the see of a bishop, and has a fine cathedral of the 12th cent. ; 2 gymnasia, & other schools. Ma- nufs. of cottons, woollens, gloves, lace, porcelain, tobacco. It has an active trade, which is facili- tated by steam packets on the Elbe, established 1836. The town is very anc, having been in ex- istence as such in the 8th century. It was at one time a member of the Hauseatic league, and long cap. of an archbishopricic, which was secu- larized at the peace of Westphalia. Otho von Guerilce, inventor of the air-pump, was bom here in 1602. It suffered much during the religious wars of the 16th and 17th centuries ; especially in 1631, when it was sacked by the imperialists and nearly destroyed. The French took it in 1806, & annexed it to the kingdom of Westphalia. Mag£, a town of Brazil, prov. & 16 m. E.N.E. Kio de Janeiro, on river Mag^, near its mouth in the bay of Kio. Magellan (Stbait of). [Magalhaens.] Magenta, a town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 24 m. N.W. Pavia. Pop. 4,000. Magek()E, an isl. of the Arctic Ocean, belong- ing to Norway, terminating N. by the N. Cape, in lat. 71° 10' N., Ion. 25° 60' E. It is inhabited by a few Norwepan and Lappish families. Magoebi, or Manget, a town of Hindostan, Mysore dom., 22 m. W. Bangalore, with some iron works ; iron ore abounding in its vicinity. Maqgiore (Lake), Italy. [Lago MaggiobeJ Maghera, a market town and pa. of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Londonderry, 20 m. S. Coleraine. Ac. of pa. 24,792. P. 14,511 ; do. of town 1,123. Magheracloonev, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Monaghan, 4 m. S.W. Carrickmacross. Area 14,961 ac. Pop. 9,012. Magheracboss, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, cos. Fer- managh, and Tyrone, 5 m. N.N.E. Enniskillen. Area about 10,000 ac. Pop. 6,203. Maoheeaculmonev, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, co. Fermanagh. Area 18,576 ac. Pop. 7,021. It has a ruined castle and abbey. Magheradroll, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Down, containing the town of Ballinahikoh. Area 12,653 ac. Pop. 7,601. Maghebaeelx, a mkt. town and pa. of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Londonderry, 26 m. S. Coleraine. Area of pa. 8,290 ac. Pop. 7,049 ; do. of town 1,660. It has extensive manufs. of linen. Magheralin, or Maralin, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, cos. Down and Armagh, on the Laggan, 3} m. E.N.E. Lurgan. Area 8,293 ac. Pop. 6,476, ex- tensively employed in linen manufe. & bleacheries. Maghbibee, a considerable vill. of Scinde, on a navigable arm of the Indus, in its delta, 42 m. S.S.E. Tattah. Pop. 5,000, who carry on an ac- tive trade with Cutch. MAGHnLi, a chapelry of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Halsall, with a station on the Liverpool and Preston railway, 4 m. S.S.W. Ormskirk. P. 1,032. Magindinao, isl., Philippines. [Mindanao.] Magist^be (La), a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Tam-et-Garonne, 13 m. W.N.W Moissac. Pop. 1,848. Maglass, a pa. of Irel., Leinster, co. and 5^ m. S.W. Wexford. Area 3,628 ac. Pop. 1,112. It has interesting remains of 3 or 4 churches. Magliano, several vills. and a town of Italy I. Pontif. Sta., deleg. & 20 m. W. Rieti. P. 1,380. — II. Naples, prov. Abruzzo Ult. II., dist. Avez- zano. Pop. 1,400. — III. [Grande), a town, Naples, prov. Princip. Cit., 36 m. S.E. Salerno. P. 3,000. — IV. {di Mondom), Piedmont, prov. and 6 m. N.W. Mondovi. Pop. 1,518. Maglie, a city of Naples, prov. Otranto, dist. and 19 m. E.N.E. Gallipoli. Pop. 3,400. Magnac-Laval, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Vienne, 9 m. N.E. Bellac. Pop. 1,108. ^-Magnac le Bourg is a mkt. town, same dep., 11 miles N.E. St Triex. Pop. 1,420. Magn£, and Magni, a mkt. town and a vill. of France I. dep. Deux-Sevres, 4 m. W. Niort. P. 1,316.-11. dep. Orne, arr. Domfront. P. 2,892. Magnetical Island, an isl. off the E. coast of Australia, in Halifax Bay. Lat. 19° 8' S., Ion. 146° 46' E. Discovered by Cook in 1770. Magnus (Bat op St), a spacious bay on the W. coast of the mainland of Shetland, Scotland, be- tween the headland of Eshaness on the N., and that of Sandness on the S. It is 8i m. in width at its entrance, expands to 11 m., and runs 7 m. inland. The isl. of Papa-Stour is at its mouth. The bay contains safe and excellent anchorage for the largest iJeet. Magnt, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, cap. cant., 11 m. N. Mantes, on the Aubette. Pop. 1,300. Magoo, or Makoo, a town of Persia, prov. Azerbnan, on an affl. of the Aras, 66 m. N.N.W. Khoi, formerly flourishing. Here is a remark^ able cavern, and the river Makoo is crossed by a natural bridge of lava. Magob, a pa. of Engl., co. Monmouth, 6 m. E.S.E. Caerleon. Area 3,140 ac. Pop. 641. Magba, Macra, a river of N. Italy, which, after a S. course of 36 m., enters the Mediterranean (Gulf of Genoa), 2 m. E. of the Gulf of Spezzia. Magstadt, a mkt. town of Wurtemberg, cu-c. Neckar, 11 m. W.S.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 1,937. MAG 819 MAI Magdelonne, a lagoon of S France, dep. Herault, 4 m. S. Montpellier. Lt-ngtli 17 miles. MiGUiRE's Bridge, a small mkt. town of Iiel., Ulster, CO. Fermanagh, on Colebrook river, 7 m. S.E. Eiiniskilleu. Pop. 685. MaocsMuik, Scotl., CO. Fife. [Andrews (St. )] Maotar, a prefix of the names of numerous vills. of Hungary ; the principal being Magyar- Ovar, or Altenburg. [Altenrurg.] Mahabalipoor, and Mahabaltpooram, two towns of British India. — I. presid. Bengal, dist. Bahar, on the Sone, 37 m. S.W. Patna. — II. pre- sid., dist. and 35 m. S. Madras, on the Carnatic coast ; near which are some remai'kable Hindoo temples and excavations. Mahableshwub Hili^, a convalescent station of British India, presid. and 80 m. S.E. Bombay, in the ghauts of the Concan. Lat. 17° 66' N., Ion. 73° sec W. Elevation above the sea about 4j500feet. The "rill, here consists of about 70 dwellings, mostly of stone, with a sanatorium, having 8 sets of quarters, a church, prison, and snbscription library. It was founded by SU- J. Malcolm in 1828, is accessible by good roads, and has quite an European climate and aspect. Mahadeo, a famous Hindoo temple of British India, Beng^, S.W. dist, among the Mahadeo HiUs, 60 miles S.E. Hoseingabad. Mahanuddv ("the great river"), a consider- able river of India, Berar and Bengal doms., after an E. course of 500 m., enters the Bay of Bengal by nomerons months, dist. and S.E. Cut- tack. Though fordable so low as Cuttack, fiom Janoary to Jnne, it is, during the rains there, 2 in. in width, 1 m. across at Sumbhulpoor, and navigable for almost 300 miles Irom its mouth. IUUhabajegunge, a town of British India, pre- sid. and proT. Bengal, dist;. and 35 m. N.E. Pur- neab. — Maharajgunge is a town, Bundelcund, 32 miles E.S.E. Teary. MAHAviixTonNGA, the principal riv. of Ceylon, rises in the centre of the isl., flows N. past Kandy, & Bintenne, & enters the Indian Ocean by seve- ral mouths, S. Trincomallee. It receives nums. affls., but its navig. is greatly impeded by shoals. Mah£, a town of IncSa, belonging to the French, on the Malabar coast, 38 m. N.N.W. Calicut. Lat. 11° 42' N., Ion. 76° 38' 16' E. Area of town and territory 1,445 ac. Pop. 3,200. It is situated beside a river, navigable for vessels of 50 tons ; and has a trade in cocoa nuts, pepper, & arrack. Mah£, isl., Indian Ocean. [Seychelles.] Maheboubg, a town of the Mauritius, on its S.E. coast, with a good harbour, opened to fo- reign shipping in 1836. Maheidpoob, or Mehidpoob, a town of Hin- dostan, Gwalior dom., 22 m. N. Oojem. The British defeated the Patau troops here in 1817. Mahim, a town of British India, presid, and on the isl. of Bombay. It is populous, and has a Portuguese church, & a Roman Catholic college. —II. a town, presid. Bengal, dist. and 65 m. W.N.W. Delhi. MAHLBEBO,atown of Baden, circ. Upp. Rhine, in a fertile dist., 2J m. N.E. Ettenheim. P. 1,688. Mahmddpooe, a town of British India, presid. & prov. Bengal, dist. Jessore, 95 m. N.E. Calcutta. Mahoba, an ancient ruined town of Hindostan, Bnndelcund, 32 m. S.W. Bandah ; in and about which are some striking architectural remains. MAHOMED-KHAK-KA-TANDA,atown of Sciude, 30 m. S.E. Hyderabad, on the Fullalee river, a branch of the Indus, and near the border of the desert. It carries on a thriving trade with Cutch. MAnoN, cap. town of Minorca. [Port Mahon.] Makon, a town of Persia, prov. and 22 m. E. ICirman. Mauona, a town of Hindostan, dom. and 34 miles S.W. Gwalior. Mauoninij, a tnshp., V. S., N. Amer., Pennsyl- vania. Pop. 3,099.-11. a tnshp., Pennsylvania, 173 m. W.N.W. Harrisburg. Pop. 3,890.-111. same state, co. Columbia. Pop. 1,927. Maboor, a town of India, Deccan, Nizam's dom., on an affl. of the Wurdah, 178 m. N.N.W. Hyderabad. Mahowl, a town of British India, presid. Ben- gal, dist. and 35 miles N.W. Azimghur. Mahratta States, comprise most of the prin- cipal states of Central Hindostan, viz., the Sat- tarah, Gwalior, Nagpoor, Indoor, Bandah, Cola- poor, Dhar, and Dewar doms., having a united area estimated at 131,450 sq. m. The Mahratta Confederation rose into notice under Sevajee in the middle of the 17th century, and in the 18th its possessions extended from the prov. Agra to Cape Comorin ; but its power was soon after- wai-ds broken by the British, to whom all the states which composed it are now subsidiary. Mahben, a country of Germany. [Moravia.] Mahriscb-Neustadt, a town of Moravia, on the railway between Prague and Vienna, circ. & 14 m. N.N.W. Olmiitz. Pop. 3,600.-11. {M. Trubau\ circ. and 27 m. N.W. Olmiitz. Pop. 3,600. It has a gymnasium, and manufs. woollens. Maia, a river of Siberia, govs. Okhotsk and Yalcutsk, joins the Aldan at Maiskaia, after a N. course of 500 miles. Maida, a small town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult., 7 m. S.E. Nicastro. Pop. 2,600. Near this the English, under Sir J. Stuart, defeated a greatly superior French force, 4th July 1809. Maiden-Bradley, a pa. of Engl., cos. Somer- set & WUts, 5m. N.N, W. Mere. Ac. 4,410. P. 700. Maidenhead, a munic. bor. and town of Engl,, CO. Berks, pas. Bray & Cookham, on the Thames, here crossed by an elegant seven-arched stone bridge, and by a viaduct of the great Western railway, with a station on that railway, 26 m. W. London. Pop. 3,315. It is picturesquely situated, and has a handsome modern chapel, an endowed school, almshouse, and other chari- ties. Market Wed. Corp. rev. (1847-8) 630i. Maidens, a cluster of rocks, oil the E. coast of Ireland, Ulster, co. Antrim, in the Irish Sea, 6 m. E.N.E. Lame lighthouse. The 2 highest rocks have each a lighthouse, with fixed white lights. Lat. 54° 55' 6" N., Ion. 6° 44' W. Ele- vation 84 and 94 feet. They are surrounded by dangerous reefs. Maiden-Newton, a pa. of Engl., .co. Dorset, 8 m. N.W. Dorchester. Area 1,640 ac. Pop. 729. Maidwell, a pa. of Engl., co. and 11 m. N. Northampton. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 268. Maidfobd, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 6 m. W.N.W. Towcester. Area 1,930 ac. P. 339. Maidstone, a pari, and munic. bor., town and pa. of England, co. Kent, on the Medway, here crossed by a five-arched bridge, 7J m. E.S.E. Rochester, and at the termination of a branch of the S.E. railway, 10 m. N.E. the station at Pad- dock wood. Area of pa, 4,420 ac. Pop. 18,086, do. of pari. bor. 16,920. It is beautifully situated on a slope in the central vale of Kent ; has many curious old houses, one of the largest and finest ancient pa. churches in England, known as " the pilgrim's chapel," now beautifully restored as a place of worship ; a small grammar, and other endowed schools, a proprietory school, numerous almshouses, and large charities ; a former palace of the archbishops of Canterbury ; well preserved MAI 820 MAI remains of some conventual structure, partly converted into an agricultural school ; a town hall and market cross, neat co. hall, large co. jail and house of correction ; a co. lunatic asylum, union workhouse, extensive barracks, co. assem- bly and concert rooms, neat theatre, library, pmlosophical society, mechanics' institute, se- veral banks. In the immediate vicinity are nu- merous paper mills, with some of the most pro- ductive hop grounds and orchards in England, and valuable quarries of stone, exported by the Medway, which is navigable here for vessels of 60 tons. Trade is thriving, and the town in- creasing. Market, Thursday. Corp. rev. (1848) iftBSl. 12s. Maidstone is the chief place of elec- tion for W. Kent, and the bor. sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 1,656. It gives the title of Viscount to the Fmch family. It was an important city of the early Britons. In the reign of Henry vm. the first English hops were raised here. In 1648, the town was twice stormed by the parliaiuentary forces. In the vicinity is The Moat, a seat of the Earl of Romney. Mailand, a city of Austrian Italy. [Milam.] Mailcotta, a town of Hindostan, Mysore dom., 17 m. N. Seringapatam. It has several pagodas. Maille, a coram, and vill. of France, dep. Vienne, 9 m. S.S.E. Fontenay-le-Comte. P. 1,015. Maillekate (La), a hamlet of France, dep. Seine-Inf., 13 m. W.N.W. Rouen, with a fine cha- teau and park on 1. b. of the Seine. Pop. 800. Maillezais, a comm. and town of N. France, dep. Vendee, 7 m. S.S.E. Fontenay. Pop. 1,350. Mai-Ma-tohin (" Place of Trade"), a vill. of Mongolia, immediately opposite Kiachta, on the Kussian frontier, and the entrepot of the Chinese trade with Russia, 160 m. N.W. Oorga. It is commanded by an adjacent hill fortress, is en- closed by a palisade, regularly laid out, and inha- bited by from 1,200 to 1,500 males, no women being allowed here. [For a general view of its commerce, see Kiachta.] Maimund, a town of W. Afghanistan, 34 m. S.W. Candahar. Lat 31° 42' N., Ion. 64° 51' E. Main, a river of Irel., Ulster, co. Antrim, en- ters Lough Neagh after a S. course of 30 m. — II. a river of Siberia, which joins the Anadyr after a N. course of 180 m. A town of Persia, prov. Fars ; and a fort of British America, dist. Bast Main, at the mouth of the East Main river, in James' Bay, have this name. Main, Mavk, or Maine, Mbenies, a navigable river of Germany, rises by two streams, the Red and White Main, in the Fichtelberg mountains, N. Bavaria, flows very tortuously \f ., past Schweiufurt, Wurzburg, Aschaffenburg, Offen- bach, and Frankfurt, & joins the Rhine opposite Mayenoe. Length 280 m. It is navigable from the Regnitz (240 m.) to the Rhine. Chief affls., on I. Regnitz & Tauberon, & on r. the Saale. Maina, a dist. of Greece, consisting of the S. extremity of the Morea, between the gulfs of Koron and Kolokythia, composing most part of the gov. Laconia. The inhabs., who were never fully conquered by the Turks, long lived in a rude feudal state, subsisting mainly by brigandage and piracy. The vill. Maina [Hippola), is on the Gulf of Koron, 14 m. N.N.W. Cape Matapan. Maina, a tn. of India, Bhopaul dom., near Ashta. Mainbernheim, a market town of Bavaria, prov. Lower Franoonia, 15 m. E.S.E. Wiirtz- burg. Pop. 1,633. Maine, a river of Irel., Munster, co. Kerry, rises near Castle-Island, and flows about 18 m. W.S.W. into Castlemaine harbour, whence it is navigable to the vill, of Castlemaine. Maine, an old prov. in the W. of France, the cap. of which was Le Mans, now forming the greater part of the deps. Mayenne and Sarthe, & part of Orne. — II. a'river of France, dep. Vender rises N.E. Napoleon- Vendee, & joins the Sevre- Nantaise, 2\ m. N.W. Monuieres. Length 31 m, partly navigable. — III. ariv., dep. Maine-et-Loira Maine, the most N.E. of the U. S., N. Amer., between lat. 43° and 47° 20' N., and Ion. 67° and 71° W., having S. the Atlantic, E. New Bruns- wick, W. & N. New Hampshire & Lower Canada. Area about 30,000 sq. m. Pop. (1850) 583,088. Surface mostly hilly, well watered, and plentifully wooded. Mount ELatadin, near lat. 46° N., rises to 5,336 feet in height. Climate variable, with extremes of temperature, but country healthy. Principal rivers, the Penobscot, Kennebec, An- droscoggin, St Croix, and St John, which last, with the St Francis, forms most part of the N. boundary. It has more good harbours than any other state of the Union. Products are maize, wheat, barley, rye, flax, pine and other timber, apples, cherries, and other fruits, and salt provi- sions. Annual value of wool has been estimated at 2 million dollars. Mineral products comprise marble, iron ore, and lead. Capital employed in mauufs. (1840) 7,147,224 dollars. Total value of exports (1843) 1,176,134 dollars, of imports 570,824 do. Public rev. (1844) 368,090. It sends 8 representatives to Congress. Principal towns, Augusta, the cap., Portland, Bangor, Bath, and Hallowell. Maine is divided into 13 cos. It be- came an independent state in 1820, having pre- viously belonged to Massachusetts. Gov. and senate elected annually. Maine-et -Loire, a dep. of France, in the N.W., formed of the old prov. Anjou, between lat. 46° 59' and 47° 45' N. Area 2,784 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 604,963. Chief rivers, Lou'e, Sarthe, Mayenne, and Loir. Climate temperate. Surface diversified by hills and plains, may be divided into 3 disthict regions — I. the valley on both sides of the Loire, which is the richest, & produces lint, hemp, and fruits ; II. the region of plains, almost entirely formed by the arrond. Saumur ; and HI. the Bocage, which is the least fertile and woret cultivated. Minerals comprise slate, granite, marble, and flint. Mannfs., linens, challets, ginghams, calicoes. Grain, wine, fruits, & cattle, are extensively exported. The dep. is divided into the arronds. Angers, Baug£, Beaupreau, Saumur, and Segr^. Mainland, Scotland. [Shetland, Orkney.] Mains and Strathmaetine, united pas. of Scotl., CO. Forfar, 4 m. N. Dundee. Area about 7,060 ac. Pop. 1,295. Fintry castle and Cla- verhouse in this pa. were the family seats of Grahame, Viscount Dundee. Mainstone, a pa. of Engl, and North Wales, COS. Salop & Montgomery, 4 m. W.S.W. Bishop's castle. Pop. 449. Maintenon, a comm. and town of France, dep. Eure-et-Loire, 10 m. N.N.E. Chartres, at the confl. of the Eure and Voise, and on the railway to Versailles. Pop. (1846) 1,442. It has ruins of the gigantic aqueduct commenced by Louis xiv. to convey water from the Eure to Versailles, and the magnificent chateau in which he espoused Franjoise d'Aubigne. Mainz, a city of Germany. [Mayenoe.] Maisdon, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Loire-Inf., 13 m. S.E. Nantes. Pop. 2,100. Maisdy and Maissy, two towns of India. — I. Berar dom., 30 m. N. Ellichpoor. — II. British presid. Bengal, dist. Sarun, 52 m. N. Patna. MAI 821 M A I. IVIiiSMORE, a pa. of England, co. and 2 m. N.N.W. Glo'ster. Area 1,930 ao. Pop. 421. Maisons, two comms. and vills. of France. — I. {M. sur-Seim), dep. Seine-et-Oise, 10 m. N. Ver- sailles, with remains of a line cliateau, & a station on the railway from Paris to Havre. — II. {M. Al- forlj, dep. Seine, arrond. Sceaux, on the Paris & Lyon railway. The hamlet of Alfort has a na- tional school of rural economy. MijTEA, one of the Society isls., Pacific, E. Tahiti, on which it is dependent. Circuit 8 m. Maitland (East and West), two towns of Au- stralia, New South Wales, co. Northumberland, on the Hunter river, at its junction with Walles creek, 14 m. N.N.W. Newcastle. United pop. (1846) 3,319. They have several churches ; in E. Mait- land are a court house and jail, in W. Maitland, which is the most thriving place, are numerous large stores, and some good hotels. With New- castle, these towns, called collectively the *' Nor- thumberland boroughs," return 1 member to the legislative assembly of the colony. Good coal is abundant in the vicinity. Maixent (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. Deux-Sevres, cap. cant., near the Sevre- Niortaise, 13 m. E.N.E. Niort. Pop. 4,320. It has a comm. college, and manufs. woollens. Maiziebes, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Meurthe, 14 m. S.E. Chateau Salins. Pop. 1,384. Majambo, a marit. town of Madagascar, on its N.W. coast, at the head of the bay of Majambo, 70 m. N.E. Bembatooka. MA/i?n)A, a town of Scinde, on the Indus, 40 miles N.W. Hyderabad, with 2,000 inhabitants, and an extensive bazaar. Lat. 28° 51' N., Ion. 68°irE. Majobca (Span. Mallorca), the central and largest of the Balearic islands, Mediterranean, be- longing to Spain, whence it is distant 110 m. S.E. Area 1,430 sq.m. Pop. (18.33) 181,805. Surface uneven, and the Silla de Torillos rises to 5,114 feet above the sea. Climate mild and salubrious. Products consist of oUves, wine, brandy, fruits, saf&on, flax, and hemp, which, with mules, asses, rush & wooden wares, hats, &c., form the prin- cipal exports ; imports comprise com from Spain, salt-beef, iron, colonial and hardwares, chiefly from Spain, England, France, and N. Europe. Principal towns, Palma, the cap., Llumayor, Ma- na9or, and Pollenza. Majobi, a marit. town, Naples, prov. Princip.- Cit., 6 m. W.S.W. Salerno. Pop. 2,800. Majumba, a marit. town of Africa, Lower Guinea, 100 m. N.W. Loango. Majdnga, a marit. town of Madagascar, on its N. W. coast, at the entrance of Bembatooka bay. Makai,lah, or Macullah, a seaport town of Arabia, on its 8. coast, in a small bay, 300 m. E.N.E.Aden. Lat. 14° 31' N., Ion. 49° 6' E. Pop. about 4,500, comprising numerous foreigners. It is partially enclosed by walls, and has an imposing appearance from the sea, its houses being in a castellated style, and several stories in height. The harbour, sheltered by a point to the S.E. af- fords good anchorage, and is greatly frequented by coasting vessels. It is the best station on this coast for shipping to obtain supplies of provisions ; and it also exports gums, hides, and senna, and has an import trade in coflfee, and other native produce, from Arabian ports ; cotton cloths, lead, and iron, from Bombay ; and sheep, aloes, honey, and slaves from Kosseir and Berberah. Makabiev, two towns of Russia. — I. gov. & 46 m. E.S.E. Nijnii-Novgorod, cap. dist., on the Volga. Pop. 2,350. It has a large monastery, & some trade in horses and timber, but its import- ance has greatly declined.— II. gov. & 110 m. E. Kostroma, cap. dist. Pop. 2,860. Makabiko, a town of Russia, cap. dist., gov. and 60 m. E.S.E. Nijnii-Novgorod, on 1. b. of the Volga. Makeb, a pa. of Engl., cos. Cornwall & Devon, 2i m. S.S.W. Devonport. Area 2,260 ac. Pop. 2,725. On a height near the vill. is a battery for the defence of Plymouth Sound. The beautiful seat of Mount Edgeeumbe is in the parish. Makeeston, a pa. of Scotl., co. Roxburgh, 3i m. W. Kelso. Area 2,854 ac. Pop. 355. Makhnovka, a town of Russia, cap. dist., gov. and 95 m. W.S.W. Kiev. Pop. 6,008. Makian, a small volcanic isl., Malay Archipel- ago, off the E. coast of Gilolo, lat 0° 20' N., Ion. 127° 30' E. Circ. about 18 miles. Makiniyat, a straggling vill. of Cent. Arabia, 120 m. W.S.W. Muscat, formerly a city of conse- quence, but ruined by the Wahabees in 1800. Makkum, a market town of the Netherlands, prov. Friesland, on the Zuyder-Zee, 9 m. S. Har- lingen. Pop. 1,850. Mako, a mkt. town of E. Hungary, co. Csanad, on the Maros, 21 m. E.S.E. Szegedin. Pop. (1845) 17,148, among whom are 1,100 Jews. It has a Protestant gymnasium. Wine is extensively made in its vicinity. Makov, or Machow, a town of Poland, prov. and 63 m. E.N.E. Plock. P. 4,000 II. a town of Russia, gov. Podolia, 9 m. N. Kamenetz. P. 1,420. Makowab, two islands of the Red Sea. — I. off the coast of Nubia, near a small port of the same name, lat. 20° 38' N.,lon. 37° 20' E.— II. or Eme- rald Isl., off the coast of Egypt, opposite the ruins of Berenice. Lat. 23° 50' N., Ion, 35° 46' E. Makowiec, a vill. of Poland, gov. and 28 m. E.N.E. Warsaw. Here Kosciusko was wounded and taken prisoner by the Russians in 1794. Makei, two seaport towns of Turkey. — I. Asia Minor, Anatolia, S.W. coast, on the G. of Makri, 52 m. E.N.E. Rhodes, which city it supplies with mules, cattle, sheep, & fuel, having a good & well sheltered port. Its antiquities comprise a very perfect theatre, and tombs, remains of the anc. Telmessus. — II. Rumili, on the .^gean Sea, 75 m. S.W. Adrianople, cap. dist., & a Greek bishop's see, with a harbour defended by a castle. Pop. 3,000. Makeonisi, an isl. of Greece, off the E. coast of Attica, 3 m. E. Cape Colonna, 10 m. in length and 2 miles in breadth, but lately uninhabited. Mala, a river of Peru, dep. Lima, enters the Pacific at Porto-Mala, 50 m. S.S.E. Lima.— II. a vill. of Spain, with mineral baths, 8 m. S. W. Gra- nada. — III. {Punta), a cape of S. America, New Granada, bounding W. entr. of bay of Panama. Malabab, a marit. dist. of British India,presid. Madras, on the W. coast, mostly between lat. 10° and 12° N., having N. Canara, S. Cochin, and E. Coimbatoor and the Mysore dom. Area 6,262 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 1,140,916. The ghauts here are covered by forests, comprising the finest teak trees. Rice, sugar, cotton, pepper, cardamoms, and ginger are among the chief products ; coar.so cotton cloths, to the average amount of 200,000/. areexported annually. Land rev. (1837) 161,162/., total rev. 310,296/. Principal towns, Calicut, Tel- licherry, Cananore, and Ponany. — The Malabccr coast is a name which has been applied to all the W. coast of India, though the Malabar language is spoken only from Cape Comorin to about lat. 12° 30' N. Malacca and Nanino, one of the " Straits settlements " belonging to the British, on the W. coast of the Malay peniusula, between lat. 2° & 3° N., and Ion. 102° & 103° E., having landward MAL 822 MAL the territories of Salangore, Rumbowei Johole, and Joliore. Estimated area 1,000 sq. m. Pop. 68,000, of wliom 2,000 to 3,000 are Europeans. Surface undulating; hills densely wooded ; valleys swampy, but the climate is reputed to be more salubrious than that of any other Brit, settlement in the E. Soil near the coast fertile ; the interior is not so, and Naning is chiefly valuable for its tin mines. PrincipS products besides tin, are rice, jaggery, sago, pepper, rattans, timber, co- coa nuts, a few nutmegs and cloves, gums, ivory, gold dust, and poultry. This settlement is under the British Indian presid. Bengal, and governed by a resident at Malacca, with an assistant at Naning. Public rev. (1837-8) 5,35il., which was inadequate to the expenditure. Malacca, the cap. of the above dist., is situated on both sides of the Malacca river, near its mouth, 130 m. N.W. Singapore. Pop. (1832) 12,120. Principal edifices, the barracks, court house, town house, jail, civil and military hospitals, and the Anglo-Chinese college, founded in 1818. Here are Chinese, Hindoo, Malay, and female schools. The ruins of a famous church, erected by Albuquerque, and the remains of Portuguese and Dutch forts occupy several summits around the town. Malacca has some export trade in gold dust, tin, balachang, hides, poiitry, pepper, rat- tans, lace, aloe-wood, ebony, ivory, and Chinese hardwares ; and it imports earthenwai'es, opium, iron, rice, British & Indian manufactured goods, salt, and colonial produce ; the commerce of the Straits has, however, become chiefly monopolized by Singapore. The town, said to have been founded in 1252, was talcen by the Portuguese in 1511, by the Dutch in 1641, and by the English in 1795. It was again held by the Dutch from 1818 to 1826, when, with its territory, they exchanged it with the British for Bencoolen, in Sumatra.^ The Strait of Malacca is a chanuel between the Malay peninsula and the isl. Sumatra, connecting the Chma Sea with the Indian Ocean. Length 520 m., breadth from 25 m. opposite Naning, to 200 m. at its N. entrance. In it are the British settlements Singapore, Malacca, Penang, the tns. Quedah, Delli, Batu Barra, and numerous islands. Malaczka, a mkt. town of W. Hungary, co. & 21 m. N.W. Presburg. Pop. 2,363. Maladetta (Mount). [PvBESEfis.] Malaga (Malaca), a seaport city of Spain, cap. prov.,onabay of the Mediterranean, 65 m. E.N.E. Gibraltar. Lat. of mole, 36° 43' 5'N.,lon. 4° 26' B. Pop. (1845) 65,865. It is built in the form of an amphitheatre, near the base of a mntnous. range, and is commanded by a fine old Moorish castle, perched on a pointed rock, and called the Gib- ralfaro. Streets very narrow, ill paved, & dirty, with high houses built around courts. It has a fine promenade, on which are some of the best houses in the town. Chief public buildmgs, a splendid cathedral, with a spire 302 feet high ; the bishop's palace, 4 pa. chui-ches, 5 hospitals, the opera house, custom house, legal seminary, and a convict depot. The old Moorish darsena, or dockyard, is used as a store house. The har- bour, formed by a mole 700 feet in length, on which is a light-house, is capable of holding about 450 merchant ships, and may be entered during any wind. Principal manufs., Unen and woollen fabrics, sail cloth, rope, paper, hats, leather, and soap ; here are also a royal cigar factory, & two large and actively employed iron foundries, in which English processes are employed. Malaga has a large trade in wines, the finest of which are " Mountain " and " Lagrimas ;" other exports are olive oil, figs, almonds, raisins, grapes, orange- peel, and lemons, sent to Great Britain and the United States, with lead & ii'on from neighbour- ing mines. Imports comprise salt fish, iron hoops, bar iron, nails, woollen, silk, and cotton fabrics, and colonial produce. Malaga was taken by Ferdinand the Catholic in 1487. It has suf- fered severely in different epochs from plague^ which on one occasion cut off 20,000 of the pop. in 40 days, & in 1803-4, the yellow fever decimat- ed the population. [Vblez-Malaga.] Malagon, a town of Spain, prov. and 19 m. N.W. Ciudad-Keal. Pop. 3,282. Malahide, a vill. and pa. of Irel,, Leinster, oo. and 9 m. N.N.E. Dublin, with a station on the Dublin & Drogheda railway. Pop. of pa. 1,337, partly employed in a valuable oyster fishery. The vill., on a bay of the Irish Sea, is handsome- ly built, and is frequented by bathers. It has a small silk factory, & auanc. castle of the Talbots. Malamocco, a town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 5 m. S.S.E. Venice, on Malamocco, a long sandy island, separating the lagunes from the Adriatic. P. 1,800. Kesid. of the Doge in 8th cent. Maiang, a Dutch residency of Java, on the S. coast. Pop. 80,000. Chief produce coffee. It has a town of same name. Malans, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Orisons, on the Lanquart, 2 m. S.S.E. Mayenfeld. P. 1,050. Malansac, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Morbihan, arrond. Vannes. Pop. 2,021. Malasia, or JLiLAY Aechipelago, a name given to the isls. of the Indian Archipelago, chiefly inhabited by the Malay race, and compris- ing the Sunda isls., Borneo, Celebes, Moluccas, Philippines, &c. [Asiatic Archipelago.] Malaspina, the W.most of the Columbretes Islands, Mediterranean. [Columbretes.] Malativo, or Moeletivo, a seaport town of Ceylon, on its E. coast, 52 m. N.N.W. Trincoma- lee, with a small harbour and some salt works. Malatiyeh, Malatia, a town of Asiatic Tur- key, pash. and 100 m. N.E. Marash, near the Eu- phrates. It has about 200 wretched houses, a ruinous castle, the head-quarters of a pasha; some good mosques and caravanserais. It is un- healthy, & from various causes, most of its pop. have now settled at Aspuzi, about 4 m. S.ward. MalaucIne, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Vaucluse, 16 m. E.N.E. Orange. Pop. 2,214. Chief industry, silk spinning. Malaunat, a comm. and vUl. of France, dep. Seine-Inf., with a station on the Paris and Havre railway, branch to Dieppe, oj m. N. Rouen. Pop. 1,670. It has numerous cotton & paper mills, but was nearly ruined by a hurricane in 1846. Malay Peninsula, the most S. portion of Con- tinental Asia, and of its great S.E. peiunsula of Further India, mostly between lat. 1° and 13° N., and Ion. 98° and 104° E., connected N.ward to Lower Siam by the Isthmus of Kraw, and having E. the Gulf of Siam and China Sea, S. and W. the Strait of Malacca. Malaya proper or Malac- ca extends fromlat.T 20' to 7° N. Estimated area 45,000 sq. m., and pop. about 375,000. The country, as far as lat. 6° S., comprising the states Ligor and Quedah, is claimed by Siam ; S. of which it is subdivided among many small native states— the principal being Pcrak, Johore, Pa- hang, Kalantan, Tringanu, and Rumbowe, be- sides the British territories Malacca, Naning, & prov.Wellesley. Its centre is traversed through- out by a mountain chain, rising from 3,000 to 6,000 feet in height, but decreasing on proceed- ing to the S., where, however, the detached Mt. Ophir is estimated to rise to 5,700 feet in eleva- tion. Surface well watered, and fine timber, with jI a L 823 M A L bamboo9, areca, sa^o, caoutchouc, and an abun- dance of valuable resins, gums, drugs, with nut- megs, cloves, cinnamon, tobacco, coffee, sugar, cotton, indigo, are produced, with ivory, horns, and about 34,600 piculs of tin, and, as estimated, 20,000 02. of gold annually. Kice and other grains are not raised in sufficient quantity for the home demand, & are imported fiom Bengal and Sumatra. Trade is principally with the Bri- tish and Dutch settlements in the E., and with Siam, China, and the Malay Archipelago. The pop. consists principally of Siamese and Malays. Principal towns, Malacca, Quedah, Salsmgore, Jo- hore, Fataui, and Pahang. [Asiatic Abchip.] iLvLBOROuGH, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 4 m. S.S.W. Kingsbridge. Area 5,208 ac. P. 1,951. Maichih, a town of Germany, grand duchy Mecklenb.- Scherwin, cap. dist., betw. Lakes Mal- chin and Cmnmer, 24 m. E.S.E. Gustrow. Pop. 3,852. Chief industry, weaving and tanning. Malchow, a town of Germany, gi*and duchy Mecklenb.-Scherwin, cap. dist., on an island in Lake Malchow, 11 m. W.S.W. Waren. Pop. 2,887. It has important manufs. of woollen cloths. Malda, or Maulda, a town of British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, dist. and 50 m. S.W. Dinajepoor, on the Mahanunda, an affluent of the Ganges. It consists of 3,000 houses, miserably built out of the ruins of Gour, 12 m. distant, and during the rainy season it is nearly insulated. Maldeohem, a comra. and vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 17 m. N.W. Ghent. Pop. 6414, engaged in tobacco factories, oil milb, breweries, and cotton printing works. Maldeit, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, 2^ m. N.N. W. Ewell, and with a station on the London & S.W. riulw., 1 J m. N.E. Kingston-on-Thames, Area 1,260 ao. Pop. 232. Maldes, a township of the U. S., N. America, Massachusetts, connected with Charlestown by a bridge over Mystic river. Pop. 2,514. lU^LSivE Islands, or Malediva {Thousand Isles), a chain of islands, Indian Ocean, between lat. 0° 46' S. and 7° 6' N., and Ion. 72° 48' & 73° 48' E., about 300 m. S,E. Hindostan, and separ- ated N.frorn Majiicoy and the Laccadives by the 8 and 9 degrees channels. They are of coral formation, and ananged in 17 round and oval groups, termed atolls, surrounded and protected by coral reefs. The larger islands are well wood- ed with palms, &c., and produce millet, numerous esculent roots, fruits, and poultry ; the smaller are mere barren islets. Cowry fishing is an im- portant pursuit, and the inhabitants, during the S.W. monsoon, take cowries, coir, oil, salted fish, rope mats, & tortoise-shell to Sumatra, Balasore, &c., exchanging these articles for rice, sugar, manufacture goods, and tobacco, which they bring back during the N.E. monsoon. Pop. of the whole may amount to 150,000 or 200,000. They are Mohammedans, and live under a sidtan, who resides on the island Mohl or Male, & sends an annual tribute to the British gov. in Ceylon. Mal-di-Ventbe, an isl. of the Mediterranean, off the W. coast of Sardinia, 5 m. S.W. Cape Mannu, 5 m. long, 1 m. broad, low, and rocky. Mauion, a pari, and munic. bor., river port, and town of England, co. Essex, on the Chelmer, 9J m. E. Chelmsford. Area including three pas., 2,700 ac. Pop. of bor. 3,967 ; do. of pari. bor. 4,968. It occupies an eminence overlooking a marshy tract. It has several ancient churches, a frammar school, founded in 1608, with au exhi- ition to Christ's college, Cambridge; a large national school, a valuable library bequeathed by Or Plume, who also endowed several charities; an ancient town-hall, a jail, large barracks, and a union work-house, with imports of coal, iron, and timber ; exports of fish and agricultural pro- duce. Vessels of considerable burden approach the town. Customs revenue (1846) 1,550Z. Reg. shipping 7,281 tons. Market, Thursday. Corp. revenue (1848) 685J. Sends 2 members to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 951. It gives title of viscount to the Earl of Essex. Maldonado, a fortified seaport town of Uru- guay, or Banda Oriental (S. Amer.), on the N.E. shore of the Plata estuary, 60 m. E. Monte- Video. Lat. of the isl. Gorriti, which shelters its harbour, 34° 67' 2' S., Ion. 64° 57' 35' W. It is re^ulariy built, and has a large public square, but it is dull. Male, or Mohl, the principal isl. of the Mal- dive group, a little N. of its centre. It is nearly circular, 5 m. round, pretty strongly fortified, & reported to have 2,000 inhabitants, with several mosques, many gardens, & a citadel, the residence of the Maldive sultan. [Maldive Isles.] Malebum, a town of Nepaul, cap. dist., on the Gunduck, 138 miles N.W. Khatmandoo. MalekrAj a neat town of the Punjab, S. range of Himalaya, close to the foot of Koe-Kangra. Malemobt, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Vaucluse, 6 m. S.E. Carpentras. Pop. 1,300. MALENOVfiTz, a mkt. town of Moravia, circ. & 12 m. N.N.E. Hradish. Pop. 1,337. Maleshebbes, a comm. and mkt. tovm of France, dep. Loiret, cap. cant., on the Essonue, 11 m. N.E. Pithiviers. Pop. 1,475. It has the handsome chateau of Malesherbes. Malestboit, a comm. and town of France, dep. Morbihan, 8 m. S. Ploermel. Pop. 1,790. Malgabah, Malshaba, or MiGALaARA, a wall- ed town of European Turkey, prov. Rumili, sanj. and 33 m. N.N.E. Gallipoli. Pop. 2,500. Malgeat, a seaport town of Spain, prov. and 37 m. N.E.Barcelona, on the Mediterr. P. 2,839. MalguSnac, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Morbihan, 4 m. W. Pontivy. Pop. 2,009. Malham, a tnshp. of England, co. York, W. Riding, pa. Kirkby-in-Malhamdale, 5 m. E.S.E. Settle. Pop. 233. In the vicinity is Malham Cove, a limestone rock, nearly 300 teet in height. Malicobnb, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Sarthe, cap. cant., 8 m. N. La Fleche, on 1. b. of the Sarthe. Pop. 1,094. Malines, a town of Belgium. [Mechlin.] Malin Head, a promontory of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Donegal. Lat. 65° 22' N., Ion. 7° 24' W. On its summit is a signal tower. Malinooka, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. and 23 m. E.S.E. Kharkov, on the Donetz. P. 2,000. Mallavillt, a fortified town of S. India, My- sore dom., 25 m. E. Seringapatam. Mallemoet, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Bouches-du-Rhone, arrond. and 28 m. E.N.E. Aries. Pop. 2,150. Mallicollo, an isl. of the Pacific Ocean, New Hebrides, in lat. 16° 30' S., Ion. 167° 50' E., S.E. Espiritu Santo. Estimated area 600 sq. m. It is low, well watered, and fertile, but inhabited by a race apparently in the lowest stage of barbarism. —Another isl,, 300 m. N. (properly ManicoUo), has sometimes erroneously received this name. Malling, three pas. of England.— I. (East), co. Kent, 4 m. W.N.W. Maidstone. Area 2,600 ac. Pop. 1,578. — II. ( West), a pa. and maiket town, CO. Kent, 6J m. W.N.W. Maidstone. Area of pa. 1,320 ac. Pop. 1,784. It has picturesque re- mains of a nunnery. — III. (South), co. Sussex, on the Onse, adjoining Lewes. Ac. 2,680. Pop. 646, Mai.loroa, an isl., Mediterranean. [Majorca.] Mallow, a pari, bor., town, watering-place MAL 824 M/AL and pa. of Irel., Munster, co. and 17 m. N.N.W. Cork, on the Blackwater, here crossed by an old bridge of 15 arches. Area of pa. 8,82C ac. Pop. 9,966 ; do. of bor. 6,8S1. It is picturesquely situ- ated, with many elegant seats in vicinity ; has a handsome modern, & the ruins of an anc. church, a Roman Catholic chapel, manor court-ho., gaol, union work-ho., barracks, co. infirmary, news- rooms, a mineral spring (the hottest in Ireland), and neat pump-room. The bor. sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Beg. elects (1849) 321 . The castle is the seat of the Jephson family, who own the town. In vicin. is the ruined castle of anc. earls of Desmond . Mallwyd, a pa. of N. Wales, cos. Merioneth and Montgomery, 9 m. E.S.E. Dolgelly. P. 1,177. Malmaisow, a chateau in France, dep. Seine, 4i m. W. Paris, celebrated as having been the favourite residence of the Empress Josephine. MALMEnv, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 25 m. S. Aix-la^Chapelle, cap. circ, on the Warge. Pop. 4,090. It has extensive tanneries, and manufs. of woollen cloth, muslins, lace, soap, glue, and potash, mineral springs, and near it the ruins of an ancient imperial abbey. Maimesburt, a pari, bor., town, and pa. of Engl., CO. Wilts, nearly enclosed by the Avon, here crossed by six bridges, 191 ni. N.N.W. Bath. Area of pa. 5,900 ao. Pop. 2,367 ; do. of pari, bor., which comprises also 10 other pas., 6,674. The town, formerly fortified and more extensive, has three principal streets, a handsome market cross, built in the time of Henry vii. ; several public schools. It was the seat of a famous Saxon nunnery; little now remains, except a portion used as the pa. church, with a tomb reputed to be that of King Athelstan. It has several endowed schools, an alms-house, a union work-ho., and vestiges of ancient fortifications. Its woollen manufs., formerly flourishing, have wholly declin- ed, and the trade is mostly retail. Mkt., Sat. Malmesbury ceased to have corporate jurisdiction by the Munic. Reform Act. It sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 315. It is the birth-place of the historian William of Malmes- bury, and the philosopher Hobbes. Malmtsh, a town of Russia, gov. Viatka, 80 m. N.N.E. Kasan, on the ViatUa. Pop. 2,000. Malmo, a Isen of Sweden, at its S.W. extremity, having N. and E. the leen Christianstad, S. the Baltic, and W. the Sound. Area 1,781 sq. m. Pop. (1840) 221,670. Surface mostly level, and it is one of the most fertile provs. of the kingdom. More corn is raised than required for home con- sumption : potatoes, fruit, hemp, hops, and to- bacco, are important crops. Cattle form also a principal article of export. Mai.mo, or Malmce, a strongly fortified town of S. Sweden, cap. Iffin, on the Sound, 16 m. E.S.E. Copenhagen. Pop. (1836) 8,769. It has a citadel, a port, consisting of an artifical inner harbour & an outer roadstead ; manufs. of wool- len cloths, tobacco, soap, and carpets, Malo, a mkt. town of Austrian Italy, deleg. & 10 m. N.W. Vicenza, cap. circ, on the Torlo. Pop. 3,950. It has a saltpetre factory. Malo (St), a fortified seaport town and comm. of France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, cap. arrond., on the English Channel, near mouth of the Ranee, 40 m. N.N.W. Kennes. Pop. (1846) 8,469. It is situated on a peninsula, connected by a cause- way with the mainland; is defended by strong bastioned walls, and a castle. Chief buildings, a cathedral, a bishop's palace, town-hall, communal college, exchange, theatre, chamber of commerce, school of navigation, naval arsenal. It has a commodious & secure harbour, dry at low water, but 40 feet deep at spring tides, to which has lately been added a large .floating dock. It has extensive rope walks; manufs. of fishing nets and hooks, pulley blocks, and other marine fittings, snuif, and soap ; an active provision trade with the colonies, a brisk coasting trade, and many vessels employed in the mackerel, cod, and whale fisheries. Birth-place of Jacques Cartier, the discoverer of Canada, and of Chateaubriand. Maloi, several small towns of Russia I. (Archangelsh), gov. and 46 m. S.E. Orel. Pop. ],■^00.— il (M. dielshya), Don Cossack coavtrj, 230 m. N.E. Tcherkask, on the Medvieditza. Pop. 2,600.-111. (M. Jaroslavitz), gov. and 38 m. N. Kaluga, on theLusha. This last was the scene of a sanguinary engagement between the French and Russians, 4th October 1812. Malone, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, on Salmon river, here crossed by a bridge, 40 m. W. Plattsburg. Pop. 3,229. It has a state arsenal. Malonno, a vill. of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 42 m. N.E. Bergamo. Pop. 1,600. Maloo, a toivn of N.W. Hindostan, dom. and 26 m. W. Sirhind. Lat. 30° 38' N., Ion. 76° 68' E. Malouines, Atlantic. [Falkland Islands.] Malpartida-de-Caoebes, a market town of Spain, prov. and 50 m. N.N.E. Caceres. Pop. 2,575.-11. a vill., prov. Badajos. Pop. 1,748. Malpas, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., cO. and 14 m. S.S.E. Chester. Area of pa. 25,040 ac. Pop. 5,726. The town Ls pleasantly situated, has a richly ornamented church, built about the time of Hem-y t:i. ; a grammar school, Alport's school, & several other charities. Mkts;, Monday (prin- cipally for cheese). Malpas gives title of viscount to the Marquis of Cholmondeley, whose residence is in the vicinity. — II. a pa., co. Monmouth, 1} m. N.N.W. Newport. Area 720 ac. Pop. 270. Malplaquet, a vill. of France, dep. Nordj arr. Avesnes, memorable for the victory of Marlbo- rough & Prince Eugene, over the French in 1709. Malpooba, a town of Hindostan, Rajpootana, dom. and 36 m. E.S.E. Kishenagur. Malsch, two mkt. towns of Germany, Baden. —I. circ. Middle Rhine, 6 m. E.N.E. Kastadt. Pop. 2,868.-11. circ. Lower Rhine, 14 m. S.S.E. Mannheim. Pop. 1,295. Malsen, or Malsesine, a vill. of Austrian Italy, prov. and 23 m. N.N.W. Verona, with a small port on the Lake of Garda. Pop. 1,700. Malta, Melita (?), an island of the Mediter- ranean, dependent on Britain, 62 m. S.S.W. the S. point of Sicily. Length 17 m., great- est breadth 81 m. Area 98 sq. m. Pop. 103,247. Cap. Valetta, on N.E. side, in lat. 35° 63' 8' N., Ion. 14° 31' 2' E. Shape nearly oval ; coast indented with numerous bays. Sur- face naturally a bare limestone rock, containing numerous grottoes. Its stone is extensively ex- ported for building, chiefly to the Levant. Soil artificial, and mostly imported from Sicily. It is cultivated with great care, and yields abundant crops. Chief products,cotton,wheat,barley, oats, and all the European vegetables. The fruits of Malta, of which the orange & fig are the principal, may lie compared to those of tropical climStes for excellence, and the garden flowers are most odoriferous. The honey of Malta is much es- teemed, and fish abounds on the coasts, yet the pop. is so dense (more than 7 times that of Engl, in proportion to space) that the produce is not more than l-3d of that required for consumption. Horses small but active. The climate of Malta resembles that of Africa more than Europe. Mean temp, in Sept. 75° .6 ; in Jan. 67° Fahr. Va- riations of temp, are sudden, and storms frequent; M A L 826 MAN during a N. vrind the air is cold and clear, but during the prevalence of the sirocco, in July & August, the heat is insupportable. Frost and snow are unknown ; ice is largely imported from Sicily. Manufectures are confined to coarse cot- tons, cabinet work and jewellery. Gov. vested in a gov. and council of seven persons, appointed by the British crown. Established religion Ro- man Catliolic, but there are 4,600 Protestants. The island was acquired by the English in 1800. [CiTTA Vecchia ; Valletta.] Malta, a vill. of U. S., N. Amer., Ohio, 72 m. S.E. Columbus. Pop. 1,405.— II. a township of New York, 29 m. N. Albany. Pop. 1,467. Maltbt, two pas. of Engl.— I. co. York. W. Riding, 4 m. W.S.W. Tiokhill. Area 4,280 ac. Pop. 839.— II. (Xe Marsh), co. Lincoln, 3^ m. N.N.E. Alford. Area 1,160 ac. Pop. 229. Malton (New), aparl. bor. and town of Engl., CO. YorkjN. R iding, on the Derwent, here crossed by an ancient stone biidge, 18 m. N.N.E. York, with a station on the York and N. Midland railway. Area of town, including two parishes, 110 ac. Pop. of pari. bor. 6,875. It stands on an eminence, has a large market place, con- taining the town hall and St Michael's church, natioual and Lancasterian schools, a th eatre, pub- he rooms, with library, and remains of a castle of the Veseii, destroyed by Henry ii. Porter, malt, com, & bacon, are largely exported to Hull, &c., by the navigable Derwent. Markets, Tues- day and Saturday. The bor. is a polling place for CO., and in conjunction with its suburb of Norton, and with Old Malton, sends two mems. to H. of C. Beg. electors (1848) 557. The town was burnt in the reign of Stephen, and on being rebuilt, took the name of New-Malton. — II. (Old), a pa, 1 m. N. of the above, in the pari, boundary of which it is comprised. Area 4,020 ac. P. 1,296. Maltown, a town of Hindostan, Bundelcnod, commanding a pass into the Gwalior dom. Malvern (Gee at), a pa. and watering place of Engl., CO. and 8 m. S.S.W. Worcester, on the E. declivity of the Malvern Hills. Area of pa. 5,020 ac. Pop. 2,911. The vill., neatly built, has handsome hotels and private houses, good baths, and a fine abbey church, the choir and tower of wiiich were built by Sir R. Bray, the celebrated architect of Henry vii. Of the abbey, founded in 1083, few vestiges remain. A medicinal spring here attracts many invalids. — II. {Little), a pa., CO. Hereford, 6 m. E.N.E. Ledbury. Area 660 ac. Pop. 103. Here are fine remains of a priory founded^in 1171. Malvebn Hills, Engl, separate the co. Wor- cester from Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, & are nearly 9 m. in length, N. to S. The Here- fordshire beacon, an ancient British fortress, near their centre, is 1,444 feet in elevation. Malvitto, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Cit., dist. and 16 m. S.S.W. Castrovillari, on the Esaro. Pop. 2,200. Malwah (Sanscrit, "a mountainous country "), an old prov. of Hindostan, mostly between lat. 22° and 26° N., and Ion. 74° and 80° E., enclosed by theprovs. Rajpootana, Agra, Allahabad, Can- deish, and Gujerat, Its central part is a table land, between its chief rivers the Chumbul in the N., and Nerbnddah in the S., and watered by the Sind and Betwah, afiBs. of the Jumna. It is one of the provs. of India, along with Bahar and Be- nares, in which opium is extensively raised for exportation, the quantity exported amounting, in 1839, to about 21,000 chests, worth upwards of 2,000,000?. This prov. is the principal seat of the Bheel race, and was formerly of the Mahrat- tas. It is mostly subdivided among the doms. of Gwalior, Indore, and Bhopaul. Malwan, or SooNDERDROOo, a town & fortifi- ed isl. of British India, presid. Bombay, dist. S. Concan, on the Malabar coast, 60 m. N.N. W. Goa. Malzeville and Le Malzieu, two comms. & vills. of France. — I. dep. Meurthe, on the Meurthe, here crossed by a bridge of 13 arches, 16 m. E. Nancy. Pop. 1,646 II. dep. Lozere; cap. cant., 25 m. N. Marviejols. Pop. 1,167. Mamadish, a town of Russia, gov. and 87 m. E. Kasan, cap. dist., on theViatka. Pop. 2,000. Mamakatihg, a township of U. S., N. Amer., 12 ra. E. Monticello. Pop. 3,418. Mamanguape, a river of Brazil, prov. Para- hiba, enters the Atlantic 25 m. N. Parahiba, after an E. course of 130 m. At its mouth is the town Mamanguape. Pop. 4,000. Mamble, a pa. of Engl., co. and 16 m. N.W. Worcester. Area 2,130 ac. Pop. 277. Mambccaba, a market town of Brazil, prov. and 78 m. W. Rio de Janeiro, near the river Mambucaba. Pop. 4,000, Mameks, a comm. and town of France, dep. Sarthe, cap. arroud., 24 m. N.N.E. Le Mans. Pop. (1846) 6,789. It has a fine church, and manufs. of hempen, cotton, and woollen fabrics. Mamet (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. Gard, cap. cant., 9 m. N.W. Nimes. Pop. 602. Mamhead, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 41 m. E.N.E. Chudleigh. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 246. Mamhilad, a pa. of Engl., co. Monmouth, 6 m. W.N.W. Usk. Area 1,670 ac. Pop. 303. Mamhole, a hamlet of Engl., co, Monmouth, pa. Bedwelty, 7 m. W. Pont-y-pool. Pop. 6,789, employed in coal and iron works. Mammola, a town of S. Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. I., dist. and 7^ m. N. Gerace, on the Locano. Pop. 6,000. Mamoo-Khail, a fort of Afghanistan, 60 m. S.E. Cabool, where the British defeated an Af- ghan force in 1842. Mamore, or Marmore, a river of Bolivia, formed by the junction of the Rio Grande and Chaparee, after a N. course of 400 m. joins the Beni to form the Madeira. Mampanwa, a vill. of Borneo, on its W. coast, between Pontiniak and Sambas. Pop. 2,435. Mampawa, a marit. town of the Malay Archi-' pelago, on the W. coast of the isl. Borneo, in the' dist., and on the river Mampawa. Lat. 0° 25' N., Ion. 109° E., & which formerly imported about 500 chests of opium annually for home consumption. Mam-Tor, a mountain of Engl. [Castletoh.] Man (Isle of), Mona, or Menavia, an isl. in the Irish Sea, 33 m. W. Engl. & 30 m. E. Ireland, 16 m. S. Scotland, and 56 m. N. Wales. Lat. of Calf of Man, on which there is a lighthouse, 64° 3' N., Ion. 4° 49' W. Length, N.E. to S.W., 30 m., greatest breadth 12 m Area 280 sq. m. or 179,200 ac. Inhabited houses 7,978. Pop. 47,975. A mountain range crosses the isl. from S.W. to N.E. Numerous streams water the val- leys. Greywacke and schistose strata preval- ent, with limestone, marl, and peat moss. Cop- per, zinc, and lead ores, are found, with some seams of coal. Soil sandy in some places, but fertile in others. Climate mild, and winter open, though rain & gales of wind are frequent. Mean summer temp. 59° ; winter 41° .7 ; annual mean. 49° .8 Fahr. Snafield rises to 2,000 feet. About , 100,000 ac. are in tillage, or cultivable, & 54,000 do. unproductive. Agriculture has improved of late, with the decline of the herring hshery, and a surplus of wheat and barley over the home de- mand is raised. Flax, oats, potatoes, and clover MAN 836 MAN are the crops next in importance. Au excellent small breed of horses is reared; cattle and small sheep are tolerably numerous. Farms range from 10 to 200 ac, and rents vary from Ss. to SI. an ac. Small properties are less numerous than formerly, many having fallen by mortgage into the estates or English and Scotch residents. The herring and other fisheries off the coasts were, until lately, of considerable importance, and from July to Oct. they are still frequented by Manx, Cornish, Welsh, and Irish boats. In 1844, 362 boats, of from 14 to 21 tons, paid a duty (now abolished) for fishing. The island has limestone, slate, and marble quarries, and some mining operations. The women weave woollen, linen, & cotton fabrics ; there are some bleaching works, but few manufg. estabs. Princip. exports, corn, potatoes, eggs, lime, stone, ore, fish, linens, & sailcloth ; imports, spirits, wine, colonial products, & manufactured goods. Reg. shipping (1836) 242 vessels, aggregate burden 7,229 tons. Gross customs revenue (1846) 26,662?., net do. 12,514?. This island, originally peopled by the Manx (MenavicE), a tribe of the Celtic race, was alternately possessed by the Scotch under the Lord of the Isles, and Enghsh. It was latterly held as a feudal sovereignty by the Stanleys, and afterwards by the dukes of Athol, from whom it was purchased for the British crown in 1806 ; and finally iu 1826, certain remaining pri- vileges were ceded by the duke on receiving an award of 416,000?. Government vested in the British sovereign, or the lieutenant of the crown, a council of the bishops and principal function- aries, and the House of Keys, a body of 24 pro- prietors of estates, who possess the legislative power. The island has its own laws, aud two supreme judges, called deemsters. Common law courts are held in the 6 sheadings into which Man is divided, and appeals lie from their deci- sions successively to the House of Keys, the go- vernor, and the sovereign iu council. The isl. is subdivided into 21 pas. Established religion that of the Church of England, under the bishop of Sodor & Man, who has a seat (without a vote) in the British House of Peers. Each pa. has its endowed school, in which English is taught as well as the native Manx, a dialect of the Celtic. The island was a great station of the druids, and contains numerous vestiges of their circles. Prin- cipal towns, Castletown, the cap., Peei/, Doug- las, and Ramsav. — Man is also an island, S. Pa- cific, between New Ireland and New Britain, and stated to be nearly 40 m. in circuit. Mana, a river of French Guiana, enters the Atlantic 126 m. N.W. Cayenne. Length 157 m. On its banks is a French colony for free blacks. Manaar (Golf of), an inlet of the Indian O., between Ceylon and the S. extremity of India, 120 m. in width at entrance, and separated N.- ward from Palk's Strait, by the isls. Ramisseram & Manaar, and a reef termed Adam's bridge (which see). — Manaar Island, immediately off Ceylon, is 18 miles in length, by 2J miles across. Mawaccan, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 6 m. S.S.W. Falmouth. Area 1,780 ac. Pop. 569. Manacor, a town of the isl, M^orca, in a fer- tile plain, 30 m. E. Palma. Pop. (1845) 9,642. It is a bishop's see, and has a convent. Manado, or Mehabo, a Dutch town and settle- ment of Celebes, near its N.E. extremity, lat. 1° 28' N., Ion. 124° 30' E. It exports large cargoes of coffee, raised in its vicinity, and has also an export trade in rice and gold-dust. Manafon, a pa. of N. "Wales, co. Montgomery, 2} m, S.S.E. Llanfair. Pop. 975. Mahafobno, a town of S. Naples, prov. Ahrui. zo-Ult. II., dist. and 13 m. S.E. Avezzano, on the S.E. side of L. Fucino. Pop. 2,300. Manaqua, a town of Central America, state Nicaragua, on the W. shore of the L. of Managua, or Leon, 35 m. S.E. Leon. Pop. 13,000, mostly of European descent. Mabaia (improperly Mangeed), an isl. of the Pacific O., Harvey group, lat. 21° 57' S., Ion. 158° 7' W. It is about 15 m. in circ, and suf- ficiently elevated to be seen at a distance of 25 m. Manakou, or Stmond's Harboue, a fine har- bour of New Zealand, N. isl., on its E. coast, 7 m. S. Auckland. Lat. 37° S., Ion. 174° 30' E. Manah, a vill. of N. Hindostan, Gnrhwal, 20 m, S.E. Gangoutri, and an important seat of the trade with Tibet. Manama, a town of the Persian gulf, at the N. extremity of the island Bahrein. Manaos, Brazil. [Barra do Rio-Negbo.] Manafab, a town of British India, presid. Ma- dras, dist. Madura, 40 m, N.E. Dindigul. Manaton, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 31 m. S. Moreton-Hampstead. Ajea 6,170 a«. Pop. 429. Manatoulin Islands, a chain in Lake Huron, British N. America, near its N. coast. Manavghat, or Menovohat, a mkt. town, Asia Minor, pash. Adana, on the Manavghat riv. {Mi- las), 30 m. N.W. Alaya. Manbt, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 4§ m. E.S.E. Louth. Area 1,460 ac. Pop. 211. Mancettee, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 11 m. N. Coventry. Area 4,120 ac. Pop. 6,182. Eev. of charities, 440?. It occupies the site of the Roman station Martduessedum. Mancha (La), an old prov. of Spain, in the S. part of New Castile, now comprised in the prov. Ciudad-Real. Surface, a level plateau, about 2,000 feet above the sea, bare & uninteresting, but noted for the production of Yal-de-penas, a light red wine. Its mules, celebrated for tlieir size & strengrth, are sent to many of the other provs. Towns are few and poor. It derives its fame from the novel of Cervantes, whose Sancho Fanza is a true Manchegan peasant. Mancha-Beal, a town of Spain, prov. & 7 m. E. Jaen. Pop. 3,966. Manuf. linens & woollens. Manohe, a maritime dep. of France, in the N. W., on the Manche, or English channel, formed of part of the old prov. of Normandy ; bounded E. by the deps. Calvados and Orne, S. by May- enne and Ile-et-Vilaine, W. and N., and N.E. by the English Channel. Area 2,617 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 604,024. Principal rivers, the Vire, Tante, Douve, Merderet, and Selune, all navig- able. On its coasts are Capes la Hogue, point Barfleur, or Baz de GatteviUe, and Cape la Hague. Climate temperate, but humid, too cold for the cultivation of the vine. Soil marshy in parts of the interior, but fertile in gi-ain, luit, hemp, and apples for cider. The horses in this dep. are considered the best in France ; cattle are excellent ; sheep yield inferior wool. Chief industry, manufs. of iron, copper, and zinc ; cloth, linens, cottons, and lace. It is divided into the arronds. Avranches, Cherbourg, Coutances, St L6, Mortain, aid Valonges. Cap. St L6. Manchester, a city, pari, and munic. bor., and pa. of England, co. Lancaster, hund. Salford, the ' town on the Irwell, across which it communicates by 6 bridges with the adjacent bor., Salford, on the W., and conjointly with which it is the chief seat of the cotton manufacture in S. Britain, 32 m. E.N.E. Liverpool, 161 m. N.N.W. London. Area of pa., including the borough Salford, 34,260 ac. Inhabited houses, 45,665. Pop., in MAN 827 MAN 1801, 110,938 ; in 1841, 353,390, of Vfhom 21:0,367 were in the boi\ of Manchester, and 66,284 in that of Salford. The town stands hi a plain, and consists, with Salford, of a dense mass of buildings, extending about 2 m. from E. to W., by somewhat less fi-om N. to S., and covering about 3,000 acres. The Irlj and Medlock rivers join the Irwell close to the town, and with it are extensively made use of to Impel machinery. The town is irregularly laid out, and comprises at least 800 streets. Principal thoroughfares are Market Street, Piccadilly, and the London Road, Oldham and Great Ancoat Streets, Quay, Peter, Bond, and Jlorley Streets, & the Oxford & Ches- ter roads. Many of the newer public ways and open spaces are handsome, such as Portland Place, Grosvenor Square, Mosley Street, Ardwick Green, and Salford Crescent ; and between the London and Oxford roads is Victoria Park, oc- cupying 140 acres. The exchange, in the mkt. place, is a large semicircular building, adorned with Doric pillars. The town hall, of Ionic ar- chitecture, contains a noble public room. The corn exchange, royal infirmary, and lunatic asylum, athenseum, royal institution, news room, onion club house, natural history society's hall, concert hall, assembly rooms, Salford and Chorlton town halls, asylums for the blind, and for the deaf and dumb, a royal, and some other theatres, the barracks, Victoria bridge, and the numerous mills and warehouses, are among the most conspicuous edifices. The collegiate church (now erected into a cathedral), was found- ed in the 16th century. The see includes nearly all the CO. Lancaster ; bishop's revenue, 4,500l. a-year. Trinity church, at Salford, St Luke's, Cheetham, and St George's, Hulme, are the only otherohurches demanding especial notice. There are 4 R. Catholic, 9 Independent, 6 Baptist, 6 Swedenborgian, 5 Unitarian, and a great number of Wesleyan, besides other chapels, most of which have charity schools attached to them, which, in 1835, gave insti-uction to 33,196 children in Man- chester, and 9,754 in Salford. The grammar school, founded in 1520, has a rev. of upwards of 4,500/. a-year, and 16 exhibitions of 601. a^year to the universities, 16 scholarships at Brazen-nose coUe!!;e Oxford, others at Cambridge, and addi- tionjii privileges for its pupils at those seats of learning. Cheetham college, or blue-coat school, has 80 scholars, a Ubrary of 25,000 vols., and a museum. Manchester new college, removed from York in 1840, is the principal Unitarian college in England, and is in connection with the univer- sity of London. The royal school of medicine, Lancashire independent college, the royal Lan- casterian school, which educates 1,400 children ; and the Jubilee school for 40 girls, are among the chief pnbhc institutions. Scientific establish- ments are very numerous, and comprise the royal institation, literary and philosophical, statistical, geological, phrenological, architectural, botani- cal, and natural history societies, mechanics' institutions, a school of design, and the Victoria gallery. Charitable institutions are also numer- ous; among them arethe infirmary, fever, lying- in, eye, and lock hospitals. It has a branch of the bank of England, 6 joint-stock banks, and 5 weekly newspapers. In 1836, it was estimated that 264,500 carcasses of butcher meat were an- nually consumed here. Mkts., Tuesday, Thurs- day, and Saturday. The proximity of an abund- ance of coal, the improvements introduced into spinning & weaving machinery by Hughes, Ark- wright, Hargreaves, and Crompton, and the ap- plication of steam power, have raised Manclms- tor to its eminence of monopolijing 2-3ds of the cotton manufacturo of Great Britain. Its nia- nufs. are mostly conducted in large mills or fac- tories ; of these in 1839, there were estimated to be 186, employing 38,449 hands; of which 163, employing 34,039 persons, were for cotton, and 19, with 4,163 hands, for silk goods. The steam force used in 1838, in these establishments in Manchester aiid Salford, was estimated at 9,924 horse-power. Woollen fabrics, machinery, hats, paper, ropes, twine, pins, and numerous other goods are made in large quantities ; and there are many bleaching and chemical works, and breweries. Total exports in 1835, valued at 12,000,000?. Customs rev. 187,922/. Manchester communicates with Birmingham and London by the Grand Junction (N. W.) railway, & by other railways and canals with Liverpool, Bolton, Pres- ton, Rochdale, Shefiield, and all the large towns of N. England. The munic. bor. is divided into 15 wards, and governed by a mayor, recorder, 16 aldermen, and 48 councillors. It has courts of quarter sessions, record, and requests, and a court-baron held every Wednesday three weeks ; and, independent of Salford, it sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. elects. (1848) 12,836. Under the Romans, a station termed Mancunium, was erect- ed on a part of its site. Among its eminent na- tives may be noticed the celebrated Duke of Bridgewater, the chemists Daltou and Henry, and Sir R. Peel, the father of the late premier. Manchestek, several townships of the U. S., North America I. New Hampshire, 21 m. S.S.E. Concord. Pop. (1850) 18,933.-11. New York, 8 m. N. Canandaigua. Pop. 2,912. — III. New Jersey, on the Passaic river, here crossed by 2 bridges, 18 m. N.W. New York. Pop. 3,110.— IV. Penn- sylvania, 18 m. S. Harrisburg. Pop. 2,162. — V. Vermont, 95 m. S.S.W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,594. It has white marble quarries, and a well endowed academy. — VI. Massachusetts, 23 m. N.E. Bos- ton. Pop. 1,365 VII. a vill., Indiana, 76 m. S.E. Indianopolis. Pop. 2,428 VIII. a vill., Virginia, 2 m. S. Richmond. Pop. 1,600 IX. a township, Connecticut, 10 m. E. Hartford. Manchooria (Chinese Leao-tong, Saghalin, and Kirin-oola), an extensive region of E. Asia, forming a great division of the Chinese empire, between lat. 39° and 50° N., and Ion. 117° & 142° E., having S. Corea and the Yellow Sea, W. MongoHa and the Russian gov. Irkutsk, N. the gov. Yakutsk, and E. the Sea of Japan and Gulf of Tartary. Estimated area 700,000 sq. m. Pop. unascertained, but it has of late greatly aug- mented by immigration irom China. On the N. it is bounded by the Yablonoi mountain chain, and W.ward shut off from Mongolia by a palisade connected with the Great Wall of China ; the Amoor river traverses its centre. The whole coast is bordered, not far inland, by a mountain chain, probably 6,000 feet in elevation, beyond which the country is wholly unknown to Euro- peans, but reported to send large quantities of corn, pease, and ginseng to China, besides which its principal products comprise rhubarb, timber, and live stock. It consists of three provs., Shing- king, Kirin, and Tsistsihar, in the two last of which the pop. are chiefly nomadic ; and the government is strictly military, except in Leao- tong, where it is organized as in China. Princi- pal towns, Moukden (Leao-tong), Kirin Oola, Saghalin Oola, Kin-choo, & Fung-whang-ching. Manciet, a comm. and vill. of France, dop. Gers, 20 m, S.W. Condom. Pop. 1,800. Mancote (Hiu'l. Mancuta), a town of the Pun- jab, 76 m. N. Amritsir, MAN MAN Mandai, the most S. town of Norway, stift & 23 m. W.S. W. Christiansand, on the Skager-rack, with a port 17 m. E. the Naze. Pop. 2,250. Mandan Disteiot, aterritorjr belonging to the v. States, & comprising a portion of the central region of N. America, between the Wisconsin territory and the Kooky mountains, and bounded N. by British America, and S. by the northern fort of Platte river, a tributary of the Missouri. Estimated area 300,000 sq. m. It consists most- ly of a prairie table land, traversed by the Up- per Mississippi and Yellow Stone rivers, and the principal pass across the Rocky momitains into the Oregon territory. Mandaka, a state of Central Africa, S. of Bor- nou. Surface mountainous ; fertile in fruits, and abounds with forests and lakes. The inhabs. are a superior race of Mohammedans, who manuf. iron wares, which they export into Bomou, and have a pretty formidable array of cavalry. Mora is the chief town and residence of the chief. Mandas, a mkt. town of the island Sardinia, div. & 30 m. N. Cagliari, cap. mand. Pop. 2,188. Mandavee, or Mandivee, the principal sea- port town of Cutch, Hindostan, on the Gulf of Cutch, about 35 m. S.S.W. Bhooj. Pop. 50,000 (?). It is fortified, has an open roadstead with a creek, and an active trade with Scinde, Malabar, the Persian Gulf, Arabia, and all the W. coast of Africa, as far as Zanguebar, besides a large in- land trade. Exports comprise cotton, silk, and other piece goods ; imports, bullion, ivory, hides, dates, cocoa nuts, grain, and timber. Mamd]6 (St), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine, near the Wood of Vincennes, 3 m. E.S.E. Paris, and close to its walls. Pop. 2,900. Mandel, an island off the E. coast of Sumatra, 70 m. S.W. Singapore. Mandello, a mkt. town of Piedmont, deleg. & 14 m. N.E. Como, on the E. shore of the Lake of Lecco, with the palazzo Airoldi. Pop. 2,000. Mandinga, or San Blas, a considerable bay of the Caribbean Sea, on the N. side of the Isthmus of Panama. Lat. 9° 30' N., Ion. 79° W. Mandingo Countbt, W. Africa, Senegambia, is mostly between lat. 10°& 14°N.,and Ion. 13° & 16° W. ; it is enclosed by Bambarra, Kaart.a, Fu- lahdu, traversed by the Joliba, and stated to be subdivided into a petty confederacy of states. Principal town, KamaJia. It is supposed to be the original seat of the Mandingo people, one of the races in Africa most advanced in civilization. Mandow, or Manboo, a ruined city of India, dom. and 35 m. S.W. Indore, and N. the Nerbud- dah river. It was once the cap. of the Patau sovereigns of Malwah. Manddel, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Gard, arrond. Nimcs, on the railway to Beau- caire. Pop. 1,519. Manddbia, a town of Naples, prov. and 54 m. W.N.W. Otranto. Pop. 5,200. Manba, a chapelry of England, eo. Cambridge, pa. Coveney, with a station on a branch of the E. Counties railw., 5J m. S.S.E. March. P. 1,095. Manekbio, a town of Austrian Italy, prov. & 13 m. S.S.W. Brescia, on the Mella. Pop. 3,232. Maneboo, Moneeoo, or Bbisbane Downs, a dist. of E. Australia, New S. Wales and Victoria, adjacent to the cos. St Vincent and Murray, ex- tending W. along the Murrumbigee river. Esti- mated area 10,000 sq. m. Pop. 1,916, of Euro- pean descent. Surface chiefly an undulating plain from 2,000 to 3,000 feet above the sea, and traversed by the Australian Alps. Principal rivers, the Murrumbigee, Shoalhavcn, and Mur- ray. Soil fertile. | Manetin, a town of Bohemia, ciro. and 18 m. N.N.W. Pilsen, on river of same name. P. 1,112. Manewden, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 3J di. N. Bishop-Stortford. Area 3,150 ae. Pop. 688. MAHFALonr, a town of Upper Egypt, prov. Minieh, cap. dep., on 1. b. of the Nile, 20 m. N. W. Siout. It is enclosed by walls, and has 2 Coptic churches, woollen manufs., and a public school. MANPiEi.n, a pa. of Engl., co. Tork,N. Riding 4 m. W.S.W. Darlington. Ac. 8,200. Pop. 471 Manfouah, a town of Arabia, near its centre, 450 m. N.E. Mecca. Manfredonia, a fortified seaport town of Naples, prov. Capitanata, on a bay of the Adri- atic, 22 m. N.E Foggia. Pop. 5,000. It is en. closed by walls strengthened by large round bas- tions. Its port, sheltered by a mole, & defended by a strong fort, is accessible only to small ves- sels. It was founded by Manfred in the 13th century, 1 m. N.E. the ancient Sipontum. Manfkedonia (Gulf of), Sinus Vrias, an in- let of the Adriatic Sea, in S. Italy, Naples, provs. Capitanata & Bari, about 15 m. in length, & 30 m . wide at its entrance, S. the Garganian promont. Manga, a town of Brazil, prov. Maranhao, at the confluence of the river Ignara with the Moni- Mirmi, comm. Itapicuru. Pop. 3,000. Mangalobe, a seaport town of British India, presid. Bombay, dist. Canara, on the Malabar coast, 80 m. N.N.W. Cananore. It has a con- siderable export trade. Pop. 30,000. Mangabatiba, a maritime town of Brazil, prov. and 53 m. W.S.W. Rio-de-Janeu-o, on the Bay of Angrados-Reis. Mangbea, island, Pacific Ocean. [Manaia.] Manglieux, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Puy -de-Dome, arrond. and 18 m. S.E. Clermont- Ferrand. Pop. 1,680. Mangotsfield, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 5 m. E.H.E. Bristol, with a station on a branch of the Midland railway. Area 2,440 ac. Pop. 3,862. Manheim, several tnshps., U. S., N. America. —I. New Tork, 64 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,095.— II. Pennsylvania, co. Schuylkill. Pop. 3,441.-111. CO. & 16 m. W. Tork. Pop. 1,525.— IV. CO. Lancaster, 25 m. E.S.E. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,829. — Manheim, Germany. [Mannhe™.] Maniago, a mkt. town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 25 m. W.N.W. Udine. Pop. 500. Manias, a vill. of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 55 m. W.S.W. Brusa, with some remains, supposed to be those of the ancient Pcemanenus. Manica, a town and petty state of S.E. Africa, tributary to the Portuguese, the town 140 m. N.W. Sofala. Principal products of the country are gold-dust, ivorj', copper, and iron. Manice, or King Geobge Riveb, a river of E. Africa, falls into the N. side of Delagoa bay, after a S. course, which has been explored up- wards for 50 miles. Manickpoob, atown of Hindostan, dom. Dude, on the Ganges, 80 m. S.S.E. Lucknow. Manicodagan, a river, lake, and bay of Lower Canada, the river bringing the surplus waters of several lakes, by a S. course of 150 m. to Mani- couagan bay, in the estuary of the St Lawrence. Maniktala, a vill. of the Punjab, between the Jhylum and Indus rivers, 145 m. N.W. Lahore, supposed to occupy the site of the anc. Taxila. Manila, or Manilla, a fortified city of the Philippines, and the cap. of the Spanish posses- sions in the East, on the S.W. coast of the island Luzon, at the head of the bay of Manila. Lat. of cathedral, 14° 35' N., Ion. 121° 2' 4' E. Pop. of city about 15,000, but inclg. the populous suburbs, upwards of 140,000, of whom less than 5,000 are MAN 829 MAN Europeans. The city-proper, little more than 2 m. in circ. cominuniuates across the navigable river Passig, by a 10-archcd bridge, with the im- portant suburb Bidondo, the seat of most part of the trade. Mamila has a university, a missionary college, numerous schools & hospitals, & a large gov. cigar factory. Its vicinity is thickly studded with orchards and plantations of cotton, cocoa, and coffee ; and it is the seat of an extensive commerce. Its harbour is impeded by a bar with 13 feet of water at low ebb, over which, how- ever, vessels of 600 tons can pass. In 1840, the exports amounted in value to 736,012^., of which sugar stood for 321,840/., hemp and cordage 113,700/, tobacco and cigars 98,560/., indigo 53,.38t/., other principal articles being provisions, coffee, cotton, rice, leather, dye-woods, rum, sa- pan-wood, mother-of-pearl, tortoise-shell, &c. Imports in the same year amounted to 664,948/., comprising cotton fabrics, silks, woollens, haber- dashery, drugs, clocks, & jewellery. Four-fifths of the woven goods imported, chiefly handkerchiefs, & other cottons, come from Great Britain. The city was taken and erected into a colonial cap. by the Spaniards in 1571. [FniLippiNE Islajsds.] Manimaj&a, a town and fort of British India, Punjab territory, at the entrance of the Plnjir valley, elevation 3,910 feet, and 60 m. N.E. Loodianah. Manipa, a small island, Malay Archipelago, off the W. end of Ceram. About 20 m. in circuit ; mouutainons, but populous and fertile. Maxisa, AIanissa, or Mamka, Magnesia ad Si- pylum, a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, on the N. side of Mount Sipylus, 28 m. N.E. Smyrna. Pop. .2,000 (?). It has a citadel on a height, and anc. waUs, at the foot of which is the modem town, comprising many mosques, and some Greek and Armenian churches, and synagogues. In ancient times it was celebrated for its magnets. Manistee, a pa. of Irel., Munster, co. Limer- ick, 3 m. E. Croom. Pop. 2,946. It has remains of an abbey of the 12th century. Maritoba Lake, British N. America, is in lat. 61° N., Ion. 99° W., immediately S.W. of L. Win- nipeg, and connected with it by the Dauphin riv. Length 110 miles, breadth varies to 25 miles. MAmrouLUf Islands, a chain of islands in Lake Huron. [Manatoui-in.] Manitas-Gal, or the Lake op Miletopolis, a lake of Asia Minor, abont 10 m. S. the penin- sula of Cyzicus, is in a low, flat, grassy tract, and commencing with an afil. of the Rhyndacus. Manjanik, a ruined city, Persia, prov. Khuz- istan, on the Abi-zard river, 60 m. S.E. Shuster. Manjee, or Manoee, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. Sarun, at the confl. of the Ganges and Goggra rivers, 44 m. N.W. Patna. Mabkasseb, island, Celebes. [Macassar.] Mankiam, a small isl., Malay Archipelago, off the W. coast of GUolo. Manlius, a township, U. S., N. America, New Turk, 10 m. E. Syracuse. Pop. 5,509. Mannedoep, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and ontheL.ofZurich,llm.S.E.Ziirioh. P. 2,350. Mahneksdobf, several market towns of Aus- tria I. Lower Austria, 20 m. S.S.E. Vienna. Pop. 1,980. It has a castle and mineral baths. — II. (or Matiersdor/, Hung. Kethely), W. Hun- gary, circ. and 17 m. S.W. Oedenburg. Pop. 1,100 III. (pr Menharsdorf, Hung. Menyhard), N, Hungary, circ. Zips, 4 m. S. Kesmark. Pop. 1,000, engaged in linen weaving and distilling. MANNnARTSBEBO,awooded mountain range of Austria, terminates near the Danube, about 25 m. W.N.W. Vienna, dividing Lower Austria N. of that river into the circs, above and below the Mannhartsberg. Mannheim, or Manheim, a town, W. Germany gi'and duchy Baden, cap. circ. Lower Rhine, on tlio Rhine, here joined by the Neckar, both crossed by floating bridges, 34 m. N. Cailsruhe, cSs with a station on the Main-Neckar railway, 13 m N. W Heidelberg. P. (1845) 21,700. It has been strongly fortified, but its ramparts are now laid out in public walks. Principal edifice, the palace, a huge structure of red sand-stone, built in 1720. Opposite the new theatre is the house in which Kotzebue was assassinated by the student Sand. Mannheim has Lutheran & R. Catholic churches, with a synagogue, observatory, arsenal, cannon foundry, exchange, orphan asylum, savings' bank, town-hall, a gymnasium, public baths, and a club called " the Harmony." The cheapness of living has attracted hither permanently about 300 Eng- lish families. Its manufs. were formerly important. Mannicolo, or Pitt's Island. [Vanikobc] Manninofobd, two pas. of England, co. Wilts. —I. (Abbots), 9 m. E.S.E. Devizes. Area 960 ac. Pop. 148.— II. {Bruce), 9 J m. N.W.Ludgers- hall. Area 1,200 ac. Pop. 265, Manningham, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Tork, W. Riding, pa. & 1 m. N.W. Bradford. Pop. 5,622. It has woollen manufactures. Mannington, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 4 J m. N.N.W. Aylesham. Area 680 ac. — II. a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New Jersey, 6 m. N.E. Salem. Pop. 2,064. Manningtkee, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., CO. Essex, on the navigable river Stour, and with a station on the E. Union railway, 9J m. S.S.W. Ipswich, & E.N.E. Colchester. Ac. 30. P. 1,255 Mannu, a river of the island of Sarinia, which, after a S. course of 40 m., enters the la- goon of Cagliari, 7 m. N.W. that city. — Cape Mannu, Sardinia, is near the centre of its W. coa^t. Mange, a small isl. of Denmark, duchy Schles- wig, in the N. Sea, 10 m'. W.S.W. Ribe. Pop. 50 families, engaged in fishing and navigation. Manopello, or Manupello, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo Cit., 9 m. S.W. Chieti. P. 2,400. Manor, a pa. of Scotl., co. & 2 m. S.W. Peebles, on a river of the same name, and on the Tweed. Pop.270. Here stoodthe cottage of DavidRitchie, the prototype of Sir W. Scott's "Black Dwarf." Mange, a tnshp., U. S., N. America, Pennsyl- vania, 6 m. S.W. Lancaster. Pop. 4,152. Mange-Hamilton, a mkt. town of Irel., Con- ? aught, CO. Leitrim, 12 m. E. Sligo. Pop. 1,507. t is picturesquely situated, & has a neat church, and remains of a fine baronial castle. Manosqde, a comm. and town of France, cap. dep. B. Alpes, 30 m. S.W. Digne. P. (1846) 4,714. Manufs. sweet wine, silk twist, serge, leather, &c. Manresa, a town of Spain, on a hill between the Cardonet and Llobregat, prov. and 30 m. N.N.W. Barcelona. TPop. (1845) 13,339. It has a collegiate and 4 pa. churches, an hospital,, and orphan asylum, barracks, and an endowed school. Its inhabs., who are among the most industrious of the peninsula, manuf. cotton and silk fabrics, broad cloths, tapes, ribands, gunpowder, &brandy. Mans (Le), CeTwmania, a comm. and town of France, cap. dep., on the Sarthe, here crossed by 3 bridges, 40 m. N.N.E. Angers. Pop. (1846) 21,025. It consists of a lower & an upper town, & is partly enclosed by Roman walls. Principal edifices, a fine cathedral, and other churches; town hall, prefecture, theatre, and two hospitals. It has a seminary, museum, communal college, public library, manufs,. of coarse linen & woollen fabrics, wax candles, &c. The last struggle be- MAN 830 MAP tween the French republicans and the Vendean forces took place here in 1793. Mansell, two pas. of Engl.— I. (ilf. Gamage), CO. and 8 m. W.N.W. Hereford. Area 1,040 ac. Pop. 136.— II. {Lacy), CJ m. W.N.W. Hereford. Area 1,500 ac. Pop. 315. MiNSFELD, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. & 30 m. N.W. Merseburg, cap. circ. Pop. 1,'es, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Bonches-dn-Rhdne, on a lagoon, 14 miles S.S.W. Aix. Pop. 1,959. Maeignaso, or Meleohaho, a market town of Austrian Italy, deleg. & 11 m. S.E. Milan. Pop. 4,000. It has remains of an ancient castle of the Medici. Mabignt, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Iilanche, cap. cant., 7 m. W. St L6. Pop. 1,606. — IL (Z'JBgUse), a comm. and town, dep. Nievre, 20 miles E.S.E. Clamecy. Pop. 1,820. Mabigot (Le), several vills. of the W. Indies. — L Martinique, on its N.B. coast, & having one of its best ports at the mouth of a small river. — n. St Martin, on its N. coast, and cap. of its French portion. — III. {des Rosewix), St Lucia, on its W. coast. — IV. Marie Galante. — V. Gaude- loupe. [Capestebbe, and Geand Boubg.] Mabi« (Le), a pa. & vill. of the isl. Martinique, on its S. coast, at the head of a bay, 16 m. S.E. Port Royal. Pop. 2,907. Near it is the extinct volcano, Le Marin. — II. a town of Spain, prov. and 6 DL S.W. Pontevedra, on a bay of the Atlan- tic. Pop. 3,244. It has an active pilchard fishery. Mabinduque, an isl. of the E. Archipelago, Philippines, S. of Luzon. Lat. 14° 30' N., Ion. 122° E. Length 40 m. ; breadth 10 m. It is fertile and cultivated. Principal vills., Roac and Napo. Maeineo, a town of Sicily, intend., dist. and 11 miles S.E. Palermo. Pop. 6,000. Mabines, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 8 m. N.W. Pontoise. Pop. 1,600. MABiNonES, a comm. and town of France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, cap. cant., 11 m. W.N.W. Thiers. Pop. 3,269. It is celebrated for its leather. Mabinha-Geande, a vill. of Portugal, prov. Estremadura, 6 m. N.W. Leiria. Pop. 1,600. It is celebrated for its mauufs. of glass. Maeinilla, a town of S. America, New Gra- nada, dep. Cundinamarca, prov. Antioquia, 18 m. E. Medellin. Pop. 5,000 (?). Maeino, BomlltB, a mkt. town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., with a castle, comarca and 13 m. S.E. Rome, near Lake Albano. Pop. 6,070. Mabino (San), Italy. [San Marino, p. 1137.1 Mabion, a dist., U. S., N. Amer., in E. of South Carolina. Area 1,200 sq. m. Pop. 13,932 II. a CO. in S.W. of Georgia. Area 330 sq. m. Pop. 4,812 — III. in N.W. of Alabama. Area 1,144 sq. m. Pop. 5,847. — IV. in S. of Mississippi. Area 1,476 sq. m. Pop. 3,830.~V. in S.E. of Tennessee. Area 600 sq. m. Pop. 6,070. — VI. in centre of Kentucky. Area 276 sq m. Pop. 11,032.— Vn. in centre of Ohio. Area 530 sq. m. Pop. 14,766. — VIII. in centre of Indiana. Area 400 sq. m. Pop. 16,080 IX. in S. of Illi- nois. Area 676 sq. m. Pop. 4,742. — X. in N.E. of Missouri. Area 425 sq. m. Pop. 9,623.— XI. in N. of Arkansas. Area 800 sq. m. Pop. 1,325. — Xn. a tnshp., New Toik, 201 m. W.N.W. Al- bany. Pop. 1,903 XIII. Ohio, 46 m. N. Colum- bus. Pop. 1,639. Mabion, and Crozet, a group of 4isls.,lndian Ocean, lat. 45° 30' S., Ion. 47° 20' E., and named after the French navigators, their discoverers. Mabiopol, a town of Russia, gov. and 140 m. S.E. lekaterinoslav, with a port at the mouth of the Kamisus, in the Sea of Azov. Pop. 4,000. Mabiquita, a town of S. Amer., New Granada, dep. Cundinamarca, cap. prov., 10 m.W. Honda. Mabitimo, Hiera, an isl. of the Mediterranean, off the W. coast of Sicily, and included in its in- tend. Trapani, with a castle on its N.E. coast. Length SJ miles ; breadth 2 mUes. Mabitza, Sebrus, the principal river of Ru- mili, European Turkey, nearly the whole of which prov. is comprised in its basin, rises on the N.E. slope of Despoto -dagh, Balkan, flows S.E. and S.S.W., and enters the .^gean Sea, op- posite Enos. Length 260 miles. Mabjaow, a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. Canara, 15 m. N. Onore, and con- jectured to be the ancient Musiris. Mabk, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 5} m. S.S.W. Axbridge. Area 6,390 ac. Pop. 1,308. Mabk (St), a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. and comprising a part of the city of Dublin. Area 351 ac. Pop. 15,234. Mabkbt, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 2} m. N.E. Alford. Area 660 ac. Pop. 102. Maekdorp, a town of S. Germany, Baden, circ. Lake, 11 m. E.N.E. Constance. Pop. 1,476. Mabken, an isl. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, in the Zuyder-zee, 10 m. N.E. Amster- dam. Pop. 733. Mabket-Deeping. [Deeping.] For other places with the prefix Market, not under-men- tioned, refer to their additional names. Maeket-Haebobough, a mkt. town of Engl., CO. and 16J m. S.S.E. Leicester, pa. Bowden- Magna, on the Welland, here crossed by a stone bridge, and on the London and Tork railway. Pop. 2,433. It is remarkably well built, and has a fine Gothic church, said to have been erected by John of Gaunt; a large town-hall, a union work-house, a town estate, yielding, with smaller MAR 83C MAR charities, nearly 1001. per annum ; and consider- able manufs. of carpets and tanneries. Mkt., Tuesday. It gives title of earl to the Sherard fam. Mabkethill, a mkt. town of Ireland, Ulster, CO. and 6 m. S.E. Armagh. Pop. 1,424. It has a neat court-house and gaol, and a castellated seat of Lord Gosford, who owns the town. Mabket-Jew, England. [Mabazion.] Mabket-Otekton, a pa. of Engl., co. Rut- land, 6i m. N.N.E. Oakham. Ac. 2,840. P. 603. Mabkinch, a pa. of Scotl., co. Fife, 9 m. S.W. -Cupar, with a station on the Edinburgh & Perth railway. Area about 7,000 ac. Pop. 6,965, mostly linen weavers, of whom 1,315 are in the village. Near it are Balgonie-castle and Balfour-house. Mabket-Steeex, a division of the pa. Wy- mondham, England, eo. Norfolk. Pop. 1,324. Mabkfieid, a pa. of England, co. and 7J m. W.N.W. Leicester. Area 4,080 ac. Pop. 1,203. Maekgboninoen a town of Wurtemberg, circ. Danube, 6 m. 'W.N.W. Ludwigsburg, on the Glems. Pop. 2,769. It has an old castle. Mabkham, two pas. of England, co. Notts. — I. (East), U m. N. Tuxford. Area 2,820 ac. Pop. 771.— II. (West), IJ m. W.N.W. Tuxford. Area 940 ae. Pop. 191. Maekinoton, a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, W. IBiding, pa. and 4J m. S.S.W. Kipon. Pop. 610. Maeklissa, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. & 42 m. W.S.W. Liegnitz, on the Queiss. P. 1,470. Maekovitshi, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. TMEoghilev, 22 m. S.E. Novo-Bielitza. Pop. 1,660. Maekovka, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. and 146 miles S. Voroniej. Pop. 1,200. Mabkeanstadt, and JIaeksubi., two small towns of Germany. — I. in Saxony, circ. and 7 m. S.S.W. Leipzig. Pop. 1,030.-11. duchy Saxe- Weunar, prmoip. cSs 6 m. S.W. Eisenach. P. 1,073. Marks (St), a seaport town, IT. S., N. Amer., Florida, on the St Marks river, near where, joined by the WakuUy, both of which form the Appa- lachee. It is the port of Tallahassee, distant 20 m. N., and connected by railway. The river has 8 feet of water at St Marks. Mabksbuet, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 6i m. W.S.W. Bath. Area 1,420 ac. Pop. 328. Maekshall, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 2 m. W.N.W. Coggeshall. Area 910 ac. Pop. 33.— Marhstay Junction-is a station on the E. Counties railway, Engl., between- Chelmsford & Colchester. Mabkt-, a prefix of the names of numerous small towns and vills. of S. Germany ; the fol- lowing being in Bavaria I. {M.-Bibart), circ. Lower Franconia, on the Ehe, 24 m. E.S.E. Wurtzburg. Pop. 1,100.-11. (Breii), on the Main, 13 m. S.E. Wurtzburg, with 1,990 inhabs., and Lutheran and Roman Catholic churches. — III. (Sergei), circ. Middle Franconia, 14 m. N.W. Anspach. Pop. 1,400.— IV. (M.-Stejl), circ. Lower Franconia, on the Main. Pop. 1,310. Maeland-Petee's, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 4 m. S.S.W. Great Torrington. Ac. 2,200. P. 351. Maelbobouqb, a pari, and munio. bor. and town of England, co. Wilts, on the Kennet, here crossed by several bridges, 26 m. E.N.E. Salis. bury, and 10 m. W. Hungerford. Area of munic. bor., comprised in 2 pas., 170 ac. Pop. of pari. T)or., including a part of another, 4,139. It has numerous antique houses, with piazzas ; an old Norman church, grammar school, founded by Edward vi., and possessing exhibitions to the universities ; a gnild-hall with assembly-rooms, vestiges of a castle, in which Henry iii. held the pmliament which enacted the " Statutes of Mal- bridge." It has manufs. of rope and sacking, & was formerly a great thoroughfare on the Bath road. Corp. revenue (1847-8) 859Z. The bor sends 2 mems to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 265. It gave the title of duke to Queen Anile'^s celebrated general, and now to the family of Spenser-Churchhill. In the vicinity is Marl- borough, or Savernake Forest, 12 m. in circuit, the property of the Earl of Aylesbury, and the only forest in the kingdom belonging to a subject. MAELBOEODGH,severaltnshps.,U. S.,N. Amer. — 1. New York, 20 m. S. Kingston. Pop. 2,523. —II. Massachusetts, 27 m. W. Boston. Pop. 2,101. — III. a dist. in N. part of Carolina. Area 480 sq. m. Pop. 8,408. Maelboeoogh (Ne-w), atnshp., TJ. S., N. Amer,, Massachusetts, 130 m. W.S.W. Boston. P. 1,682. Mabldon, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 6 m. E.N.E. Totness. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 470. Marle, a comm. and town of France, dep|. Aisne, arrond. and 14 m. N.E. Laon. Pop. 1,884. It has an active trade in corn, and monthly fairs. Maelenheim, a comm. and vill. of France dep. B. Rhin, 12 m. W.N.W. Strasbourg. Pop. 1,789. Maelesfoed, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 4) m. S.S E. Framlington. Area 1,330 ac. Pop. 424. Maelihsfoet), a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 7 m. W. Norwich. Area 430 ac. Pop. 195. Maeloes, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 7 m. W.N.W. Milford. Pop. 486. Mabiow (Geeat), a pari, bor., town, & pa. of Engl., CO. Bucks, on the Thames, here crossed by an iron suspension bridge, 6 m. N.N.W. Maid- enhead. Area of pa. 6,640 ac. Pop. of pari, bor. 6,237. It is irregularly built, but has many good houses, a handsome town-hall and church, with some manufs. of silk, lace, and paper. Mkt.j Saturday. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1848) 376. — II. (Little), a pa., co. Bucks, 2 m. N.E. Great Marlow. Ac. 3,390. Pop. 927. Maelt-le-Roi, a comm. & vill. of France, dep, Seine-et-Oise, cap. cant., 4 m. N. Versailles, on I. b. of the Seine, celebrated as the residence of Louis XIV., and for the hydraulic works which he planned to convey water to Versailles. Mabmande, a comm. and town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, on the Garonne, here crossed by a one-arched bridge, 30 m. N.W. Agen. Pop. (1846) 6,199. It is nearly surrounded by an espla- nade planted with trees, and ornamented with fountains. Principal edifices, the new town-hall, court house, and comm. college. It has manufs. of linen and woollen cloths, and a small port for steam-boats which ply daily to Bordeaux. Maemanhac, a comm. and vill. of France, with a chapel cut out of the rock, dep. Cantal, cant and 7 m. N.N.E. Aurillac. Pop. 2,000. Mabmaea, Sea of, Turkey. [Maemoea.] Marmaeas, Asia Siinor. [MakMoeioe.] Maemibolo, a vill. of Austr. Italy, 6 m. N.W, Mantua, with ruins of a palace built in 1480, Marmolejo, a vill. of Spain, prov. and 28 m. N.W. Jaen, on the Guadalquivir. Pop. 2,020. It has a ruined castle and mueral baths. Maemoea, or Maeuaea, Proconessus, &c,, an island of the Turkish dom., in the Sea of Mar- mora, near its W. extremity. Length 11 m., breadth 6 m. It has several vills. Principal products, wine and marble (whence its name).— II. a large vill. of Asia Mjnor, Anatolia, 56 m. E.N.E. Smyrna. Maemoea, or Maemaba, Propontis, a sea in the basin of the Mediterranean, betw. European and Asiatic Turkey, Length, including the Gulf of Izmid on E., 172 m., greatest breadth 55 m. It communicates with the Black Sea by the Strait of Constantinople, & with the Mediterr. (Archj- MAR 837 MAR _ I by that of the Dardanelles. Its name is ^erlTed from the island Marmora near its V,'. end. Mabmobice, or Mabuabas, a marit. toivn of Asia Minor, Anatolia, S.W. coast, at the head of the Bay of Marmorice, 27 m. N. Rhodes, and in- cluded under the jurisdiction of that island, to which it fdrnishes provisions and live stock. It has also an export trade in timber, valonea, tur- pentine, honey, wax, leeches, &c. Near it are some remains of the anc. Physcus. — Cape Mar- morice is at the entrance of the bay, lat. 36° 42^ 40' N., Ion. 28° 20' E. Mabmoutier (Germ. Mauermiinster), a comm. and town of France, dep. B. Rhin, cap. cant., 17 m. N.W. Strasbourg, at the foot of the Vosges mntns. i?op. 2,460. Chief industry, brick-making, potteries, and linen bleaching. Mabne, Matrona, a river of France, rises S. of Langres, dep. H. Marne, passes Chamont, Join- ville, St Didier (where it becomes navigable), Chalons, Chateau-Thierry, Meaux, and joins the Seine on the right at Charenton. Chief affls. on the left. Petit and Grand Morin ; on the right, Omain and Ourcq. Length 210 miles. Mabne, a dep. of France, in the N.E., formed of part of the old prov. Champagne, between the deps. Aisne, Seine-et-Mame, Anbe, H.-Mame, Mense, and Ardennes. Area 3,214 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 367,309. Chief rivers, the Marne, and the Seine. A great part of the dep. is comprised in the dist formerly called Champagne-Ponilleuse. Its sandy plains, formerly naked, have been lately planted with Scotch pines. Grain is raised more than necessary for consumption. The vine forms the principal produce of the dep. ; the best wines are those of Reims and Epemay. Chief minerals are mill-stones. Principal industry, manufs. of woollens and bonnets. The dep. is divided into the arronds. Chalor.s, Epemay, Reims, Ste. Menehonld, and Vitry-Ie-Frangais. Mabse (Hadte), a dep. of France in the N.E., formed of part of the old prov. Champagne, be- tween the deps. Meuse, Marne, Aube, Cote-d'Or, H. Sione, and Vosges. Area 2,482 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 262,079. Chief rivers, the Marne, which, as well as the Meuse and Anbe, rises in the dep. It is traversed in the E. & S. by the mountains which separate the Mense and Rhone, united by the plateau of Langres in the N.E. Grain is raised more than sufficient for consumption. The dep. has some of the most important iron mines in France. The wine is of good quality, and timber fiimishes the principal article of ex- port. Chief industry, mining and forging of iron, cutlery, cotton-spinning, and weaving. The dep. is divided into the arronds. Chaumont, Lan- gres, and Vassy. Mabnham, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 4i m. E.S.E. Tuxford. Area 2,800 ac. Pop. 350. MiEHHULi,, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 6 m. W.S.W. Shaftesbury. Area 4,830 ac. Pop. 1,464. Maekoch, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 9 m. S.W. Banff, on the Deveron. Area about 35 sq. m. ?op. 2,691. In it is the vill. Aberchirder. Marocco, or MoEOCco (Arab. Moghrib-ul- Aaa," the extreme west"), ancient Mauritania, a country of N.W. Africa, between lat. 28° and 36° N., and Ion. 0° 40' and 11° 40' "W., having E. and S.E. the Desert, N.E. Algeria, W. the Atlan- tic, and N. the Mediterranean Sea. Area esti- aiated at 220,000 sq. m. (or a little larger than France), and pop. at 8,500,000, of whom about 3,650,000 are Moors, 3,760,000 Berbers and Shel- locks, 740,000 Bedouins, and 839,500 Jews. Sur- face mountainous, covered with ramifications of Mount Atlas but eomprising many fine plains & valleys. Prineip. rivs., the Mahala, flowing into the Mediterranean ; the Sebu, Morbeya, Tensift, and Susa, entering the Atlantic ; andthe Draha, beyond the Atlas. Climate healthy. Temp. seldom beyond 85° Fahr. Soil in the valleys ce- lebrated in antiquity for its great fertility : and yielding, in some places, three crops of corn in one year ; but so little is agriculture understood, that large crops of corn are sometimes suffered to remain unreaped, and at other times many of the inhabitants die of famine. Prineip. crops, fine wheat, maize, millet, & barley, dates, grapes, olives, sugar-cane, cotton, tobacco, the fruits of S. Europe, cork, and henna. Timber for build- ing is not generally abundant, and is imported from Spain. The grass lands are rich, and feed a fine race of horses, the exportation of which is prohibited; besides large numbers of sheep, goats, oxen, and mules. Camels and asses are the principal beasts of burden. Mineral pro- ducts comprise iron, copper, & antimony. The domestic manufs. comprise woollen and cotton fabrics. Leather is made in large quantities in most of the towns ; red caps, silk fabrics, good saddlery, carpets, chip-baskets and earthenwares, are among the chief articles manufactured. A trade with the Levant is carried on by the Mecca and other caravans, and by feluccas coasting along the shores of Barbary ; there is also a communication by caravans, with Timbuctoo and other places in Cent. Africa, where the Morocco traders exchange salt, dates, tobacco, cloth, caps, girdles, and daggers, for gold dust, ivory, rhino- ceros' horns, assafoetida, ostrich feathers, and slaves. Exports to Europe, mostly to Leghorn, Marseille, and the Spanish ports, consist of wax, hides, skins, olive oil, gums, wool, dates, honey, indigo, shawls, carpets, &c. Government is more despotic than in most Mohammedan states, the rule of the sovereign being apparently all but un- limited. The empire consists of the kingdoms Marocco, Fez, and the territories Sus, Dralia, and Tafillet; and is subdivided into 28 provs. Prineip. cities and towns, Marocco, Fez, Me- quinez, Rabat, Sallee, Tarudant, Titnan, Tesa, Mogadore, and Tangier, which, with other caps, of provs., are governed by military prefects. The towns are chiefly inhabited by Moors and Jews, which latter conduct the larger mercantile transactions; the Berbers and Shellocks form the bulk of the agricultural pop. ; and the Arabs generally lead a wandering life on the plains, living in tents, and subsisting on the produce of their herds and flocks. Arts and science are at a low ebb ; though, in most of the cities and towns are Mohammedan colleges, the prineip. of which is at Fez. The standing army amounts to about 11,000 men, half of whom are negroes. Navy comprises only a few brigs and smaller vessels. — (For full particulars see Graberg af Hemso, Specehio dell' Impero Marocco ; and the Geog. Journal, vol. i.) [Fez.] Maboooo (Arab. MaraKsh), the cap. city of the empire Marocco, is situated in a fertile plain, near the river Tensift, 126 m. E. Mogadore. Lat. 31° 37' 20' N. ; Ion. 7° 36' W. Pop. esti- mated (1844) at 100,000. It is enclosed by a strong turretted wall 30 feet in height, and 6 m. in circ, in the interior of which are many large fields and open spaces strewed with ruins. The city is ill built and filthy ; most of its houses are constructed of only earth and lime, and those of a more substantial kind, together with its exten- sive aqueducts, are chiefly in decay. Prineip. edifices, the Emperor's palace, separately en- closed by walls, and occupying, with its gardens, MAR MAR a space 3 m. in circ. ; numerous mosques, several having much heauty, and one of which has a tower 221 ft. in height ; a large bazaar, & an hos- pital, calculated for 1,500 patients. The city has 11 entrance gates, one of which, like many other public buildings, is richly ornamented with arab- esque work. The streets are crossed by numerous arches and walls, and the several quarters are separated in a similar manner : that belonging to the Jews is 1^ m. in circuit. Outside of the city are extensive cemeteries, anda quarter es- pecially appropriated to lepers. Princip.manufs. are of leather and embroidery, and the chief ex- port trade is in those articles & in salt. Marocco was founded in a.d. 1073. Maboilles a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, 8 m. W. Avesnes. P. 2,219. It is the centre of an extensive manuf. of cheese highly in repute. Mabolles les Abaux, a comm. and town of France, dep. Sarthe, arrond. Mamers. Pop. 2,180. Maboume, a comm. and vill, of France, dep. Seine-Inf., cap. cant., 3 m. N.W. Rouen, with a station on the railway to Dieppe. Pop. 2,939. Maeoni, a river of S. Amer. [Mabowtne.] Maboot, a fortified town of India, dom. and 64 m. E. Bhawlpoor. It is a considerable mart for grain, and a garrison station. Mabos, a river of Transylvania, rises near the frontier of Moldavia, flows W., and joins the Theiss opposite Szegedin, length estimated at 400 m. Affls., the Kukel and Strahl. Mabos, or Mabosoh, several vills. of Hungary and Transylv. — I. Hungary, co. Honth, on 1. b. of the Danube, 21 m. N.N.W. Pesth.— II. {M. Uj- var), Transylv., CO. Weissenburg, on the Maros, 25 m. N.N.E. Karlsburg, and whence are export- ed into Hungary annually from 20,000 to 25,000 tons of salt from adjacent mines. — III. {M. Ya- aarhely), a town of Transylvania. [Vasabhely.] Mabostica, a town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 16 m. N.E. Vicenza. Pop. 3,000. It is en- closed by walls, and has manufs. of straw hats, MABOtH-ABANTOs (Slav. MoTwcge), a town of N.W. Hungary, co. Bars, 13 m. N.E. Neutra. Pop. 1,900. MABowif, a pa. of the Isle of Man, 6J m. W.N.W. Douglas. Pop. 1,318. Marowtme (called improperly Maboni), a riv. of South America, which forms the limit between Dutch and French Guiana. Length 400 miles. Mabple, a chapelry of England, co. Cheshire, pa. and 4J m. E.S.E. Stockport, with a station on the railway thence to Macclesfield. Pop. 3,462. Marquesas, or Mendana Islands, a group in the Pacific Ocean, between lat. 8° and 11° S., and Ion. 140 W., comprising 13 islands, the principal being Nufcabeeva, 70 m. in circuit. Estimated pop. of the group (1840) 15,000 to 20,000. Surface mntnous., but in the interior they are fertile, pro- ducing pulse, cocoa nuts, yams, bamboos, wild cotton, sugar-cane, and hogs. The inhabs. are stated to be superior in bodily endowments to those of many other island groups in the Pacific, but also less civilised : they exchange live stock and vegetables in return for muskets, ammuni- tion, and tobacco. Resolution Bay in Tahuata, and Port Jarvis in Roapoa„ are the best harbs. in these islands. Four of these isls. were dis- covered by Mendana in 1596, the others by Cap- tain Cook in 1774. [Polynesia.] Mabqueite, a river, TJ. S., N. Amer., enters Lake Michigan 50 m. N. of Grand river, after a W. course of 70 miles. Maequina, a small town of Spain, prov. Bis- cay, 15 m. E. Bilbao. Pop. 1,132. Maeqtiibe, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Paa-de-Calais, 7 m. N.N.E. Boulogne. Pop. 1,952. Mabb, a pa. of England, co. York, W. Riding, 3| m. W.N.W. Doncaster. Ac. 2,140. Pop. 206. Mabbabu, a town of "W". Africa, state Bam- barra, on the Joliba, 120 m. "W.S.W. Sego, en- closed by wall^, and having some trade in salt. Mabeadi, a vill. of Tuscany, N. the Apennines, prov. and 28 m. N.E. Florence. Pop. 1,300. Mabbah, two towns of Syria. — I. pash. & 28 m. N.N.E. Damascus, with some good edifices, now in decay. — II. pash. and 43 m. S.E. Aleppo. Mabbick, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Riding, 6J m. W.S.W. Richmond. Ac. 5,560. Pop. 648. Mabbos, a pa. of South Wales, co. Carmar- then, 6 m. W.S.W. Langhame. Pop. 180. Mabs (St), several comms. and vills. of France. — I. (d'Egrine), dep. Ome, arrond. and 4 m. S.W. Domfront. Pop. 2,400. — II. (de la Briire), dep. Sarthe, 8 m. E.N.E. Le Mans. Pop. 1,580.— IIL {d'OuiillS), same dep., arrond. Le Mans. Pop. 2,230.— IV. {la Jaille), dep. Loire-Inf., 16 m. S.E. Chateaubriant. Pop. 1,650. — ^V. {sout Ballon), dep. Sarthe, arrond. Le Mans. Pop. 1,640. Maesao, a comm. and town of France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 37 m. S.E. Clermont. Pop. 3,300. Mabsal, a comm. and small town of France, dep. Meurthe, 6 m. E.S.E. Ch3,teau-Salins, for- merly fortified. It was bombarded in 1816. Maesala, lAlybarum, a fortified seaport city of Sicily, on its W. coast, intend, and 16 m. S.S.W. Trapani. Pop. 20,000. It is enclosed by bastioned walls, & has a cathedral, several convents & abbeys, a gymnasium, large cavalry barracks, an old casUe, and a curious vibrating bell-tower. Its ancient port was filled up in 1680 by Don John of Austria, to prevent its becoming useful to corsairs ; and the new port, about 1 m. S., bounded by a mole, is adapted only for small vessels. The princip^ importance of Marsala is due to its wine trade, which has grown up within the present century, and in which many English houses are now en- gaged. The dist. is estimated to yield annually about 30,000 pipes of wine, of winch 2-3ds are exported. Marsala also exports com, cattle, oil, salt, and soda, in small quantities. — Lilybeeum was long the cap. of the Carthaginian dom, in Sicily, but few of its vestiges remain. Maesbeeg (Oicr and Nieder), or Stadtbebge, 2 contiguous towns of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 33 m. E. Arnsberg. United pop. 3,448. Mabsciano, a small town of Cent. Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 14 m. S.W. Perugia, P. 2,400. Maesden, a chapelry of England, co. York, W. Riding, pas. Aldmondbury and Huddersfield, 7 m. W.S,W, Huddersfield. Pop. 2,403, employ- ed in cotton and woollen manufs. — II. (Great), a chapelry, co. Lancaster, pa. Whalley, 2 m. S.W. Colne. Pop. 1,987 III. (Liiile), a township, same co. and pa., 8J m. S.W. Colne. Pop. 3,171. Mabs-Diep, a strait in Holland, separatmgthe island Texel from the mainland, 2 m. across, and the princip. entrance fi'om the W. into the Zuy- der-Zee. The town Holder is on its S. shore. Mabseillan, a comm. and market town of France, dep. H^rault, 16 m. E. Beziers, on the lagoon of Thau, where it has a small haven; near it are salt pans. Pop. 3,634. Makseille, MassUia, a comm. and city of the S. of France, cap. dep. Bouohes-du-Rhane, and of 3 electoral arronds., 420 m. S.S.E. Paris, around a basin adjoining the Mediterranean, & on the E. coast of the Gulf of Lion. Lat. of observatorv (96 feet in elevation) 43° 17' 8' N., Ion. 6° 22' 2' E. Pop. (1846) 133,216. Mean temp, of year 57° .5 ; winter 43° ; summer 74° .2 Fahr. It is com- MAR 8 posed of an old and a new town, the former on heights, with numerous crooked streets ; the lat- ter, which comprises two-thirds of its extent, has wide and straight streets. Marseille has few public buildings of architectural importance, except tlie hfitel de Ville; its lazareto is the largest in the world. The harbour, though the receptacle of the filth of the city, is the most com- mercial in France, & capable of containing 1,200 vessels ; its entrance, which admits only 1 vessel at a time, is defended by 2 hills, surmounted by fort St Jean and fort St Nicolas, and the road is defended by the fortified islands, Ch&teau d'lf, Pomegue, and Ratonneau. It has a tribunal of commerce, a national academy of sciences, let- ters and arts, an academy of medicine, and many other learned societies ; a national college, with a library of 45,000 vols. ; a school of hydrography, an astronomical observatory, a botanic garden, many benevolent institutions, several museums, and a mint. There are numerous fountains in the old and new town, but the supply of water has long been very deficient ; to remedy this, a canal has recently been cut from the Durance. Mar- seille has manufs. of all kinds, the chief arc soap, chemical products, bonnets, shoes, perfumery, olive oil and liqueurs. It has also tanneries, sugar, sulphur, and salt refineries, and manufs. of tobacco. Its commerce in the wines and fruits of the South, cork, and anchovies, which has flourished for 21 centuries, extends to all parts of the world. It is the birth-place of the as- tronomer Fytheas, the preacher Mascaron, and the sculptor Puget. Marseille, founded by the Fhcenicians in 600 B.C., served as a refuge for them fi-om the vengeance of Cyrus. It soon be- came the entrep6t for all the surrounding coun- tries, founded many fine colonies, was long cele- brated for the cnltiv. of letters and arts, preserved its liberty under the Romans, and often acted as an independent republic. It communicates by railways with Aries, Avignon, Nlmes, and Lyon. Louis XI. united it to the crown of Prance in 1481. It suffered severe ravages from the plague inl720. Mabsu, two pas. of Engl. — I. (Chapel), co. Lin- cohi, 7j m. N.N.E. Louth. Area 2,980 ac. Pop. 503.— II. (Gibbon), a pa., co. Bucks, 4 m. E.N.E. Bicester. Area 3,110 ae. Pop. 863. MAKSHAti., several cos. of the U. S., N. Amer. —I. in N. of Virginia. Area 300 sq. m. Pop. 6,937 H. in centre of Tennessee. Area 200 sq. m. Pop. 14,565. — III. in N.E. of Alabama. Area 600 sq. m. Pop. 7,553.— IV. in N. of Mis- sissippi. Area 800 sq. m. Po,p. 17,626.— V. in N. of Indiana. Area 440 sq. m. Pop. 1,651. —VI. in centre of Illinois. Area 384 sq. m. Pop. 1,849.— Also two townships. — I. New York, 12 m. S.W. tJtica. Pop. 2,261.-11. Michigan, 105 m. W. Detroit. Pop. 1,763. Mabshall l8i.AifDS, a small group in the Paci- fic Ocean, Mulgrave Archipekgo. Lat. 7° 30' H., Ion. 173° 30^E. Mabsham, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 2 m. S. Aylesham. Area 1,630 ac. Pop. 698. Mabshfield, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. Gloucester, 13 m. E. Bristol, Area of pa. 6,310 ac. Pop. 1,674. The town, consisting of one street, nearly 1 m. in length, has a consider- able trade in malt II. a pa., co. Monmouth, 6 m. S.S.W. Newport. Area 1,230 ac. Pop. 503. Mabshwood, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 5 m. S.W. Beaminster. Area 780 ac. Pop. 564, Maksico Ntrovo, an episcopal city of Naples, prov. Basilicata, 18 m. S. Potenza. Pop. 7,400.— Marsico Vetere, ancient Abellinum Mariicum,iB a, town, 4 m. E.S.E. Marsico Nuovo. Pop, 3,000. 9 MAR Mabsisliana, a vill. of Tuscany, prov and 19 m. 8.E. Grosseto, on the Albegna. Fop. 2,000. Mabbillaboxies, acomm. & town of France, den. Herault, 16 m. E.N.E. Montpellier. Pop. 3,429. Mabsivan, or Mabsotan, a large vill. of Asia Minor, pash. Sivas, sanj. and 24 m. W.N.AV. Amasia, in a wide undulating plain. It is stated to comprise 6,000 houses, of which 1,000 are in- habited by Armenians, and it has many mosques and fountains, and some manufs. of cotton stuffs. Marsk, two pas. of Engl., co. York, N. Riding, 4J ra. W. Richmond. Area 6,220 ac. Pop. 274. Ann. rev. of charities (1821) 88i.— II. if m. N.N.E. Guisborough. Area 3,500 ac. Pop. 1,177. The church, on a cliff, serves as a seamark. Mabstal, a seaport town of Denmark, duchy Schleswig, on the E. coast of the island jEroe, m the Baltic. Pop. 2,100. Mabston, numerous pas. of England. — I. co. Lincoln, 5 m. N.N.W. Grantham. Area 2,430 ac. Pop. 434.— II. CO. & 1| m. N.N.E. Oxford. Area 1,290 ac. Pop. 396 III. (Sigott), co. Somerset, 3 m. S.W. Frome. Area 2,000 ac. Pop. 634.— IV. (Magna), same co., 4f m. N.N.E. Yeovil. Area 1,320 ac. Pop. 357 V. (On Dove), co. and 8^ m. W.S.W. Derby. Area 4,310 ac. Pop. 1,177. —VI. (Fleet), CO. Bucks, 3J m. W.N.W. Ayles- bury. Area 930 ac. Pop. 38.— VII. (St Law- rence), CO. Northampton, 5 m. N.W. Brackley. Area 1,230 ac. Pop, 640.— VIII. (Long), co. York, 5i m. N.N.E. Tadoaster. Area 4,260 ac. Pop. 649.— IX. (North), co. Bucks, 3 m. S. Wins- low. Area 1,910 ac. Pop. 619.— X. (Priors), CO. Warwick, 5 m. S.E. Sontham. Area 3,630 ac. Pop. 701^X1. (Maisei/), co. Wilts, 3 m. N.E. Cricklade. Area 1,810 ac. Pop. 245— XII. (Montgomery), co. & 15i m. W.N.W. Derby. Area 3,150 ac. Pop. 477.— XIII. (Moretaine), co. Beds, 3} m. N.W. Ampthill. Area 4,500 ac— XIV. (Sicca), CO. Gloucester, 6 m. N. Chip- ping-Campden. Area 1,680 ac. Pop. 337.— XV. (Trussel), co. Northampton, 3 m. W.S.W. Mar- ket-Harborough. Area 1,640 ac. Pop. 236. Marstotv, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 4J m. S.W. Ross. Area 810 ac. Pop. 139. Maestband, a seaport town of W. Sweden, laen & 20 m. N.W. Gothenburg, on an isl. in the Kattegat. Pop. 1,200. It has a harbour defended by 2 forts, and a bomb-proof castle. Majbswobth, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 2| m. S.W. Ivinghoe, & 2 m. N. the Tring station, Lon- don & North Western railw. Ac. 880. P. 484. Mabtaban, a frontier town of the Burmese dom., cap. prov., on the Saluen river, near its mouth, 10 m. N.W. Maulmain. Lat, 16° 32' N,, Ion, 97° 36' E, It stands on a declivity, and is enclosed by a stockade, built of wood. It has several conspicuous temples, and beside the river is a battery of masonry ; but Maulmain has suc- ceeded to most of its former commerce. Mabtaban (Ghlf of), an inlet of the Bay of Bengal, between lat. 14° & 17° N., and Ion. 94° & 98° E., having N. the Burmese dom., E. the Brit. Tenasserim provs. It receives the Irrawadi, Se- tang, and Saluen rivers ; and on its E. coast is the town Amherst. Martano, a town of S, Italy, Naples, prov. & 12 m. W.N.W. Otranto. Pop. 2,500. Mabtbe-Khah-Ka-Tanda, a town of Scinde, near the Indus, 16 m. S.W, Khyrpoor, It has a brisk trade with Marwar, chiefly in cottons, to the amount of 4,000^,, and other articles of the value of 6,000?,, annually, Mabtei,, a oomm, & town of France, dep. Lot, cap, cant,, 35 m. N,N.E, Cahors, Pop, 1,776. Mabtha (Santa), [Santa Mabtha,^, 1138.] MAK 840 MAR Ma-Btha's ViNETiBD, an isl., TJ. Si, N. Amer., lies off the S. shore of Massachusetts, W.N.W. of Nantucket island. It is 21 m. in length, & con- tains 3 towns, Edgartown being the cap. Soil poor ; pop. chiefly employed in fisheries. Martham, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 9 m. N.N.TV. Yarmouth. Area 3,360 ac. Pop. 1,032. Mabthalen, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. & 18 m. N.N.E. Ziirioh, near the Bhine. Pop. 1,140. Mabthon, a coram. & town of France, dep. Charente, 14 m. E.S.E. Angoulgme. Pop. 624. It has remains of fortifications. Mannfs. of wool- lens, iron mines in its vicinity, & 12 annual fairs. Maetic, a tnshp. of U. S., N. America, Penn- sylvania, 10 m. S. Lancaster. Pop. 2,453. Mabtignako, a vill. of Austrian Italy, deleg. & 19 m. E.S.E. Cremona, on the Po. Pop. 1,450. —II. Naples, prov. Otranto, 9 m. S.S.E. Lecce. MABTiGNfi-BEiAND, 3, comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, 16 m. W. Saumnr. Pop. 2,186. — M. Ferchaudis a comm. & vill., dep. nie-et-Vilaine, 21 S.S.W. Vitr^. Pop. 3,586. MABTiaNV, La Vilie, Martiniacum, a town of Switzerland, cant. VaJais, 17 m. W.S.W. Sion, on *. b. of the Drance. Pop. 1,000.— M.-le-Bourg is a mkt. town, J m. S. of Martigny. Pop. 2,457. Maetisoes, a comm. & town of France, dep. B.-du-Khdne, cap. cant., arr. & 21 m. S.W. Aix, near the Etang de Berre. Pop. (1846) 5,412. It has extens. fisheries in the lake, & boat-building. Mabtis, several pas., &c., of England. — ^I. co. Lincoln, 2} m. S.S.W. Homcastle. Area 730 ac. Pop. 58.— II. CO. York, W. Hiding, 5^ m. W.S.W. Skipton. Area 2,310 ac Pop. 381.— III. co. Wilts, 4J m. N.N.E. Cranbourne. Area 5,090 ac. Pop. 582.— IV. (Hussingtree), co. Worcester, 3 m. S.S.W. Droitwich. Area 1,290 ac. Pop. 237. — v. a hamlet, co. Lincoln, pa. Timberland, 9J m. N.N.E. Sleaford. Pop. 926. Maetik, a CO., XJ. S., N. America, in E. part of N. Carolina. Area 48 sq. m. Pop. 7,837.-11. In S. of Indiana. Area 300 sq. m. Pop. 38,750. — III. Saint Martin's, a pa. in S. of Louisiana. Area 850 sq. m. Pop. 8,674. Maetik (St), one of the W. India islands, the N. part belonging to the French, and the S. to the Dutch, between Angnilla and St Bartholo- mew. Lat. of Marigot town (French) 18° 4' N., Ion. 63° 10' W. Area about 30 sq. m. Pop. of French portion (1841) 3,869; do. of Dutch portion (1847) 2,691. Surface hilly; climate tolerably healthy. It is well watered, and in its S. part are some lagoons from which the Dutch obtain large quantities of salt. Of the French portion, about l-3dpart is under culture. Chief products, sugar and mm. Many cattle are rear- ed. The S. part is less fertile and wooded ; prin- cipal products, sugar, rum and salt; which is exported to the neighbouring islands and to N. America. It was first colonized by the Spaniards, who abandoned it in 1650 : it has been repeatedly taken by the English, and most of the white pop. are of English descent. Maetin (St), one of the Scilly islands, off the W. coast of Cornwall. Area 720 ac. Pop. 214. — II. an island off the W. coast of Patagonia, S. Madre de Dios. Lat. 50° M/ S., Ion. 75° 26' W. — III. a pa. of the U. S., N. America, Louisiana, on the Atchafalaya, Area 850 sq. m. Fop. 8,674 St Martin's Keys, Florida, are in the Gulf of Mexico. Lat. 28° 42' N., Ion. 83° 30' W. Maetrt (St), several pas. of England. — ^I. co. Cornwall, IJm. N.N.E. Looe. Area 3,060 ac. P. 476 — II. same co., 5i m. E.S.E. Helstone. Area 2,550 ac. Pop. 565 III. co. Salop, 5\ m. W.N.W.Ellesmere. Area4,380ac. Pop.2,200, employed in coal-working. — IV. co. Northamp- ton, i m. S.E. Stamford. Area 2,170 ac. Pop. 1,443. Burghley house (Marquis of Exeter) is in this parish. Mabtin (St), a pa. of Scotl., co. Perth, on the Tay, N.E. Scone. Pop. 1,071, partly employed in manufacturing coarse linens. Here are the remains of several Dmidical temples. — II. a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. and 3 m. S.E. Kilkenny. Area 783 ac. Pop. 306. Maetin (St), numerous comms. & small towns, &c., of France. — L (aux Buneaax), dep. Seine- Inf., close to the English Channel, arrond. Yvetot Pop. 1,700. — II. (d! Auxigny), depi Cher, cap. cant., on the Monlon, arrond. Bonrges. Pop. 1,760. — III. {de Bithisy), dep. Oise, arrond. Sen- lis. Pop. 1,460. — ^IV. {de Caurtis'ols), dep. Mame, 7 m. E.N.E. Chalons-sur-Marne. Pop. 1^960. — V. {de Zandelle), dep. Manche, 15 m. S.W. Mortain. Pop. 2,000.— VI. {de QueyrOres), dep. H. Alps, on the Durance, 5 m. S.S.W. Briraijon. Pop. 1,350 VII. {delle),iep. Charente-Inf.,cap. cant., 11 m. N.N. W. La Rochelle, on the E. coast of the isl. K^ in the Atlantic, having a good port and roadstead, citadel, arsenal, hospital, prison, and 2,107 inhabitants, who trade in wine, spirits, vinegar, and salt. — VIII. {de Sallen), dep.Cd- vados, arrond. Caen. Pop. 1,400 IX. {de Seig- naux), dep. Landes, 20 m. S.W. Dax. Pop. 2,170. —X. {de Soulan), dep. AriSge, 6 m. S.E. St Gi- rons. Pop. 1,830. — XL {des Traux), dep. Loire, 17 m. N.W. Koanne. Pop. 2,500.— Xn. (de Toumon), dep. Indre, cap. cant., ontheCrense, 34m.W.S.W. Chateanronx. Pop. 1,500 Xin. {de Yalamaa), dep. Ard&he, cap. cant., 17 m. N.W. Privas. Pop. 1,973.— XIV. {du Mrnit), dep. Am, 8 m. S.E. BOnrg. Pop. 1,726.— XV. ((f Uriage), dep. Isere, 7 m. S.E. Grenoble. Pop. 2,591.— XVI. {du Vieux BeUhne), dep. Ome, ar- rond. Mortagne. Pop. 3,012.— XVII. {en Haul), dep. BhSne, 14 m. S.W. Lyon. Pop. 1,800.— XVIII. {is Vignes), dep. Aube, arr. Troyes, well built, with pleasant suburbs. P. 2,864, who mannf. woollen hosiery. — XIX. {la Sa^we^, dep. Loire, 17 m. S.W. Roanne. Pop. 1,500.— XX. (leBeau), dep. Indre-et-Loire, near the Cher, arrond. Tours. Pop. 1,345.— XXI. {en Bresse), dep. Saone-et- Loire, cap. cant., arrond. Chalons. Pop. 1,814.^ XXII. {de Londres), dep. Herault, cap. cant., ar- rond. Montpellier. Pop. 1,143.- XXIII. {de Valgalgues), dep. Gard, cap. cant, 3 m. N. Alais. Pop. 925. — XXIV. {Yalmeroux), dep. Cantal, arrond. Mauriac. Pop. 1,640. — The CanaX of St Martin, dep. Seine, forms a branch of the canal de I'Ouroq, and crosses the N.E. portion of Paris, Mabtina, a town of Naples, prov. Otranto, cap. cant., 19 m. N.N.B. Taranto. Pop. 4,000. Maetinengo, a walled town of Austrian Italy, prov. and 10 m. S.S.E. Bergamo. Pop. 3,600. Maetinhoe, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 9J m. N.E. Ilfracombe. Area 2,990 ac. Pop. 236. MAKTiiriQDE (La), one of the French W. India isls., in the windward group, betw. lat. 14° 24'& 14° 63' N., & Ion. 60° 50' & 61° 18' W. P. (1841) 117,906. It is mountainous, and contains several extinct volcanoes ; the numerous small rivers are used to turn sugar-mills. About l-4th of the sur- face is covered with dense forests. Soil fertile, but only l-6th of the superficies is cultivated. Chief products, sugar, coffee, and cacao. This island, called by the natives Madiana, was dis- covered by the Spaniards in 1493. The French founded a colony on it in 1636. It was taken by the English in 1762, but resigned in 1763; they again occupied it from 1794 to 1809, and it was finally given up to France in 1814. The cap. of MAK 841 MAU the colony is Fort Royal, but St Pierre is the moat populous town and the centre of commerce. Mabtinsbebo (Hung. Szeni Marion), a mar- Ket town of W. Hungary, eo. and 12 m. S.E. Baab, with an ancient Benedictine abbey, found- ed by Stephen i. of Hungary. Pop. 1,893. Mabtinsbubo, a township of fiie U. S., N. America, New York, 20 m. N.N.W. Booneville. -Pop. 2,272.-11. a vill., Virginia, 21 m. N.W. Har- pers-Ferry. Pop. 1,700. It has a court-house, a jail, and two academies. Mabtihsthobpe, a pa. of Engl., co. Rutland, 8J m. N. Uppingham. Area 580 ac. Pop. 8. Mabtibano, a town of Naples, prov. CaJab. Dlt., cap. cant., 8 m. N. Nicastro. Pop. 2,106. Mabtizat, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Indre, arrond. Le Blanc. Pop. 1,932. Mabtlesham, a pa. of Kngland, co. SulSbOc, l|m. S.S.W.Woodbridge. Area2,160ac. Pop. 510. Mabtletwt, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 6 m. E.S.E. Haverford-TV'est. Pop. 846. Martlet, a pa. of Engl., co. & 6| m. 'W.N.'W. Worcester. Area 4,340 ac. Pop. 1,354. Mabtock, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, on the Parret, 6^ m. W.N.W. Yeovil. Area of pa. 6,930 ac. Pop. 3,025. Mabtola Mabiam, a town of Abyssinia, state Amhara, on a hill, lat. 10° 51' N., Ion. 37° 48' £., and having remains of a fine church. Mabtoh, several pas., &c., of Engl. — I. co. Lincoln, 5 m. S.S.E. Gainsborough. Area 1,310 ac. Pop. 623. — n. CO. Warwick, 5 m. S.E. Southam. Area 910 ac. Pop. 324. — III. co. York, N. Biding, 5J m. N. Stokesley. Area 3,430 ac. Pop. 410. Captain Cook, the famous navigator, was bom here in 1728. — IV. {With Moxby), same CO. and Riding, 4| m. E.S.E. Easingwold. Area 2,370 ac Pop. 173. — V. (LongffCO. Westmoreland, 3 m. N.N.W. Appleby. Area 3,200 ac. Pop. 804.— VI. {With Grafton), CO. York,W. Riding, 3 m.S.S.E.Alderborough. Area 2,030 ac. Pop. 514. — ^VII. atnshp., co. Ches- ter, pa. White-Gate, 4J m. S.S.W. Northwich. Pop. 675 VHL a chapelry, co. Lancaster, pa. PonltOD, 7 m. W.N.W. Kirkham. Pop. 1,562. Mabtos (Szebt), several viUs. of Hungary. — L CO. Thurocz, on an affl. of the Waag, 23 m. N. Eremnitz. It has a Roman Catholic church, a synagogue, breweries, and 6 large annual fairs. — II. CO. and 12 m. S.W. Oedenburg. — III. co. and 37 m. S. Pestn. Pop. 2,304.— IV. (or Martins- ierg),eo. and 12 m. S.£. Raab. — V. co. Szabolcs, onl. b. of the Theiss, 62 miles N.E. Debreczin. Mabtobel, a town of Sp^, CataloniEi, prov. and 12 m. N.W. Barcelona, on the Llobregat, with a bridge and triumphal arch of Roman con- struction. Pop. 3,106. Mabtobt (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. H.-Garonne, cap. cant., on 1, b. of the Ga- ronne, 11 miles E.N.E. St Gandens. Pop. 1,200. Mabtos-v-Fcensamta, a town of Spain, prov. and 16 m. W.S.W. Jaen. Pop. (1846) 11,072. It stands on a steep declivity, surmounted by a min- ed castle, and has several churches and an bos- pit^. It is cbleijy noted for its mineral waters. Mabtbes, several comms. and mkt. towns of France.— I. dep. H.-Garonne, 24 m. S.W. Muret. Pop. 1,650.-11. {de Veyre), dep. Puv-de-D6me, 8 miles S.E. Clermont. Pop. 1,929. Mabtao, a fortified town of Portugal, prov. Alem-tejo, on the Spanish frontier, 11 m. N.E. Portalegre, with a citadel and extensive cisterns. Pop. 1,300. — II. a town of Brazil, prov. Piauhy, on the Marvao, 150 m. N.E. Oeiras. Pop. 3,000. Makvejols, a comm. and town of France, dep. Lozfere, on rt. b. of the Coulagues, 10 m. W.N.W. Mende. Pop. 3,879. It has manuf^. of serges. Mabvillb, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Meuse, 6 m, S.E. Montmedy, with 1,263 inhabs. Mabwab, a state of Hindostan. [Joudpoob.] Mabwood, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 3 m. N.N.W. Barnstaple. Area 2,600 ac. Pop. 1,012. Marv (St), a co., U. S., N. Amer., in S.W. of Maryland. Area 200 sq. m. Pop. 13,224.-11. a pa. in S. of Louisiana. Area 870 sq. m. Pop. 8,960.-111. {Strait), forms the outlet of Lake Superior, and connects that lake with Lake Hu- ron, it contains 4 large & several smaller isls ; the navigation is difficult, and interrupted by rapids — IV. a river in Georgia and Florida ; also a riv. and lake in Ohio, and a river in Nova Scotia. Mabt (St), several pas. of Engl, and Wales. — I. CO. Kent, 2J m. N. New Romney. Area 1,630 ac. Pop. 129— II. CO. Suffolk, 4J m. S.E. Had- leigh. Area 1,210 ac. Pop. 603.— III. {Church), CO. Devon, 1^ m. N. Torbay. Area 2,310 ac. Pop. 1,668.— IV. {Church), S. Wales, co. Glamor- gan, 2 m. S.E. Cowbridge. Pop. 154. The mutton of this pa. is in high repute. — V. {Hill), same co., 4 m. N.W. Cowbridge. Pop. 268. — VI. (Weston), co. & adjoining the town of South- ampton. Area 2,040 ac. Pop. 1,340. — St Mary's Isle is a peninsula of Scotl., on the Dee, stewartry and pa. Kirkcudbright; and St Mary's Loch, is a fine lake, co. and 13 m. W.S.W. Selkirk. Length 16 m. ; breadth 1 m. At its E. end it gives efflux to Yarrow water. [Makib (St).] Mabtampol, a smalltown of Austrian Galicia, on 1. b. of the Dniester, 11 m. N.E. Stanislawow. Maryborough, a bor. and town of Ireland, Leinster, cap. Queen's co., on an affl. of the Barrow, with a station on the Great S. and W. railway, 10 m. S.S.W. Portarlington, and 53i m. S.W. Dublin. Pop. 3,633. Markets, Thursday Maetbtjegh, a vill. of Scotland, co. Inverness, pa. Kilmalie, on Loch Eil, at the mouth of the Lochy, immediately S.W. Fort William. It has a large herring fishery. Two m. distant is the ancient castle of Inverlochy, the seat of Banquo, progenitor of the royal house of Stuart. Mabtculteb, a pa. of Scotl., co. Kincardine, on S. bank of the Dee, 8 m. S.W. Aberdeen. Pop. 991. It has a Roman Catholic college for divinity students, the average number of whomisabout40. Maevkibk, or Abebluthnet, a pa. of Scotl., CO. Kincardine, S. Fordoun. Ac. 7,591. Pop. 1,273, of whom 967 were in the vill. Luthermuir. Maetland, one of the U. States, N. Amer., be- tween lat. 38° & 39° 44' N., & Ion. 76° 10' & 79° 20' W., surrounded landward by Delaware, Penn- svlvania, Virginia, and Columbia district. Area 13,969 sq. m. Pop. (1850) 683,035. It is divided by Chesapeake Bay into the " E. & W. shores," both of which are level near the sea, but the latter rises W.ward into a hilly region. Principal rivs. the Potomac and Susquehanna. Staple products are tobacco (21,916,000 lbs. in 1841), large quan- tities of wheat, maize and oats, cotton, hemp, flax, fraits, and live stock. Coal, iron, & other mineral products are abundant. The state had, m 1840, 8 railways, aggregate length 273J m., completed at a cost of 23 million dollars. The Chesapeake and Ohio canal, and Baltimore and Ohio railway, two of the most extensive works in the union, are partly in this state. Value of imports (1843) 3,917,760 dollars; of exports 5,133,166 do. Public revenue 272,119 dol. It is divided into 20 cos., and sends 8 representatives to Congress. Principal towns, Annapolis, the cap., Baltunore the chief port, and Frederick- town. This state was first colonised in 1634 bj MAR 842 MAS Lord Baltimore and other Roman Catholics; which sect are still numerous. — II. a tnshp., New York, 66 m. N.N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,085. Mabtiebone, or St Mabtlbbone, a pari. bor. & pa. of £ngl., CO. Middlesex, forming the N.W. quarter of the metropolis, having E. the bor. of Finsbury, and S. Westminster, on which side Oxford Street forms its boundary. Area of pa. 1,490 ae. Pop. 138,164. Area of pari, bor., which comprises Paddington, &c., 5,310 ac. Pop. 287,465. The bor. consists mostly of elegant streets, very regularly laid out, and inhabited by many wealthy private families ; and it comprises the Regent's Park, Portland Place, the upper part of Regent Street, Cavendish, Portman, Manchester, and Fitzroy Squares ; the new and splendid quarter between the Regent's and Hyde Parks, the Colosseum, Princess's theatre, Middle- sex hospital, the terminus of the Great Western railway, and several handsome churches. Since the Reform Act it has sent 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 16,812. Maktpokt, a seaport town of Engl., co. Cum- berland, pa. Cross-Cannaby, on the Ellen, at its mouth in the Irish Sea, connected by railway, & 26 m. W.S.W. Carlisle, and 12 m. N.N.E. White- haven. Pop. 6,311. It is well built ; has yards for ship-building, some manufs. of cottons, and large exports of coal to Scotland and Ireland. Customs rev. (1846) 7,764?. Reg. shipping 122 vessels ; aggregate burden 15,416 tons. The harbour dries at low water. Mart's (St), the largest of the Scilly isls., off the W. coa.st of Cornwall, 2 J m. in length, by IJ m. in breadth. Pop. 1,545. It has some fertile ravines and a petty town. Maetstow, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 6J m. N.N.W. Tavistock. Area 1,340 ac. Pop. 574. Mabt-Tavt, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 4 tn, N.E.Tavistock. Area 3,960 ac. Pop. 1,652. Maevton, a pa. of Scotl., co. Forfar, on the N. Sea, immediately N. Montrose. Area 2,180 ac. Pop. 452. Marzaho, a town of Naples, prov. T. di La- voro, dist. and 24 m. E.N.E. Gaeta. Pop. 1,400. Mas (Le), a comm. & small town of France. — I. (ic M. Agenais), dep. Lot-et-Garonne, cap. cant., on the Garonne, 7 m. W.N.W.Marmande. Pop. 1,416. — II. (M. de Azil), dep. Ariege, 12 m. W.S. W. Pamiers. Pop. 1,690.— Mas de las Ma- tas is a town of Spain, prov. Teruel. Pop. 1,809. MAs-A-ruBBA, a rocky isl., Pacific O., belong- ing to Chile, 110 m. W. the isl. Juan Fernandez, and rising to 2,300 feet above the ocean. Lat. 33° 49' S., Ion. 80° 54' 30' W. It is about 10 m. in circ, wooded and uninhabited. — Mas a Tierra is a name of the island Juan Feenand-ez. Masaya, a town of Centr. Amer., state & 40 m. N.W. Nicaragua, cap. dep., at the foot of the vol- cano of Masaya. Pop. 13,000 (?), wholly Indians. Masbate, one of the Philippine islands, E. Ar- chipelago, S. of Luzon, & W. of Samar. Length, E. to W., about 70 m., average breadth 20 m. Here are the ports Barreras and Catayngan. Masborouqh, a vill. of Engl., with a station on the Midland railway. [Rothebham.] Masoal, or Masoallt, an island of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, dist. Chittagong, in the Bay of Bengal, near the coast, 42 m. S.S.E. Islamabad. It is thinly peopled and ill-cultivated, its prinoip. products being turtles and oysters. Masoali, a seaport town of Sicily, intend, and 18 m. N.N.E. Catania, near the foot of Mount .iEtna. Pop. 4,000. It is decaying, while its out- ports, Giarre and Riposto, are rising in import- ance ; but it has an active fishery, and trade in wine, lime, corn, timber, fruit, and lava. Maseali has some curious Saracenic & other antiquities. Mascalucia, a town of Sicily, intend. & S m. N. Catania, cap. cant., on the E. declivity of Mt. JEtna. Pop. 2,000. It suffered severely from an earthquake in 1818. Mascara, Victoria, a town of Algeria, prov. and 45 m. S.B. Qran. Pop. 2,481 (751 Europeans). It was the residence of Abd-el-Kader ; was taken and ruined by the French in 1835 ; afterwards ceded to Abd-el-Kader, and again occupied in 1841. It gave its name to the W. prov. of Al- giers, called also Tlemeoen, and now Oran. Mascarene Isles, a collective name of the islands Bourbon, Mauritius, & Rodriguez, in the Indian O., so called from the Portuguese Masca- renhas, who discovered Bourbon in 1645. Mascat, or Masoati, Arabia. [Muscat.] Masham, a mkt. town & pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Riding, on the Ure, 16 m. S.S.E. Richmond. Area of pa. 22,940 ac. Pop. 2,974 ; do. of tnshp., 1,318. It is pleasantly situated, and has manufs. of woollen yarns and flax, and of a kind of soft cheese, in high repute. Market, Wednesday. Mashbury, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 5} m. N.W. Chelmsford. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 86. Mashow, or Massao, a town of S. Africa, Be- chuana country, about IIS m. N.E. Lattakoo. Pop. 10,000. (?) Masi, a vill. of Austrian Italy, deleg. & 28 m. S.W. Padua, on the Adige. Pop. 2,220. Mason, a CO., U. S., N. America, in W. of Vir- ginia. Area 876 sq. m. Pop. 6,777.— II. a co. in N. of Kentucky. Area 260 sq. m. Pop. 15,719. Masovia, the name of a formerjalat. of Po- land, since named the prov. Warsaw. Massa, a walled town of N. Italy, grand duchy and 63 m. S.S.W. Tuscany. Pop. 1,400. Massachusetts, one of the U. S. of N. Amer., in the E. part of the Union, having E. and S.E, the Atlantic, and landward the states New Hamp- shire, Vermont, New York, Connecticut, & Rhodei Island. Area 7,800 sq. m. Pop. (1860) 994,499. Surface descends progressively from the W. to the sea, where it terminates in the peninsula Cape Cod : the state comprises the isls. Nantucket, & Martha's Vineyard in the Atlantic. Principal rivers, the Connecticut, Merrimac, & Pawtncket. Soil not very fertile, and though in many parts well cultivated, less com is raised than is required for home consumption ; it is accordingly imported from New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, & the S. states, from which latter also large quantities of cotton are received. In manufs. Massachu- setts is scarcely behind New York. Cotton goods are manufactured at Lowell, &c. ; their value in 1840 was estimated at 16,563,423 dolls. ; woollen goods in the same year to 7,082,898 dolls., and boots and shoes, iron wares, leather, paper, hats, oil, and muskets, are extensively produced. Beg. shipping in 1840, amounted to 545,900 tons, be- ing more than that of any other state. Value of exports (1843) 6,485,307 dollars ; do of imports 16,789,452 dolls. Cured fish & other provisions are articles of large export from Boston, the principal port. In 1847, the state contained 17 railways, aggregate length completed 698 miles, at a cost of 25,889,591 dolls., then: chief centres being Boston and Worcester. Public revenue (1848) 500,331 dolls. This state is divided into 14 COS., & sends 12 represens. to Congress. Prinoip, cities and towns, Boston the cap., Newbury Port, Lowell, Plymouth, Barnstable, Northampton, & Worcester. There are 3 colleges, and 2 theo- logical seminaries, and the state schools are on a large and well conducted principle. The govern- MAS 843 MAT ment of the state consists of a governor, lieut.- govemor, senate (40), and representatives chosen annuall;. The Plymouth colony was first settled by the Puritans in 1620, and Salem, Charleston, and Boston, in 162&-30. — Massachusetts' Bag is comprised between Cape Ann and Cape Cod, length 40 miles, breadth 20 miles. MASsA.cinccoLt, a small lake & vill. of Central Italy, duchy and 8 m. W. Lucca, the lalte 2,^ m. in length, discharging its waters into the Moutero. Massacsg iS.and, Pacific Ocean. [JIaouna.] Massa. Ducale, or IMassa di Cabraka, an episcopal city of N. Italy, 58 m. S.W. Hodena, near the Frigido, 2 m. from its mouth, in the Gulf of Grenoa. Pop. (1844) 7,000. Chief edifices, a fine palace, a modern cathedral, & an old castle. It has mannfs. of silks, & trade in the fine marble of its vicinity. It was formerly cap. of the duchy of Afasse-CtoTara,astateintheS.W. ofModena, composed of the duchy of Massa, and the princi- pality Carrara. This small state was given to the archduchess Maria Beatrice in 1 814, and reunited, to Modena on her death in 1829. — Massa Mari- tuna, or M.-di-Maremma, is an episcopal town of Tuscany, prov. & 29 m. S.W. Siena. Pop. 2,840. Massatba, a town of Naples, prov. Otranto, dist. and 10 m. N.W. Taranto. Pop. 6,600. Mtgg* LoMBABDA, a town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., prov. and 29 m. S.S.E. Ferrara. Pop. 4,370. Massa-Lubbense, a town of Naples, prov. & 9 m.S.W. Castelamare, on the Mediterr. P. 6,600. Massabooht, or Mazabuhi, a river of British Guiana, which has been explored upwards for sd)oat 400 m., thongh its navigation is interrupted by numerous rapids. It flows from near lat. 4=" 30' N., and Ion. 60° W., very circnitously through a mntnous. country, and then joins N.E. to the Cnyimi, and enters the estuary of the Essequibo. Massa Supeeioee, a town of Austr. Italy, 24 m.W.8.W. Rovigo, cap. dist., on the Po. P. 2,300. Massat, a comm. and town of France, dep. Ariege, cap. cant^ 12 m. S.E. St Gkons. P. 1,000. Massat, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Cher, 19 m. W.N.W. Bourges. Pop. 1,136. MAssEDiiA, a tnshp., U. S. of N. America, New York, CO. and near the St Lawrence. Pop. 2,726. Hasseba, an island oS the S.E. coast of Ara^ bia, Oman, in the Arabian sea, lat. 20° 30' N., Ion. 59° E. Lengfli 40 m., average breadth 16 m. Masseeano, a town of Piedmont, div. Turin, prov. and 8 m. N.E. Biella. P. of comm. 3,441. Mabseobe, a comm. and town of France, dep. Gers, 11 m. S.E. Marmande, on the Gers. Pop. 2,010. It has mannls. of blankets & horse-cloths, with an active traffic in mules exported to Spain. Massevacx (Germ. Matmiingter), a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Ehin, cap. cant., 11 m. N.N.E. Belfort. Pop. 2,679. Massiac, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cantal, cap. cant., 15 m. N.N.E. St Flour, on the Alagon. Pop. 2,200. Massihos, a vill., U. S. of N. America, Ohio, 98 m. N.E. Columbus. Pop. 1,422. Massinsham, two pas. of Engl., co. Norfolk. — I. (.Great), 7 m. N.W. Liteham. Area 4,390 ac. Pop. 905 IL (Little), 8 m. "W.N.W. Liteham. Area 2,240 ac. Pop. 162. Massiou, a vill. of Spain, Catalonia, with a sta- tion on the railway between Barcelona & Mataro. Massoijah, or Massowah, the principal seaport town of Abyssinia, on a small sterile island in the Red Sea. Lat. 15° 36' N., Ion. 39° 21' E. Pop. of island estimated at 4,000. An active import trade with the Arabian ports and Bom- bay is here carried on. Chief imports, corn, maize, rice, cotton stnfis, silks, muslins, cotton wool, glass wares, cutlery, arms, hardwares, ele- phants' teeth, spices, coral, wines, spirits. The Arab vessels trading hither pay a certain im- port annually, and European vessels an unfixed amount of duty. Massow, a walled town of Pruss. Pomerania, reg. and 22 m. E.N.E. Stettin. Pop. 2,110. Mastuch, a town of Central Asia, cap. Chitral. Lat. 36° 12' N., Ion. 72° 31' E. It has some trade with Yai'kand and Afghanistan. Mastuea, a town of Arabia, Hedjaz, near the Red Sea, 140 m. S.S.W. Medina. Mastbe (La), a comm. and market town of France, dep. ArdSche, arrond. and 14 m. S.W. Tournon, on the Doux. Pop. 2,432. Masolipatam, a dist. of British India, presid. Madras, having E. the Bay of Bengal, and land- ward the dists. Guntoor and Rajahmundry, and the Hyderabad dom. Area 4,810 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 332,039. The Kistnah river bounds it S.E., and Lake Colair is in its centre. Land rev. (1837) 94,497/., total rev. 137,202/. Prin- cipal towns, Masulipatam, EUore, and Chicacole. — Masulipatam, the cap., on the Coromandel coast, is 220 m. N.N.E. Madras. The fort is surrounded by a salt morass, communicating by a canal with the Kistnah and the sea. The town, li m. N.W., is large, and has long been famous for its chintz manufs. Its trade has lat- terly declined, but it still exports goods to Cal- cutta, W. Hindostan, and the Persian Gulf; its port, which is on the only part of this coast not sur- fece beaten, is accessible for vessels of 300 tons. Mata, a lake of Brazil, prov. and 170 m. S.S.W. Maranham, and giving origin to the river Codo. Length about 20 m. — II. a river of E. Africa, enters the channel of Mozambique, nearly mid- way, between the rivers of Sofala and Sena. Matagobda, a small seaport town of Texas, cap. dist., at the mouth of the Colorado, in Mata- gorda bay, 85 m. S.W. Houston. Pop. 600. It has a brisk foreign trade. The bay is an inlet of the. Gulf of Mexico, 55 m. in length, average breadth 7 m., S.W. is Matagorda island. MATAI.A (Cape), the most S. headland of Crete and of Europe. Lat. 34° 55' S., Ion. 24° 45' E. Matauobas, orMATAMOBOS, a river-port town of the Mexican confederation, dep. Tamaulipas, on the S. bank of the Rio Bravo del Norte, 40 m. from the Gulf of Mexico. Its port on the gulf consists of two harbours, the Brazo de San- tiago and the Boca del Rio, about 9 m. apart, and both obstructed by bars impassable during strong winds. Exports consist chiefly of specie, with some hides, wool, and horses ; imports, ma- nufactured goods, chiefly from Great Britain and the U. S. Customs rev. has usually been mort- gaged by the government for the payment of the Mexican army ; in 1841, it amount, to 279,627 dolls. Matan, a small island of the E. Archipelago, Philippines, immed. E. Zebu, where, in 1520, Ma- gellan was killed in a skirmish with the natives. Matakzab, a fortified seaport town of Cuba, next in commercial importance to the Havana, from which it is distant 57 m. E., in a deep bay, on the N. coast of the island. Lat. 23° C 68' N., Ion. 81° 40' W. Pop. (1845) estimated at 45,795. It is pretty well built, and has a well sheltered harbour partly enclosing the town. It has acquir- ed importance wholly within the present century, but in 1841, its exports amounted in value to 4,374,780 dollars, comprising sugar to 3,733,879 dollars, with molasses, coffee, brandy, bullion; the imports, in same year, amounting to 1,995,311 dollars, chiefly in provisions and timber. Matapan (Cape), Tcenarium Prom., the S.most MAT 844 MAT extremity of the Morea, Greece. Lat. 36° 23' N.. Ion. 22° 29' E. Maxapas, a market town of Central America, state and 65 m. E.8.E, Guatemala. Matabam, a city of Java. [Djoktokaeta.] ■ Matabieh, two vills. of Lower Egypt. — I. prov. & 20 m. S.E. Damietta, on the E. shore of Lake Menzaleh. Pop. 3,000, nearly all engaged in fish- ing. — II. prov. Ghizeh, on the site of the ancient On, or Heliopolis, 6 m. N.E. Cairo, and where, on 26th March 1800, the French, under Kleher, totally defeated the Turks. Matabo, Illuro, a marit. city of Spain, prov. & ■15i m. N.E. Barcelona. Pop. (1846) 13,010. It stands on the slope of a hill, and consists of an old & new town, the latter having 2 fine squares. It has a large pa. charch, an hospital, college, and school or navigation, manufs. of leather, cot- ton, silks, velvets, and ribands, & docks in which ship building is actively carried on. It is con- nected with Barcelona by a railway 15J m. long, opened 29th October 1848, the first in Spain. Matchikha, a mkt. town, Bussia, Don Cossack country, 76 m. E.N.E. Novockopersk. P. 2,200. Matchin, a town of European Turkey, Bul- garia, on r. b. of the Danube, 32 m. N.E. Hir- sova. It has 2 forts. Matchinb, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 12 m. W.N.W. Chelmsford. Area 2,550 ac. Pop. 687. Matelica, a town of Central Italy, Pontif. sta., deleg. & 23 m. W.S.W. Macerata, on the E. side of the Apennines. Pop. 7,270. It is enclosed by walls, and has several churches and convents, and manufs. of coarse woollen cloths. Matelles (Leb), a comm. and town of France, dep. Heranlt, cap. cant., 9 m. N.N. W. Montpellier. ' Mateo (San), a small walled town of Spain, prov. aiid 32 m. N. Castellon-de-la-Plana. — II. a town of S. Amer., Venezuela, dep. and 50 m. S.S.W. Cumana. Pop. 7,000. [Sao Matheos.] Mateha, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, cap. dist., 43 m. E. Potenza, on the Gravlna. Pop. 11,200. It is old and in decay, but has a cathedral, 3 convents, and a royal college. Hatha, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Cha- rente-Inf., 11m. S.E. St Jean d'Angely. P. 1,920. Matherw, a pa. of Engl., co. Monmouth, 2 m. S.S.W. Chepstow. Area 1,730 ac. Pop. 442. Mathied (St), a comm. and market town of France, dep. H. Vienne, cap. cant., on the Tar- doire, 8 m. S.S.W. fiocheohouart. Pop. 2,193. Mathon, a pa. of Engl., co. and 10 m. S.W. Worcester. Area 3,670 ac. Pop. 716. Mathuba, or MuTTBA, a town and place of pilgrimage in British India, presid. Bengal, Up- per provs., on the Jumna, dist. and 30 m. N.W. Agra. It is greatly venerated by Brahmins as the birthplace of Krishna, and consists chiefly of a continued street of temples, ghauts, &c., of some elegance, with several mosques, a fort, and some extensive cantonments. Mathdbin (St), a comm. and market town of France, dep. Maine- et-Loire, and on the Loire, 12 m. E.S.E. Angers. Pop. 1,660. Matignon, a comm. and town of France, dep. C6tes du Nord, 16 m. N.N.W. Dinan. P. 1,200. Matina, the principal river of Costa-Bica, Central Amer., formed by the union of the Chir- ripo and BarbUla, flows E., & enters the Caribb. Sea, near lat. 10° N., Ion. 8° 26' W. At its mouth is a vill. of same name. Matlask, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 6j m. S.E. Holt. Area 630 ac. Pop. 198. Matiook, a watering-place and pa. of Engl., CO. and 16 m. N.N.W. Derby. Area of pa. 3,960 ac. Pop. 3,782, partly employed in manufs. of cotton and in lead mines. The vill. is neatly built on the slope, and at the bottom of the nar. row and singularly picturesque vai^ of the Der- went, here crossed by a stone bridge. It has an ancient church, numerous good hotels and lodg- ing-houses, a library, mineralogical museums, & handsome baths and pump-rooms connected with hot springs, temp, about 68° Fahr. In the vi- cinity are several petrifying wells, lead mines, caverns, & picturesque woods of Matlock dale Matlock Bath & Bridge, are stas. on the Amber- gate and Rowelly branch of N. Midland railway. Mato-Gbosso, Brazil. [Matto-Gbosso.] ' Matotshkin Shab, a strait of the Arctic Ocean, extends E. and W. for 45 m. by 3 m. in breadth, and divides Novaia^Zemlia into two un- equal parts. Lat. 73° 20' N., Ion. 55° to 60° E. Matoub, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Sa6ne-et-Loire, 16 m. W. Macon. P. 2,330. Matsiov, a market town of Russia, gov. Vol- hynia, 29 m. N. Vladimir. Pop. 3,400. Matsmai, a name of the Japanese island Tesso, which see. — II. the cap. city of the island, at the mouth of a river on its S. coast, lat. 41° 32' N., Ion. 140° E. Pop. has been estimated at 60,000. It extends along the margin of an open bay, facing which is an island with a beacon shelteriog a harbour capable of receiving the largest ships. MiCtsoh, a pa. of Englandj co. and 2 m. S.E. Glo'ster. Area 450 ac. Pop. 61. Matteawam, a vill. of the IT. S., N. America', New York, on Fishkill creek, 1^ m. from Hud- son river. P. 1,800, partly empl. in fustian manufs. Matieedale, a chapelry of Engl., Co. Cumber- land, pa. Greystook, 9J m. S.W.Penrith. P. 363. Mattebhoen, a mntn. of the Alps. [Ceeviw.] Matteesdoef (Hung. Nagy-]Slart6ny), k mar- ket town of W. Hungary, co. and 10 in. W.N.W. Oedenburg. Pop. 4,092. Mattebsev, a pa> of England, co. Notts, 3J m. E.S.E. Bawtry. Area 2,210 ac: Pop. 619. Mattishall, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 12 m. W.N.W. Norwich. Area 2,100 ac. P. 1,156. Matthew (Saint), an island of the Mergui Archipelago, Further India, off the W. coast of the isthmus of Kra;w, lat. 10° N., Ion. 98° E; Length 18 m. Surface mountainous and densely wooded. On its N. side it has a large harbour. ' Matto, or Mato Gbosso, the W.most and largest prov. of Brazil, is in the centre of S. America, between lat. 7° and 24° S., and Ion; 50° and 62° W., having N. and E. the provs. Parai Goyaz, and San Paulo, S. Paraguay, and W. Bolivia and Peru. Area estimated at 426,500 sq. m., and pop. at 40,000. Its centre part is a mountain table land, giving origin to the Para- guay, Cuyaba, Gnapore, Tapajos, Xingn, & other large rivers tributary to the Amazon, La Plata, and Araguaya, and covered with dense forests, whence the prov. derives its name. Gold, dia- monds, and ipecacuanha, at present constitute almost the sole expts., & are sent down the Madei- ra & Amazon to the Brazilian ports, in exchange for the few foreign manufs. that are obtained for internal consumption. The prov. is very little explored, and numerous tribes of Indians inhabit it, who are in perpetual hostility with the settlers, and make continual incursions on the cultivated divisions. Principal towns, Cuyaba, the cap., Mato Grosso, and Villa Maria. — Mato Grosso, formerly Villa Bella, is a city in this prov^ 260 m. W.N.W. Cuyaba, on rt. b. of the Guapore, near the frontier of Bolivia. Pop. (1845) 15,000. Mathba, a small town and fort of Ceylon, near its S. extremity, 26 m. E. Point de Galle.— Jlfa- tm-atta is another maritime port, S.E. Kandy. MAT 845 MAU Matzdobf, a town of N. Hungary, co. Zips, on the Poprad, 6 m. S.W. Kesmark. Pop. 1,060. Maturiu, formerly Okinoco, the largest of the four deps. of the republic Venezuela, in the E. ; cap. Cnmana. Pop. 125,000. Climate warm and humid. Surface mostly in vast uncultivated plains, with great herds of cattle. It is divided into the provs. Cumana, Barcelona, Guiana, and Isle Margarita. MiDBAN, a town of the Philippine island Lu- zon, Asiatic Archipelago, on its E. coast, S.£. Manila. Pop. 6,000. MiDBEBT-FoNTAiNE, 3 comm. and town of FrancCjdep. Ardennes, 6m. S.W. Rooroi. P. 1,312. Madbeuqe, a comm. and fortified town of France, dep. Nord, on the Sambre, arrond. and 11 m. N. Avesnes. Fop. 3,314. It has a national &ctary of fire-arms, iron foundries, and manufs. of iron and steel goods. Maubourguet, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Pyrenees on the Adour, arrond. and 16 m. N. Tarbes. Pop. 2,310. M\DCH-CHiraK, a tnshp. of the V. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, 72 m. N.E. Harrisburg. P. 2,193. Madchline, a pa. of Scotl., co. Ayr, with a sta. on the Glasgow and Ayr railway, 8 m. S.E. Eil- mamock, on the Ayr. Area about 24 sq. m. Pop. 2,156. Pop. of vill. 1,336. It is neatly built ; has a church, several schools, public library, branch bank, mannis. of wooden snuff boxes, and numerous cotton looms. The pa. was long the residence of Bums. Mauohans (St), a pa. of England, co. and 4 m. KN .W. Monmouth. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 204. Maughold, a pa. of the Isle of Man, including the town of Kamsey. Pop. 3,680. Mauouio, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Heranlt, on railway to !^fimes, and on the lagoon Mauguio, 7 m. in length, by about 2 m. m breadth, 6 m. E. Montpellier. Pop. 1,653. MAnu>EN, a pa. of England, co. Beds, 1^ m. E. Ampthill. Area 2,574 ac. Pop. 1,330. Maole, a river of Chile, enters the Pacific, near the vill. La Constitucion, 100 m. N.E. Con- cepcion, after a W. course of 180 m., for the last few leagues of which it is navigable for small craft It gives the name to a dep. between those of Concepcion and Colchagua, with an area of 3,990 sq. m., and a pop. of 102,000 (?). Madl£on, a comm. and town of France, dep. B.-Pyrenees, cap. cant., 25 m. S.W. Pan. P. 1,350. Maul^vbieb, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, on the Moine, arr. Beaupreau. Pop. 2,080. Maulhaih, Moulmein, or Moelmyne, a sea- port town of Further India, cap. a British prov. of the Tenasserim coast, at the mouth of the Saluen river, opposite the Burmese town Marta- ban, 28 m. N.E. Amherst, lat. 16° 30' N., ion. 97° 37' E. Pop. was some years ago estimated at 10,000, and during the late Chinese war it was garrisoned by 4^000 men, including an European regiment. It was founded, in 1825, as a frontier military station, but having a good harbour, pro- tected W.ward by the island Balu, it has become a flourishing seat of commerce. Exports consist of teak-timber, rice, tobacco, stick-lac, betel- nut, ivory, cocoa nuts, and live stock. Imports are mostly European cotton goods and marine stores. Trade principally with Calcutta, Ma- dras, Bangoon, and Penang. About 15 m. dis- tant are some remarkable stalactitic caverns. Maumee, a river of the U. S., N. Amer., rises -in the N.E. part of Indiana, flows mostly N.E., and enters Lake Erie (Maumee Bay), after a course of 100 m. The Wabash and Erie canal is constructed along its banks, and at the head of its navigation is Maumee-city. Matjndvee and Maunowa, two towns of In- dia ; the former in presid. and 13 m. S.E. Bom- bay, dist. S. Concan ; the latter on the Nerbud- da, and, in 1820, stated to comprise 1,000 houses. Maunkaiba, or Momkeee, a fortified town of the Punjab, between the Jhylum & Indus rivs., 38 m. S.E. Bukkur. Lat. 31° 23' N., Ion. 71° 30' E. Maijnpoob, a fortified town of Hindostan, dom. and 53 m. E. Jeypoor. — Maunpoorah is a town, Gwalior dom., S.W. Oojein. Maunsa, a town of W. Hindostan, dom. and 82 miles N.W. Baroda. Maur (St), several comms. of France. — I. dep. Indre, 2 m. W.S.W. Chateauroux. Pop. 1,261 II. dep. Seine, arrond. and 11 m. N.E. Soeaux. with a vill., near the canal St Maur, | m. in length, mostly under ground, which shortens by 9 m. the navigation of the Marne, near Paris. Madbe (Ste), two comms. and small towns of France. — I. dep. Indre-et-Loire, cap. cant., on the Manse, 18 m. E.S.E. Chinon. Pop. 2,600. — II. dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, 17 m. N. Kedon. P. 4,000. Maubiac, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cantal, cap. cant., 36 m. W.N.W. St Flour. Pop. 2,113. It has a fine Gothic church, comm. col- lege, and trade in horses and mules. Maurice (St), a river of Lower Canada, dist. Three Rivers, rises in Lake Chawgis, lat. 48° 40' N., Ion. 74° 30' W., flows S.E., & joins the St Lawrence at Three Rivers, after a course of 200 m. AfSs., the Ribbon and Vermillion rivs. from the W. ; Windigo and Crocho from the E. It gives name to a co., and a vill. of same name. Mabbice (St), Agaunum, a town of Switzer- land, cant. Valais, on 1. b. of the Rhone, 14 m. S.E. the Lake of Geneva. Pop. 1,050. It has a council-house, an hospital, and an abbey, found- ed in the 5th century, and containing many curiosities The Bridge of St Maurice, crossing the Rhone here, unites the cantons Valais and Vaud. — II. Savoy. [Boubg St Maubioe.] Madbice (St), several comms. and viUs. of France. — I. dep. Creuse, arrond. Aubusson. Pop. 2,000. — II. dep. Puy-de-D6me, arrond. Riom. Pop. 1,540.-111. dep. Vosges, 15 m. S.E. Re- miremont. Pop. 2,023— IV. {de Zignon), dep. H. Loire, 5 m. N. Yssengeaux. Pop. 2,150. — V. (en Gourgois), dep. Loire, 15 m. S.S.E. Montbrison. Pop. 2,510. — VI. (des Noues), dop. Vendue, ar- rond. Fontenay-le-Comte. Pop. 1,280.— VII. (sur Zaire), dep. Loire, arrond. Roanne. P. 1,280. Maubice Rivee, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New Jersey, 20 m. S.E. Bridgeton. Pop. 2,143. Maubitius, or Isle of Fbanoe, an isl. of the Indian Ocean, forming a colony of Great Britain. Length 36 m.; breadth 20 m. Chief town Port Louis. Lat. of Cooper's island 20° 9' T S., Ion. 57° 31' 7" E. Area 700 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 161,920, of whom 10,000 are whites, and the re- mainder negroes and hill coolies. Coasts abrupt, surrounded by reefs ; interior mountainous, and thickly wooded ; elevation of Brabant mountain 3,000 ft., and of Peter Botte 2,600 feet. Climate healthy ; mean temp, of year (at Port Louis) 78° .7 ; winter 76° ; summer 81° .8 Fahr. The isl. is situated in the hurricane region of the In- dian Ocean, and is subject to devastating storms. Surface well watered, and soil in the valleys rather rich, producing wheat, maize, yams, and manioc, but principally sugar, which, since 1848, has, however, greatly faued from an insect attacking the canes. In 1846, 33,651 persons were em- ployed on sugar estates, of whom about 6,000 were cooly emigrants from India j and the crop MAU 816 MAY of sugnr in 1847 was estimated at upwards of 66,000 tons. In the year 1846-7, the total ex- ports to Great Britain, the Cape and Australian colonies, British India, and Bourbon, were valued at 1,569,213Z. ; and the imports, consisting of corn and provisions, cordage, British cotton manufs., India piece goods, haberdashery, k'on, linens, cattle, silks, wines and spirits, and tobacco, amounted to 1,234,600?. In 1842, 108 ships, aggre- gate burden 28,650 tons, entered Britain from the Mauritius ; and 54 do., burden 16,397 tons, cleared out of British ports for the same desti- nation. In 1843, 123 vessels, aggregate burden 12,411 tons, belonged to the colony. The govern- ment, which extends over several groups of isls. in the vicinity, is vested in a governor, legislator, and executive councils, and the orders of the sovereign in council. Public rev. (1845) 295,616?., e.xpenditure 217,929?. The isl. is subdivided into 10 districts. Principal towns. Port Louis and Mahebourg. It was discovered by the Portuguese in 1505, but was named in honour of Prince Maurice, by the Dutch, who took it in 1598. It is the scene of St Pierre's tale of Paul & Virginia. There is a packet communication monthly be- tween the island and Ceylon. Maueo (San), a small town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, cap. cant., 22 m. S.W. Matera. P. 1,100. Maukojt, a comm. and town of France, dep. Morbihan, 12 m. N.N.E. Ploermel. Pop. 3,950. Maurs, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cantal, 20 m. S."W. Aurillac. Pop. 4,736. Chief industry, curing hams and bacon, and in weaving. Maokua, or Maupiti, one of the Society Isls., Pacific Ocean. Circuit about 12 m. Mauieen, two small towns of Austria. — I. Styria, cire. and 20 m. W. Briiek, with mineral baths and iron works II. Lower Austria, on the Danube, here crossed by a bridge to Stein, 40 m. W.N.W. Vienna, and where, in 1484, Mathias of Hungary obtained a signal victory over the Aus- trians. — Mautemdorf is a mkt. town. Upper Austria, circ. and 55 miles S.E. Salzburg. Madthhausen, a mkt. town of Upper Austria, on the Danube, 3 m. N.E. £nns. — Mauthen is a vill. of Ulyria, Carinthia. Mauvezin, a comm. and town of France, dep. Gors, cap. cant., 19 m. S.E. Lectoure. P. 1,371. Mauz£, a comm. and town of France, dep. Deux-Sfevres, cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Mignon, 13 m. S.W. Niort. Pop. 1,824. Mavbo (or Maubo), Potamos, tvro rivers of Greece ^I. {AchermC), Epirus, rises S.W. Yanina, separates its sanjak from that o£J>elvino, and enters the Mediterranean, 7 m. E.S.E. Parga, after a tortuous S.W. course of 40 m. From the N. it receives the river, anciently called the Coeytus ; and both streams were, by the Greek mythologists, reputed to be rivers of hell.— II. the modern name of the Cephissus. [Boeoxia.] — Mavro-YounOf or the "black mountain,** is a triple peaked height, Epirus, elev. 1,500 feet. Mawdesibt, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Croston, 6 m. W.S.W. Chorley. Pop. 867. Mawb's (St), a disfranchised bor. and petty seaport town of Engl., co. Cornwall, pa. St Just, 8 m. S.S.E. Truro. Pop. 941. Mawoan, two pas. of Engl., co. Cornwall. — ^I. - (in Meneage), 3^ m. E.S.E. Helston. Area 5,510 ac. Pop. 1,084 II. (in-Pyder), 3i m. W.N.W. St Columb-Major. Area 6,130 ac. Pop. 749. Lanherne-house, formerly a seat of the Arundel family, is now a Carmelite nunnery. Mawnab, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 4 m. g.S.W. Falmouth. Area 2,250 ac. Pop. 582. Maxen, a vil). of Saxony, circ. and 10m. S.S.E. Dresden, with a castle and mineral baths. Fop, 666. Maxent, a comm. and vill. of France, dep, Ille-et-Vilaine, arrond. Montfort. Pop. 1,890. Maxet, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 1| m. S.S.W. Market-Deeping. Area 2,280 ac. Pop. 611. Near the vill. are Lolham Boman bridges, built across the Welland marshes. Maximin (St), a comm. and town of France, dep.Var, cap. cant., near the source of the Ar- gens, 11 m. W.N.W. Brignoles. Pop. 3,357. It is enclosed by walls, has a handsome church, a school of industry, and manufs. of woollen cloth. Near it are extensive marble quarries. Maxstoke, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 10^ m. E. Birmingham. Area 2,560 ac. Pop. 346. Here are Maxstoke castle, and ruins of a priory. Maxton, a pa. of Scotl., co. and W. Koxbnrgh, on the Tweedr Pop. 459 ; do. of vill. 278. MAXWELLTOWN„a boT. of barony of Scotland, stewartry Kirkcudbright, on the Nith, opposite the town of Dumfries, with which it communicates by 2 bridges. Pop. 3,230, chiefly Irish. The bor. has a town-house, and is governed by a provost. Mat, an islet of Scotl., at the mouth of the Firth of Forth, 6 m. E.S.E. Fife-ness, 1 m. in length, and formed of Greenstone, having a ruined priory, and alight-house, in lat. 66° 11' N., Ion. 2° 33' W., with a light, 240 feet above the sea. — II. a small river, co. Perth, tributary to the Earn. — III. a small riv. of Wales, co. Carnarvon. Mat (Le), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, 7 m. S.E. Beauprean. P. 1,065. Mataguez, a town and port of the isl. Porto- rieo, Antilles, 70 m. S.W. St Jean-de-Portorico. It was taken, in 1822, by the adventurer Ducou- dray, who attempted to estab. an indep. republic. Matbolb, a bor. of barony, town, and pa. of Scotl., 00. and 7 J m. S. Ayr, cap. dist. Carrick, Area of pa. 33} sq. m. Pop. 7,027. The town contains many good modern mansions, inter- mixed with various stately antique .buildings, in- cluding the castle, the ancient seat of the Cassilis family, called "kings of Carrick;" manufs. for Glasgow houses employ numerous hands, mostly Irish. The pa. contains the vills. of Culroy and Dunure, has fine scenery, & ruins of Crossra^uel abbey ; & Colzean castle, seat of Marq. of Aika. Matdotjkghaut, a town of India, Nizam's dom., above E. ghauts, 140 m. S.E. Hyderabad. Matew, a town of Khenish Prussia, reg. and 17 m. W. Coblentz, cap. circ, on the Nette. Pop. (1846) 4,660. It has manufs. of woollen cloth. Matencb (Germ. Mainz, anc. Mbguntiacum), a strongly fortified city of W. Germany, grand duchy H.-Darmstadt, cap. prov. Khenish Hessen, on 1. b. of the Bhine, near the influx of the Main, & liere crossed by a bridge of boats, connecting the city with its fortified suburb Castel, which is traversed by the railway from Frankfiirt to Wiesbaden Lat. (church of St Etienne, 618 feet above the sea), 49° 69' 44' N., Ion. 8° 16' 32' E. Pop. (1845) 31,346, exclusive of garrison of 8,000 Austrian and Prussian troops. Besides its ram- parts, it is defended by extensive outworlra, com- prising a citadel (commanding a splendid view), 6 forts, and a strongly fortified isl. in the river. It is antiquated and irregularly built. Principal edifices, the cathedral, built between the 10th & 12th centuries, and recently repaired; the old electoral palace, now the custom-house ; the ho. of the Teutonic order, now the residence of the military ^povernor; the former palace of the Prince-primate Dalberg, now the place of the judicial courts ; an arsenal, a new theatre. A literary club-house occupies the site of the MAT Sit MAZ house of Gutenberg, the inycntor of printing, to whom a statue in bronze has been erected. Mayence has a college, diocesan seminary, schools of medicine, and veterinary surgery ; a public Ubrary of 110,000 printed vols., among which are some of the earliest extant specimens of printing ; museums of natural history, coins, antiquities, &c. ; and though its fortifications greatly inter- fere with its river-trade, it is still the principal trading city in the grand duchy, and next to Cologne, the principal in W. Germany for the supply of Rhenish produce, haWng a consider- able trade in corn, wine, and timber, withmanufs. of tobacco, leather, soap, glue, artificial pearls, mnsic^ and pliilosopliical instruments, metallic and porcelain wares, carriages, &c., and exten- sive steam communications. In and around it are various Roman antiquities. It was taken, in 1797, by the French, under whom it was cap. of the dep. Mont-Tonnerre. It was ceded to H.-Darmstadt in 1815. Matenfeld, a town of Switzerland, cant. Grisons, cap. league of the 10 jurisdictions, near the Rhine, 11 m. N. Chur. Pop. 1,200. It is well built, and has a fertile neighbourhood Matennb, a dep. of France, in the N.W., formed of part of the old prov. Maine-et-Perche, between the deps. Sarthe, Maine-et-Loire, Lou'e-Inf., IDe-et-Vilaine, Manche, and Ome. Area 2,010 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 368,439. Chief river, tiie MAyenne. Surface generally flat; soil fertile in Uie arronds. Laval and Ch3,tean- Goutier ; sufficient com is raised for consump- tion ; the vine is cultivated to a small extent, but the wine is of inferior quahty ; cyder & perry are extensively made ; lint and hemp are grown, and the forests furnish timber for the marine. Chief industry, linen spinning and weaving. The dep. is divided into the arrs. Ch^tean-Gontier, Lavalj and Mayenne. — XL a town of France, dep. Mayenne, cap. arr., on rt. b. of the Mayenne, 17 m. N.N.E. Laval. Pop. (1846) 7,970. It has a tribunal of commerce, a comm. college, and com- merce in linens and calicoes. There are iron foundries in its vicinity. — The River Mayenne rises in the W. part of the dep. Ome, flows S. through the deps. Mayenne & Maine-et-Loire, & joins the Loiret on the rt. near Angers. Length 100 m., for the last 43 of which it is navigable. Mayet, two comms. and vills. of France. — I. dep. Sarthe, 16 m. E.N.E. La Fleche. Pop. 1,349. —II. dep, Allie.r, arrond. La Palisse. Pop. 1,811. Mayedx (St), a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Cotes-du-Nord, 12 m. N.W. Loud^ac. P. 1,630. Matfieib, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Stafford, 2} m. W.S.W. West Ashbura. Area 3,760 ac. Pop. 1,348. A lead mine has been opened here. — IL CO. Sussex, 8i m. S. Tunbridge Wells. Area 13,570 ac. Pop. 2,943. Remains of a palace, said to have been built by St Dunstan, and long a residence of the Archbishops of Canterbury, still exist ; & here Sir T. Gresham, founder of the Eoyal Exchange, lived, and kept open house. Matpield, a tnshp. of U. S., N. Amer., New York, 8 m. N.E. Johnstown. Pop. 2,615.-11. a township of Ohio, co. Cuyahoga. Pop. 857. Matiooasa, one of the Bahama Isls. Length 30 m. ; breadth 8 m. At its S.E. extremity is the vilL Mogone. — Mariguana Passage separates it from Acklin's Isl., 60 miles W. MATtAin>,a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 6 J m. S.E. Maldon. Area 1,690 ac. Pop. 200. Mainooth, a market town of Irel., Leinster, CO. Kildaro, on the Royal canal, with a station on the Irish Great Westem railway, 16 m. W.N.W. Dublin. Pop. 2,129. It has remains of a castle, formerly the chief seat of the Fitzgeralds, a large Roman Catholic chapel and convent, and the royal college of St Patrick, founded in 1796, for the education of the Roman Catholic clergy. It accommodates about 450 students, 260 of whom are maintained free. Annual gov. grant 30,000?. Carton, the demesne of the Duke of Leinster, is in the vicinity. Mato, a marit. co. of Irel., Connaught, having E. the COS. Sligo and Roscommon, S. Galway, and W. and N. the Atlantic. Area 2,131 sq. m.y or 1,363,882 ac, of which about 800,000 are waste or unimproved mountain pasture, and 66,976 under water. Inhabited houses 68,426. Pop. 388,887. Coast line fringed with cliffs and islets, and indented with innumerable inlets, of which the largest are Eillala bay. Broad haven, Black- sod, and Clew bays, and Killery harbour. Sur- face mostly mountainous, but comprising many fertile and comparatively level tracts. Principal lakes, Corrib, Mask, Conn, and Carra. Chief river, the Moy. Soil mostly light, and with the moist climate, better suited to grazing than til- lage. Chief crops, flax, oats, & potatoes. Breeds of cattle & sheep are generally improved. Estates large. Farms mostly very small, and the tenants are badly off. Average rent of land Bs. 6d. per ac. Ann. value of land (1847) 299,851?. Fish- eries are valuable, and the co. has marble and slate works. Iron ore, though plentiful, is not wrought, and manufs. of linens, formerly consi- derable, have greatly declined. The co. is di- vided into 9 baronies and 68 pas., in the dioceses of Tuam, Eillala, Achonry, and Elphin. Chief towns, Castlebar, Ballina, & Westport. It sends 2 members, to H. of C. (both for the co.). Keg. electors (1849) 1,118 II. a pa. in the above co., containing vill. from which the co. takes its name, 3 m. S.E. Ballagh. Area 11,848 ac. Pop. 4,179. Mato, one of the Cape Verd islands, Atlantic, E. of Santiago. It is about 18 m. in circ, with a rocky coast and sterile soil, its principal product being salt, from a natural lagoon. Chief port Finosa.^ — II. a river of the Mexican Confedera- tion, state Sonora, enters the Gulf of California, 100 m. S.E. Guaymas, after a S.W. course of 130 m. — III. an island, E. Archipelago, off the N. coast of Celebes, 30 m. N. Manado. Matomba, a town of S. Guinea, 120 m. N.W. Loango, at the mouth of the Mayomba in the Atlantic. It is cap. of the country Mayomba, which is rich in copper, ivory, and gum. Mavoroa, a town of Spain, prov. and 48 m. N.W. Valladolld, on the Cea. Pop. 1,790. Mavokga, a group of the Friendly Islands, Pacific, the chief of which is Varao. Mavotta, an isl., Indian Ocean. [Comoec] Matpu, a river of Chile, dep. Santiago, rises in the Andes, and after a W. course of 130 m., enters the Pacific, 40 m. S. Valparaiso. Principal affl. the Melipilla, which joins the Maypel 40 m. E. the Pacific Ocean. The course of this moun- tain stream is so impetuous, that it can only be spanned by suspension bridges. In the plain traversed by it, the republican troops, under San Martin, defeated the royalists in the year 1818. Mateena-deii-Aloob, a town of Spain, prov. and 13 m. E.N.E. Sevilla. Pop. 3,541. It has a castle, and a large horse and cattle fair. Matees, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Ar- dJche, arr. and 12 m. N.W. L'Argentiere. Pop. 2,568. Matsville, a city of the U. S., N. Amer., Kentucky, on the Ohio, 8 m. E.N.E. Frankfort. Pop. 2,741. It has a good harbour for boats. Mazaoan, a fortified seaport town of Marocooi MAZ 84 on the Atlantic, 122 m. N.W. Maroooo, at the ex- tremity of a low rocky point. It has some good fortifications, but is now mostly in ruins. Mazagono, a vill. of British India, presid. and on the island Bombay, chiefly inhabited by descendants of the Portuguese. Mazaltbnajtgo, a town of Central Amer., state and 110 m. W. Guatemala, cap. dist. Suchiltepec. Mazamet, a comm. and town of France, dep. Tarn, on 1. b. of the Arnette, 10 m. S.E. Castres. ■Pop. (1846) 6,626. It has extensive woollen weaving and cloth fabrics, and cloth fairs. Mazan, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Vau- cluse, arr. & 5 m. E. Carpentras. P. 2,572.-11. a vill., dep. Ardfeche, arrond. Largentiere. P. 1,590. Mazasdekan, a prov. of N. Persia, mostly be- :tween lat. 36° and 37° N., and Ion. 50° and 54° E., having E. Khorassan, S. Irak-Ajemi, E. Ghilan, and N. the Caspian Sea. Estimated area 10,000 sq. m., and pop. 160,000. The lofty and densely wooded range of the Elburz bounds it S.ward, elsewhere the country is flat, swampy, and un- healthy, but fertile, producing cotton, fruits, and rice. Silk is an important product, and with rice and cotton is exchanged to Russian traders for woven fabrics, dry grains, tobacco, and cut- lery. Principal towns, Sari, Balfi-ush, Farahabad, and Amol. Mazarhon, a town of Spain, prov. and 35 m. S.S.W. Murcia, near the Mediterr. Pop. 6,814. Mazatlan, a flourishing seaport town of the Mexican Confederation, state and 210 m. S.S.E. Sinaloa, near the wide mouth of the river Mazat- lan, in the Pacific. Pop. 1,500. It has broad streets and large buildings. About 5 leagues "W.ward is Puerto de Mazatlan, now the most ' frequented port on this coast, but subject in sum- mer to violent hurricanes. Maz£, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, on the Authion, 9 m. S.W. Baug^. Pop. 3,778. Mazeena, a fort of Afghanistan, 15 m. S.W. Jelalabad, and near which the British defeated an Afghan force in July 1842. Mazeiba, isl., coast of Arabia. [Moseibah.] Maz&bes, a comm. and town of France, dep. AriSge, on the Lez, 10 m. N. Pamiers. Pop. 2,439. MaziI^be (La Basse), a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Correze, 14 m. S.W. Ussel. Pop. 1,690. Mazo, a town of the, Canary island Falma, on its E. coast. Fop. 4,181. It is one of the most miserable places on the island. Houses of wood. Hazdfdbabad, a town of the Purgab, at the confl. of the Jhylum, and its great tributary the Kishengunga, and commanding the entrance of the Baramula pass into Cashmere. Mazte, a large vUl. of Afghanistan, in the Pisheen valley, 40 m. N. Shawl. Mazzaba, Val di, an old div. of Sicily, now sub- divided among the provs. Trapani, Girgenti, and parts of Palermo and Caltanisetta, Mazzaba, Massara^ a town of Sicily, intend, and 26 m. 8. Trapani, at the mouth of the Salemi. Pop. 8,400. It is enclosed by Saracenic walls, & has narrow, unsaved, dirty streets. Its public buildings comprise a cathedral, bishop's palace, senate house, several convents, an hospital, col- lege, theatre, & caricatore for warehousing corn. SIazzabino, a town of Sicily, prov. and 14 m. S.E. Caltanisetta, in the Val-di-Noto, with a col- lege, and palace of Prince Butera. Pop. 11,600. MIazze, a vill. of Piedmont, div. Turin, prov. & 12 m. S.S.E. Ivrea. Pop. of comm. 3,291. MoLeat, a river of E. Australia, after flowing through steep ravines of great depth, joins the Apsley river near lat. 30° 40' S., Ion. 152° E. i MEA McLeod, Lake, British N. Amer. Lat. 56° N., Ion. 122 30' W., discharges its surplus waters into the Peace river. At its N. extremity is M'Leod fort.— iWZeod Bay is a nearly landlocked inlet at the E. extremity of the Great Slave Lake, and with Fort Reliance on its N. side. Meaco, the cap. city of Japan. piiAKO.] Meadat, a ruined town of Burmah, on the Ir- rawadi, 40 m. N. Prome. It was destroyed by the retreating Burmese in 1826. Meadiha, a mkt. town of Hungary, in the Ba- nat, N. of Orsova. Near it are the baths of Her- cules, which were frequented by the Romans. Meadville, a township of U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, 33 m. S. Erie. Pop. 1,319. MEAHGUwaE, a walled town of India, dom. Oude, 24 m. S.W. Lucknow. Meaksima, some islets of Japan, W. Eiusiu. MeaIiFODEvounie, amountain of Scotl., co. & 20 m. S.W. Inverness, on the W. side of Loch Ness, pa. Urqnhart. Elevation 2,700 feet. Mealy Mouktains, a hill chain in Labrador, Brit. N. America, the loftiest near its E. coast, between Cape Charles and Sandwich Bay. Esti- mated height 1,480 feet. They are mostly of mica slate, and wooded to nearly their summits. Meana, two vills. of Sardinia. — ^I. Piedmont, div. and 27 m. W.S.W. Turin, on the Clusone. Pop. of comm. 1,550. — II. island Sardinia, div. & 50 m. N. Caghari. Pop. 1,391. Meanee (" fishing place "), a marit. town of W. Hindostan, Baroda dom., Gujerat peninsula, 76 m. N.W. Joonaghur. — II. a vill., Scinde, on the Fulailee branch of the Indus, 5 m. N. Hyderabad, and where the British troops, under Sir C. Na- pier, defeated a Belooch force, 17th Feb. 1843. Meangis Isles, a group in the Asiatic Archi- pelago, about lat. 6° N., Ion. 127° E., 90 m. S.E. Mindanao. Chief island, Nanusa. Meabe, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 3 m. W.N.W. Glastonbury. Area 7,820 ac. P. 1,622. Meabns, a pa. of Scotl., co. Renfrew, with a vill., 3 m. S. Paisley. Area of pa. about 11,000 ac. Pop. 3,077 ; pop. of Newton, an anc. bar. of barony, 629, and of Busby 742. It has an old church, arid a. castle still enjire. The Meant is the popular name for the po. Kincardine. Meabs { Ashley), a pa. of Engl., cp. Northamp- ton, 3^ m. W.Wellingborough. Ac. 1,890. P. 496. Measham, a pa. of England, co. Derby, 3i m. S.S.W. Ashby-de-la-Zouch. Ac. 1,490. P. 1,615. Meath, a marit. co. of Irel., Leinster, having E. Dublin and the Irish Sea, and on other sides the COS. Louth, Monaghan, Cavan, King's co., Kildare, and Westmeath. Area 906 sq. m.,or 679,899 ac, nearly the whole of which is culti- vated. Inhabited houses 30,785. Pop. 183,828. Surface mostly flat, or but slightly undulating. Principal river, the Boyne. Climate compara- tively dry and cold. Soil mostly a rich clayey loam, on limestone or gravel. Tillage farms co- ver more than 4-6ths of the co., but agriculture is very backward, and the condition of the nu- merous small farmers wretched. Estates smaller than in most Irish cos. Average rent of land 18s. an ac. Annual value of land (1847) 529,7601 The CO. is divided into 12 baronies, 147 pas. in diocese of same name, founded about 1150, and which extends also over Westmeath, and part of King's CO., comprismg 224 pas. Episcopal rev. in average of 3 years ending 1831, 4,068Z. Chief towns, Trun (the cap.), KeUs, and Navan. The CO. sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1849) 1,177. Previous to the Anglo-Norman conquest the king of Meath was supreme monarch of Irel. Meadx, laiinum, afterwards Meldi, a comm, & ME A 849 MED town of France, cap. aiT., dep. Seine- et-Marne, 25 m. E.N.E. Paris, on the Marne, and on the railway to Strashourg. Pop. (1846) 7,782. It is a tribunal of commerce, and has a comm. college, with a library of 13,000 vols., and trade in grain and cheese. It was taken by the English in 1S20, after a siege of five mouths. Bossuet was bishop of Meanx. Meavt, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 6 m. S.E. Tavistock. Area 3,600 ac. Pop. 361. Near the church are remains of a cross, and an oak tree of extraordinary size. Mebasbez (El), a walled town of Arabia, prov. and 33 m. S. Lahsa. Pop. 10,000. (?) Mecca, a city of Arabia, cap. of the Hedjaz, and of the dist. Belud-nl-Haram. Lat. 21° 28' N., Ion. 40° 15' E. Pop. 80,000 (?). It is the residence of a shireef, under the protection of the grand seigneur, and is an open town, defended by 3 citadels ; houses of stone. It has several mosques, & a temple, which surrounds the Kaaba, a small square edifice, the foundation of which is attributed, by the Mohammedans, to Abraham. On one of its angles is the black stone, the object of veneration to all Mussulmans, who alone are privileged to enter the city, and who are required to make a pilgrimage hither at least once in their lives. At the time of the pilgrimage, Mecca pre- sents the appearance of an immense fair, where are assembled Malays, Tartars, Persians, Arab- ians, Turks, Africans, Greeks, and Armenians. It has no indnstry, the only manufe. are of chap- lets. Provisions, and even water, are imported from a distance. The famous balm of Mecca is brought from the interior of Arabia ; and there is also an extensive trade in eastern products. Mecca was the birth-place of Mohammed, and the cradle of the Mussulman creed. It was taken by the Wahabees in 1804 and in 1807, and by Ibrahim Pasha in 1818. MECHAi>EB,a town of Arabia, Temen, 84 m. S. Sena, with a castle, the residence of a governor. Mechlin (Ft. Malities),a, citj of Belgium, prov. and 14 m. 8.S.E. Antwerp, cap. arrond., divided into two portions by the Dyle. Pop. (1845) 27,234. It is the central station for the railways which traverse Belgium in all directions. Prin- cSfal edifices, a cathedral of the 12th century, with a steeple 370 feet in height, and containing the "Last Supper," by Kubens (whose "Adora- tion of the Magi" is in the church of St John, here) ; church of the Recollets, with Vandyke's famous " Crucifixion ;" bishop's palace, town hall, arsenal, cannon foundry, Franciscan convent, & the beguinage for 800 widows. Mechlin is the see of the arclibishop primate of Belgium, the re- sidence of a military commandant, and has a dio- cesan college, and a Koman Catholic university, opened in 1834; an academy of painting and ar- chitecture, and a society of fine arts. It was for- merly famous for its lace ; at present its chief manufs. are of shawls, woollen stuffs, tobacco, starch, & beer ; it has also an extensive trade in flax, com, & oil, & it communicates with Louvain by a cansd navigable for vessels of 160 tons. Meohoaoah, or Michoacan, a marit. state of the Mexican Confederation, betw. lat. 18° & 21° N., & Ion. 100° & 104° W., having S.W. the Paci- fic, and landward the states Xalisco, Guanaxuato, Queretaro, and Mexico, from which last it is sepa- rated S.E. by the Bolsas, which, with its affls., and the Lerma and its tributaries N., form its principal rivers. Area 22,500 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 460,000. Surface greatly diversified. A branch of the Anahuac mntns. ramifies over its N. and central parts,and in it is the famous volcano of JoruUo. Lakes numerous, and that of Chapala forms part of its N.W. frontier. Soil generally fertile. Products comprise maize, wheat, pulse, potatoes, manioc, cotton, sugar, indigo, hemp, flax, aloes, and tapinzezan, which last is peculiar to this region. The mntn. sides are clothed with forests of fine woods, and gold, silver, and lead are procured in considerable quantities, mining industry being here of the first importance. Manufs. insignificant. The produce is mostly sent by land to Mexico and elsewhere, this state having no seaport. Principal towns, Valladolid the cap., Pascuaro, TIalpuxahua, and Zamora. Meckenheim, a walled town of Bhenish Prus- sia, reg. & 22 m. S.S.E. Cologne. Pop. 1,300.-11. a vill. of Rhenish Bavaria, 4 m. S.E. Durkheim. Pop. 1,756. — Mechesheim is a vill. of Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, on the Elsens, 8 m. S.E. Heidel- berg. Pop. 1,070. Mecklenboko, a country of N. Germany, di- vided into two states ; I. grand duchy of Meck- lenburg-Schwerin, & II. grand duchy of Meck- lenburg-Strelitz. It was formerly part of the circle of lower Saxony. Soil fertile, pasturage excellent ; cattle are extensively reared, & horses are exported for the cavalry. The house of Mecklenburg is the oldest reigning family in Europe, and the dukes still take the title of princes of the Vandals Mecklenburg -Schwerin is bounded E. by Mecklenburg-Strelitz, S.E. & S. by Prussia, S.W. Hanover, W. Denmark and Ratzeburg, N. the Baltic. Area 4,846 sq. m. Pop. (1848) 628,185; cap. Schwerin.— JlTccAZm- burg-Strelitz comprises two parts, separated by Mecklenburg-Schwerin ; I. the duchy of Strelitz on the E., cap. Strelitz. Area 628 sq. m. Pop. (1848) 80,374 ; and II. the principality of Ratze- burg in the W. Area 139 sq. m. Pop. 15,918 ; cap. Schonberg. Meoklenbueo, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in S. of Virginia. Area 640 sq. m. Pop. 20,724. — II. a CO. in S.W. of North Carolina. Area 900 sq. ni. Pop. 18,273. MfDABD (St), two comms. and vills. of France. — I. (en Jallejt dep. Gironde, near the Jalle, 8 m. N.W. Bordeaux. P. 1,600.-11. (de Gurgon), dep. Dordogne, 15 m. W.N.W. Bergerac. Pop. 1,520. Medbooene, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 4} m. W.N.W. Rockingham. Area 1,910 ac. P. 634. Medeah, Lamida, a fortified town of Algeria, prov. and 40 m. S.S.W. Algiers. Previous to 1830, when it was taken by the French, it was the residence of the Bey of Titteri. P. (1840) 3,741. Medebach, or Masebeke, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. & 32 m. S.E. Arnsberg. P. 2,330. Medellin, a town of Spain, prov. & 52 m. E. Badajoz, on the Guadiana. Pop. 2,000. Her- nando Cortes was born here in 1485. It was sacked by the French in 1809. Medellin, a city of S. America, New Granada, dep. Cundinamarca, between the cordilleras of the Andes, 48 m. S.E. Antioquia. Elev. 5,030 ft. Pop. estimated at 14,000. It is picturesquely situated on the Porse, an aifl. of the Cauca, and is an entrep6t for the produce of a considerable extent of country. — II. a river of the Mexican Confederation, state Vera Cruz, enters the Gulf of Mexico about 5 m. S. of that city, after an E. course of 26 miles. Medemblik, a marit. town of the Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, cap. dist., with a port on the Zuvder-Zee, 9 m. N.W. Enkhuysen. Pop. 2,807. It has an active trade in cheese and timber. — Meeden is a vill., prov, Groningen, 9 m. N.W. Delfzyl. Pop. 1,174. MiiDFOKD, a tnshp., U. S., N. America, Massa- 3 II MED 850 MED chusetts, on Mystic river, 5 m. N.W. Boston. , Pop. 2,478, partly employed in ship-bnilding. Medgtes, or Medias, a town of Transylvania, Saxonland, cap. stuhl, on the Great Kokel, a tributary of the Marcs, 37 m. E. Karlsburg. Pop. 6,900. It is enclosed by walls, has Greek, Rom. Catholic, and Calvinistic churches ; a Protestant college, and Rom. Catholic high school, and a trade in fine wine, cultivated in its vicinity. Media, a country of antiquity, comprising the N. & W. provs. of the modern Persian dom. ; viz., Irak-Ajemi, Mazanderan, Ghilan, and Azerbi- jan, the last having been the ancient Media Atropatene — The Great Median wall, between the Tigris and Euphrates, at their nearest point of approach, has been apparently identified of latebetw. lat. 33° 20' & 34° N., & about Ion. 44° E. Medioina, a large market town of N. Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 15 m. E. Bologna, on the canal of Medicina. P. 6,700, mostly agricultural. Medina (formerly The Mede), a river of Eng- land, Isle of Wight, which it divides into two nearly equal parts, joining the sea at Cowes harbour. It is navigable to Newport 4 m. inland. Medina (Arab. Medinet-el-NaKj, a fortified city of Arabia, in the Hedjaz, 246 m. N. Mecca. Pop. 18,000 (?). Its chief interest is derived from the history of Mohammed, who, diiven fi'om Mecca, fled to Medina, A. d. 662, and from this epoch, called the Hegira, the Musselmans reckon dates. Medina was the seat of the Arabian empire under Mohammed, who died there in 632. Two mosques are especially venerated by Musselmans ; one constructed by Mohammed on his arrival, and the other built over the house in which he died. Medina, several towns of Spain. — I. {de las Torres), prov. and 43 m. S.S.E. Badajos. Pop. 2,370.-11. {del Campo), prov. and 28 m. S.S.W. Valladolid. Pop. 2,760. It Is the birth-^lace of Ferdinand i. of Aragon, and of the hasto- rian Diaz del Castillo. — III. {de Pomar), prov. and 38 m. N.N.E. Burgos. Pop. 1,248. It has a good bridge, and some magnificent tombs of the Velasco family IV. {de Rio Seco), prov. & 25 m. N.W. Valladolid, on the Sequillo, an affl. of the Douro. Pop. 4,700. It has manufs. of coarse woollens and pottery wares. Medina, a co. of the U. S., N. America, in N. part of Ohio. Area 426 sq. m. Pop. 18,352. Medinaoeii, a town of Spain, prov. and 33 m. S. Soria, near the Jalon. Pop. 1,500. It has a noble ducal palace, and remains of a Roman arch. Medina-Sidonia, a city of Spain, prov. and 22 m. S.E. Cadiz. Pop. (1845) 10,534. It stands on the brow of a rooky eminence, is en- closed by walls, and has externally an imposing appearance, but it is almost wholly in decay. Principal edifices, a castle, and several churches and hospitals. It has manufs. of earthenwares. Medinex Abd, a vill. of Upper Egypt, on that part of the ruins of Thebes on the W. bank of the Nile, opposite Luxor, and comprising the re- mains of its chief temples. [Thebes, also the Handbook for Egypt, pp. 352-4.] Medinet-el-Faioum, Arsinoe, a town of Cen- tral Egypt, cap. prov. Fayoum, on the Bahr Tousef, or canal of Joseph, 62 m. S.S.W. Cairo. Estimated pop. 6,000. It has several Coptic churches, mosques, manufs. of woollen stuffs, & a trade in rose-water and nitre. Meditekbanbah, Mare Internum, an inland sea, enclosed by Asia on the E., Africa on the S., and Europe on the N., and communicates with the Atlantic by the Strait of Gibraltar on the W., situated between lat. 30° 2(y and 43° N., and Ion. 6° and 37° 30' E. Within this space is included the Tyrhcnnian, Ionian, Adriatic Seas, and the Sea of the Grecian Archipelago. The Sea of Marmora, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azov which communicate with it by the strait of the Dardanelles, are considered as se- parate seas. The principal rivers which iiow to the Mediterranean are the Ebro, Rhone, Arno, and the Tiber in Europe, and the Nile in Airica. The principal islands are Sicily (which divides the Mediterranean into an E. and W. portion), Cyprus, Crete, Malta, and the Ionian islands in the E., and Sardinia, Corsica, and the Balearic islands in the W. The most important gulfe are Taranto in Italy, Lepanto in Greece, Syr- tis and Cabes in Barbaiy, in the E. portion; and Valencia in Spain, Lion in France, Genoa in Italy, and Tunis in Airica, in the W. The winds of this sea are very variable ; the tides are little felt and very irregular. Fish is abun- dant in the Mediterranean, especially tunny, an- chovies, pilchards, and mackerel, and the finest coral, sponge, and ambergris are procured. The Mediterranean was called by the Hebrews " the Great Sea." The Phoenicians are the first people known to have extended their commerce along its coasts ; the Greeks afterwards dis- puted it with them. After the destruction of Carthage, the Romans were sole masters of its shores ; in the middle ages, the Venetians mo- nopolized its commerce, and at present, England, by the possession of Gibraltar, Malta, and the Ionian islands, possesses the greatest influence on its destinies. [Adbiaiic and Iohiah Sea.] Mediiebbane AN, is a name applied generally to all seas nearly surrounded by Uind, as the Baltic. Meditad, a small town of Turkish Diarbekir, in a populous plain, 36 m. S. Sert, on the route to Mosul. It has the residence of a governor. Medjebda, Bagradas, a riv. of N. Africa, Al- geria and Tunis, rises in the Great Atlas, and after a N.E. course of 200 m., enters }he Medi- terranean (Gulf of Tunis), 24 m. N. Tunis. Medjiboj, a town of Russian Poland, gov. Po- dolia, on tlie Bug, 55 m. N.E. Kamenetz. P. 4,000. Medling, a town of Austria. [Modling.] Medmenham, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 3J m. W.S.W. Great Marlow. Area 2,610 ac. P. 385. Mednoi, an island, belonging to Russia, in Behring Sea, E. of Behring island. Length 30 m. ; breadth 5 m. Copper is found on its W. coast. Medoo, an old dist. of France, in the N.W. of Gnyenne, along the Garonne ; fertile in the finest growths of claret wines. It now forms the N.W. part of the dep. Gironde. Medomsley, a chapelry of England, co. and 2J m. N.W. Durham, pa. Lanchester. Pop. 796. Medbeao, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. lUe- et-Vilaine, 10 m. N.N.W. Montfort. Pop. 2,123. Medsied, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 4 m. W.S.W. Alton. Area 2,630 ac. Pop. 450. Medvejii-Osteova (" Bear Islands "), two groups of isls. in Asiatic Russia ; one in Behring Strait, the other in the Arctic Ocean, opposite the mouth of the Kolyma river. Medvieditza, a river of Russia, gov. Saratov, and Don-Cossack country, after a S.W. course of 300 m., joins the Don on left, 15 m. below the influx of the Choper. Length 330 m. Many Ger- man and other colonies are seated on its banks, Medwav, Vaga, a river of England, rises near E. Grinstead, in the S.E. of co. Surrey, flows through the centre of the co. Kent, past Roches- ter and Chatham, & joins the Thames at Sheer- ness. It is of considerable depth, navigable to Penshurst, and its scenery is eminently beautiful. MED 851 ME I Medwat, a township of the tJ. S., N. Amor., Massachusetts, 19 m. S.W. Boston. Pop. 2,043. Mectnsk, a town of Russia, gov. and 40 m. N.N.W. Kaluga, cap. circ, on the Medynlta, Pop. 2,000. An engagement took place here be- tween the French and the Russians, in 1812. Medzibos, atown of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 35 m. N.E. Breslau. Pop. 1,310. Meeliok, a pa. of Ireland, Connaught, co. Galway, 2 m. S.E. Eyreeourt. Area 4,292 ao. Pop. 1,710 II. a pa., co. Mayo, 3 m. W.S.W. Swineford. Area 8,062 ac. Pop. 3,915. Meen (St), a conun. and vill. of France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, cap. cant., 10 m. W.N.W. Mont- fort. P. 1,395. It has the ruins of a fine abbey. Meenoava, a thriving manufacturing town of the Punjab, near the Chenaub river, 20 m. W. Jhung, and where large quantities of white cot- ton cloths are made for the Afghan market. Meeb, a pa. of England, co. and 4^ m. E.S.E. Lincoln, within the co. of which city it is included. Meerahe, a town of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, 21 m.W. Chemnitz. Pop. (1845) 5,470. It has ma- nufactures of woollen stuffs and bombazines. Meerat, or Meerta, a town of Hindostan, prov. and 42 m. W.N.W. AJmeer, on an affl. of the Loony. It was once of consequence, though now in decay. Its chintz manufs. are in repute. HEEBGmtH, a town of W. Hindostan, dom. & 72 m. E.S.E. Bhawlpoor. Meebhout, a comm. & vill. of Belgium, prov. Antwerp, 15 m. S.E. Tnmhont. Pop. 3,250. Meebpoob, a town of Scinde, near the Pin- gare% a branch of the Indus, 45 m. S. Hydera- bad. Pop. 10,000. It commands the route be- tween Hyderabad and Cutch, & formerly yielded, with its territory, an annual revenue of 50,000/. Many vills. of Scinde and Beloochistan have same name II. a town, Punjab, 116 m. N.W. Lahore. MEEBSBnBG, a town of Baden, circ. and on the Lake of Constance, 5 m. N.E. Constance. It has a castle, and a Dominican convent. Meebsse.x, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Limburg, cap. dist., 4 m. N.E. Maestricht. Pop. 2,008.— II. a vill. of Belgian Limbourg, 3 m. E. Maestricht. Pop. 1,826. Meeeot, a dist. of British India, presid. Bengal, Upper provs., enclosed by the dists. Moradabad, Seharunpoor, Boolundshahur, and Delhi. Area 2,250 sq.m. Land rev. {1829-30) Ii0,430l.—Meerut the cap. of dist,, is 35 m. N.E. Delhi, on an affl. of the Ganges. It is enclosed by a brick wall, but is in decay, though it has many remains at- testing former magnificence, besides one of the largest British churches in India, a British free school, and extensive barracks, forming an im- portant station for the British troops in the Upper provs. of Bengal presid. The other towns are Sirdhnna and Katouli. Mees (Lbs), a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. B. Alpes, cap. cant., near 1. b. of the Du- rance, 14 m. W.S.W. Digne. Pop. 2,085. MeesBek, a pa. of Engl., co. Herts, 4J m. S.E. Barkway. Area 1,030 ac. Pop. 181. Meeth, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 3 m. N.N.E. Hatherleigh. Area 2,170 ao. Pop. 314. Meffebsboef, a viU. of Prussian Silesia, reg. Leignitz, circ. Lanban. Pop. 716. Meoalo-Kasteo, cap. of isl. Crete. [Candia.] Megalopolis, a ruined city of Greece, Morea, gov. Gortynia, 5 m. N. Leondari, with remains of a very perfect and large theatre. MEaANisi, one of the Ionian Islands, Mediter- ranean, off the E. coast of Santa Maura. Length, N. to S., 6 m., breadth 3 m. Meoaba, a vill., but formerly an important city of Greece, gov. Attica, near the mouth of a small river which enters the Gulf of .^gina, opposite Salamis, 21 m. W. Athens. Pop. 1,000. Megaspelion, arich convent of Greece, Morea, gov. Achaia, 5 m. N. Kalavrita. It has connected with it, from 250 to 300 monks, and a miraculous image of the Virgin, resorted to in pilgrimage. Me GEN, a town of Netherl'ds, prov. N. Bra- bant, on the Maas, 15m. N.E. Bois-le-Duc. P.600. Meoeve, a market town of Savoy, prov. Fau- cigny, 5 m. S. Sallenche. Pop. (of comm.) 2,774. Megna, a river of British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, dist. Sylhet, rises 40 m. N.W. Dacca, joins the Brahmaputra, to which it gives its own name for the rest of its course. Mehadia, a market town of S. Hungary, Banat, near the Wallachian frontier, 15 m. N. Orsova. Pop. 1,684. The baths of Mehadia, or Hercules baths, near this, were known to the Romans, and are annually frequented by many visitors. Mehala-el-Kebib, Cynopolis, a town of Lr. Egypt, cap. prov. Garbieh, 45 m. S.W. Damietta. Mehediah, or Mammobah, a fortified town of Marocco, prov. and 110 m. W.N.W. Fez, on the Seboo, about 1 m. from its mouth in the Atlantic. Its fortifications were formerly respectable ; but it is now in decay, and its pop. is under 400. Mehlsack, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 37 m. S.S.W. Konigsberg. Pop. 3,030. Meheand, or Meeande, a town of Persia, prov. Azerbijan, 48 m. E.S.E. Khoi, 11 m. W. of which are the ruins of the ancient Moranda. Mehdn, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cher, cap. cant., on the Xevre, and with a station on the Orleans and Bourges railway, 9 m. N.W. Bourges. P. 3,274. It has manufs. of woollens. Meiapoktb, a town of Brazil, prov. and 65 m. E. Goyaz, on the river Almas. It is the most commercial town in the prov. Pop. 8,000. Meidlihg, a vill. of Austria, near Vienna, on the S.W. It has mineral springs. Pop. 3,500. Meigle, a pa. of Scotl.,'co. Perth, 12 m. N.W. Dundee, with a station on the Scottish Midland Junction railway, 21 m. N.N.E. Perth. Pop. 728, of vill. 457. The vill. is very ancient. In the church yard is a monument, said to be the tomb of Vanora or Guinevar, the wife of King Arthur. Belmont castle (Lord Wharncliffe), is in the pa., and in the park is a large granite block called Macbeth's stone. Meigs, a co. of U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. of Ohio. Area 426 sq. m. Pop. 11,152.-11. a co. in S.B. of Tennessee. Area 215 sq.m. P. 4,794. Meikle-Febey, a strait of the Dornoch Firth, Scotl., 3 m. W.N.W. Tain, co. Boss. Breadth 3 m. It is crossed by a rather dangerous ferry, in the line of the Great Northern Koad. Meilen, or Mevlen, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and on the Lake of Zurich. Pop. 3,000. Meilhan, a comm. and town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, cap. cant., arrond. and 7 m. W. Marmande. Pop. 2,293. — Meillac and Meillant are two vills I. in dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, 19 m. S. St Male— II. dep. Cher, 20 m. S.S.E. Bourges. Meimdka, a town of Afghanistan, Huzareh country, on an affl. of the Oxus, in lat 36° 60' N., Ion, 64° 38' E. Meinau, a small island of S. Baden, circ. Lake, in the Lake of Ueberlingen, 2J m. W. Constance, with a vill, a castle, & numerous vineyards, the property of Prince Esterhazy. Meiningen, a fortified town of Central Ger- many, cap. duchy Saxe-Meiningen, on r. b. of the Werra, 33 m. E.N.E. Fulda. Pop. (1846) 6,205. I'rinoipal edifice, the palace, the residence of the dukes since 1681, containing collections of paint- MEl 852 MEL ings and natural curiosities. It lias a house of assembly for the duchy, two gymnasia, a normal school, and manufs. of woollens and linens. Mei-Omid, a considerable vill. of Persia, prov. Khorassan, 35 m. E. Sbahrood, at the foot of a mntn. range, and enclosed by walls and gardens. Mbisenheim, a town of W. Germany, cap. a detached principality, belonging to Hessen Hom- burg, on the Glan, 45 m. S. Coblentz. Pop. 2,300. It has a palace, and a handsome town halt. Meissen, a town of Saxony, circ. and 15 m. N.W. Dresden, on 1. b. of the Elbe. Pop. (1845) 8,080. It is enclosed by walls, has numerous suburbs, and presents a picturesque appearance with " its castle, Gothic church, and lofty houses, perched high on a rocky eminence," but it is in- ternally gloomy. Its fine cathedral has some monuments of Saxon princes ; in its castle, found- ed by Henry the Fowler, is now established the famous porcelain factory, producing all the goods known as " Dresden china." It has manufs. of hosiery, leather, colours, & camels' hair brushes ; and the convent of Afra, near the town, is the seat of a royal school. Mejerda, a river of Tunis. [Mebjerda.] Meklong, a town of Siam, at the confl. of the Meklong river with the "W. mouth of the Menam, 30 m. S.W. Bang-kok. Pop. estimated at 13,000. Me-kons, or Menam-kong, one of the princi- pal rivers of S.E. Asia, rises in Tibet, traverses the Chinese prov. Tun-nan, Laos, and Camboja, and enters the China Sea by numerous mouths, near lat. 10° N., Ion. 106° 40' E. In its lower part it separates into numerous arms, & divides the Anamese and Siamese doms. Mekbak, or MoKRAN, the largest prov. of Beloochistan, between lat. 25° and 28° N., & Ion. 58° and 66° E., having W. the provs. Bushkurd and Kohistan, E. those of Sarawan, Jhalawan, & Lus, S. the Indian Ocean, and N. a desert sepa- rating it from Afghanistan. Area estimated at 100,000 sq. m. Pop. 200,000, mostly pastoral. It is a wild and barbarous region, where the troops of Alexander the Great suffered severe- ly from drought on their return fiom India into Persia, though it has been latterly afftrmed that the two principal routes through it are not de- ficient in supplies of water, and they are impor- tant as military thoroughfares. It is divided into numerous petty districts, under separate chiefs, some tributary to the khan of Kelat, others to Muscat, and Persia. Mel, or Melo, a market town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 9 m. S.W. Belluno, cap. dist., on the Piave. Pop. 4,000. — Melo is a town of S. America, Uruguay, 200m. N.E. Monte-Video. Melassa, or Melasso, Mylasa, a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, near its S.W. coast, 23 m. N.E. Boodroom. It has large ancient remains, and some trade. Melat, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Saone-et-Loire, arrond. CharoUes. Pop. 1,932. MEiiAZGHEKi), a dilapidated town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 80 m. S.E. Erzeroum, cap. sanj., on the Murad-chai (Euphrates). JUelbecks, a township of England, co. York, N. Riding, pa. Griuton, 12 m. W.S.W. Kich- mond. Pop. 1,633. Melbocbn, two pas. of England. — I. co. and 10 m.W.S.W. Cambridge. Area 4,370 ao. Pop. 1,724 II. CO. and 1\ m. S.S.E. Derby, Area 3,290 ac. Pop. 2,583, and gives the title of vis- count to the Lamb family. — III. a township, co. York, E, Kidiug, pa. Thornton, 4^ m. S. Pock- lington. Pop. 514. Melbourne, the cap. town of the British colonial territory of Phillipsland, or Victoria, in the S. part of Australia, on the Yarra-yarra, near its mouth in Port Philip, lat. 37° 48' 6" S., Ion. 144° 57' 1" E. Pop. (1846) 10,954. It was founded in 1837, and now extends for 2 m., with a breadth of 1 m., along the river, which is na- vigable to the town for vessels of 200 tons, and about to be crossed here by a stone bridge of 1 arch. Site low, and frequently flooded. Streets regular ; houses chiefly of brick, many of the public buildings of stone, and, altogether, it has the aspect of an Enghsh country town. It has various churches, public schools, and clubs, a court-house, jail, government offices, 3 banks, courts of justice and requests. Port Phillip col- lege, a mechanics' institution, theatre, botanic garden, race-course, numerous associations and newspapers, steam flour-mills, iron foundries, horse bazaar, and extensive wool stores. It is a munic. bor., divided into 4 wards, the see of a Protestant bishop, and the chief seat of the trade of Phillipsland ; though large ships arriving at its port, are obliged to lie opposite Williamstown, about 4 m. distant. Value of exports from Mel- bourne and Geelong in 1842-3, 192,243?., of which 166,388/ stood for wool. Melbourne communi- cates daily by steamers with Geelong on the W. side of the bay, and at stated periods with Syd- ney, Launceston, and Hobart-town in Tasmania (Van Diemans Land). Around it are many thriving farms and country residences of its more wealthy inhabitants. — Melbourne Island, Pacific Ocean, forms with Bedford and Minto Lslands a group of the Dangerous Archipelago, and was discovered by Lord E. Russell in 1837. Melbcbt, several pas. of England, co. Dor- set.— I. {Abbas), 2i m. S.S.E. Shaftesbury. Area 2,140 ac. Pop. 390.— IL (Bubb), 6j m. W.S.W. Sherborne. Area 1,290 ac. Pop. 126. — III. {Osmond), 75 m. S.S.W. Sherborne. Area 1,580 ac. Pop. 404.— IV. {Sampford), 6J m. W.N.W. Cerne. Area 1,160 ac. Pop. 43. Melchboxibn, a pa. of England, co. Beds, 6 m. E.S.E. Higham-Ferrers. Ac. 2,560. P. 274. Meichthai, a valley of Switzerland, cant, Unterwalden, S.E. of Sarnen, traversed by the Melch river, and noted as the birth-place of Ar- nold of Griitli and Nicholas von der Flue, two of the founders of the Swiss confederation. Melcombe-Horsey, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 9 m. N.N.E. Dorchester. Area 3,260 ac. Pop. 173 II. {Regis), a town of England, form- ing a part of the bor. Weymouth. [Wevmouth.] Meldal, a pa. and vill. of Norway, stift. and 35 m. S.W. Trondhjem. Pop. 4,260. Meldola, a vill. of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., leg. and 7 m. S. Forli. Pop. 4,220. Meldon, a pa. of England, co. Northumber- land, 6 m. W.S.W. Morpeth. Ac. 1,040. P. 162. Meidorf, a market town of Denmark, duchy Holstein, near the N. Sea, 53 m. N.W. Hamburg. Pop. 2,000. It has a small harbour. Meldbeth, a pa. of England, co. Cambridge, 4 m. N.N.E. Royston. Area 2,000 ac. Pop. 730, Melbrhm (Old), a market town and pa. of Scotland, co. and 16 m. N.W. Aberdeen. Area of pa. 7,474. Pop. 1,873; do. of Old Meldrum or Methelnie-town 1,102. It is pretty well built, though irregular, and has a town-hall, church, and episcopal chapel, with manufs. of cotton. Meleda, Melita, an island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, circ. and 17 m. W.N.W. Kagusa. Length 23 m. ; breadth 4 m. Pop. 900. Sur- face mountainous. Chief products corn in small quantities, fruits, oil, and some wine. Goats and sheep are pretty numerous. It has several vills. MEL 853 MEL Many coramentatoi's think that it was Meleda, and not Malta, at which St Paul was wreclied. Melekhovskaia, a market town of Russia, Don-Cossack country, 23 m. N.E. Tcherkask, on the Don. Pop. 2,000. Meleski, a town of Russia, gov. and 70 m. S.S.E. Vladimir, cap. circ. Pop. 5,685. Melenik, a town of European Turkey, Mace- donia, sanj. and 60 m. S.E. Ghiustendil. Meifi, Aufidus, a town of Naples, prov. Ba- silicata, on a lofty volcanic mountain, overlooking the plain of Capitanata, 31 m. S. Foggia. Pup. 8,400. It was destroyed by an earthquake on the 14th July 1851, when 3,000 persons perished. The vicinity is celebrated for its wine. Melford, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, on the Stour, 3 m. N. Sudbury. Area 4,320 ac. Pop. 2,597. The vill. is beautifully situated, and has a handsome Gothic church, a large ancient poors' hospital, revenue 1,066/., and silk manufs. MELQAgo, the N.most town of Portugal, prov. Minbo, 38 m. N.E. Braga, on the Minho, with a large fortress, and a ti-ade in hams, for which it has repute. — II. a town of Brazil, prov. and 168 m. S.W. Par^ on W. bank of Lake Anapu. Pop. 4,000. Melsab de FEBNAttENTAi., a towu of Spain, prov. and 24 m. \V.N.T7. Burgos, near the Fisuerga. Pop. 2,700, chiefly engaged in tanning. Melgig, a salt lake or marsh in S.E. of Al- geria, near lat 33° N., lou. 7° E., and which re- ceives the river Adjedi from the N.W. Length 26 m. ; breadth 18 m. Meudes, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Flint, 5 m. N.E. St Asaph. Pop. 844. Melilla, a seaport town on the N. coast of Marocco, but belon^ng to the Spaniards, 40 m. E.N.E. Beni-Botoya. Pop. 3,000. The Spanish citadel, on a rock, contains large magazines and cisterns, and is garrisoned by about 900 men, Meiinda, or Melinde, a seaport town of E. Afi-ica, cap. a state, N. of Zanzibar, lat. 4° 50' S., Ion. 40° E. It has many ruined churches built by the Portuguese, who possessed it during the 16th and 17th centuries, & a considerable traffic. Melise, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 6i m. S.S.W. Cardigan. Pop. 492. Melipilla, a town of Chile, dep. and 38 m. S.W. Santiago, on the Maypo. Melissee, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Sadne, arrond. and 7 m. N.N.E. Lure, on the Ognon. Pop. 2,208. Melito, 4 vills. of Naples. — I. Calab. Clt, dist. Keggio. Pop. 1,000.-11. Princip. Hit., dist. Ar- cane. Pop. 900 III. Princip. Cit., dist. Vallo. — lY. prov. Naples, dist. Casoria. Pop. 3,000. Melitopol, a town of Russia, in the Crimea, 125 m. N.N.E. Simferopol. Pop. 1,760. Melk, or MoLK, a mkt. towu of Lower Austria, on the Danube, 14 ra. W. St Polten. Pop. 1,000. It is situated at the foot of a height, on which is a Benedictine abbey, founded in 1089, on the site of the Roman JVbmizrg, its precincts comprising a college and ecclesiastical seminary, a large library, and a botanic garden. Melkshah, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, on the Avon, here crossed by an elegant stone bridge, 10| m. E.S.E. Bath. Area of pa. 10,750 ac. Pop. 6,236. The town has a large anc. cruciform church, a union work-ho., manufs. of woollens, and in the immediate vicinity, baths and a pump-room, erected over a chalybeate and saline spring, similar to those of Cheltenham. Mella, a river of Austrian Italy, rises 20 m. N. Brescia, flows S., and joins the O'glio, 12 m. N.E. Cremona, after a course of 60 miles Mellaiia, a vill. of Austrian Italy, prov. and 21 miles E.S.E. Mantua, on the Po. Pop. 2,323. Mellawee, a mkt. town of Central Egypt, prov. and 26 m. S. Minieh, on 1. b. of the Nile. Melle, a mkt. town of Hanover, landr. and 13 m. E.S.E. Osnabriick, on the Else. Pop. 1,437. — II. a vill. of Piedmont, div. Coni, prov. and 11 milos W.S.V:. Saluzzo. Pop. 2,043. SIelle, a comm. & town of France, dep. Deux- Sfevi-es, cap. arrond., 17 m. E.S.E. Niort. Pop. (1846) 2,473. It has beautiful suburbs, and the district is celebrated for a breed of mules, reput- ed among the best in Europe. In the neighbour- hood is the sulphureous spring of Fontadan. — ■ Melles is a vill., dep. H. Garonne, arrond. St Gaudens, with lead mines. Pop. 1,143. Mellinq, a pa. of Engl., co. Lancaster, 6} m. S.S.W. Kirby-Lonsdale. Area 21,700 ac. Pop. 2,039. It has a small grammar school. — II. a chapelry, same co., pa. Halsall, 6^ m. S.S.W. Ormskirk. Pop. 607. Mellingen, a small town of Switzerland, cant. Argau, 1 m. S. Baden, on the Reuss. Pop. 685. Mellion (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 3 m. S.S.E. Callington. Area 2,970 ac. Pop. 395. JIellis, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, on railway, 3J m. W.N.W. Eye. Area 1,480 ac. Pop. 532. Mellons (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Monmouth, 7 m. S.W. Newport. Area 2,720 ac. Pop. 613. Melloon, a town of Burmah, on the Irrawadi, opposite Patanago, and where a treaty was pro- posed between the British and Burmese in 1826. Mellob, a chapelry of Engl., co. Derby, pa. Glossop, 6 m. E.S.E. Stockport. Pop. 2,015, extensively employed in cotton manufs. — II. a chapelry, co. Lancaster, pa. and 3 m. N.W. Blackburn. Pop. 1,844. Melleichstact, a town of Bavaria, circ. Lower Franconia, cap. dist., on the SaaJe, 48 m. N.N.E. Wiirtzburg. Pop. 1,810. Mells, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 10 m. S.S jr. Bath. Area 3,250 ac. Pop. 1,261. MsLMEBBV, a pa. of Engl., co. Cumberland, 63 m. N.E. Penrith. Area 6,320 ac. Pop. 329. Melnik, a town of Bohemia, circ. Bunzlau, on rt. b. of the Elbe, 21 m. N. Prague. Pop. 1,378. It has an ancient castle, and 6 annual fairs. The finest Bohemian wine is grown in its vicinity. Melnitzv, a mkt. town of Russian Poland, gov. Volhynia, 17 m. E.S.E. Kowel. Pop. 1,600. Meloib bes Oudes (St), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. lUe-et-Vilaine, 6 m. E. St Malo. Pop. 3,180. Melobia, Manariai a small isl. in the Medi- terranean, off the coast of Tuscany, 4 m. W. Leghorn. Here the Genoese totally defeated the Pisans in a naval engagement in 1250. Melovatka, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. Khar- kov, 33 miles S.E. Kupiansk. Pop. 2,000. Melrose, abor. of barony and pa. of Scotl., CO. Roxburgh, on the Tweed, here crossed by a bridge, 11 m. N.N.W. Jedburgh, & with a station on the N. British railway. Area of pa. 46 sq. m. Pop. 5,331 ; do. of town 893. The town, beauti- fully situated at the foot of the Eildon Hills, is noted only for its abbey, the church of which, when entire, was the finest in Scotland, as it is still the noblest ruin. It was founded by David I. in 1136, for monks of Cistertian order ; rebuilt in the richly decorated style, between the reigns of Robert Bruce and James iv. ; and unroofed and greatly dilapidated at the Reformation. Length from E. to W., 258 feet ; breadth of cross aisles, 137 ft. The D. of Buccleuch is proprietor Mels, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. St Gall, IJ m, S.W. Sargans. Pop, 1,000, MEL 854 MEN Mei^onby, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Rid- ing, 6 m. N.N.E. Richmond. Ac. 2,310. P. 630. Melsungbh, a town of Germany, H.-Cassel, prov. Lower Hessen, cap. circ, on the Fulda, 13 m. S. Cassel. Pop. 4,020. It is enclosed by walls, and has a castle, and manufs. of woollen cloth. Mel tham, a chapelry of Engl., co. York, W, Riding, pa. Almondbury, 6 m. S.S.W. Hudders- field. Pop. 3,263, employed in woollen manufs, Melton-Mowbkat, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., 00. and MJ m. E.N.E. Leicester, on the navigable Wreke, here crossed by 2 stone bridges, and with a station on the Midland railway. Area of pa. 5,610 ac. Pop. 3,740. The town has a fine Gothic church, 2 laige free schools, support- ed by the town estate, annual rev. 1001. ; an alms- house, founded in 1638; union work-house, a good library and news-room, excellent hotels, and stabling for upwards of 800 horses, belonging to the members of the famous subscription fox- hunt, which attracts to Melton, during the sea- son, the elite of the fashionable sporting world. Melton, several pas. of England. — I. co. Suf- folk, 2 m. N.N.E. Woodbridge. Area 4,590 ac. Pop. 980.-11. {Great), co. Norfolk, 6^ m. W.S.W. Norwich. Area 2,110 ac. Pop. 429.— IIL (iiWe), same co., SJ m. W.S.W. Norwich. Area 820 ac. P. 330. — IV. {Constable), same co., 5 m. S.S.W. Holt. Area 2,710 ac. Pop 75. The magnificent seat of Sir J. Astley is in this pa. — V. [Sigh), co. York, W. Riding, 4J m. "W.S.W. Doncaster. Area 1,790 ac. Pop. 116. — ^VI. (Ross), co. Lin- coln, 5 m. E.N.E. Glandford-Bridge. Area 2,660 a6. Pop. 175. MiLUK, Melodunum, a comm. & town of France, cap. dep. Seine-et.Marne, on the Seine, and on the Paris & Troyes railway, 27 m. S.S.E. Paris. Pop. (1846) 6,750. It is agreeably situated, and has a pa. church with fine stained glass, the clock-tower of an old abbey, ruins of a royal palace of the kings of France, a comm. college, normal school, and public library ; with manufs. of woollen cloths and printed linens. Melveklet, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 11 m. W.N.W. Shrewsbury. Area 1,560 ac. Pop. 229. Melville, an anc. pa, of Scotl. [Lasswade.] Melville (Bay), an inlet of Greenland, near the head of BafSn Bay. Lat. 76° N., and between Ion, 60° and 64° W (Cape), a headland, forming the W. boundary of the above bay — II. E. Aus- tralia, in lat. 14° 10' S., Ion. 144° 25' E. Melville Island, an isl. off the coast of N. Australia, in lat. 11° 28' S., Ion. 181° E. Length 70 m. ; breadth 30 m. Surface low and gently undulating. In 1824, a British settlement was planted at Fort Dundas, near Apsley Strait, but soon afterwards abandoned. — II. the W.most of the Georgian Isls., British N. Amer., in the Arctic Ocean. Lat. 75° N., Ion. 110° W. Dis- covered by Captain Parry, and where he wintered in 1819-20 III. S. Pacific, in lat. 17° 35' S., Ion. 142° 41' W. Melzo, a mitt, town of Austrian Italy, Lom- bardy, deleg. and 12 miles E.N.E. Milan. Membbilla, a town of Spain, prov. and 29 m. E. Ciudad-Real, on the Azuer. Pop. 3,620. Membuby, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 3J m. W.N.W. Axminster. Area 4,210 ac. Pop. 886. Memel, a fortified seaport towji of E. Prussia, being the most N. in the kingdom, reg. and 74 m. N.N.E. Konigsberg, cap. circ, at the mouth of the Dange, on the N. end of the Ciirische-Haff. Lat. of light-house 55° 43' 7' N., Ion. 21° 6' 2' E. Pop. (1846) 9,400. It consists of the old, new, & Frederick's towns, with several suburbs. It was cjiclosed by walls in the time of the Teutonic knights, and has a citadel, Lutheran, Calvmlst, and Roman Catholic churches, a synagogue, ar- senal, exchange, theatre, highschools.anhospital, and manufs. of woollen cloth and soap, with ship- building docks, saw mills, and distilleries. The harbour, 14 feet deep, can accommodate 300 ves- sels, and a hght-house, 128 feet in height, has been erected on the N.E. side of its entrance. Memel is the great entrepot of the country, water- ed by the Niemen. Exports comprise oak-plank and fir, timber of the first quality, corn, staves, flax, hemp, linseed, oil cake, hides, bones, and wool. Principal imports, colonial produce, cotton stnffe and yam, cutlery, & English coal. Total value of exports (1842) 444,392^.; of imports 206,867?. Ship-building is carried on extensively ; and in 1839, 64 vessels, aggregate burden 22,807 tons, belonged to the port ; at which, in 1843, 733 ships entered, and 730 cleared out. Memmingen, a town of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, cap. dist., on a tributary of the Iller, 43 m. S.W. Augsburg. Pop. (1846) 6,876. It is enclosed by walls; and has a handsome town-hall, an arsenal, barracks, a lyceum, academy of music, and ma- nufs. of woollen, cotton, & linen fabrics, hosiery, ribbons, oil cloth, copper and ironwares. Memphis, or Moph, a ruined city, and the anc. cap. of Egypt, the remains of whicli exist on the W. bank of the Nile, 10 m. S. Cairo. — Mitrahera and several other vills. are on its site. Memphis, a vill., U. S., N. Amer., Tennessee, at its S.W. extremity, on an eminence beside the Mississippi. Pop. 3,300. It is regularly laid out, and its trade is equal to that of any port between New Orleans and St Louis. A railway connects it with Lagrange. MEMPHEEMAaOQ (Lake), Lowcr. Canada and V. S., is chiefly in the British dist. Three-rivers, but part^in the state Vermont, about lat. 45° N, Ion. 72° W. Length 30 m. It receives Black riv. from the S., and gives origin at its N. extremity to the river St Francis. Mena, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. and 48 m. E. Tchemigov, on an affl. of the Desna. Fop. 2,000. It was important in the lOth century. Menaggio, a market town of Austrian Italy, gov. Milan, 15 m. N.N.E. Como, at the mouth of the Senagra, on W. bank of the Lake of Como. Menai Stbait, an arm of the sea in N. Wales, separating the Isle of Anglesea from co. Car- narvon. Length N.E. to S.W. 14 m.; breadth varies from 200 yards to 2 miles. Shores rocky. It is navigable for vessels of moderate burden. The celebrated suspension bridge across this strait, forming a part of the great line of road between London and Holyhead, was completed by Telford in 1826, at a cost of 211,791?. It has 7 stone arches, each 52J feet span, besides the suspension portion, which is 560 feet in length. Height of roadway above high water 100 feet. — A tubular suspension bridge has (1860) been carried over the strait, and forms a part of the line of the Chester and Holyhead railway. Menalien, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Pennsyl- vania, 48 m. S.W. Harrisbnrg. Pop. 2,269. Me-ham, or Mei-nam ("mother of waters)," one of the large rivers of S. Asia, rises, according to native accounts, in the table-land of Yun- nan (China), traverses the centre of Siam, and after a S. course estimated at 800 m., enters the Gulf of Siam by three mouths, the E. of which is navigable for large ships, though all are more or less obstructed by bars. Menam-kong, a riv. of S.E. Asia. [Mb-kons.] Menan (Gbeat and Little), two isls. of S. Amer., in the Atlantic I. in New Brunswick, at MEN 855 MEN tlie entrance of the Bay of Fimdy, and 13 m. in length. — II. U. States, Maine, off Steuben harb. Menancabow, or Menankabau, a state of Sumatra, comprising a territory in its W. part. Pop. mostly Mohammedan, and they cari-y use- fid arts to a greater perfection than any other people of Sumatra. They ai-e now wholly or partially tributary to the Dutch of Padang. MENAKS-tA-ViLLE, a town of France. [Mbb.] Mesas-albas, a town of Spain, prov. and 28 miles S.S.W. Toledo. Pop. 3,651. Mekat, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 17 m. N.W. Riom. P. 2,020. Mendaba IsIjAnds. [Mabquesas.] Mehdatia, amlct. town of Spain, prov. Navarra, 40m. S.W. Pamplona. Pop. 1,900. Csesar Borgia was killed in a skirmish, near this town, in 1607. Mende, a comm. & town of France, cap. dep. Lozfere, on 1. b. of the Lot, 75 m. N.W. Avignon. Pop. (1846) 4,619. It is situated on the slope of Mont Mimat, enclosed by boulevards, and has a fine cathedral with 2 spires, an old episcopal palace, now the prefecture; a public library, chamber of manufs., and considerable manufs. of serges and other coarse cloths. Mehdefi, or Mekdeft, a lofty mntn. of Cen- tral Africa, S. of Mandera, near lat. 9° N., Ion. 14° 25' E., and supposed to be volcanic. Menueli, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 36 m. N.E. Bagdad, on the route across Mount Zagros, and defended by a castle. Hehvek, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 12 m. W. Amsberg. Pop. 3,300. Mentdebe, two rivers of Asia Minor. — I. (anc. Maaiider), Anatolia, is formed by two streams, about 50 m. S.W. Aflum Kara Hissar, flows gene- rally W.S.W., and enters the .Slgean Sea, 32 m. S.S.W. Aiasaluck (Ephesus), after a course of upwards of 200 ra. On its banks are the traces or the ancient cities Apamaea, Antiochia ad Maeandrum, and Miletus. — II. (ancient Simois), pUun of Troy, rises in Mount Ida, flows N.W., & after a N.N.W. course of about 60 m., past the sites of Troy & Pergamus, enters the Hellespont at it month, in conjunction with the Scamander. Mebdham, a pa. of Engl., cos. Norfolk and Suf- folk, IJ m. E.S.E. Harleston. Ac. 1,730. P. 823. Mekdigoeeia, a town of Spain, prov. Navarra, 16 m. S.W. Pamplona. Pop. 2,160. Mehbip Hills, England, co. Somerset, divide the N. from the central part of the co. Length about 24 m,, with elevation of upwards of 1,000 feet ; are mostly wild heath or sheep walk, and coal and lead mines are worked here. Mehuleshah, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 16 J m. N.N.W. Ipswich. Area 4,420 ac. Pop. 1,340. Annual charities 3301. A silver crown of one of the Saxon kings, weighing 60 ounces, was dug up here in 17th century. Mendociho (Cape), the most W. point of Up- per California, on the Pacific. Lat. 40° 29' N., Ion. 124° 29' 6' W. Mehbon, a township of IT. S., N. Amer. — I. Massachusetts, 31 m. S.W. Boston. Pop. 3,524. —II. New York, 17 m. S.E. Rochester. P. 3,435. Mebdoza, a river of the Plata Confederation, dep. Mendoza, flows mostly N.ward, and enters Lake Guanacache, after a total course of 200 ra. Mebboza, a dep. of the Plata Confederation, between lat. 82° and 34° 30' S., & Ion. 67° and 70° W., having N. and E. the deps. San Juan and S. Luis-, W. the Andes, separating it from Chile, and S. an unsettled region. Estimated pop. from 36,000 to 40,000. Surface mostly level, except W.ward. Principal river, the Mendoza, which enters the Guanacaohe, on the N. frontier. Soil sandy, and requires irrigation ; but fine fruits, and some wheat, maize, &c., are raised, which, with mules, wine, and some silver, in the vale of Uspallatu, constitute the chief products. Men- doza, the chief town, is situated in a high plain, near the Andes. Lat. 32° 62' S., Ion. 69° T W. Pop. about 12,000. It is well built, and is an en- trep6t for the trade between Buenos-Ayres and Chile, with which latter it communicates by the mountain passes of Uspallataaud Portillo. Mendrisio, the most S. town of Switzerland, cant. Ticino, 6 m. N.W. Como, with 1,716 inha- bitants, a college, and Capuchin convent. Mendtghaut, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, Upper provs., dist. Cawnpoor, on the Ganges, 6 m. S. Kanoje. Menehould (Ste), a comm. & town of France, dep. Marne, cap. arrond., on the Aisne, at the in- flux of the Auve, 26 m. E.N.E. ChMons. Pop. (1846) 3,068. It was destroyed by fire in 1719, and since regularly built. It has a forest board, an agricultural council, a seminary, and manufs. of glass, earthenwares, & leather. It was formerly fortified, and was taken by Louis xiv. in 1663. Menetou-Salon, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Cher, 10 m. N.N.E. Bourges, with manufs. of serges, and distilleries. Pop. 2,497. Mengen, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Danube, on the Danube, 6 m. S.E. Sigmaringen. P. 2,044. It is end. by walls, & has manufs. of woollen cloth. Mengekinghausen, a small town of Germany, princip. and 12 m. N. Waldeok. Pop. 1,743. Menhenoit, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 2i m. E.S.E. Liskeard. Area 6,280 ae. Pop. 1,221. Menin (Flemish Meenen), a comm. and forti- fied town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, cap. cant., on the Lys, and on the French frontier, 7 m. S.W. Courtrai. Pop. 8,052. It has manufs. of lace, woollen stuffs, and tobacco. It was repeat- edly taken by the French in the 17th & 18th cents. Menjil, Mehjile, or Menzil, a vill. of Persia, prov. Ghilan, on the confines of Irak-Ajemi, and on the Sefid-rood, here crossed by a bridge, 40 m. S.S.W. Reshd, having about 60 houses, and an active trade in oil and soap. Menmuie, a pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar, N.E. Brechin. Area about 15^ sq. m. Pop. 732. Meknetod-sue-Cheb, a comm. and town of France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, arrond. Romarantin, on rt. b. of the Cher. Pop. 960. Menneveet, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Aisne, arrond. Vervins. Pop. 2,148. MEKHiaHTJFFEN, a vill. of Frussian West- phalia, reg. and 10 m. W.S.W. Mmden. P. 1,216. Mennikoel, a vill. of Russia, gov. Esthonia, 14 m. W.S.W. Wesenburg. Pop. 2,000, employed in manufs. of tobacco, & linen and cotton stuffs. Menoup, a town of Lower Egypt, cap. a prov. in the Delta, on the canal of Menouf, which con- nects the Rosetta and Damietta branches of the Nile, 30 m. N.N.W. Cairo. It has indigo-works, a manuf. of mats, and a government school. Mens, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Isere, cap. cant., 25 m. S. Grenoble. P. 1,788. Menselinsk, a town of Russia, gov. Oren- burg, cap. dist., on the Ik, an affl. of the Kama, 135 m. N.W. Ufa. Pop. 1,420. Menshieh (El), a town of Upper Egypt, prov. and 9 m. N.N.W. Girgeh, on the W. bank of the Nile, and having nitre works, and a large govern- ment cotton factory. Menstbie, a vill. of Scotl., cos. Clackmannan and Perth, pas. Alloa and Logic, 3 m. E.N.E. Stirling. P. 518. Hasmanufs. of coarse woollens. Menxmoke, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 3J m. N.W. Ivmghoc. Area 1,240 ac. Pop. 348. MEW 896 MER Mbntone, the largest town in the princip. of Monaco, N. Italy, beautifully sit. on the Mediterr. Pop. (1838) 5,000 (more than 2.3ds of the entire pop. of the princip.), all occupied in fishing. Mentbida, a town of Spain, prov. and 27 m. N.W.Toledo. Pop. 2,679. Mbntz, a city of Germany. nMATEifOE.] — II. a township of U. S., N. Amer., New York, on the Erie canal, 8 m. N.N.W. Auburn. Pop. 4,216. Menwith-with-Dakley, a township of Engl., CO. York, W. Riding, pa. Hampsthwaite, 14 m. E.N.E. Skipton. Pop. 725. Menzaleh (Lake), one of the great lagoons of Lower Egypt, immediately S.E. Daraietta, sepa- rated by a narrow sandbank from the Mediter- ranean, with which it communicates by three openings. Length 50 m., greatest breadth 25 m. It receives the Pelusiac and Tanitic branches of the Nile. In 1833, its fisheries were let by the government for 12,600?. The Menzaleh canal from this lake joins the Nile N. the town Man- surah. — The town of Menzaleh is on the S. bank of the lake. It has a trade in rice and fish. Menzblinsk, a to?™ of S. Russia, gov. Oren- burg, cap. circ, 134 m. N.W. Ufa. Pop. 1,420. Meols (Nobth), a pa. of Engl., co. Lancaster, 7i m. N.N.W. Ormskirk. Ac. 8,450. Pop. 8,331. Meon, two pas. of Engl., co. Hants. — [West), 6| m. N.E. Bishop's- Waltham. Area 3,380 ac. Pop. 814.— II. (Stoke), 4 m. E.N.E. Bishop's- Waltham. Area 1,830 ao. Pop. 459. Meofham, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 6| m. W.S.W. Rochester. Area 4,390 ac. Pop. 937. Mepal, a pa. of Engl., co. Cambridge, 6^ m. W.N.W. Ely. Area 1,440 ac. Pop. 639. Meppel, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Drenthe, cap. cant., on the Havelter, near its mouth in the Keest, 26 m. S.W. Assen. Pop. (1841) 6,070. It has manufs. of sail cloth. Meppen, a town of Hanover, landr. and 44 m. N.W. Osnabriick, cap. jurisdiction, on the Ems, where joined by the Hase. Pop. 1,951. It is en- closed by walls, and has manufs. of linen stuffs. Meppebshall, a pa. of Engl., cos. Beds and Herts, 2} m. S.S.W. Shefford. Ac. 1,690. P. 487. Mequinenza, Octogessa, a town and fort of Spain, prov. & 60 m. S.S.E. Huesca, on the Ebro, at the influx of the Cinea. It is defended by a fortress, which was taken by the French in 1810. Mequinez, a city of Marocco, prov. and 34 m. W.S.W. Fez. Pop. 60,000. It stands in a fer- tile valley, is large, better built than Marocco, & has a palace, considered the finest in Marocco, and often the residence of the Emperor. MEB,or Menabs-la-Ville, a comm. and town of France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, cap. cant., with a station on the Orleans and Tours railway, 11m. N.E. Blois. Pop. 2,068. Meb and See, two contiguous summits of the Himalaya, in the N. part of the Punjab, in lat. 84° N., Ion. 76° E , and amongst the loftiest between the Sutleje and Indus rivers, both of nearly same height, and conical form, but presenting the re- markable peouHarity that while one is white with snow, the other is black, and uniformly bare. Meban, a town of Austria, in the Tyrol, circ. and 16 m. N.W. Botzen, on an affl. of the Adige. Pop. 2,300. It has two monasteries, a college, and an English seminary for noble ladies. Neai' it is the mountain fortress of Tyrol. Meeapia, a volcano of Java, dist. Kadoe. It was in violent eruption, Sept. 14th to 17th, 1849. Meeate, a mkt. town of Austrian Italy, with the magnificent palace of Belgioioso, deleg. and 18 m. S.E. Como. Meebideey, a town of British India, oresid. Madras, dist. Canara, 17 m. N.E. Mangalore, and with various handsome Jain pagodas, its pop. being cliiefly of the Jain sect. Meeoadal, a town of the Balearic islands, Mi- norca, 13 m. N.W. Mahon. Pop. 4,000. Meeoaba, or Meekaea, a fortified town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. Koorg, 67 m. W. Seringapatam. Meecato-Sabaceko, a town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., leg. and 21 m. S.S.E. Forii. Pop. 4,000. Meecbb, several townsliips of U. S., N. Amer. — I. Maine, 34 m, N.N.W. Augusta, on Sandy river. Pop. 1,432. — II. a post bor. of Pennsyl^ vania, cap. Mercer co., 55 m. N.W. Pittsburg.— III. Butler CO., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1,253, Many cos. of the IT. S. have this name. — Mer- cersbvrg is a post bor., Pennsylvania, 62 m. S.W. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,143. Meechtem, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 12 m. S.E. Fumes. Pop. 3,320. Meecia {Flama Ccesariensis), one of the old kingdoms of the Saxon heptarchy, or octarchy, occupying the centre of England, and compris- ing all the modern counties between the Thames S.ward, Yorkshire and Lancashire N.ward, the kingdoms East Anglia and Essex E.ward, and Wales on the W. It was the largest, and one of the most powerful states of the Saxon confe- deracy, though the last established, having been founded in 682, from which period it remained independent until its conquest by Egbert, king of Wessex, in 827. Its cap. city was Leicester. Meeccette, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Correze, cap. cant., 17 m. S.£. Tulle. Pop, 1,035. Meecoqliano, a, small fortified town of Naples, prov. Prmcip. Ult., 3 m. W. Avellino. Pop. 4,000. Meecuet Bav, New Zealand, is on the N.E, side of N. island, in lat. 36° 48' S., Ion. 175° 46' E. Meb-de-Giaoe ("seaof ice"). [Mont Blanc] Mebdin, a town of Asiatic Turkey. [Maedin.J Meedbionac, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, 15 m. E. Loud&c. P. 2,730. Mbeb, a market town and pa. of England, co. Wilts, 22 m. W.N.W. Salisbury. Area of pa. 7,400. Pop. 3,139. The town is poorly built, & not thriving. It has an ancient church, some traces of a castle, a union work- house, and an old market cross, with manufs. of silk and bed-tick- ing II. a township, co. Chester, pa. Rosthem, 2i m. N.N.W. Knutsford. Pop. 688. Meeebith, two townships of the U. S., N. Amer I. New Hampshire, 33 m. N. Concord. P. 3,351.— II.NewYork,6m.N.N. W.Delhi. P.1,640. Meeasa, a town of Algeria, prov. Oran, 6 m. S. Shershell. Meeb-Eglise (Ste.), a comm. & market town of France, dep. Manche, arrond. and 9 m. S.E. Valognes. Pop. 1,740. Meeetsb, or Meeeoz, a market town of Rus- sia, gov. and 56 m. S.W. VUna, on the Niemen.. Pop. 4,000, comprising about 600 Jews. Meeevale, a pa. of England, cos. Leicester & Warwick, 1^ m. W.S.W. Atherstone. Area 2,160 ac. Pop. 208. MSe^ville, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Seine-et-Loire, on the Juine, 37 m. S. Paris, with 1,784 inhabs., a castle, and park, one of the finest near the metropolis. Meeewoeth, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 6 m. W.S.W. Maidstone. Area 2,150 ac, Pop. 862. Meegentheim, or Maeiehthal, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Jaxt, cap. dist., on the Tau- ber, 66 m. N.N.E. Stuttgart. Pop. 2,381. It is enclosed by ramparts planted with trees, and ha« an ancient palace, with a library and a chapel. , , MER 857 MER Merqhen, a town of Manchooria, 110 m. S-W. Sagalin-Oola. Mebqdi, a maritime town of British India, & tbe cap. of one of the Tenasserim provs., on an island in the delta of the Mergui river, lat. 12° 26' N., Ion. 98° 35' B. Estimated pop. 8,000, comprising Burmese, Siamese, Chinese, & other settlers. It stands on the skirts of a steep hill, & is enclosed by a wooden stockade. Streets wide, hut the houses are of fragile materials ; it has some small pagodas, and brick bastions, with the military cantonments, hospital, & a few Eui'opeau houses. The harbour is well adapted for small vessels ; and some export trade in sapan wood, ivory, tortoise-shell, seaslug, shark fins, &c., destined for the China market, is here carried on. Climate comparatively healthy. The town was stormed and taken by the British in 1824. Meroui Akchipelago, a group of islands in the Indian Ocean, off the Tenasserim coast, be- tween lat. 9° and 13° N., and Ion. 97° and 98° 30' E., forming a part of the British prov. Mergui. Principal islands. Dome, King's,& St Matthew's. The prov. Mergui is the most S. on this coast be- longing to the British, and had, in 1840, a pop. of 17,770. Principal products are timber and coal. Mebhamet-Abad, a vill. of Persia, prov. Azer- bijan, cap. dist., 80 m. S.W. Tabriz, formerly of consequence, and having a fort and palace re- cently built, and about 1,000 houses, a few be- longing to Jews and Armenian christians. Mebida, JEmerita Augusta^ a city of Spain, prov. and 30 m. E. Badajoz, on rt. b. of the Guadiana, here crossed by a fine Boman bridge of 81 arches, and 2,575 feet in length. Pop. ^112. It has a hnge convent, two churches, two hospitals, and a prison, and is remarkable for its extensive Roman reiaains, inclnding an amphi- theatre, a circus, a theatre, baths, & a triumphal arch in good preservation. Augusta Emeriia was founded, 25 b. c, by Augustus for the settlement of his veteran troops {emeriti}, and it afterwards became the cap. of Lusitania. It fell into the hands of the Moors 713 a.d., and was finally attached to the kgdm. of Castile in 1228. MEBinA, the cap. city of Yucatan, in lat. 20° 60' N., Ion. 89° iV W., 25 m. from the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. about 23,000. It was founded in 1642, on the site of a city previously ruined by the Spaniards, and is regularly laid out, and well built of stone. It has many good squares, the principal and central one containing the cathedral, a rich edifice of the 16th century, the bishop's residence, and the government house. Of its three convents, two are now in ruins ; a remaining portion of the Jesuits' convent now serves for the legislative chambers of the state. Mannfs. and trade inconsiderable, but it com- municates by a good road with its port Sival. — IL a town of S. America, Venezuela, dep. Zulia, cap. prov., on the Chama, 85 m. N.W. Varinas. Pop. 6,000. Before its destruction by an earth- quake, m 1812, it was the largest city in Vene- zuela, and it is stated to be again flourishing, having a cathedral, ecclesiastical seminary, and college, and some woollen manufs. Meeiden, a pa. of England, co. Warwick, &\ m. W.N.W. Coventry. Area 2,870 ac. Pop. 1,071. The Earl of Aylesford has a seat here. Meeinohai, & Mebihville, 2 comms. & vills. of France. — I. dep. Creuse, 14 m. E. Aubusson, Pop. 2,119 II. iiep. Atide, 12 m. N.B. Carcas- sone. Pop. 1,626. Mebionethshibe CWelsh Mericmydd), a mari- time 00. of N. "Wales, having W. Cardigan Bay, and on other sides the cos. Carnarvon, Denbigh, and Montgomery. Area 663 sq. m., or 424,320 ac, of which about 60,000 are. arable. Inhabited houses 8,480. Pop. 39,332. Surface mountain- ous, in many parts well wooded and intersected by fine vales. Principal summits Arran-Mowd- wy, 2,965 feet, and Cader-Idris, 2,914 feet in height. Principal rivers, the Dee, Maw, and Dyn, the estuary of which last separates it from the CO. Cardigan in the S. Small lakes numer- ous, and that of Bala, the largest in N. Wales, is in this CO. Soil mostly poor, and suited only for pasturage : chief crops, oats and potatoes, with some wheat and barley. Welsh ponies of the purest breed are nearly confined to this co. and Montgomeryshire. Farms usually small, and held at will. Average rent of land (1810) Ss. lid. §er ac. Annual value of land (1843) 108,237?. ; 0. of quarries 9,728?. ; total of assessed property 153,666?. Mineral products are slate and lime at Corwen and Festiniog, with some lead and copper at Barmouth, Towyn, &c. Principal manufs., coarse flannels, and, in 1847, 219 per- sons were employed in factories in Dolgelly, Bala, and Towyn. Shipping is important at the harbours of Barmouth and Aherdyfi. Cus- toms revenue (1847) 1,714?. The co. is divided into five hundreds and 37 pas., in the diocese of Bangor and Asaph. Chief towns, Harlech the cap., Bala, Dolgelly, Corwen, and Tovpyn. Co. revenue (1848) 1,998?. It sends one member to H. of C. Keg. electors (1846) 1,180. Mebkah, a seaport town of E. Africa, dom. & 42 m. S.W. Magadoxo. Pop. about 3,000. It is stone-built, and was founded by Arab traders. Meekendobf, a town of Bavaria, circ. Middle Franconia, 9 m. S.E. Anspach. Pop. 806. Mebrez, a vill., castle, and river (the last the ancient Kersus) in Syria, 6 m. N. Scanderoon, on the E. side of its bay. Mebklinceh, 2 vills. of Wiirtemberg. — ^I. circ. Tfeckar, on the Wurm, 13 m. W. Stuttgart. Pop. 1,297.-11. circ. Danube, 15 m. N.W. Ulm. P. 600. Mebkshall, a pa. of England, co. and 3 m. W.S.W. Norwich. Area 580 ac. Pop. 24. Meblaea, a town of Austrian Italy, deleg. & 28 m. S.W. Padua. Pop. 2,500. Meeleac, a comm. and town of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, 9 m. N.W. Loudeac. P. 2,826. Meeleba, the most N. of the Ionian islands, in the Mediterranean, 7 m. N. W. Corfu. Length 2 m. MEBtiEBAXji.T (Le), a comm. and market town of France, dep. Orne, cap, cant., 16 m. E. Ar- gentan. Pop. 1,433, who manuf. linens. Meementau, a riv. of U. S., N. Amer., rises in the prairies of S.W. Louisiana, flows mostly S., & enters the Gulf of Mexico, after a course of 170 m. Mebo£ (Isle of), a wide tract in S. Nubia, between the Nile and its tributary the Atbara. Length 400 m. ; breadth 200 m. The ruins of the ancient Meroe are in its N. part, on the E. bank of the Nile, 26 m. N.E. Shendy ; and on a part of its site is the modern dilapidated town of same name, with a manuf. of indigo, and some large com magazines. Meeeimao, a CO. of the U. S., N. America, in S. of New Hampshire. Area 816 sq. m. Pop. 36,263. It is drained by river of same name, which enters the Atlantic at Newbury-port, after a S. and E. course of 150 m. On it is the town Plymouth. It is navigable to Concord. Mereington, a pa. of England, co. Durham, 3{ m. E.N.E. Bishop-Auckland. Area 8,420 ac. Pop. 1,704. Meebiott, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 2 m. N. Crewkerne. Area 1,670 ac. Pop. 1,467. MeHbitch, a considerable town of W. Hindo- MEK 853 MES Stan, dom. and 72 m, 8.E. Sattarah, near the Kistnah, on the bank of which are a handsome ghaut & pagoda ; but the town itself has no build- ing of note, except a fort & some small mosques. Mebrow, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, 2 m. E.N.E. Guildford. Area 1,64:0 ao. Pop. 252. Mebktn (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 6J m. W.N.W. Wadebridge. Ao. 3,470. Pop. 693. Meesch, a mkt. town of the Netherl'ds, grand duchy & 1 m. N. Luxemburg, cap. dist., on the Alzette, there joined by the Mamer. Pop. 2,400. Meese, or Maboh, adistrict of Scotl., forming the S. part of Berwickshire. Mersea, two pas. of England, co. Essex. — I. (East), 8 m. S.S.E. Colchester. Area 1,810 ac. Pop. 331 II. {West), a pa. adjoining the above, SJ m. S. Colchester. Area 3,020 ac. Pop. 917. These two pas. form a finely wooded island in the N. Sea, connected with the mainland by a long causeway, covered at high water. Koman relics have been found here. Mersebukg, a town of Prussian Saxony, cap. reg., on 1. b. of the Saale, and on the Thuringiau railway, 66 m. S.S.E. Magdeburg. Pop. (1846) 10,600. It is enclosed by walls, and has a cathe- dral, with a monument to the Emperor Rudolph of Swabla ; ducal and episcopal palaces, a mili- tary orphan asylum, school of surgery, and mannfs. of woollen and linen fabrics, paper, to- bacco, vinegar, and excellent beer. Mers-el-Kebin (Spanish Mazalquiver), a strongly fortifiied town of Algeria, on the Medi- terranean, prov. and 3 m. N.W. Oran. It was taken by the Spainards in 1505, abandoned by them in 1792, and taken by the French in 1830. Meeset, a river of England, rises in the N. of CO. Derby, and flows W., mostly between the cos. Chester and Lancaster, till it expands into the spacious estuary or arm of the Irish Sea, which forms Liverpool harbour. Length 60 m. Chief affluent, the Irwell, to the junction of which it is navigable for large vessels. Mebsham, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, on the S.E. railway, 3J m. S.E. Ashford. Ao. 2,510. Pop. 751. Merstham, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, 3 m. N.E. Keigate, with a station on the London and Brighton railw., which here passes through a long tunnel N. of Bed Hill sta. Ac. 2,590. P. 1,130. Mebstoh, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 2^ m. E.S.E. Chichester. Area 1,880 ao. Pop. 104. Meethor, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 4 m. W. Tregoney. Area 2,170 ac. Pop. 408. Merthye, several pas. of S. Wales. — I. co. & 4 m. W. Carmarthen. Pop. 295 II co. Pem- broke, 6 m. S.W. Fishguard. Pop. 1,012.— UL (Cynog), co. and 7 m. N.N.W. Brecon. Pop. 815 IV. (Dovan), co. Glamorgan, 6Jm. S.S.W. Cardiff. Pop. 130. — ^V. (Mawr), co. Glamorgan, 2 m. S."W. Bridgend. Pop. 147. Merthte-Tvdvil, a pari, bor., town, and pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, on the Taff, 22 m. N.N.W. Cardiff, with which it is connected by the Taff- vale railway, and by canal. Pop. of pa. in 1831, 22,083; in 1841, 34,977 ; of bor. in 1841, 42,917. The town has sprung up from a mere vill. within the last 80 years. It consists mostly of labourers' dwellings and small shops, with a large modern church, many dissenting chapels and schools, and numerous iron foundries, the material for which is supplied by the extremely rich coal and iron mines of the immediate vicin- ity; and the produce, mostly shipped at Cardiff, has exceeded 150,000 tons per annum. The Dow- lais iron works employ from 4,000 to 5,000 men. Markets, Wednesday and Saturday. The bor. is under the superintendence of a stipendiary ma- gistrate. It sends 1 member to H. of C, and is a polling-place for the co. Reg. electors for bor. (1847) 822. In the environs are many handsome residences, and 3 m. from the town, are the ruins of Morlais castle, the seat of the ancient princes of Brecon. The first railway locomotive ever started, is said to have run at Merthyr in 1804. Meetola, Julia Myrtilis, a fortified town of Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, on the Guadiana, 66 m. S. Evora. Pop. 3,000. Mertoh, several pas. of Engl. — ^I. co. Surrey, on the Wandle, here crossed by a bridge, 8 m. S.S.W. London. Area 1,610 ac. Pop. 1,914. It has many handsome residences, an extremely ancient church, and remains of a priory, founded soon after the conquest. Henry iii. held a par- liament here. — II. co. Norfolk, 2 m. S. Walton. Area 980 ac. Pop. 164 III. co. Devon, 5 m. N.N.W. Hatherleigh. Ac. 3,910. P. 763.— IV. co. Oxford, 3 J m. S.S.W. Bicester. Ac. 1,990. P. 230. Mebtouk, a pa. of Scotland, co. Berwick, oc- enpying its S. part. Area about 5,550 ac. Pop. 722. It has delightful scenery on the Tweed. Merud, a fortified town of British India, pre- sid. Bombay, dist. and 47 m. S.E. Foonah. Mertj, a comm. and town of France, dep. Oise, cap. cant., 15 m. S. Beauvais. Pop. 2,473. Mbbv, or Merd, Antiochia Margiana, a town of independent Turkestan, dom. and 300 m. S.E. Khiva, on the route between Meshed and Bok- hara. Pop. 3,000. It is enclosed by an earthen rampart, and was formerly of importance as the cap. of a Seljuk dynasty, but is now mostly in rums. — II. a vill. of Tibet, on the Sntleje, above the Himalaya, 30 m. E.N.E. Rampoor. Merville, or Mershem, a comm. and town of France, dep. Nord, on 1. b. of the Lys, 18 m. W. Lille. Pop. 3,021. It has considerable manufs. of linen table cloths, and cotton velvet. Meexheim, a comm. of France, dep. H. Rhin, with a station on the Strasbourg and Basle rail- way, llj m. S.W. Colmar. Meet-sor-Seine, a comm. & town of France, dep. Aube, on r. b. of the Seine, which here be- comes navigable, 12 m. W.S. W. Arcis-sur-Aube. Pop. 1,362. It was nearly burned to the ground during a combat between the French and Prus- sians in 1814. Merzig, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 22 m. S. Treves, cap. circ, on the Saar. Pop. 3,450. Mesagne, a town of Naples, prov. Otranto, 27 m. N.W. Leoce. Pop. 6,000. Mesohede, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 11 m. E.S.E. Arnsberg, cap. circ, on the Ruhr. Pop. 2,000. Meseritsoh, two towns, Moravia. — I. {Gross), circ. and 19 m. E. Iglau, on the Oslava. Fop. 3,900.-11. {Wallachisch), circ. and 25 m. N.E. Prerau, on the Betschwa. Pop. 1,690. Meseritz, a town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 65 m. W. Posen, cap. circ, on the Obra. Pop. 4,760. It is enclosed by ancient ramparts, and has manufs. of woollen clotii and leather. Meshaw, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 8 m. S.S.E. South Molton. Area 2,680 ao. Pop. 305. Meshed, or Mtjshed, a city of N.E. Persia, cap. prov. Khorassan, in lat. 36° 17' 40' N., Ion. 69° 26' E. Pop. estunated at 60,000. It stands in a fertile plain, is enclosed by strong walls, and has the magnificent mausoleum of the Imam Beza and the Caliph Haroun-al-Rascliid, one of the noblest structures in. Persia ; but its private buildings are mostly of snn-dried brick and mean, and its colleges are in ruins. It has manufa. of velvets and pelisses, & an active trade with Bok- hara, Candahar, Herat, and Yezd. [Mesjid.] MES 859 xMET Mjesjid, or MusjEED, several towns of Asiatic Turkey, &c. — I. {M.-Ali, anc. Alexandria), pasli. Bagdad, 28 m. S. the ruins of Babylon. It is en- closed by walls flanked with towers and a ditch, and is mostly built of brick. Principal edifice, the tomb of All, which continually attracts hither numerous pilgrims of the Shiah sect. tTnder the name of Sira, this town was the cap. of Arab & Christian dynasties, until taken by the Saracens in 632. — II. (AT. Hossein, or Kerbela, anc. Volo- gesid), 28 m. N.W. Babylon, in a well cultivated tract, and containing the mosque & tomb of Hos- sein, son of Ali, greatly venerated by the Shiahs. Mesko, a vill. of Asiatic Turkey, pash. Diar- beku-, 20 m. W.S.W. Mardin, and where are some remarkable basaltic columns. Hesmen le ViEDX (St), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Vendue, 25 m. N.Fontenay. P. 1,220. Mesopotamia, an ancient name of the country between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, Asiatic Turkey, now comprised in the pashs. Diarbekir and Bagdad, and containing the cities Diarbekir, ly^din, Nisibin, and Mosul, with parts of the ruins of Babylon and Seleucia. Mesolonghi, a small town of Greece, W. Hel- las, gov. JEtolia, on a marshy plain, covered with olive plantations, near the Gidf of Fatras, 22 m. T. Lepanto. In the Gi-eek struggle, it was a militaiy post of some importance, withstood re- markable sieges in 1822 and 1826; and near it, in 1823, a large Turkish army was defeated by a small Greek force under Marco Botzaris, who was killed in the action. Lord Byron died here 19th April 1824. It was lately a mere village. Mesobaca, a town of Naples, prov. CaJab. Ult., 17 m. N.E. Catanzaro. Pop. 2,400. Messa, a walled town of Marooco, prov. Sns, 63 m. S.W. Terodant. Pop. 3,000. Messac, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Ille- et-Vilaine, 18 m. N.E. Redon. Pop. 2,536. Messeue, 3Iavromati, a vill., and formerly an important city of Greece, Morea, gov. Messenia, 16 m. S.E. Kyparissia. The vill. stands at the foot of Mont Ithome, on either side of the " Black Spring "(the ancient fonntam of Clepsy- dra), and on the centre of the site of ancient Blessene, the remains of which are extensive. Messema, a gov. of Greece, consisting of the SM. peninsula of the Morea, and having land- ward the govs. Triphylia, Gortynia, and Laconia. Messina, Zancle and Messana, a city and sea- port of Sicily, cap. intend., on the strait of Mes- sma, 8 m. N.W. Reggie. Lat. of light-house 38° 11' lO' N., Ion. 15° 34' T E. Pop. (in 1831) 83,772. It is built on the W. side of anoble har- bour, enclosed by old walls ; has wide handsome streets, paved with lava, and lined with white stone houses. Principal structures, a gothic cathedral, erected by the Normans soon after their conquest of Sicily, several other churches and convents, the strong citadel, a noble vice- roy's palace, a large hospital, 2 theatres, a town- hall, exchange custom-house, bank, college, lyce- ura, and public library, with a lazaretto on the E, side the harbour, and broad quays, lined with stately bnildmgs bordering the N. shore. The port, defended by several fortifications, is formed by a long curved tongue of land, projecting N.E. from the mainland, and then bendmg W.ward in the form of a sickle, whence its ancient Greek name : it is about 4 m. in circ, has deep water throughout, and large vessels can load and un- load close to the quays. Trade considerable. Exports comprise oranges & lemons, silk, olive oil, wine and spirits, linseed, salt-flsh, &c. ; im- ports consist of colonial produce, cotton and woollen fabrics, hardwares, and other manufac- tured goods. It has active tunny, and other fish- eries, and manufs. of damaslcs and satins.— TAe Strait of Messina (Faro di Messina), separates Sicily from S. Italy, and unites two basins of the Mediterranean. Length, N. to S., 22 m,, breadth 10 m. to 2J m., at its N. extremity, between the Faro tower, Sicily, and the rock of Scylla. No bottom has been reached in it with 200 fathoms of line. On its shores are the cities Reggio and Messina, opposite which latter is the whirlpool of Charybdis. Mbssines (Flem. Meeseri), a town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 6 m. S. Ypres. Pop. 1,600. Messing, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, Si m. S.E. Coggeshall. Area 2,230 ac. Pop. 758. Messingham, a pa. of Engl., oo. Lincoln, 7 J m. ■W.S.W. Glandford-Brigg. Ac. 6,130. P. 1,648. Messis, or Misis, a large vill. of Asia Minor, pash. and 18 m. E. Adana, beside the Jyhoon (anc. Pyramus), on the site of the ancient Mop- suestia, inhabited mostly by Turkish freebooters. Mestanza, a town of Spain, N. Castile, prov. and 30 m. S.S.W. Ciudad-Real. Pop. 2,670. Mestchotsk, a town of Russia, gov. and 40 m. W.S.W. Kaluga. It has a large hemp fair in July. Mestbe, a town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 6 m. N.W. Venice, with a sta. on railw. to Vicenza,, on margin of the lagoon. Pop. 6,000. Mesurada (Cape), a headland of Liberia, W. Africa, immediately S. of Monrovia. Lat. 6° 19' y N., Ion. 10° 49' 5" V Mesurada River, W. Africa, flows S.W., as estimated, for at least 300 m., and enters the Atlantic at Monrovia. Mesubata, a marit. town of N. Africa, dom. and 112 m. E.S.E. Tripoli, at the entrance of the Gulf of Sidra. It is celebrated for its manufs. of carpets. — Cape Memrata (or Misratah), near it, is in lat. 32° 26' N., Ion. 15° 10' E. Meta, a river of S. Amer., New Granada, rises about 40 m. S. Bogota, and joins the Orinoco, after a N.E. course of 500 miles. Metapa, a town of Central Amer., state and 20 m. S.S.E. Guatemala, near Lake Metapa. Pop. 8,000. There are iron mines in its vicinity. Metadbo, Metaurus, a river of Central Italy, Pontifical sta., E. of the Apennines, after an E.N.E. course of 60 m., enters the Adriatic 9 m. S.E. Pesaro. Affl. the Cantiano. Metaxata, a vill. of the Ionian Island Cepha- Ionia, dist. Livato, 6m. S.E. Argostoli,near which is a villa, once occupied by Lord Byron. Metelen, a town of Prussian Westphaha, reg. and 23 m. N.W. Munster. Pop. 1,400. Meteben, a comm. and villi of France, dep. Nord, 6 m. E.N.E. Hazebrouck. Pop. 2,640. Metpield, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 3i m. E.S.E. Harleston. Area 2,360 ac. Pop. 702. Methamis, a comm. and vill. of France, in an extensive coal basin, dep. Vaucluse, arrond. Car- pentra?, 15 m. N.E. Avignon. Pop. 1,020. Methebingham, a pa. of Engl., co. and 8| m. S.E. Lincoln. Area 4,690 ac. Pop. 1,205. Methili, a small bor. of barony, seaport, and quoad sacra pa. of Scotl., co. Fife, pa. Wemyss, on the Firth of Forth, 1^ m. W. Leven. P. 466. Methlet, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, with a station on the North Midland railway, 7| m. S.S.E. Leeds. Area 3,240 ae. Pop. 1,702. Methley park is the seat of Lord Mexborough. Methliok, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, bounded S. and B. by New Deer. Pop. 1,737. Mbthden, a township of U. S., N. Amer., Mas- sachusetts, 22 m. N.N.W. Boston. Pop. 2,261. Pop. of vill. 1,000, employed in cotton mauufs. Methven, a pa. of Scotl., co. & 6 m. W.N.W. MET 880 MEV Perth. Area about 10,700 ac. Fop. 2,446. Pop. of vill., which is neatly built, 935, mostly cotton weavers. The pa. has fine forest scenery. Here, on the Lynedoch estate, is the grave ot " Bessie Bell & Mary Gray," victims of the plague in 1666. Methwold, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 3} m. S.S.E. Stoke-Ferry. Area 13,630 ac. Pop. 1,441. Methye (Lake), a small lake of British N. Amer., 180 m. S. Lake Athabasca, and having at its S. extremity Fort Methye, & on N. side a por- tage. Another Lake Methye is 350 m. S.W. Metibjah, a fertile plain in Algeria, extending S. the city of Algiers, between it and the Lesser Atlas. Length, E. to W., 90 m. Metropoli, a town of Crete, near its centre, 20 m. S.W. Candia. Around it are vestiges sup- posed to be those of the ancient Gortynia. — Me- tropolis is a ruined city of Asia Minor, Anatolia, the remains of which are 22 m. S.S.E. Smyrna. Meteknich, a vill. of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 2i m. W. Coblentz, and the original family seat of the Austrian prince of that name. Mettingham, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 2 m. E. Bungay. Area 1,470 ac. Pop. 409. Mettmann, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 9^ m. N.E. Diisseldorf, on the Diissel. Pop. 2,626. It has manufs. of woollens, velvets, and silk. Metton, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3J m. S.S.W. Cromer. Area 620 ac. Pop. 71. Metz, Divodurum^ a fortified city of France, cap. dep. Moselle, at the confi. of the Moselle and Seille, and at the head of a branch of the rail- way from Paris to Strasbourg, 170 m. E. Paris. Pop. (1846) 42,976. Metz is one of the strongest & most important places in France ; & its espla- nade is one of the finest promenades in Europe. It has a citadel on rt. b. of the Moselle, a Gothic cathedral, with a spire 373 feet high, a tribunal of commerce, a national college, school of en- gineering, primary normal school, a botanic garden, a university academy for the deps. Ar- dennes and Moselle, and a military hospital. It has important manufs. of coarse woollen cloths, muslins, thread, machinery, and musical instru- ments, and an active trade; being a general en- trepot for colonial and foreign merchandise. In the 16th century it was a free imperial city, under the protection of the German Empire. Metzensiefen, a market town of N. Hungary, circ. Abaujvar, formed of two contiguous vUls., 18 m. "W. Kaschau. United pop. 6,359. Metzingen, or Mezingen, a town of S. Ger- many, Wiirtemberg, circ. Black Forest, on the Neckar, 18 m. S.E. Stuttgart. Pop. 4,200. Metzovo, a town of Turkey. [Mezzovo.] Meudon, a comm. and small town of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 6 m. W. Paris, with 1,765 in- habs,, a royal palace and park, and a station on the railway to Versailles. Meulan, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-et-Osie, on the Seine, and on the Paris & Rouen railway, 8 m. W.N.W. Poissy. Pop. 1,890. Medlebeke, a comm. & vill. of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, cap. cant., 10 m. N. Courtrai. Pop. (1843) 9,293.— Mmlebeeck is a vill., prov. S. Bra- bant, 1 mile N.W. Brussels. Meuhg, or Mehun, a comm. & town of France, dep. Loiret, cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Loire, and on the railway to Tours, 11 m. W.S.W. Orleans. Pop. 2,648. It has a ruined castle, felt manufs., tanneries, and paper and flour mills. Meurs, or MoKS, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 17 m. N.N.E. Dusseldorf, cap. princi- pality, on the Eider. Pop. 2,860. It has Lu- theran, and Roman Catholic churches, a normal school, and a town-hall, in front of which are the sculptured lions found on the site of the Asci- burgum of Tacitus. Under the French, Meurs was the cap. dep. Roer. Meubsault, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. C6te d'Or, 27 m. S.S.W. Dijon. P. (1846) 2,201. Meukthb, a river of France, rises in the Vosges, S.E. of St Di^, passes St Did, Lundville, and. Nancy, where it becomes navigable. It joins the Moselle on the right at Frouard, 6 m. N. Nancy. Length 70 miles. Meurthe, a dep. of France, in the N.E., form- ed of part of the old prov. of Lorraine, between the deps. B. Rhin, Vosges, Meuse, and Moselle, cap. Nancy. Area 2,465 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 446,991. Chief rivers, the Moselle and its affls., the Meurthe, the Sarre, and the Seille; it is situated entirely in the basin of the Moselle, and covered with low ofisets of the Vosges mntns. ; there are extensive marshes in the N.E. Com is raised more than sufiicient for consumption; wine and timber are exported. Minerals com- prise building and lithographic stones, marble, and alabaster ; it has vast deposits of turf, and an immense bank of rock-salt, whence issue valuable salt springs. Chief manufs., glass, crystal, porcelain, paper, linen, woollen, and cot- ton fabrics. The dep. is divided into the arronds. Ch^teau-Salins, Lundville, Nancy, Sarrebourg, and Toul. Meuse, a frontier dep. of France, in the N.E., formed of part of the old prov. Lorraine, between the deps. Moselle, Meurthe, Vosges, H.-Marne, Marne, & Ardennes, & bounded N. by Belgium. Area2,.369sq. m. Pop. (1846) 326,710. It is tra- versed from S. to N. by a range of low hills called the mntns. of Argonne, which separate the basins of the Meuse and Seine. Chief rivers, the Meuse, Chito, Saulx, Omain, Aisne, and Aire. Climate cold & humid, but healthy ; surface in many places stony and arid ; soil fertile in the valleys ; corn is raised more than sufficient for consumption ; fruit is abundant, and wine of good quality. The forests furnish abundance of building timber. Horses are small, but vigorous ; cattle and sheep extensively reared. Principal industry, iron forging, glass and paper making. The dep. is divided into the arronds. Bar-le-Duc, Commercy, Montmedy, and Verdun. Medse (Flemish Masse, Dutch Maas, ancient Mosa), a river of Europe, rises in France, dep. H. Marne, N.E. Langres, traverses the dep. Vosges, where it disappears underground near Bazoilles, and re-appears, 4 m. distant, near Neufchiiteau. In France it passes Commercy, St Mihiel, & Ver- dun (where it becomes navigable), Sedan, Me- zieres, Charleville, Givet; in Belgium, Dinant, Namur, Huy, and Liege ; in Holland, Maestricht, Ruremonde, Venlo, and Gorcum; below Gor- cum it separates into several branches, travers- ing the Bies Bosch and Holland's Diep, forming numerous isls., and enters the N. Sea by 3 prin- cipal mouths, the Maas on the N., the Flakliee in the middle, and the Grevelingen on the S. Chief affls. on left, the Bar, Sambre, and Dommel ; on right, the Semoy, Lesse, Ourthe, Roer, & Niers ; the "Waal (a branch of the Rhine), the Linge, Leek, and the Lower Yssel, another branch of the Rhine. [Nethelands.] The Meuse communi- cates with the Aisne by the canal of Ardennes. Meuselbaoh, a vill. of Cent. Germany, princi- pality Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, with paper mills on the Meuselbaoh, 6 m. S. Konigsee. P» 1,350. Medselwitz, a mkt. town of Germany, duchy Saxe-Altenburg, 15 m. N.E. Gera. Pop. 1,627. Mevagh, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Donegal, 7 m. N.W. Millford. Ac. 21,026. Pop. 5,620. MEV 861 MEX Metagisset, a pa. of Engl., oo. Cornwall, 61 m. E.S.E. Grampound. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 2,310. Mewan (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 1 m. ■W.S.W. St Austell. Area 2,380 ac. Pop. 1,146. Mewe, a town of W. Prussia, reg. and 8 m. >.W. Marienwerder, on the Vistula. Pop. 2,650. Mexborough, a pa. of Engl., co. York,W. Kid- ing,6Jm.N.N.E. Rotherliam. Ac.2,340. P.1,425. Mexican CoNFEnERATioN, a federal repub- lic of North America, between lat. 16° and 33° N., Ion. 92° and 117° W., having N. the United States territories of California, New Mexico, and Texas, E. the GiJf of Mexico and Yucatan, S.E. the Confederation of Central America, S. and W. the Pacific and Gulf of California. Estimated area, population, divisions, &c., as follow : DivUionfl. Area in sq. m. Pop. (1843.) Chief oilici. STATES OR DKPS. ChLipsa, 1S,7S) 141,306 CiudaddelaaCaaas Chihaiihaa, esja 147,600 Co>)iai]>, . S0,74O 75,340 Saltillo. l>Dtsnp>, 51,500 163,618 Tlctoria. Guannxoato, 8,000 612,606 Gunnaxuato. Mexico, 3S,4a) 1,389,530 Tezcoco. Hicboacan. ii3,4(;e 497,906 Tailadolid. Hew Leon, . . 91,000 101A08 Monterey. Oaxaca, 32,650 500,378 Oaxaca. LaPuebta, . . 18,*10 661,903 La Fuebla. Qneretaro, . 7.500 120,660 Qaeretaro. Sao Luis Fotoal, . 1S,000 331,840 San Luis Potosl. Sinaloa, {146,100} 147,000 TilladelFuerte. Bonon, 134,000 Arlape. Tabasco, 14,676 63,680 VilU Hemioaa. TamuUpaa, 93,230 100,068 New Santander. Vera Crux, . S7,660 354,380 Xalapa. Xalisoo, . . { 70,000} 679,311 Guadalaxara. Agaaa Calieotea, . 69,698 Aguas Oalientes. Zacatecas, 10,950 373,575 Zacatecas. TEERITOETFS. lower California, . . . Mima, . . . . (?) 40"000 Colima. Tlaaoala, . . - (?) 66,000 Tlascala. FSDEBAL DI8- TEIOT, (?) 300,000 Mexico, Total, . . 895,823 6,650,096 Tlw pop. maj be diatingTii abed and divided into — Aborigiiial lodtan Dations, 3,000,000 Meatizoe, or mixed Indians and [Toeai, . 600,000 Molattofland Zamboa (mixed nef Cteoles, or deacendsnta of Spania rdfl, . . 1,030,000 Baropeaoa, 30,000 Tola , . 6,650,000 According to other authorities, this Confede- ration is estimated to have an area of 1,660,000 sq. m. (Mayer's Mexico), or of 876,000 sq. m. (Aim. de Goiha) ; but since both of these esti- mates were made, Mexico has been divested of Yucatan (declared indep. in 1845) of Upper Cali- fornia, and of all the territory N. of the Gila and Rio Bravo del Norte, now annexed'to the United States, but formerly comprised in Chihuahua, Coahuila, Tamaulipas, & New Leon. The amount of pop. as above, though given on government authority, is professedly merely anapproximati on. The great mntn. chain that enters the Con- federation from Central Amer., diverges, on pass- «. ing N.ward, into two arms, enclosing the plateau of Anahuac, from 6,000 to 8,000 feet in elevation, out of which rise the volcanoes Popocatapetl, Orizaba, &c., to upwards of 17,000 feet above the sea. There are numerous lakes on this table-land, the chief being that of Chapala. Coasts, especi- ally the E., low and very unhealthy. Principal rivers, the Nueces, Tigre, Tampico, & Alvarado, flowing E.ward ; and the Bolsas, Rio Grande de Santiago, Culiaoan, and Yaque, entering the Pacific ; but all are much inferior in size to the Rio Bravo del Norte, which forms all the N.E. frontier. Soil extremely fertile, and products are in great varietj;, comprising maize, manioc, most European grains and fruits, yams, peppers, cocoa, vanilla, sugar, cotton, coffee, and other productions of tropical climates. Tobacco is a government monopoly, and raised only in a small dist. near Orizaba. The mineral wealth of the Confederation exceeds that of any part of Amer., except Peru & California. Before beingindep., the country possessed 37 mining dists., witb upwar(js of 3,000 mines, yielding annually silver to about 21,000,000 dollars, and gold to 2,000,000 do. ; and it is calculated that the coinage of the Mexican mints, from their earliest establishments in 1636 to 1843, amounted to 2,068,597,948 dollars, or 448,197,800?. In 1840, the coin issued from its mints amounted in value to 13,134,611 dollars, exclusive of copper, which metal, and lead, tin, quicksilver, zinc, and antimony, are also plenti- ful. The principal mines are in the central deps. Mining is very ill conducted, and of most kinds of industry, except domestic manufs., in some of which the Indians greatly excel, few are attempted; but in 1844, it was estimated that 131,000 spindles were employed in cotton weav- ing, chiefly in the central and E. deps. ; some leather, paper, glass, wares, & woollen stuffs, are also made, though to no great extent. The foreign commerce has greatly declined during the last dozen years. In 1833, the customs on imports amounted to about 12 million dollars ; in 1839, owing to the French blockade of the ports, they fell to 3,000,000 do.; and in 1841, they reached no more than 6,287,097 do., corres- ponding to imports which Mayer estimates at 12,300,000 dollars,— viz., to the value of 4,500,000 dollars from Great Britain, 3,000,000 do. from France, and the rest mostly from Hamburgh, China, the U. States, Spain, and the Italian ports. The exports also he estimates at 20,000,000 dolls., of which about 18,600,000 do. were in specie, the rest being chiefly in cochineal, vanilla, jajap, sar- saparilla, and hides ; the large extent of smuggl- ing carried on, accounting for the great pre- ponderance of the export over the import trade. In 1841, the British and Irish produce exported to Mexico from the United Kingdom, amounted in total value to 434,901?., & comprised 6,158,491 jfards of cotton cloth, 601,160 lbs. of cotton twist, linen fabrics to the value of 97,295?., silk goods to 20,430?., woollen do. to 68,410?., besides earthenwares and hardwares. In the same year, the exports to Mexico from the U. States were estimated in value at 441,260?., and the imports thence 711,740?., of which bullion and coin stood for 419,900?. Principal ports are Vera Cruz, Tampico, Matamoras, and Monterey, on the Gulf of Mexico ; and San Bias, Acapuico, Mazatlan, and Guaymas, on the Pacific and Gulf of Cali- fornia. By the "political organization," pro- mulgated in 1843, Mexicans, with an annual income of 200 dollars, have the right to form electoral colleges, of one elector for every 50O inhabitants, the former again electing a secondary electoral college to choose deputies in the seve- ral deps., generally in the proportion of one for every 70,000 uihabs. The deputies must be 30 years of age, and have each an annual income of 1,200 dolls. ; and half of the chamber is to be re- newed every 2 years. The senate i.s composed of 63 members, 2-3ds elected by the deputy-assem- blies, and the rest by the chamber of deputies, the president, and supreme court; l-3d of this MEX 862 MEZ body to be renewed biennially, and senators to possess an annual income of 2,000 dollars. The executive power is confided for five years to a Mexican, upwards of 40 years of age, and assisted by a oouncU of 17 persons, whose tenure of office Is perpetual. Each deputy has also an assembly of from 7 to 11 members of the qualifications re- quired for a deputy to congress, and whose term of office is i years. State religion is the Koman Catholic, and the property of the church is esti- mated at 90,000,000 dolls, in value. Armed force lately consisted of 19,600 men, besides a militia of 30,000. Navy consistedof 3steam-frigates,5sraall vessels, and some gun-boats. Public revenue in IMO, amounted to 12,744,157 dollars ; foreign debt 84,000,000 dollars ; internal debt 18,550,000 dolls. Mexico, a state of the Mexican Confederation, having S. the Pacific Ocean, and on other sides the states Michoacan, Qaeretaro, Vera Cruz, and La Puebla. Estimated area 35,460 sq. m. Pop. 1,500,000. Surface in the N. belongs to the Anahuac plateau. Principal rivers, the Bolsas, Lerma, and Montezuma. Products very various. Cattle rearing is neglected, but mining industry is important; here are some rich silver mines, including those of Tasco and Tehulilotepec, and quarries of marble, alabaster, obsidian, &c. It has some manufs. of cotton fabrics. Chief cities, Tezcuco the cap., Toluca, Tenanzmgo, Lerma, & Acapulco. The city Mexico is in the separate federal dist. of the Confederation. Mexico, Tenochtitlan, the cap. city of the Mexi- can Confederation, federal dist., in a noble plain, 1,700 sq. m. in extent, enclosed by mntns., con- taining many fine lalces, and 7,471 feet above the sea. Lat. 19° 26' 7' N., Ion. W 6' 0' W. Esti- mated pop. 200,000. When taken by Cortez in 1521, it occupied several isls. in the la\e Tezcuco, and although still having the same site, it is now, owing to various causes, 2^ m. distant from the lake. It is encircled by walls, and entered by gates, to which several fine thoroughfares lead, & few cities have so imposing an appearance both externally and internally, though its suburbs are in the last degree miserable. In the city proper the houses are mostly of stone, built around court-yards, seldom more than one storey in ht., flat-roofed, and decorated by painting & mosaic work on the outside ; streets regular and well- paved, but neither lighted nor watched, whence robberies and assassinations are frequent; pubUc edifices numerous, substantial, and in good style. The great square is one of the finest in any me- tropolis ; two of its sides are formed by the cathe- dral, national palace, museum, and a new mkt.- place, the other sides are bordered by arcades in front of the Parian, a kind of bazaar, by the town- hall, exchange, &c. The cathedral, 500 feet in length by 420 feet in breadth, is of mixed Gothic and Italian architecture, and gorgeously orna- mented, having also a high altar with a statue of the Virgin, the dress of which is said to con- tain, besides other gems, diamonds to the value of 3,000,000 dollars. The national palace com- prises the residence of the President, the govern- ment offices, mint, the prison, botanic garden, barracks, &c. The university is a fine old mo- nastic building, in the court-yard of which is an excellent bronze statue of Charles iv. of Spain by Tolsa, a Mexican artist. There are between 60 & 60 churches, Franciscan & Dominican con- vents, a college of engineers, theatre, buU-ring, and several aqueducts ; an academy of arts, public library, manufs. of gold and silver lace, silver- smiths' work, coaches, woollen and beaver goods, and a large government cigar factory. Mexico (Ne w), a territory of the United States, North America, boundedN. by Utah & Nebraska, E. & S.E. by Texas, S. by the Rio Gila, which separates it from the Mexican Confederation, and W. by the state of California. Area estimated at 77,387 sq. m. Pop. (white) 61,632. It is tra- versed by the Kocky Mountains, and watered bv the Bio Grande on the E., and the Colorado on the W. About 100 m. S.E. of Santa F^ are se- veral salt lakes. The climate is generally dry, except during the rainy season, from July to October, and the country is very healthy. Agri- culture is rudely conducted, and. the soil requires irrigation. Maize is the chief grain, wheat is cultivated, and the vine ^rows well in some loca- lities. The territory is rich in gold, copper, iron, coal, gypsum, and salt. Seven-eighths o^the pop. are Indians, the others are Creoles & Americans! This country was discovered by the Spaniards in 1581, they colonized it in 1594, and worked the mines, but were driven out by the Indians, in 1680. After a war of ten years, the Spaniards re-took the country, and kept it till the inde- pendence of Mexico in 1821. It afterwards formed a dep. of the Mexican Confederation. In 1846 it was conquered by the Americans, to whom possession was confirmed at the peace of 1848. The territorial government was organised in 1850, cap. Santa F^.— The Gulf of Mexico is an inland sea, communicating E.ward by the Florida Channel with the Atlantic, & by Yucatan Channel with the Caribbean Sea, and on other sides en- closed by the territories of the United States, Mexico, and Yucatan. Area 800,000 sq. m. Ex- cept off Yucatan and Florida, it is free from isls. or shoals, and along the coast of Mexico, it has a depth of 100 fathoms, 30 m. from shore. In the winter N. winds prevail, but the Gulf is less sub- ject to hurricanes than the Caribbean Sea. The "gulf stream" sets into it at its S.E., & out of it at its N.E., side. [See Johnston's Physical Atlas.] Mexico, a township of the U. States, N. Amer., New York, 145 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 3,729. Meximieux, a comm. and town of France, dep. Ain, 20 m. E.S.E. Trevoux. Pop. 2,065. Mexlitlak, a market town of the Mexican Confederation, state and 100 m. N.E. Mexico. Mevahooh, Burmese dom. [Mtak-aoho.] Mevenfeli), Switzerland. [Mateneeld.] Meybnbdro, a walled town of Prussia, prov, Brandenburg, 73 m. N.W. Berlin. Pop. 1,607. Metmao, a comm. and town of France, dep. Correze, 9 m. W. Ussel. Pop. 1,845. Mevon, an isl. of the E. Archipelago, between Celebes & Gilolo. Lat. 1° 15' N., Ion. 126° 40° E. Mevkingen, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Bern, in the Hash Valley, 8 m. E. Brienz, on the Aar. Pop. 700. It is in a most picturesque situation. Mevbceis, a comm. and small town of France, dep. Lozfere, cap. cant., 12 m. S.S.W. Florae, on rt. b. of the Yonte. Pop. 1,378. — Meissac is a comm. and vill., dep. Correze, cap. cant., 10 m. S.E. Brives. Pop. 2,640. Metziedx, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Isfere, cap. cant., 17 m. N. Vienne. Pop. 1,200. MfezE, a comm. and sea-port town of France, dep. H&ault, on the lagoon of Thau, 19 ra. S.W. Montpellier. Pop. 4,634. Its harbour accom- modates vessels under 60 tons burden. Mezel, a comm. and town of France, dep. B. Alpes, arr. & 15 m. S.S.W. Digne, on the Asse. Pop. 985. — II. a comm. and vill., dep. Puy-de- Dome, arrond. Clermont. Pop. 1,207. Mezen, a river of N. Russia, govs. Vologda & Archangel, enters Mezen Bay, White Sea. Course N. W., of 400 m. Afiis., the Vashka and Peza. MEZ 863 MIC Mezen, a town of Russia, gov. & 140 m. N.E. Archangel, cap. circ, on the Mezen river, 15 m. from its month in the White Sea. Pop. 1,900. It has a trade in fiu-s and timber. Meziebes, a comm. & fortified town of France, cay. dep. Ardennes, on a peninsula formed by the Meuse, 47 m. N.E. Rheims. Pop. (1846) 3,847. It is commanded by a strong citadel^ and has a fine Gothic church, in which Charles ii. espoused Isabella of Austria. It communicates by a sus- pension bridge with Charleville, on the opposite side of the Meuse. In 1520, tlie troops under the chevalier Bayard successfully defended it against 40,000 Spaniards ; and, in 1815, it held out for two months against the Russians. — II. (M.-en- lireime), a comm. and town, dep. Indre, 16 m. N.E. Le Blanc. Pop. 1,541. Mbzw, a comm. and town of France, dep. Lot et Garonne, cap. cant., 7 m. S.S.W. Nerac, on the GeUze. Pop. 2,051. Mezih (Mount), France. [CEVEiraES.] JlEzraGSN, Wiirtemberg. [Metzikoen.] Mezo, a prefix of the names of numerous places in Hungary. — I. (M. Bereny), a vill., co. & 7 m. N.W. Bekes. Pop. 7,900. It has a Protestant gymnasium. — ^IL (Jlf. Segyes), a mkt. town, co. Csanad, 33 m. E. Szegedin. Pop. 149. Remark- able for an immense imperial stud, foimded by Joseph II., wliich famishes to the army in time of peace 1,000 horses annually. — III. {M. Kovesd), a royal mkt. town, co. Borsod. Pop. 6,670. Mezo-Tob, a mkt. town of Hungary, co. Heves, on the Beretfyo, an affl. of the Koros, 57 m. S.W. Debreczin. Pop. 15,736. Mezzenile, a vill. of Piedmont, div., prov. and 23 m. N.W. Turin. Pop. of comm. 2,502. Mezzojdso, a town of Sicily, intend, and 18 m. S.E. Palermo. Pop. 4,000. Mezzovo, a town of European Turkey, Epirus, pash. and 23 m. E.N.E. Janina, in a mntn. chasm on both sides of the Arta. It has about 1,000 houses, with a pop. mostly of Wallachian descent, who weave woollen fabrics, and trade in wine. — U. (Mount Mezzovo), Turkey. [PiifDUs.] Mghn, a town of Russia, gov. & 128 m. N.E. Tchemigov, cap. circ. Pop. 6,800. Mhab, a town of Brit. India, presid. and 72 m. S.S.E. Bombay, dist. Concan, on a navigable riv., about 25 miles from the sea. Meevsub, a town of Hindostan, dom. & 40 m. S.S.W. Indore, on the Nerbuddah. It is regu- larly and well built, and has a stone fort, contain- ing a palace and several Hindoo temples, & com- mnnicating with the river by one of the finest ranges of ghauts (stairs) in India. Maow, a town of Iniua, dom. and 12 m. S. In- dor^ near the Vindhyan mntns., & important as a military station.— Several other unimportant towns have this name. Mhte, a river of India, which after a S.W. course of more than 300 m., through the Bombay andBaroda territories, enters the Gulf of Cam- bay, by a month 5 miles across. MujADAS, a town of Spain, prov. & 30 m. S.E. Cacercs. Pop. 3,290. It has a Moorish castle. MiAKo, a city of Japan, and its ecclesiastical cap., island Niphou, on the Yeddo-gawa river, 240 m. W.S.W. Teddo. Lat. 35° 3' N., Ion. 135° 63' E. Pop. 477,557. It stands in a spacious plain, enclosed by mntns. covered with gardens, interspersed with temples and monasteries. The city is stated to be 4 m. in length, 3 ra. in breadth, and encircled by a fosse; streets regular, but narrow ; houses of fragile materials. Ou its N. side is a separately fortified quarter, comprising the residence of the dairi, or ecclesiastical sove- reign of the empire ; and on the W. is a strong citadel, the residence of various government o£ ficers, and occasionally of the viceroy. Miako is at once the principal seat of learning & literary publication, and the chief manufacturing city of the empire, every kind of Japanese handicraft being here oari-ied on in the highest perfection. It is supposed to be visited once in every 4 years by Dutch traders, who make extensive purchases of its manufactured goods. Miallet, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Dor- dogne, 13 m. E. Nontron. Pop. 1,863. Miami, a co., U. S., N. America, in W. of Ohio. Area 410 sq. m. Pop. 19,688.-11. a co. in N. of Indiana. Area 300 sq, m. Pop. 3,048.-111. a tnshp., Ohio, 119 m. W.N.W. Columbus. Pop. 2,189 — IV. a tnshp., Ohio, Clermont co. Pop. 2,063. — V. a township, Montgomery co., Ohio. Pop. 3,259. MiANA, a town of Persia, prov. Azerbijan, ou the Sefid-rood, here crossed by a bridge of 23 arches, 80 m. S.E. Tabriz. Pop. 2,000, who ma- nuf. camel's hair fabrics, and trade in horses. MiAVA, a market town of N.W. Hungary, co. Neutra, on the Miava, an afil. of the Morava, 48 m. N.N.E. Presburg. Pop. (1845) 9,800, mostly Lutherans. It has manufs. of woollen cloth and bagging, distilling, & a trade in hemp and flax. MiOHAEn, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 7{ m. S.S.E. Wymondham. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 444. Michael (Si), the largest of the Azores isls., in the Atlantic Ocean, lat. 37° 44' N., Ion. 26° 3(/ W. Length, E. to W., 36 m. Area 224 sq. m. Pop. (1840) 80,809. Surface mostly mntnous., and the Agoa de Pao, in its centre, rises to 3,070 ft. in height. Soil volcanic, and the island has often suffered from earthquakes. It contains many mineral springs and several lakes. Orange gar- dens are estimated to comprise 2,100, and vine- yards 2,400 acres ; and 90,000 boxes of oranges, value 40,000Z., are annually exported. Other pro- ducts are maize, wheat, beans, & wine. Manufs. are confined to druggets, and coarse pottery; and articles of clothing are mostly imported from Great Britain. The coast is studded with towns and vills., the principal being Ponta Delgada, Alagoa, Villa Franca, and Morro-das-Capellas. Michael (St), numerous pas. of Engl. — I. co. Herts, 1 m. W.N.W. St Albans, within the boun- daries of which it is partly included. Pop. 1,999. — II. CO. Lancaster, 3J m. W.S.W. Garstang. Area 18,330 ac. Pop. 4,786.-111. co. Hants, ad- joining, and partly included in, the city of Win- chester. Pop. 2,149 IV. (Bedwardine), co. and adjoining the city of Worcester, within the pari, bounds of which it is included. Pop. 476. — V. (Carhaise), co. Cornwall, 3 m. E.S.E. Tregony. — Area 820 ac. Pop. 208.— VI. (PenJievil), same CO., 6 m. W.S.W. Tregony. Area-1,240 ac. Pop. 175.— VII. {S. Blmham), co. Suffolk, 6 m. N.N. W. Halesworth. Area 930 ac. Pop. 145.— VIII. {Church), CO. Somerset, i\ m. S. Bridgewater. Area 50 ac. Pop. 29.— IX. co. and 2 m. S.S.W. Monmouth. Area 2,050 ac. Pop. 383. Michael (St), a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., Missouri. Pop. 1,518 II. a river of Maryland, enters Chesapeake bay, after a course of 16 m. Michael (St), a mkt. town of Austria, Tyrol, on the Adige, 9 m. N. Trient, with an abbey founded in 1145. MionAEL-CiiDKOH, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Rad- nor, 6 m. S.S.W. Kington. Pop. 166.- II. {Esh- ley), a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 7J m. E.S.E. Hay. Area 4,860 ac. Pop. 404. Michael's Bav (St), E. coast of Labrador, Brit. N. America, is in lat. 62° 66' N., Ion. 55° 30' W. MIC 864 MID MiOHAEi's MoDNT (St), a venerable granite rock, in Mount's Bay, Cornwall, England, | m. S. Marazion. Lat. 30° 7' N., and Ion. r 28' 5" W. It rises in a pyramidal form, partially cov^ ered with buildings, surmounted by a chapel founded in the Sth century, and surrounded by tfie sea at high water. It is the OcHum of Pto- lemy, and most probably the Ihtas, whence iii former times tin was shipped ft'Om Cornwall. On it a jilriot-y was founded by Edward the Confessori and?t «a« a fortified post of importance dnriilg the paHiamentary ' war. ' Pop. of vill. 163. ' 'MiCHAELSTONE, Several pas. of England. — I. (Vedow), CO. Monmouth, 6 m. W.S.W. Newport. Area 940 ac. Pop. 541.— II. (Xe Pit), a pa. of S. Wales, CO. Glamorgan, 3} m. S.W. Cardiff. Pop. 93. — III. {Super Avon), same co., SJ m. S. Neath. Pop. 2,531 -IV. (Super Ely), same CO., 5 m. W. Cardiff. Pop. 54. MicHAEisTow, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwallj 8J m. S.S.W. Camelford. Area 1,780 ae. Pop. 225. Michel (St), numerous comms. and ■villsi' of France. — I. dep. Drome, 17 m. N.N.Ei Valence. Pop. 1,660.-11. (en Thiirache), dep. Aisne, near the source of the Oise, 13 m. N.E; Vervins. Pop. fatcluding comni. 3,200, partly employed in forges and rolling mills. — III. (en TBermUage), dep. Yend^e, 22 m. WjS.W. Fontenay-l&.Cotate, with a small port. Pop. 1,741. [Mont St MiCHEit.] MiOHEi, (St), a comm. & mkt. town of Savoy, prov. and 7 m. E.S.E. St Jean de Maurienne, cap. mand., on the Arc. Pop. l,869.^-5an Michele 4i Mondom is a vill., div. Coni, prov. and 3^ m. E. Mondovi., ' Pop. of comm. 1,777^ ''.MiCHfeLEBEBG, and MionEisDOHE, two market to^s of the Austrian empire. — I. in Bohemia, ciro. and 30 m. W.N.W. Pilsen. Pop, 898.— II. ill Hungary, co. Zips, 2 m. N. Poprad. Pop. 720. . MicHELSTADT, a towu of Germany, grand diichy H. Darmstadt, prov. Starkenburg, on the Minding,' 21 m. S.E. Darmstadt. Pop. 3,004. : ^Mjchiels-qestel, a vill. of the Netherlands, {>rov. N. Brabant, on the Dommel, 4^ m. S. Bois- e-Duo. Pop. 2,673. ■<' MicHioAH, one of the N.W. statfes of the U. S. of N. America, betw; lat. 41°4«K'& 47° 30'.N., and Ion. 82° 35' & 90° SC W., consisting of two sepa- rate peninsulas ; the larger betwieen L. Michigan on the W., and Lakes Huron and Erie on the E., the other peninsula. N^i of Lake Michigan and the Strait of Machilimakinac, & bounded N. by Lake giiperibr:^ United area 6o,0008q. m. >Pop>'(18oO) S97^S4. Snrfaceiiii the north peninsula mntAousj, mcky, covered with woods, lakesj rivers, and-said to be rich in minerals. The south peninsula is mostly level, orjuadalatingjicomprisinga laxge extent «f prairie land, and in the SJ^much good soil. The state is well watered, and has upwards of 7iOO m. of coast. It has, some, onan'u&ctures, but the products are principally 'agricultural. The central railway from Detroit to Kiw-Paw, extends for 160- m. in this state. Value of Im- ports (1844) 120,673. doUs. ; of exports, 293,901 clolls; Public rev. (1848) 185,134 dolls. It is di- vided into 39 COS., and sends 3 represen. to Coni gress. Principal towns, Detroit the tap., Adrian, Monroe, Teoumseh, and St Joseph. The French made the , first settlement at Detroit in 1805, The CO. was afterwards erected into a territory ; s^ndin 1836 admitted into the Union. The gov., lieut.-gov., and senate are elected biennially, the represents., aonUallv. — Lake Michigonia one .of the 5 great lakes , of N. Amer., lying wholly within the U. S. ter^'itory, having E. the state Michigan, W. the Huron territoi^y, & eommunjcating N.E. by the Strait of MacliiUimaldnac -with L, Huron. Lrangth 330 mj, breadth 60 m. Area about 16,989 sq^ ml Mean depth 1,060 feet i- herghtiabote the tide level, 684 feet, being 44 feet b^irw L. S^pea rior. Ex6ept Green Bay, on its N.W. sidejitiiias few inlets. On its N. part are several idands, and it affords 'excellent fishj On its S. side 'are the vills. Chicago, Michigan, and Newbury, Port. MichigAn-Citt, a vill., D. S., N. Ameiooa, Ini diana, on the S. coast of L. Michigan, on which it has a harbour, 140 m. N.N.W, Indianopolisii It is the terminus of several railways and canals. MiOHitiMACKrHAC^ an island and fort of the U. S., N. Amer., Michiganj in the strait of same nam^, between lakes Michigan and Huron. — II. a river of Illinois, joina the Illinois river,: after a N.W. course estimated at 125 m. [Mackikac] Michipicoton, a bay of Lake Superior, N. Amer,, on its N, side iir Upper Canada^ lat. 47* 65' N.,l(m; 85° SC W. In it is an island of same name, and on its shore Fort Michipicoton, at the mouth of a considerable river. . ! <. MicKFiELD, a pa. of Engl., CO. Suffiilkj. SJ m. W.S.W. Debenham. Areaa,790ac. Pop, 263. MiCELEHAMj-a pa. of Engl., co. Surrey,^ 2 m. S.S.E, Leatherhead, Area 2,910 acj Pop. 787. Here is Norbury park, celebrated for its walnut trees, which have been known to yield, in one season; fruit wortJi 600/; ,, r MicKnEovEB, a pa. of Engl., co. aiid: 3 m, W.S.W. Derby. AreaS,830-ac Pop. 1,673, MioKLBTONj-a pa. of EngL, co. Glo'ster, 2J m, E.N.E. Chipping-Campden; Area 3,600 ac. Fop. 698.— II. atnshpi, co. York, N. Ridii^gv pa. Ko^ maid-Kirk, 7i m, N.W. Bamard-Castle. P. 513i MioraPAMPA, a town of- Peru, dep. i TrnxiUoj prov, and 25 m. N.N.E. ' Caxamarca, with silvei mines, at a great elevation, on the Andes. MiDnELBUBO, or MiDDEEBUBS, 'Sn towa of th^ Netherlands, cap. prov. Zeeland, near the centre of the island Walcheren, 4 m. N.E, Flushing, Pop, (1844) 16,000, It is enclosed by a bastioned mound and a ditch, and partly intersected by canals^ one of which forms a small harbour ; aod it has a town house, with statues of the counts of Zealand; an abbey church, Latin school, sehaidef design, public library; agricultural society, mai^ nufactories of starch, glass, and paper,.5alt refine eiies, saw mills; a cannon fooDdiry, and an active import trade in wine, & export in com. Under the French it was the cap, dep, Bouches-de-1'Escaut. MisDELFABT, a scaport town of Denmark^ on the N,W, coast of the isl. Fuha^n, 26 m; W.N.W, Odei|se,.with 1,600 inhabitants, and .a harbour on the Little Belt. Manufs. woollen clpths._t: [ MibDELHABNis and MinnsLSTmi, two vilIs.o{ the, Netherlands. — I. S. HoUa«iiiJ,4n the isli,Over- flake. Pop. 2,905 — II. prov,. Grojiingen,! cap. dist., 9 m. W.N.W. Apgingadam. Pap,il,630. , , MiDDiE, apa. of Engl.,,eo, Salop; 7 m, N.N.W! Shrewsbury, : Area ^880 ae, Pop.;l,330.-4lls (Quarter), S township, co, Cumbenlsii,d,)pai Kirlf Linton, 6 m. E,S.E, Longtown.- PopcS86r-ni. a township, co, Lancaster, pa. Eiri^J-Ireleth, 5J mi. NiW,- Ulverstone. Pop. 834. .»-- 1. 1/ Middle, a toiwnship of U. S., N, Amer^N™ Jersey, on theE,side of Delaware Pay,. ,?*;] ,631. MiDDLEBiE, a pa, of Seotl.,. Qo. I)umfraes,,N.Kj Annan. Area 12,600 Sool^ ac. Pop.^,150! •! MiDDiEBOKODGw, atnshp.ioflli S., N. Amer», Massachusetts, 35 m. S.E. Boston. Pop. 5,08v(, partly engaged in iron works & in fiotton wea^ngi MjDDLEBURG, ft tushp. of {the U. .§., N. Aimr., New Tqikj 36,m, W.S.W- Albany. , Pop.:3,$43r, iMiDDLBKORv,^ township lof U. S., N. AwHfti Vermont, cap, CO. Addison, S^AP- S-'W-jiMflBti' pelier. Pop. 3,102. lt,bas;,»,\4ivinity c(^¥i MID 86fl MID and manufe. of woollens, cottons, &c., and a marble qnarry. — II. a township of New York, 225 m. W. Albany. Pop, 2,446. MiDDLEFiELD, a township of V. S., N. Amer., Kew York, 59 m. W.S.W. Albany. Pop. 8,319. MiDDLEHAH, a Small market town and pa. of Engl., CO. York, N. Hiding, on the Ure, 9 m. S.S.W. Richmond. Area of pa. 2,400 ac. Pop. 930. The town is picturesquely situated, and has remains of a castle built a.i>. 1190, and where, in the 15th century, the Earl of Warwick detained Edward it. prisoner. — Middleham moor, J m. S. W., is a noted training ground for racers. — II. [Bishops), a pa., co. and 8 m. E.S.E. Durham. Area 6,940 ac. Pop. 1,434. MmnLESBOBODGR, a river port & pa. of Engl., CO. York, N. Riding, on the Tees, near its mouth, and Si m. E.N.E. Stockton, with which it is con- nected by railway. Area of pa. 2,300 ac. Pop. 5,709. The town, within the last 20 years, has been bnilt by a joint-stock company as a port for loading coUiers. It has a national school, reading rooms and observatory, manufs. of rope and sSl cloth, iron works, yards for ship build- ing, a commodious dock, and exports of coal, amounting, in 1839, to 510,000 tons. The port is subordinate to Stockton. Middlesex, the metropolitan co. of England, having N. co. Herts, E. Essex, S. the Thames (which separates it from Kent and Surrey), & W. Bocks. Area 282 sq. m., or 180,480 ac, this being next to Bntland the smallest English co. Inhabited houses 207,629. Pop. 1,576,636. Sur- fece mostly flat in the S.W., elsewhere undulat- ing. Principal rivers, besides the Thames, the Brent, & the Colne, & Lea, which form respec- tively its W. and E. bonndaries. The Grand Junction canal, and the new river cut, also inter- sect the CO. Grass farms for the supply of Lon- don with milk and hay, greatly exceed in extent the arable land. Market gardens are very ex- tensive, and a large portion of the co. is occu- pied by villas and pleasure grounds. Property is much subdivided. Average size of farms about 100 ac. Average rent of land (1820) 38s. 8id. Annual value of land (1842-3) 386,936?., do. of houses, 5,579,872Z., do. of railways 960,443?. Minerals are of no importance, with exception of clay for brick making. For manufactures, see London, which absorbs nearly all the urban wealth of the co., there being no other towns of importance except Uxbridge and Staines, on the limits of the co. Ann. value of assessed property (1842-3)7,222,867?. Co. rev. (1848) 108,286?. The CO. (exclusive of London) comprises 6 hundreds, & about 100 pas., in the dioceses of London, & jurisdiction of the central criminal court. Brent- ford, the CO. town for pari, purposes, Bamet, Hampstead, Highgate, Twickenham, Isleworth, and Honuslow, are in this co. It sends 14 mems. to H. of C, 2 being for the co., and 12 for the metropolitan bors. N. of the Thames. Reg. electors for co. (1848) 13,400. Middlesex, a co. of the TJ. S., N. Amer., in E. of Massachusetts. Area 800 sq.m. Pop. 106,611. — IL a CO. in centre of Connecticut. Area 343 sq. m. Pop. 24,879. — III. a co. in centre of New Jersey. Area 339 sq. m. Pop. 21,893.— IV. a CO. in B. of Virginia. Area 170 sq. m. Pop. 4,392, slaves 2,200.— V. a township of New York, 194 m. "W. Albany. Pop. 1,439. MiDDLETON, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. Lancaster, on the Manchester and Leeds railway, and the Rochdale canal, 6J m. N.N.E. Manchester. Area of pa. 11,610 ac. Pop. 16,488. The town, which was a small vill. in 1775, has an ancient pa. church, a grammar school, founded in 1572, some other small chari- ties, and extensive manals. of various cotton and silk fabrics. Coal mines are wrought in the vicinity. Mkt., Friday Also, numerous pas. — I. CO. Essex, 1 m. S.W. Sudbury. Area 680 ac. Pop. 127 — II. CO. Norfolk, with a station on the E. Anglian railw., 3 m. S.E. King's Lynn. Area 3,020 ac. Pop. 867. Near the vill. is Middleton tower, remains of an ancient castle of the Lords of Scales.— HI. co. York, N. Riding, IJ m N.W. Pickering. Area 25,240 ac. Pop. 1,874.— IV. co. Sussex, 6 m. S.S.W. Arundel. Area 380 ac. Pop. 100.— V. CO. Warwick, 4 m. S.S.W. Tam- worth. Area 3,540 ac. Pop. 605 VI. {With- Fordley), co. Suffolk, 2J m. E.S.E. Yoxford. Area 2,030 ac. Pop. 599.— VII. ( On-the- Wolds), CO. York, E. Riding, 8 m. N.W. Beverley. Area 3,340 ac. Pop. 659.— VIII. (Cheney), co. Nor- thampton, 3 m. N.E. Banbury. Area 1,780 ac. Pop. 1,410.- IX. (St George), co. Durham, 4J m. E.S.E. Darlington. Area 3,100 ac. Pop. 433.— X. (On-the-Hill), co. Hereford, 4J m. N.N.E. Leominster. Area 2,280 ac. Pop. 388 XI. (Scriven), co. Salop, 4J m. S.W. Bridgenorth. Area 1,170 ac. Pop. 108 XII. (Stoney), co. Oxford, 3 m. W.N.W. Bicester. Area 2,530 ac. Pop. 309. — XIII. (Stoney), a chapelry, co. Derby, pa. Hathersage, 4| m. N.N.E. Bakewell. P. 532. The scenery of Middleton-Dale is in the highest degree wild and romantic XIV. (In Teesdale), a market town and pa., co. Durham, 9 m. N.W. Barnard-Castle, with a station on the railway between Stockton and Darlington. Area of pa. 38,410 ac. Pop. 3,787, mostly employed in lead mines. It is a polling place for S. div. of co. In the vicinity are the Falls of the Tees. — XV. (Tyas), a pa., CO. York, N. Riding, 5 m. N.E. Richmond. Area 6,420 ac. Pop. 795. — XVI. a township, 00. York, W. Riding, pa. Bothwell, 5 m. N.W. Wakefield. Pop. 1,077.— XVII. a township, co. York, W. Riding, pa. & 1 m. N. Ilkley. Pop. 186. Here is the ancient seat of the Middleton family. Middleton, a mkt. town of Irel., Munster, co. & 14 m. E. Cork, on a navigable stream of same name, flowing into Cork barb. Pop. 4,591. It is neatly built, and its port, about 1 m. nearer Cork harbour, is reached by vessels of about 200 tons. Middleton gives the title of Viscount to the Bro- derick family II. a vill., Ulster, co. & 7 m. S.W. Armagh. Pop. 708. Middleton Isls., small isls. in the S. Pacific, one 350 m. E. of Australia, called Sir C. Middle- ton's island, S.W. of which is Middleton-shoal. Middletown, a city and river port, TJ. S., N. America, Connecticut, on the Connecticut river, at the head of its navigation, 34 m. ft'om its month, and 23 m. N.E. Newhaven. Pop. 3,611, or including township 7,010. It is well built, chiefly of brick, & has a handsome court-house, custom-house, various churches, a Wesleyan uni- versity, and other public schools, with different factories, and a considerable trade. Steamers ply daily between it and Hartford, New York, &c II. a tnshp.. New Jersey, on Sandy Hook Bay, 51 m. E.NiE. Trenton. Pop. 6,063.-111. New York, 79 m. W.S.W. Albany. Pop. 2,608.— IV. a township, Pennsylvania, 20 m. N.N.E. Philadelphia. Pop. 2,124. Middlewioh, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. and 21 m. E. Chester, on the Grand Trunk canal, and 2 m. E. of the Grand Junction railw. Area of pa. 13,330 ac. Pop. 4,756. The town has some manufs. of silk and cotton, and a large trade in salt, obtained from the celebrated brino springs of the vicinity. Market, Tuesday. 3i MID 866 MIL MiDDMBzoT, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 5 m. N.N.W. Langport. Area 2,520 ac. Pop. 700. MiDQLEi;, a township of England, co. York, W. Riding, pa. & 4 m.W.N.W. Halifax. P. 2,667, MiDHUBST, a pari, bor., market town and pa. of England, co. Sussex, 11 m. N.N.B. Chichester. Area of pa. 700 ac. Pop. 1,536 ; do. of pari. bor. 6,578. The town, on the navigable Bother, a tributary of the Arnn, is remarkably neat and dean; it has a small stone church. It sends 1 member to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 297. In its vicinity are the ruins of Cowdry house, a noble mansion, destroyed by fire in 1793. Mmi (Pig dc). [PybeneiSs.] — II. Dent-du, Alps. [Dent-du-Midi.] Mid-Lava»t, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 3 m. N. Chichester. Area 350 ac. Pop. 279. MiDiEY, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 3 m.W.S.W. New Komney. Area 2,420 ao. Pop. 63. MiDMAB, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, between the Dee & Don, E. Kincardine O'Neil. Area 9,780 ac. Pop. 1,093. MiDKApooB, a dist. of British India, presid. & prov. Bengal, having E. the Hooghly river, and on other sides the dists. Bnrdwan, Bancoorah (Jungle Mehals), Singboom, Mohurbunge, and Balasore. Estimated area 8,260 sq. m., and pop. 1,361,000. Surface hilly in the W., elsewhere mostly level, and traversed by affluents of the Hooghly ; the Subunreeka river, forming its S.W. boundary. Products, rice, sugar, indigo, silk, salt, and in the jungly parts, wax, honey, and lac. Some manufs. of cotton cloths, gauzes, metal ' and shell ornaments, and pottery are conducted in the towns, the chief of which are Midnapoor, Lolghur, Narsingur, Betagur, Jellasore, and Pipley. Land revenue (1839-40) 199,697/. ; total revenue 212,790/. — Midnapoor, the cap. town, on the N. bank of the Cassai river, is 72 m. W.S.W. Calcutta. Chief buildings, the jail, hospital, barracks, and resid. of dist. authorities. MiDotjzE, a navigable river of France, is form- ed at Mont-de-Marsan, dep. Landes, by the union of the Midou and Douze, passes Tartas, & enters the Adour, on the right, below that town. Length 18 m., or comprising the Midou 65 m. MiDKofi, a town of Algeria, prov. Titteri, on the river Paled, 134 m. S.W. Algiers. MiECHOw, a town of Poland, prov. and 44 m. S.W. Kielce. P. 1,500, including many Jews II, a small town, prov. and 23 m. N.N.W. Lublin. MiEDNiKi and Miedzna, two small towns of Russia. — I. gov. and 16 m. S.E. Vilna. — II. prov. and 21 m. N.N.W. Siedlec (Poland). MiEDZTBZTO, a town of Poland, prov. and 25 m. S.E. Siedlec, on an affluent of the Bug — II. a market town of Russian Poland, gov. Volhynia. MiELAN, a comm. and town of France, dep. Gers, cap. cant., 20 m. S.W. Auch. Pop. 1,171. MiEKES (St Juan de) a town of Spain, prov. and 9 m. S.E. Oviedo, on the Lena. Pop. 1,819. Mies, or Silbee-bebgstadt, a town of Bohe- mia, circ. and 15 m. W. Pilsen. P. 4,269, mostly employed in extensive lead and silver mines. IfiiESOHisTO & MiESZKOw, 2 towus of Prussiau Poland I. reg. and 40 m. S.W. Bromberg. P. 680.— II. reg. and 30 m. N.E. Posen. Pop. 760. J Mifflin, several townships of the U. S., N. 'America, Pennsylvania I. co. Columbia. Pop. 2,150.— IL 23 m. N.E. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,781. —III. CO. Lycoming. Pop. 1,224.— IV. 8 m. S. Pittsburg. Pop. 1,654.— V. 17 m. N.W. Carlisle. P. 1,412— VI. Ohio, 6 m. E. Mansfield. P. 1,800. Miqaloaea, a town of Turkey. [Malqabah.] MiGLioNioo, a market town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, 9 m. S.W. Materq,., Pop. 3,3Qp. MiqnS, two eomms. & vills. of Franee.^I. dep, Vienna, arrond. Poitiers, onthe Auzance. P. 1,931, —II. dep. Indre, 13 m. N.E. Le Blanc, P. 1,149. MianEL (San), isl., Azores. [Michaei. (St),] MievELTUBBA, a town of Spain, prov. and 3 m, S.E. Ciudad Real. Pop. (1845) 4,61^. It has manufs. of leather. MiHiEt (St), a comm. and town of France, dep., and on the Mouse, arrond. and 9 m. N.N.W. on Commercy, cap. canton. Pop. 4,875. It was formerly enclosed by walls, and defended by a castle on a neighbouring hill. It has several old churches, & manufs. of cotton cloth & yarn. MiHiA, a vill. of Central Germany, duchy Saxe -Weimar, 7 m. N. Eisenach. Pop. 1,294. MiiAS, a river of Asiatic Russia, govs. Orei^,, Perm, and Tobolsk, joins the Tobol at Jalutor- ovsk, after an E.ward course of 300 m. OnitJs the fort Miiaskoi, 26 m. E. Tcheliabinsk. MijABES, a river of Spain, rises N.E. Teruel, and enters the Mediterranean 6 m. S. Castellon- de-la-Plana, after an E. course of 65 m. — II, a town of Spain, prov. and 25 m. S. Avila. P. 767 MiJAS, a town of Spain, prov. and 15 m. S.W. Malaga. Pop. 4,080. MiJiBiTOH, several small towns of Russia.r-1. gov. and 79 m. N.W. Kharkov. Pop. 7,000. It is enclosed by earth ramparts, and has 3 annual fairs, at which large quantities of woollen cloths are sold.— II. gov. Kiev, 28 m. W.N.W. Tcher- kasi III. gov. Volhynia, 23 m. E.N.E. Rowiio. — IV. (Polish Miedzyrzyc), Poland, prov. and 25 m. E.S.E. Siedlec, with a fine noble residence. MiKHAiLOV, or MiOHAiLOv, a town of Russia, gov. and 32 m. S.W. Riazan, cap. dist,, on the Pronia, Pop, 6,500. MiKHAiiovKA, two towns of Russia.— I. gov. Kursk, 10 m. W. Novoi-Oskol, on the Khorok. Pop. 6,000.-11. gov. and 17 m. S.S.E. Jekaterin- oslav, on an affluent of the Dnieper, Pop. 3,600. MiKHALiTZA, Asia Minor. [Muhaiitch.] MiKios (St), two towns of Hungary. — I. cap. 00. Liptau, on the Waag, 34 m. N.E. Neusom. Pop. 1,200. It has a Roman Catholic church, a synagogue, breweries, and salt refineries.— II. (TfaroA), CO. Heves, near the Theiss, 10 m. E. Szolnok. Pop. (1845) 9,101. MiKoiAJOw, a market town of Austrian Ro- land, Galicia, 20 m. N.N.E. Stry. Pop. 1,860. i MiKULiNCB, a town of Austrian Poland, Gali- cia, circ. and 12 m, S. Tarnopol. Pop. 2,000, MiLAGBO Ebsavia, a town of Spain, prov, Na- varra, 40 m. S. Pamplona, on r. b. of the Aragon. Pop. 1,800.. Near this is the marshofPeiialeii,in which Sancho v., king of Navarra, perished, 1076. Milan (Ital. Milano, Germ. Mailand, anc. Me- diolarmm), a city of Austr. Italy, cap, of the Lom- bardo-Venetian kingd,, in a wide fertile plain, be- weenthe Olona& Saveso rivs. Lat. of observa- tory 45° 28' 1' N,, Ion, 9° 11' 20' E. Elevajiop above the Adriatic 394 feet. Mean temp, of year 65° .2 ; winter 36° ; summer 73° Fahr. Poj, (1846) 161,966, including a garrison of 8,000 men and 17,000 strangers. It is the residence of the viceroy, the seat of government, & abishop's see. Milan is nearly of a circular shape, enclosed on three sides by a wall, surrounded by broad ramparts, nearly 8 m. in circumference, and en- tered by 10 gates. It has 6,000 houses and 79 churches. Chief objects of interest, the cathe- dral, an imposing Gothic structure of white marble, in a square near the centre of the city. It was begun in 1386, and is still unfinished: it is adorned by upwards of 6,000 statii^, and for the delicacy of its carved work, is unrivalled in the world; length 486 ?eet, breadth 252 'feet, MIL 867 MIL height of dome 355 feet. The church of St Ara- brogio, in which the Emperors of Germany were crowned; the refectory of the old Do- minican convent, attached to the chm'ch of Sta. Maria della Gracia, in which is the famous " last supper" of da Vinci. The palace of the vice- roy, the city hall, archbishop's palace, & the mint. Among the many benevolent institutions are an hospital with 2,.300 beds, open to the sick poor of all nations, lunatic, orphan, and foundling asylum, deaf and dumb schools, work-houses, and a general loan bank. The finest gate is the Arco della Pace, a modern sculptured marble arch, at the end of the Simplon road ; near it is the Piazzi iTArmi, an open space for the exercise of troops, and extensive barracks; an amphitheatre, and many private palaces. The favourite promenade is the Corso ; there are 9 theatres, including the famous opera house. La Scala. The chief sci- entific and educational establishments are the royal academy of arts and sciences, formerly pa- lace of the Brea, with a library of 100,000 vols., valuable MSS., and pictures ; an astronomi- cal and magnetical observatory, and botanic gar- den ; the Ambrosian librai'y with 60,000 vols. & 15,000 MSS., the Trivnlzio library, 20,000 vols, and 2,000 MSS., four gymnasia, a normal school, school of medicine and surgery, several learned societies, and a military geographical institute which publishes excellent maps. Milan is the largest book mart in Italy ; from its position on the great routes across the Alps, and its connec- tion by canals with the principal rivers in Italy, itis favourably situated for trade. It is connected by railway with Vienna (opened at the two ex- tremities in 1850), Treviglio, 20 m. E.N.E., and Monza, 9 m. N.E. Its manufs. comprise sillts, velvets, ribbons, lace, cotton, carpets, jewellery, glass, paper, and porcelain ; it has a royal to- bacco mann&ctory. Milan is very ancient, it was founded in 400 b.c, and was inhabited & embel- lished by many of the Koman emperors. Virgil studied here, and it is the birth-place of many popes and eminent men. It was cap. of a re- public in 1056 ; in the end of the 14th century it was made cap. of the duchy of Milan ; it passed successively under the dominion of Spain and Austria; was taken by the French in 1796 and 1800. In 1805 they made it cap. of the kingdom of Italy. It was restored to Austria in 1816. MiLAH, numerous townships of N. Amer., the principal being. — I. Ohio, on Huron river, 8 m. from Lake Erie. Pop, 1,.531 II. New York, 62 m. S. Albany. Pop. 1,725. MiLAHBSE, an old division of Italy, cap. Milan. A part of it was ceded by Austria to Sardinia in 1736. The Austrian Milanese is now comprised in the gov. Milan. MiLAZzo, Mylce, a strongly fortified seaport town of Sicily, intend, and 18 m. W. Messina, on the N. coast. Pop. 7,000. It consists of an upper and a lower town, both irregularly built, and with many large, but mean edifices; its cita- del, and other military works, are, however, so strong by nature and art, that it may be regard- ed as the Gibraltar of Sicily. It has a conveni- ent harbour, and an export trade in tunny, wine, silk, flruit, rags, argol, com, oil, and the cordial called mna-eolto.—The Gulf of Milaezo, which extends E. 16 m., has been the theatre of many engagements in ancient and modern times. MiLBOKNE-PoBT, a disfranchised bor. and pa. of England, co. Somerset, on the Ivel, 2| m. B.N.E. SEerborne. Area of pa. 3,160 ao. Pop. 1,740. The town has an ancient guildhall, and brisk manufs. of gloves.- MiLBOUHNE (CiiuncnsTONE), a pa. of England, CO. Dorset, 8 ra. S.W. Blandford-Forum. Area 3,320 ac. Pop. 287. MiLBURY, a township of U. S., N. Amer., Mas- sachusetts, on a branch of the Boston and Wor- cester railway, C m. S.E. Worcester. Pop. 2,171. MiLDEN, a pa. of Engl., co. Sufl:olk, 6 m. N.W. Hadleigh. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 186. MiLDENHALL, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. Suffolk, on the njvigable Lark, with a station on the E. Counties railw., 9 m. S.S.W. Brandon. Area ofpa. 13,710 ac. Pop. 8,731. The town is well built, and has a handsome church, with a rich carved roof. — II. a pa., co. Wilts, 2 m. E.N.E. Marlborough. Area 3,770 ao. Pop. 437. It has a large endowed Wesleyan school. Mile-End (St Michael), a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 1 m. N. Colchester, within which bor. it is included. Pop. 696. Mileham, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 6 m. N.W.East-Dereham. Area .3,110 ac. Pop. 532. MiLETo, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. XJlt. II., cap. cant., 47 m. N.N.E. Reggio. Pop. 1,250. It has a cathedral and a bishop's palace. MiLETDs, a ruined city of Asia Minor, the re- mains of wfdch, near the mouth of the Mendere, 30 m. S.S.W. Aiasaluck (Ephesus) comprise an enormous theatre, and ruins of a church. MiLFOHD, a pari. bor. and seaport town of S. Wales, CO. Pembroke, on the N. side of Milford Haven, pa. Stainton, 6 m. E.N.E. St Anne's Head, and 6 m. W.N.W. Pembroke. Pop. 2,377. It was founded in 1784, is well built, has an ele- gant church, custom house, observatory, market house, quay, with some ship building, trade in ship stores, and exports of stone, coal, and lime. Mail packets ply to Waterford. Reg. shipping 9,470 tons. The bor. unites with Pembroke, Tenby, & Wiston, in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. elect. (1847) 920.-11. avill., Engl., co. Derby, pa. Dufiield, on the Derwent, here crossed by a hand- some bridge, and on the N. Midland railway, 2 m. S. Belper. Pop. 895, employed in cotton mills and bleach works. — III. a pa., co. Hants, 3 m. S.S.W. Lymington. Area 4,430 ac. Pop. 1,819. — IV. a tything, co. Wilts, pa. Laverstoke, 1^ m. E. Salisbury. Pop. 637 — V. {South), a tnshp., CO. York, W. Riding, pa. Sherburn, 4| m. N.N.E. Ferry-Bridge. Pop. 761. MiLFOBD, several townships, &c., U. S., N. Amer., the principal are. — I. Connecticut, on the Housatonic river, here crossed by a bridge on Long island Sound, 45 m. S.S.W. Hartford. Pop. 2,465. The harbour admits vessels of 200 tons. — II. New York, 8 m. S. Cooperstown. Pop. 2,095 III. Pennsylvania, 86 m. N.W. Philadel- phia. Pop. 2,193.— V. Pennsylvania, co. and on the Juniata. Pop. 1,824 VI. co. and 7 m. W. Somerset. Pop. 1,632.— VII. Delaware, 21 m. S.E. Dover. Pop. 2,356. MiLFOBD (New), a township of Connecticut, on the Housatonic riv., which is here crossed by 3 bridges, 46 m. S.S.W. Hartford Pop 3,974. Milfobd-Haven, a barb, of Engl., on a basin or deep inlet of the Atlantic, coast of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, forming one of the best ports in the British dominions. Lat. of St Anne's Head, the N.W. extremity of the entrance, & on which are 3 lightho. with fixed lights, 61° 41' N., Ion. 5° lO' 26" W. Length of haven about 15 m., average breadth 2 m. It is completely landlocked, has deep water, and the whole shipping of the em- pire might ride here as safely as in dock, in any weather; whilst the access is easy, and the egress can he accomplished by aid of the strong ebb, even in head winds. The town, founded in 1790, •'S MIL '868 MIL ait. oil N. side of the Haven, consists of 3 parallel streets, with a handsome church, market house, custom house, and' dock yard. Pop. 2,377. i^ MiLH (El), (anc. Malaiha, Script. Moladah), a vill. of Palestine,-, pash. Damascus, 18 m. S. Heb- ron, with large wells,: and vestiges of a ruined town, covering an area of a half a sq. mile. ' ^ MiT.uAU, or MiLLAu, ^milianumf a commi & town of France, dep. Aveyron, cap, arrond., on r. bj of the Tarn, 30 m. S.E; Kodez. Pop. (1846) 8,138. It has a comm. college, and seversil ma- nnfs. ofiwooUen cloth, silk-twist, chamois leather, and leather gloves; It was one of the strong- holds of the Calvinists during the i religions wars, but its anoi'Oastle was demolished by Louis xiii. . MiLHATJD, a^ comm. .and town of France, dep. Gard, 4 m. S.AV. Nimes, on the railway to Montpellier. Pop. l,673.i • ■ • MiiULi, a town of Sicily, intend, and 13 m. NiN.W. Syracuse, on the Cantara. Pop. 4^200. Glose to it are the- ruins of the ancient Hyhla, and the popjjas in ancient times, collect a great quantity of hqney in the Vicinity. MinTABV -Fkontieb (Germ, Milit'dr Griinze), isia-strip of country extending, in aiismicircular form, from the Adriatic, through Illyria, Croatia; Slavonia, Hungary (the Banat), and Transylvania, and constttuftingithe defensive barrier of the Au- strian'femj)rre,ionjthe Turkish ifrontier. A great part of its stirfdce is mountainous, traversed by bi-anehes of the Carpathian, 'the Juliaiti and Dinaric Alps.-i Area 18,165' sq. m^' Pop. (1845) 1,120,000, mostly Slavonians. The inhabitants are, at the same time, soldiers and cultivators of the sfeil. The magistrates are officers of dif- ferent grades, and the proprietors are military fiefs, holding of the state.! ' This system of mili- tary government was organized in 1807. MiLiTEi/i,o,'two towns of Sicily, prov: and 21 m. S.W. Cantania. Pop. 3,600. MiLiTSOH, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. & 33 m. N.N.E. Breslau, on the Bartsoh. P. 2,200. MiuLBBOoS., two pas. of Engl. — I. co. and 2J m. 'W.N.W. Southampton. Area 2,900 ae. Pop. 4j232j partly employed in a large ship yard and iron foundry.— II. oo. Bedford, 1| m. W.N.W. Ampthill. Area 1,450 ao. Pop. 462. MrLiBUET, a township of U. S., N. Amer., Massachusetts, 43 m. W.S.W. Boston. I'op. 2,171, partly employed in woollen manuis. I MiLLAS, a comm. and town of France, dep. E. Pyrenees, cap. cant., on r. b. of the Tet, 10 m. W. Perpignan. Pop, 1,997. MiLtAU, a town of France. [Milhau.] Mill Cbeek, various townships of U. S., N. Amer. — I. Pennsylvania, co. Erie. Pop. 2,682. —II. Ohio, CO. Hamilton. Pop. 6,249. ' MiLLEDOEViLLE, a olty of the U. S., N. Amer., eslp. state Georgia, on the Oconee river, here crossed by a bridge at the head of steam naviga- tion, 80 m. W.S.W; Augusta. Pop. 2,09.5. The great line of road between the N. states- and New Orleans, passes through MilledgeviHe: - - ' Mill-en-St HtTBEET, a comm. and villi of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 7 m. S.E. Grave. Pop. 2,-249. MiLLHousE, a vill. of Scotl., oo: Forfar, '3 m. N. Dundee, in the manufs. of which town its in- habitants are mostly engaged. - ' ' MiLiEBY, a comm. and small to*n of France, dep. Rhone, 9 m. S.S.W. Lyon. Pop. ],525. MiLLESiMo, a market town of Sardinia, div. Genoa, cap. mand., 6 m. S. W. Cairo, on r. b. of the Borniida. Pop. 1,308. Bonaparte here gained a victory over the Austrians in 1796. MET.LiFONr,or MELLiiFONT, apa. of lvi\., Lcin- steri-eo. Louth, 5 m. W.N.M''. Droghetla, withthe remains of a celebrated abbey. i ■ - :. MiLEiNQiroNj-a pa. of Eagi, co. York, E. Rid- ing, 2S m. NiN.E. PoekUngton. Ac. 2,750. P.265. MiLLOM, a pa. of Engl., co. Cumberland, U m. S.S.E. Ravenglass. Area 32,780 ac. Pop. 1,979. Millom Castle, erected in 1335 by. Sir J. Huddleston, is now a farm house. MiLLPOKT, a sea-batliing place of Scotl., in ttie Firth of Clyde,, coi ButejOn the S. side of the island. Cumbray, beautifully situated. .-.Pop. ,817i MiLLSTKEET, a market town of If eland, Muni ster, CO. Corlc, 20 m. E. Killamey. Pop. 2,162. It has a jail, and infantry barraclts. - ' MiLLTHOEPE, a towuof Engl. [MilkThobpe]. MiLLTOWN, many vills. of Ireland.^ I. Mnnstflr, CO. Kerry, 8 m. S. Tralee. Pop. 797. In the vicinity is EilcolemaU. Abbey. — II. a vill., Lein- ster, CO. anda m. S.S.E. Dnblinv 'rP(jt)..736 MilltotVh-Malbav, a town of Irelij Munsta', Co. Clare, on the Cove of Malbay, 18 mjW. Ennis. Pop. 1^,295. :.. , - ..m. Millvillb, a township, U.S., N. America, Kew Jersey, 58 m. S.S.W. Trenton, on Maurice river, 20 m. from its mouth. . Pop. 1,771. n. MiLLT, a comm. & town of France,idep. Seine- et-Oise, on the-Ecdll^, 15 m. E. Etaiflpes. Pop. 2,078. It is well-bttilt,"and'has afine town-hally and Gothic castle. — II. a eomm. and vili, dep. Oisej 6 m. N.N.W. B^uvaiS. Pop. 1,078.1 ^ k. - MiLNATHOET,. a mkt. town of Seofland/ co. 4 If m. N.N.E. Kinross, pa. Orwell. Pop. l,69oi MiLNOAviE, or MiLLGUY, a vill, of ScotlUd, CO. Stirling, pa. E. Kllpatrick, 7 m. N.W. Glas- gow. Pop. 1,622, cmploj-ed in manufs. of cotton. MiLNTHOEPB, or MitLxaOBFE,. a mkt. town of England, co. Westmorelandi pa. Haversham^ 7 m. S.S.W. Kendal, with a station on the Preston and Carlisle railway. Pop. l,159iilt has mamrfs! of sheeting, and some trade with Lancaster,. S^c, by coasting vessels, wliioh come up the Kent to within a short distance of the town. ,. nu* Mild {Melos), an isl. of the Grecian Archi^)., kingdom of Greece, gov. Syra, lat. 36° 46'IH., Ion. 24° 23' E. Area 66 sq.m. Pop. 3,800. Sur- face mntnous., voloanie, and generally sterilel Mount St. Elias in its W.ipart is 2,480ifeBt raht. Sulphur, alum, afld vitriol are its principal pro- ducts, and it has many caverns and hot springs. A large bay indents it on the N., forming one of the most ttequented harbours in the. Cyclades, on the S.E. side of which is the small and un- healthy town of Milo, in ancient times a flourish- ing city AnU-Milo is an islet about 6 m. NiWij MiLOj a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New , York, on Crooked Lake, 193 m. W. Albany. P. 3,986. MiLosLAV, a town of Prussian Poland, reg; & 29 m. S.E. Posen. Pop. 1,590.. ,<. ,..it MilostavitOhi, a mkt.-town- of .EussiSj gmv Moghilev, 10 m. E.N.E. Kdmovitehi.,.; P.'ljSDO. Milson, apa. of England,jCO.'Salopj>4 m. N.HIL Tenbury. Area/1,600 ao. Pop. 160. - . Milsteab, a pa. of England, co. Rent, -7 J -nh W.S.W. Feversiiam. Area 950 ac- . Pop. 229j 'A ■Milstou, a pa. of England, co. Wilts^.2}: lii'. E.N.E. Amesbury. Area 1,480 ad Pop.iliia Addison- was- born in the parsonage-house^ of tills parish in 1672. -. , ,i. , iir;! iMiLTBHBEECt, a towu of Bavaria, oirc. Lowe!* Franc, on the Main, 81 m. W. Wiirtzburgi ' Popi 3;050, partly engaged in boat-buildingi & -transit trade by the riven It hasiaifcanieiseaD-Convent; and a castle belonging to; the Pr. of Leitoing^n.^ i ' Milton, numerous pas. & coS; .of-'EbglandfetJi CO. Berks, 3 m. S.S.W. Abingdom- Area l-,880ifci Pop.' 466. RevL of endowed school, COi.i'fer MIL i annum.— II. CO. amd' 3J m. N.N.E. Gatabridge. Area 1,378 ac. Pop. 462.— III. oo. Hants, 5 m. E.RE. Christ's Church. Area 4,660 ao. P. 1,186. —IV. (-4660*), CO. Dorset, 6 m. W.S.W. Bland- ford-Forum. Area 2,420 ac Pop. 853. Rev. of school, endowed by Henry vui., 200/. Milton- Abbey is a noble ^uctore occupying the site of monastery built by Ein^ Athelstan about 933. — V. (Abbot), CO. Devon, 5j m. N.N.W. Tavistock. Area 6,.320 ac. Pop. 1,266.— VI. {Bryant), co. Bedford, 2^ m. S.E. Woburn. Area 1,480 ac. Pop. 382.— VII. {JDamerell), co. Devon, 6 m. N-SJCE. Holsworthy. Area 5,260 ac. Pop. 813 VIII. {Ernest), CO. and 4J m. N.N.W. ISedford. Area 2i070 ac. P. 446.— IX. {Great),co. Oxford, 61 m. W.S.W. Thame. Area 3,020 ac. Pop. 737. -^X. (Little), same co., 4J m. W.S.W. Tetsworth. Area 1,290 ac. P. 482.— XI. (South), co. Devon, 3 m. W.S.W. Eingsbridgel. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 475.'-i-XII. (Keynes), eo. Bucks, SJ m. S.S.E. New- port-Pagrnell. Area 1,770 ac. Pop. 327. Atter- Irnry, the celebrated Bishop of Rochester, wss bm'ii herein 1662 XIII. (Lilboume), co. Wilts, am.E.N.E.Pewsey. Area 3,740 ao. Pop. 709. —XIV. (Afalzor), CO. and 3} m. S.S.W. North- ampton. Area 1,190 ac. Pop. 607 XV. (Poili- more), co. Somcirset, 2 m. N.G. Hchester. Area 1,130 ac.7 Pop. 1491 — XVI. a chapelry, co. Oxford, pa. Shepton-under-WUchwood, 4 m. N.N.E. Bnrford. Pop. 660.— XVII. a hamlet, 00. Hants, isl. and paj Portsea, 3 m. E.N.E. Ports- mouth. MiLTOW, several tnshps., U. S^ N. America, — 1. Vermont, on Lake Champlain, 55 ra. N.W. Montpelier, Pop. 2,134.-11. New York, 30 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 3,166.— lU. Massaohs., 7 m. S. Boston. Pop. 1,822,— IV. a bor., Penn- sylvania, 6.5 m. N. Harrisburgh. Pop. 1,608. — V. N. Hampshire, 47 m. N.E. Concord. P. 1,322. MiLTOs (Next-Geavesenjj), a pa. of England, CO. Kent, immediately E. Gravesend, of which it forms a part. Area 660 ac. Pop. 9,266. MllTON PaBK, Engl. (PETEKBOEOnSH.) "Mn/roH (RoiAi.), a mkt. town & pa. of Engl., CO. Kent, on an inlet of the Channel between the Isleof'Sheppy and the mainland, near the mouth of the Medway, 7^ m. W.N.W. Feversham. Area of pa. 2,340 ac. Pop. 2,638. The town is very ancient. It has wharves for barges engaged in the London oarryifig trade, & numerous dredgers employed in its celebrated oyster fisheries. MnmEETOK, a mkt. tbwn and pai-of Engl., co. SomersetjlBj m. S.W.Sridgewater. Area of pa. 6,400 ac, formerly a mehly hooded country. Pop. 2,1.54.-11. ( With EdmanseoU), a pa., co. & 2 m; N.N.E. Warwick. Area 1,180 ac. P. 831. ^ MitTTAtiKEB, a town, U. S., N. Amer., Wiscon- sin, cap. CO., & on riv. same name, near its month in L. MieJiigan,70Tn. E. Madison. P. (1850) 20,026. Mii.'wlCH, a pa. of England, co. Stafford, 6 m. E;S;E. Stone. Area 2,830 ao. Pop. 663. MiMMS, 2'pas. of Engl. — I. (North), co. Herts, 3 m. S.S.W. Hatfield. Area 4,91« ac. Pop. 1,118. RfW. of charities (1832), 78i.—U. (South), co. Middlesex, aj m. N.N.W.Chipping-Bamet. Area 4^80ac. Pop. 2,760. n - iw ■ toMmv a considerable river of China, prov. Fi>- kien, the greater part of which it drains, rises in the black iteaf district, and flows generally S.E. intOiHo-sieu bay, lat. 26° 8' N., Ion. 119° 4^ E. Ifear -its', mouth it is bounded on each side by jftftyiheigihits-siagoofd deal:of rice is raisedi on its banksjiiiOni it) are the .cities Kien-hing, Yen- pSng( and. iFoo-cho'.i',';tlie.3a.st, being one of;thc Chinese ports now open to Europeans. - i I Mi.VA*,a town &.river of S. PeMia. [Minau.] 19 M I N MiHAM, or Meenam, a vill. of Persia, prov. & 80 m. W. Kirman, stated to consist of about 400 grottoes excavated in a mountain, and inhabited by a sect of schismatic Mohammedans. Minas-Gebaes, aprov. of Brazil, situated betw. lat. 14° 2.5' and 23° S., and Ion. 40° 37' and 63° 20' W., having E. Bahia, S. San Paulo, W. Goyaz, and N. Pernambuco. Area estimated at 263j600 sq. m. Pop. 730,000. It occupies the highest table land in Brazil, and is the most populous of its provinces. It is traversed by the sierras Mantiquiera, Itambe, Frio, and Branca, and wa-' tered by the tributaries of the Parana. Climate temperate and healthy. Several portions are very fertile in maize, coffee, sugar, tobacco, and cotton. Its mines yield gold, silver, copper, iron, and diamonds. The prairies are covered with vast herds of cattle, and the cheese of the prov. U in high repute. Education has made greater ad- vances in this than in any of the other provs. In 1841, there were 26 Latin, & 181 primary schools,' a normal school, and a school of science in Ouro Preto (formerly Villa Rica), its cap. MiNAs Novas, ■ formerly Som-Successo das Minos- de-Panado, a modern town of Brazil, prov. Muas Geraes, 230 m. N.N.E. Ouro Preto,i with an electoral college, a school of primary instruction, and an hospital. Pop^ 3,000. MiNAn, or MiNAB, a marit. town of S. Persia^ prov. Kirman, on the Persian gulf, 35 m, E. Or- mnz, at the month of the Minau, here 130 yardsf across. Pop. from 600 to 700, mostly agricultural! The tract immediately around it is so fertile aa to be called the " garden of Persia." MiHATA, a town of Spain, prov. & 31 m. N.W. Albacete. Pop. 2,312. MiNOABio, one of the Scilly islands, 4 m. W. St Mary's. Area 12 ac. MiNcn, a strait of Scotland. [Minsh.] MiNCHiNHAMPTOiif, a mkt. town & pa. of Engl., CO. Gloucester, on the Cotswold hills, 4 m. S.E. Stroud, within the pari, bounds of which it is in- cluded, near a branch of the Great Western rail- way. Area of pa. 6,270 ac. Pop. 2,243. The town is irregularly built, & has manufs. of woollen cloth, recently employing about 1,000 hands. MiNCTO, Minciusi a river of N. Italy, emerges from the S. extremity of L. Garda, at Peschiera, fl(j)wS S. and E., and joinsthe Po, near Governolo, after a course of 38 m. Goito and Mantua are on its banks, from which last city downwards it is navigable for barges. Mindanao, or Maoindanao, the most S. and one of the largest of the Philippine isls., AsiMio Archipelago, Lat. of Saniboangan, 6° 64' N., Ion. 122° 8' E. Estimated area nearly 36,000 sq. m. Pop. uncertain ; that of the 2 Spanish provs. on its N. side amounted in 1837 to upwards of 74,000. On its S.W. side is the large bay of II- lana. Surface in many parts mountainous, and densely wooded with teak and other large trees ; in other parts are extensive prairies. Products comprise gold> rice, wax, cassia, rattans, tobacco and pepper, exported chiefly to Manila and the adjacent 'islands. Nitre, and volcanic products, are said to be abundant. The interior is peopled by Papuan 'negroes. . The Malays, whoi li.ivo long been notorious for their piracies, live under many independent chiefs, the principal of whomi is the sultan of Mindanao. Principal towns, Min- danao, Zamboangan, Cayagan, Surigao, Tandag, and Catel. — Mindanao is » town on the S.W. coast of the above isl., near the mouth of .the river Pelangy, in the Bay of Jllana, and contigu- ous to which is Selaiigan, the. residence of the sultan of Mindanao, [PHUippmE Islands,]' ' MIN 870 MIN MiHDELHF.iM, a town of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, cap. dist., on the Mindel, 30 m. S.W. Augsburg. Pop. 2,626. It has a castle and several churches. Minder, a strongly fortified town of Prussian Westphalia, cap. reg., on 1. b. of the Weser, here crossed by a bridge 600 feet in length, and on the railway from Berlin to the Shine, near the Hanoverian frontier, 60 m. E.N.B. Miiuster. Pop. (1846) 9,800. Its fortifs. have been greatly improved since ] 815, and it has some new bar- racks, which, with its cathedra], form its most striking public buildings. It has Lutheran, R. CathoUc, and Calvinist churches ; several hos- pitals, schooLs, and public institutions. Manufs. of woollen and linen fabrics, hosiery, tobacco, soap, and refined sugar ; and a consid. trade on the river betw. Bremen and Central Germany. MiNBEN, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, 61 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 8,507. MiNDORO, a considerable isl. of the Philippines, Asiatic Archipelago, lat. of Pt. Calavite 13° 27' N., Ion. 120° 21' E., and 20 m. S. Luzon. Esti- mated area 4,160 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 29,632. Chief town, Calapan, on its N. coast. — Mindoro or Sooloo Sea, is a section of the E.seas, bounded S. and W. by Borneo & the Sooloo Archipelago, N. & E. by Palawan and the S. Philippines. MiNDTOWN, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 4J m. E.N.E. Bishop's-Castle. Area 870 ac. Pop. 48. MiNEHEAD, a seaport, anc. bor., mkt. town and pa. of Eng-1., CO. Somerset, on the Bristol Channel, 22 m. "W.N.W. Bridgewater. Area of pa. 3,780 ac. P. 1,489. — II. aprom. of Irel., Munster, co. Water- ford, on the Atlantic, 6 m. S.S.W. Helwiok-head. MiNEO, Menie, a town of Sicily, intend, and 26 m. S.W. Catania. Pop. 8,100. MiNEEA, a chapelry of North Wales, pa. and 3 m. N.W. Wrexham. Pop. 628. MiNEKBB, two towns of N. Italy I. Austrian Italy, deleg. & 20 m. S.E. Verona. Pop. 3,000.-11. Pontif. Sta., deleg. & 11 m. N.E. Bologna. P. 2,800. MiNERViNO, a town of Naples, prov. Ban, dist. Barletta, 16 m. S.W. Andria. Pop. 7,200. MiNEsoTA, a territory of the United States, North America, organized 1849 ; bounded N. by British America, W. by the Missouri, S. and E. by Iowa and Wisconsin. Area 160,000 sq. m. Surface undulating, contains numerous small lakes &'prairies. Chief rivers, Mississippi, Eed Kiver, and Minesota. Climate uniform, soil fertile. It is mostly occupied by Indians. White pop. (1850) 7,000. The seat of government is at St Paul. MiNETv, a pa. of Engl., cos. Glo'ster and Wilts, SJ m. N.E. Malmesbury, with a sta. on the Great W.railw.,9.Jm. S.Cirencester. Ac. 3,470. P. 736. MiNEWiTHEN, one of the Soilly Islands. MiNGAiA, an island of the Hebrides, near their S. extremity, 2 m. S.S.W. Pabba. Length 3 m. MiNGAN Islands, a group, British N. America, in the Gulf of St Lawrence, N. Anticosti. MiNGOLSHEiM, a vill. of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, 20 m. S.S.E. Mannheim. Pop. 1,840. MiNGEELiA, a prov. of Asiatic Russia, between Imeretia on the E., Guria on the S., the Black Sea on the W., and the Caucasus on the N. Area 2,366 sq. m. Pop. 61,000; Surface partly covered with ramifications of the Caucasus mntns. Soil fertile in the valleys. The inhabs. belong mostly to the Greek church, and their prince, a vassal of Russia, resides in the small town of Zubdidi. The country has often been devastated by wars, and many of the pop., who are extremely handsome, are carried into slavery. On the W. coast are the forts of Redout-Kaleh, & Anaklia. MiNHo, or Entbe DonEO-E-MiNHO, the most N. prov. of Portugal, mostly betw. lat. 41° & 42° N., and Ion. 8° and 9° E., having E. and S. the provs. Oporto, Beira, and Tras-os-Montes, W. the Atlantic, and N. Galicia. Area 2,044 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 406,720. Surface mostly mntnous. ; the Minho bounds it N. ; other rivers are the Lima, Cavado, Ave, and Tamega. Soil fertile, and a surplus of com is raised. The port wines are mostly produced in this prov. Oa and fine hemp are among the chief products ; and silk fabrics, linens, porcelain, hardware, and cutlery, are made in the towns. Chief export, wine, to Great Britain, N. Europe, and America ; imports comprise iron, steel, woollen stuffs, flax, and salt fish. Its S. part has been lately comprisedin the new prov. of Porto ; and it is now divided into the comareas of Braga and Yiana, its chief towns. MiNHO, Minius, a river of Spam and Portugal, rises in Galicia, 30 m. N.E. Santiago, flows E., S.^ and W., latterly bounding Portugal on the N., •. and enters the Atlantic near Caminha, 62 m. N. the mouth of the Douro, after a course of 130 m. Affls. the Sil, Avia, and Tea. MiNiATO (San), a town, of Tuscany, prov. and 21 m. W.S.W. Florence, on the Arao. Pop. 2,383. It has a cathedral. It is the original seat, of the family of Bonaparte, and birth-place of Francisco Sforzo San Miniatello, a mkt. town near Florence, has been celebrated for ages for the manuf. of articles in terra cotta. Minieh, a town of Egypt, cap. prov., on I. b. of the Nile, 136 m. S.S.W. Cairo. It has some earthenware manufs., and a gov. cotton factory. MiNiNGBBT, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 6 m. W.S.W. Spilsby. Area 730 ac. Pop. 498. MiNisH, an isl. off the W. coast of Irel, Con- naught, CO. Galway, in the Atlantic, 3 m. W. the centre of Kilkerran bay. Length 2 m. Pop. about 600, employed in fisheries. MiNisiNK, a tnshp. of U. S., N. America, New York, 120 m. S.S.W. Albany. Pop. 6,098. MiNNiEHivE, a small bor. of barony, Scotland, CO. and 16| m. N.W. Dumfries, pa. Glencairn. Pop. 667. It has an old market-cross. MiNNiGAFP, a pa. of Seotl., stewartry Kirkcud- bright, containing an old vill. & part of the town of Newton- Stewart. Ai-ea about 160 sq. m., for the most part wildly pastoral. Pop. 1,826. MiNOBCA, an isl. of the Mediterr., secondlargest of the Balearic isls., and the most E. belonging to Spain. Lat. of Port Mahon 39° 62' 6' N., Ion. 4° 21' E., 22 m. N.E. Majorca. Length W. to E. 32 m. ; average breadth 8 m. Area about 260 sq. m., & pop. 44,000. Coast greatly indented and rocky ; surface undulating. Mount Toro is 4,793 feet in height. Soil mostly poor and sandy, with a few fertile arable tracts. The corn raised is insuffi- cient for home consumption. Wine is raised for exportation. Other products are flax, hemp, saffron, capers, and cheese, which with wooi honey, wax, iron, lead, copper, and fine marble, compose the principal exports. Imports consist of wheat, oil, woven fabrics, and other manufd. goods, tobacco and colonial produce, but the isl. has none of that commerciaJ activity displayed during its occupation by the English in the last century. The isl. is subdivided into 4 districts. Principal towns. Port Mahon and Ciudadela.; It was taken by the English in 1708, and by the French in 1766, but restored to Great Britain in 1763 ; and finally annexed to Spain at the treaty of Amiens in 1802. MiNOKi, a town of Naples, prov. Princip.- Cit., dist. & 7 m. W.S.W. Salerno, near the Gulf of Salerno. Pop. 2,100. MiNOT, a tnshp., U. S., N. America, Maine, on the Androscoggin, 46 m. S.W. Augusta. P. 3,650. 871 Mill MiNPOOKEE, a considerable town of British India, presid, Bengal, Upper provs., cap. dlst. Etaweh, in the Doab, 60 m. E. Agra. Minsk (" Stormy Sea "), the broad strait which separates the isl. of Lewis, Hebrides, from the W. coast of Scotland. Mean breadth about 85 m. A contraction of this Sound, to the S.S.W., is called the Zittle Minsk, and separates the middle por- tion of the outer Hebrides from the isl. of Skye. MiNSHmi-CHUKCH, a pa. of Engl., co. Ches- ter, 6 m. N. Nantwich. Area 2,250 ac. Pop. 467. — Mimhull-VerTion is atnshp,, co. Chester, with a station on the London and North Western rail- way, 5 m. N.W. Crewe. Minsk, a gov. of Russia, between lat. 61° 12' & 55° 6V N., & Ion. 25° 10' & 30° 45' E., enclosed by the govs. Grodno, Vilna, Vitebsk, Moghilev, Tchemigov, Kiev, and Volhynia. Area 34,467 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,046,400, of whom about 98,000 were Jews, and 40,000 of Tartar descent. Sinface level, marshy, and for the most part in- undated in the spring; principal rivers, the Pri- pet and Dnieper, with their affls., the Beresina, Pechiza, &c. ; and it is partially bonnded on the S.E. and the W. by the S. Dwina & the Niemen. More com (chiefly rye) is raised than is required for home consumption ; hemp, flax, potash, and tar, are other important products. Eorests very extensive, and next to agrictdtnre, the people are mostly occupied in sawing and trading in timber. Linen weaving and distilling is pretty actively carried on, and it has iron forges, Rnss. leather, glass, and woollen cloth factories. Princip. towns, Minsk, Bobruisk, and Slutzk. — Minsk, the cap., is 154 m. E.N.E. Grodno. Pop. (1846) 24,000, among whom are many Jews. It is mostly built of wood, hat has some handsome stone ediflces ; numerous Greek, Greek-United, and K. Catholic churches, a synagogue, a theological seminary, and a large theatre, with manufs. of woollen cloth and leather. It is the see of a Greek archbishop, and a Bom. Catholic bishop, and is mentioned in records of the 11th century. MnrsTEiD, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 2J m. N.W. Lyndhurst. Area 8,590 ac. Pop. 1,155. MufSTEB, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Corn- wall, 6 m. N.. Camelford. Area 3,140 ac. Pop. S73. — XL CO. Kent, with a station on the South Eastern railway, 4 m. W. Bamsgate. Area 5,640 ac. Pop. 1,380. The church is a fine struc- tore, on the site of the famous Saxon nunnery of St Mildred, founded about 670. In the pa. is Ebhsfleet, the landing place both of Hengist and Horsa, and of St Augustine. — ^ni. (Soutk), co. Essex, 2} m. N.N.E. Bumham. Area 6,700 ac. Pop. 1,444 IV. (lavell), co. Oxford, 2^ m. W.N.W. Witney. Area 1,560 ac. Pop. 316.— V. (In Skeppy), co. Kent, 2J m. E.S.E, Sheemess. Area 7,510 ac. Pop. 8,684. Here are remains of a large Saxon nunnery, destroyed by the Danes, and rebuilt in 1130. Miubteelet, a chapelry of Engl., co. Salop, pa. Westbury, 9 m. S.W. Shrewsbury. Pop. 914. MiMSTEEWOKTH, 3, pa. of Engl., CO. and 4 m. W.8.W. Glo'ster. Area 1,810 ac. Poj). 498. MiNTAo, or Batu, an isl. of the Asiatic Archi- pelago, off the W. coast of Sumatra, between the equator and lat. 0° 40' S., Ion. 98° E. Length, N. to S., 40 m. ; breadth 14 miles. Miktebs-Magita, a pa. of Engl., co. and 9J m. N.N.W. Dorset. Area 2,670 ac. Pop. 354. MiNTma, a pa. of Engl., co. and 14 m. E.N.E. Lincoln. Area 1,910 ac.' Pop. 280. MiNTiTH, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 2| m. E.S.E. Kftig's-Lynn. Area 1,100 ac. Pop. 86. The church fs in ruinS. MiNTO, a pa. of Scotl., co. Roxburgh, with ii vill. on the Teviot, 5J m. N.E. Hawick. Area of pa. 9 sq. m. P. 465. Here is the seat of Lord Minto. MiNTo Island, Pacific, forms with Bedford & Melbourne isls., a group of the Dangerous Archi'j pelago, and was discovered by Lord E. Russell in 1837. Lat. 21° 23' S., Ion, 136° 32' W. MiNTOW, a town of the isl. Banca, Asiatic Ar- chipelago, near its W. coast. MiNuooiANO, a small fortified town of N. Italy, duchy and 27 m. N.N.W. Lucca, cap. of a small dist., enclosed by the Modenese dom. Pop. 2,200. MiNVEB (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 3J m. N.N.W. Wadebridge. Area 6,890 ac. P. 1,189. Mios, a comm. and town of France, dep. Gi- ronde, 23 m. S.W. Bordeaux, on the r. b. of the Leyre. Pop. 2,174. MiosEN, the largest lake of Norway, stift Ag- gershuus, between the amts. Hedemark & Chris- tian. Length 65 m., greatest breadth 12 m. It receives the Lougen river, and discharges its sur- plus waters S. by the Vermen, into the Glommen. — MicES'Vandis a lake inamt. Bradsberg ; length 20 miles, breadth 1 mile. MiPiBU, a town of Brazil, prov. Rio Grande, on Papari, 30 m. S.S.E. Natal. Pop. 2,000. MiQUELON, two islands off the S. coast of New- foundland, forming, with the adjacent island of St Pierre, a colony belonging to Prance, with an area of 85 sq. m. Great Miquelon is in lat. 47° 4' N., Ion. 56° 20' W., and immediately S. of it is Little Miquelon, or Langley. United pop. (1842) 475. Fishing is almost the sole occupation of its inhabitants. [Pibbbe, St.] MiBA, a river and town of S. Amer., republic Ecuador, prov. Imbabura ; the river rising in th& Andes, flows N.W. and enters the Pacific by a delta, near lat. 1° 36' N., Ion. 79° 5' W. Near its source is the town Mira, 65 m. N.E. Quito. ' MiBA, a town of Portugal, prov. Beira, near the Atlantic, 24 m. N.W. Coimbra. Pop. 6,000.-11. a mkt. town of Austrian Italy, dcleg. & 10 m. W. Venice, ou the Brenta Morta. Pop. 2,000 ^llli a town of Spain, prov. and 40 m. S.E. Cueilga. Pop. 1,598. ■■''' MxBABEL, a coram, and town of France, dep.' Tarn-et-Garonne, 9 m. N.N.E. Montauban. P. 167. — M. mix Baronnies is a vill., dep. Drfime, arrond. and 4 m. S.W. Nions. Pop, 1,816, MiBASENiL, a mkt. town of Spain, prov. and 60 m. E.N.E. Sevilla, on the Genii. Pop. 2,388. MiBABELLA, a city of Naples, prov. Princip. - Ult,, 14 m. S.W. Benevento. Pop. 6,800.-11. a vill. of Sicily, dist. Calatagirone. Pop. 3,000. MiRABELLO, a mkt. town of Piedmont, prov. and 8 m, S.S.E. Casale. P. 2,240.-11. a town of Naples, prov. Molise, 3m. S. Campobasso. P. 2,200. MiEADoux, a comm. and town of France, dep. Gers, cap. cant., 7 m. N.E. Lectoure. P. 1,760. MinAFLOEES, a mkt. town of Spain, prov. & 17- m. N.N.W. Madrid. Pop. 1,631—11. a vill. of the Plata Confederation, S. America, dep. & 100 m; S.E. Salta, on the Salado. [Sana.] MiBAMBEAU, a comm. & town of France, dep. Charente-Inf,, 8 m. S.W. Jonzac. Pop. 2,414. MiBAMicEi, a bay and river of New Brunswick, Brit. N. America, the bay on its E. coast, lat. 47° 10' N., Ion. 65° W., bein^ the estuary of the river which expands into it after a N.E. course of 76 m. The towns Newcastle and Chatham are on the banks of the river, and opposite the mouth of the bay are Fox and Passage islands. MiBAMONT, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Lot-et- Garonne, 12 m. N.E. Marmande. P. 1,636. — II. a commi and vill., dep. H.-Garonnn, arrond. St Gaudons. Pop. 1,676. MIU 873 ills MiiiAMBA, several towns of Spain' & Pdl-tugal. — I. (do Demro)i Portugal, prov. Tras-os-Montea, cap. comarca on the Douro, close to the Spanish frontier, 28 m. S.E. Braganza. P. 4,840 II. {dd Bbro), Spain, prov. and 40 m. N.E. Burgos, on the Ebro. It' has 2^390 inhabs., an anc. church, and a custom house on the Castiliah frontier. — III. ((fo <7oTOo), Portugal', prov. Beira, 12 m. S.E. Coimbra. Pop. 3,880.^IV. (de Arga), Spain, prov. Navarra, 24 ffl. S.S.W. Pamplona. Pop. i,390.— "V. (del Castanar), prov. & 40 m. S.S.W. Salamanca. Pop. 1,136. MiRANDE, a coram, and town of France, dep. Gers, cap. arr., 13 m. S.W. Aueh, on the Baise. Fop. 2J06. It has remains of old fortifications. MiAandella, a fortified town of Portugal, prov. Tras-os-Montes, on the Tua, 36 m. S.W. Brag- anza. Pop. 1,700. — II. a mkt town of Brazil, t)rov. and 170 m. N.NIW. Bahia. MiBANDOL, a oomm. and vill. of France, dep. Tarn, 16 m. N. Albi,onr. b. of the Viaur. P. 2,059. MiBAKDOLA, a fortified town of N. Italy, duchy Modena, 18 m. N.N.E. Modena. Pop. 3,000. It is enclosed by walls, and has a cSstle, a hand- soiSie teathedral, a palace, and an hospital. ■"' MiBANO, a mkt. town of Austrian Italy, deleg. ihd 12 m. N.E. Padua, on the Musone, at the Ori^n of the canal of Mirano. Pop. 5,500. MiREBAtAis, an old divis. of France, now com- pWsed in the dep; Ti6nne,&' named after its chief town Mirebeati. — II. (Le), a, town of Hayti,, cap. on the Artibonite, 80 m. N.N.E. Port-au-Prince. MiBEBP.AD, a co'mm. and town of France, dep. Vienne, cap. cant., 16 m. N.N.W. Poitiers. Pop. 2;44S. — II. a market town, dep. Cote d'Or, cap. cant., 13 m. E.N.E. Dijon. Pop. 1,220. MiBEcouKT, a comm. & town of France, dep. Vosges, cap. arrond., on the Madon, 16 m. N.W. Epinali Pop. (1846) 6j208. It is the seat of a tribunal of commerce, and a comm. college, and is noted for manufs. of violins, guitars, barrel- organs, and other musical instruments. ' MiBEFLEDB, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, near the river Allier, 9 m. S.E. ClermOnt. Pop. 1,324. MiBEMOHT, a comm. and town of France, dep. ' H.' Garonne, 8 m. S.E. Muret.— II. dep. Puy- de-D6me, 18 m. W.N.W. Clermont; Pop. 1,688. MiBEPOix, a comm. and town of France, dep. Ariige, cap. cant., on the Lers, 14 m. E.S;E. Pamiers. Pop. 3,363. It has a large hospital, a tovti hall, manufs. of coarse woollens & cottons. MiEFiELD, a pa. of Engl., co. ¥ork, W. Rid- ing; with a station on the Lancashire and Tork-, shire railway, 6 m. N.E. Hnddersfield. Ac. 8,390. Pop; 6,919, partly employed in woollen manufs. MiEGOBOD, a town of Russia, gov. and 46 m. N.W. Poltava, cap. dist., on the Khorol. P. 6,900. MlBiBEL, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Ain, 12 m. S.E. Trevoux, near r. b. of the Rhone; P. 1,983. — II. a vill., dep. Isere, arrond. Grenoble. Pop. 2,896. ■ ' MiBiK (Cape), alieadland of W. Africa, on the Atlantic, in lat. it 22' 14' N., Ion. le' 20' 36'' W. MiEiM, a lake of S. Amer., in neutral territory, between Brazil and Uruguay. Lat. 33° S., Ion. 63° W. Length 100 m., breadth varies to 20 m. It receives several rivers, and communicates E. With the Atlantic by the Tajim, and N.ward with the L. dos Patos by the Mirim. ' '' 'MiBiMANDEj a cOmmj & mkt. town of France, dep. Drome, 15 m. S. Valencei with- 2,346 inhabs., ' and manufs. of silk, and earthenwares; ' " ' MiBiTi, a town of Brazil, prov. &i4 m. N.W. Rio-de-Janeiro, oh the Miriti. PJ of'disti SjOftO. ' jVfikioPOLtE, a walled town of Russia, gov.' tod 59.m. S;W. Kursk, on the Psk>l, an afll,iof.'the Dnieper. Pop. 6,000. ■■. ,,, i.:.^.i.:.5ii MiBow, 'a market town of Meeklenburg-Strec litz, cap. dist., 12 m. W.S.W. Neu-StrelitZi jjitt 1,663 inhaibitants,'two extensiT« ducal ipalae^, a church; and manufs. of tobacco and clothsii ,r. MmzAiTAGUB, a town of British India, pray. Bengal, dist. Jessore, 56 m. N.E.1 Calcutta. ' MiBzAfooB, a dist. of British India, pt^esid. Bengali having S.andi'W. the Revah territai!y.& Allahabad dist., and elsewhere the dists. Juan- poor, Benares, Ghazipoor, Shahabad. Area 1,026 sq. m. Pop. 600,000, prineipaJly Hmdoos. It is traversed by the G^ajiges and iSone !inv«rs. Chief toTm, Mirzapoor, situated ,33 m. WiSiW. Benares. It is larg^Lpopnlous, and simijarr to Benares both inappearance and positiony having numerous handsome European and native resi- dences, temples, and ghauts, amd a manuf/Qf carpets, in repute tbrou^out India ; it is olafl a station for British troops, and the chief mart lor the silk andjcotton of the middle prove, of the Bengal presidency. - ,-- . : ui , 1VI1SAIIXI.AJ a ruined city of the Mei^can Con- federation, state Yerai-Craz, 36 m. N'Ei Jalaps, on an isolated plateau. Its remains comprise a j)yramidi'Streets, ancient walls, and a cemetery. I MissNB, Miseimm, a pt:omontoi7 of S. It^y, provi and 9r m^ S.W. Napla.^ Near iti, are fte ruins of the ancient Roman pottrof Misennm. 1 : MiEEBDbNf a pa. of Engl,, co. Glo'ster,^ 6 m. N.E. Stroud'^ Area 2,410 aci Pop._608.iii i, MisHKAv/a considerable vill. of Persia^ prov. Khorassan; 60 m. N.W. Nishapoor^ ■ ,. , MisHKiK,. a town of' Russia, gov. and oSiftQ. W.N.W. Jaroslayl, on tiie Volga. jPop. 1,000. MisKOi-GZi a town of Hungary, capucirc. Bor- ■sbd, 24 m. N,E. Erlau; Pop. (1843) 28,000, chiefly Protestants. It has numerous Lutheran, Gre^f, & Roman Catholic chujFches, a synagogue, Pru- testantand Roman Catholie gymnasia^ :a Gr^ national school,tRoman Catliolic high school, and a convent. _ Principal trade is in wine. The best steelin Hungary is made from iron obtained from neighbouring mines. , _ ■ .1 u^,. ' Misocoo (Germ. Maisex-ihal, ItaJ. Yal. Mel- solsina)y a valley : of Switzerland^ . cant Grisons, Si of the Alps, immediately £. the cant. Ticino, and traversed by the Moesa, on which is the vill. Misocco, with 1^00 inhabs. and a ruined fortress. MissAGLLA, a market town of Austrian Italy, deleg. & 14 m. E.S.E. Como, 19 m., N.N.Et Milan, cap. comm. Pop.i2,100. . ,.■:/ MissENDEjf, two pas. of Engl., co. Bucka^r-il. (Great), 4| m. N.W. Amersham. Area 6,320 fsc. Pop. 2,226.-11. {Little), 2j m. W.N.W. Amers- ham. Area8j360ac. Pop. 1,011. i MissioNES (ConsTEY or)j a region of S. Amer., in which the; Jesuit nussionaries founded numer- ous establishments of converted Isdians,,previous to the suppression' of their order in 1767. Ke region now forms the greater portion of Para- guay, and parts of Brazil and La Plata., , y Mississippi ("great waters"), the princigal river of N. Amer., upwards oi i-y%i parts 'Of which is drained by it an^, its tribuiafiSB, rises in Lake Itasca, near lat. 47° 10' ;Ni„ Ion, 98° 34' W., and at about 1,600 feet above theseoii Jts course is mostly S.ward through the U. S. tejji- tory, between the Huron territory, Illinois, Ken- tucky, Tennessee, and>rMjasissippi, jw, the E., and the, Sioux region, Missouri,.. Arkansas, spd LiOnisiana, on the W. ; and in last named ataite, it enters the Gidf of Mexico, chiefly through i?n alluvial tongue, which stretches for, alongoSs- tance jnto the sea. ,!Total, length estimatedliat MIS sr^ MIS 3,300 m. ; but from the Bomce of the IVEissouri, its longest & real head stream, it is nearly 4,500 m. in extent.' Its average descent £:om>its source to its mouth, is 5 inches per mile. In the upper part of its cch- are often attended with much hindrance to shipping, and injury to the adjacent country; but notwithstanding all tliis and other obstacles, the trade and navigation on its waters are even now much greater than those on most rivers of the continents in the £. hemisphere. In 1842, 450 steamers, vaveraging 200 Wnfe each, were estimated to be continually engaged in traffic on the river, besides 4,000 flat bottomed boats, which, with the foregoing, made up an aggregate burden of about 2 million tons. The city of New Orleans is the great entrepot of the trade on the Mississippi, besides which, how- ev*, the towns Baton Rouge, St FrancisviUe, Natchez, Memphis, New Madrid, Kaskaskia, St -Louts, Louisiana, and Galena, are on its banks, & numerous other towns of importance on those of its larger tributaries. — II. Mississippi, or English River, British N. America, rises in La tirosselake, near lat. 55° '30^ N., Ion. 108° W., flows very tortuously E.ward through numerous minor lakes, & under the name of the Churchill riv., enters Hudson Bay 50 m. W. Cape Churchill, after a total course estimated at 630 ra. Its navi- gation is impeded by numerous rapids. It is se- 'fiawted by a portage of only 370 yards from an ''^ffl. of the Saskatchewan Kiver. Forts Nelson, RMid'Kiver, &o., are on its banks. Mississippi, one of the U.' States of America, iu the S. W. part of the Union, mostly between lat. 30° ir and 35° N., and Ion. -88° 12' and 91° 45' W., separated W. by the Mississippi river from Arkansas and Louisiana; having on other sides the states Tennessee, Alabama, and Louisiana, and S.E.ward touching an inlet of the -Gulf of Mexico. Area 146,376 sq:m. Pop. (1850) 692,853. - Surfaeeintlte -S. and W. flat and marshy, whence ' itTises iKto a'tolerabJy felevated region in theE. and N. i Principal rivers comprise the Yazoo, Pcail, & Pasoagoula. Principal products, cotton, and sugar, in the S., maize, indigo, melons, grapes^ and other fruits, tobacco, and timber. Public rev. (1848) 166,000 dollars. Principal towns, Columbusi the cap., Natchez, the ichief seat of trade,iand Vicksburg. The state is divided into 66 COS. Present constitution formed in 1832, Gov. elected for 2 yrs., senators for 4 yrs., & represent tatives 2 yrs. It sends- 4 represents, to Congress. ' 'MiBSivRi, M€sambria,a.Bes>pOTt town of Europ. Turkey, Rumili, on a peninsula in the Black Sea, 17 im. N,E.iB:ourgas, with a harbour, formerly a principal station of the Byzantine fleets. MiSBOLONGHi, atn. of Greece, [Mesolonqhi;] MissoH, a pa. of Engl,, co, Notts, 3 m, E.N.E. Bawtry. Area 6,170 ae. Pop. 834, i/ i MissouBi, one of the V. S., N. Amer,, mostly between lat. 36° 30',and'40° 36' N<, and Ion. 89° 18'f and 95° 35' W., having E, the Missouri river, separating it from Illinois, Kentucky, and Ten- nessee ; S, Arkansas, N, Iowa, and W . the i ter- ritory Minesota. i Area 60,000 sq. m. Pop. (1840) 383,702, (1850) 682,043. Surface much diversified, mostly ttodulating, and covered with prairies. Along the banks of' the Osage, and N. the Mis- souri river, which intersects the state from W". to E., there is a good deal of rich land. "Veget- able products cctmprise tobacco, .cotton, maize, wheat,, rye,' oats,, barley, and the soil and climate .adaptt the country to yield all the products of the S. states, I except sugar. Large herds of cattle, hogs, and horses are reared, and beef, pork, tallow, bides, and live stock, with lead, furs, timber, and maize, constitute the chief exports. A very rich mineral district extends over al^qut 3,000 sq. m., around Potosi, and the lead pro- duced in 1840 amounted to upwards of 6,295,000 lbs., besides which, iron, coalj antimony, zinc, manganese, & cobalt, are obtained. Capital em- ployed in manufactures (1840) , 2,704,405 dollars. Public rev. (1844) 217,654 dollars. It is divided into 62 cos. It sends five representatives to Congress. Constitution formed in 1820. Gpy. and lieut.-gov. and senators elected,for 4.year^. Principal towns, St Louis, St Charles, Jaclison, Winchester, New Madrid, and Louisiana, — 11, a tnshp,, Missouri, co: Boone, Pop. 2,964, Missouri (" mud river"), one of the principal rivers of N, America, rises by three principal sources in the Rocky mountains, lat, 44° N,, Ion,, 110° W,, close to the source of the Columbia river (Oregon territory), flows tortuously N,, E., and S,ward, through the centre of the conti- nent, and in lat, 38° 56' N,, Ion, 90° 12' W,, at about 8,100 m, from its origin, joins the Missis- sippi, the name of which river it thenceforth takes to the Gulf of Mexico, About 411m. from its sources, it , forms a rapid 6 m. in length, by passing through the " gates of the Rocky moun- tains,", a gorge, bounded by granite precipices, 1,200 feet in height; 110' m. below this are its great falls. It subsequently receives its large tributaries the Tellowstone, Kansas, Pliittc, wd Osage rivers, all from the W., besides about 200 other affls., and as high as the influx pf,tl^e, Yel- lowstone, it is 2j600 feet across, or thrice the breadth of the Thames at London. Its. waters are turbid, stream rapid, and it is encumbered by numerous islands, but it is navigable for 2,670 'milesjaboveita confluence with the Mississippi, or for nearly 4,000 miles from, the sea. , The l*nd around its banks is rich, , and clothed; *y'th,ftp6 prairies ; it/ i.s, however, , defieient in tiiplie''. es- pecially N. the influx of the Platte. On fite ,, Missouri are. the military i posts, , Fort Matndan, MIS 874 MIY Council Bluff, and Fort Osage, and the towns Jefferson, and St Charles. [Nebraska.] Mistaken Point, the S.E. extremity of New- foundland, 65 m. S.S.W. St. John's. MisTBK, a town of Moravia, circ. Prerau, SO m. E.N.E. Olmutz. Pop. 2,610. Mistelbaoh, a market town of Lower Austria, on the Laya, 27 m. N.N.E. A^fenna. Pop. 2,168. It has a college of the Bamabitea, & an hospital. Mistebbianco, a town of Sicily, intend, and 4: m. N.W. Catania. Pop. 3,000. Mistebton, several pas. of England, — I. co. Leicester, 1 m. E.S.E. Lutterworth. Area 8,580 ac. Pop. 689.— IL co. Notts., 4J m. N.W. Gains- borough. Area 5,420 ae. Pop. 1,706. — III. oo. Somerset, 1| m. S.E. Crewkerne. Area 2,000 ac. Pop. 475. Mistissinnt (Lake), British N. America, is in lat. 61° N., ion. 72° to 73° W. Length N.E. to S.W. 60 m. ; greatest breadth 30 m. It contains several large isls. Bapert river flows from it W. into James Bay. MisTLET, a pa. of England, co. Essex, on the navig. Stour, 2 m. E.S.E. Manningtree. Area 1,890 ac. Pop. 976. MisTBA, a town of Greece, Morea, cap. gov. Lacedsemon, on the side of a hill crowned by its citadel, 30 m. S. Tripolitza. About 6 m. N.E. are the remains of ancient Sparta, scattered for about a mUe over 5 low hills. Pop. 1,600. Pre- vious to the last war, this was the most populous town in the Morea. MisTKETTA, a town of Sicily, 67 ni. 'W.S.W. Messina, cap. dist., on the Kegitano. Pop. 8,400. MiTAO, or MiTTAD, (Lettish Jelgawa), a town of Russia, cap. gov. Courland, on the Aa, 26 m. S.W. Biga. Pop. (1846), 28,100, about half of German descent. It stands low, exposed to in- undations, has a castle formerly an asylum of Louis xviii., several Greek, Lutheran and K. Catholic churches, 3 synagogues, a gymnasium, theatre, school of surgery, observatory, society of Courland literature, various benevolent insti- tutions, a bank, manufs. of linen fabrics & soap. MiTCHAM, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, on the "Wandle, 8 m. S.S.W. London. Ac. 2,670. P. 4,632. Mitcheldean, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., CO. and 11 m. W. Gloucester. Area of pa. 680 ac. Pop. 666. It has a curious and anc. church, in which some paintings of the reign of Edward IV. were recently discovered. MiTCHELDEVEE, apa. of Engl., CO. Hants, 6J m. N.N.E. Winchester. Area 9,340 ac. Pop. 1,119. MiTCHEtMEBSH, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, SJ m. N.N.W. Komsey. Area 5,440 ac. Pop. 1,180. MiTCHELLSTOWN, 3, mkt. towu of Ireld., Mun- ster, CO. and 26 m. N.N.E. Cork. It is finely placed, & has a large square, a handsome church, and a college for decayed persons of superior station, and adjoining it the fine seat of the E. of lUngston. — II. a pa., Leinster, co. Meath, 3 m. S.E. Nobber. Area 978 ac. Pop. 2i8.—Mitehells- totim Caves, Munster, co. Tipperary, 7 m. E.N.E. Mitchellstown, are a large and fine series of stal- actitic caverns. MiTFORD, a pa. of Engl., oo. Northumberland, 2^ m. W.S.W. Morpeth. Ac. 9,790. Pop. 733. MiTiA, an isl.. Pacific Ocean. [Aurora.] MiTLA, a vill. of the Mexican confederation, state and 26 m. E. Oaxaca, on the table-land of Mixtecapan, 5,000 feet above the ocean, with ex- tensive remains of ancient tombs, and other edi- fices, & in one place distinguished from all other Mexican ruins by columns supporting a roof. Mitre Island, Pacific Ocean, lat.. of S.E. point '11° 55' S., lou: 170" 20' W., was discovered in 1791, and named after one of two remarkable promontories resembling a mitre and steeplle. Mitei, a walled and well supplied town of Be- loochistan, prov. Cutch-Gundava, N. of Bhag. Mitbowioz (Hung. Demetrovicze), a mkt town of the Austrian dominions, Slavonian military frontier, circ. and 24 m. S.S.W. Peterwardein, on 1. b. of the Save. Pop. 5,200. It is the head- quarters of the Peterwardein regiments^ and has a Bom. Cath., 3 Greek churches, a high-school, and numerous Boman antiquities, Miitau, a town of the Russian dom. [Mitau.] Mittelwaide, two towns of Prussian Silesia^ reg. Breslau.^I. on the Neisse, 39 m. S.W. Neisse. Pop. 1,784. — II. prov. Brandenburg, reg, & 23 m. E.S.E. Potsdam, on the Notte. P. 1,966* Mitteeburo, a town of Istria. [Pisinc] MiTTEBSHiL a mkt. town of Upper Austria, on the Salza, 23 m. S.S.W. Salzburg. Pop. 600. MiTTERTEiCH, & MiTTENvrALD, 2 mkt. towns of Bavaria.. — I. prov. Upper Franc, E. Bayreuthl Pop. 1,663. — II. circ. Upper Bavaria, onthelsarj' 51 m. S.S.W. Munich. Pop. 1,720. MiTTiMEE, an oasis of Central Africa, 20 m. N.W. Lake Tchad, with upwards of 60 wells. MiTTON, a pa. of England, cos. Lancaster and York, W. Biding, 3 m. S.W. Clitheroe. Area 18,540 ac. Pop. 4,201.-11. (Lower), a chapelry, co. Worcester, pa. and 28 m. S.S.E. Badderminster. Pop. 3,012. MiTTON-KoTE, a town of the Punjab, in its S. extremity, on the W. bank of the Indus, in lat. 28° 54' N., Ion. 70° 25' E. Pop. 4,000. It is sur- rounded by date groves,; and well situated for commerce, but is unhealthy. MiTxwEiDA, a town of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, 35 m. S.E. Leipzig, on the Zsehoppau, an affi. of theMulde. It has extens. manufe. of woollen, cot- ' ton, and linen fabrics. Pop. (1846) 6,237. Mtzen-Head, Noiium Promontorium, a cape of Ireland, Munster, co. Cork. Lat. 61° 27' N., Ion. 9° 60' W. On it are the ruins of a castle. MizQUE, a town of S. America, Bolivia, depj ' Cochabamba, 32 m. S.E. Oropesa. MiTTLENE, Lesbos, an isl. of the Grecian Archip., belonging to Turkey, near the coast of Asia Minor, mostly between lat, 39° and 39° ZC N., and Ion. 25° 60' and 26° 35' E. Estim. area 276 sq. m., and pop. 40,000, nearly half being Greeks. Shape irregular, two bays indent it on the S. side, and it has good harbours and afertUe soil. Interior highly picturesque; a range of mntns. traversing it is clothed with pine woods, and at their base are many olive grounds & vine- yards, but the isl. was greatly devastated during the Greek struggle. Principal products are oU and pine timber, with some grapes, figs, cotton, and pitch ; its wine, anciently famous, is now in- ferior ; and the corn raised is insufficient for the inhabitants. Principal towns, Castro (or Mity- lene), on the E. coast, Molivo, & Culoni. Theo- phrastus, Pittacua, Alcffius, and Sappho were natives of this island. MixBUET, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 7 J m. N.N.E. Bicester. Area 2,630 ac. Popj 89ili Mixco, a vill. of Central America, state & 6 m. S.W. Guatemala, on a hill side, with 4,000 in- habitants (?), and some remains of an anc. city. MixTEOAPAN, a table-land of the Mexican Confed., occupying' most part of the dep. Oaxaca, between the plains of Mexico and La Puebla; and the isthmus of Tchuantepeo. Average elevation 6,000 feet. In its S. part it is traversed by several broad vaileys extending E. and W, On it are the city of Oaxaca, and the ruins of Mitla. MiYANDAB, a highly cultivated plain in N. MIY 876 MOD Persia, prov. Azerbyan, on the S.E. side of the Lal:e Urumiyah. UiTABisiMA, an isl. of Japan, S.S.E. of Noki- sima, intiabited chiefly by fishermen. MLAyA,aTiT. of Servia, joins the Danube 13 m. E.N.E. Semendria, after a N. course of 50 m II. (or Mlatca), a small town of Poland, prov. & 46 m. N.N.E. Plock. Pop. 1,000. MoA, a cape and Isl. of Cuba, on its N. coast, 40 m. N.W. Baracca. The Seirra de Moa is a mntn. range, 80 m. W. Baracoa.— II. an isl. of the E. Archip., lat. 8° 15' S., Ion. 128° 5' E. Length 20 m. MoATE, a mkt. town of Ireland, Leinster, co. Westmeath, on the Grand Canal, 9 m. E.S.E. Athlone. Pop. 2,095. MoBBEKLT, a pa. of England, co. Chester, 2J m.E.N.E.Nether-Knutsford. Ac. 4,680. P. 1,272. Mobile, a city and seaport of the U. States, N. Amer., Alabama, cap. co. at the mouth of Mobile riv. in Mobile bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, 120 m. N.E. New Orleans, next to which city it is now the chief port in the Union for the export of cotton. Pop. (1830) 20,513. The adja- cent marshes are partly drained ; the town has been well rebuilt^ having been destroyed by fire in 1839. Here are Barton academy, a United States naval hospital, & 6 m. distant is Springhill Roman Catholic college. The bay is defended by Fort Morgan, and has a Ught-honse at its entrance, lat. 30° 10' 30' N., Ion. 88° 15' W. In 1844, 189 ships, chiefly British and U. States, aggregate bm^en 77,886 tons, entered the port, value of cargoes 67,053/. ; & 221 ditto, burden 109,158 tons, cleared out, cargoes value 3,940,946/., of which goods to 2,818,996/. were exported in British ships, the value of the cotton exported to Great Britain being 2,790,696/., mostly sent to Liverpool.— Mobile river is formed by the junction of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers, length 40 miles. MoCAKiSGA, or MOCABANGUA. [MoNOMOTAPa]. M00CA5, a pa. of Engl., co. & 10 m. W.N.W, Hereford. Area 1,550 ac. Pop. 188. Mocha, an isl. of Chile, off the coast of Arau- canja, lat. of S. summit 3S° 24' S., Ion. 74° W. Length 8 m. At its N. end is a peak 1,230 feet in height. It is occasionally resorted to by whalers, but the landing is bad, and supplies of wood and water are scarce. Mocha, or Mokha, a fortified sea-port town Ai-abia, Yemen, on the Red Sea, 55 m. N.N.W. the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb. Lat. 13° 20' N., loa 4S° 12' 2' E. Pop. 7,000. It stands on the margin of a sandy pMn, between two points of land which enclose a small bay adapted for vessels of 10 or 12 feet burden. It exports annually about 10,000 tons of tiie finest coffee to Jiddah, Suez, and Bombay, with dates, gums, senna, horns, hides, balm, ivory, gold-dust ; and imports rice, piece goods, iron, hardwares, slaves, and ghee from Abyssinia, whence many of its exported goods are brought to Mocha in the way of transit. —Moeha is a country S. W. of Abyssinia. MocHfiUM, a marit. pa. of Scotl., co. & S.W. Wigton,onLuceBay. Area52Jsq.m. Pop.2,539. MocHTBEF, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Montgo- mery, 3 m. S.W. Newton. Pop. 639. MocKERM, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. & 13 m. E. Magdeburg, on the Ehle. Pop. 1,550. MooKTVASPOOB, Nepaul. [Muokwanpoob.] MocoMoco, a marit. town of Sumatra, on its W. coast. Lat. 20° 31' S., Ion. 101° 10' E. MoDAiM, a vill. of Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 20 m. S.E. Bagdad, on the Tigris, and on the site of the ancient Cteaiphon, with the traces of a palace and other antiquities. MOBBUBY, a mkt. town and pa. of England, CO. Devon, on the Erme, 11} m. E.S.E. Plymouth. Area of pa. 5,910 ac. Pop. 2,048. MoDENA, Mutirta, a fortified city of N. Italy, cap. Duchy, on the .Similian Way, which forms its fine Sirada Maestro, dividing it into the old and new city, 24 m. W.N.W. Bologna. Pop. (1843) 27,430. It is regularly laid out, and has a citadel, with streets bordered by arcades; and its ramparts form pleasant public walks. Princip. edifices, the ducal palace, a splendid building, with a picture gallery, fine gardens, and an extensive library, the Biblioteca Estense, of which Muratori and Tiraboschi were successively librarians, con- taining 100,000 vols., & 3,000 MSS. ; a cathedral with curious sculptures and a square marble tower, in which is preserved the famous wooden bucket {Secchia rapita), the cause of feuds between the Modenese and Bolognese, in 1326 ; a theatre, and public baths. Its university, sup- pressed 1821, was succeeded by a school of theo- logy, law, medicine and mathematics ; number of students (1842-43) 195. It has an observatory, rich cabinets of natural history, and a botanic garden. It is connected by a navigable canal with the Panaro, and has manufs. of hempen & woollen cloths, hats, glass, and leather ; its silk manuf., once important, has declined. It fell to the house of Este in 1288. The antiquarian Sigo- nius was born here in 1620, the anatomist Fallo- pius in 1623, & the poet Tassoni in 1566. Under the French, it was cap. of the dep. Panaro. MoDENA (Duchy of), a state of Italy, bounded E. by the States of the Church, S. by the grand duchy of Tuscany and Lucca, S.W. by the Gulf of Genoa, W. by Parma, & N. by the Lombardo- Venetian kingdom. Area (including recent ac- quisitions), 2,317 sq. m. Pop. estimated (1849) 580,649. Surface partly mntnous., traversed by a portion of the Apenuiiies, highest point Monte Cimone, 6,976 feet. Minerals comprise iron and marble, soil very fertile in the plains ; climate temperate and healthy. Chief products maize, wheat, rich wine, silk and honey. It has many mineral springs. The so -called Artesian Wells were used by the Modenese long before they were known in Artois. The duchy has recently acquired additional territory, and now (1849), consists of the provs. Modena and Frignano, Reggio and GuastaUa, Garfagnana, Lunigiana, Massa & Cararra. [CabbabaJ. Military, active force (1844) 2,800 men. Public revenue 7 mil- lion francs. MoDEB, a riv. of France, dep. B. Rhin, rises on the E. side of theVosges mntns., flows S.S.E., & after a course of 30 m., joins the Rhine, 17 m. below Strasbourg. MoDEKN, a town of W. Hungary, co. & 16 m. N.E. Presburg. Pop. (1845) 5,010. It has a Pro- testant college, and is the seat of the Lutheran snperint. for Hungary on this side of the Danube. MoDiOA {Mohae of the Saracens), a town of Sicily, intend, and 30 m. W.S.W. Syracuse, cap. CO., in the Val di Noto. Pop. 20,000. It exports gi-ain, oil, wine & cheese, mostly to Malta. In its vicinity is the valley of Ipsiea or Jspica, remark- able for its dwellings excavated in the rock. MoDiGMANA, a town of Tuscany, prov. and 40 m. N.E. Florence, on the Marzeno, N. of the Apennines. Pop. 2,335. It is enclosed by walls, and has a castle, several churches and convents. MoBLiH, a fortress of Poland, prov. Plock, at the confl. of the Bug and Vistula, 16 m. N.W. Warsaw, erected in 1807, & recently strengthened. MoDLiNG, or Mehlino, a mkt. town of Lower Austria, 8 m. S.S.W. Vienna, on railway to MOD 878 MOH Cfratz. P. 3,500. It has an old church audi comm. hall, manufs. of muslins and wooltenifcloths. i'l- MoDON (Methone), a fortified, mailt.' town'of Greece, Morea, gov. Pylos, 6 m. S.Navarino. |It has a small port, with an open roadsteadbetwfefen it I and the isl. Sapienza, and a few remains of antiquity. Its light-house is in lat. 36° 4S' 5" N., Ion. 21° 42'- 6' B. ■ ' ' MoDB££NY, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, CO. Tip- perary, containing the town Cloughjordanj Area 12,l«5ac. Pop. 6,286. ■ MoDFOKO, a town of Naples, prov. and 6 m. S.W. Bari. Pop: 6,000. It has manufs. of woollen and cotten cloths ; and tanneries. ' MoDURLi, a vill. of Asia Minor^ AnMolia, sanj. and 24: m. S.W. Boli, mostly built of wood. MoDUM, a pa. & vill. of Nolwayjistift Aggers- huus, on the Drammen, 26 m. W. Christiania. Pop. 4,500. Near it are important cobalt tnines and extensive manufs. of smalts.' ' MoEtMYKE, a town, Brit. India. ■ [Matjimain.] MoEL-T-MouNT, a pa. of S. Wales, co. and 4m. N.Cardigan. Pop. 140. . ^ MoEN, an isl. of Denmark, in the Baltic, with a light-ho. on S.E. point, lat. 54° 57' N.,lon. 12° Sr- 86' £., separated N.W. froni Zeeland by the Ulf- sound, & S; from Falster by the Groennsoundi each where narrowest about Im. across. AreaSTsq.m. Pop. (1846) 13,206.. Surface mostly level, but its E. coast is a 'precipitous limestone bairier; 600 feet above the sea, and termed the Moehsk- lint. Soil fertile, & a surplus of corn over home c'oiisumption is produced. Chief town Steege, \*ith a'barbopr on the N.W. coast. — II. an isl. of Russiay-between the isl. Oesel and the mainland, about 40 m. in 1 .:igth and breadth. MoEBBEKE, a comm. & vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, on the Moervaert canalj 14 m. N.E. Ghent. Pop. 3,582. MoERDVK, and MoEnaESTEL, two vills. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant.^— -I. on Hollands- diep, 110 m. N.W. Breda. Pop. 1,054.-11. 18 m. E.S.E. Breda. Pop. 1,164. MoEBES (Les), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nordi arrond. Dunkerque. P. 884. Near it are 2 great marshes called 'great and little Moere.' McEBis PiAKE), or Bibket-el-Reroon, a lake of Central Egvpt, prov. Fayoum, and: occupying the N. part oJ its valley iu' lat. ^29° 30' N.j and from Ion. 32° 30' to near 33° E. Length 30 m. ; gneatest bieadth, 6 m. Shores'bold on three sides, but oni the S. low and sandy. It commu- nicates by two large chaimels with the Nile, and, with the canal' of Joseph, and abounds, with fish, the i^rlvilege to take which is farmed but< by ithei gonerhmentii . ' '" . ' ... ' i... MoERZEKE, a vill. of Belgium, prov. E. FJan-i das-s, on the Scheldt. Pop 3,036: > ' MoPFAT, a market town, watering-place, and pa. lof Scotland, co. Dumfries, on the Annan, 19 m. N.N.E. Dumfries. Area- of pa., wlrioh is mostly pastoral, 66f sq. m. Pop. 2,199, ditto- of 'town 1,413; It is. situated a* the head of a broad rich valley, surrounded by mntns ; is ex- tuemely clean, well built, and' healthy, and lias, a church, mkt-ho., branch bank, an inn^ numerous iSUasji and elegant baths, dnclodingj a- reading and assembly room. The princip. mineral spring is'saline andsulphurousj resemUing that of Har- rogate. — The iM^at-hills form -a mntn. chain between the cos. Dumfries on the S. and Lanark & Peebles on the N. ; elevation of Hartfell, thei principal summit, 2j685 feet. The Annan, Tweed, and iGlyide iriveES have hete. their sources. ■ . ■ iMxjGADoBEj.MoGODOB or SDiBAj'.ai fortifiedl city and. itlie ipvincip. seai-porticif Marocco, on tlie Atlantic,: 126 m.' W.S.W. Marocco. Pop. esti- mated at 17,000,teompriBing 4;000 Jews. It stands' on a rocky promontory, surrounded by a barren and sandy region, and' consists of two pa7ts,'eachr enclosed by> wails, ^d the citadel' containing th^ residences of the govemoif and foreign codsnls, the custom-house, treasury, &e;, while the: other quarter is inhabited, by the Jewish population.. It is pretty iwell built,: and its white edifice^) render it handsome as sesn from the sea, where it is defended by several strong batteries. It was bombarded by the French loth August, 1844. Its port, S. of the -citadel, is sheltered l^ an islt! off the shore, but is adapted for only Ismail vessels. Exports comprise wool; gum,^'«rax, hides,' skinsj almonds, feathers, gold-dustj wronghtire%hard.i; wares, and cotton goods. It was founded in 1760^ on the' site of an old Portuguese fort.' i MoGoio-Bi-SoTTO, a rokt. town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 24 m. N. Udine, cap. dist. Mog-. gio, on the Fella. ...:.., • , .j MooHHEvy ot MoHii-EV, a gov. of Russia;- mostly betw. -lat. 62° & 66° 15' N.,ft Ion. 28° 36' & 32° 35' E., enclosed by the govs. Vitebsk, Smo- lensk, Tehemigovj & Minsk. i Area 18,785 sq. in. Pop. (1846) 931,300. Surfaas-Cbuoes; apop; & industridus towti of 'Brazil, prov. & 40 m. .E.N.E.' San Paolo. . • Fdj). ! of dist. dflOO.-^Mogi-Mirin is atoivn same provi> Moqdek, a -town- lof Spain; puovuaadSm. EJ Huelva, withia,ipoi3fcon the.aSntOLH Pop. .6,692ij Its old Francisoan,- convent isl$reserved,i * a national nionument.'. Columbus .cjsavii^chalrity. here, in 1484, was. received by the prioi, by who^6 influence he was enabled toAf roseoote j his dis^ coveries. He sailed from the port of Palos near this, on 3d Aug. 1493. ' .v' !.' ja,u1/; Mogul Empire (The), under Baber,,&B/;te- isted in Elindostan, principally iU'the pa;ovS.J9slW & Agra,;till superseded, by BritiahipOwer^'flB*'™-'!' MoHACs, or MoHAcz {prom. MoihtttJ»h)f a Uma of S.'Hurtgary, circ. Baransajjonc.tlie W;!sm&'of the Danube, 2Srm. E.S.Ej S'uitfkiroheiil Pj (184^ 10,050. - It has(aicastl8,sthfe giimmer.refidfencel!» the bishop of BJinflsjJSTJJofiimJSd &. (Roman CaJib;-, churches, & a college. It is a statiohi (for steaxdias: MOH 877 MOL plying on the Danube. The two great battles tboght near it ma; be oonsidered as marldngthe commencement and conoJusion of the Turltish power in Hungary. On 29th Aug. 1526, the Turls, under Solyman the Magnificent, com- pletely defeated the Hungarians, who lost 22,000 men, numerous nobles, and their Idng Louis ii. on the field; but they received a total deiieat from the Imperialists under the Duke of Lorraine at the seccmd battle of Mohacz m 1687. - MoHALiTSH,atown, Asia Minor. [Muhalitch.j MoHAMMEDABAD, numerous vills. of Asia, 3 Being in E. Persia, prov. Rhorassan, on the route from Jleshed to L. Zurrah. — 1. 12 m. S. Turhat, with vestiges of formerly strong fortifi- cations, and a citadel and lofty tower — II. 40 m. S. Eakh, with a pop. of 250 families, mostly cattle breeders. — III. a fortified tiB. alittle S. of Tabas. MoHAMMBKAH, & towu ou the &ontier of Asi- atic Turkey andPersia, and which has alternately belonged to either, on the canal betw. the Shat- ul-Arab (Enphi-ates), and lower Karun, about 30 m, S.E. Bassorah, which place it is said to be fast eclipsing in commercial importance. , Mohawk, ariv., U. S., N. America, New York, joins the Hudson at Waterfbrd; after a S. and E. com^e of 1-35 m^ during which it has several falls.— II. a tnshp., New York, co. Montgomery. Pop. 3,112. Mohican, a tnshp., IT. S., N. America, Ohio, 88 m. Nj;. Colnmbus. Pop. 2,046. Named from ^ttribe of IniSaiis now extinct. MoHii.EV,agov. & town, Russia. [Moghhev.] MoHixL, a mkt. town and pa. of Ireland, Con- naogbt and Leinster, cos. Leitrim and Longford, 9 m. -E.S.E. Garrick-ou-Shannon. Area of pa. 30,541 ae. Pop. 17,918 ; ditto of town (co. Lei- trim), 1,626. Moeilul, island. [Cohobo Isi^ands.] MoHiM, a large, but ruinous town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, Upp. provs., dist. & 62 m.W.N.W. Delhi MoKON, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Mor- bihan, 29 m. N.N.E. Vannes. Pop. 3,062. UoHBiN, a town of Prussia. [Mokiw.] MoHKiNGEW, a town of Baden, circ. Lake, on the Danube, 29 m. N.W. Constance. Pop. 1,200. — IL a vill. of. Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, 7 m. N.Engen. Pop. 2,146. MoHETjifOBs, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 62 m. S.S.W. Konigsberg, cap. circ, between two lak^. • Pop. 2,^0. It has manufs. of woollen clotii and leaUier. The French conquered the Kufsians here in 1807. MoHUNQim and Mohtihpoor, 2 towns of Hin- dostan, Gwalior dom. ; the former 60 m. W.S.W. Jhansi, the latter 44 m. N. Seronje. Moibabt, a wild and rugged dist, in the S.'W. of CO. Inverness, Scotl., on an inlet of the Atlan- tic, of the same name, about 10 m. S.E. the island of Eig. It forms apart of pa. Ardnamnrchan. M011.AH, or MovnxAH'ff, a seaport town of Arabia Petrsea, on the Red Sea, near the Gulf of Akabah. It has a castle, some brick houses, and about 150 huts. — Moileh is a valley of Egypt, on the route from Fayoum to the Little Oasis. Moines (Ilb Aux), France. [Seft Iles.] MoiBA, a small mkt. town of Irel., Ulster, 00. Down, 14 m. S.W. Belfast. Pop. 823, employed in manufs. of linens. It gives title of Earl to the Marquis of Hastings, '' MoiEANs, two comms. and towns of France. ^I. dep. Isfere, on the Merge, 16 m. N.E.St Mar- cellin. Pop. 2,756. It has Roman remains, paper and com mills IL dep000, who nianuf. woollen and camlet fabrics, and haye some marit. trade — II. (or Bitolia), a town of European Turkey, cap. sanj., on an affl. of the Tzerna, near the Albanian frontier, 80 m. S.E. Ochrida, and a principal entrepot for goods passing between E. & W. Turkey. P. 15,000 (?). MoNASTTBCHTCiiiNA, a market town of Russia, gov. and 60 m. E.N.E. Moghilev. Pop. 3,000. MoNCADA, a town of Spain, prov. and 7 m. N. Valencia, on the Moneada. Pop. 2,720. MoNOALiEBi, a town of Piedmont, div. prov., and 4 m. S. Turin, cap. maud., on the Po. Pop. (including comm) 8,602. It has a palace, fre- quently resorted to by the royal family, and con- taining a fine collection of portraits, and in Oct. one of the largest cattle fairs held in Piedmont. MoNCALVo, a town of Piedmont, div. and 22 m. W.N.W. Alessandria. Pop. of comm. 3,686. It has manufs. of silk twist and tanneries. MoNQAO, a fortified town of Portugal, prov. Minho, 28 m. N. Braga, on the Minho. Pop. 1,200. MoNCARAS, or MoNSAKAS, a town of Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, on the Guadiana, 28 m. S. W. Elvas. Pop. 1,500. MoNCBAux, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Correze, 14 m. S.S.E. Tulle, near r. b. of the Dordogne. Pop. 1,780. It is also the name of a suburb of Paris, noted for its fine park, MoNCH (" the monk"), one of the loftiest Alpine heights in Switzerland, cant. Bern, on the borders of the Valais, 3 m. N.E. the Jungfran. Height 13,044 feet. MoNCHiQUE, a town of Portugal, prov. Al- garve, 13 m. N.E. Lagos, with some mineral baths. Pop. 2,760. MoNCHiqttE (Seera be), a mountain chain of Portugal, bounding N. the prov. Aigarves. La Foya, its culminating point, is 4,079 feet in elev. MoNOHOBO, or MoNKSOBO, a town of Burmah, and which has recently become its cap., on the W. bank of a considerable lake, 27 m. N. Ava. It is the birthplace of Alompra, and during his rule it was also the seat of gov., which has since been alternately transferred to Ava, Sakaing, & Amarapura. MONOLAE, two oomms. & small towns of France, I. dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, 12 m. E.S.E. Montau- ban. Pop. 2,187. — 11. dep. Lot-et-Garonne, arrond. and 9 m. N.W. Villeneuve. Pop. 2,164. MoNCOHTonR, two comms. & towns of France. —I. dep. Cates du Nord, 12 m. S.S.E. St Brieuc. P. 1,700 II. dep. Vienne, 9 m. SS.W.Loudun. MoNOOEVo, Portugal. [Tobbe de Moncoevo] MoNcouTANT, a comm. & town of France, dep. Deux-Sfevres, 16 m. N.W. Parthenay. P. 1,690. MoNCEABEAU, a comm. and town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, 7 m. S. Nerac. Pop. 1,144. MoNOEiEFF Hill, Scotland, 00. and 2J m. S. Perth. Its summit, 766 feet above the sea, com- mands a splendid view of the river Tay. MoNCEivELLO and Monctjoco, two comms. and vills. of Piedmont. — I. div. Novara, prov. and 22 m. W. Vercelli. Pop. 2,244.-11. div. Alessan- dria, prov. and 18 m. N.N. W. Asti. Pop. 1,611 . Monda, Munda, a town of Spain, prov. and 28 m. W. Malaga. Pop. (1845) 8,300. Mondego, a navig. riv. of Portugal, prov. Beira, rising in the Serra Estrella, 14 m. S.W. Guarda, flows W.S.W., and enters the Atlantic at Cape Mondego, close to Figueras. Length 130m. — II. a navig. river of Brazil, prov. Matto-grosso, se- parates in part Brazil & Paraguay, & joins the Paraguay on 1., at Fort Mu-anda. Xengtn 180 m. Monde,iab, a town of Spain, prov. and 31 m. E. Madrid. Pop. 2,670. MoNcoiEH, a small but richly wooded and fertile island in the Bay of Amboises, W. Africa. MoKDOLFO, a town of Central Italy, Pontif. sta., deleg. and 15 m. S.E, Pesaro. Pop. about 2,00:). MON 880 MON MoitooSedo, a town of Spain, prov. and 30 in. N.N.E. Lugo. Pop. (1846) 6,194. It has a ca- thedral, a semmary, andmanufs. of coarse cloths. MoNDOTJBLEAU, a comm. & town, France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, 14m. N.N.W. Vendome. P. 1,671. MoNDOTi, a town, Piedmont, div. & 14 m. E.S.E. Coni, cap. prov., near the Ellero. Pop. (1838) 15,921. It is divided into 4 parts, the Piazza, on a hill enclosed by walls, and having a citadel, and the suburbs at its foot, Carassone, Breo, & Piano del Valle. It has a cathedral, & other churches, a bishop's palace, 4 hospitals, 2 asylums, a college, a diocesan school, silk mills, tanneries, iron forges, & manufs. of woollen and cotton fabrics. Here, on 22d April 1796, the French under Napoleon totally defeated the Sardiuian troops under Colli. Mondovi was also sacked by Soult in 1799. MoNDKAGON, atown of Spain,prov. Guipuscoa, and 33 m. S.W. San Sebastian, on the road from Bayonne to Vitoria. Pop. 2,600. — II. a town of France, dep. Vaucluse, arrond. Orange. P. 2,320. MoNDBAGONE, a town of Naples, prov. Terra di Lavoro, 17 m. S.E. Gaeta. Pop. 2,160. MoNEAH, a town of British India, presld Ben- gal, prov. and dist. Bahar, at the confl. of the Sone and Ganges, 21 m. W. Patna. It has a Mohammedan torab, and Hindoo antiquities. MoNEDiE, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 6 m. N."W. Perth. Area about 18 sq. m. Pop. 315. MoNEiN, a comm. and town of France, dep. B. Pyrenees, 11 m. W. Pau, on the Baise. Pop. 1,276. MoNEMVASiA, or Napoli di Malvasia, Minoa, a marit. town, Greece, Morea, gov. Lacaedemon, on the ^gean Sea, 20 m. N.N.W. C. Malea. It stands on a small island, having one entrance by a bridge from the mainland (whence its name) ; and it consists of a fortress and an outer town. Near it are the remains of Epidaurus Limera. MoNESTiEK, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. H. Alpes, 8 m. N.W. Brlanson. Pop. 2,797. MoNESTiES, a comm. and town of France, dep. Tarn, cap. cant., 10 m. N.N.W. AJbs. P. 1,500. MoNEWDEN, a pa. of Engl,, oo. Suffolk, 7 m. N.N.W. Woodbridge. Area l,960ac. Pop. 220. MoNETASH, a chapelry of Engl., co. Derby, pa. and 4J m. W.S.W. Derby. Pop. 436. Monet-Galt,, a market town of Irel., Leinster, King's CO., 8 m. S.W. Koscrea. Pop. 764. Near it is the fine demesne of Lord Bloomfield. MoNEVMOBE, a mkt. town of Irel., Ulster, co. Londonderry, 30 m. S. Coleraine. Pop. 942. MONETMDSK, a pa. of Scotl. [MONYMUSK.] MoKFALCONE, a fortlf. town of Illyria, gov. & 16 m. N.W. Triest, near its Gulf. Pop. 1,360. MoNFiA, an Island off the E. coast of Africa, Muscat dom., 76 m. N.N.E. Quiloa. Lat. 7° BV S., Ion. 39° 40' E. It is low and fertile. MoNFLANQDiN, a comm. and town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, 10 m. N.N.E. Villenenve. Pop. 6,076. MoNPOBTE, two towns of Spain I. prov. and 17 m. W. Alicante. Pop. 3,188.-11. (de Lemus), prov. and 25 m. S. Lugo. Pop. (1845) 6,180. MoNGATZ, a town of E. Hungary. [Munkacs.] MoNGEHAM, two pas. of Engl., CO. Kent.— I. (Great), 2 m. S.W. Deal. Area 780 ac. Pop. 2S6.— II. {Little), 3 m. W.S.W. Deal. Area 1,210 ac. Pop. 100. MoNGEWELL, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, IJ m. S. Wallingford. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 202. MoNGHjB, MoNGHTB, Or Mbnggeb, a fortified and manufacturing town of British India, pre- sid. Bengal, dist. Bhaugulpoor, on the S. bank of the Ganges, 80 m. E. Patna. Lat. 25° 23' N., Ion. 86° 30' E. Estimated pop. 30,000. It is .finely situated on a rocky height, at the bend of the river, occupies a large space, and though irregularly built, has some fine European anid other residences, intersected with plantations, besides several temples, and other public build- ings, including a highly venerated Mohammedan tomb. It was formerly an unportant frontier fortress of the British, but its citadel is now in decay; it is, however, still a military station. Here are active native manufs. of guns, other arms and cutlery, carriages, furniture of all Idnds, army clothing, &c., and the town has several native schools, and a depot of the British mis- sionary society. MoHGiBELLO, a name of Mount Etna. [Etua.] MoNGO, a mountain range in W. Africa, on the mainland, opposite Fernando Po, its highest peak Mongo-masobah, " God's mountain," being subject to volcanic eruption, and conjectured to have been the " chariot of the gods " of Hanno. Mongolia, a wide region of Asia, comprised in the Chinese empire, mostly between lat. 37° and 60° N., and Ion. 88° and 126° E., having E. Manchooria, from which it is separated by a wooden palisade, S. and S.W. China and Chinese Turkestan, and N. the Khlng-gan, and other mountain chains, dividing it from the Russian gov. Irkutsk. Estimated area 1,400,000 sq. m. Pop. supposed 2 millions. It is mostly a vast desert, its centre part forming the E. half of the Gobi (which see) ; though here and there this stony and sandy region is interspersed with some productive tracts, feeding large herds of cattle belonging to nomadic tribes, and where also some wheat, barley, and millet, are raised. In the N. the country is richly wooded. Rivers are mostly affls. of the Amoor, Irkutsk, or Yenesei, though some discharge themselves into exten- sive lakes, which are most numerous in the N.W., the principal lakes being the Oubsa Nor and Ilce-Aral Nor. The Mongols have a peculiar conformation, which has been taken by ethnolo- gists as the type of a great subdivision of the human race inhabiting most part of Asia E. of the Caspian. (See especially Prichard's " Re- searches on Man," and the works oi Blumenbaeh, Lawrence, &c.) They are of the Buddhic reli- gion, and live under various chiefe, who pay tri- bute to the Chinese emperor, but receive pre- sents from him in return to a much greater amount. Trade almost exclusively with China- proper, to which the Mongols send live stock of all kinds, receiving in return large quantities of brick-tea, tobacco, brandy, silk, cotton, and wool- len fabrics, boots, and metallic wares. Mon- golia is divided into 56 aimaks, or chlefshlps, and again into 135 "banners," or military tribes, apain subdivided into regiments, &c. Chief city Oorga, which was visited in 1822 by Tim- kowski, to whose Journey oftke Russian Embassy to Pehin, to the Chinese Repositorg, vol. i., &c., and to M'Culloch's Geog. Did. il. 340-1, the reader is referred for further particulars. Mongkamde, a town and comm. of Piedmont, div. Turin, prov. Biella, 7 m. E.N.E. Ivrea. Pop. 3,724. MoNHEiM, two small towns of Germany.— I. Bavaria, circ. Swabla, 35 m. S.S.E. Auspach. Pop. 1,417 — II. Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 10 m. S.S.E. Diisseldorf, on the Rhine. Pop. 1,312. MosiFiETH, a pa. of Scotl., oo. Forfar, with a station on the Dundee, Perth, and Aberdeen railway, 10 m. S.S.W. Arbroath. Pop. 2,946. MoNiKiE, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 7 m. S.B. Forfar. Pop. 941. It has an elegant structure raised in honour of Lord Panmure, in 1839. Mo.vimaii,, a pa. of Scotland, co. Flfe,4 m. W. MON 881 MON Cupar. Pop. 1,102. Here is Melville house, seat of £arl Melville ; also the Ml^unt, the site of tlie residepce of the celeb, satirical poetj Sir David Lindsay, in the reigus of James it. and v. MoNiNGTQM, a pa. of S. Wales, oo. Pembroke, 3 m. S.W. Cardigan. Pop. 187.— II. (on Wye), a pa. of England, co. and 9 m. W.N.W. Hereford. Area 1,040 ao. Pop. 86. , MoNK-BRETTON,EngIand. [Bbetton Mohk.] MoMSTROL, a comm. & town of France, dep. H.-Loire, 11 m. N.E. Tssengeaux. Pop. 1,112. MosrvAS, a pa. of Irel., Counaught, co. Gal- way, 5 m. N.N.E. Athenry. Area 21,932 ac. Pop. 4,81(0. It has several rained cliurches & castles. MonitjlIkd and Stbowah, a united pa., Scotl., eo, Perth, 2 m. W. Crieff and Moaaie. Area about 30i sq. m. Pop. .863. Mo.NJPopB, a town of W. Hindostan, dom. and 24 m. ^.E. Bahdunpoor. MoNEHiND, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 2J m. W.S.W. Lepminster. Area, 1,180 ac. Pop. 184. MJQi^&i^irp, two pas. of Scotl., co. Lanark,-r-l. (JVc«i),icontainij}gthebor.of Alrdrie. [Ajbdbie,] —J]^,(QZ(I),, adjoins the above on the S.W., about 8 n. E. QIasgow,, wijih which it is connected both ]by canal and railway. Pop. 19,709. , It has many valuable coal and iron, works. Mo.vKLEiGH, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 3 m. W.N.T/f. Gt. Tprrington. Area 2,040 ao. P. 699. MoHKKASH, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, 6 PL S.W. Cowbrjdge. Pop. 109. lIoNKSEAioN, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Northum- berland, 8 m..E.N.E. Newcastle. Pop. 681. MoNKsiLTEB, a pa. ofEngLjpo. Somerset, 6 m. N.N.;W. Wiveliscombe. Area 840 ac. Pop. 308. Mo!iKs;j:oN, or Monxton, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 3i m. W.S.W. Andover. Ac. 960. P. 293. MoNKSTowN, several pas. of Irel. — I. Munster, CO. Cork, in Cork harbour, 8 m. E.S.E. Cork. Area 1,541' ac. ^op. 2,138. Here are the rcr mains rf a monastery and a castle. — II. Leinster, pp. Dublin, comprising Kingstown, J m. W. of which is the hamlet Monkstown. Here are also several yills. and numerous handsome residences on Dublin bay. Pop. of pa. 13,143.— III. co. Meath, 5 m. E.S.E. Navan. Area 1,870 ac. Pop. 460 — TV-ior Mfrifluland), co. Waterford, with the viH. Knockmaiipn. Area 2,118 ac. Pop. 1,672. MoKKTON, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Devon, 2m-.'N.N.E. Honiton. Area 2,090 ac. Pop. 141. ■—U. dp. Kent, in the I. of Thanet, 10 m. E.N.E. Canterbury. Area 1,960 ac. Pop. 402.— III. {FeaTlaj], co. Wilts, 3J m. N.N.W. Bradford, Area 1^70" acj' Pop. 435 IV. {Moor), ao.' ii, 6 m. W,N.W^ t^ork. Area 4,2.30 ac. Pop. 454.— T;'(iVan),'cp'.'and 7 m. N.W. York, W. RidingJ Area l,2Sd"sic. Pop. 365.— VI. (Tarrant), co. Dorset, , 4 'm.- E.N.E. Blandford-Forum. Area 3,210 ac. Pop„246.— Til. (West), co. Somerset, 8J m. N.N.E.''Tauntpn. Area 3,410 ao. Pop, ljl64. It ha-j almshouses founded in 1270.— VIII. (With Jfarrow), a tnshp^ co. Durham, pa. Jarrow, 4 m. E.,:Gat«Shead. Pop. 3,600. The veher- sible Bede tjas bom here in 673.— J^ort Monfcton, Co. HaiitS, 2 m. S. Gosport, deftends Spithead, arid the entrance to Portsmouth harbour on the W. -' MoNKTos arid Pbbstwick, a trtiiteapfei., Scotl., CO. and 4 m.' N.BJ. A^'r, Witli a station on the Glasgow and, Ayr railway. Area 9i sq. m. Pop. 1,938. The till. Moiikton has a handsome mo- dem, and 2Very anc, dilapidated churches, and thei ttihs of aft hospital foi' lepers. iMotJft-wEAiMODTiEi, a pa. of Engl. [Weab- MOliTB, SdrpEEtAHD.j '' ' ' ' ' Mos^c*,'* Pbmm, & town of France, den. H.- P^eiiefe^ 2i^m. T^.E. bagiiereB-' Pop- 1.327. MoitMOBE, the largest bog in the co. Cltu-e, Irel., Munster, extending across the great Chire peninsula, from Dunbeg bay to the Shannon. Af ea 9,264 ac, i . Monmouth, a co., tJ, S., N. America, in N. part of New Jersey. Area 1,080 eq. m.) Pop. 32,909. — II. a township, Maine, 16 m. S.W. Augusta. Pop..l,882. . , I, , Monmouth, a pari, and munio. bor., mkt. town and pa. of Engl-, cap., co., in a beautiful vate, a|b the confl. of the navigable Wye and the Monnow* here crossed by handsome bridges, 21m. W.S.\F, Gloucester, and 17 m. S. Hereford, to which, a railway is in progress, and 115 m. W.N.W, Lon- don. Area of pa. 2,700 ac, Pop. 5,446 ; do. of pari. bor. 5,822. It has, a pa. church, originally a priory ; an anc. priory, house, a curious antique chapel, a grammar scbpol, foujided in the reign of James i. ; ruins of a rpyal ca^tie, erected be- fore the Conquest ^ several bank^.; , manufacture^ of bar-iron, tin-plates, and paper ; and exports of bark land timber. Corp, rev. 812?. The bor. joins with IJsk, apd Newport in sending 1 mem, to a of C. Reg., elects. (1^48)1,144. It is also the place of election for the cp. lii the vicini|;^ is Troy , house, a seat of the Duke pjf BeapfoVt, la which aie preserved ijhe cradle, of Henry v., and the armour he wore at Agincourt. Henry v., ^nd Geoffrey of ]\Ionmouth, the historian, were na- tives of th^ town. MoNMOUTHSHiEB, a marit. co. of Engl., having N. cos. Brecon & Herefoi-'d, E. Gloucester, frpm which it is separated by the Wye, W. Glamorgan- shire, and S. thoi Bristol Channel. Area 446 sq. m;, OT 317,440 ac, of which abpnt 280,000 are cultivated. Pop. 134,355. Inhab. houses 24,944. Surface picturesquely varied, with hill and vale, and finely wooded ; bordering the Bristol Chan- nel,, it is in parts ftat; W. of the Dsk, compara- tively mountainous. Chief rivers, the Wye, Usk, Monnow, and Komney. Cliinate very nuld in the vaJes., Estatps , rathe? small'; average size of farms estimated at about 140 ac. Leases not commoni. Average rent of land (1810) 12^. 9Jd. Ann. value of land (1842-3) 290,334?. Coal, iron, and limestone abound, & are extensivelj; wrought. The produce of iron in 1840, was estimated at about 200,000 tons. (Janals and railways facili- tate access to the mines. Ann. value .of mines (1843) 19,340?. ' Total value of assessed property, 591,l'61?. County rev. (1847) 11,080?. The cliief manufacture' j? flannel. The Welsh language is in comiuon use. Mopmduth comprises, six hundreds, and 127 parishes ih the dioceses of Llandaff and Hereford, and in the Oxford cir- cuit. Principal towns, Monmouth, Abergavenny, Newport, Caerleon, aiid Usk, The co. sends 2 members, to ft: of C. Reg. elects. (iSiS) 4,614. Under tUe'.Rpriian? and Britons it formed part of the anc. Gwent, or 'Siluria, which the Saxons never succeeded in conquering. It was' made an English CO. by Henry viii. No English oP. is more celebrated for beautiful scenery, or for thP numbfer o,f its Brit, arid Rorii. mediaeval remains. MoNNAiE, a comml arid riikt,' town Of France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, 8 m. N.N.E. Tours. P. 1,550. MoNNricEMpAM, a town of the NetherlandSJ prov. N. Holland, ca^, dist., with a harbour on the Zuydcr-Zee, 8 m, N.E. Amsterdam. PPp. 2,4:71. M ONNOW, 'or Mu»Now,"a river of Engl., rises in CO. Hercfoi'd, near Hay, flows S. and S.E,, and joim' the Wye near Monmouth. MoNOMOTAPA, called alsP BEnomotapaJ and MoCABANGUA, a region of B. Africa, stated to be between lat. 15° & 19° S., aind Ion. 30° iSl 85° E. It ii supposed to comprise various independent ;,, I ■ .,, I 'll , i '''3 K '■ ' ''" ' MON MON states, including; Moarunga, Manica, Botonga, Bororo, &c. Principal river, the Zambezi. MoNON»AHELA, a river of the U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, after a N. covirse of 300 m., unites with the Alleghany at Pittsburg to form the Ohio. It is navigable for large boats to 60 m. from its mouth, and for small craft for 200 m. On it is the township Monongahela, 14 m. S.E. "Waynesburg. Pop. 1,178. — Moniyngalia is a co. N.W. of Virginia. Area 560 sq. m. Pop. 17,368. MoNOPOLi, a seaport town of Naples, prov. and 28 m. E.S.E. Bari, on the Adriatic. Pop. 14,000. It stands on a height, enclosed by walls, and defended by a fortress, and has a cathedral. MoNOVAR, a town of Spain, prov. and 28 m. N.W. Alicante, on the Elda. Pop. 7,590. MoNPAZiEB, a comm. and town of France, dep. Dordogne, 24 m. E.S.E. Bergerac. Pop. 1,061. MoNPEraonx-DE-BosQDET, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Aveyron, 8 m. Espalion. P. 1,560. MoNPONT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Dordogne, on the Isle, 19 m. S.S.W. Riberac. Pop. 1,328. MoNQUHiTTEB, a pa. of Scotl., 00. Aberdeen, 5} m. E. Tariff. Pop. 2,074. In it are the vills. Cuminestown and Garmond. MoNREALE, a city of Sicily, intend, and 4 m. S.W. Palermo, with which it communicates by a noble road. Pop. 13,000. It stands on a steep hill, & has a remarkable cathedral, & an export trade in corn, oil, and fruit, raised in its vicinity. Monroe, numerous cos., U. S., N. Amer. — I. in N.W. of New York. Area 670 sq. m. P. 64,902. — II. in E. of Pennsylvania. Area 760 sq. m. Pop. 9,879. — III. in centre of Georgia. Area 370 sq. m. Pop. 16,276.— IV. in S. of Florida. Pop. 688.— V. in S. of Alabama. Area 980 sq. m. P. 10,680 VI. in N.E. of Mississippi. Area 650 sq. m. Pop. 9,250.— VII. in S.E. of Tennessee. Area 750 sq. m. Pop. 12,056 VII. in S. of Kentucky. Area 280 sq. m. Pop. 6,326.— IX. in S.E. of Ohio. Area 620 sq. m. Pop. 18,521. — X. in S.E. of Michigan. Ai'ea 540 sq. m. Pop. 9,922.— XI. in N.E. of Indiana. Area 390 sq. m. P. 10,143.— Xn. in S.W. of Illinois. Area 360 sq. m. Pop. 4,481. — XIII. in N.E. of Missouri. Area 744 sq. m. Pop. 9,606.— XIV. in E. of Ar- kansas. Area 1,150 sq. m. Pop. 936 Also numerous townships. — I. New York, on the New York and Erie railroad, 14 m. S.E. Goshen. Pop. 3,914 II. Maine, 54 m. N.E. Augusta. Pop. 1,602 III. New Jersey, co. Middlesex. Pop. 2,453.— IV. Pennsylvania, 7 m. S.E. Car- lisle. Pop. 1,670. — V. Ohio, co. Clermont. Pop. 1,628.- VI. Ohio, co. Richland. Pop. 1,624.— VII. Indiana, co. Putnam. Pop. 1,341.— VIII. Indiana, co. Washington. Pop. 1,637. — IX. a " city," Michigan, cap. co., 37 m. S.W. Detroit, on the Raisin, 2J m. from its jnonth. Pop. 1,703. It has several &ctories and banks, a canal to Lake Michigan, and railw., 70 m. in length, to Hillsboro'. MoNROiG, a town of Spain, prov. and 13 m.W. Tarragona. Pop. 3,092. Monrovia, a town of W. Africa. [Liberia.] MoNs (Flemish Berghen), a fortified town of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on the Trouille, at the head of the canal to Conde, by which it com- municates with the Scheldt, and on a branch of the Belgian railway, which joins the French line of Valenciennes, 34 m. S.W. Brussels. P. (1846) 23,165. Chief buildings, the church of St Wau- dru, a remarkable Gothic edifice, and the castle of Mons, with an elevated tower. There are numerous coal mines in its vicinity, at the vills. Jemappes, Framieres, Warquignies, Hornu, and Bossu. This dist. of country is called the Bor- inage, and the miners are called Borains, — II. a viU. of France, dep. Var, 19 m. N.E. Draguignan. Near it is a magnificent grotto. Monsanto, a fortified town of Portugal, prov. Beba, 43 m. S.E. Guarda. Pop. 1,360.— Monca- ras is a market town, prov. Alemtejo, 26 m. E.S.E. Evora. Pop. 1,395. MoHSEGUB, a comm. and town of France, dep. Gironde, cap. cant., near rt. b. of the Dropt, 7 m. N.E. La Keole. Pop. 1,344. MoNSELicE, a walled town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 13 m. S.W. Padua, cap. dist., on the canal of Monselice, which extends from Padua to Este. Pop. 6,400. MoNSERRAT, a famous monastery of Spain, prov. and 19 m. N.W. Barcelona, on an isolated mountain, 3,300 feet in height, near rt. b. of the Llobregat, and formerly a place of pilgrimage. MoNSOL, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Rhone, 18 m. N.W. Villefranche. Pop. 1,238. MoNSON, a township of the U. S., N. America, Massachusetts, 64 m. W.S.W. Boston. P. 2,151. . MoNTA, a vill of Piedmont, div. Coni, immedi- ately N.W. Casale. Pop. of comm. 2,860. MoKTABAUR, a towu of W. Germany, duchy and 8 m. N. Nassau. Pop. 2,727. It has oil mills, and manufs. of linen and paper. MoNTAorTE, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 4 m. W.N.W. Yeovil, Area 1,370 ac. Pop. 1,047. Fair, 13th May. — Montacuto is a market town of Tuscany, prov. and 42 m. E.S.E. Florence. MoNTAGKAC, a oomm. and town of S. France, dep. Herault, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Herault, 21 m. W.S.W. Montpellier. Pop. 3,441. MoNTAOHANA, a town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 23 m. S.W. Padua, on the Frassina. Pop. 8,200. It has a castle, and manul^. of woollen and linen cloths, hats, and leather. Montague Islands, several islands in the Pa- cific Ocean.— I. off E. Australia, lat. 36° 18' S., Ion. 150° 24' E.- — II. Russian America, Prince William Sound, lat. 60° N., Ion. 146° 50' W. Length 60 m. ; breadth 8 m. — III. New Hebrides, N. of Sandwich Island. The Montague and Bristol Islands are in the Antarctic Ocean, in lat. 58° S., Ion. 27° W.— Montague Sound, N.W, Australia, is in lat. 14° 30' S., Ion. 126° 30' E. Montaigu, a vill. of Belgium, prov. S. Bra- bant, 3 m. W. Diest. Pop. 2,600.-11. a comm. and town of France, dep. Vendue, cap. cant., 20 m. N.N.E. Napoleon- Vendfe Pop. 1,330. MoNTAiGUT, two coimus. and small towns of France I. dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, 16 m. N. Moissac. Pop. 4,073. — II. dep. Puy-de-Dome, arrond. and 24 m. N.W. Riom. Pop. 1,620. MoNTAiBAN, a town of Spain, prov. and 18 m. S. Cordova. Pop. 2,794. It was fortified under the Moors II. a market town, prov. and 32 m. N.N.E. Teruel. Pop. 2,902. MoNTALBANO, 3, towu of Naples, prov. Basili- cata, dist. and 26 m. S.S.W. Matera. Pop. 2,800. MoNTAiBODO, a vill. of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 19 m. W. Ancona. Pop. 4,000. MoHTALCiNO, a town of Tuscany, prov. and 20 m. S.S.E. Siena. Pop. 3,819. It is defended by a castle on an adjacent height, & has a cathedral. MoNTALEGRE, a town of Brazil, prov. Par^ on the Amazon, 100 m. W. Almeirim. Pop. of dist. 4,000.-11. a mkt. town of Portugal, prov. Tras- os-Montes, 15 m. W.S.W. Chaves. MoNTAtTo, two towns of Italy. — I. Pontif. Sta., deleg. & 10 m. N.N.E. Ascoli. P. 1,470.— U. Naples, prov. Calab. Cit., 11 m. N.W. Cosenza. MoNTALVAO, a small fortified town of Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, 27 m. N.N.W. Portalegre. M O N 81 MoNTANARO, a towD of Piedmont, div. prov. and 15 m. N.N.E. Turin. Pop. (1841), including comm. 4,400. It has a castle and two schools, MoNTANCHBS, a town of Spain, prov. & 18 m. S. Caceres. P. 4,800. The bacon cured here, is celeb. MoNTABGis, a comm. and town of France, dep. Loiret, cap. arrond., on the Loing, at the junction of the canals Briare and Loing:, 38 m. E. Orleans. Pop. (1846) 7,272. It has ruins of walls and of an old castle, bnilt by Charles v. of France. MoNT-AsTHUc, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. H. Garonne, cap. cant., 10m. N.E. Toulouse. Pop. 1,200. — MoJitataire is a comm. & vill., dep. Oise, arr. Senhs, with important iron, copper, and zinc works. Pop. 2,226. MoKTAUBAK, Motis Albanus, a comm. and town of France, cap. dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, on rt. b. of the Tarn, and on railway from Bordeaux to Cette, 110 m. S.E. Bordeaux. Pop. (1846; 16,236. It has a tribunal of commerce, a cham- ber of manafe., a seminary with Protestant faculty of theology, normal school, and library of 10,000 vols. Montauban, founded in the middle of the 12th century, was ineffectually be- aeged by Montluc in 1580, and by the troops of Louis XIII. in 1621. MoNTACD, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Loire, arrond. St Etienne. Pop. 2,863. MosTADDiN, a comm. and market town of France, dep. & 17 m. W.N.W. Mayenne. P. 1,484. MoNTADK-PoiNT, a headland of the V. S., N. America, New York, forming the E. extremity of Long Island, in the Atlantic. Onitisastone l^t-honse, m lat. 41° 4' N., Ion. 72° W. MoMTAZzoLi, a small town of Naples, prov. Abrozzo Cit., 17 m. S.W.Vasto. Pop. 2,100. MosTBABD, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cote d'Or, cap. cant., on the Burgundy canal, & on the railway from Paris to Lyon, 9 m. N. Se- mur. Pop. 2,076. It is the birth-place of the naturalists Buffon and Daubenton. Mo^TBiZOS, MonsSascmis, a comm. and town of France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, cap. cant., onl. b. of the Indre, 8 m. S. Tours. Pop. 1,180. MoNTBELiABD, Or MoNTBEiLiABD (German mSmpelgard) a comm. and town of France, dep. Donbs, 40 m. E.N.E. Besanjon, on the Rhone & Ehine junction canal. Pop. (1846) 5,294. It has a commimal college & pubhc library, and manufs. of woollen and linen fabrics, and muslins. MoNTBEBON, a comm. and town of France, dep. Charente, cap. cant., on the Tardoire, 16 m. E. Angoultoe. Pop. 1,235. MoHT Blanc, a celebrated mountain of the Alps of Savoy, the highest in Europe, in lat. 46° 49' 58' N., Ion. 6° 61' 64' E. Elevation, as given by the Italian engineers, 16,810 feet, but this varies to an extent of several feet, according to the amount of condensed snow on its summit. Limit of the snow line 8,000 feet above the sea, 34 glaciers bound the chain of Mont Blanc, oc- cupying a surface estimated at 95 sq. m. The largest and most complex of these, is the Mer de Glace, the lower part of which, called the Glacier des Bois, gives rise to the river Arveiron, 2 m. above Chamouni. (See Glacier map, JohnstorCs Physical Atlas.) Mont Blanc was first ascended by Paccard, 8th August 1786. MoNTBLANCH, a towu of Spain, prov. and 17 m. N.N.W. Tarragona. Pop. 4,114. MoNTBEfaliK, a comm. and viU. of France, dep. Aisne, arrond. St Quentin. Pop. 1,865. MoNTBBisbN, a comm. and town of France, .cap. dep. Loire, 234 m. S.S.E. Paris. Pop. (1846) 5,666. It has a normal school, and a public li- brary of 15,000 vols., but no manufs. It commu- 5 MON nicates by railway with the Loire, and with the line from Boanne to Lyon. In its vicinity are mineral springs. MoNTBBUN, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Garonne, 33 ra, S.W. Toulouse. Pop. 1,670. Mont Cervin (Germ. Matterhom). [Cervin.] MoNTOORNET, a cofflm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Aisne, arr. Laou, with manufs. of woollens, tanneries, and brick-works. Pop. 1,743. MoNTCUQ, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Lot, 14 m. S.W. Cahors. Pop. 2,260. Mont-Dauphin, a comm. and small fortified town of France, dep. H. Alpes, on a height be- side the Durance, 10 m. N.E. Embrun. Pop. 669. Mont-de-Marsan, a comm. & town of France, cap. dep. Landes, in a sandy plain, on the Mid- ouze, 63 m. S. Bordeaux. Pop. (1846) 4,380. It has a comm. college, and mineral warm baths. Manufs. comprise common woollen cloths, blank- ets, sail-cloth, and leather, and by its position on the navigable river Midouze, it has b«come an entrep6t for the wines, brandies, wool, and agricultural produce of the surrounding country. MoNxniBiER, a market town of France, dep. Somme, cap. cant., 21 m. S.E. Amiens. Pop. (1846) 3,724. It has remains of old fortifications, a town haH, a prison, comm. college, and manufs. of coarse cotton cloths and serges. — II. a vill., dep. Meurthe, arrond. Chateau-Salins. MoNT-DoB, France. [Dor-Mont.] Monte Axcino, an episcopal city of Tuscany, prov. and 20 m. S.S.E. Siena. Pop. 3,800. It has a fine cathedral, restored in 1832, and a castle. Monte Aleqbe, a town of Spain, prov. and 30 m. S.E. Albacete, in a narrow valley, over- looked by a ruined Moorish castle. Pop. 3,490. Montebello, a town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 10 m. S."W . Vicenza. Pop. 4,000. It has 2 castles, and several churches. — II. a vill.. Pied- mont, div. and 23 m. E.N.E. Alessandria, and from a victory over the Austrians near which, Marshall Lannes derived his title of Duke de Montebello. Montebelluna, a market town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 13 m. W.N.W. Treviso. Montebelluna, a market town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 27 m. N.W. Venice. Montebesoaria, or Montebeccaria, a vill. of Piedmont, div. Alessandria, cap. mand., near the Po, 7 m. S.W. Pavia. Pop., Incl. comm., 2,641. Monteboubg, a comm. and town of France, dep. Manehe, cap. cant., 16 m. S.S.E. Cherbourg. Pop. 2,353. It-has a church with a fine steeple. MoNTEOALvo, 3, town of Naples, prov. Princi- pato-Ult., 14 m. E.N.E. Benevento. Pop. 4,900. MoNTECARLO, a town of Tuscany, prov. and 30 m. W.N.W. Florence. Pop. 2,960. Monte-Caeotto, a town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 24 m. W.S.W. Ancona. Pop. 2,800. Monte-Casino, a celebrated Benedict, abbey of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, on a mountain, near S. Germano, with a fine library of 19,000 vols. Monte-Catini, a vill. of Tuscany, gov. & 29 m. W.Florence. Pop. 2,600. It has thermal springs, and elegant baths, the most celeb, in Tuscany. MoNTECCHio, a mkt. town of Modena, on the Enza, 8 m. W. Beggio. — II. (Maggiore), a vill. of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 7 m. S.W. Vioenza. Pop. 4,200. Monte Cenisio (Fren. Mont Cenia), one of the most remarkable summits of the Alps, on the limits of Savoy and Piedmont. Lat. (of hospice) 45° 14' 8" N., Ion. 6° 66' 11" B, The road in the pass of Mont Cenis, made by the French 1808 to 1811, is one of the most frequented across the Alps. Highest point 6,776 feet above the sea. MON 884 MON Monte-Ceeboli, a vil]. of Tuscany, prov. and to m. S.S.E. Pisa. Near it are the famous borax- lagoons of the grand duchy. MoNTECH, a comm. and town of France, dep. Tam-et-Garonne, 7 m. W.S.W. Montauban, on an affl. of the Garonne, cap. cant. Pop. 1,712. MoM'EOHiARO, a mkt. town of N. Italy, Lom- bardy, deleg. & 12 m. S.E. Brescia, on the Chiese. Pop. 6,600, who manuf. silk stuffs. Here the Anstrians were defeated by the French in 1796. —II. {d'Asti), Piedmont, div. and 27 m. W.N.W. Alessandria. Pop. (with comm.) 2,084. Monte-Chbisti, a marit. town of Hayti, cap. arrond., on its N. coast, 30 m. E. Cape Haytien, near the mouth of the river, and on the declivity of the mountain range of Monte-Christi, whence its name. Pop. 8,000. — II. a town of S. Amer., repub. Ecuador, dep. & 96 m. N.W. Guayaquil. Monte-Chbisto, a small island of the Medi- terranean, belonging to Tuscany, prov. Siena, 26 m. S. Elba. Length & breadth about 2^ m. each. MoNTECuccuLO, a vill. of N. Italy, dom. and 22 m. S.S.W.Modena,cap. cant., and birth-place of Raymond de Montecuccoli. MoNTE-DELLA-SiBiLLA, One of the Apenninc mountains of Central Itsily, Fontif. Sta., deleg. and 26 m. N.E. Spoleto. Elevation 7,212 feet. Monte Fang, a market town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. & 8 m. N. Macerata. Pop. 3,370. MoNTBFALCo, a town of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. & 14 m. N.N.W. Spoleto. Pop. 3,550. — Montefalcone is a town of Naples, prov. Molise, 14 m. N.W. Larino.— II. prov. Capitanata, dist. Bovino. Pop. 3,900 ; and Mbntefalcione is a vill., Prinoip.-Ult., dist. & 6 m. N.E. Avellino. P. 2,700. MoNTEFiAscoNE, a town of Cent. Italy, Pon- tif. sta., deleg. and 9 m. N.N.W. Viterbo. Pop. (1833) 4,809. It stands on a hill, occupying the site of an ancient Etruscan city, of which some remains exist ; its cathedral cupola, and several other buildings, are the works of San Michele. MoKTE-FiLiTBANO, a market town of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., 16 m. S.W. Ancona. Pop. 1,200. MoNTEFOBTE, two market towns of Italy. — I. Austrian Italy, deleg. and 14 m. E. Verona. Pop. 1,700. — II. Naples, prov. Princip.-Ult., cap. cant., 6 m. W.S.W. Avellino. Pop. 3,600. Monte-Fkio, a modem town of Spain, prov. & 22 m. W.N.W. Granada. Pop. (1845) 7,600. MoNTEFUsoo, a town of Naples, prov. Princip. Ult., cap. cant., 9 m. N.N.E. Avellino. Pop. 2,200. It is a bishop's see, and has some manufs. of wool- len stuffs. MoNTE-GiOBQio, a mkt. town of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., 20 m. S.W. Fermo. Pop. 3,660. MoNTEso, a bay, town, and cape, on the N. coast of Jamaica ; the town, cap. co. Cornwall, 17 m. W. Fahnouth. Pop. 4,000. In 1844, 63 vessels, aggregate burden 7,990 tons, entered, and 69 vessels 9,070 tons, cleared from the port. Monte-Gbanabo, a vill. of Central Italy, Pon- tif. Sta., deleg. and 6 m. N.W. Fermo. Pop. 4,000. MoNTEORosso d'Asti, a mkt. town of Pied- mont, div. Alessandria, prov. & 6 m. S.S.E. Asti. Pop. (with comm.) 2,177. MoNTEHBRMOso, a town of Spain, prov. and 62 m. N. Caceres. Pop. 2,860. MoNTEiTH, or Mentbith, a picturesque dist. of Scotland, in S.W. of the co. Perth, on the Teith. Length about 24 m 11. {Port of), a pa. in the above dist., 8 m. W. Doune. Area about 32 sq. m., including Lochs Vennachoir & Mon- tcith ; the latter lake, has a circuit of about 7 m., richly wooded banks & beautiful isls., on one of which are ruins of a castle of the ancient Earls of Menteith, a branch of the Graham family. Pop. of pa. 1,446. MoNTEJAQUE, 3 towu of Spain, prov. Malaga, 4 m. W. Ronda. Pop. 1,363. MoNTEJicAE, a town of Spain, prov. and 27 m. E.N.E. Granada. Pop. 2,465. MoHTELEONE, Sippomum, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. II., cap. dist., 11 m. E. Tropea. Pop. 2,600. It stands on the slope of a hill, com- manded by a fine old castle. — II. a town, prov. Capitanata, 7 m. S.W. Bovino. Pop. 2,500. MoBTELiMAB, MoTis Adhemari, a city of France, cap. arrond., dep. Drome, 26 m. S. Valence, on the Roubion, and on the railway from Lyon to Avignon. Pop. (1846) 6,366. It is well built on the slope of a hill, crowned by a citadel, and has a comm. college. The vicinity is covered with rich vineyards, plantations of mulberry trees, and orchards. MoHXELLA, a town of Naples, prov. Princip. Ult., cap. cant., 12 m. E.S.E. Avellino. P. 5,800. MoNiELLANO, a town of Spain, prov. and 32 m. S.S.E. Sevilla. Pop. (1845) 4,013. MoNTELOVEZ, a towu of Mexico. [Coahdha.] MoNTEtupo, a mkt. town of Tuscany, prov. & 12 m. W.S.W. Florence, on the Arno. P. 1,370. — Monte Lupone is a mkt. town of Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 6J m. N.N.E. Macerata. Pop. 3,660. MoKTE ]\UGeiOBE, a mkt. town of Sicily, 29 m. S.E. Palermo. Pop. 6,860. Monte-Mabano, a town and bishop's see ot Naples, cap. cant., 10 m. E. Avellino. Pop. 1,800. MoNTE Mabciano, a mkt. town, Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. & 10m. W.N.W. Ancona. Pop. 4,485. Monte-Matob, a town of Spain, prov. and 14 m. S.S.E. Cordova. Pop. 3,192. MoNTE-MiLETTo, a town of Naples, prov. Prin- cip. Ult., cap. cant., 9 m. N.E. Avellino. Pop. 2,400. — Montemilone is a mkt. town, prov. Basili- cata, 9 m. E.N.E. Venosa; and a comm., Fontif. Sta., deleg. Macerata. MoKTEMOB, 2 towns of Portugal. — I. iP-Novo), prov. Alemtejo, 22 m. W.N.W. Evora. P. 3,000. — II. (O-Yelho), prov. Beira, on the Mondego, 12 m. W.S.W. Coimbra. Pop. 2,560. MoNTENDBE, a comm. & mkt. town of Francfl^ dep. Charente-Inf., 11 m. S. Jonzac. Pop. 1,041. MoNTENEOEO, a Small independent country of European Turkey, between lat. 42° W and 42° 56' N., Ion. 18° 41' and 20° 22' E., bounded E. by Herzegovina & Austrian Albania (Cattaro) and on the other sides by Turkish Albania. Area estimated at 450 sq. m., and pop. (1848) at 100,000, mostly belonging to the Greek church, ignorant and superstitious. Surface forms a series of elevated ridges of limestone rocks with lofty mntn. peaks, some of which are 5,000 or 6,000 feet in elevation, and are generally co- vered with valuable timber. Climate healthy. Houses of stone, roofed with shingle ; there are about 300 villages, but no walled towns; al- most every village has its church. Chief pro- ducts, maize, potatoes, and tobacco ; vegetables are extensively exported. The wine of tiie dist. betw. Lake Scutari &Dalmatia is of good quality. Cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs are abundant; fish, which is plentiful, is exported in a dried state. There are few horses ; mules and asses are used for draught ; carriages are unknown. The only manufs. are coarse woollens. Chief occupations, agriculture and fishing. The Mofltenegrins are hardy, robust & brave. The country is divided into 8 deps. ; government republican, under the protection of the Czar of Russia. The Vladika is, hi^h priest, civil governor, and commander-in- chief of the army. Public rev. 7,846/., including MON 885 MON 47,000 florins granted by Russia. In ancient times this country formed part of Ulyricum, it van afterwards a dist. of Servia. MoNTENOTTE, a vill. of Sardinia, div. and 26 m. W. Genoa, in tlie Apennines. Here tlie French defeated the Austrians 11th April, 1796. Monte-Pagamo, a mitt, town of Naples, Ab- ruzzo Hit. I., near the Adriatic, IS m. E. Teramo. MoNTEPELOso, a town of Naples, prov. Basili- cata, cap. cant., 24 m. E.N.E. Potenza. P. 3,100. MoNXEPULCiANO, a town of Central Italy, Tus- cany, prov. and 26 m. S.W. Arezzo. Pop. (1839) 2,814. It stands on a mntn. enclosed by an em- battled wall, and has a fine church, some anc. in- scriptions, & a seminary, & is famous for its wine. MoNTEBEALE, a fortified town of Naples, prov. Abrnzzo Tilt. II., 14 m. N.W. Aquila. Pop. 5,600. MoNTEKEAC (CoTidaie), a comm. and town of France, dep. Seiue-et-Marne, at the junction of the Seme and Tonne, 16 m. E.S.E. Mflun, on railw. to Troyes. Pop. (1846) 4,826. It has ex- tensive manufs. of earthenware. Steamers ply hence to Paris. Monterey, a town of the Mexican confedera- tion, cap. dep. New Leon, on the Fernando riv., 180 m. from its mouth, and on the main route from the Kio Grande to Mexico, 116 m. S.E. Coahuila. Pop. about 12,000. Streets well paved, & houses mostly single-storied stone buildings. Custom rev. (1841) 85,982 dollars. It was taken in 1846, by the V. S. army under Gen. Taylor. — II. a sea- port town of Upper Califoruia, on Monterey bay, an inlet 24 m. in breadth, 80 m. S. the bay of San Francisco, on a plain surrounded by wooded hUls. It is a miserable collection of sun-dried brick buildings, with a church, a badly arranged fort, a guard-house, & a custom-bouse. MoNTEEONi, a market town of Naples, prov. Otranto, 5 m. W.S.W. Lecce. Pop. 2,000. MoNTE-KosA, an aggregate mntn. of the Pen- nine Alps, inferior in elevation only to Mont Blanc, from which it is distant 50 m. E.N.E., on the boundary between the Valais and Piedmont, lat. 45" 56' 1' N., Ion. 7° 52' 10' E. Height of its principal snmmit, estimated at 15,208 feet. It sends ont ramifications to all the cardinal points, its loftiest peaks being on its N. and S. limbs. On the E., S., & W., its branches are impassable, and its N. limb has been very rarely traversed. MoNTE-Rosso, two towns of Naples I. Sicily, prov. and 27 m. W.N.W. Syracuse. Pop. 6,500. —II. prov. Calab. Ult., dist. and 10 m. E.N.E. Monteleone. Pop. 2,200. MoNTE-KoTONDO, the loftiest mntn. of Corsica, 25 m. N.E. Ajaccio. Height 8,763 feet. MoNTE-KuBBiAWO, a town of central Italy, Pontif Sta., deleg. & 6 m. S. Fermo. Pop. 2,.5O0. MoNTEKBOBio, a town of Spain, prov. & 78 m. E.S.E. Badajoz. Pop. 3,206. Monte San Gioliano, or Old Tbapani, a town of Sicily, prov. Trapani, on a high mntn. (the anc. Bryx), 27 m. N.N.E. Marsala. Pop. 7,500. It is enclosed by a dilapidated wall, and its churches and convents are mostly in ruins. On the mntn. Bryi:, once stood a far famed temple of Venus, of which a few granite pillars remain. MoNTESANO, a market town of Naples, prov. Princip. Cit., 11 m. S.E. Diano. Pop. 6,000. MoNTE San Saving, a town of Tuscany, prov. and 12 m, S.S.W. Arezzo. Pop. (1839) 4,098. It stands on a lofty hill enclosed by walls. Monte Sant'Angei.o, a town of Naples, prov. Capitanata, on the S. slope of Mount Gargano, 28 m. N.E. Foggia. Pop. 6,600. It has a castle, and remains of a Roman temple. Monte Santa Maria, a town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 26 m. N.N.W. Perugia, on a hill close to the Tiber. Pop. 2,000. Monte Santo, a town of the Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 10 m. E.N.E. Macerata, on a hill near the Adriatic, where it has a small haven for fishing- boats. Pop. 5,818.-11. a vill., deleg. and 15 m. N.E. Spoleto. Pop. 1,500. [Athos.] Monte-Sarchio, a large walled town of Naples, prov. Principato Ult., 13 m. N.N.W. Avellino Pop. 4,600. Monte-Scaglioso, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, prov. & 9 m. S.S.E. Matera. P. 6,100. MoNTE-ScnnoLO, a town of the Pontif Sta., 9 m. S.S.E. Rimini, on the Conoa. Pop. 1,916. MoNTE-SiLvANO,avill. of Naples, prov. Abruz- zo, Cit., dist. and 4 m. N.W. Pescara. Pop. 1,000. Montesquieu, a comm. and town of France, dep. Gers, 10 m. W.S.W. Auch. Pop. 2,000. Montesquieu-Laukagais, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Garonne, cap. cant., 28 m. S.S.W. Toulouse, on the Arize. Pop. 1,320.-11. (M. Yolvestre), same dep., arr. Maret. P. 2,396. MoNTESsoN, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Versailles. Pop. 1,706. MoNTEUx, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vaucluse, on the Auzon, 11 m. N.E. Avignon. Pop. 2,545. Monte-Vago, a town of Sicily, prov. Girgenti, on the Belice, 16 m. N.W. Sciacca. P. 3,000. Montevarchi, a town of Tuscany, prov. and 24 m. S.E. Florence, on the Arno. Pop. 3,600. It is commanded by a castle on a neighbouring height, and has a college, manufs. of silk, twist, woollen stuffs, &c. Here is the museum of the Academy Val d'Ancese, rich in fossil remains. Monte- Vecchio, two vills. of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta.— I. deleg. Pesaro, 4 m. N.N.E. Per- gola, with 1,700 inhabitants. — II. deleg. & 16 m. I.E. Forli, on the Marecchia Two hills in Lom- bardy, deleg. Como, have this name. Monteveede, a town of Naples, prov. Princip. Ult., on the Ofanto, 19 m. E.N.E. St. Angelo de Lombard!. Pop. 2,000, — Mante-Yerdi is a Till, of Tuscany, prov. and 40 m. S.S.E. Pisa. Monteverbe Islands, a group, Pacific Ocean, Caroline isls., in lat. 3° 27' N., Ion. 166° E., and consisting of 30 low islets, named after their discoverer, in 1806. Monte- Vettolini, a town of Tuscany, prov. and 16 m. W.N.W. Florence. Pop. 2,000. MoHTE -Video, a fortified sea-port city, & cap. of the repub. Uruguay (or Banda Oriental), S. America, on a peninsula in the estuary of the Plata, 106 m. E.S.E. Buenos Ayres. Lat. 34° 53' 0' S., Ion. 66° 15' 0' W. Pop. 12,000 (?). It is pretty regularly built, in the form of an amphi- theatre, but is ill-supplied with water, and except a cathedral, a castle, & the governor's residence, it has no buildings of importance. Climate damp ; the heat of summer is oppressive, and storms are frequent. Its port, open to the S.W., is the best on the Plata, and in 1848, the merchandise ex- ported here amounted to 6,573,218 dollars, of which hides stood for 4,124,203 dolls., the remain- ing goods being beef, butter, hair, feathers, and other animal products, with Chilean copper, and Paraguay tea. Imports consist chiefly of British cottons, woollens, and hardware, flonr, wines, colonial produce, salt and manufactured goods. Monte-Viso, one of the Alps. [Vise Monte.] MoNTFAOooN, Bcvcral comms. and vills. of France. — I. dep. Lot, 17 m. N.N.E. Cahors, with 1,720 inhabs II. dep. H. Loire, cap. cant, and 20 m. E.N.E. Le Puy, with 1,136 inhabs.— III. a suburb of Paris, to which the refuse of that city MON 8f is mostly carried. — Montferrand is the name of several comms. in the central deps. of France. MoNTFERKAT, an old marquisate of N. Italy, is now comprised in the provs. of Alessandria, Coni, Turin, -Novara, and Genoa (Sard. dom.). Its cap. was Casale. Mont-Febband, a city of France. [Clermont Feekand.] MoHTFEBBiEB, two comms. & 'vills. of France. —I. dep. Arilge, H m. S.E. Foix. Pop. 1,894.— II. dep. H^rault, arrond. Montpellier. MoNTFOORT, a town of the Netherlands, prov. and 8 m. W.S.W. Utrecht, on the Tssel. Pop. 1,752. It had a strong fortress of the 12th cen- tury, demolished by the French in 1672. MoNTFOKD, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 6 m. W.N.W. Shrewsbury. Area 2,180 ae. Pop. 490. MoNTFORT, two comms. and towns of France. — I. (iamoMry), dep. Seine-et-Oise, 14 m.W.S.W. Versailles. Pop. 1,628. It stands on the slope of a hill, crowned by a ruined ca.stle. Simon de Montfort, who headed the first crusade against the Albigenses, was born here in 1165. — II. («ar Meu), dep. lUe-et-Vilaine, cap. cant., 13 m. W.N.W. Renues, on the Meu. Pop. 1,772. It has manufs. of linen thread, bleach houses, and tanneries. MoNTFBiN, a coram, and town of France, dep. Gard, 11 m. E.N.E. Nlmes. Pop. 2,321. Montgiscabd, a coram, and town of France, dep. H. Garonne, 8 m. N.W. Villefranche, cap. cant., on the Canal du Midi. Pop. 1,500. Montgomebt, a pari, bor., rakt town, and pa. of N. Wales, cap. co., on the Severn, 20 ra. S.W. Shrewsbury. Pop. of pa. 1,208 ; do. of pari. bor. 1,176. It is pleasantly situated near the foot of a high hill, in the vale of Montgomery. Chief buildings, the church, a venerable cruciform pile ; the guildhall, co. jail, and house of correction, and reraains of a stately Norman castle, in which the celebrated Lord Herbert of Cherbury was bom, in 1583. With the contrib. bors. of Llanid- loes, Welshpool, Llanfillyn, Machynlleth, and Newtown, it sends 1 raera. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1848) 960. In the vicinity are remains of a Bri- tish camp, also of Cherbury priory, founded in the reign of John. The last battle between the Welsh & English took place in the vicin. in 1294. MoNTGOMEBVSHiBE, an inland co. of N. Wales, Having N. the cos. Merioneth and Denbigh, E. Salop, S. Radnor, and W. Cardigan. Area 839 sq. m., or 636,960 ac, about half of which is un- cultivated, & not more than 80,000 under tillage. Inhab. houses, 13,643. Pop. 69,219. Surface very mntnous., but intersected by some fertile sheltered vales, and well wooded. The moun- tain Plinlimraon is partly in this co. Principal rivers, the Severn, Vymwy, Wye, and Dee, which rise in the county. Agriculture is much ira- proved ; the mntns. are chiefly in sheep-walks. Breeds of sheep are celebrated both for their wool and mutton. The pure breed of Welsh ponies, or " Merlins," is stUl preserved in this co. Cattle, butter, cheese, and superior oak timber, are chief products. Average rent of land (1810), 6s. ojd. an ac. Slate forms the general basis of the mntns., and is the principal mineral wrought. The CO. is the chief seat of the Welsh flannel manuf., and agricultural labourers are in winter often employed at the loom. Ann. value of land (1842-3) 268,067?. Total value of assessed pro- perty, 341,086?. County revenue (1847) 12,040?. Montgomery is divided into 9 hundreds, and 47 parishes, mostly in the dioceses of St Asaph and North Wales circuit. Principal towns, Montgomery, Welshpool, Newtown, and Llan- 3 MON fyllin. The co. sends 1 mem. to H. of C, and 1 is sent by its bor. Reg. co. electors (1848) 3,006. During the Saxon era, it formed part of the Welsh principality of Powis, and was named Mont- gomery after one of its Norman conquerors. MoNTGOMBBY, raauy COS., &c., U. S., N. Amer., — I. in E. of New York. Area 366 sq. ra. Pop. 36,818 II. in S.E. of Pennsylvania. Area 426 sq. m. Pop. 47,241. — III. in W. of Maryland. Area 676 sq.m. Pop. 15,456.— -IV. in S.W. of Virginia. Area 1,000 sq. m. Pop. 7,406 — V. in S.W. of Carolina. Area 500 sq. m. Pop. 10,780. — VI. in S.E. of Georgia. Area 1,000 sq. m. Pop. 1,616. — VII. in centre of Alabama. Area 900 sq. m. Pop, 24,574.— VIII. in N.W. of Tennessee. Area 500 sq. ra. Pop. 16,227 ^IX. in E. of Ken- tucky. Area 260 sq. m. Pop. 9,332.— X. ui S.W. of Ohio. Area 480 sq. m. Pop. 31,938— XI. in centre of Indiana. Area 604 sq. m. Pop. 14,348. — XII. in centre of Illinois. Area 684 sq. m. Pop. 4,490 XIII. in E. of Missouri. Area 676 sq. m. Pop. 4,371. — XIV. a tnshp., New Jersey, 12m. S.W. Somerville. Pop. 1,482. Alaoseveral tnshps— I. New York, 83 m. S.S.W. Albany. Pop. 4,100.— II. Pennsylvania, 16 m. S.W. Cham- bersburg Pop. 4,360. — III. Ohio, co. Richland. Pop. 2,446 IV. state and on the Alabama, 160 m. N.E. Mobile. Pop. 2,260. It has large exports of cotton, by steamers to Mobile, ma the river. A railway is in progress to connect it with Mil- ledgeville, forming part of the great line of com- munication betw. New York and New Orleans. MoN'roDTON, a comm. & town of France, dep. Charente-Inf., 20 m. S.E. Jonzac. Pop. 1,467. Monthebm£, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Ardennes, cap. cant., on the Meuse, 8 m. N. M^zi^res. Pop. 1,658. It has manufs. of glass. MoNTHUBEnx, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vosges, cap. cant., 20 m. S.S.W, Mirecourt, on rt. b. of the Saone. Pop. 1,618. MoNTicELLi, 2 vills. of Naplcs, prov. T. di La- voro, dist. Gaeta. Pop. 1,400 and 1,000. — II. a vill., Pontif. Sta., comarca di Roma, dist. Tivoli. MoNTicELiiO, a vill. of Austrian Italy, prov. and 14 m. S.E. Como. Pop, 1,650. MoNTiEBENDEE, a comm. and market town of France, dep. H. Mame, cap. cant., on the Voire, 8 m. W.S.W. Vassy. Pop. 1,500. — ManUers-mr- Saulx is a comm. and mkt. town, dep. Meuse, cap. cant., 10 m. S. Ligny. Pop. 1,204. MoNTiGLio, a mkt. town of Piedmont, div. and 28 m. W.N.W. Alessandria. P. (with comm.) 3,042. Montignac, a comm. and town of France, dep. Dordogne, cap. cant., 12 m. N. Sarlat. P. 2,661. MoNTiGNr, numerous comms. and small vills. of France, in the N., N.W., and central deps.— M-le-Roi is a town, dep. H. Marne, arrond. Lan- gres, formerly fortified. Pop. 1,211. MoNTUO, a town of Spain, prov. and 16 m. E. Badajoz, on the Guadiana. Pop. 4,160, mostly employed in woollen and linen weaving. Mont;li,a, a town of Spain, prov. and 18 m. S.E. Cordova. Pop. (1845) 13,224. It has manufs. of coarse linen and woollen cloths, oil-mills, and potteries, & was formerly fortified, but its works were destroyed by Ferd. the Catholic in 1608. Montieat, a comm. and town of France, dep. Tarn, arrond. Albi. Pop. 2,239. MoKTiviiLiEES, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine- Inf., 6 ra. N.E. Havre. Pop. (1846) 3,036. It is situated in a pleasant valley, watered by the Ldzarde, & has a comm, college : tanning, linen bleaching, and sugar refining works. MoNTJALEiA, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. Pol- tava, 20 m. N.N.E. Krementchug. Pop. 1,800. MoN TjEAN a comm. and mkt. town of France, MON 887 MON dep. Maine- et-Loire, on the Loire, arrond. and 13 miles E. Beaupr^au. Pop. 1,470. MoNTJOiE, or MoNTSCHAN, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 16 m. S.S.E. Aix-la-Chapelle, cap. circ, on the Koer. Pop, 3,000. MoNTJOiE, a vill. and spa of France, dep. Ariege, arrond. & 1 m. N. St Girons. Pop. 1,820. Montlh£bt, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 15 m. S.W.Paris, on the slope of a hill, crowned by a tower commanding a good view of Paris, and its environs. It has a fine old town-hall, hospital, and 1,460 inhabitants. MoNTLiEU, a comm and town of France, dep. Charente-Inf., 15 m. S.E. Jouzac. Pop. 1,920. MoNTLOuis, a comm. and town of France, dep. E. PjTenees, 40 m. W.S. W. Perpignan, on a steep rock" close to the Tet, in a gorge at the foot of the Pyrenees, with a remarkable square citadel. P. 1,080.-11. a vill., dep. Indre-et- Loire, 6^ m. E. Tours, with a station on the Orleans and Tours railway. MoNTicgoN, a comm. & town of France, dep. AUier, on r. b. of the Cher, close to the canal de Berri, 38 m. W.S.W. Moulins. Pop. (1846)6,105. It is crowned by a mined castle, has remains of old walls & towers, & manufs. of coarse woollens. MoNTLUEL, a comm. and town of France, dep. Am, 24 m. S.E. Trevoux. P. 2,866 ; manufe. cloth for the army, pacMng-cloth, and sewing thread. MoNTMAKADLT, a comm. and town of France, dep. AUier, cap. cant., 16 m. E. Montlngon. Pop. 1,612. It has mannfs. of cutlery and ma- chinery, & trade in coal & agricultural produce. Montmabtim-sub-Meh, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Manche, close to the Engl. Channel, 6 m. S.W. Coutances. Pop. 1,520. MoNTUAATBE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine, forming a N. suburb of Paris, within the new line of fortifications. Pop. (1846) 14,234. It is a favourite Snnday resort for the Parisians, and has many inns and villas, with an asylum for the aged, 2 schools, oil-cloth factories, scagliola works, woollen mills, and gypsum quarries. MoNTMEDT, a comm. and fortified town of France, dep. Mense, cap. cant., on the Chiers, 25 m. N. Verdun. Pop. 1,648. It is defended by extensive outworks, and has barracks, military hospital, prison, & manufs. of hosiery & leather. MONTMEILLAN, Or MONTMELIAN, a tOWn of Savoy, cap. mand., on the Isere, 7 m. S.E. Cham- bery. Pop. (with comm.) 1,325. MoNTHEBLE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Ain, 9 m. N. Trevoux, on the Saone. P. 1,801. MoNTMiBAiL, a comm. and town of France, dep. Mame, 22 m. S.W. Epemay. Pop. 2,222. It has manufs. of cutlery, copper and tm wares. A battle was fought here, 17th Feb., 1814, betw. the French and the allies. MoHTMOEENCv, Or EsGHiEN, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 11 m. E.S.E. Pon- toise. Pop. 1,882. It has ruins of an old castle, & manufs. of lace & embroidery. Near it is the Hermitage, a favourite residence of Rousseau. MoNTMOBENCT, B rfv. of Lower Canada, which joins the St Lawrence, 6 m. N.E. Quebec, after forming a cataract 250 feet in height. MoNTMOBiLiow, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vienne, 17 m. E.S.E. Poitiers. Pop. 3,658. Principal edifices, a curious octagonal temple, built over a sepulchral cave ; an ecclesiastical se- minary, & an hospital. It has manufs. of biscuits. MoKTODiNB, a town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 10 m. E.S.E. Lodi, on the Serio, 2J m. above its junction with the Adda. Pop. 2,000. MoNTODOBisio,atown of Naples, prov. Abruzzo Cit., 3 m. W.S.W. II Vasto. Pop. 2,500. MoNTOiBE, two oomms. & towns of France. I. dep. Loire-Inf., on the Loire, near its mouth, 29 m. W.N.W. Nantes. Pop. 4,500, partly em- ployed in vitriol works, and in cutting turt. — II. dep. Loir-et-Cher, 24 m. W.N.W. Blois. Pop. 2,476. It is commanded by a ruined castle; has cavalry barracks, and manufactures of linen fabrics, woollen hosiery, paper, and leather. MoNTOLiEU, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aude, 10 m. W.N.W. Carcassone. Pop. 1,760. It has an old castle, of the 12th century, MoNTOBio, 2 towns of Naples — I. prov. Molise, dist. and 3J m. S.E. Larino. Pop. 1,500 II. prov. Abruzzo-trit. I., dist. & 6 m. S.W. Teramo. Pop. 2,300. MoNTOBO, a town of Spain, prov. and 23 m. E.N.E. Cordova, on a height near the Guadal- quivir. Pop. (1845) 10,732. It has manufs. of linen and woollen cloths, and several potteries. MoNTOKO, a town of Naples, prov. Prineipato- Clt., dist. and 11 m. N. Salerno. Pop. 6,200. MouTPELiEK, a tnshp., U. S., N. America, with a vill., cap. state Vermont, in a plain on Lake Winooski, 37 m. E. Lake Champlaiu, Pop. of vill. 1,700; of tnshp. 3,725. MoNTPELiiEB, a city of France, cap. dep. He- rault, near the Lez, and on the railway from Nl- mes to Cette, 75 m. W.N.W. Marseille. Pop. (1846) 37,774. Mean temp, of year 59° .5 ; winter 44° .2 ; summer 76° Fahr. It is finely situated on the slope of a hill commanding extensive views, and has a university, academy for the deps. Herault, Aveyron, Aude, & E. Pyrenefe ; a tri- bunal of commerce, a school of engineers, a seminary, with schools of medicine and phar- macy ; a national college, normal school, musenms of painting and sculpture, library of 30,000, & on« of 6,000, vols., and a botanic garden. Its manufs. comprise blankets, cottons, muslins, paper-hang- ings, corks, and surgical instruments. Among its chief ornaments are the gate and the splendid promenade of Peyrou. It was built in the 10th century out of the ruins of Maugeltmne. Louis XIII. took it from the Calvinists in 1622. Mont- pellier attracts many strangers by its economical and literary advantages; it was formerly a fa- vourite resort of English invalids. MoNTPENSiEE, a comTO. and vill. of France, dep. Puy-de-DSme, arrond. and 10 m. N.N.E. Riom. It gave the title of Duke to the youngest son of the ex-king Louis Philippe. Mont-Pebdu, a mntn. of Spain. [PrEENEBS.] MoNTPETROux, two comms. & vills. of France. —I. dep. Herault, 9 m. E.S.E. LodSve. P. 1,610. II. dep. Aveyron, arrond. Espalion. P. 2,000. MoNTpfzAT, several comms. & vills. of France. I. dep. Ardfeche, 12 m. N.N.W. Largentifere. Pop. 2,902.-11. dep. Lot-et-Garonne, 10 m. N.N.W. Agen. Pop. 1,687.— IIL dep. Tarn-et- Garonne, 16 m. N.N.E. Montauban. Pop. 1,099. MoNTPONT, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Saone-et-Loire, 23 m. N.E. Macon. Pop. 2,259. Montqdhitteb, apa., Scotl. [Mobqdiiitteb.] MonteSai, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aude, cap. cant., 11 m. W. Carcassone. Pop. 2,173. It stands on a height, and has a fine church, and an hospital. — II. a comm. and town, dep. Gers, 29 m. N.W. Auch. Pop. 2,877. Montreal (formerly the Indian vill. Jffoehelega), the second city and river port, and the chief seat of commerce of Lower Canada, on the S.S.E. side of the isl. of same name in the river St Law- rence, 140 m. S. W. Quebec. Lat. 45° 30' N., Ion. 73° 36' W. Pop. (1826) 22,357 ; do. (1844), with suburbs, 44,093. Of these 29,280 are Roman Catholics, chiefly French Canadians, and the MON 888 MON remainder Protestants, and of British origin; number of liouses, 6,2S2. Mean temp, of year 45° .8, winter 17° .8, summer 71° .4 Falir. It is, in most respects, superior to Quebec, and di- vided into an Upper and a Lower town ; tlie lat- ter, along tlie river, being tlie trading quarter ; and tlie former, with many fine modern buildings, the residence of the principal merchants. The Bom. Catholic cathedral is the finest church in British America, 265 feet in length, by 134 do. in breadth, faced with stone, having six towers, and capable of containing 10,000 persons. Here are also several other R. Catholic churches, and monastic establishments, the latter comprising the hStel Dieu, and asylums of the grey & black sisters. The English church in Grecian style, Scotch & American Protestant churches, general hospital, gov. house, bank, ordnance office, 4 mkt. houses, & the colossal statue of Nelson, on a Doric pillar, in one of the squares, are principal struc- tures. During the riots of 1849, the Parliament house and valuable library were burned. Mon- treal has a college, besides the University of M'Gill college, endowed by a citizen in 1814, and chartered in 1821 ; royal grammar and many other schools, public libraries, and institutions. Several newspapers are printed here, and the city exhibits a great spirit of advancement. Its position at the head of the ship navigation of the St Lawrence, renders it the chief em- porium of trade between Canada and the U. States. It has a secure harbour, at which, in 1838, 98 ships, aggregeat burden, 22,289 tons, entered, and 99 do., burden, 21,901 tons, cleared from ; and it communicates regularly by steam with Quebec. In 1842, 128 vessels, aggregate burden 39,372 tons, cleared out of the harbour for British ports. The commerce in furs has declined, but Montreal has increasing trade in cast-iron founding, distilling, brewing, and ship- building, with factories for soap, candles, tobacco, hardwares, and floor-cloth. It was founded in 1640, and taken from the French in 1760. — Mon- treal Island is in the middle of the St Lawrence, and is 32 m. in length, and 10 m. in breadth. MoNTBEDON, a comm and mkt. town of France, dep. Tarn, 17 m. E. Albi. Pop. 6,213. MoNTKEJEAu, a comm. and town of France, dep. H.-Garonne, on the Garonne, here crossed by a marble bridge of 5 arches, 8 m. W. St Gau- dens. Pop. 2,646, employed in the manufs. of knit-hosiery, hats, wax candles, and leather. MoHTBELAia, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Loire-Inf, on the Loire, arrond. and 9 m. E. Ancenis. Pop. 2,460. MoNTBEsoB, a comm. & town of France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, arr. & 9 m. E. Loohes. Pop. 731. MoNTBEtiii,, several comms., towns, and vills. of France. — I. (sur Mer), dep. Pas-de-Calais, cap. cant., on the Canche, 8 m. from its mouth, with a station on the Amiens branch of the N. railway, 20 m. S.S.E. Boulogne. Pop. 3,685. It is enclosed by a rampart, divided into an Upper and Lower town, and defended by a strong hill- fortress. It has manufs. of linen cloths. — II. {M. sous Bois), dep. Seine, 3^ m. E. Paris.' Pop. 3,687, employed in manufs. of enamelled leatner and porcelain. — III. {M. Bellay), dep. Maine-et- Loire, on a. craggy height, near the Thou^ 9 m. S.S.W. Saumur, formerly a place of great strength. Pop. 2,000— IV. {le Chetif), a vill., dep. Sarthe, arrond. and 19 m. W.S.W. Mamers. Pop. 1,240. MoNTBEDx, a large vill. of Switzerland, cant. Vaud, on the L. of Geneva, 14 ra. S.E. Lausanne. Pop. of pa. 2,600. MoNTBEVADLT, a comm. & town, France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, arrond. Beaupreau. Pop. 780. MoNTB EVEL, a comm. and town of France, dep. Ain, arrond. Bourg, on the Keyssouse. P. 1,401. MoNTBiCEABS, a comm. & town, France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, cap. cant.,on the Cher, 18 m. S.S.W. Blois. Pop. 1,200. It was formerly fortified. MoNTBioonx, a comm. and town of France, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, on r. b. of the Aveyron, 13 m. E.N.E. Montaubau. Pop. 1,585. MoNTBiGAUD, a comm. and viU. of France, dep. Dr6me, 23 m. N.N.E. Valence. Pop. 1,560. MoNi^BOSE, a royal & pari, bor., seaport town, and pa. of Scotl., co. Forfar, 34 m. S.W. Aber. deeu, on a peninsula between Montrose basin and the North Sea, at the mouth of the S. Esk, across which it communicates with its suburb Inch by a suspension bridge, 432 feet in length, between towers, & erected at a cost of about 25,000^. Lat. of light-house, 56° 42' 5" N., Ion. 2° 28' 0' W. Pop. of pa. 16,096; ditto of bor. 17,596. It has several good streets, and many handsome modern residences, interspersed with picturesque ancient dwellings, a large collegiate pa. church, various other churches and chapels, a town hall, jail, magnificent lunatic asylum, infirmary, Dorward's house of refuge, an academy, trades' school, cus- tom house, exchange, and news room, all con- spicuous buildings ; with numerous good public and private schools, a large subscription library, mechanics' institute, museum, antiquarian and other societies, several large bequests for the poor, weekly newspapers, branch banks, some large flax spinning mills, and extensive manufs. of dowlas, duck, sheeting, sail-cloth, bagging, &c., some years ago employing from 3,000 to 4,000 hands. It has also tanneries, breweries, soap, starch, and machine factories. E. the town are the "Links," or downs, forming public grounds extending to the sea. Montrose basin is an ex- pansion of the S. Esk, about 3 m. in circuit, but shallow; the harbour, however, in the Esk, at high water, is accessible for the largest ships, and lined with quays, wet docks, and docks for ship-building, with two light-houses at its en- trance. Principal exports, are manuf. goods, salmon, stone, and agricultural produce, to Dun- dee, Leith, London, and Glasgow; and Montrose is stated to export more corn than any other Scottish port. Imports chiefly Baltic & colonial produce, coal, lime, slate, and iron. The port comprises all the coast from the Tay to Bervie, including Arbroath. Customs rev. (1846) 26,153f. Reg. shipping (1844) 22,172 tons. Steamers communicate between it & London, Leith, Dun- dee, and Aberdeen, & it is connected with Edin- burgh & Aberdeen by railway. Mkts. for grain, Friday. Corp. rev. about 3,000 per ann. Mon- trose unites, with Arbroath, Brechin, Forfar, and Bervie, in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1848) 457. Here, in 1296, Baliol is said to have surrendered the Scottish crown to Edward i. The famous Marquis of Montrose was bom here in 1612, and the town now gives the title of Duke to his family. MoNTBODGE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine, forming a S. suburb of Paris, beyond the fortifications. Pop. 1,353. It comprises the asylum Rochefoucault, a small theatre near Mont Parnasse; andhaa manufs. of spermaceti candles, soap, glue, colours and varnishes, steam and loco- motive engines, hydraulic presses, &c. Here is the entrance to the catacombs, extending be- neath Paris. The comm. of Petit-Monirouge is now enclosed by the fortifications. MoNxsEBKAT, a British W. India isl., Leeward MON » group, midway between Guadeloupe and Nevis, and 27 m. S.W. Antigua. Lat. 16° 45' N., Ion. 62° 20' "W. Area 47 sq. m. Pop. (1844) 7,365, of whom 6-7ths are blaclts. Surface mntnous., rises to 2,500 feet in elevation, and is broljen by nu- merous chasms. Climate comparatively healthy. Soil light and volcanic, and it produces some of the best coffee & sugar in the W. Indies. In 1845, 777 hhds. of sugar, 316 puncheons of molasses, and 36 do. of rum were exported, besides cotton, wool, arrow-root, and tamarinds, the total value of exports amounting to 18,925?., and of imports to 26,275f. In the same year, the vessels enter- ing and clearing out of the colony had an aggre- gate burden of about 6,200 tons. Total rev. in do. 2,142Z. The island was discovered and named by Columbus in 1493. Chief town, Ply- mouth, on its S.W. coast. — II. a fomous monas- tery of Spain. [Monsebrat.] Mont St Jeam, a Till, of Belgium, prov. S.Bra- bant, 11 m. S.E. Brussels, immediately E. of the field where was fought the action of Waterloo, called by the French the battle of Mont St Jean. Mont St Michei., a picturesque, steep, and fortified rock, off the coast of Normandy, in Can- cale bay, 7 m. S.W. Avranches, having a striking resemblance to St Michael's Mount, off Cornwall, on the opposite side of the English Channel. On its summit is an abbey, founded in the Sth century, clustered around which is an irregular town. Pop. 1,000. MoNTSUBS, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Mayenne, arrond. and 12 m. E.N.E. Laval, on the IMnard. P. 1,405. It has manufs. of linens. Most-Tendre, one of the Jura mntns., Swit- zerland, cant. Vand, on the S.E. side of the Lake of Jonx, 15 m. N.W. Lausanne. Height 6,538 feet. Its lower slopes are well wooded. MoHT Terrible, and Mokt Tonneebe, two former deps. under the French empire, the for- mer partly composed of the N.W. part of the Swiss cant. Bern, with Porentmy for its cap., and named after a mntn. 3 m. S.E. thereof, on which are vestiges of a camp established by J. Csesar. The latter is now mostly comprised in Rhenish Bavaria ; cap. city, Mayence. MoHTuiEi, a town of the Balearic isles, Ma- jorca, 17 m. E. Palmas. Pop. 2,783. MoKTviLLE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine-Inf., with a station on the Paris & Havre railway, 8 m. N. Bouen. Pop. .2,200. It was visited by a destructive waterspout in 1845. MoxTviLLE, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Maine, 27 m. E.N.E. Augusta. Pop. 2,163.-11. a tnshp., Connecticut, 36 m. S.E. Hartford. Pop. 1,990. MoNTHUSK, apa. of Scotl., co. & 19 m. W.N. W. Aberdeen, between the rivers Don and Oyne. Pop. 895, partly engaged in quarrying granite. MoNzA, Modcetia, a town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 9 J m. N.N.E. Milan, with which it is connected by railw., on the Lambro, here crossed by 3 bridges. Pop. 16,000. It is well laid out, and has an air of venerable antiquity. It was the cap. of the Lombard kingdom of Italy, and has a curious old cathedral, built by the celebrated Queen Theodolinda, in the 6th century, & where her relics, with the iron crown & regalia of Lom- bardy are kept ; a royal palace, with fine gardens, the usual residence of the Austrian viceroy ; the ancient Lombard palace, now a court-house ; a theatre, gymnasium, 2 hospitals, and extensive manufs. of coarse cotton stuffs, hats, & leather. MoHZAHBANO, a mkt. town of Austrian Italy, prov. and 18 m. N.N.W. Mantua. The French gained a victory over the Austrians here in 1800. MoNziE, or MoNiE, a pa. of Scotld., co. Perth, ) MOO 3 m. N.E. Crieff. Area about 48 sq. ni., mostly amongst the Grampians. Pop. 1,261. It has several ancient remains, including the reputed fort of Fingal, tomb of Ossian, & Monzie castle. MoNzON, a fortified town of Spain, prov. and 33 m. S.E. Hnesca, on the Cinca. Pop. 2,880. MooDAPOOE, a town of British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, dist. Mymunsingh, 66 miles W.N.W. Dacca. M00DH11.L, a town of British India, presid. Bombay, dist. and 62 m. N.E. Dharwar. MooDKEE, a vill. of N.W. Hindostan, Rajpoo- tana, about 28 m. S.E. Ferozepoor. Pop. 6,000. Here in 1845, the first action took place between the Sikhs and the British forces. MoojABAD, a considerable town of Hindostan, dom. and 30 m. S.W. Jeypoor, with a mosque, some good gardens, and several Jain temples. Mock, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Lim- burg, 30 m. N.N.W. Venlo. Louis of Nassau was here conquered & killed by the Spaniards in 1674. MooLA, or GmjDAVA Pass, Beloochistan, leads from Gundava to Kelat, along the valley of the Moola, an affl. of the Indus, its centre being in lat. 28° N., Ion. 67° E., and its extreme elevation 4,600 feet Moola is also a town of Asia Minor, 130 miles S.E. Smyrna. MooLooPETTA, a marit. town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. Tinnevelly, 124 m. N.E. Cape Comorin, and a favourite resort of invalids. MooLTAN (prob. the anc. Malli), a city of the Punjab, in its S. part, rating in importance im- mediately after Lahore and Amritsir, near the Chenab, 60 m. N.W. Bhawlpoor, and 190 m. S.W. Lahore. Estimated pop. 80,000. It is enclosed by a dilapidated brick wall, and defended on its N. side by a strong fortress, containing a palace and fine mosque. Houses of burnt brick, lofty, and flat roofed ; streets narrow and gloomy. Here are several handsome Mohammedan tombs, and many Hindoo temples, and around the town are extensive ruins. Bazaars large, and well supplied ; and manufs. of silks, cottons, shawls, & brocades, are actively carried on, as are exten- sive banking transactions ; and a few years ago, the city yielded to the Sikh government, an annual revenue of 67,000^ It was taken by the British in 1849, & in same year the fort & many houses were destroyed by a flood of the river. MooNDEK, or MooNBRA, a large vill. of Scinde, 30 m. N. Sehwan, on the route to Larkhana. Lat. 26° 47' N., Ion. 67° 64' E. MooKE, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Kildare, ■with a vill. 1 m. S.S.W. Timolin. Area 7,281 ac. Pop. 1,691. It has fine remains of an Anglo- Norman castle and an abbey. MooNCHT, and Moonuk, two towns of India. — I. in the Deecan, Nizam's dom., on the Goda- very, 38 m. S.S.E. Aurungabad. — II. in the pro- tected Sikh territory, 117 m. N.W. Dellii. MooNziE, a pa. of Scotld., co. Fife, 3 m. N.N.W. Cupar. Area 1,375 ac. Pop. 174. Here are remains of Carnie castle, a strong fortress of the Crawfords, and CoUuthie house, an ancient seat of the Ramsays. Moor, a town of W. Hungary, co. and 16 m. N.W. Stuhlweissenburg. Pop. (1845) 7,000. It has a citadel, a Capueh. monastery, large bar- racks, several Protestant churches, and a trade in superior wines. MoOBBtiRG, a vill. of Germany, repub. & 4 m. S. the city of Hamburg. Pop. 1,817. Moorbv, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 4 m. S.S.E. Homcastle. Area 960 ac. Pop. 152. Moordbeoht, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, 9 m. N.E. Rotterdam. Pop. 1,904. MOO 890 MOR MooBK, a pa. of Ireland, Connanght, co. Ros- common, ii m. E.N.E. BaJlinasloe. Area 21,013 ao. Pop. 4,608. — 11. a tnshp. of England, co. Chester, pa. Runcorn, with a station on the Lon- don and N.W. railway, 3 m. S.W. "Warrington. MooRB, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Pennsyl- vania, CO. Northampton. P. 6,389 — II. a co. in centre of N. Carolina. Area 740 sq. m. P. 7,988. MooRGHAUB, a riv. of Afghanistan and inde. pendent Turkestan, rises in the Huzareh terri- tory, flows N.W. into the Khiva dom., & beyond Merv is lost in the sands, after a course of about 250 m. Merochak is the_only town of conse- quence on its banks.— II. a town of Persia, prov. Fars, 70 m. N.E. Shiraz, immediately N. the ruins of Pasargadoe. MooKLiirOH, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 6J m. E. Bridgewater. Area 8,520 ac. Pop. 2,281. MooBLET, or Jessobe, a town of British India, presid. & prov. Bengal, cap. dist. Jessore, 66 m. N.E. Calcutta. — Moorleydur Serai is a town, presid. prov., dist. and 40 m. E. Agra. MooRSAUM, a town of British India, presid. & 29 m. N. Agra. MooRSEBLE, a mkt. town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, cap. cant., 4 m. W. Courtrai. P. 4,000. MoORSHBDABAD, a city of British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, of which latter it was formerly the cap., extending along the Ganges for about 8 m., 116 m. N. Calcutta. Lat. 24° 11' N., Ion. 88° 16' E. Pop. estimated at 165,000. It is meanly built, and its only remark- able edifice is the palace of the nabob, a large white building, in the European style ; but many mosques are scattered through the city, and here are the remains of a Mohammedan palace, built out of the ruins of Gour. It is the seat of one of the six courts of circuit under the Bengal pre- sidency, and of a British college, founded in 1826, and having an annual revenue of 1,660Z. ; has considerable manufs. of silk & other fabrics. The dist. Moorshedabad, enclosed by Kishenagur, Maldah, Burdwan, Rajeshaye, Bhaugulpoor, and the Ganges, has an area of 1,870 sq. m. Pop. (1822) 762,690. land revenue (1840) 146,975?. ; Silk, rice, and indigo are its principal products. Princip. towns, Jeagunge, and Bogwangola. Moobslede, a comm. & vill. of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 9 m. N.E. Ypres. Pop. 6,333. MooBSLEY, a tnshp. of England, co. and 4| m. N.E. Durham, pa. Houghton-le-Spring. P. 821. — Moortown is a station on the Lincolnshire branch of the Midland railway, 7 mi. N. Market-Raisen, & the nearest point to the railway from Caistor. MooBwiNSTOvr, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 6 m. N.N.W. Stratton. Area 7,780 ac. P. 1,050. Moose, a river of British N. Amer., enters James' Bay, in conjunction with the Abbitibbe, after a N.E. ward course estimated at 250 m. — (M. Head), a lake of the U. S., Maine, gives origin to the Kennebeck river. Length 30 m., greatest breadth 12 m. — (M. Hillock), a mountain of New Hampshire, 14 m. E. Haverhill. Elevation of N. peak 4,636 feet.— (-flf. Island) W. Indies, Ba- hamas, 26 m. S.E. the Great Bahama Island. MoosH, or Mush, a town of Turkish Armenia, pash. and 83 m. S.S.E. Erzeroum, cap. dist., in a fine plain N. the Niphates mountains. Pop. about 700 Mohammedan, and 600 Armenian families. It is built around a conical hill, & has some large and well supplied bazaars, 7 mosques, and 4 churches, but the town generally has a miserable appearance. It has some trade with Constantinople and Syria, and coarse cotton cloths are manufactured here. Mootapillt, a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 41 m. 'W.S.W. Guntoor. Mooz-Tash, a portion of the mountain circle, bounding the great table-land of E. Asia, on the N."W. of which it lies, between Chinese Turkes- tan, and the Thian-Chan territory, and lihokan. MoftUEHNA, a town of S. Peru, dep. and 93 m. S.E. Arequipa, cap. prov., on the great route W. of the Cordillera. Pop. 10,000. Mora, several towns of Spain. — ^I. prov. and 16 m. E.S.E. Teruel. Pop. 2,656.-11. prov. and 30 m. W. Tarragona, on r. b. of the Ebro, with 3,600 inhabs., and well frequented mineral batlis. —Ill, prov. and 20 m. S.E. Toledo. Pop. 5,2"67. It has a castle. Its sword factory, once cele- brated, has now fallen into decay. MoBA, the cap. town of Mandara, Cent. Africa, founded about 1814, is situated in a basin en- closed by a semicircular ridge of mntns. Lat. about 10° 20' N., Ion. 14° 48' E. MoBADABAD, a dist. of British India, presid. Bengal, Upper provs., in the Doab, enclosed by Bareily, Alighur, Delhi, Meerut, Seharnnpoor, and Kumaon. Area 2,406 sq. m. Pop. 861,146. Surface alternately undulating* and flat, culti- vated and waste. Soil mostly sandy. Products, rice, wheat, sugar, and numerous fruits. Land rev. (1846-6) 124:,78Sl. — Moradabad, the chief town, is on a ridge between the Ramgunga and Ganges, 90 m. N.E. Delhi. Pop. 32,600. It is irregularly and ill built, and it has no public buildings of importance ; it is, however, the seat of a tliriving trade. W. the town are canton- ments for a native regiment. Moral de Calatbava, a town of Spain, prov. and 20 m. E.S.E. CiudaJReal. Pop. 4,612. MoEANNES, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, on the Sarthe, 20 m. N. Angers. Pop. 1,238. MoBAiJO, Muranum, a town of Naples, prov. Calab.-Cit., 6 m. N. W. Castrovillari. Pop. 8,000. It is commanded by a fine Gothic castle, and has manufe. of silk, cotton, and woollen fabrics. — II, a market town of Piedmont, div. Alessandria, prov. Casale, 1^ m. W. Balzola, on the Po. Pop. 2,204. MoBANT, a river of Jamaica, co. Surrey, enters Morant Bay (Caribbean Sea), 22 m. E.S.E King- ston. At its mouth is the vill. Morant town. — Morant Point is the E. extremity of the isl., in lat. 17° 66' N., Ion. 76° 11' W., and on which a cast iron lighthouse has been erected. — 12 m, W.S.W, is the inlet Port Movant. MoBAB, a lake of Scotland, in W. of co, In- verness, 1^ m. S. Loch Nevis. Length 8 m. MoBAS, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Dr6me, 26 m. N. Valence. Pop. 4^229. MoBAT (Lake of), (Germ. Murten See), asraall lake of Switzei'land, cants. Fribourg and Taud, 2 m. S.E. the Lake of Neuchatel, and connected with it by the river Broye, which traverses the Lake of Morat. Length 7 m., breadth 2 m. Banks low, fertile, and agreeable. On its E, and S. sides are the towns Morat and Avenches. MoEAT (Germ. Murten), a small town of Swit- zerland, cant, and 8 m, N.W. Fribourg, on the S.E, bank of the Lake of Morat. Pop. 1,853. It is partially enclosed by walls, and has an old castle, an hospital, Protestant college, and vari- ous other schools, an active transit trade, and some Roman antiquities, whence it is supposed to have been a suburb of the ancient Aventieum. Immediately S.W. of it, the Swiss totally de- feated the invading army of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, 22d June 1476. MoBATA, a town of Spain, prov. and 20 m, S,E. Madrid, on the Tajuna, Pop, 2,500, MOR 891 MOR M0E.4.TALLA, a town of Spwn, prov. and 45 m. N.N.W. Murcia, on an afiB. of the Segura. Pop. (1845) 7,988. It has a large castle. MoBAYA, MarguSy the prmcipal river of Servia, through the centre of which it flows, joining the Danube C m. N.E. Semendria. It is formed by the junction of the E. and W. Morava, 33 m. W. Nissa, whence the resulting stream has a N. direction, and a course of 116 m., its two heads being additionally each about 130 m. in length. Affls., the Tempesca, Nissav.o, and Jessava. MoRAVi, a town of E. Africa, a little S. of Nyassi, thence called the Lalie of Moravi. MoBAViA (Germ. Mdhren\ a prov. of the Au- strian empire, which with Austrian Silesia, form- ing circs, incorporated with it in 1783, lies mostly between lat. 48° 40' and 50° 20' N., and Ion. 15° 10' and 19° E., having E. Galicia and Hungary, S. Austria, W. Bohemia, and N. Prussian Silesia. Area 10,239 sq. m. Pop. (1842) 2,223,729. Mo- ravia, like Bohemia, forms an elevated plateau, inclined towards the S., and almost surrounded by monntauis, having S. and E. the Carpa- thians, N. and W. the Moravian mountains, and N.E. the Sndetic mountains ; it belongs almost entirely to the basin of the Danube, to which most of its waters are conveyed by the March or Morava, except in the E., where the Oder and some of its branches rise. Soil very fertile. Cli- mate milder than in most countries in the same lat. Sufficient com is produced for home con- somption. Large quantities of fine fla.x are raised, and fruits are so plentiful, that Moravia is styled the orchard of Austria. Vineyards were formerly so extensive, that in 1803 the government prohibited the appropriation of more land for the vine. Grazing lands are extensive, and live stock of all kinds numerous. Principal mineral products are iron, coal, and clay, for pipe-bowls, &c., with some copper and lead; the gold and silver mines were mostly abandoned in the 16th and 16th centuries. Woollen linen and cotton fabrics and thread are made on a large scale ; other manufs. are of silks, leather, paper, potash, glass, and beet-root sugar. Prin- cipal imports, raw produce, as wool, oil, flax, raw cotton, silk, and cattle, with wines & hard- wares. Trade is facilitated by means of the railway to Vienna. Pop. mostly Slavonian, but about 450,000 are estimated to be of German descent, and 30,000 Jews. Government admin- istered by an officer, with direct authority from Vienna, but the marquisate has its own assem- bly of clergy, nobility, knights, and citizens, who meet annually to apportion the mode of raising and distributing the revenue. It is divided into 8 circs., in each of wiiich is a se- condary tribunal, with appeal to the high court in Brijnn, the cap., next to which Olmutz, Iglau, Znaym, and Troppau (Silesia), are the cliief cities. In the 9th century, Moravia was the centre of a powerful kingdom, comprising also Bohemia, Silesia, and parts of N. Germany and Hungary. In 1805 it was the great theatre of war between the French and Austro-Russian armies. MoBAYiA, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., New Tork, 168 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,010. It has a Moravian institution. Moray, Mdrbayshibe, or Eloinshibe, a northern eo. of Scotland, bounded on the N. by the Moray Firth, E. and S.E. by Banffshire, and for 25 m. by the river Spey, S. and W. by Inverness and Nairn shires. Area 840 sq. ra., or 538,600 ac, of which 120,000 ae. are cultivat- ed, 200,000 uncultivated, & 217,600 unprofitable. Pop. 36,012. The co. consists of a champaign alluvial and fertile district, on the borders of the Firth, and a mountainous dist. to the S. and S.W. Primary granitic roclts prevail in this latter region, and old red sandstone, limestone, and traces of oolitic strata form the basis of the low country; a deep alluvial clay prevailing along the valley of the Firth, and a gravel and con- glomerate forming the sub-soil of the interior. Principal rivers, Spey, Findhorn, and Lossie. Loch-m-dorb, Loch Spynie, and Loch-na-bo, are the chief collections of water. Soil varies from deep loam to light sandy, and is highly cultivated. Climate mild, and comparative- ly dry (for temp, see Elgin). ^11 the usual agi'icultural crops are raised; and so fertile is the county, that it formerly received the name of the " Garden of Scotland." Farms range in extent from 50 to 300 ac. A small cloth manu- factory near Elgin, several tanneries and distil- leries, are the only manufs. in the co. Chief exports, grain, cattle, and agricultural produce, salmon, and timber, from the ancient forests of Strathspey and Darnaway. The co. contains 2 royal bors., Elgin and Forres, a bor. of barony, Fochabers, and the seaports Garmouth, Lossie- mouth, Burghead, and Findhorn. It is divided into 15 entire pas., and five which are partially in other contiguous cos. The co. contains nu- merous antiquities, the chief of which are Elgin cathedral, Pluscardeu priory, Einloss abbey, & various others. It sends, along with Nairnshire, 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 690. The ancient Proirince of Moray contained, besides the modern co., the co. of Nairn, and part of In- verness and Banffshire. The Moray Firth is the largest indentation on the Scottish coast, the entrance from Kinnaird Head in the S., to Dun- cansby Head, co. Caithness, being 75 m. across. The Firth extends S.W. for about 75 miles, Cromarty and Beauly Firths forming branches. MoRBEOQUE, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Nord, 2 m. S. Hazebrouck. Pop. 3,975. MoRBEGNO, a market town of Austrian Italy, prov. Valtellina, on the Adda, 33 m. N.E. Como. Pop. 3,300, engaged in making cheese, for which its neighbourhood is reputed. Mobbeya (Moorish t/mm-er-r'bieh), a riv. of N.W. Africa, rises in Mount Atlas, separates the kingdoms Marocco and Fez, and after a W.N. W. course of 230 m., enters the Atlantic at Azamor. MoBBi^B, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Jura, 24 m. E.S.E. Lons-le-Saulnier. Pop. 2,087. MoRBiHAN, a maritime dep. of France, in the "W., formed of part of the old prov. Bretagne, having E. the deps. lUe-et-Vilaine & Loire-Inf., S. the Atlantic, S. and W. Finistere, & N. Cfites- du-Nord. Area 2,640 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 472,773. The coasts on the Atlantic in the S. are much indented ; the chief bay is Morbihan, from which the dep. is named. Near the coast are the isls. Groix, Belle-Isle, Houat, and numerous islets. Climate mild, hut humid. Surface traversed by ramifications of the mntns. of Arree from N. to S., and watered by the Vilaine, Oust, Blavet and ScorfF. It is very fertile in some parts, but nearly one half is occupied by vast heaths, intermixed with excellent pasturage. Corn is raised suffi- cient for consumption. Lint, hemp, inferior wine, cyder, butter, & honey are the principal products, riorses, cattle, and sheep are extensively reared. Minerals comprise iron and lead ; chief industry, iron forging and manuf. of linen. The dep. is divided into the arronds. of Lorient, Ploermel, Pontivy, and Vannes. MoBiioRN, a pa. of England, co. Huntingdon, 2J m. N.W. Stilton. Area 1,070 ac. Pop. 93. MOR 892 MOR MoKCHARD-BisHOP, 3, pa. of Engl., CO. Devon, 6 m. N.W. Crediton. Area 6,910 ao. P. 1,880. MoRCLES (Dent de), one of the summits of the Alps, in Switzerland, between the cants. Vaud & Valais. Elevation of the Tfite Noire, 9,757 feet. MoBCONE, a town of Naples, prov. Molise, 21 m. S.W. Campobasso. Pop. 6,000. It is enclosed by walls, has a castle, & manufs. of linens & cottons. MoBCOTT, a pa. of England, co. Rutland, 4J m. W. Duddington. Area 2,010 ac. Pop. 516. MoRDELLES, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. llle-et-Vilaine, 8 m. W.S.'W. Rennes. P. 2,687. MoKDES, two pas. of England I. co. Dorset, 6i m. N.N.E. Wareham. Ac. 7,670. P. 1,001.— II. (Steeple), a pa., co. Cambridge, 5 m. W.N.W. Royston. Area 3,000 a«. Pop. 797. [Mobdon.] MoRDiFORD, a pa. of England, co. and H m. E.S.E. Hereford. Area 1,660 ac. Pop. 695. MoBDiNQTON, a marit. pa. of Scotland, co. & H m. N.W. Berwick. Area 3,623 ac. Pop. 392, partly employed in fisheries. The coast is de- fended by bold cliffs ; and here, amongst other antiquities, are the ruins of Edrington castle. MoRDOs, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, 9J m. S.S.W. London. Area 1,700 ac. Pop. 685. More, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 2^ m. E.N.E. Bishop's Castle. Area 3,170ac. Pop. 246. MoBEA (Peloponnesus). [Greece.] MoREBATH, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 2 m. N.N.W. Bampton. Area 4,130 ac. Pop. 466. MoREBATTLE, a pa. of Scotland, co. Roxburgh, 6 m. S.E. Kelso. Area about 39 sq. m. P. 1,051. Mobeoambe-Bav, (or Lancaster Bat), an ex- tensive inlet of the Irish Sea, on the W. coast of England, co. Lancaster, between the peninsula of Fumess with Walney Isl. on the N., and the projection of coast terminating near Fleetwood on the S. Length 16 m., average breadth 10 m. It receives the Leven, Ken, Lune, and Wyre rivs. A broad arm of this bay is fordable at low water. MoREisHWAR, a considerable town of British India, presid. Bombay, 34 m. S.E. Poonah, and having a remarkably handsome domed edifice. MoBELAKD, a tnslip., U. S., N. Amer., Penn- sylvania, 14 m. N.E. Norristown. Pop. 2,162 II. atnshp., Missouri, co. Scott. Pop. 1,318. MoRELEiGH, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 5^ m. S.S.W. Totness. Area 1,470 ac. Pop. 202. MoRELLA, a town of Spain, prov. and 40 m. N.E. Castellon-de-la-plana. Pop.6,211. It stands on a steep slope, commanded by a fortress, and has some interesting Roman antiquities. MoREifA (Siebba), Spain. [Sierra Moreiva.] MoRESBV, a pa. of Engl., co. Cumberland, 2i m. E.N.E. Whitehaven. Area 2,340 ac. P. 1,175. MoBESNET, a comm. andvill. of Belgium, prov. and 11 m. E.N.E. Liege, with extens. zinc works. MoBESTEAD, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 3 m. S.E. Winchester. Area 2,390 ac. Pop. 86. MoEESTEL, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Isere, 8 m. N. La Tour du Pin. Pop. 1,326. MoRBT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, on the Loing, near its mouth, & on junction with the Seine, 7 m. W.S. W. Mon- tereau. Pop. 1,672. It is enclosed by decayed walls, entered by 3 gates, and has a ruined castle. MoRBTON, several pas. of England. — I. co. Dorset, with a station on the London and S.W. railway, 7 J m. E.S.E. Dorchester. Area 2,380 ac. Pop. 294.— II. CO. Essex, 11 m. W. Chelmsford. Area 1,670 ao. Pop. 513 III. co. Notts, 2 m. S.E. Southwell. Area 1,340 ao. Pop. 131.— IV. (Corbet), co. Salop, 4| m. S.E. Wem. Area 1,670 ao. Pop. 248.— V. (Maids), co. and 1 m. N.E. Buckingham. Areal,260ac. P. 670.— VI. (A^ortA), CO. Berks, 3 m. W. Wallingford. Area 1,140 ac. Pop. 397.— VII. (Tay), co. Salop, 3 m. W.S.W, Drayton-in-Hales. Area 6,350 ac. Pop. 770. —VIII. (South), CO. Berks, 3J m. W.S.W. Wal- lingford. Area 1,470 ac. Pop. 417.— IX. (7aZcncc) 00. Gloucester, 65 m. W.N.W. Stroud. Aiea 1,510 ac. Pop. 344. MoEETON Bat, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, E. Australia, between lat. 27° SV S. and Ion. 153° E. Length 70 m. It is sheltered sea-ward by Moreton and Stradbroke isls., the former 25 m. in length by 6 in breadth ; and it contains nume- rous other isls., and receives the Brisbane and Logan rivers. It was made a convict settlement in 1849. Moreton-Hampstead, a mkt. town and pa. of England, co. Devon, 13 m. W.S.W. Exeter. Area of pa. 7,370 ac. Pop. 2,037. The town, on an eminence, near the verge of Dartmoor, has a handsome church ; the ruins of 2 castles, and in the vicinity, which is strewed around with huge fragments of rocks, are several druidical remains. Worsted spinning partly employs the pop. Moeeton-in-the-Marsh, a mkt. town & pa. of England, co. & 26 m. E.N.E. Gloucester. Area 900 ao. Pop. 1,345. The town, on the ancient Roman Foss-way, and connected by railway with Stratford, has some manufs. of linens. Mkt. Tues. MoBETTA, a mkt. town of Piedmont, div. Coni, prov. Saluzzo, cap. mand., on the Po, 22 m. S.S.W. Turin. Pop. 3,387. It has a church, much visited in pilgrimage. More OIL, a comm. and town of France, dep. Somme, cap. cant., 12 m. S.E. Amiens. Pop. 2,219, who manuf. hosiery and paper. Mokevee, and Morewaba, two towns of W. Hindostan; the former, Baroda dom., Giyerat peninsula, 21 m. S. Mallia ; the latter, dom. and 21 m. N.W. Rahdunpoor. Morez, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Jura, on the Bienne, 25 m. E.S.E. Lons-le-Sai^- nier. P. 2,804. It has manufs. of cotton-thread, MoRFiL, or MoBviL, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 6^ m. E.S.E. Fishguard. Pop. 188. MoBGAN, numerous cos. of the U. S.,N. Amer. — ^I. Virginia, in its N. part. Area 350 sq. m. Pop. 4,263. — II. Georgia, near its centre. Area 320 sq. m. Pop. 9,121 III. Alabama, in its N. part, bordered N. by the river Tennessee. Area 720 sq. m. Pop. 9,841 IV. Tennessee, on Emery river ; cap. Montgomery. Area 640 sq. m. Pop. 1,660 V. Kentucky, in its E. part. Area 890 sq. m. Pop. 4,603.— VI. Ohio, in its S.E. fait, on Muskingum riv. Area 600 sq. m. P. 20,852. — ^VII. Indiana, near its centre. Area 453 sq. m. Pop. 10,741. — VIII. Illinois, near its centre, bounded W. by the Illinois. — IX. Missouri, in its central part. Area 792 sq. m. Pop. 4,407. — Also, several tnshps. — I. in Ohio, co. Morgan. Pop. 1,618.-11. Ohio, CO. Butler. Pop. 1,726. MoRGANTOwN, Several vills. of the U. S., N. Amer. ; the principal in Virginia, cap. co., on the Monongahela, at the head of steam-boat navig. MoBGARTEN, a mutu. of Switzerland, on the boundary of the cants. Schwytz and Zug, 5 m. N. Schwytz, and where, on 15th November, 1316, 1,800 Swiss defeated an army of 20,000 men under Leopold of Austria, this being the first battle fought for Swiss independence. In 1798, the Swiss also defeated a French force here. MORGENSTERN, Or MORCHENSTEBN, a vill. of Bohemia, 26 m. N.E. Jung-Bunzlau. Pop. 2,550. MoBGES (German Morsee), a small town of Switzerland, cant. Vaud, on the hake of Geneva, 7 m. W. Lausanne. Pop. 2,880. It is situated at the foot of a height, on which is the castle of WuflJens, founded in the 10th century. MOR 893 MOR MoRHAM, a pa. of Scotland, oo. and N.E. Haddington. Pop. 287. MoKHANQE, a comm. & town of France, dep. Mo- selle, arr. & 24 m. S.W. Sarreguemines. P. 1,200. MoKiAH, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amei-., New York, 94 m. N. Albany. Pop. 2,695. MoEioE-TowN, a hamlet of Engl., co Devon, pa. Stoke-Damerel, a N. suburb of Devonport. MoRiN,afortifiedtown, Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. Frankfurt, circ. Konigsberg. P. 1,280. MoRiNGEN, a walled town of Hanover, landr. and 35 m. S.S.W. Hildesheim, cap. dist. P. 1,565. MoEiTz (St), a viU. of Switzerland, with cele- brated mineral baths, cant. Grisons, in the Upper Engadine, 28 m. S.E. Chur. MoELAAS, a comm. and town of France, dep. B. Pyrenees, 6 m. N.E. Pau. Pop. 1,860. MoBLACCA(Germ. Vellebith), adist. of Austrian Croatia, consisting of the mountainous coast- line, comprising the towns Cai'lopago and Zeng. For a description of its inhabitants, who are among the rudest in the Austrian empire, see M'Cuttoch's Geog. Diet., vol. i., p. 671. The Strait of Morlacca, 3 m. In breadth, separates the Illyrian and Dalmatian islands, Veglia, Aibe, and Pago, from the mainland. MoBLAix, a comm. & seaport town of France, dep. Fmistere, 34 m. E.N.E. Brest. Pop. (1846) 8,981. It stands at the foot of 2 hills, and at the junction of 2 small rivers, forming an es- tuary and commodious harbour for vessels of 400 tons, and has a fortified castle, a large town haU, a public library, and a comm. college. MoBLAjsD, a pa. of Engl., co. Westmoreland, 6 m. W.N.W. Appleby. Ac. 16,260. Pop. 1,923. MoBLET, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. & 4^ m. N.N.E. Derby. Ac. 3,530. P. 1,132, partly empl. in collieries. — II. {St Sotolph), co. Norfolk, 3 m. W.S.W. Wymondham. Area 760 ac. Pop. 328. — m. {StPeters), sameco., 3J m. S.W. Wymond- ham. Area 950 ac. Pop. 191. — IV. a chapelry, CO. York, W. Riding, pa. Batley, with a station on the Leeds & Manchester railway, 4 m. S.S. W. Leeds. Pop. 4,087, chiefly employed in the wool- len mannf. It has a handsome modem church. MoBMOiBO^, a comn}. and market town of France, dep. Vaucluse, cap. cant., on the Auzon, 7 m. E. Carpentras. Pop. 1,845. MoBNAKT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Rhone, cap. cant., 12 m. S.W. Lyon. Pop. 2,440. MoBNiNGSiDE, a vill. of Scotl., CO. and 2 m. S. Edinburgh, pa. St Cuthbert's. Pop. 1,795. It has numerous handsome seats and vUlas, and is much resorted to for its salubrious air. Here is the city and co. lunatic asylum. Moening-Thobpe, a pa. of Engl., co. Nor- folk, 7 m. W.N. W. Bungay. Ac. 1,040. Pop, 192. MoBKiNaTow, a hamlet of Irel., Leinster, co. Meath, on the Boyne, 2i m. E.N.E. Drogheda. Pop. 188. It gives the title of Earl to the Wellesley-Pole family. MoBNiNQTON ISLAND, the most N. and largest of the Wellesley islands, Gulf of Carpentaria, N. Australia, in lat. 16° 24' S., Ion. 139° 37' E., mountamous and unexplored. — Part Momington is an inlet of the Red Sea in Nubia, lat. 18° 11' N. MoKooco, empire & city, Africa. [Maeoooo.] MoBOMANNO, atown of Naples, prov. Calabria Cit., dist, & 13 m. N.W. Castrovillari. P. 5,700. MoBON DE LA Feonteea, 3, town of Spain, prov. and 28 m. S.E. SevUla, on the Guadeira. Pop. (1845) 9,445, partly engaged m the culture and preparation or olive-oil, considered the best in Andalucia. MoEONE, a town of Naples, prov, Molise, dist. and8m. S.W. Larino. Pop. 3,200, MoROVSK, a market town of Russia, gov. and 36m. S.W. Tchernigov, on theDesna. Pop. 2,500. MoEozzo, a marlcet town of Piedmont, div. and 8 m. E.N.E. Coni, cap. mand., on an aifl. of the Tanaro. Pop. of comm. 1,685. Morpeth, a pari, and munic. bor., town and pa. of Engl., 00. Northumberland, on the Wans- beck, with a station on the York and Berwick railway, 15 m. N. Newcastle, here crossed by 3 bridges. Area of pa. 7,600 ac. Pop. 4,237., do. of pari. bor. 7,160. It is surrounded by well wooded hills, and has an elegant town hall, a CO. grammar school, founded by Edward vi., annual rev. 220^., subscription library, mechanics' institute, several branch banks, and one of the largest cattle markets in England. Corp. rev, (1848) 1,195?. It sends one mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 428. The town was burnt down by its own inhabitants in 1215, that it might not furnish quarters to King John. It gives the title of Viscount to the Earl of Carlisle. MoBRA, two towns of Italy. — I. Piedmont, div. Coni, prov. and 7 m. S.W. Alba, cap. mand., on the Tanaro. Pop. (including comm.) 3,318. — II. Naples, prov. Prinoip. Ult., dist. and 3 m. E.N.E. St Angelo-di-Lombardi. Pop. 3,300. MoBEis, a CO., U. S., N. America, in N. of New Jersey. Area 500 sq. m. Pop. 25,814.-11. a township, N. Jersey, 26 m. W. New York. Pop. 4,013. — III. a tnshp., Pennsylvania, co. Washing- ton. Pop. 1,683. Others are in the same state, and in Arkansas. MoBRiSTOwN, several tnshps., &c., U. S., N. Amer I. New York, 167 m. N.N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,809.-11. a vill.. New Jersey, 53 m. N.E. Trenton. Pop. about 2,600. It is neatly built, and has a court-house, gaol, academy, banks, & several churches. A railway connects it with the Philadelphia and New York railway. — III. Ver mont, 28 m. W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,602. Mors, an isl. of Denmark, Jiitland, in the Liim-fiord, and forming a part of the amt. This- ted. Length 23 m., breadth 11 m. Pop. 6,000, mostly engaged in agriculture and fishing. Sur- face level ; about 2-3ds. of it is fertile and cul- tivated, the rest marshy. Principal town Nykio- bing on its E. shore. MoBSBCBG, or Meeesbueg, a walled town of Baden, circ. Rhine, cap. dist., on the Lake, and 5 m. E.N.E. of Constance. Pop. 1,320. MoBscH, a vill. of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, N.W. Ettlingen. Pop. 1,209. — Alt. Morschen is a vill. of H. Cassel, 5 m. S.E. Melsnngen. MoEscHANSK, a town of Russia, gov. & 56 m. N. Tambov, cap. circ, on the Zna. Pop. 6,000, partly employed in manufs. of sail-cloth, & soap. MoRSTON, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 6 m. E. Wells. Area 1,670 ac. Pop. 173. MoBTAGNE, a town of France, dep. Orne, cap. cant., 21 m. E. Alenjon, Pop. (1846) 4,392. It stands on the summit and side of a steep hill ; has remains of old ramparts, a Gothic church with a lofty tower. Manufs. comprise linen cloths for the colonies, packing cloths, calicoes, porcelain and leather II. a comm. and town, dep. Manche, cap. arrond., 45 m. S.W. St Lo. Pop. 1,614. It is romantically placed in a deep narrow ravine, and has manufs. of linens.— III. a comm. & town, dep. Nord, arr. Valenciennes. Pop. 1,318. — IV. {M. sur Gironde), dep. Charente-Inf., arr. Salutes. Pop. 1,436. — V. {M. sur Shire), a comm. & town, dep. Vendee, arr. Napoleon- Vendee, with mineral springs. Pop. 1,404. MoETAEA, a town. Piedmont, div. Novara, cap. prov. Lomellina, on the Arbogna, 25 m. N.N.E. Alessandria. Pop. (1838) of comm. 6,316. It is MOR 894 MOS enclosed by walls, and has noble residences, public schools, barracks, and a theatre ; but is nearly deserted on account of the miasma from its rice fields. MoRTEAu, a comm. and mkt.-town of France, dep. Doubs, cap. cant., 16 m. N.E. Pontarlier. Pop. IjdSO, engaged in linen and cotton weaving. MoBTEFONTAiNE, a comm, and vill. of France, dep. Oise, arr. Senlis. In its fine chtoau the treaty of peace between France and the TJ. S. of America was signed in 1800. MoKTESo, a small isl. of Dalmatia, circ. and 26 m. S.E. Zara, in the Adriatic, immediately ofi' the mainland. It has a vill. and some trade in olives, wine, and rush fabrics. MoKTHOE, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 4J m. W.S.W. Ilfraoombe. Area 3,480 ao. Pop. 379. Moetimeb's Ckoss, a tnshp. of England, co. Hereford, pa. Amestry, SJ m. N.W. Leominster. A pillar commemorates the victory of 1461. MoBTLACH, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 29 m. ■W.S.W. Banff. Area about 36,000 ac. P. 2,594. It has a venerable pa. church, erected in the 11th century as a cathedral, but the see was afterwards removed to Aberdeen ; also fine remains of Auchindune and Balveny castles; the oldest part of which latter is said to be a Pictish tower. Near it Malcolm ii. defeated the Danes in 1010. MoBTLAKE, a pa. of England, Co. Surrey, on the Thames, 8 m. W.S.W. London. Area 1,910 ao. Pop. 2,778. It has an endowed school and almshouses. In the pa. is a station on the Lon- don and Kichmond railway. MoBTLOCK Islands, a group of small islands in the Pacific Ocean, N. of the Solomon isles, lat. 4° 65' S., Ion. 156° 10' E. MoETON, numerous pas. of England. — I. co. Derby, 3 m. N. Alfreton. Area 2,800 ac. Pop. 646. — II. CO. Lincoln, 2^ m. N. Bourne. Area 3,390 ac. Pop. 962.— III. (Baggott), co. War- wick, 2| m. W.S.W. Henley-in-Arden. Area 1,160 ac. Pop. 170 IV. {On-the-HilV), co. Nor- folk, 8 m. N.W. Norwich. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 166. — V. {Jeffries), co. Hereford, 6 m. S.W. Bromyard. Area 660 ac. Pop. 63. — ^VI. (Mor- relV), CO. Warwick, 3J m. N.W. Kingston. Area 1,710 ac. Pop. 253 VII. {Pinhncy), co. North- ampton, 8 m. W.N.W. Towcester. Area 2,460 ac. Pop. 665. — VIII. a hamlet, co. Lincoln, pa. and 1| m. W.N.W. Gainsborough. Pop. 669.— IX. (East), a tnshp., CO. & 6 m. N.N.E. Durham, pa. Dalton-le-DaJe. Pop. 621.— X. [East & West), a tnshp., CO. York, W. riding, pa. Bingley. P. 1,693. MoBTON, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 16 m. N.N.W. Dumfries. Area 12J sq. m. Pop. 2,161. It has the ruins of a strong castle. MoBTBEE, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Orne, 14 m. N. Alengon. Pop. 1,690. MoETT Isle, Malay Archipelago, is off the N.E. extremity of Gilolo, lat. 2° N., & Ion. 128° 30' E. Length 60 m., average breadth 26 m. Chief product, sago.— The Strait ofMorty, between it and Gilolo, is 30 m. across. Mobombidsee, or MtrEBUMBiSBE, a riv. of Australia, rises by many heads in and about co. Murray, New S. Wales, in lat. 36° S., Ion. 149° E., flows W.ward, and joins the riv. Murray, lat. 34° 48' S., Ion. 143° E., after a course of at least 1,000 miles, in its upper part through a sterile sandy region, and in its lower part through allu- vial flats. The Lachlan joins it from the N., in lat. 34° 20' S., Ion. 143° 57' E. MoRvAH, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 6 m. W.N.W. Penzance. Area 2,060 ac. Pop. 407. MoBVAN, an old divis. of France, in theNiver- nais, now partitioned among the deps. Nievre, Cote-d'Or, and Saone-et-Loire. The mntns. of Morvan are partly wooded. MoRVAL, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 2 m. N.E. Looe. Area 3,750 ac. Pop. 733. MoBVBN, or MoBVEES, apa. of Scotl., forming a peninsula on the coast of the co. of Argyle, betw. Lochs Suinart and Linnhe. Area 65,000 ac, almost entirely mntnous., yielding good pasture, and abounding with game. Pop. 1,774. It has the ruins of a strong castle finely situated in the picturesque Loch Aline. — II. a mntn. of Scotld., CO. Caithness, pa. Latheron. Elevation 3,000 feet. — III. a mntn., co. Aberdeen, pa. Logie- Coldstone. Elevation 2,700 feet. MoEviLL, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 3 m. W. Bridgenorth. Area 5,660 ac. Pop, 542. MoBviLLAB, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Rhin, arrond. & 7 m. S E. Belfort. Pop. 400. MosALSK, a town of Russia, gov. and 48 m. W. Kalouga, on the Mojaika. Pop. 1,200. MosBACH, several small towns of Germany. — I. grand duchy of Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, cap. dist., on the EIz, 32 m. E.S.E. Mannheim. Pop. 2,400. It is enclosed by walls, and has a high school, and manufs. of porcelain and paper. — II. duchy Nassau, on the Rhine, 2 m. S. Wiesbaden. MosBOEoneH, a tnshp. of England, co. Derby, pa. Eckington, 7 m. N.N.E. Chesterfield. P. 1,044. MosBDRG, a town of Upper Bavaria, on the Isar, 29 m. N.E. Munchen. Pop. 1,739. MoscHENiTZA, a maritime vill. of Istria,on the Gulf of Quarnero, 12 m. S.W. Fiume. MosoHiANO, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo- Ult I., 11 m. N.E. Teramo. Pop. 1,500. MoscHiN, a town of Prussian Poland, reg. and S. Posen, circ. Schrimm. Pop. 1,020. MoscisKA, a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, circ. and 16 m. E. Przemysl. Pop. 2,900. Moscow, a gov. of Cent. Russia, mostly betw. lat. 64° 50" & 56° 40' N., & Ion. 34° 50' & 38° 60' E., enclosed by the govs. Tver, Vladimir, Riazan, Tula, Kaluga, and Smolensk. Area 12,380 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,374,700. Surface an extended plain with few undulations ; principal rivers, the Klias- ma, Protwa, and Moskva, affls. of the Volga and the Oka. Soil very fertile, but the corn, produced is insufficient for home consumption. Cattle and horse breeding are actively carried on. Manufs. extensive and very varied, em- bracing woollen, cotton, & silken fabrics, carpets, gold and silver wares, paper, &c., employing in 1840, upwards of 85,000 hands in 1,160 factories, and at least 120 steam engines. Next to Moscow the principal towns are Kolomna and Dmitrov. Moscow (Russ. Mosltwa), a city of Europe, former cap. of Russia, and now of the gov. Moscow, near its centre, on the Moskwa, 397 m. S.E. St Petersburg, in lat. (Ivan Veliki) 55° 45' 13' N., Ion. 37° 37' 64' E. Pop. (1846) 360,000; elev. 781 feet. Mean temp, of year, 40° ; winter 15° ; summer 64° Fahr. It covers a large circular area, and consists of the Kremlin, or citadel, sur- rounded by other quarters, enclosed by walls, be- yond which are several suburbs. Since 1812, it has been rebuilt on a regular plan, but it is still mostly of wood. The principal edifices were the Kremlin, the ancient residence of the Czars, and now re- })laced by a magnificent structure, the new Krem- in, completed in 1850, comprising several palaces, and ornamented with the finest statuary & sculp- ture ; the orphan hospital, bazaar, cathedral, and the church of the Annunciation, in which the sovereigns of Russia are re-crowned ; the church of Ivan Veliki, with a belfry, 269 feet high. The great bell of Moscow, the largest ever founded, 21 feet high, 20 feet in diameter, and weighing MOS MOS 1,600 tons, long buried under the soil, was raised and placed on a pedestal in 1836. Moscow is the residence of the wealtliiest and most anc. noble families, the seat of a section of the senate, of a military gov.-general, and of a regency, or coun- cil of administration. It has an arsenal, contain- ing arms for 1,000 infantry, & 1,000 cavalry, and an immense hall for exei'cising the troops in bad weather. The university, founded in 1705, had, in 1846, 100 professors, and 1,099 students. Mos- cow has a large public library, an observatory, botanic garden, and numerous scientific and li- terary institutions. It is the most industrious city of the empire, and is called the Manches- ter of Russia ; its manufs. comprise cottons, woollens, and silks, in which steam machinery is employed. It has also manufs. of carpets, jewel- lery, and trinkets. From its central situation, and its commun. by water with all the principal cities and ports of the empire, its trade is im- mense. A railway is in progress to connect it with St Petersburg. Moscow, founded in the middle of the 12th century, was sacked by the Moguls in 1233 and 1293. From the middle of the 14th century, it was considered the cap. of Bnssia. It was taken by the Poles in 1611. In 1703, Peter the Great transferred his residence to St Petersburg ; but Moscow was still regarded by the Russians as the cap. of their empire. It was occnpied by the French in 1812 ; but after the battle of Borodino, the Russian general set it on fire, and thus compelled the French to commence their disastrons retreat. MosE, an isl. of the Asiatic Archipelago, N. of Timor-laut, lat. 6° 2^ S., Ion. 131° 30' E.,and 20 miles in circuit. MosEiRAH, an isl. off the S.E. coast of Arabia, Muscat dom., lat. 20° 30' N., and ion. 68° 30' E. Length 38^ m., breadth 16 m. Surface rises to 600 feet above the sea, and its coasts are much bro- ken. It is partially cultivated, and populous. Moselle (Germ. Mosel ; anc. Mosella), a river of N. Europe, rises in the S.E. of the dep. Vosges (France), passes Remiremont, Epinal, Toul,Frou- ard, Pont-a^Mousson, Metz, and Thionville, in France; separates the duchy of Luxembourg fi'om Rhenish Prussia, waters the duchy of Lux- embourg, and passes from Treves to Coblenz, in Rhenish Prussia, where it joins the Rhine on the left. It is navigable from its confl. with the Meurthe near Frouard. Chief affls. in France, the Meurthe and Seille on the right, and in the Prussian states, the Sarre on the right, and the Sure, Kyll, and Elz on the left. Totsil course, tortuously N.N.E., 265 miles. Moselle, a frontier dep. of France, in the N.E., formed of parts of the old provs. Lorraine and French Luxembourg, between the deps. Lr. Rhine, Meurthe, and Meuse, bounded N. by Bel- gium, Rhenish Prussia, and Bavaria. Area 2,391 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 448,087. Surface partly cov- ered with contreforta of the Ardennes & Vosges mntns. Chief rivers, the Moselle and Sarre. Cli- mate mild in the viley of the Moselle, but cold in the mntn. districts. It has mines of iron, coal, and excellent lime, and several salt springs. Fo- rests cover a great part of the surface, and yield excellent building timber. Grain is raised suf- ficient for consumption, and the wine is of good quality. Chief industry, mining, and manufs. of paper, cloth, and iron & steel goods. The dep. is divided into the arronds. Bri6y, Metz, Sarre- guemiues, and Thionville. MosHAisK, a town of Russia. [Mojaisk.] MosKBNiESOE, thc S.most of the Loffoden isls., Norway, lat. 67° 5V N., Ion. 12° 6' E. Length 15 m., breadth 8 m., and immediately S. of whic'ii is the current called the Mael-strom. [Lofoden.] MosKONisi, an isl. of Asia Minor, Anatolia, in the G. of Adramj ti, 10 m. N.E. Mitylene. Length, N. to S., 4J m. It is mntnous., connected by sauds with the mainland, and has on its S. side the vill. Mosko, with trade in fruit and cotton. Moskva, a river of Russia, traverses tl* gov. Moscow, from W. to E., past Moscow, Mojaisk, Borodino, Bronuitzi, and joins the Oka at Ko- lomna. Total ccurso 200 miles. The battle of Borodino, called by the French the battle of Moskva, was fought on the Kolotza, an affl. of the Moskva, 7th Sept., 1812. [Bokodino.] MosLEY, a cnapelry of Engl., co. Worcester, with a station on the Bristol and Birmingham railway, 3 m. S. Birmingham II. (or Mossley), a chapelry, co. Lancaster, with a station on Leeds and Manchester railway, 2 m. from Staleybridge. MosQuiTiA, or the Mosqdito Tekkit., a marit. state of Central America, between lat. 10° 40' & 16° N., and Ion. 83° 15' and 86° 50' W., extending from Cape Honduras to the mouth of the river San Juan, having W. the states Honduras and Nicaragua, N. and E. the Caribbean Sea (Bays of Honduras and Mosquitia). It is mntnous. in its interior, elsewhere highly fertile, and abund- antly watered. Principal rivers, from N. to S., the Poyais, Wauks, or Segovia, Oswastara, Es- condido, or Blnefields, and the San Juan, which forms its S. boundary. Along the coast are many inlets, the principal being Carataska and Pearl BLay lagoons. Products comprise cacao, cotton, sugar, indigo, vanilla, and logwood ; and the climate is stated to be decidedly more healthy than that of the "W. India islands. Principsu towns are Bluefields, or Blewfields, the cap., and San Juan de Nicaragua, lately conceded by the Nicaraguans, with the vills. Soohee, Poyais, and Aguastia, at most of which are British colonists. During 1846, a considerable immigration of Ger- mans took place at the Bluefields river. Govern- ment, a monarchy, under the protection of Great Britain, and chiefly administered by the British residents. Early in 1848, the Nicaraguans at- tacked the Mosquito subjects in San Juan, but they were afterwards defeated by a British force at Sarapiqui, and agreed to retire from the terri- tory, by a treaty with the British, Mar. 7th, 1848. Moss, a seaport town of Norway, stift Agger- shuns, amt. Smalehnen, on the fiord and 32 m. S. Christiania. Pop. 3,13^- ^ 'ts vicinity are extensive iron mines. MossAMEDES, a Portugueso colony in S. Africa, with a town and fine harbour, 170 m. S. Benguela, in a healthy climate. It has several forts. MossET, a comm. and town of France, dep. E. Pyrenees, 6 m. N.N.W. Prades. Pop. 1,333. MossiNGEN, a mkt. town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Black Forest, on the Steinbach, 8 m. S.W. Reut- lingen. Pop. 2,744. MossKiROH, a town of Baden, circ. Lake, cap- dist., 24 m. N. Constance. Pop. 1,636. Here the French, under Moreau, defeated the Austrians, under Kray, 6th May, 1800. — II. a mkt. town of Styria, circ. and 10 m. S.W. Gratz. Mosso-Santa-Mama, a comm. and vill. of Piedmont, div. Turin, prov. & 18 m. N.E. Biella. Pop. 2,100, engaged in linen & woollen weaving. MosTAGAKEM, a towu of Algeria, prov. and 55 m. E.N.E. Oran, with a port in the Mediterra- nean. Pop. (1844) 6,092, (Europeans 2,090). MosTAB,a walled city of European Turkey, and the chief town of Herzegovina, on the Na- renta, in lat. 43° 24' N., Ion. 17° 68' E. Pop. 7,300, of whom 2,600 are Turks, 3,660 Greeks MOS 896 Mor } ,440 Roman Catbolics, and 300 Gipsies. Mostar is celebrated for its old Roman bridge, a single arch of 36 feet span. The houses are mostly of stone, roofed with slabs. Chief exports, hides, wool, fruit, wax, tallow, and cattle. Mostehtoh, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 4 m. N.N.'W. Beaminster. Area 1,100 ac. Pop. 391. MogTON, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. and 4 m. N.N.E. Manchester. Pop. 671. MosTTN, a tnshp. of N. Wales, co. Flint, pa. Whitford, at the mouth of the Dee, about 4J m. N. W. Holywell, with a station on the Chester and Holyhead railway. Pop. 2,091. Steamers ply hence to Liyerpool. Mosul, a pash. of Asiatic Tiu'key, comprising most part of Turkish Kurdistan, between lat. 35° 30' and 38° N., and from Ion. 42° E.ward, to the border of Persia, having on other sides, the pashs. Van, Diarbekir, and Bagdad. Surface mntnous., especially in the N. and E. Principal rivers, the Tigris, and its affls., the Great and Little Zab, and the Khabur. Besides Mosul, the cap., it comprises the town Arbil {Arhela\ & the ruined Al-Hadhr Mosul, or Moussoul, the cap. pash., is 215 m. N.N. W. Bagdad, on the right bank of the Tigris, here 300 feet in width, and crossed by a bridge of boats, opposite the ruins of Nine- veh. Pop. from 40,000 to 45,000, and increasing. It is enclosed by walls, and has a castle on an ar- tificial island in the river. Streets narrow and irregular ; houses of stone or plastered brick. It has many handsome mosques, good khans, coffee houses, baths & bazaars, 9 or 10 Greek churches, a Dominican convent, a Turkish college, a fine tomb, and handsome new barracks outside of its walls. Its trade, long in decay, is now said to be flourishing. It has some manufs. of cotton cloths, and exports gall nuts and copper to Bagdad, in return for Indian goods, which are forwarded hence to Diarbekir, Orfah, Tokat, & Kurdistan ; and its merchants carry on a good deal , of the trade between Aleppo and Turkish Armenia. Intercourse with Constantinople is as much as possible impeded by the pasha, and the rule of the Sultan is, in fact, little more than nominal. In this neighbourhood, on the E. bank of the river, Mr Layard has discovered many interest- ing remains of ancient Nineveh. MosiTLLA, a town of Persia, prov. Ghilan, 35 m. W. Resht. Pop. 2,000. MosDK, a town of Russian Poland. [Mozik.] — Moszyn is a small town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 12 m. S.S.W. Posen, on the Warta. P. 926. Mota del Cuervo, a modern town of Spain, prov. and 48 m. S.S.W. Cuenca, on the road from Madrid to Valencia. Pop. 3,712. MoTAGUA, a river of Central America, states Guatemala and Honduras, rises near Quezalten- ango, and enters the bay of Honduras, 15 m. W. Omoa. In its upper part it has numerous rapids and cataracts ; but it is navigable for boats for the last 100 miles. MoTALA, a mkt. town of Sweden, ten & 23 m. W.N.W. Linkoping, at the influx of the Motala river into L. Wetter. Pop. 2,000. It has a good harbour, and its inhabs. are partly employed in ship-building, and in the manuf. of cutlery. jWotoomb, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 2 m. N.N.W. Shaftesbury. Area 4,780 ac. Pop. 1,638. MoTHE (La), several comms. & vills. of France. — I. (Fmelon), dep. Lot, arrond. Gourdon. It is named from the family of the Archbishop of Cambrai, but Fenelon was bom at the chateau Fenelon, dep. Dordogne, cant. Carlux.— II. {Man- ravel), dep.. and on the Dordogne, 21 m. W. Ber- gerac— III. {St Heray), dep. Deux-Sevres, cap. cant., on the Sevre-Niortaise, 17 m. E.N.E. Niort. Pop. 2,026. MoTHELi., a pa. of Irel., Munster, co. Water- ford, 2J m. S. Carrickbeg. Area 20,740 ac. Pop. 3,723. It has interesting remains of a castle, and of a very ancient abbey. MoTHEKBANK, off the S. coast of England, co. Hants, is a shoal between the mainland, and the Isle of Wight, forming the N.W. boundary of the roadstead of Spithead. Motherwell, a vill. of Scotl., co. Lanark, pa. Dalziel, with a station on the Caledonian railway, 7 m. N.W. Carluke. Pop. 726. It takes its name from a vill. anciently dedicated to the Virgin. Mothvet, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Carmarthen, 4^ m. N.E. Llangadock. Pop. 1,073. Motiers-Travees, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 16 m. W.S. W. Neuchatel, inhabited by watch and lace makers, and where Rousseau resided when he wrote his Lettres de la Montagne. MoTiLLA DEL Palakcan, a town of Spain, prov. & 39 m. S.S.E.Cueuca. Pop. 2,890. MoTiR, a small island of the Moluccas, Asiat. Archip., S. of Tidor, fertile and well cultivated. -' Motola, a walled town of Naples, prov. Ot- ranto, 16 m. N.W. Taranto. Pop. 2,500. Motbico, a town of Spain, prov. Guipuzcoa, near the Mediter., 20 m. N.E. Bilbao. Pop. 2,590. , Its small port is surrounded by wooded hills. ' MoTRiL, a town of Spain, prov. and 35 m. S.S.E. Granada, close to the Mediterranean. Pop. (1845) 12,690. Sugar, cotton, silk, & fruits, are cultivated in its fertile vicinity. MoTSKi, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. & 167 m. S.S.W. Voroniej. Pop. 1,800. MoTTA, several market towns of Italy I. (del Friuli), Austrian Italy, deleg. and 20 m. N.E. Treviso, on the Livenza. — II. {Santa Lucia), Naples, prov. Calab.-Ult., 9 m. N.N.W. Nicastro. Pop. 3,000. MoTTAFERif o, a town of Sicily, intend. Messina, 4 m. N.W. Mistretta. Pop. 2,000. MoTTE (La), numerous comms. and mkt. towns of France, the principal being — I. dep. C6tes-du- Nord, 5 m. N. Londeac. Pop. 3,206.— IL {St Jean), dep. Sa6ne.et-Loire, at the junction of the Loire, and Arroux, 15 m. W.N.W. Charolles. Pop. 2,000. Motte-Seevollex, a vill. of Savoy, div. prov. and 4 m. N.W. Chambery, cap. mand., its comm. having, in 1838, 3,711 inhabitants. MoTTisFONT, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 4J m. N.W. Romsey. Area 2,270 ac. Pop. 678. MoTTisTON, a pa. of the I. of Wight, 6 m. S.E. Yarmouth. Area 1,070 ac. Pop. 176. MoiTLiNcs, a small town of Illyria, Carniola, on the Kulpa, 13 m. S.S.E. Neustadtl. Pop. 1,000. Mottkam-in-Longden-Dale, a pa. of Engl., CO. Chester, hundred Macclesfield, on the Shef- field and Manchester railway, 10 m. E. Manches- ter. Area 26,260 ac. Pop. 21,215. TheTm.,W. the river Etherton, consists of a long and well paved street, with houses generally of stone and slated, a grammar, and numerous other schools, and extensive factories. In 1838, 11 cotton, and 14 woollen mills in the pa., employed 1,687 hands. — Mottram St Andrew is a tnshp., same co. and hundred, pa. Prestbury. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 380. MoTziNOEN, a vill. of Wiirtemberg, circ. Black Forest, 5 m. S.W. Herrenberg. Pop. 1,028. MocAB, at. of Arabia, Yemen, 60 m. E.S.E. Sana. MouoHAMPS, a comm. & mkt. town of France, on the little Leay, dep. Vendue, 19 m. E.N.K Napoleon- Vendue. Pop. 2,186. MouBANiA, a large straggling vill., Asia JCiior, Anatolia, on the Sea of Marmora, 15 m. N.'W. MOU 897 MOU Bruaa, and the place of embarkation of travellers thence to Constantinople, with which city it has weekly steam communication. MouDON (Germ. Milden, anc. Mlnidunum), a small town of Switzerland, cant. Vaud, on the Broye, 14 m. N.N.E. Lausanne. Pop. 1,400. MoDKDEN, Chin-tang, or Funq-thian, a city of Manchooria, cap. prov. Leao-tong, on an emin- ence, about 380 m. N.E. Peking. Lat. 41° 56' N., Ion. 123° 20' E. It was the last residence of the Manchoo sovereigns, before their conquest of China, and the place where the eai-ly emperors of the reigning dynasty are buried. It is now the seat of several superior tribunals, & of a Chinese viceroy of the highest rank. MorLE (Le), a town of the French colony of Guadeloupe, with a port on the N.E. coast of Grande Terre. Pop. 10,021. MoDLiN, a pa. of Scot!., co. & 26J m. N.N.W. Perth. Area 65,000 ac. Pop. 2,017. It has some ancient remains. [Killieckankie.] MocLiss (Les), a comm. and viU. of France, dep. Nord., arrond. Lille, of which it may be considered a suburb. Pop. (1846) 4,317. MocLiNs, a comm. and town of France, cap. dep. Allier, on the Allier, and on railway (in pro- gress) from Xevers. Pop. (1846) 14,794). It has 2 large squares adorned with handsome fountains. Princip. public buildings, the cathed. never com- pleted, a modern town-hall, court-ho., national college, 2 large hospitals, an old castle, a small theatre, a public library, picture gallery, public baths & large cavalry barracks. In the suburbs along the river are well-planted walks. It is a bishop's see, and the seat of the tribunal of commerce, chamber of manufe., and societies of rural economy, natural history and fine arts. It has manufs. of cutJery, silk, woollen and cotton, with glass poUshing works, a brisk trade in com, wine, raw silk, timber, and live stock. It owes its name to the great number of water- mills, formerly on the Allier. Marshal Villars, opponent of Marlborough ; and the Duke of Ber- wick, natural son of James ii. were bom here. — II. Moulins Engilbertf a comm. and town, dep. Nievre, on the Gaza, 30 m. E. Nevers. P. 1,.542. It has manufs. of hats, earthenware and leather. MocLMEiM, British India. [Mavlmain.] MocLSFORD, a pa. of England, co. Berks, 4 m. S.S.W. Wallingford. Area 1,210 ac. Pop. 144. MouLSOE, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, 3 m. S.E. Newport-Pagnell. Area 1,190 ac. Pop. 207. MocisET, two pas. of England, co. SuiTcy. — I. (Boif), 3 m. E.ITE. Walton-on-Thames. Area 730 ac. Pop. 690.— II. (West), 2J m. E.N.E. Walton-on-Thames. Area 650 ac. Pop, 469. Moin-TON, several pas. of England. — I. co. Lincoln, 3 m. W.S.W. Holbeach. Area 13,450 ac. Pop. 2,038 II. co. Norfolk, 12 m. E.S.E. Norwich. Area 670 ac. Pop. 235. — III. co. and 4 m. N.N.E. Northampton. Area 2,1.30 ac. Pop. 1,368 — IV. CO. Suffolk, 3J m. E.N.E. Newmarket. Area 3,510 ac. Pop. 379.— V. (St. Michael), co. Norfolk, 8 m. S.S.E. Wymondham. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 23.5 VI. a tushp., co. York, N. riding, 6 m. N.E. Richmond, with a station on the Tork and Newcastle railway. MoTJiTONBOBOCOH, a tnshp., U. S,, N. Amcr., New Hampshire, on Winnipisoiogee lake, 40 m. N. Concord. Pop. 1,782. Mount, a pa. of S. Wales. [Moel-y-Mount.] Modnt-Caemel, a village, U.S., N. Amer., Illinois, 130 m. S.E. Springfield. Pop. 1,200. It has a court-house and gaol. MoDNTCHABi.ES, 3 market town of Ireland, Ulster, CO. and 4 m. W. Donegal, on the N. side of Donegal Bay. Pop. 639. Mount Desert, an isl., U.S., N. Amer., Maine, off the coast, 20 m. E. Penobscot. Length 16 m., breadth 12 m. It has good harbours, and at its S. extremity is a tnshp. of same name. P. 1,887. Mount Edgecumbe, England, co. Cornwall, is a hilly promontory, with fine seat of the Earl of Mount Edgecumbe, 3 m. S.W. Plymouth. — II. a mntn. of New Zealand, N. isl., in lat. 38° S., Ion. 177° E., & about 10,000 feet above the sea. MocxTFiELD, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 3 m. N.N.W. Battle. Area 2,740 ac. Pop. 601. Mount Holly, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Ver- mont, 56 m. S.S.W. Montpelier. P. 1,366.-11. a viil.. New Jersey, 16 m, S. Trenton. — Mount Hope is a tnshp., state and 65 m. N.N.W. New York. Pop. 1,565. — Mount-Joy, a tnshp., Penn- sylvania, 22 m. S.E. Harrisburg. Pop. 2,375. Mount-Leinster, a mntn. of Ireland, Leins- ter, CO. Carlow, 7 m. E.N.E. Borris. 2,610 ft. elev. Mount-Mellick, a market town of Ireland, Leinster, Queen's co., on a branch of the Grand Canal, 6 m. N.W. Maryborough. Pop. 4,755, employed in cotton and woollen manufs., iron & brass works, and potteries. It has a branch bank, and 2 weekly markets. Mookt-Mitchell, the loftiest summit of the DarUng Downs,E. Australia, lat. 28° S., ht. 4,100 ft. Mount-Morris, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, 7 m. S.S.E. Genesee. Pop. 4,576. MouNTNESsiNG, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 2 m. S. Ingatestone. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 925. Mount of Olives, a celebrated hUl of Pales- tine, immediately E. Jerusalem. Mount-Pleasant, several tnshps., U. S., N. Amer. — I. New York, 126 m. S. Albany. Pop. 7,367.-11. a tnshp. Pennsylvania, 186 m. W. Harrisburg. P. 2,123.-111. Ohio, 122 m. E.N.E. Columbus. Pop. 1,676. Mounton, a pa. of England, co. Monmouth, If m. W.S.W. Chepstow. Area 880 ac. Pop. 76. — II. a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 2 m. S.W. Narberth. Pop. 38. Mountkath, a mkt. town of Ireland, Leinster, Queen's co., near the proposed line of the Cork railway, 14 m. E.N.E. Koscrea. Pop. 3,000. It has a monastery and nunnery, several schools, with manufs. of cottons and worsteds. Mount's-Bat, an inlet of the Atlantic, on the extreme S.W. coast of Engl, co. Cornwall, betw. the two large promontories (Horns of Cornwall), respectively terminating in the Land's End and Lizard Point. In it is St Michael's Mount. Mount-Sorrel (properly Mount Soar-hill), a market town of England, co. Leicester, pas. Rothley and Barrow- on-Soar, on the Soar, here crossed by a bridge, and on a branch of Midland cos. railway, 7 m, N. Leicester. Pop. 1,636. It stands on the side of a steep hill of red granite. Mount Vernon, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Maine, 15 ra. N.W. Augusta. Pop. 1,475. — II. a vill , Ohio, 40 m. N.N.E. Columbus. Pop. 2,362 Others are less important. Mt. Vernon house, Virginia, long inhabited by General Washington, is on the Potomac, 6 m. from Alexandria. Mouba and Mourao, two towns of Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, both near the Guadiana.— 1. 32 m. S.S.E. Evora, with 4,000 inhabitants II. 29 m. S.E. Evora. Pop. 2,200. MouRA, a town of Brazil, prov. Para, on the Rio Negro, 47 m. W.N.W. Airao. MouRiibs, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. B.-du-Rhane, m. S.S.E. St. Rdmy. Pop. 1,860. MocENE AiiBEv, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Cork, 6 m. S.S.E. Mallow. Area 11,436 ac. Pop. Sl MOO SOS MOZ 4,154. It has the ruins of a preceptory of the Knight's Templars. — The Mourm Mountains, Ulster, CO. Down, extend about 11 m. E. to V. between I^ewcastle on the Irish Sea and Car- liugford bay. Tlieir highest summits rise to between 2,000 to 3,000 feet above the sea. — The Moume, a riv. of Ulster, co. Donegal, runs 8 m. K.N.E., and joins the Foyle at Lifford. MoDBOM, a town of Russia, gov. and 72 m. S.E. Vladimir, on the Oka, with iron mines. Pop. 6,000. MouROUX, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, arrond. and 2 m. W.N.W. Cou- lommiers, on the Graiid-Morin. Pop. 2,010. MouRZUK, a city of Aft'ica, cap. of Fezzan, inlat. 26° 54' N., Ion. 14° 12' E. Pop. estimated at 3,500. It is built of brick, cemented with mud, and has a mosque, a garrison for 500 men — Turks, Arabs, and Moors. Its commerce is mostly transferred to Tuarick in Ghaut. The town is surrounded by a rank vegetation, and is very un- healthy. It has a British consul. Mouse BON, or MoESKEOON, a vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, near Menin, on railway from Ghent to Lille. The French defeated the Ans- trians here in 1794. MoussoTiL, Asiatic Turkey. [Mosul.] MousTiERS, a comm. and town of France, dep. B. Alpes, 16 m. S. Digne, picturesquely situated at the foot of a chain of precipitous rocks, and divided into 2 parts by a deep ravine crossed by a bridge. Pop. 1,726. MouswALD, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 6 m. E.S.E. Dumfries. Area 8i sq. m. Pop. 683. It contains the remains of several border towns. MouT, a town of Asia Minor, pash. Itshil, on the Ghieuk (Calycadnus), 22 m. N.W. Seleflteh, on the route from Karaman. It is a wretched modern vill., on the site of an extensive Greek "ity, many colonnades of which still exist, as also ruined mosques & baths to attest its subsequent prosperity under the Turkish Karamanian sovs., in the 14th and 15th centuries. It stands in a 2iost picturesque country, is governed by a pasha, and has a fortress and a mosque. MouTAPiiLT, a marit. town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. & 42 m. S. Guntoor, on the Ooromandel coast ; has an active coasting trade. MouTiEns, a town of Savoy, cap. prov. Taren- taise, on the Isere, 30m. E.S.E. Chambery. Pop. (with comm.) 2,330. It has hot mineral springs. Birth-place of Pope Innocent v. — II. Grandvcd), a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 24 m. N. Bern. MouvEAux, a comm. and vill. of France, dep, Nord, arrond. and 7 m, N.E. Lille. Pop. 2,149. Moux, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Nievre, iZ m. N.E. Chateau-Chinon. Pop. 1,570. MouT, a comm. & town of France, dep. Oise, 13 m. S.E. Beauvais, on the Th^rain. Pop. 2,232. MonzANGATE, a marit. town of Madag'ascar, on its W. coast, N.E. Bembatooka bay. MoDZAT, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Meuse, arr. & 9 m. W.S.W. Montmedy. P. 1,810. MouzoN, a comm. and town of France, dep. Ardennes, on the Meuse, 9 m. S.E. Sedan. Pop. 1,885, chiefly employed in weaving woollen cloth. MoviLLE, a small mkt. town and pa. of Ireld., Ulster, 00. Donegal, on Lough Foyle, 18 m. N.N.E. Londonderry. Area of pa. 15,960 ac. Pop. 0,016. Pop. of town 595. It is finely situated & neatly built. Steamers ply to Londonderry during the summer — II. {Upper), a pa. adjoining the above on the S. Area 19,031 ac. Pop. 6,069. Mow, several towns of India. [Mhow.] MowAH, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, dist. Tirhoot, N. of the Ganges, 37 m. E. Patna II. a frontier vill. and port, dom. and 70 m. N.E. Jeypoor. MowNA Kaa and Mot^na Koa, two volcanoes of Hawaii. [Sandwich Islands.] MowEE, or Maui, one of the Sandwich isls., Pacific Ocean, 20 m. N.W. Hawaii. Length 40 m., greatest breadth 25m. Area 620 sq. m. Pop. (18.36) 24,199. Surface mostly rugged, & in some parts rising to 11,000 feet in height ; but parts of the E. peninsula are fertile & carefully cultivated. Products comprise wheat, potatoes, sugar-cane, and the finest fruits raised in these isls. La- haina, its chief vill., has a church, market-house, reading room, and several schools conducted by Protestant missionaries. Moxos, a subdivision of Bolivia, in its N. part, mostly between lat. 12° and 18° S., and Ion. 61° and 69° W., comprised in the dep. Santa Cruz, & having E, and N. the territories of Brazil and S. Peru. Surface generally level, traversed by the Beni, Mamore, and other large affls. of the Ama- zon, and highly productive, but only partially explored. It comprises the towns or vills. Exal- tacion, Trinidad, Loreto, and Concepcion, though chiefly inhabited by roving Indians. Mov, a river of Irel., rising in the co. Sligo, & flowing N. and W. through that co. and Mayo, after a course of about 40 m. enters Killalla bay. It has numerous small affls., & is navigable to near BalUna. — II. a market town of Ulster, co. Tyrone, 6 m. W.N.W. Armagh. Pop. 867, em- ployed in manufs. of linen. The Moy-valley station. Midland Great W. railway, is 5^ m. E. Einnegad, and 30i m. W. Dublin. MoTA, two towns of Spain. — I. prov. and 30 m. N. Barcelona. Pop. 2,649, mostly employed in making cheese, of high repute. — II. prov. and 42 m. E.S.E. Cuenca. Pop. 1,396. MovACOMBE, a pa. of Irel., Leinster, cos. Car- low, Wexford, and Wicklow, and containing the vill. Clonegal. Area about 17,434 ac. Pop. 4,933. Mov-akb-Dalarossie, a pa. of Scotl., cos. In- verness and Nairn, 11 m. S.E. Inverness. Area about 150 sq. m. Pop. 967. On N. shore of Loch Moy is Moy Hall (Macintosh). MoTABTA, or IIOYFESTA, & pa. of Irel., Mon- ster, 00. Clare, on the peninsula between the Atlantic and the estuary of the Shannon, 10 m. E.N.E. Loop Head. Area 16,613 ac. Pop. 8,697. MovcuLLEN, a pa. of Irel., Connaught, Co. and 6J m. N.W. Galway. Area35,824ac. Pop. 6,420. , MoYENMOuTiER, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Vosges, on the Kavodot, 6 m. N. St Diey. Pop. 2,210. — Moyenneville is a vill., dep. Somme, cap. cant., 4 m. S.W. Abbeville. Pop. 1,100. MoiENvic, a comm. and town of France, dep. Meurthe, 4 m. S.E. Chateau Salins. Pop. 1,321. Near it is the largest salt mine in France. MoTEUVRE LA Grande, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Moselle, on the Orne, 9 m. S.W. Thionville. Pop. 1,532. It has iron foundries and iron mines. MoTLGROTE, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 4 m. W. Cardigan. Pop. 453. MOTLOUOH, a pa. of Irel., Connaught, co. Gal- way, 12 m. E. Tuam. Area 23,386 ac. Pop. 7,248. MoTOBAMBA, atown of N. Pern, dep. Truxillo, prov. and 40 m. E. Chachapoyas, on the Moyo- bamba river, an affl. of the Huallaga. Pop. 5,000. MovBus, a pa. of Irel., Connaught, co. Galway, immediately E. Clifden. Area 101,610 ac, in- cluding lakes and mountains. Pop. 11,969. Mozambique, the principal of the Portuguese colonial possessions, on the mainland of Africa; its authority extends along the E. coast line op- posite Madagascar, between lat. 10° and 26° S., MOZ sua MUH or from Cape Delgado to Delagoa Bay, and etretcliing to an uncertain distance inland, and over the doms. luhamhan, Sabia, Sofala, and Querimba. Area of the territory actually under the Portuguese estimated at 69,600 sq. m., and pop. at 280,610. Surface level near the coast, but it is mountainous inland. Principal river, the Zambezi. Products comprise wheat, maize, rice, manioc, sugar, coffee, indigo, numerous drugs, and fine timber, ivory, rhinoceros' horns, hippopotamus' teeth, skins, and oil, ambergris, gold dust, coal, and nitre; but recent accounts state that the Portuguese possessions here " do not supply even enough gi-ain for their own con- sumption, that much of the land is now neglected and barren, which was once highly cultivated, & that were it not for the industry of the Arab population in the neighbourhood, a periodical famine would inevitably occur." {Voyage of the Nemesis, pp. 51, 52.) The slave trade is still rife in this region in spite of the measui-es of the Portuguese authorities, and in fact slaves consti- tute its chief exports. Mozambique is the resi- dence of the Captain-general. Other chief towns are Inhamban, Sofala, Loabo, Quilimane, & Ibo. Mozambique, a fortified marit. city, and the cap. of the Portuguese possessions in E. Africa, on an island at the entrance of Mesaril bay, an inlet of the Mozambique channel, 5^ m. broad, and 6 m. in length, and receiving three small rivers, its entrance being sheltered also by the islands St George and St Jago, which help to bound its har- bour. Mozambique island, in lat. 15° 2' S., Ion. Uf 48* E., is about 1^ m. in length, low, and of coral formation ; on it is the city, capable of being rendered very strong, and containing large bar- racks, quarters, and storehouses and wharfs, a noble governor's residence, a cathedra], & other fine chnrches, convents, &e., attesting its for- mer importance; but most of its dwellings are mere huts. Each of the two entrances to its harbour is defended by a fort. It is the see of a bishop, and seat of a civil tribunal, subordinate to those of Goa. Its trade with British India, formerly considerable, has greatly declined. MozAHBiQUE Channel, a strait of the Indian Ocean, between lat. 12° and 26° S., and Ion. 35° and 49° E., separating Madagascar from the mainland of E. Africa. Length, N. to S., about 1,000 m., breadth 230 m. in its centre, to 600 m. at each outlet. Coasts a good deal broken, but only the inlets of Mozambique and Sofala are of much size. It receives the Zambezi river, and on it are the chief towns of the Mozambique dom., with Monrondaya, Boyana, Bembatooka, Nar- eenda, and Passandava. In its N. outlet are the Comoro and Querimba island groups. MozDOK, a town & fortress of S. Russia, gov. Caucasus, cap. circ, on the Terek, 168 m. S.E. Stavropol, on the route into Georgia. Pop. 3,000, of very mixed descent, but chiefly Armenians. It is enclosed by gardens, and regularly built of wood ; has Greek, Armenian, and Rom. Catholic churches, some distilleries, and coloured leather factories. MoziE, a town of Russia, gov. and 146 m. S.E. Minsk, cap. circ, on the Pripet. Pop. 3,000. Mrin, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. and 28 m. S.S.E.Tchemigov, on the Oster. Pop. 1,800. Mboczen, a town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 19 m. W.N.W. Bromberg. Pop. 1,380. MsoHiT, a town of Georgia, on the Kur, 10 m. N.W. Teflis, formerly fortified, and still having a fine church, with nnmerons royal tombs. MsENO, or Mscheno, atown of Bohemia, circ. and 13 m. W. Jungbunzlau. Pop. 1,814. MsTA, a river of Russia, govs. Iver and Nov- gorod, enters L. Ilmen a little S. of Novgorod, after a tortuous N. and W. course of 250 m., for most part of which it is navigable ; and at 'V'olt- chok a canal proceeds to connect it with the Tvertza, and thus unite the Baltic & L. Ladoga with the Volga and Caspian Sea. MsTisLAVL, a town ot Russia, gov. and 64 m. E.N.E. Moghilev, cap. circ, on the Soj, an affl. of the Dnieper. Pop. 4,300. It has a Unitarian and numerous Greek churches, a synagogue, Greek and Roman Catholic monasteries, a Jesuit college, district school for nobles, and trade in hemp and grain. Mtskheti, or Meschiti, a town of Georgia, at the confl. of the Aragvi with the Kur, 10 m. N.N.W. Teflis, and the anc. cap. of the country, with two handsome churches, containing the tombs of the Georgian sovereigns, but otherwise unimportant since it was ruined by Timour. Mtzensk, a town of Russia. [Mzensk.J Mncn AMiEL, a town of Spain, prov. & 7 m. N.E. Alicante. Pop. 3,654. The wine of its vicinity is of superior quality. MocHELNET, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, IJ m. S.S.E. Lang-port. Area 1,630 ac. Pop. 349. Much-Wenlock, a town, Engl. [Wenlock.] MnoiDAN, a town of France. [Mussidan.] Muck, an isl. of the Hebrides, Scotl., co. Ar- gyle, 5 m. S.S.W. Eigg. Length about 2 miles. Pop. 68, employed in cod fisheries. MnoKAiRN, a pa. of Scotl., co. Argyle, on Loch Etive, 17 m. W.N.W. Inverary. Pop. 960. MucKAKT, a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth, on the Devon, 4 m. N.E. Dollar. Area 4,500 ac. P. 706. Mocking, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 5 m. N.N.E. Gravesend. Area 2,430 ac. Pop. 199. Muckish, a mntn. of Irel., Ulster, co. Donegal, 6 m. S. Dunfanaghy. Its sides are very steep, and the summit 2,190 feet above the sea. MncKLESTON, a pa. of England, cos. Salop and Stafford, 4 m. N.E. Market-Drayton. Area 8,124 ac. Pop. 1,688. Mtjckso, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, co. Monaghan, containing the town of Castle-Blayney. Area, including L. Muckno, 17,104 ac. Pop. 9,902. Muckbana, a town of N.W. Hindostan, Raj- pootana, 35 m. N.W. Ajmere, and having some trade in the white marble of its neighbourhood. MuoKBOSs, a peninsula of Irel., Munster, co. Kerry, between the middle and lower Lakes of Killarney, with ruins of abbey, founded in 1440. MucKTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 4J m. S.S.E. Louth. Area 790 ac. Pop. 105. MucKWANPooB, a strong hill-tortress of Ne- paul, 18 m. S. Khatmandoo. Munnv-CBEEK, a tnshp., U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, Butler co. Pop. 1,998. MuDFOBD, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 3 m. N.N.E. TeovU. Area 1,710 ac. Pop. 436. Muff, a pa. of Ireld., Ulster, co. Donegal, on Lough Foyfe, 6 m. N.N.E. Londonderry. Area 16,030 ac Pop. 4,037. MiJGELN, a town of Saxony, circ. & 29 m. E.S.E. Leipzig. Pop. 2,265. Near it is a fine castle. MuGGiHGTON, a pa. of England, co. and 6 m. N.W. Derby. Area 2,660 ao. Pop. 773. MiioLiTZ (Morav. Mohelnice), a town of Mora- via, circ. and 19 m. N.W. Olmiitz, on rt. b. of the March. P. 4,000. It has manufs. of woollen stuffs. MuGNANO, a town of Naples, prov. and 6 m. N.N.W. Naples. Pop. 3,000. MuGBON, a oomm. and town of France, dep. Landes, cap. cant., near 1. b. of the Adour, 9 m. W. St Sever. Pop. 2,460. MuHALiTCH, or MiKHALiTCH (improperly Mo- MUH 900 MUL haliiz), a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 13 m. S. ttie Sea of Marmora, 'SI m. W. Brusa. Pop. 1 1,000. It exports silk, wool, valonea, and fruits, to Constantinople, and imports foreign goods, chiefly overland from Smyrna, to about 6,000?. in value annually. MiJHiBACH, two mkt. towns of Germany. — I. Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. & 40 m. E.S.E. Frankfiirt-on-Oder. — II. Tyrol, circ. Pusterthal, 13 miles W. Brunecken. Pop. 620. MiJHLBEBO, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. & 63 m. E. Merseburg, on the Elbe. Pop. 3,320. Here Charles v. obtained a victory over the Elector of Saxony in 1647. — II. a vill., reg. & 11 miles S.W. Erfurt. Pop. 1,346. MiJHLnoEF, a town of Upper Bavaria, on the Inn, 45 m. E.N.E. Miinchen. Pop. 1,690. MiJHLENBACH,Or MuLLENBACH (Hung. SzOSZ- Sebes) a town of Transylvania, Saxon-land, cap. circ, on the Miihlenbach, 29 m. W.N.W. Her- mannstadt. Pop. 4,200. It is enclosed by walls, and has Rom. Catholic, Greek-United, and Lu- theran churches, mauufs. of woollen cloth, and , breweries, & around it are numerous vineyards. -• MuHLENBUKG, 3, CO., U. S., N. America, in E. of Kentucky. Area 491 sq. m. Pop. 6,964. MuHLENBUBO, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Ohio, 12 m, N.W. Circleville. Pop. 1,663. MiJHLHAnsEN, several towns of Germany. — I. Prussian Saxony, reg. & 30 m. N.W. Erfurt, cap. circ, on the Unstrut. P. (1846) 13,000. It is forti- fied, & has several Lutheran churches, 3 hospitals, and an orphan asylum ; manufs. of woollen and linen cloths, and carpets ; dye-works, fulling and oil mills, tanneries, breweries, and distilleries. — ,, II. E. Prussia, reg. and 49 m. S.W. Konigsberg. iPop. 1,600. — III. (Boh. Milirzho), Bohemia, circ. and 15 m. W.N.W. Tabor. Pop. 2,194.— IV. a market town, Bavaria, circ. Upper Franconia, 12 miles S.W. Bamberg. Pop. 770. MiJHLHEiM, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ Black forest, on the Danube, 4 m. N.E. Tuttlingen, with 850 inhabs., 2 castles, and a church, greatly re- sorted to in pilgrimage. — Muhlingen is the name of two contiguous vills. of Anhalt-Bernburg. MiJHLTEUFF, a town of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, 10 m. W.N.W. Plauen. Pop. 1,702. MnHB, a river of Germany. [Mue.] MuHKiNGEN, a vill. of Wurtemborg, circ. Black Forest, 9 m. S.W. Rotenburg. Pop. 1,080. MuiDEN, a fortified town of th< Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, 8 m. E.S.E. Amsterdam, at the mouth of the Vecht, in the Zuyder-Zee. Pop. 1,650, mostly engaged in fishing. — Muiderberg is a village 2 miles E. Muiden. MuiLEEA, or MuLEEA, a mntn. range of Irel., Connaught, co. itfayo, screening the N. side of Killery harb. Elev. of highest summit 2,688 feet. MniEAVONSiDE (pron. Moranside), a pa. of Scotl., 00. Stirling, 6 m. E.S.E. Falkirk. Area 14j sq. m. Pop. 2,249. It has many elegant mansions, an ano. castle (Almond), and much ro- mantic scenery. TheEdinb. & Glasgow railw. is here carried across the Avon on a superb viaduct. MoiERiEK, a large vill. and pa. of Scotl., co. and 21 m. E.N.E. Ayr, with which town it com- municates by railway. Area of pa. about 58 sq. m. Pop. 3,125, partly employed in extensive iron smelting works. Coal and lime are also wrought here. Cairntable mntn., with two large cairns on its summit, is in this pa. Elevation 1,660 feet. MuKALLAH, a town of Arabia. [Makallah.] MuKEE, a market town of England, co. York, N. Riding, pa. Grinton, 17 m. W.S.W. Richmond. Pop. 1,241. Mdkhmas (probablv the Michmash of Scrip.), a considerable and flourishing vill. of Palestine, pash. Damascus, 7 m. E.N.E. Jerusalem, sur- rounded by fig and olive plantations, but without any vestiges of antiquity. MuKKAN, a prov. of Beloochistan. [Mekran.] MuKTCL, a town of Hindostan, Nizam's dom., 88 m. S.W. Hyderabad, and an important British military sta., though nnhealthy for native troops. MuLA, a town of Spain, prov. and 20 m. W. Murcia. Pop. 6,228. It has manufs. of pottery, & in its neighbourhood are warm mineral baths. MuLBARTON, 3, pa. of Engl,, CO. Norfolk, 5^ m. S.S.W. Norwich. Area 1,740 ac. Pop. 582. MntBB, a river of Saxony, Prussia and Anhalt- Dessau, rises in the Erzgebirge, and after a N. course of 130 m., joins the Elbe on I., at Dessau. MniQRAVE Aech ipelago. Pacific Ocean, com- prises various groups betw. lat. 3° S. & 12° N., & Ion. 160° & 177° E., including the Badack, Ralick, Piscadores, Marshall, and Mulgrave, isls. — Cape Mulgram, Russian Amer., N. of Kotzebue Sound, is a range of hills terminating inland, in a plain in- tersected by lakes. Lat. 67° 60' N., Ion. 171° 56' E. MoLHACEN,amntn. of Spain. [SieeraNeveda.] MiJLH An s KN, orMuLHOUSE,acomm.& import- ant manuf. town of France, dep. H. Rhin, cap. cant., on the 111, 10 m. N.N.E. Altkirch, and 19 m. N.W. Basle, connected by railw. with Strasbourg, Basle, & Thann. Pop. (1846) 28,716. It is divided into an old & new town, the former on an island formed by a division of the river, comprising 2 churches, a synagogue, town hall, comm. college and hospital ; while the latter, extending along the rt. b. of the river, has a fine square, in which is the Palais de Vlndugtrie, comprising the ex- change and the chamber of commerce. Mul- hausen, which, in little more than 40 years, has risen from insignificance to a high rank amongst the industrial towns of France, has very extensive manufs. of printed cottons, muslins, dyed, and printed silks, mixed stuffs, and cotton hosiery, cotton-spinning mills, and fabrics of straw hats, morocco leather, and soap, with tanneries, dye- houses, metal foundries, steam engine & macmne making establishments, a manuf. of stained pa- per, and a fine lithographic establishment. Mnl- hausen was, in 1798, cap. of a small republic. MiJLHEiM, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 16 m. N.E. Diisseldorf, on the Ruhr. Pop. (1846) 9,760. It has extensive manufs. of woollen cloth, cotton and linen fabrics, cutlery, soap, leather, starch, and tobacco, and iron foundries & ship-building docks. — II. a town, reg. & 4 m. N.E. Cologne, cap. circ, on the Rhine. Pop. 6,240, mostly employed in manufs. of fine woollen cloths, silk and cotton fabrics, ribbons, leather, tobacco, soap, cutlery, and colours, and in ship -building. MoLK, a vill. of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 62 m. S.W. Angora, with some curious caverns. MnLKAPooR, a fortified town of India, Nizam's dom., 84 miles W.S.W. Ellichpoor. Mdli,, one of the largest of the Hebrides Isls., off the W. coast of Scotl., co. Argyle, separated from the mainland by the Sound of Mull. Lat. of centre 56° 30' N., Ion. 6° W. Length 30 miles, breadth 25 m. Pop., with surrounding islets, 18,118. Coast line deeply indented. Surface rugged, and chiefly moorland ; shores very pic- turesque. Mount Benmore exceeds 3,000 feet in height. Grazing is the chief branch of rural industry. Woods are pretty extensive in the N. It is divided into 3 pas., and is the seat of a pres- bytery. Principal town, Tobermory. — The Sovnd of Mull, 18 m. in length, average breadth 2 m., separates this isl. from the dist. Morven, & con- *nect8 Lochs Linnhe and Sunart. JIUL 001 MUN MuLl^VGH, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, co. Cavan, 7 m. E.S.E. Virginia. Area 12,871.' ac. Pop. 6,526. MoLLAGHBBAOK, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Armagh, containing a part of the town of Mar- ket-hill. Area 11,557 ae. Pop. 8,570, extensively employed in manuiB. of linens. — MuUctghmore is a promontory of Connaught,co. & 13 m. N. Sligo, projecting N. into Donegal Bay. Its proprietor. Lord Palmerston, has bmlt a harbour and a small iishing vill. on its E. side. JIistLASGUR, a town of India, Deccan, Nizam's dom., 88 m. N.E. Hyderabad. Mullet, a peninsula of the W. coast of Ireld., Connanght, co. Mayo, connected with the main- Iniid by a narrow isthmus, from which it extends both N. and S. almost at right angles. MuLLHEiM, a town of Baden, circ. Upp. Rhine, cap. dist., 18 m. S.W. Freiburg, on railway to Basle. Pop. 2,592. MoLLioACM, or Malliaoaum (Hind. Mali- grama), a town and strong fort of British India, presid. and 160 m. N.E. Bombay, dist. Candeish, and which surrendered to the British in 1818. MuLLiNGAB, a mkt. town and pa. of Ireland, Leinster, cap. co. Westmeath, on the Brosna and the Boyal canal (by wluch it is almost surround- ed, and which connects it with both Dublin and the Shannon), 50 m. "W.N.W. Dublin, by the Mid- land Great Western railway. Area of pa. 22,322 ac. Pop. 9,903 ; do. of town 4,569. It is well built, except in suburbs, and has a handsome pa. church, and Rom. Catholic cathedral ; a convent, 2 large schools, co. infirmary, large infantry bar- rack^ and mkt. house, with important com and provision markets on Thursday. McLUKS (St), a pa. of Irel., cos. Carlow and Waterford, 9 m. S. Burns. Ac. 21,202. Pop. 6,769. It contains the vills. Tinnahinch & Ballymurphy. MnLLiON, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 6| m. SJE. Helston. Area 4,550 ac. Pop. 808. In this pa. is Kynan's Cove, a natural grotto. Miii.LBOS£, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. & 10 m. S W. Frankfiirt, on the canal of Miillrose, which unites the Oder and Spree. Pop. 1,830. Mhlbot Bay, a deep, sinuous inlet of the At- lantic, N. coast of Ireland, Ulster, co. Donegal, between Sheephaven Bay and Lough Swilly. Length about 12 m., average breadth 1 m. Its thinly inhab. shores are remarkably beautiful. Mdlsek, two contiguous vills. of Saxony, circ. Zwickau. — L {St Jacob), 4 m. E. Zwickau. Pop. 3,149.-11. {St NihUu), 4J m. E. Zwickau. Pop. 2,055. Multifabnham, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Westmeath, 6 m. N.N.W. Mullingar. Area 4,895 ac. Pop. 1,366. It has the remains of an abbey founded by William Delamore, in 1236, & which continued in possession of the monks long after the dissolution of the religious houses. It was burnt in the 17th century, but its ruins have been converted into a chapel to a modern mon- astery in the vicinity. Mdmbles HEADjWales, co. Glamorgan, bounds Swansea Bay on the W., & has alight-house 114 ft. in height, in lat. 61° 34' 3" N.^ Ion. 3° 58' 10" W. MuMBT, a pa. of Engl., co. Lnicoln, 4 m. E.S.E. Alford. Area 2,620 ac. Pop. 786. MuNASSA, a town of W. Hindostan, 97 m. E. Odeypoor, and which, in 1820, was reported to comprise upwards of 1,000 dwellings. MnNOASTEB, a paroch. chapelry of Engl., co. Cumberland, incl. the town of Bavenglass. P. 602. MiJNCHBEBG, two towns of Germany.— I. Ba- varia, circ. Upp. Franconia, on the Pulsnitz, and with a station on the Neumarkt and Hof railway. 19 m. N.N.E. Bayreuth. Pop. 2,260. It is in- closed by walls, and has an hospital, and manufs. of cottons and linens. — II. (or Muncheburg), a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. and 21 m. N.W. Frankfiirt, on the Oder, betw. 2 lakes Pop. 1,580, employed in manufs. of silk stuffs. MuNOHEN, a city of Germany. [Munich.] MuNCHENBEaNSDOKF,amkt. town of Germany Saxe-Weimar, 8 m. W.S.W. Gera. Pop. 1,833.— Munchenbuchsee is a vill. and pa. of Switzerland, cant, and 6 m. N. Bern. Pop. 2,216. MiJNOHENGKATZ, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 8 m. N.N.E. Jungbunzlau, on the Iser. Popi 3.000. It has a handsome palace, and manufs. of woollen cloth, cotton, and linen stuffs. The Emperors of Austria and Russia, and the King of Prussia, met here in 1833. MuNCHiNGEN, a market town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, 7 m. N.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 1,428. — Munchweiler is a vill. of Rhenish Bavaria, 18 m. N.E. Deux-Ponts, and a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Bern, also called Villars-le-Moine. Mdnbaca, a mkt. town of Spain, prov. Biscay, 13 m. N.E. Bilbao, with a small port. Pop. 1,728. MuNDATTA, and Mundawul, two towns of In- dia,, prov. Malwah ; the former, dom. & 50 m. S.E. Indore, on an isl. in the Nerbndda, and having a remarkable pagoda; the latter, 17 m. N.W. Mahidpoor. MuNDEAH, a town of India, Cutch, on its S. coast, 25 m. E. Mandavee, and reputed to be a place of some trade. MuNBELSHEiM, a mkt. town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, 9 m. S. Heilbronn, pn the Neckar, with 1,720 inhabitants, and an ancient castle. MuNDEN, two pas. of Engl., co. Hertford. — I. {Great), 3J m. S.S.W. Buntingford. Area 2,690 ac. Pop. 477.— II. {Little), 6 m. N.N.E. Hert- ford. Area 3,200 ac. Pop. 612. MiJNDEN, a town of Germany, Hanover, landr. Hildesheim, princip. and 16 m. W.S.W. Gottin- gen, cap. dist., at the confl. of the Fulda and Werra rivers, here forming the Weser. Pop. 4.001. It is enclosed by waUs, flanked by towers, and has an old castle, a gymnasium, numerous churches, in one of which are some remarkable monuments, manufs. of tobacco & earthenwares. MuNDEB, a town of Hanover, princip. Kalen- berg, on the Hamel, 22 m. W.N.W. Hildesheim. Pop. 1,996. It has a gymnasium, an hospital, and extensive salt works. MuNBEBKiNOEN, an anclcnt walled town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Danube, 5 m. S.W. Ehingen, on the Danube. Pop. 2,000. MuNDESLET, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 6 m, N.N.E. North- Walsham. Area 530 ac. Pop. 454. MuNDESsoB, a town of India, Gwalior dom., 75 m. N.W. Oojein. It is enclosed by walls and gateways ; and in 1820 it had 3,000 houses. MuNDFOBD, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 5 m. N.N.E. Brandon. Area 2,160 ac. Pop. 437. MuNDHAM, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Norfolk, 6 m. N. Bungay. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 303.— II. {North), a co. of Sussex, 2 m. S.S.E. Chiches- ter. Area 1,800 ac. Pop. 495. Mdnbi, a town of the Punjab, cap. rajahship, in the Jullinder Doab (British territory), near the head of the Beas, 120 m. E. Amritsir, with a massive palace, & a pretty "well stocked bazaar. MuNDi.AH, a town and fort of British In,dia, presid. Bengal, Sangur and Nerbndda dist., 135 miles N.E. Nagpoor. MuNDON, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 3J m. S.S.E. Maldon. Area 3,340 ac. Pop. 309. MuNEKA, a market town of Spain, prov. and 31 m. W.N.W. Albacete. Pop. 2,690, MnN 902 MDN MnNEvn.LE-i.E-BiNOARi), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Manche, arr. Coutauees. Pop. 1,500. MoNOASHT, a strong fortress of Persia, prov. Khuzistan, on the Jerahi, 70 m. S.E. Shuster, at the foot of the Mungasht mountains, a continua- tion of the Zagros chain. MuNGHUB, a walled town of W. Hindostan, Odeypoor dom., with 4,000 inhabitants, and a large annual fair for cattle. MuNGO (St), two pas. of Scotl. — I. {North, or Innerhigh), co. Lanark, comprised within the city of Glasgow. Pop. 15,444. — II. co. Dumfries, in Annandale. Area about 5,000 ao. Pop. 618. Here is Castlemilk, originally a fortress built by the Bruces, now a modernized residence. MuNGULGHEBEE, a town of British India, pre- Bid. Madras, dist. and 12 m. N.E. Guntoor. Mdngulhaht, a considerable town of British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, dist. and 18 m. N. Rungpoor, well built, and having some trade in coarse cotton goods. Mungdlwaba, a walled town of India, Sat- tarah dom., 50 m. N.N.W. Bejapoor. Munich (Germ. Miinchen), the cap. city of Bavaria, S. Germany, and of the prov. Upper Bavaria, on the Isar, here crossed by 3 bridges, 225 m. W. Vienna, and 35 m. S.E. Augsburg. Lat. (of Frauenku-che, 1,690 feet above the sea) 48° 8' 20" N., Ion. 11° 34' 42'' E. Pop. (1846) 94,830, or, including the suburbs Au, Haidhausen, and Ober Giesing, 113,384. Mean temperature of year 48° .4, winter 33° 5, summer 63° .6 Fahr. It is ■ finely situated in a plain, and within the present century, its extent has been doubled by the addition of new quarters and suburbs around the walled city : it has a handsome and lively general appearance. In the old city numerous streets diverge from a central square, the Haupt- Platz ; in the other quarters are — Max-Josephs- Platz, one of the finest squares in Enrope, a fine broad line of street extending from N.W. to S.E. On its W. and N. sides are most of its principal structures ; these comprise the new Pinacotheca and Glyptotheca, or museums of painting and ancient sculpture, rich in choice works of art, the former containing 300,000 engravings. The new royal palace : the cathedral, built 1468, and having two towel's 333 feet in height, and a fine monument of the emperor Louis of Ba- varia; the churches of the Theatines, Jesuits, St Louis, All Saints, St Kajetan, Ludwig's Kirche, and the Basilica, all richly ornamented with fresco painting and stained glass; Protestant and Greek churches, a synagogue, a fine opera house, and new post-office. In one square is an obelisk 100 feet in height, partly formed of can- non taken by the Bavarians, and in another is an equestrian statue by Thorwaldsen of the elector Max. I. Adjacent to the palace is the Hofgarten, a space surrounded by arcades, and near this a public park. Among the pubhc establishments are the Leuchtenberg gallery, formed by prince Eugene Beauharnois, an academy of arts, with a triennial exhib., salaried professors & pensioned students, a magnetical and meteorological ob- servatory. The university removed from Lands- hut in 1826, had, in 1847, 76 professors and 1,471 students, a library of 200,000 vols., & 400 MSS., and attached to it 2 colleges, and philological and theological schools, a polytechnic, and nu- merous other schools of art and science. The royal library occupying a stately new building, was said to have, in 1846, 600,000 printed vols., and 18,600 MSS. Here is also the Brazillian collection, made by Spix & Von Martins. All the superior courts, &c,, of the Bavarian dom., are seated here. Except some bronze and iron works, silk mills, and sugar refineries, Munich has few mer- cantile factories of consequence, but its teles- copes and mathematical instruments are de- servedly famous, and it is greatly resorted to by the admirers and cultivators of the fine arts. Many newspapers and magazines are printed here. In ameadow to the W. is the colossal bronze statue of Savaria, by Schwanthaler, 84 ft. high. Near it is the " Hall of Fame." Munich derives its name from having been founded, in 962, on a site belonging to a fraternity of monks (miinchen) ; it was walled by Otho iv. in 1157, and taken by the Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus in 1632. MnNiPOOB, or Mdnneepoob, an independent state of Further India, relinquished by the Bur- mese in 1826. [Cassav.] — II. the cap. town of this dom., in a swampy valley. Lat. 24° 45' N., Ion. 94° E. MoNiLLA, a town of Spain, prov. and 28 m. S.S.E. LogroSo. Pop. 1,817. MuNKAcs, a market town of E. Hungaiy, cap. circ. Beregh, on the Latorcza, 80 m. N.E. De- breozin. Pop. 3,223. It has a strong hill for- tress, now used'as a state prison, Greek, Roman Catholic, Calvinistic, and Lutheran churches, and manuis. of hosiery and alum. In its vicinity are mines of chrystal, called Hungarian diamonds. It was taken by the Imperialists in 1687, after a siege of three years. MuNLOCHV, a fishing vill. of Scotl., co. Ross, on an inlet of Moray Firth, 13 m. S.W. Cromarty. MiJNNEBSTABT, a town of Bavaria, circ. Lower Franc, on the Lauer, 35 m. N.N.E. Wurtzberg. Pop. 1,579, mostly employed in rural industry. MiJNSiKGEN, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Danube, 23 m. W. Ulm. Pop. 1,600.— IL a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 7 m. S.E. Bern, and noted in modern Swiss history as the place of a meeting which effected many popular reforms in 1831. MuNSLET, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 3| m. W.N.W. Ledbury. Area 1,140 ac. Pop. 238. MuNSLOw, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 8 m. N.N.E. Ludlow. Area 4,110 ac. Pop. 773. MuNSTEE, the most S. and largest of the four provs. of Ireland, having N. Connaught, K.E. Leinster, and on other sides St George's Channel and the Atlantic Ocean. Area 6,064,579 ac. Pop. 2,396,161. Surface highly diversified. Si- lurian rocks, old red sandstone and limestone, form the basis of the district. Coal is foimd in Tipperary, Kerry, and Cork. The N. part is watered by the Shannon river, and the E. by the Suir. Several parallel mountain ranges sepa- rate the basins of the Blackwater, Bandon, Lee, and Laune, terminating in rocky peninsulas on the W. coast, bounding Dingle, Kenmore, Bantry, Dunmanus, and other bays. Lough Deirgeart is on the N. border, and the lakes of Killarney are in this part of Ireland. The prov. is divided into the cos. of Cork, Clare, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford. Before the Norman conquest, it was separated into the kingdoms of N. and S. Munster. MiJKSTEB, a city of Germany, cap. Prussian Westphalia, on the Aa, an affl. of the Ems, with which river and the Vechte it communicates by canals, 78 m. N.N.E. Cologne. Pop. (1846) 23,900. It is surrounded by walls, entered by 8 gates, and has a Gothic cathedral. In the church of St Lambert's tower, are the iron cages in which John of Leyden and his two accomplices were sus- pended in 1635, the archiepisc. palace, now the governor's residence, and the town hall, in which the peace of Westphalia was concluded in 1648. It has a Roman Catholic theological seminary, MUN 903 M17B yeterinary school, botanic garden, various hospi- tals, considerable manuis. of woollen stuife, stai'ch, leather, and beer. Under the French, Miinster was the cap. dep. Lippe. Monster, a coram, and town of France, dep. H. KMn, cap. cant., 10 m. W.S. W. Colmar. Pop. 3,626, who manuf. printed cottons and muslins. MuNSTERBERG, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 33 m. S. Breslau, cap. circ, on the Olilau. Pop. 4,000. It is enclosed by walls, & has breweries, mannfe. of plush, and cotton stufils. MiJNSTEREIFEL and MiJNSTER-MAYFELD, tWO towns of Rhenish Prussia. — I. reg. and 21 m. S.S.W. Cologne, on the Erft. Pop. 1,570.-11. reg. and 8 m. S.W. Coblentz. Pop. 1,650. MoNSTERTHAi.,two vallcys of Switzerland, one m the cant Grisons, the other in the N.E. part of the cant. Bern, and where the battle of St Jacob was fought between the Swiss and the French in 1444, which terminated in the almost entire destruction of the former combatants. Mu.NiOK, a fortified sea-port town of the isl. Banca, cap. of a Dutch resid., on the S.W. coast. MuNZENBERG, a town of Germany, H. -Darm- stadt, prov. Upper Hessen, atthe foot of a moun- tain, 10 m. S.E. Giessen. Near it is a ruined castle of same name. MuszESHEisr, a vill. of Baden, circ. Middle Khine, on the Kreich. Pop. 1,145. Mtionio, a river of Russian Lapland, joins the Torneariver, after a S. course of 150 m. At the vill. Mnonioniska it forms a cataract 100 ft. high. Mdotta, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 6 m. E.S.E. Schwytz, on the Muotta. In Sept. 1799, an engagement took place here between the French, and the Russians under Suwarrow. MuR, or MuHR, a river of the Austrian empire, rises in Salzburg, traverses Styria throughout, & joins the Drave on left, in Hungary, 25 m. E. Warasdin, after a S.E. course of 230 miles. MuR, two comms. and towns of France. — I. dep. Cotes-du-Nord, 10 m. W.N.W. Loudfec. Pop. 2,280. — II. dep. Aveyron, arrond. Espalion, with 1,660 inhabitants. MuRAB-cHAi, a river of Asiatic Turkey, and the E. branch of the Euphrates, rises about 50 m. S.W. Mount Ararat, flows W.ward, and joins the N. branch, or Frat, about 85 m. N.N.W. Diarbekir. The towns Diadin, Melasghird, Moosh, Ehanos, and Paloo, are on its bauk.s, or those of its aMs. McBAFA, a market town of Russian Poland, gov. Podolia, 37 m. N. Jampol. Pop. 1,800. MoEANo, an island and town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 1 m. N. Venice, of which it is a suburb. It has manufs. of mirrors and other glass wares, now decayed. In the 15th century it had a pop. of 30,000, and its glass works have been cele- brated since the 11th century. MuHASHKiNO, a market town of Russia, gov. & 40 m. S.S.E. Nijnii-Novgorod. Pop. 6,000, em- ployed in manufs. of leather, soap, and hosiery. MnRASsoN, a comm, and mkt. town of France, dep. Aveyron, 14 m. S.S.W. St Afirique. P. 2,631. MuRAT, two comms. and towns of France, — I. dep. Cantal, near the Alagnon, 24 m. N.W. Aurillac, at the foot of Mount Cantal. Pop. 2,394, chiefly employed in lace making, weaving coarse woollen cloths, and trading in cattle, horses, and cheese made in the neighbouring district. — II. dep. Tarn, 80 m. E. Castres. Pop. 2,800. MuRAU, atown of Styria, on the Mur, 23 m. W. Judenburg, with extensive iron works. P. 1,200. MijRAzzAMO, a market town of Piedmont, div. Coni, cap. maad., prov. and 11 m. N.E. Mondovi. Fop. (with comm.) 2,267. MuBOHARHOv, a large vill. of Persia, pror Irak-Ajemi, 35 m. N.N.W. Ispahan. MuRoiA, an old kingdom of Spain in the S.E, on the Mediterranean, now divided into the modern provs. of Murcia and Albacete, united area 7,877 sq. m., and pop. (1833) 474,316. Sur- face traversed by several mountains. Soil ill- watered and infertile, but contains iron mines. Climate hot; the palm and carob grow freely. Chief cities, Murcia, Albacete, Cartagena, Elche & Lorca. — Murcia, the cap., is situated in a rich irrigated tract on the Segura, here crossed by a fine bridge, 28 m. N.N.W. Cartagena. Pop. (1845) 43,488, Streets narrow & irregular ; houses gaily painted, & adorned with grotesque carvings. It has a richly decorated cathedral, 10 other churches, a large episcopal palace, several colleges, hospital, custom-house, trades' hall, some public libraries, botanic garden, and a castle. It has»been termed the " dullest city in Spain," but it has some trade in silk and in red pepper, with potteries, cloth mills, white lead works, and tanneries. Its go- vernment factories of nitre and gunpowder arfe now almost inactive. It was rebuilt by the Moors from the materials of the Roman Murgi : the French took, and sacked it in 1810. MuBDE Babbez, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aveyron, cap. cant., 34 m. N.N.E. Rodez. Pop. 1,666. MuEE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Isere, cap. cant., 19 m. S. Grenoble. Pop. 3,333, chiefly employed in manufs. of packing cloth and nails. MuRET, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Garonne, 10 m. S.W. Toulouse, Pop, 2,320, chiefly employed in manufacturing porcelain, tanning leather, & weaving coarse worsted stuffs. MuRFREESBOBOUGH, a viU,, U, S,, N, Amer., Tennessee, 30 m, S.E, Nashville. Pop. 1,500. It has a court-house, gaol, market-ho., & academy. MuBG, a riv, of S. Germany, \yiirtemberg and Baden, to a circ, of which latter it formerly gave name, rises in the Black forest, and after a N. course of 40 m, joins the Rhine 4 m. N. Ras- adt. — II. a riv. of Switzerland, cant. Thurgau, .oinsthe Thur, 1^ m. N. Frauenfeld, — III, a vill. Jof Baden, circ. Upper Rhine, 33 m. S. Freyburg, on the Rhine, Pop. 1,000. MuEi, two vills. of Switzerland. — I. cant, and 2 m. S.E. Bern, and where Charles x. resided during apart of the French revolutionary period. — II. cant. Aargau, 18 m. S.E. Aarau, with a rich Benedictine abbey, & some silk manufs, P, 1,900. MuRiALDO, a town of N. Italy, div. Genoa, mand. and 4i m. S.S.W, Millesimo. Pop. 2,600. MiJRrTZ Lake, a lake of N. Germany, Meck- lenb.-Schwerin, immed. S. Waren. Length N. to S, 19 m. It communic. on the N. with L. Flesen. MoBNATj, a market town of Upper Bavaria, 38 m. S.S.W. Munich. Pop. 1,500. MuBO, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, 19 m. N.W. Potenza. Pop. 2,000.-11. a vill., prov. and 8 m. W.S.W. Otranto. Pop. 1,600.-111. a market town of Spain, prov. Alicante. Pop. 2,786.— IV. a town of the island Majorca, 25 m. N.E. Palma. Pop. 2,300. MoROM, a town of Russia, gov. & 70 m. E.S.E. Vladimir, cap. circ, on the Oka. Pop. 6,600. It comprises a Kreml or citadel, and two other quarters, a cathedral of the 16th century, and upwards of 17 other churches, several convents ; manufs. of linens, leather, soap, & earthenwares, which last ai'tioles, with a considerable quantity of corn, are exported to St. Petersburg. MuBOS, a town of Spain, prov. Coruiia, 30 m. W.S.W. Santiago. P. 3,912, engaged in fishing. Mdbbat is the principal riv. hitherto disco- MDR 901 MUS vered in Australia, and formed by the junction of numerous streams W. of the Australian Alps, whence it proceeds very tortuously W.ward through 9 deg. of Ion. ; & after passing through Lake Victoria, it enters the ocean (Encounter Bay) in lat. 35° 20' S., Ion. 139° E. Affls. the Bayungun, Morumbidgee, with the Lachlan, and probably the Darling. It is navigable in a great part of its extent, and in its lower part is a noble river, but its mouth is too shallow to be entered by large ships. — Cos, of New South Wales and West Australia, have this name. MuBEAT, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New Tork, 243 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 2,675.— Murray Sound and Harhour are amongst the Amherst isls., off the S.E. extremity of Corea; and Murray isls., a group in Torres Strait, lat. 9° 56' S., Ion. 144° 6' E. MuBUATSHiRE, Scotland. [Mokay.] McRBHARDT, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, on the Murr, an afB. of the Neckar, 24 m. N.E. Stuttgart. Pop. 2,400. It was almost wholly destroyed by fire in 1765. MuEROES, or MniEHonsE, a pa. of Scotl., co. Forfar, 5 ra. N.E.Dundee. Area 7 sq.m. P. 736. MuES, aoomm. & vill. of France, dep. Maine-et- Jjoire, 6 m. S. Angers, on the Lubancy. P. 1,700. MuESLET, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, 3 m. E.N.E. Winslow. Area 2,840 ac. Pop. 479. Mdkston, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 1 m. E. Milton. Area 920 ac. Pop. 167. MnRTE^f, a town of Switzerland. [Morat.] MnETON, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Northumber- land, pa. Tynemouth, 3 m. N.W. South Shields, fop. 503. Mdeviedro (Saguntum), a fortified town of Spain, prov. and 14 m. N.N.E. Valencia, on the Canales, 3 m. from the Mediterranean. P. (1845) 7,476. It stands at the foot of a mntn., along which run long lines of walls and towers ; and is noted for its Roman antiquities, comprising the remains of a theatre and a circus. Here are also a strong Moorish castle, a convent on the site of a temple of Diana, & some Moorish cisterns, &c. Saguntum was of Greek foundation ; it was taken by Hannibal, b.o. 219, after an arduous seige of 8 months, & its capture led to the second Punic war. MuEviEL, a comm. and town of France, dep. H^rault, 8 m. N.W. Bezilres. Pop. 1,740. Mdbzzuschlag, a vill. of Styria, on the Murz, 24 151. N.E. Briick, with a station on the railway betw. Vienna and Cilly, a Franciscan convent, & near it iron works- & scythe factories. Pop. 900. Musa, a town of Arabia, Yemen, 20 m. N.E. Mocha, and having a garrisoned fort. Mdsbach, or Muschbach, a market town of Rhenish Bavaria, 12 m. W.N.W. Spires. Musbuet, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 3 m. E.N.E. Colyton. Area 2,660 ac. Pop. 495.— II. a tnshp,, CO. Lancaster, pa. Bury, 3 m. S.W. Haslingden. Pop. 1,386. Muscat, Imamat of, an extensive and power- ful state of Arabia, comprising the E. portion of that peninsula, its authority &o extending over its S.E. coast nearly as far as Aden, and over parts of the coast of Persia on the Persian gulf, and that of E. Africa from the equator S. to Cape Delgado. Area and pop. not ascertained. Be- sides Muscat, the cap., this dom. comprises the towns Rostab, Muttra in Arabia, and Juba, Me- linda, Mombas, Magadoxo, Bravah, Quiloa, and Lyudy in Africa, with the isls. Zanzibar, Socotra, &e., and it has an active trade with all the adja- cent countries, & with British India. The Imaum has a patriarchal & despotic sway, and the most eflicient naval force of any native prince from the Cape of Good Hope to Japan Muscat or Mascua (probably the Mosea of Arrian), a forti- fied maritime city of E. Arabia, cap. above dom'., on a peninsula in the Arabian sea, lat. 23° 37' N, Ion, 58° 35' E. Pop. 40,000 (?). It is surrounded by heights all strongly fortified ; streets narrow, and houses mostly only one story in height ; but it has some good stone buildings erected by the Portuguese, who held it from 1607 to 1648 ; other edifices, chiefly in a Persian style of architecture, a new aqueduct, &c. The harbour of the city is well sheltered, and has deep water. Muscat is the grand emporium of E. Arabia, and the key to the entrance of the Persian galf. Imports have been estimated at 900,000?. in value annu- ally, and consist ciiiefly of almonds, aloes, assafos- tida, gum ammoniac, sulphur, nitre, gum copal, frankincense, coffee, pearls, ivory, horns, hides, wax from Persia and Aft'ica, most of which are re-exported to India and the East ; the returns thence being made in British and Indian cotton goods, shawls, China manufs. Large quantities of dates, as also wheat, horses, salt, and dried fish, are among the principal exports. The port is usually touched at by vessels going up the Per- sian gulf. Though the country around it is sterile, a plentiful supply of provisions may gener- ally be obtained at Muscat. MnsGEAVE (Great), a pa. of England, co. Westmoreland, 2 m. W.S.W. Brough. Area 2,940 ac. P. 167. It has a well endowed school. It takes its name from the Musgrave family, who came into England with the Conqueror. Mush, a town of Asiatic Turkey. [Moosh J Mushed, a city of N.E. Persia, [Meshed.]— Mushed-i-Sir is a maritime town of Persia, prov. Mazanderan, 10 m. N. Bal&ush, consisting of about 200 houses scattered around the Babol River at its mouth in the Caspian sea. MusKAu, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 67 m. W.N.W. Liegnitz, cap. principality, on the Niesse. Pop. 2,037. It has a palace of Prince Pukler Muskau, manufactures of woollen cloths, and mineral springs. Muskeert, a mountainous dist. of Ireland, Munster, in the centre of the co. Cork. Area about 311,000 ac. Pop. 90,511. It is divided into the baronies of E. and W. Muskerry. MusKHAM, two pas. of England, co. Notts. — ^I. (iVorift), 3m. N.N. W.Newark. Ac. 2,180. P. 825. — IL(SoMr, JlrssLBDOM, or Musandam, (Cape), a headland of Arabia, on an island at the entrance of the Pei-sian Gulf, lat. 26° 24' N., Ion. S6° 34° E. It is an abrupt basaltic rock, 200 feet above the sea. MussiDAN, a comm. and town of France, dep. Dordogne, 19 m. S.W. P^rigueux, on the Isle. P. 1,800, chiefly employed in mining and iron-works. MossOMELLi, a town of Sicily, prov. dist. and 19 m. W.N.W. Caltanisetta. Pop. 9,290. Mdsst, two comms. & vills. of France. — I. (rar- Seine)j dep. Aube, arr. & 10 m. S.S.E. Bar-sur- Seine. Pop. 1,720. — II. (sous-Dun), dep. Saone- et-Loire, arr. & 14 m. S. Charolles. Pop. l,oSO. MusTAPHABAD, P. Considerable town of N.W. Hindostan, Sikh territory, 25 m.E.S.E.Umballah. McsTAPHA Pasha, a town of Europ. Turkey, Rumili, on the Maritza, 20 m. N.W. Adrianople. Pop. 2,000. — II. {Palanha), Rumili, on the Nis- sava, 20 m. S. E. Nissa. Pop. 2,000. Mdstox, 2 pas. of England. — I. co. Leicester, 5J m. W.N."W. Grantham. Area 1,500 ac. Pop. 351. The poet Crabbe died rector of this pa. in 1833.— n. CO. York, E. Riding, 9i m. N.N.W. Bridlington. Area 1,860 ac. Pop. 417. Mdstung, a town of "W. India, Beloochistan, prov. Sarawan, 7 m. N.E. Kelat, on the route to Shawl, and consisting of about 400 houses. MuTEonn, a town of S. India, Mysore dom., 40 m. W.S.W. Chittledroog. MuTFOBD, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, with a station on a branch of the Eastern Counties rail- way, 4J m. E.S.E. Beeeles. Area 1,400 ac. P. 415. Mdthili,, a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth, 4 m. S. Crieff. Area about 76 sq. m. Pop. 3,067 ; do. of vill., which is beautifully situated, and remark- ably well built, 1,089. In its vicinity are the fine remains of Drnmmond castle. Mhthvet, three small rivers of Wales, cos. Carmarthen, Cardigan, and Merioneth, the two former trib. to the Towy, the last to the Avon. Mdtova, one of the Kurile isls., in the N. Pa- cific O., belonging to Russia, nearly intermediate between Japan and Kamtchatka. Length 20 m. It has an active volcano, and fertile valleys. Mtjtshen, or Mutzschen, a town of Saxony, circ. and 22 m. E.S.E. Leipzig. Pop. 1,522, partly employed in crystal mines. Mdtshkovo, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. Tver, 22 m. N. Staritza. Pop. 2,1 00. MuTiEBSHOLZ, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. B. Rhin, on the 111, arrond. Schelestadt. P. 1,980. MuTTERSTADT, a mkt. town of Rhenish Bava- ria, cap. dist., 6 m. S.W. Mannheim. Fop. 2,700. MnTTON Island, a fortified islet in Galway bay, Irel., Connaught, co. & IJ m. S. Galway. It has a light-house, with fixed light. Lat. 53° 16' 14' N., Ion. 9° 3' 26' W. Muttra, or Matakah, a populous town of E. Arabia, dom. and 3 m. S.W. Muscat. MoTzio, a comm. and town of France, dep. B. Rhm, on the Brache, 13 m. W.S.W. Strasbourg. Pop. 3,564, many of whom are employed hi a na- tional manufactory of fire-arms. Muzn.LAC, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Morbilian, 14 m. S.E. Vannes, and about 3 m. ft'om the mouth of the Vilaine. Pop. 1,213. MuzurFERNDGGEK, a populous town of British India, presid. Bengal, Upper provs., cap. dist., 44 m. S. Seharunpoor. For MuzuJ/lrabadf see Mazufuebad. — MuzuffRrpoor is a town, prov. Bahar, 36 m. N.N.E. Patna. Mtaconda, a town and fort of India, Mysore dom., 22 m. W.N.W. Chittledroog. — Myer, or Myhur, is a large and meanly built town, presid. Bengal, Saugur dist., 40 m. N. Chandah. Myan-aong, a decayed town of the Burmese dom., prov. Pegu, on the W. bank of the Irra- wadi, 38 m. S.S.E. Prome. MrcEN^, a ruined city of Greece, Morea, gov. and 5 ra. N.N.E. Argos, near the vill. Krabata, and with Tiryns, only a few m. distant, present- ing some of the most remarkable Pelasgian re- mains extant, comprising the whole circuit of the ancient citadel, the treasury of Atreus, and some smaller buildings. MvcoNE, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, gov. Syra, among the N. Cyclades, 5 m. S.E. Tinos. Area 46 sq. m. Pop. 6,000, of whom about 6,000 are in the town Mycone, on its W. side. The isl. is of granite formation, and pro- duces (mly a little corn, but has an active export trade in wine, figs, and hides, and abounds with game. It has several good ports, viz., those of the town Mycone, Onos, Port Palermo on the N., & St Anne on its S.E. side ; & its inhabs. are reputed to be among the best sailors in the Levant. Mtoeim, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Carmarthen, 6^ m. N.N.W. Llangharne. Pop. 1,110. MiDEEcnT, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. & 14 m. N.N.W. Utrecht. Pop. 2,859. Mterscough, a township of Engl., co, and pa. Lancaster, 3 m. S. Garstang. Pop. 504. MvLAu, or MuHLAu, a town of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, 10 m. N.N.E. Plauen. Pop. 2,611. Mtlok, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 3 m. E. Penryn. Area 1,390 ac. Pop. 2,669. Myr-os, a vill. of Greece, Morea, gov. and 4^ m. S. Argos, near the Lernean marsh (where Her- cules destroyed the hydra), and where in the late Greek struggle D. Ypsilanti, with 600 men, de- feated Egyptian troops of double that force. Mtmunsingh, a dist. of British India, enclosed by Rungpoor, Dacca, Sylhet, &e., intersected by the Brahmaputra and several of its arms, and bordered N. and N.E. by the Cossyah hills. Area upwards of 5,000 sq. m. Pop. (1838) 1,624,183. Soil very fertile. Rice, mustard, ghee, sugar, cotton, timber, animal products, and cotton cloths, are lie principal articles of trade. The inhabitants are Hindoos and Mussulmen. Land rev. (1829-30) 72,862/ Mymunsingh, or Nusserabad, the chief town, is on the Brahmapu- tra, rt. bank, 84 m. N.N.W. Dacca. Other towns are Serajgunge, with an extensive river traflio, & Bassetpore, with manufs. of fine fabrics sent in large quantities to Dacca. MvNVDDMAEN, a hamlct of England, co. Mon- mouth, pa. Mynyddyslwyn, 4| m. N.N.E. Caer- philly. Pop. 866. Mynydbtsi-wtn, a pa. of Engl., co. Monmouth, 8J m. W.N.W. Newport. Area 15,610 ac. Pop. 6,385, mostly employed in collieries. Mid, asmall isl. of the Asiatic Archip., between Celebes & Gilolo. Lat. 1° 10' N., Ion. 126° 40' E. Mvoo, a river of Aracan, British India, enters the Bay of Bengal about 20 m. W. the mouth of the Aracan river, after a S. course of 110 m., na- vigable for the last 30, for vessels of between 160 and 200 tons, though its mouth, 3 m. in width, is encumbered by sand-banks. MTO 906 NAC M vos HoBHOS, a port of Egypt, on the Red Sea, nearly opposite its bifurcation into the gulfs of Snez and Akabah, and anciently famous as an emporium of the trade between Egypt and India, but now wholly uninhabited. M7KA, a decayed town of Asia Minor, on its S. coast, lat. 36° 17' N., Ion. 30° 3' E. Mtkoss, a pa. of Irel., Munster, co. Cork,l^m. B. Castle Townsend. Area 4,119 ac. Pop. 3,741. It has the vestiges of an abbey. Myslenice, a town of Austrian Poland, Gali- cia, eirc. Wadowioe, cap. dist., on the Baba, an afB. of the Vistula, 18 m. S. Cracow. Pop. 2,000. Mtslowitz, a market town of Prussian Silesia, reg. Oppeln, on the Polish frontier, and with a station on the Breslau and Cracow railway, 116 m. S.E. Breslau. Pop. 2,580. Near it are mines of coal and zinc. Mysol, an island of the Asiatic Archipelago, N. of Ceram. Lat. 2° S., Ion. 130° E. Length 50 m., breadth 15 m. It has several vills. and harbours, & exports birds, pearls, shells, & slaves. Mysore (Hind. Maheshasura), a state of S. India, subsid. to the British, consisting of a table land between lat. 11° 35' and 15° N., and Ion. 74° 45' and 78° 45' E. Enclosed everywhere by the Madras territories, and bounded E. and W. by the ghauts. Surface generally undulating, and at Bangalore 3,000 feet above the sea. Area 27,000 sq. m. Pop. 3,500,000. Principal rivers, the Cavery, and others, have all a N.E. or S.E. course. Climate agreeable : temp, from 70° to 84° Fahr. Much of the surface is poor, but in the N. are good pasture lands, and in the W. exten- sive forests. Rice, sesamum, betel, sugar, to- bacco, ginger, fruits, various drugs, and some European grains, are raised. The condition of the peasantry is reported to be better than in most parts of India. Iron, granite, and pot-stone, are abundant. Inhabitants mostly Hindoo, but in and about the towns are many Mohammedans. Annual rev. estimated at 800,000/. Subsid, to the Anglo-Indian army 400 cavalry, and 4 regi- ments of infantry are maintained for home ser- vice. Chief cities and towns, Seringapatam, the cap., Bangalore, residence of a British com- missioner, Mysore, Bednore, Chitteldroog, and Shemocca. Hyder All resisted the British power in this part of India from 1780 ; on the death of his son Tippoo Saib 1799, a large extent of territory was ceded; the state became suh- siduary to the British, and the young heir of the ancient rajahs was restored. — Mysore, a town in the above state, is 9 m. S."W. Seringapatam. Under Hyder AH, and Tippoo, it fell into decay, but it has latterly regained importance, and con- sists of a well built native town, a fort, and a good suburb, in which is the British residency. Mystic Rivek,U. S.,N. Amer., Massachusetts, enters Charleston Bay, 1 m. N. Boston II. Connecticut, enters the Atlantic E. the Thames. On it, 2 m. from its mouth, are Mystic, & Mystic Bridge vills., connected by a bridge across the river ; navigable thence for vessels of 400 tons. Myszsieo, a town of Poland, prov. Plock, 23 m. N.N.W. Ostrolenka. MvTioHY, a vill. of Russia, gov. and 14 m. N.E. Moscow, which is hence supplied with water by means of an aqueduct. MYWooLLA,anisl. of the Pacific. [Feejee Isls.] MzczoNow, a town of Poland, gov. and 27 ra. S.W. Warsaw. Pop. 1,050. MzENSE, or Mtzensk, a town of Russia, gov. and 30 m. N.E. Orel, cap. dist., on the Mzena. Pop. 6,000. It has a large trade in corn & hemp, and was formerly important as a military post. N Naaf, or Tek-Naap, a river of British India, Aracan, enters the E. side of the Bay of Bengal, at Mungdoo, after a S. course of 60 m. It is broad, navigable, and has densely wooded banks. Naaghi, a vill. of Afghanistan, 17 m. S.W. Bajour. Lat. 34° 49' N., Ion. 71° 15' E. Some authorities have supposed it to be the Aornus of the historians of Alexander, the captiire of which was one of his most extraordinary exploits. Naaldwtk, a vill. of Netherlands, prov. S. Hol- land, 13 m. W.N.W. Rotterdam. Pop. of pa. 3,365. Naakdes, a fortified town of the Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, cap. dist., near the Zuyder- Zee, 12 m. E.S.E. Amsterdam. Pop. 2,590. Naas, a mkt. town & pa. of Irel., Leinster, co. Eildare, on a branch of the Grand canal, 9 m. S.W. Dublin. Area of pa. 5,626 ac. Pop. 4,863; do. of town, 3,471. It gives title of Viscount to the Earl of Mayo. Nab, a navigable river of Bavaria, circs. Cpp. Main and Palatine, joins the Danube, 3 m. W. Regensburg, after a S. course of 90 m. Chief affl., the Vils, — The Nab-light is a flioatiug-bea- con in the English channel, 2 m. off the E. end of the Isle of Wight. Nabajoa, a river of Upper California, joins the Colorado river, lat. 37° N., Ion. 112° W., after a W.ward course estimated at 250 miles. Nabal, a marit. town of N. Africa, dom. & 43 m. S.E. Tunis, on the Gulf of Sidra. Near it are vestiges of the ancient NeapolU. Nabuuro, a town of Bavaria, circ. Upp. Palat., on the Nab, 31 m, N. Regensburg. Pop. 1.660. NABtons, Naeulds, or Napolose (ane. She- chem, Mabarfha, and Neapolis), a city of Pales • tine, pash. Acre, and anciently the cap. of Sama- ria, 33 m. N. Jerusalem. It is long and narrow, stretching along a small valley on the N.E. base of Mount Gerizim ; streets close, but houses lofty, and well built of stone, with domed roofs. Es- timated pop. 8,000, comprising about 500 Greek Christians, and 150 Jews, descendants of the anc. Samaritans, and who occupy the S.W. quarter, where they have a synagogue, with a collection of anc. M SS. Here are several mosques and ba- zaars, a Greek church, manuis. of superior soap, and cotton fabrics. Damascus, and the Mediter- ranean ports, receive hence supplies of oil, cot- ton, and other agricultural products, its vicinity being well cultivated. Near it are various scrip- tural localities, including Jacob's well, and a holy place of the Samaritans, on Mount Gerizim, on which also are the ruins of a fortress erected under Justinian. Nab ON, a river of Persia, prov. Fars, enters the Persian Gulf, opposite Cape Nabon, 160 m. S.E. Bushire, after a S. course of 115 m. On it, near its mouth, is the vill. Nabon, or Nabend. Naciioo, a town of Bohemia, circ. & 19 m. N.E. Koniggratz, on the Mettau. Pop. 2,186. Naokel, or Naklo, a town of Pniss. Poland, reg. & 18 m.W. Bromberg, on the Netze. P. 2,138. Nackinqton, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 2\ m. S.S.E. Canterbury. Area 950 ac. Pop. 113. Naoogdoches, a town of Texas, cap. dist., 160 m. N. Galveston. Pop. 1,000. NAC 907 NAH Hacton, a pa. of Engl., oo. Suffolk, 41 m. S.E. Ipswich. Area 2,380 ac. Pop. 765. Nabaun, a town of Uindostan, Punjab, on the Beas, 84 m. E.N.E. Amritsir. It is celebrated for fine gardens. Nabaun, a small town of the Punjab, in the Jul- lunder Doab, 43 m. N.W. Belaspoor, on the S. b. of the Beas, here 350 yards wide, and with a greatly frequented ferry on the route from the British dom. into Cashmere. Its vicinity is pro- verbial for beauty aud fertility, and neai' it is the funous Hindoo temple, Jewala Muki. Nadudvar, a market town of Hungary, co. Szabolcs, 21 m. W.S.W. Debreczin. Pop. 6,171. — Nadwoma is a mkt. town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, circ. and 22 m. S. Stanislowow. Naefels, a Till, of Switzerland, cant, and 4 m. N. Glarus, cap. dist., on the Linth. Pop. 1,900. It is famous for an action fought 8th April 1388, between 1,300 Swiss and B,000 Austrian troops, which latter were totally defeated. K^BiH, a marit. pa. of Norway, stift Christian- sand, amt. and 23 m. S.W. Stavanger, on the N. Sea. Pop. 1,700. Naffebton, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Kid- ing, 2 m. E.N.E. Great Driffield. Area 5,130 ac. Pop. 1,371. Rev. of charities (1822) 5\l. NAOAMANGA1.0M, a fortified town of India, Dec- can, Mysore dom., 28 m. N. Seringapatam. Its citadel contains two temples, & a ruined palace. Naggab, a considerable walled town of Afgha- nistan, in the plain of Banco, 65 m. S.W. Pesha- wer, and having a good bazaar. Naggbee, or Nagei-kote, a fort & important military station of N. Hindostan, state and 25 m. Sj;. Sikkim. Naghebt, a town of Brit. India, presid. & 58 re. W.N."W. Madras. Nagold, a town of WUrtemberg, circ. Black Forest, cap. dist., on the Nagold, 16 m. W. Tu- bingen. Pop. 2,397. It has manufs. of wooDens. Nagoebcssv, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. Tirhoot, 42 m. N.E. Patna. NAGOEE,several towns of India. — I. Brit. India, presid. & prov. Bengal, dist. Birbhoom, of which it was once the cap., 117 m. N.W. Calcutta, on the route to Patna, and seated in the midst of an area 10 m. in diameter, enclosed by a mud ram- part and trench. — II. presid. Madras, dist. & 48 m. E. Tanjore, on the Velloor, or Nagore river, a branch of the Cavery, at its mouth in the In- dian O., & here crossed by a fine 9-arched bridge. It is populous, busy, & well built. Chief edifices, its mosques, and a square tower, 150 ft, in height. —III. Kajpootana, cap. dist., dom. & 70 m. N.E. Joudpoor, fortified, having a dense population, and noted for its manufs of brass & iron wares. Nagotama, a considerable town of Brit. India, presid. Bombay, dist. Concan, 37 m. S.S.E. Bom- bay, on a river, here crossed by a noble stone bridge, 480 feet in length, con.structed by a Mo- hammedan prince at a cost of 30,000^ Nagpooe (or Beeae Dominion), a territory of India, Deccan, under British protection, compris- ing a part of Berar prov., with a large part of the old prov. Gundwanah, the whole between lat. 18° and 23° N., and Ion. 78° and 83° E., having S.W. the Nizam's dom., and on other sides the presids. Bengal and Madras. Estim. area 26,700 sq. m., and pop. 3,200,000. Its N. part is a high table land, whence the surface slopes S.ward to the plains watered by the rivers Wurdah and Wyne- gunga. Wheat, maize, peas, cotton, rice, sugar, betel, and tobacco are raised ; and a good deal of land has been brought under culture since the British have had the superinteudence of the country. A large extent of territory belongs to zemindars, who only pay a quit-rent to the go- vernment, of which they are in other respects in- dependent. In the more civilized parts, the rev. is collected under the village-settlement. [Inbia.] Iron is produced in large quantities; marble, tale, and limestone, are important. Many brass, copper, and other metal wares are made in the towns ; other manufs. are coarse blanketing, cotton cloths, turbans, & some silk fabrics, which, with raw cotton, grain, lac, and wax, are the chief exports. Principal imports, salt, cocoa nuts, and coral from the coast, European & Chinese goods from Bombay, and rich woven fabrics, bullion, nitre, indigo, sugar candy, and spices, from other parts of India. The country appears to be pretty well governed. Public rev. (1839-40) 486,686?. The rajah pays an annual subsidy of 80,000?., & is bound to furnish to the Bengal army a contingent of 1,000 cavalry. Standing army, about 6,000 men. Principal towns, Nagpoor, Chandah, Chamoory, Ryepoor, & Rnttunpoor. — Nagpoor {Nagapura, " the town of serpents "), is the cap., situated 100 m. E. Ellichpoor. Lat. 21° 9' N., Ion. 79° 11' E. It is about 6 m. in circ, and enclosed by walls, but meanly built. In 1825, it was estimated to have 115,000 inhabs., and 27,000 houses, but of which only 1,300 were of mason work, the rest being mere mud huts, collected on a swampy site, and interspersed with dense groves. It has, how- ever, a considerable transit trade, with some ma- nufs. of silk and cotton goods, arms, and superior native cutlery, besides two palaces, and outside of its walls some gardens of the rajah, and other wealthy inhabitants. Nagy (Hung. Great), a prefix to the names of several towns, &c., in Hungaiy and Transylvania. — I. (N.-Abony), W. Hungary, co. and 49 m. S.E. Pesth. Pop. (1845) 7,527.-11. {N.-Ag), a vill. of Transylvania, co. Hunyad, 15 m. N.N.E. Vajda- Hunyad. The pop. are employed in the adjacent mines, which, on an average of 20 years, yield gold & silver to the value of 20,000 guldern annu- ally. — III. {N.-Sajom), co. Sumegh, near Marc- zall. Pop. 2,054. — IV. {N.-Banya, Germ. Neu- siadt), a town of E. Hungary, circ. & 32 m. E.S.E. Szathmar, in a deep valley, near the Transylva- nian frontier. Pop. 5,500. It has churches of various sects, and a Roman Catholic college, and is the cap. of one of the principal mining dists. of Hungary, most of its inhabs. being employed in mining industry. — V. {N.-Biitcsa), co. Trentshin, Pop. 2,980. — VI. (N.-Bochsco), co. Marmor, 6 m. N.E. Szigeth. Pop. 2,285 VII. {Enyed, Germ. Egidstadt), a mkt. town of Transylvania, on the M!aros, 17 m. N.N.E. Karlsburg, "with 6,448 in- habs., a Protestant college, a museum, cavalry barracks, and public library. — VIII. (Kallo), [Kallo Nagy.] — IX. (Kanisa), [Kanisa Nagy.] — X. (Karoly), a market town, co. Szathmar, 37 m. E.N.E. Debreczin. Pop. (1846) 12,066.— XI. (Kata), CO. and 32 m. E.S.E. Pesth, with 4,000 in- habs., a castle, Roman Catholic church, & large cattle markets.— XII. {Michaly, Germ. Gross- Michel), a mkt. town, co. & 20 m. E.N.E. Zemplin. P. 1,600. — The A'izjry, a riv., circ. Marmaros, joins the Theiss near Huszth. [Enyed Nagy.] Nahan, a town of N. Hindostan, Gurwhal, cap. rajahship Sirmore, 46 m. N.W. Seharunpore. — Nahanpara is a town of Oude dom., 78 m. N.E, Lucknow. Nahant, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., Mas- sachusetts, comprising a peninsula in Massachu- setts Bay, 14 m. N.E. Boston, with which it com- municates by steamers. It has a spacious hotel, and manv '^as being a place of summer resort. NAH 908 NAM Nahe, a river of "W. Germany, joins the Rhine at Bingen, after a N.E. course of 60 m. between the territories of Saxe-Coburg, Rhenish Bavaria, and Hessen-Barmstadt on the S. & E., and parts of Oldenburg and Prussia on the N. & W. It is navigable for 20 m. Affls., the Glan & Simmer. NiHB, several rivers of Asiatic Turkey, the principal being N.-el-Kebir, Syria, entering the Mediterranean, 20 m. N. Tripoli, after a W.ward course of 35 m. — The Nahrawan was an ancient canal, Assyria and Babylonia, which proceeded from the Tigris, near the confl. of, the Zab, for 450 m. towards the Persian Gulf, with a breadth of from 120 to 130 yards, as is still discernible. Nail*, a town of Bavaria, circ. Upp. Franconia, cap. dist., 27 m. N.N.E. Bayreuth. Pop. 1,610. Naillocx, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. H. Garonne, cap. cant., 18 m. S. Toulouse. P. 1,350. Nailsea, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, with a Stat, on the Great Western railway, 8 m. W.S. W. Bristol. Area 2,960 ao. Pop. 2,560. It has large manufs. of crown glass, and extensive coal works. Nailstone, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 3 m. N.N.E. Market-Bosworth. Area3,000ac. P. 710. Nailsworth, a hamlet of Engl., co. Glo'ster, pas. Avening and Minchinhampton, 2 m. W.S. W. Minohinhampton. Population employed in ma- nufactures of woollens. Nain (mod. Nein), a hamlet of Palestine, pasb. & 24 m. S.E. Acre, now insignificant, but memor. as the place of the miracle recorded in St Luke. Naib, or Neir, a town of India, Deccan, Ni- zam's dom., 52 m. S.E. EUichpoor. Nairn, a royal & contrib. pari, bor., & seaport town, and pa. of Scotl., cap. co., and on the small river Nairn, at its influx in the Moray firth, 16 m. N.E. Inverness. Area of pa. about 27 sq. m. Pop. 3,393 ; pop. of town 2,672. Streets mostly narrow, and houses antique. It has a stone bridge across the Nairn, co. hall, with court-house and jail ; an academy, large hotel, baths, 3 branch banks, and a harbour for small vessels mostly employed in fisheries. Market, Friday. Corp. rev. (1840) 29il. The bor. unites with Inverness, Forres, and Fortrose, in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1848) 89. In the vicinity is Cawdor castle, which gave title of Thane to Mac- beth, and now gives that of Earl to a branch of the Campbell family. NAIRN.SHIKE, a small marit. co. of Scotl., hav- ing N. the Moray firth, E. the co. Elgin, S. & W. Inverness-shire. Area, including detached dists. in Elgin, Inverness, and Ross, estimated at 200 sq. m., or 128,000 ac, about 70,000 of which are cultivated. Inhab. houses, 2,235. Pop. 9,917. Surface mostly rugged & mntnous., except along the coast. Principal rivers, Nairn and Findhorn. The agriculture of this co. closely resembles that of Morayshire. It has neither mines nor manufs. of importance. It is div. into 6 pas., besides parts of pas. Chief town, Nairn. It is under one she- riff with Elgin, and unites with that co. in send- ing 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1848) 116. Najao, a comm. & town of France, dep. Avey- ron, arr. and 9 m. S.S.W. Villefranohe, on the Aveyron. Pop. 1,863. It has manufs. of serges. Naix, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Mouse, arrond. Bar-le-Duc, on the site of the ancient Nadum, and where numerous fine statues, and other Roman antiquities, have been discovered. Naizin, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Mor- bihan, 8 m. S.E. Pontivy. Pop. 2,003. Najeba, a town of Spain, prov. & 16 m. W.S.W. Logrono, on the Najeriila. Pop. 2,746. It is pleasantly situated at the foot of a mntn. range, div. into 2 parts by the river, and though once the seat of the court of Navarra, is now in decay. It is remarkable in history as the scene of an obstinate battle between the troops of Peter the Cruel, and his brother Henry, 2d April 1367. Najebilla, ariver of Spain, rises in the mntns. W. Almarza, prov. Burgos, and flows N.N.E. into the Ebro, 10 m. below Najera : course 40 miles. Nakab-al-Hajak, a ruined city of S. Arabia, Hadramaut, in lat. 14° 40' N.,lon. 47° 35' E.,ina fertile valley, consisting of remains of towers,eu- closed by a wall, and supposed by Wellsted to date from a very remote period, Nakel, a town of Prussia, reg. and 17 m. W. Bromberg, on theNetze. Pop. 2,860. Nakhchevan, or Nakhshivan (" first place of descent"), a town of Asiatic Russia, Transcau- casia, cap. prov., near the Aras, 83 ra. S.E. Eri- vau. Pop. in 1830 consisted of 2,000 Mohamme- dan, and 800 or 900 Armenian families (Smith and Dwight, p. 257) ; but it was mostly ruined during the last Russian and Persian war, and at the above date was in a deplorable condition. It claims, however, the repute of being " the oldest city in the world;" its Armenian name & tradition implying that the tenants of the ark first resided here after the flood ; and its vicinity is so fertile in fruits, especially gi'apes, as to de- serve the repute of being the region where " Noah began to be a husbandman, and planted a vineyard." (Gen. ix. 20.) But it is, however, noted for insalubrity. The prov. Nakhchevan, separated S.ward ii-om Persia by the Aras, has on other sides the provs. Erivan and Karabagb, & comprises also the towns Abbasabad, Mergeri, and Terra Kali. Nakhitohevan, a town of Russia, gov. Eka- terinoslav, on the Don, 18 m. S.W. Novo-Tcher- kask. Pop. (1838) 10,000. It was founded by an Armenian colony, in 1780, and is the residence of the Armenian patriarch in Russia. It is built in the oriental style. Principal edifices, several handsome Armenian churches, convents, and a bazaar. It has manufs. of silk and cotton stuffs, soap, and leather, with numerous distilleries, and an extensive trade with Astrakhan, Mozdok, Constantinople, and Circassia, being, with the contiguous town Rostov, a principal entrepot of the Don, and of the commerce from Tanganiog to the interior of Russia. Nakhodeh, a large vill. of Persia, prov. Azer- bijan, S.S.W. Urumiyah, cap. the fertile dist. Solduz, formerly the see of a Christian bishop. Nakilo, or Nackiloo, a marit. town of Persia, pro V. Laristan, on the Persian Gulf, 50 m. W.N .W. Charrack, with a fort and a pearl fishery. Nakskov, a seaport town of Denmark, island Laaland, on a bay of its W. coast, 15 m. N.W. Marieboe. Pop. 2,600. It is enclosed by walls, and has an active trade in corn. Nal, a walled town of Beloochistan, on the W. route from Sonmeeanee to ICelat, Lat. 27° 36' N., Ion. 66° 69' E. It is said to be a town of much antiquity, and has a fort, the stronghold of the Bczunja tribe of Beloochistan. Naxoha, a town of India, Gwalior dom., near Hindia, with remains of some fine edifices. Naldboog, a town of India, Deccan, Nizam's dom., 80 m. W. Boeder. Nalsonda, or Nelgoonda, atovra offfindos- tan, Nizam's dom., 68 m. E.S.E. Hyderabad. Nalliebs, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Vendee, 24 m. S.E. Napoleon- Vendee. P. 1,070. Nalon, a river of N. Spain, rises near Tarna in Asturias, and after a N.W. course of 62 m. past Oviedo, enters the Bay of Biscay near Mm-es. Namaqua Countet, the W. and= marit. por NAM 909 ly AN tion of the Hottentot countrj-, S. Africa, the Great Namaqua land being N., and the Little Namaqua territory S. of Orange river. Namcool, or Namould, a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. Madura, 43 m. N.W. Trichinopoly. Nameszto, a market town of X. Hungary, co. Arva, 16 m. N.N.E. Kubin. Pop. 4,683. Namiescht, a town of Moravia, ciro. and 27 m. N.N.E. Znaym, on the Oslava, here crossed by a handsome stone bridge, ornamented with 20 statues. Pop. 2,200. It has manufs. of fine vooUen cloths and linen. — II. a market town of Moravia, circ. and 8 m. W. Olmutz. Pop. 800. Namslau, a fortified town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 30 m. E. Breslau, cap. circ, on the Weida. Pop. (1846) 4,000. It is enclosed by double walls, and has manufs. of linens and wool- lens : breweries, and considerable cattle fairs. Namuk, a strongly fortified city of Belgium, cap. prov., at the confl. of the Sambre & Mouse, 36 m. S.E. Brussels, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. (1845) 24,362. It has a fine cathedral, churches of St Loup & Notre Dame, a new town hall, and a public library ; its fort- ress is situated on a rock which commands the Mense and the Sambre. It is celebrated for its cutlery, and has manufs. of iron, steel, & bronze articles, foundries, glass works, and tanneries. It has sustained numerous sieges, was taken by Louis XIV. in person in 1692, by the English and Dutch under William in. in 1695, and again by French armies in 1701 & 1746. Under the French empire it was cap. dep. Sambre and Meuse. The prov. of Namur is rich in mines of iron, lead, copper, and coal. Soil fertile in grain, hemp, and lint. Cattle are extensively reared. It is divided into 2 arronds. Chief towns, Namur, and Dinant. Area 1,397 sq. m. P. (1846) 263,430. Nanas, a mkt. town of Central Hungary, circ. Szabolcs, 24 m. N.N.W. Debreezin. Pop. 7,737. Nan-chang, acity of China, cap. prov. Kiang- si, on the Kan-kiang river, 285 m. S.W. Nan- king, in lat. 28° 35' N., Ion. 116° E. Nancowky, one of the Nicobae Islands. Nanct, a comm. and town of France, cap. dep. Meurthe, 29 m. S. Metz, on 1. b of the Meurthe, and on the railway from Paris to Stras- bourg. Pop. (1846) 38,569. This is one of the finest and best built towns of France. In the Place Royale is the town hall, bishop's palace, and abronze statue of Stanislaus, ex -king of Po- land, who embellished the town. The chief build- ings are the cathedral, church of Bon Secours, oarracks, and hospitals. It is a bishop's see, and has a university academy for the deps. Meurthe, Mense, and Vosges, a tribunal of com- merce, national college, normal school, & library of 26,000 vols. ; cabinet of natural history, & a bo- tanic garden. Its embroidery is celebrated, and it has mannfs. of cloths and candles. Nancy was taken by Charles the Bold in 1475, and he was killed while besieging it in 1477. Louis xiii. took it in 1634. Its citadel is still preserved, but its fortifications were destroyed by Louis xiv. Birth-place of General Druot. Nandebe, a town of India, and place of Sikh pilgrimage, Deccan, Nizam's dom., on the Goda- very, 148 m. N.N.W. Hyderabad. It has a Seik college, which, in 1818, was inhab. by 300 students. Nasdode, a town of India, Deccan, dom. and 40 m. S.S.E. Baroda. Nakee, a town in Afghanistan, 10 m. S.S.W. Ghnznee, on the route to Kandahar. Elev. 7,602ft. Nanfio, or Akaphi, Memhliaros, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, S. Cyclades, gov. and 14 m. E. Thera (Santorin). Area 26 sq. in. Pop, 800. Soil mostly barren, but it produces a little corn, with figs and honey, and has on it a Vene- tian castle, and the remains of a temple of Apollo Egletes — Pido Nanfi is a group of rocky islets a little S.E. ward. Nan-gan, a city of China, prov. Kiang-si, cap. dep. on the Kiang, 180 m. N.N.E. Canton. Nangasaki, the principal seaport and com- mercial city of Japan, on the S.W. side of the isl. Kiu-siu, in lat. 32° 44' 8' N., Ion. 129° 51' 53' E. Estimated pop. from 60,000 to 70,000. It stands on a hill slope, and is regularly built and clean. Houses of one storey, built of clay and wood, coated with cement, nirnished with ver- andahs and Venetian blinds, and having oiled paper in place of glass. Chief edifices, are the palaces of the governors, and other grandees, the Dutch and Chinese factories, arsenal, several theatres, and upwards of 60 temples, enclosed by gardens, which, with numerous tea-houses, form the favourite public resorts of the pop. The harbour is about 7 m. in length by 1 m. in breadth, and ships lie securely sheltered in 5 or 6 fathoms water. This is the only port of Japan open to foreign traders, and the Dutch and Chinese who resort to it are confined under strict supervision to the strongly fortified and artifi- cial island Desima, off the shore, and only 600 feet in length by 240 feet across. Shops numer- ous and well supplied, and here are many brew- eries for rice-beer. In 1825, the Dutch imports into Nangasaki, consisting chiefly of sugar, Ne- therland broad cloths, and cotton goods, sandal and sapan woods, bufi'alo hides, ivory, cloves, tin, Bengal piece goods, & other manufactured wares, amounted in value to 31,154Z. ; returns for which were made in camphor, copper, cotton fabrics, drugs, toys, silks. Total amount 12,3131. Nangis, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, 13 m. W. Provins. Pop. 1,719. It has extensive markets for the supply of Paris with meat, butter, eggs, cheese, vegetables, and fruit. Nanka Islands, a group of islets of the Asia- tic Archipelago, in the strait of Banca. Nankin, or Nan-king (" court of the South "), a city, and the ancient cap. of China, cap. prov. Kiang-su, near the Tang-tze-kiang, about 90 m. from its mouth. Lat. 32° 2' N., Ion. 118° 49'E. Pop. estimated at 400,000. Its ancient walls can be traced over hill and dale for 35 m., but Nan- kin has so greatly declined since the transference of the seat of empire to Peking by Kublai-khan in the 13th century, that the modern walls are of much less extent, and the city scarcely oc- cupies l-8th part of the surface enclosed by them, and it is commanded by hills especially on the E., and otherwise ill-calculated for defence. It is divided, as usual in Chinese cities, into a Chinese and a Tartar town, separated by walls and gates. Streets less broad than those of Peking, but handsome, clean, and well-paved. Principal objects of interest are the famousporce- lain tower of 9 stories and 200 feet in height, completed in 1432 at a cost, as stated, of from 700,n00i. to 800,000i. ; and the "tomb of kings" (supposed to be of the Min^ dynasty, a.d. 1328 to 1621), leading to which is a fine-paved road with an avenue of gigantic armed figures. The governor's palace, & an observatory, are worthy of notice. Here are important manufactures of crape, satin of the finest quality, paper, ar- tificial flowers, China or Indian ink, and nan- keen, which hence derives it name, but is also made throughout the whole prov. It is the centre of a very extensive trade, and by the great NAN 910 NAP canal which crosses the Yang-tze-kiang, about 60 m. E.ward, it communicates directly with Pe- king, to which city a good deal of fish is sent hence, among other articles. It is also the place of a grand viceroy, with authority over the Riang provs., of a great military depflt, and the chief seat of literature in the empire. The British forces remained before it from the 10th to the 29th of August 1842, on which last day the final treaty between China and England was signed and ratified. Nan-ling, a mountain chain in China, lat. 26° N., and between Ion. 104° and 118° E., separates the basins of the Yang-tze-kiang and Kan- kiang rivers, N.ward from that of the Hong- kiang and its aflis. S.ward, & the Quang provs. from those of Kwi-Choo and Hou-nau. Nannekck, a pa. of N. Wales, cos. Flint and Denbigh, 5 m. W.S.W. FUnt. Pop. 376. Nan-noang, a city of China, prov. Kiang-si, cap. dep., on Lake Pho-yang, 230 m. S.S.W. Nanchang. Nak-ning, a city of China, prov. Quang-si, cap. dep., 70 m. N. the Gulf of Tonquin. Nantenllew, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Cardigan, 6 m. N. Lampeter. Pop. 774. Nant, a comm. & town of France, dep. Avey- ron, 11 m. E.S.E. Milhau. Pop. 3,134. Nantebke, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Seine, 7 m. S. St Denis, on railway from Paris to St Germain. Pop. 2,539. It has manufs. of glue, and chemical products. Nantes, Condivicnum, afterwards Namnetes, a comm. and city of France, cap. dep. Loire-Inf., 208 m. S.W. Paris. Pop. (1846) 82,993. It has a port on several islands in the Loire, at the oonfl. of the Erdre and Sevre-Nantaise, and at the head of a railway from Tours. Nantes is re- markable for the regularity of its public squares ; the town on r. b. of the Loire, communicates by 12 bridges with the isls., and the suburb Made- laine on 1. b. It is a bishop's see, and has a tri- bunal of commerce, national college, normal school, public library of 30,000 vols., observatory, botanic garden, and a magazine of munitions for the marine. Chief edifices, a cathedral, with 2 towers 170 feet high. Castle of ancient dukes, - prefecture, corn exchange, town hall, & mint. In its environs are many handsome villas. Mer- chant vessels of 1,000 tons are built on the Loire, & it has numerous manufs. of cottons, muslins, & woollens; cannon foundries, potteries, distilleries, and ship-building yards, and an extensive marit. commerce. The port admits vessels of only 200 tons, larger vessels unload at Paimboeuf. Nantes is the birth-place of Bougner, the mathematician, and of Fouch^. Condivienum was cap. of the Namnetes before the conquest of the Gauls by the Komans. It sustained numerous sieges, and was united to France with the rest of Bretagne. The edict of Nantes was proclaimed here by Hen. IV. in 1598. The Vendean army attacked it with- out success in 1793. The canal of Nantes con- nects the Loire and the Vilaine. NANTEnit, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Oise, 10 m. S.E. Senlis. Pop. 1,560. Nantgltn, a pa. of N. Wales, co. and 4 m. S.S.W. Denbigh. Pop. 391. Nantinan, or Nantenant, a pa. of Irel., Mun- ster, CO. Limerick, 2^ m. S.S.E. Askeaton. Area 7,922 ae. Pop. 3,018. Nantmel, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Radnor, 4 m, E.S.E. Rhayader. Pop. 1,345. Nantda, a comm. and town of France, cap. arrond., dep. Aiu, 17 m. E. Bourg, at the S. side of the Lake of Nantua. Pop. (1846) 3,248. Chief industry, cotton and woollen spinning, tanning and paper making. It has a considerable transit trade between France and Switzerland. Nantucket, an isl. and town of the U. S., N. America, Massachusetts, in the Atlantic, 56 m. S.E. Cape Cod. Lat. 41° 18' N., and Ion. 70° 6' W. The island is about 18 m. in length, with an average breadth of 4 m. Area 50 sq. m. Pop. 9,012. Soil only partially fertile. It is a joint stock property of the inhabitants, and held in shares mostly by Quakers. The town on a bay, on the N. W. side of the island, has about 4,000 inhabitants, mostly employed in fisheries. In 1841 it imported 40,000 barrels of spermaceti, and 3,400 do. of whale-oil. In and around it are woollen cloth factories, rope-walks, fulling, and corn mills. Steamers ply daily to New-Bedford. Nantwioh, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. and 18.J m. E.S.E. Chester, on the Birming- ham and Liverpool canal, and 5 m. S.W. Crewe. Area of pa. 3,490 ac. Pop. 5,921. The town is irregularly built, houses mostly old. It has a handsome bridge across the river Weaver, and manufs. of shoes, silk, cottons, and salt. In the reign of Henry viii., 300 salt works were in opera- tion here, but now only one salt spring is worked. Nan-tang, a city of China, prov. and 158 m. N.E. Canton, cap. dep., with battlemented wallsi Nags, a port of the Canary Isls., on the S.E. coast of Lanzarote, and a cape on the S. side of the island Ferro. Naoubs, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Somme, 10 m. N. Amiens. Pop. 1,918. Napagedl, a market town of Moravia, circ. & 8 m. N.N.E. Hradisch, on the March. Pop. 2,580. Napa-kiang, the principal seaport town of the Loo-Choo isls., China Sea, in lat. 26° 12' 20' N., Ion. 127° 35' 67' E., & having a secure harbour. Napeh Mew, a frontier town of Burmah, on the Aeng road from Ava into Arracan, 32 m, S.S.W. Salen. Napieb, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, co. Bedford. Pop. 2,468. Naples (Kingdom of), (Italian Dominii al di qua del Faro, anc. Magna Griecia, Campania), a political and administrative division of the king- dom of the two SiciUes, comprising the whole of the continental portion of the state (cap. Naples). It occupies the S. part of the Italian peninsula, and is situated between lat. 37° 66' & 42° 55' N., and Ion. 12° 64' and 18° 33' E., bounded E. by the Adriatic, S. by the Ionian sea, W. by the Tyrrhenian sea (Mediterranean), andthe Strait of Messina, and N. by the Pontif. States. Area, divisions, and pop. as follows : — Provinces. Area in square miles. Pop. in 1848. Nnples, city, 379,621 Naples, prov '388 400,813 Term di Lavoro, , a,605 721,971 Molise 1,785 353,083 AbruzzoCitrft, .... 1,848 801,746 Abruzzo Ultra ly 1,343 216,486 Abruzio mtra II., . S,630 307,708 Principato Ultra, . 1,410 SB4,e07 Capitjuiata, .... SMS 311,517 Principato Cltra, . 3.271 637,606 Bnsilicata 4,163 481,288 Calabria ultra £,630 414,932 Calabria Ultm I 3,203 306,328 Calabria Ultra II., . . . 3,073 372,281 Terra di Bart, .... 3,368 491,331 Terra di Otranto, 3,883 401,488 Total, 33,619 6,382,706 The coasts are high and bold, especially on the W., and greatly indented. Chief capes, Sorrenta, NA P 911 NAP Gaeta, Baia, Vaticano, Nau, and Leuca. The principal gulfe are those of Gaeta, Manfredonia, Salerno, Policastro, St Eufemia, Gioja, Squlllace, and Taranto, which suiTound the two peninsulas of Otranto and Calabria. Surface in generiil monntainous, but includes extensive valleys, especially the plain of Capitanata and that of Terra di Lavoro (the Campania felice of the Romans). The Apennines traverse the country nearly throughout its entire length. In the Abruzzi, where it attains its greatest height, the chain separates into three lateral ranges, wluch re-unite near Isernia ; at Monte Caruso it again divides into two branches, the most elevated of which traverses Calabria. The culminating point of the whole is Monte Corno, 10,154 feet. The chief isolated mountains ai'e the volcano of Vesu- vius, and Monte Gargano near the Adriatic. Soil volcanic, well watered, and extremely fertile. Chief rivers, the Garigliano and Volturno, which flow W. to the Tyrrhenian sea, the Pescara, Bi- ferno, Candelaro, and Ofanto flowing E. to the Adriatic ; the Bradano, Basiento, and Crate, to the Gulf of Taranto ; the only large lake is that of Celano or Fucino. On the shores of the Adriatic are many salt lagoons. Climate divided into three regions according to elevation ; in the lower region the temperature is so mild that vegeta- tion is never interrupted ; in the middle region snow occasionally falls, but soon disappears ; in the elevated regions of the Abruzzi, cold is some- times severe and long continued, snow lies on the Monte Corno nine months in the year. Naples is unhealthy in the marshy districts, and during the prevalence of the sirocco from July to Sept., when the heat is excessive. The value of human life is reckoned lower here than in any other country of Europe. [Eubope.] The flora has, in addition to the plants common to Italy, several tropical pro- ducts, including cotton, the sugar cane, pistachio, and dates. The wild boar, porcupine, and game of all kinds abound in the forests, and the coasts have always been celebrated for fish. Domestic animals comprise sheep, goats and pigs; cattle are not numerous ; horses are of a small breed, but active; buffaloes pasture in herds in the marshes; sheep are extensively reared in the plains of the Capitanata, and hogs and goats are numerous on the shores of the Adriatic. Agri- culture, which is in a very backward state, occu- pies the greater portion of the pop. The chief crops are wheat, maize, cotton, melons, rice, oil, wine, hemp, lint, tobacco, and fruits. The olive is extensively cultivated in Otranto, Bari, and Calabria. The wines of Naples, which are the best in Italy, are inferior to those of France and Spain, with the exception of the celebrated Lagrima di Cristo, a red wine grown in vine- yards on the flanks of Vesuvius, which belong to the crown. Oranges and lemons are grown in the Capitanata, saffron in Basilicata, the Abruzzi and Calab.-Ult; lint and hemp are generally raised to a considerable extent. Manna is an important product of Calabria, and is mono- polised by the government. Silk is an import- ant product, especially in the T. di Lavoro, the Principati, and Calabria. The tunny, anchovy, inullet, and coral fisheries employ many of the inhabitants of the coasts, but the produce is not exported. Manufs. are unimportant, the chief are silks, linens and woollens at Naples, Sora, & Isola, & paper, glass & cutlery to a small extent. Commerce is mostly concentrated in the cap. Chief exports, olive oil, silk, hemp, wool, wine, grain, macaroni, and coral. Imports colonial and manuf. goods, iron and cutlery. Previous to 1837, the 2 kingdoms of Naples & Sicily had each a species of provincial council called Consulla, but these have been since united in the Conmlta generate common to both kingdoms, as all the other political institutions are. The religion of the state is Roman Catholic; convents & nunne- ries are very numerous. It is calculated that there is one monk for every 250 of the population. Public instruction is entirely in the liands of the priests, and all classes are deplorably ignorant. A constitutional form of government was granted in 18-48 ; and, on procuring liberty of the press, several journals were published, but in the end of 1849, tliey were entirely suppressed. Public revenue (1835) 26,089,000 ducats; expenditure 26,100,000 ducats. Previous to the late insurrec- tion in Sicily, the army comprised 48,882 men, and the naval force 1 ship of the line, 5 frigates, 9 smaller vessels, and 12 steamers, manned in all by 6,362 men. [Sicily.] Naples (Ital. Napoli, anc. NeapoKs), a city of Italy, cap. of the kingdom of the two Sicilies, & of the prov. and dist. of Napoli, on the N. side of the bay of Naples, at the foot of Vesuvius, 118 m. S.E. Rome. Lat. of observatory, 40° 51' 8' N., Ion. 14° 15' 6' E. Pop. (1845) 379,621. Mean temp, of year 59° .6 ; winter 47° .6 ; summer 73° .1 Fahr. Naples, celebrated for its excellent climate, ia beautifully situated at the bottom of the vast and picturesque bay of the same name. It rises in the form of an amphitheatre, is surrounded by walls, and defended by fort St. Elmo on the N."W., fort del Carmine, & the Castello-Nuovo, between the royal palace and the sea, and the Castello del Ovo, on a rock projecting into the jVIediterra- nean. Streets narrow and ill-paved, except the Strada di Toledo, which is elegant. The finest promenades are the Chiaja, which extends from the Castello del Ovo to the tomb of Virgil, and the Mole. Chief edifices, a gothic cathedral, built on 100 granite columns which belonged to the temple of Apollo ; the churches of the holy Apostles, built on the ruins of a temple of Mer- cury ; San Paulo, Filipo Neri, Spiritu Santo, and San Martino ; the royal palace, a vast building splendidly ornamented ; the old palace used as a record ofcce ; the Palazzo degli Studii Publico, which contains the Borbonica library, museum of antiquities, &c. Outside of the walls is a royal residence called the Capo di Monte. Naples is the usual residence of the sovereign, seat of an arch- bishop, and of the central administration of the kingdom, and has a commercial ti'ibunal, arsenal, and cannon foundry, ship building yards, and a royal marine hospital. Its university, founded in 1224, had in 1841, 1,550 students. It has an episcopal lycenm, medico-chirurgical school, ve- terinary school, deaf-dumb institution, royal mi- litary school, schools of design and music, an observatory, a botanic garden, a mint, several learned societies, five public libraries, one of which, the Borbonica library, has 165,000 vols, and 3,000 MSS., and many public schools ; but education is of the lowest kind, and not generally diffused ; an exchange, ten theatres, among which the opera San Carlos, is one of the largest in Italy. Three of the minor theatres are devoted to the ex- hibition of Polincello (Punch). The charitable es- tablishments comprise hospitals for the sick, aged, & foundlings, but notwithstanding its streets are infested with mendicants of all ages & both sexes. That portion of the pop. called Lazzaroni, live without domiciles, in a state of the most degrad- ing filth, poverty, and wretchedness. The chief manufs. of Naples are maccaroni, silks, embroi- dery, cloths and flannels, carpets, and ohemicail NAP 912 NAK products ; it has royal type foundries, and iron and glass works. It is the first port of the king- dom ; its harbour is formed by a mole which ex- tends irom the centre of the city into the hay. Chief exports, agricultural produce. Imports, manuf. goods and colonial produce. Naples was founded by the Greeks, who called it Parthenope. Virgil studied here ; the city, enlarged by Adrian and Constantine, was sacked by Belisarius in 536 ; peopled successively under the Normans, the em- perors of Germany, and the kings of Spain, It has often suffered from earthquakes, and from eruptions of Vesuvius. The French took it in 1799, and again in 1805. Joseph Bonaparte was made king of Naples, but was replaced by Mnrat in 1808, and the latter was driven from it by the Austrians in 1814. Naples was the scene of a most disgaceful outrage in May 1848, when it was plundered by the Lazzaroni, and 1,500 lives were lost. Among the numerous objects of interest in the vicinity of Naples, are Vesuvius, Pompeii, and Herculaneum, and the isle of Capri, in its bay. A railway to Nocera, 21 m. S.E., with a branch to Castellamare, was opened in 1839 ; and one to Capua, 19 m. N. in 1840. From the latter, a branch extends E. 10 mUes, to Nola. Naples (Bav of). Crater Sinus, a celebrat- ed semi-circular inlet of the Mediterranean on the S.W. coast of Italy, and on the shore of which is the city of same name. It is about 22 m. in length, from Cape Miseno on the N.W., to C. Campanella on the S.E., and about 10 m. in breadth ; having on its shores, besides the cap. city, Pozzuolo, Portici, Stabias, Castel-a-mare, Vice, Sorrento, and Massa; E.ward, Vesuvius bounds the prospect, and W.ward is Monte- nuovo ; while on its surface are the isles Ischia and Procida at its N., and Capri at its S. side. Naples, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, 20 m. S.S. W. Canandaigua, with a vill. on Canan- daigua Lake. Pop. 2,345. Napo, a riv. of S. Amer., Ecuador, rises on the N. side of Cotopaxi, flows B.S.E., and joins the Amazon, lat. 3° 40' S., Ion. 73° 20' E., after a total course estimated at 600 miles. Affls. the Coca, Aguarico, and Curaray. On it, near its source, is the vill. Napotoa, 140 m. S.E. Quito. Napoleonville, a town of France. [PoNTirr.] Napoleon-Vendee. [Bodrbon- Vendue.] Napoli, two marit. towns of Greece, Morea. —I. JV. di Romania, (Nadpiia). — II. N. di Mal- vasia. [Monemvasia]. — III. lialy. [Naples.] Napton-on-the-Hill, a pa. of Engl., eo. "War- wick, 3 m. E. Southam. Area 4,140 ac. Pop. 951. Naba, a town of Japan, isl. Niphon, 25 m. N.E. Miako. Nakanjos, a group of isls. in the Bay of Pana- ma, S. Amer.; and another group, Philippine isls., near the S. extremity of Luzon. — Porto Na- ranjo is a harbour on the N. coast of Cuba, 30 m. N.N.E. Holguin. Nabbebth, a pari, bor., market town, and pa. of South Wales, CO. & 11 J m. N.N.E. Pembroke. Pop. of pa. 2,620. The town is neatly built ; has ruins of a castle, and manufs. of hats. It joins Haverford-west and Fishguard in sending one member to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 44. Nakbonne, Narbo Martius, a city of France, cap, arrond., dep. Aude, 32 m, E, Carcassonne, on the railwav from Bordeaux to Cette, Pop, (1846) 10,578,' It has a fine gothio cathedral, & numerous remains of antiquity. The canal of Narbonne traverses the town, and communicates with the Mediterranean, and with the Canal du Midi. Commerce in honey, for which it is cele- brated wine, oil, brandy & salt. Narbonne is one of the oldest cities of Gaul, it received a Koman colony in 121 B,o,, & was made the metropolis of S, Gaul, which the Komana called G. Narhmmsis. At that time it had a port,which does not now exist, Nabboeodgh, two pas. of England I. co. & SJ m. S.S.W. Leicester. Area 2,380 ac. Pop. 1,329 II. CO. Norfolk, with a station on the E. Anglian railw., 6J m. W.N.W. Swaffham. Area 3,800 ac. Pop. 360. Nakbokodgh Isl., oneof the Galapagos Isis. Nakcondam, a small but conspicuous isl. in the Bay of Bengal, 70 m. E. the N. point of N. Anda- man isl., rising conically to 2,500 ft. above the sea. Nakdinpett, a town of India, Deccau, Nizam's dom., 29 m. S, E, Hyderabad. Nabdo, a town of Naples, prov. Otranto, 8 m. N.N.E. Gallipoli. Pop. 8,000, It has a cathedral, an hoaj)ital, & manufs. of cotton goods from cot- ton raised in the neighbourhood, Nabe, a river of S. Amer,, New Granada, after an E, course joins the Magdalena at Nare, Q5 m, N,N,E, Honda ; afils, the Saman^ and Nus, Nabenta, a river of European Turkey, in Herzegovina, rises in the Dinaric Alps, passes Mostar, traverses the S, of Dalmatia, and enters the Channel of Narenta, a gulf formed by the Adriatic between the coast of Dalmatia and the peninsula of Sabioncello, Length 140 m. — II, town of Bosnia, 27 m, W, Seraievo, and the Na- rona of the Romans, It was occupied by the Venetians in 987, & taken by the Turks in 1479, Nabew, a river of Russia and Poland, rises in the gov, Grodno, traverses the provs. BiaJystok, Augustow, and Plock, and joins the Bog at Sie- rock, 18 m. N. Warsaw, after a W, and S,W, course of 200 m. Chief afi9, the Bober, Nabfobd, a pa, of England, co. Norfolk, 4J m. N.W. Swaffham. Area 2,250 ac. Pop. 113. Nargen, two isls. of the Russian dom., one in the Gulf of Finland, 12 m. N.W. Revel, 5 m. in length, wooded and having a light-house on N, Naeghub, and Nablah, two towns of India ; the former in Malwah, 16 m, N.E, Mundessor ; the latter, prov. Orissa, 37 m. E. Bustar. Narmatzo, a large vill. of Russia, gov. and 38 m. fromKasan. Pop. 4,500. Here is a palace of Prince Kulautshakov, to whom the vill. partly belongs. Narni, Namia or Nequinum, a town of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. Spoleto, on a height above the Nera, 45 m. N.E. Rome. Pop. 3,260. It has a cathedral, 6 convents, and aii aqueduct supplying several fountains. Naenodl, a town of Hindostan, dom. and 80 m. N.E, Jeypoor. Naeo, a town of Sicily, on the Naro, inteni and 12 m, E.S,E. Girgenti. Pop. 10,000. It has a royal college, an asylum, and some trade in oil, wine, and sulphur. Here have been found many medals, tombs, & other antiquities. — II. a river (anc. Hypsa), rises 16 m, S,W, Caltanisetta, and after a S,W, course of 23 m, enters the Mediter- ranean 7 m, S.S.W, Girgenti. Nabov, a market town of Russia, gov. Minsk, on the Pripet, 21 m. S.S.E. Mozir. Pop. 1,800. Narova, a riv. of Russia, rises in lalce Peipus, flows between the govs. St. Petel«burg & Estho- nia, and enters the gulf of Finland at the vill. Narovskaia, after a N. course of 40 m. past Narva, to which town it is navigable from the sea. Narovtchat, a town of Russia, gov. and 78 m. N.W. Penza, cap. dist. Pop. 2,750. NABBA,two branches of the Indus river, above its delta. The E. Narra leaves the main stream at Roree, flows very tortuously S.E.ward past Omeroote, and after crossing the Kunn of Catch NAR 913 NAT and the Ullah-bund, entera the «ea by tlie Koree mouth. The W. Narra leaves the Indus 25 m. N.E. Sukkur, and flows into lalje Manchar, which again communicates with tlie main stream. It encloses, with the Indus, a highly fertile tract, & during the rains is preferred to the main channel, for the purpose of navigation. Narraoanset, a bay and the best naval station of the tr. S., Rhode-Island. The bay, extending to the Atlantic Ocean, between Point Judith on the \V., and Seaconnet rocks on the E., penetrates inland about 28 m., with a breadth from 3 to 12 miles. It receives the Providence, Pawtucket, Taunton and Pawtnxet rivs. ; and contains many beantifnl & fertile isls., the chief being Rhode isl, Narr.\ghmore, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Kildare, 2 m. N.N'.W. Ballytore. Area 11,270 ac. Pop. 5,895. Nabrah, a town of Central India, Nagpoor dom., 45 m. S.E. Ryepoor. Nabrah, and Nabrainghur, two towns of India ; the former, in dom. Berar, 97 m. W.S. W. Sumbhulpoor ; the latter, in the protected Sikli territory near Umballah. Nark.u.\gunge, a considerable trading town ~of British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, dist. Dacca- JelaJpore, 10 m. SJE. Dacca. Estim. pop. 15^000, who carry on an active trade in salt, corn, and tobacco. It has numerous indigo factories. Nabbohote, a town of Hindostan, dom. & 36 m. E. Baroda. Narsipoob, a maritime town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 10 m. E. Masulipatam, on the Godavery at the month of its' W. branch. Narslngah, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. and 50 m. W-N-W. Cuttack. Narva, a fortified river-port town of Russia, gov. and 81 m. W.S.W. St. Petersburg, on the Narova, 9 m. from its mouth in the gulf of Fin- land. Pop. 3,000. It consists of an old and a new town; the former, founded in 1123, has wooden honses, town-hall, exchange, and the fortress of Ivangorod. The new town is enclosed by fortifications. Narva has a salmon fishery. Near it, Charles xn., at the head of 8,000 Swedes, defeated an army of 80,000 Rnss., 30th Nov. 1700. Nabwab, or NnBWDE, a town of Central India, dom. and 45 m. S. Gwalior, on the Sind river, a tributary of the Ganges. — Narwah is a small town of Portuguese India, i m. from Goa. Nabtm, a riv. and toim of Asiatic Russia, gov. Tomsk; the riv,, on the Chinese frontier, tribut. to the Irtish ; the town, 225 m. N.W. Tomsk, on the Obi. Pop. 1,600. Nasbisals, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. I/Ozfere, cap. cant., 16 m. N. W. Marvejols. P. 1,300. Nasca, a marit. town of Peru, dep. Lima, on the Pacific, at the mouth of the riv. Nasca, 30 m, S.E. Palpa. Nasebt, a pa. of England, co. & 12 m. N.N.W. Northampton. Area 3,690 ao. Pop. 898. The troops of Charles i. were totally defeated here by the ParUamentary army in 1645. Nash, a pa. of S. Wales, co. and 1 j m. N.N.E. Pembroke. P. 140. — II. a pa. of Engl., co. Mon- mouth, 3i m. S.E. Newport. Ac. 2,710. P. 291. Nashua, a tnshp,, U. S., N. Amer., New Hamp- shire, 12m. N.W. Lowell, on the river Nashua. Pop. 6,054, employed in cotton manufactures. Nashville, a city, U. S., N. Amer., cap. state Tennessee, on the Cumberland river, 160 m. S.S.W. Louisville. Pop. (1850) 17,602. It has nu- merous churches, a university, academies, and other schools. The river is navigable to it for vessels of 400 tons, except during the dry season. NAsrELSK, a town of Poland, prov. Plock, 26 m. N. Warsaw. Pop. 1,260, mostly Jews. Here the French defeated the Russians in 1806. Nasing, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 4t m. N.N.W. Epping. Area 3,720 ac. Pop. 824. Naso, Agathymum, a town of Sicily, intend, and 44 m. W.S.W. Messina, on the Naso, near its mouth. Pop. 4,400. It stands on a hill, is enclosed by walls, and has two churches. Nassabeeg, a market town of Bohemia, circ. and 8 m. S. Chrudim, with a castle. Pop. 661. Nassau, a tnshp., V. S., N. Amer., New York, 14 m. S.E. Albany. Pop. 3,236. Nassau (Ducht of), a state of Germany in the W., between lat. 49° 66' and 60° 62' N., and Ion. 7° 30' and 8° 30' E., bounded E. by H. Darmstadt, the Prussian dist.WetzIar, H. Homburg, and the territory of Frankfiirt, S. by the Rhine and Main which separate it from H. Darmstadt, W. and N. by Rhenish Prussia, from which it is partly sepa- rated by the Rhine ; capital Wiesbaden, but Bi- berich and Wielburg are the usual residences of the Duke. Area 1,751sq.m. Pop. (1846) 424,817, mostly Protestants. Surface mntnous., traversed in N. by the Westerwald, & in S. by the Taunus mntus. Soil fertile, with excellent pasturage. The rivers belong entirely to the basin of the Rhine ; the chief are — the Rhine, Lahn, & Sieg. The duchy produces excellent wine in the district called the Rheingau, and in the vineyards of Steinberg, Rudesheim, Hockheim, and especially Johannisberg. Mines of iron, copper, and silver are worked, coal is found in the Westerwald, and the mineral waters of Wiesbaden, Niedef- Selters, and Ems are in high repute, and exten.- sively exported. The chief means of transport are the navigable rivs. Rhine and Lahn, and the railway from Frankfurt to Wiesbaden. In 1806, the states of Nassau were divided into 2 branches, N. Usingen and N. Weilburg, both of which formed portions of the confederation of the Rhine. The first became extinct in 1816, and was incor- porated with the second. It now forms a con- stitutional monarchy. — Nassau, cap. of the duchy, is a small town on r. b. of the Lafan, 26 m. N.W. Wiesbaden. Pop. 1,600. The ruined castle of Nassau, on opposite side of the river, gives title to the reigning family. Nassau, the cap. town of New Providence, Ba- hama isls., on a declivity near the N. coast. Lat. of light-ho. 26° 5' 6' N., Ion. 77° 21' 2" W. Pop. 7,000. It is regularly and well-built, defended by two forts, and has a handsome governor's resi- dence, some barracks, a prison, hospital, agri- cultural society, and a harbour sheltered N.ward by Hog isl., and having two entrances passable by vessels drawing from 13 to 14 feet of water Fort Nassau, British Guiana, the former cap. of the colony under the Dutch, is on the Berbice river, 46 m. from the sea. — (Isles), E. Archipe- lago. [Poggt Isles.] — (Miver), N. Australia, enters Nassau Bay, Gulf of Carpentaria, on the E. side of the latter, near lat. 15° 50' S., Ion. 141° 35' E. Nassington, a pa. of England, co. Northamp<. ton, 4 m. E.S.E. Kingsclffie. Ac. 1,660. P. 721. Nassuck, a large town & place of pilgrimage, Brit. India, presid. and 95 m. N.E. Bombay, dist. Ahmednuggur. Pop. in 1820, was estimated at 30,000. Near it are some extensive cave temples of purely Buddhic character, but the town itself is the centre of Brahminism in the Deccan, Nastatten, a town of W. Germany, duchy Nassau, cap. dist., on the Miihibaoh, 19 m. N.W. Wiesbaden, with many mineral springs. P. 1,657. Naxa, a town of S. Amer., New Granada, dep. and on the W. side of the isthmus of Panama, 64 m. S.W. Panama. 3 M NAT 914 NAU Natal, a, colonial possession of Great Britain, on the S.E. coast of Africa, between lat. 27° 40' and 80° 40' S., and Ion. 29° and 31° 10' E., having S.E. the Indian Ocean, W. the Drakenberg or Rahlamba mntns., separating it from the terri- tory between the Orange and Vaal rivers, re- cently annexed to the Cape Colony ; and N.E. the Buffalo and Tugela rivers, dividing it from the Zooloo country. Estimated area 18,000 sq. m. Pop. uncertain. Surface undulating, well watered, and mostly covered with tall grass. Timber in the interior grows only in clumps, but the sea coast is bordered by a belt of mangroves. Climate most healthy, and the soil is reported to be far more fertile than in the Cape Colony. Cotton and indigo grow wild, and the former has been produced for exportation, of the finest quality. Sugar, coffee, wheat, oats, beans, and tobacco, are important crops. Superior coal has been found in the interior; building stone is found all over its surface, and iron ore is abun- dant. Down to September 1847, the land let by the government had fetched 34,995/., of which 10,312?. were for lands rented within that year. Butter, corn, hides, ivory, tallow, tobacco, and wool, were lately amongst the chief exports. The territory, which is a dependency of the Cape of Good Hope, is administered by a lieutenant- governor, assisted by a board of officers ; and it is subdivided into the dists. D'Urban, Pieter- maritzbnrg, Umvoti, Impafane, Upper Tugela, & Umzinyate, exclusive of a tract in the S., hitherto without an estabhshed magistracy. Pietermaritz- burg, the cap., is 50 m. inland from Port Natal, Which is near the centre of the coast line. [Pom Natai,.] Natal (formerly Cidade dos Reis), a town of Brazil, cap. prov. Rio Grande do Norte, near the mouth of the Potengi or Grande, in the Atlantic, lat. of its fort 6° 45' S., Ion. 35° 15' W. P. (1845) 10,000. It was formerly an important military post, and it has 3 handsome churches, a gover- nor's residence, and a harboui", fitted for vessels below 150 tons burden, with an export trade in superior Brazil wood. — II. (or Natar), a town of Sumatra, on its S.W. coast, lat. 0° 33' N., Ion. 99° 0' E. Near it are some gold mines, and it has an export trade in gold-dust, camphor, wool, &c. Natchez, a city of the U. S., N. Amer., state and on the E. bank of the Mississippi, 300 m. from its mouth, and 81 m. S.W. Jaclcson. Pop. 4,800. It is built partly on the summit, & partly at the foot of a hill rising to 160 feet above the river. The upper town is well laid out ; the lower town has the warehouses of many wealthy traders. Depth of river 90 feet, being accessible for large ships. It has an extensive export trade in cotton, & numerous communications by steam with the towns on the Mississippi & its tributaries. Natchitoches, a pa. of U. S., N. Amer., in N.W. of Louisiana. Area 4,000 sq. m. Pop. 14,350 The cap., pronounced Nahitosh, con- tains 2,000 inhabitants. Natelt, two pas. of England, co. Hants. — I. (Lewis), 3J m. E.N.E. Basingstoke. Area 1,120 ao. Pop. 278. The church is a small structure of the reign of Henry i.— II. (Upper), 3 m. W.N.W. Odiham. Area 980 ac. Pop. 163. Nathdora (Natha-deeara, " the temple of the Deity"), a town of W. Hindostan, Kajpootana, dom. and about 28 m. N. Odeypoor, on the Bu- uass. It has a Hindoo temple of high sanctity, and an active trade with Gujerat and Scinde. Natividab, a small island of Lower California, .in the Pacific, immediately opposite the promon- tory Morro Hermoso.— II. a vill. of Mexico near Tezooco. - Nalividade is a town of Brazil, prov. Goyaz, on the river Luiz Antes, 75 m. N.N.AV. Arrayas. Pop. 2,000. Natolia, W. of Asia Minor. [Anatolia.] Natbon-lakes of Estpt. are situated in a valley of the Libyan desert called the Natron Valley, about 60 m. W.H.W. Cairo, and consist of 8 pools, many of them rich in natron, the collect- ing of which occupies about 300 persons. Nattam, or Nuttom, a consid. town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. & 22 m. N. Madura. Nattoke, Nathaver, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. Rajeshaye,49m. N.E. Moor- shedabad. It has a pretty good native school. Nattkadacotta, a town of Brit. India, presid, Madras, dist. Tinnevelly, 68 m. N.E, Cape Co- morin. Natunas, several groups of Isls. off the N.W. coast of Borneo, in the China sea. The Great Na- nuna isl., lat. 4° N., Ion. 108° E., is 40 m. in length. Natunz, a town of Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 60 m.N.N.E. Ispahan. Fruits are raised in its vicinity. Nau (Cape), Zacinium Promont., a headland of S. Italy, forming the E. extremity of Calabria, 6 m. S.E. Cotrone. Here was anciently a temple of Juno, and here Hannibal is stated to have em- barked on leaving Italy, b. c. 202. Naudebs, and Naudebsbekr, two contiguous vills. of the Tyrol, circ. Upper InnthaJ, on the Swiss fi'ontier, 15 m. N.W. Glurns. Nad EN, a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. and 17 m. W.N.W. Potedam, cap. circ, on the Hamburg and Berlin railway. Pop. 4,300. Nauoard, a town of Prussia, prov. Pomerania, reg. & 29 m. N.E. Stettin, cap. circ, between two lakes, with 2,800 inhabitants, and an old castle. Naushton, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 4 m. N. Hadleigh. Area 630 ac. Pop. 137. Nauheim, a vill of Germany, H. Cassel, prov. and 13 m. N.N.W. Hanau, with important saline springs and baths. Pop. 1,424. The springs yield annually 17,000 cwt. of salt. Naumbubg, several towns of Germany. — I. Prussian Saxony, reg. and 17 m. S.S.W. Merse- burg, cap. circ, on the Saale. Pop. (1846) 12,700. It has three suburbs, a castle, a cathedral, and 4 other churches, an hospital, a gymnasium, and manuis. of leather, linen, and woollen stuf^. The Kindersfest, an annual festival, takes place here, in memory of the termination of the Hussite siege, in 1432. — II. Hessen-Casse], cap. dist., on the Eder, 16 m. W.S.W. Cassel. Pop. 1,788.— HI. Prussian Silesia, reg. and 33 m. W. Liegnitz, on the Queiss. Pop. 1,750. Ithasmanufe. of wool- leu cloth, & potteries. — IV. reg. and 59 m. N.W. Liegnitz, on r. b. of the Bober, with 873 inhabs., mostly engaged in linen weaving. It has a sta- tion on the Hanover and Bremen railway. Nadmpoob, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bom- bay, dist. Candeish, 93 m. S.E. Surat. Naundoob, and Naundoorbae, two towns of British India, presid. Bombay ; the former, dist. Poonah, 42 m, S.W. Aurungabad ; the latter, dist. Candeish, 87 m. E.N.E. Surat, with tomb of a Mo- hammedan saint, greatly resorted to by pilgrims. Nadnhof, a town of Saxony, reg. and 10 m. E.S.E. Leipzig, on the Paaide. Pop. 1,042. Naunton, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Glo'ster, S m. W.S.W. Stow.on-the-Wold. Area 6,280 ac. Pop. 523. — II. (Seauchamp), co. Worcester, 4J m. N.N.E. Pershore. Area 820 ac. Pop. 176. Nauplia, or Napoli-di-Romania, a fortified seaport town of Greece, Morea, cap. gov. Argo- lis, near the head of the Gulf of Nauplia, 5 m. S.S.E.Argos. Pop. 6,000 (?). It is enclosed by Venetian fortifications, with several batteries, and NAU 916 NA X has two fortresses, one of which, on a precipitous rock, is almost impregnable. Town recently laid out in modem European style, has a good main street, some squares, and the church where Capo d'Istria was assassinated in 1831. It has a g^ood roadstead, and until 1834, it was in a flourishing condition, as the cap. of the new Greek state, but since that period its importance has declined. Nauplia (Golf of), Argolicus SimtSf an inlet of the .Egean Sea, Greece, between the two E. arms of the Morea. Length 30 m., breadth 20 m. at its enti'ance. It contains several small isls., thechiefbeingSpezzia,atits mouth. Itreceives the Xeria river, on which Argos is situated. Naur, a mkt. town & fort of S. Russia, gov. Cau- casus, on the Terek, 30 m. E. Mozdok. P. 2,000. Nadthpoor, a town of Brit. India, presid. Ben- gal,' dist. and 42 m. N.N.W. Purneah. Nacvoo, a city of the U. S., N. Amer., Illinois, on the Mississippi, E. bank, 124 m. N.W. Spring- field. It was a settlement of the Mormons, or " Latter-day Saints," and in 1840, within 3 years from its formation, had 1,000 dwellings, chiefly log cabins, with Nanvoo house, a spacious hotel ; Nanvoo temple, an incomplete structure, 130 ft. in length by 100 ft. in width, and having in its basement a remarkable baptistery. It is now de- serted, the Mormons having moved to the W. Nava, two towns of Spain. — I. {del Sey), prov. and 30 m. S.W. Yalladolid. It has a fine church, and 4,241 inhabs. — II. (Hermosa), prov. and 25 m. S.W. Toledo, with 2,066 inhabitants. Navalcaenebo, a town of Spain, prov. & 19 m. ■W.S.W. Madrid. Pop. 3,375. It has an active trade in the supply of the cap. with provisions. NAVAI.MORAL DE LA Mata, a towu of Spain, prov. and 52 m. N.E. Caceres. Pop. 3,000. Navalvillab, a town of Spain, prov. & 67 m. E.N.E. Badajos. Pop. 2,390. Navan, a mkt. town and pa. of Irel., co. Meath, at the confl. of the Boyne and Blackwater, 26 m. N.W. Dublin, to whidi a railway is projected. Area of pa. 3,544 ac. Pop. 6,834 ; do. of town, 4^987. It has a court-house, com & paper mills, manufs. of sacking, and considerable exports of agricultural produce by the Boyne. Navaeea (Fren. Navarre), a prov. of Spain, in the N., bounded E. by Huesca, S.E. by Zaragoza, S.W. by Logrono, N.W. by Vascongades (Biscay), & N. by the Mediterranean & France. Area 2,450 sq. m. Pop. (1833) 230,925, cap. Pamplona. Sur- face mntnous., traversed in the N. by the Pyre- nees, which here form several fine valleys, the most celebrated of which are Koncevaux & Bas- tan. The elevated mntns. are in general rugged and bare ; lower down, they are covered with wood, and afford excellent pasturage. The grain and wine produced are insufficient for consump- tion. Climate, severe in the mntns., is mild on the plains of the Ebro. Chief rivers, the Ebro and Bidassoa. The greater portion of the pop. speak the Basque language. Navarra, which was never completely subjugated to the Arabs, formed a distinct kingdom at the end of the 9th cent., and was united to Aragon from 1076 to 1134. The kmgs of France held it for a short time at the end of the 13th century. It was taken by Ferdinand the Catholic, in 1612, and united to Spain. A small part of the country^ called Basse- Navarre, remained to Catherine of Navarre, and was united to the crown of France in 1589. From that time till the revolution of 1830, the kings of France took the title of king of Navarre. It re- tains peculiar privileges, and in the new div. of the country (1833), it retained its anc. boundaries. — Basse-Navarre was an ancient division of Fiance, in the old prov. Beam. — New Navarre is a portion of the Mexican Confed., now com- prised in the dep. Sonora. Navabin, or Navaeino, a fortified seaport town of Greece, Morea, gov. Pylos, on a bay of the Mediterranean, 6 m. N. Modon. It consists of about 200 well built stone houses, and 100 wooden habitations. Near it, on the N., are the ruins of Old Navarin, the anc. Pylos. The har- bour, sheltered by the island Sphagia, is a noble basin, famous in antiquity for a total defeat of the Spartan by the Athenian navy, & in modern times for the victory of the English, Frencli, and Russian fleets over those of the Turks & Egyp- tians, 20th October, 1827. Navarrenx, a comm. and fortified town of France, dep. B. Pyrenees, on the Oleron, 20 m. W. Pau. It manufs. coarse linens & woollens. Navarrete, a town of Spain, prov. & 5 m. W. Logrono. Pop. 2,015, employed in brandy dis- tilling and woollen weaving. Navas del MadeoSo, a town of Spain, prov. and 19 m. W.N.W. Caceres. Pop. 3,840. Navas del Maequez, a town of Spain, prov. and 24 m. E.S.E. Avila. Pop. 3,000. Nave, and Natelli, two vills. of Italy. — I. in Lombardy, deleg. and 6 m. N.E. Brescia, with 1,500 inhabs., and some paper and lime works. — II. Naples, prov. Abrazzo Tilt. II., 19 m. S.E. Aquila. Pop. 1,200. Natekbv, a pa. of Engl., co. and 9 m. S.S.E. Lincoln. Area 2,110 ac. Pop. 942. Naver (Loch), a lake of Scotl., co. Sutherland, near its centre, pa. Farr. Length 6 m., breadth 1 m. On a small island in the lake are the re- mains of a Pictish fort. Naves, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Corrgze, cant, and 3 m. N. Tulle. Pop. 2,170. Navestoce, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 6^ m. N.E. Romford. Area 3,730 ac. Pop. 887. Navia, a river of N. Spain, rises in Galicia, prov. Lugo, flows N.N.E.pastavill. of same name, and after a course of 65 m., enters the Bay of Biscay. It has an excellent salmon fishery. — II. a town on this river, about a mile from its mouth, and having 1,600 inhabs., and some Roman anti- quities. — III. [de Suama), a small town, prov. & 40 m. N.W. Oviedo, on the Navia. Pop. 1,200. Navioator's Islands, a group in the Pacific O., N.E. of the Friendly isls., in lat. 14° S., and Ion. 170° W., the principal being Pola, or Oteewhi, Oatooah, Tootooillah, and Rose isls. They are mostly lofty, of coralline and volcanic formation, very fertile, and populous. The Dutch & French contest the claim to their discovery. [Samoan Isl.] Nawada, a town of British India, presid, Bengal, dist. and 20 m. S. Bahar. Nawaurguhoe, a town of India, Oude dom,, 38 m. N.E. Lucknow. Naworth Castle, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Cum- berland, pa. Brampton, 11 m, E.N.E. Carlisle. Pop. 466. The castle, erected by the Dacre fa- mily, in the 14th century, on the edge of a preci- pice inaccessible on three sides, is a seat of the E, of Carlisle, and one of the finest border for- tresses still in repair. Naxob, or NAXiA,A'(Za!o«,anisl. of the Grecian Archipelago, the largest and most fertile of the Cyclades, in lat. 37° N., Ion. 25° 31' E. Length 19 m., breadth 16 m. Pop. (1840) 19,912. Sur- face mntnous. Chief products, wine, fruits, olive oil, & cheese. The isl. was formerly consecrated to Bacchus. In the 13th century, it formed, with the neighbouring islands, the Venetian duchy of Naxos. It was taken by the Turks in the 16th century. It now forms a gov. of the kingdom of NAY 916 KEE Greece. Chief town, Naxia, anc. Naxos, with a port on the N.W. coast ; it is the see of a Greek and of a Roman Catholic bishop. Pop. 2,000. — II. a ruined city of Sicily, on the E. coast, at the mouth of the Onobala. Nay, a coram, and town of France, dep. B. Py- renees, on the Gave-de-Pan, 10 m. S.S.E. Pan. Pop. 8,028. It has manufs. of broad cloth, serge, druggets, blankets, and hosiery, and tanneries. Nayland, a mkt. town and pa. of England, co. Suffolk, on the navigable Stour, here crossed by a bridge, 14 m. W.S.W. Ipswich. Area of pa. 1,470 ac. Pop. 1,114. It has manufactures of silk and soap. Nazaibe (St), several comms., towns, and vills. of France.— I. a town and seaport, dep. Loire- Inf., close to the mouth of the Loire, on its N. side, cap. cant., 30 m. W. Nantes. Pop. 3,771. — II. dep. Var, 6 m. W. Toulon, at the mouth of -the Repe. Pop. 1,542. Nazaketh (Arab. en-Nasirah), a small town of .Palestine, pash. and 17 m. S.E. Acre. Estimated pop. 3,000, mostly Christians, but comprising 500 Turks. It stands on a declivity, and is generally well built, with flat-roofed stone houses. Its princip. edifice is the Latin convent, with a richly decorated church, reputed to be on the site ren- dered memorable as the scene of the Annunciation and the birth-place of Christ. The pop. is mostly agricultural, but partly employed in weaving. ■ Nazareth, a comm. & mkt. town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 8 m. S.W. Ghent, on railway to Brussels. Pop. 6,343. — II. a town of Brazil, prov., on 1. b. of the Jaguaripe, 40 m. from its jnouth, in the Atlantic. Pop. 2,000. Naze (The), a cape, forming the S. extremity of Norway, on the North Sea, near the entrance of the Skager-rack. Lat. 67° 57' N., Ion. 7° 2' E. — II. a headland of Engl., forming the E. extre- mity of the 00. Suffolk, 6 m. S. Harwich III. a .headland, Senegambia, 36 m. S.E. Cape Verd. NE.AGH (Lodgh), a lalie of Irel., prov. Ulster, on S.W. border of co. Antrim. Length 17 m., breadth 10 m. Area 163 sq. m., or 98,265 ac. .Altitude above the sea at low water, 48 ft. Mean depth, 40 feet. Besides minor streams, it receives the Upper Bann and Blaokwater from the S., and discharges its surplus waters on the N. by the Lower Bann, into the Atlantic O. Its isls. are few and small ; shores mostly flat and marshy. NfiANT, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Mor- bihan, 7 m. N.E. Ploermel. Pop. 1,647. Neateshead, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 9| m. N.E. Norwich. Axea 1,760 ac. Pop. 697. Neath, Nidum, a pari, and munic. bor., river- port, mkt. town, & pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamor- gan, 7 m. N.E. Swansea, on the navigable river •Neath. Pop. of pa. 4,970. It has copper & iron foundries, & collieries, the produce of which, as also the mining produce brought from the interior by canal, is largely exported. Corp. rev. (1848) 6812. The bor. unites with Swansea, &c., in sending one mem. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1847) 184. It is also a polling place for the co. — The river Neath rises near Ystradvellty, and after a S.S.W. course of 20 m., enters the Bristol Channel, 2^ m. S. Neath, to which it is navigable from the sea for vessels of 300 or 400 tons. In most part of its length it is accompanied by the Neath canal. Nebra, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 19 m. W.S.W. Merseburg, on the Unstrut. P. 1,746. Nebraska, an unappropriated territ. of U. S., N. America, extends from British America on the N., to Texas on the S. ; bounded E. by the Mis- souri, & W. by the Rocky Mntns. Area 377,000 sq. m. It is inhab. by different tribes of Indians. Neohanitz, a market town of Bohemia, cire. Bidschow, 9 m. W.N.W. Koniggratz. Pop. 1,064. Nechaba, a large vill. of Beloochistan, prov. and 16 m. S.E. Eelat. Neokab, or Neckeb, a river of Germany, rises in the mntns. of theSchwarzward (Wiirtemberg), on the frontiers of Baden, flows generally N. and W. past Rothenburg, Tubingen, Esslingen, near Stuttgart and Louisburg, to Heilbronn in Wiir- temberg; and in Baden, past Heidelberg, to Mannheim, where it joins the Rhine on the right. Length 210 m. It is shallow and difiScult of na- vigation. Chief afll., the Jaxt, on the right. Neokabau, a Till, of Baden, circ. Lr. Rhine, on an island in the Rhine, near the confl. of the Neckar, 2i m. S. Mannheim. Pop. 1,631. NEOKAR-GEMiJNi), a towu of Badcn, circ. Lower Rhine, cap. dist., at the confl. of the Elsenz with the Neckar, 17 m. E.S.E. Mannheim. Pop. 2,169. — Neckarrems is a vill., Wiirtemberg, 8 m. N.N.E. Stuttgart, with 813 inhabs., and a ruined castle. Neckab-steinach, a walled town of the grand duchy H.-Darmstadt, prov. Starkenburg, cap. dist., 6 m. E. Heidelberg. Pop. 1,521. Neckaesdlm, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, cap. dist., at the confl. of the Sulm with the Neckar, 30 m. N. Stuttgart. Pop. 2,402. It has a castle, and manufs. of leather and tobacco. Nectaibe (St), a comm. and market town of France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 18 m. W. Issoire. It is celebrated for its mineral springs. Nectok, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3i m. E.N.E. Swaffham. Area 4,030 ac. Pop. 991. Neda (S. Nicolas de), a town of Spain, prov. & 17 m. N.N.E. Cornna, near Ferrol. Pop. 2,806. It has iron and copper-works, a glue factory, and a baking establishment for the arsenal of Ferrol. Neddamcngaium, a town of British India, prov. Madras, dist. and 22 m. S.W. Tanjore, and having several Hindoo temples. Nedjed, a country of Arabia, in the interior, bounded E. by Lahsa, W. by the Hedjaz, N. and S. by deserts. A great part of its surface is sandy desert, interspersed with fertile spots. The hills are generally wooded, but its characteristics are very little known. It furnishes dromedaries and horses of an excellent breed. TheWahabees, who had subjugated all the tribes of the Nedjed, were vanquished by the troops of the viceroy of Egypt, but he has not been able to maintainfhis power in the country. Nedde, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Vienne, 28 m. E.S.E. Limoges. Pop. 1,610. Nedehaes, a large dist., or amt. of Norway, stift Christiansand, having W. and S. the amts. Stavanger and Mandal, £. Bradsberg, and S.E. the Skager-rack. Area 4,266 sq. m. Pop. (1845) 47,608. Surface mntnous. Chief river, the Tor- ris-elf ; & towns, Arendal,6rimstad, & Lillesund. Nederbeakel, a town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, cap. cant., 17 m. S.S.E. Ghent. Pop. 3,807, engaged in brewing and salt-reiining. Nedeblanden, Koningrijh der, the Kingdom of Holland, &c. [Netheblakds.] Nedsing, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 4 m. N.N.W. Hadleigh. Area 810 ac. Pop. 195. Neoriqailov, a town of Russia, gov. & 100 m. W.N.W. Kharkov, on the Sula. Pop. 3,800. Neede, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Gelder- land, 18 m. E. Zutphen. Pop. 2,612. Needham, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 2 m. S.W. Harleston. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 310.— II. (Market), a small mkt. town & chapelry of Engl., CO. Suffolk, pa. Barking, with a station on the E. Union railway, 9 m. N.N.W. Ipswich. Pop. 1,363. Needham, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Ma.ssa. NEE 917 NEI cliusetts, on Charles river, 11 m. S.W. Boston. Pop. 1,488. Needles (The), a cluster of 3 pyramidal and pointed rocl^ in the English channel, off the ex- treme W. point of the Isle of Wight, here sur- mounted by a light-honse, in lat. 50° 39' 9' N,, Ion. 1° 34' W. Needwood, an anc. royal forest of Engl., co. Stafford, disforested in 1801, and allotted for en- closure to the pas. Hanbury, Tatenhill, Tutbury, and Yoxhall. It is now mostly cultivated, except iu its N. division, which presents some fine re- mains of forest scenery. Neehaheira, a town of Hindostan, R^jpoo- tana, 20 m. S. Chittore. In 1820, it was estimated to comprise 500 houses. NeehbucC, a small town of Paraguay, and its principal por^ in a marshy tract, on the Parana, 100 m. W.S.W. Assumpcion. Neemla, or NiifBA, a town of Afghanistan, 5 m. £. Gundamuck. Here, in 1809, Shah Soojah, was defeated and expelled from Cabool by the troops of Futteh Khan. — Neemra is a village of Scinde, 44 m. N. Larkhana. Neemutch, a town of Hindostan, Bajpootana, 36 m. S.E. Chittoor. It has a good bazaar, N.W. of which is a British cantonment. Nben, two pas. of Engl., co. Salop. — I. (Sav- age), 11 ra. S.W. Bridgenorth. Area 3,690 ac. Pop. 490.— U. {SollarsJ, 10 m. E.S.E. Ludlow. Area 1,370 ac. Pop. 190. Neenton, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 6J m. S.W. Bridgenorth. Area 1,450 ac. Pop. 144. Neepatook, a town of Brit. India, presid. Ma- dras, dist. S. Arcot, on the Punnair, 86 m. N.W. Pondicherry. Neeb, a vUl. of the Netherlands, prov. Lim- bnrg, on the Maese, 4 m. N. Koermond. P. 1,455. Nbebsoons, a strong hill-fort of Brit. India, presid. Bombay, dist. and 35 m. E.N.E. Dharwar. Neemad is a town, Deccan, dom. and 120 m. N. Hyderabad. Neebwinden, or Neebwesde, a Till, of Hel- ium, prov. Liege, 2 m. N.W. Landen, memorable for the victory of the Marechal de Luxembourg over the army of William iii. of Engl., 29th July 1693, and for the defeat of the French under Samonriez, by the Austrians, 18th March 1793. Neeebn, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 2 m. E.N.E. Newport. Pop. 1,626. The church is a fine antique building. Neft, a town of N. Africa, dom. Tunis, on the W. side of the lake Shibka-el-Ludeah, 20 m. S.S.W. Tozcr. Neftm, a town of Wales. [Netin.] Negapatam, a decayed marit. town of India, presid, Madras, dist. and 48 m. E.S.E. Tanjore, on the Coromandel coast. It was formerly the cap. of the Dutch possessions in India, but taken by the British in 1781. NEeoMBO, a town of Ceylon, on its W. coast, 18 m. N. Colombo. Its vicinity produces large quantities of rice, with pepper, cocoa nuts, betel, and coffee. Total value of exports (1846) 2,014?. 17*. ; do. of imports, 14,068/. 17«. Negbais, an isl. and harbour, Burmese dom., kmgdom of Pegu, at the mouth of the Bassain river, an arm of the Irrawadi. — Cape Negrais, in lat. 16° 1' 30' N., Ion. 94° 12' E., forming the boundary between the Burmese and the British territories in Further India, is the S. extremity of the Burmese dom., and bounds the Gulf of Martaban on the N.W. Negbefelisse, a comm. and town of France, dep. Tam-et-Garonne, on the Aveyron, 8 m. E.N.E. Montauban. Pop. 1,224. It has manufs. of fustians and coarse cotton cloths, but it has never recovered its all but entire destruction by Louis XIII., in consequence of the tirm adherence of its inhabitants to Protestantism. NEQitiL (North and South), two headlands of Jamaica, 8 m. apart, the latter, in lat. 18° 16' N., Ion. 78° 22 W., forms the W. extrem. of the isl. Negropont (Channel of), an arm of the .£gean Sea, Greece, between £. Hellas & Euboea, and consisting of the S.E. portion of the ancient Euripus. Length 40 m. Near its entrance, it is 7 m. in width, but at its N. extremity, opp. Chalcis, it is only 100 ft. across. — Negropont is also an ob- solete name of Euboea and Chalcis, which see. Negro (Rio), rivs., &o., of Amer. [Rio Negro.] Neoros (Isla de), one of the Philippine isls.; Asiatic Archipelago, between Panay and Zebu. Estimated area 3,780 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 35,622. — II. an island. Pacific Ocean, near the N. coast of Admiralty island. Neh, and Neha vend, two towns of Persia ; the former, prov. and 175 m. E.N.E. Tezd; the lat- ter, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 60 m. S. Hamadan, and where the Arabs obtained a memorable victory over the Persians, a.d. 638. Neheim, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 6 m. N.W. Arnsberg, at the confl. of the Wohne and Ruhr. Pop. 1,970. N^HOu, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Manche, 6 m. S.W. Valognes. Pop. 2,400, chiefly employed in manufacturing coarse earthenwares. Nehrung, a long & narrow strip of land, bor- deringthe Baltic, in E. Prussia, stretching for 60 m. S. from Memel, with an average breadth of 2\ m., and bounding the Curische-haff on the N.W.^n. a similar strip, between the Frische- haff & the G. of Danzig, Baltic, 35 m. in length. Neidenbdrg, a town of E. Prussia, reg. & 24 m. S. Kiinigsberg. Pop. 2,742. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufs. of woollens and leather. Neilghbbrt, or Neelgherry Mountains, a mntn. range of S. India, British presid. Madras, at the junction of the E. and W. ghauts, where they occupy an area of about '700 sq. m., dist. and N.W. Coimbatoor, having S. the remarkable Paulgautcherry Pass. Elev. of highest peak, 8,800 feet, and several others rise to betw. 5,000 and 6,000 feet. Various aiHs. of the Coleroon, and some small rivers of the adjacent Malabar dist., rise in this region, which produces European grains and vegetables, and contains many well cultivated tracts. Among these hills are the sta- tions Ootacamund, Kotagherry, Dimhutty, and Coonoor, resorted to by Europeans on account of the eminent salubrity of their climate. [Ma- hableshwub HillsJ Neilston, a pa. of Sootl., co. Renfrew, 6 m. S. Paisley. Area 36 sq. m. Pop. 10,577, of whom 1,497 are in the vill. It has exten. cotton works. Neissb, two rivers of Germany. — I. Bohemia, Saxony, and Brandenberg, joins the Oder, 21m, S.S.E. Frankfurt, after a N. course of 115 m.— II. Prussian Silesia, also joins the Oder, 16 m, N.W. Oppeln, after a rapid N.E. course of 98 m. Neisse, a fortified town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 30 m. S.W. Oppeln, cap. oirc, on the Neisse. Pop. (1846) 16,226. It has a large castle, a palace, a commandant's residence, circ. hall, 7 Bom. Catholic, and 2 Lutheran churches, con- vents, extensive barracks, powder mills & arsen- als, a theatre, several hospitals, a Rom. Catholic college, and an asylum for poor Bom. Catholic clergy, printing establishments, manufs. of linen and woollen cloths, and several distilleries. Neithobp, a hamlet of Engl., co. Oxford, pa. & adjoining the town, Ij m. E. Banbury. P. 3,007. NEI 918 NEP Neita, a river of Asiatic Russia, govs. Perm and Tobolsk, after an E. course of 350 m., joins the Tobol 60 m. E. Tumen, which town, and Irbit, are on its banlss. — II. a town of S. Amer. [Netva.] Neive, or Neze, a town of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. Coni, 4 m. N.E. Alba. Pop. of comm. 2,4.00. Nejin, or NiESHiN, a town of Russia, gov. and 86 m. S.S.E. Tcliernigov, cap. dist., on the Oster. Pop. (1838) 16,000. It is enclosed by ramparts, and has a cathedral, numerous other churches, some convents, an hospital, a dist. school, and a college founded in 1789 ; with mauufs. of soap, leather, preserves, and liqueurs, in high repute throughout Russia. NEKHVOROCHTOHA,amkt. town of Russia, gov. and 32 m. S. Poltava, on the Orel. Pop. 1,570. Neliseeb, or Nelisdbaji, a small marit. town of British India, presid. Bombay, dist. Malabar, near the coast, 30 m. N.N.W. Cananore. Nellembook, an inland town of British India, presid. Bombay, prov. Malabar, 31 m.E. CaUcut. Xellore, a marit. dist. of Brit. India, presid. Madras, mostly between lat. 14° & 16° N., & Ion. 79° and 80° E., having N. the dist. Guntoor, W. Cuddapah, S. Arcot, and E. the Bay of Bengal. Area 12,000 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 846,572. Surface, undulating and picturesque. Principal river, the Pennar. Chief crops are dry grains ; which, with rice, a fine breed of cattle, sent in large numbers to the hilly dists. W.ward, indigo, salt, firewood, nitre, betel, and tobacco, form the principal pro- ducts. The dist. is locally famous for its cotton manufs. Land rev. 139,9812. ; total rev. 247,4882. Chief towns, Nellore, Ongole, and Soondy. — Nellore, the cap. dist., is on the Pennar, 13| m, from the Bay of Bengal, and 98 m. N.N.W. Ma- dras. In the last century, it was an important fortress; it is at present a busy and populous town, with extensive suburbs, but no remarkable public building. In 1784, many Roman coins, of the 2d century, were discovered here, under the ruins of a Hindoo temple. Nelson, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, 109 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,100.— II. a tnshp., Ohio, 164 m. N.E. Columbus. Pop. 1,398.— (JSJuer), British N. America, enters Hud- son's Bay on ite W. side, near Fort York, after a N.E. course, through a territory to which it gives name. — Nelson Ldhe is an enlargement of Churchill river in the same region. Nelson, a district of W. Australia, lat. 34° S., Ion. 11 6° E., having N. the Wellington, W. Sussex, and on other sides Lanark, Goderich, and Wick- low dists II. a settlement of New Zealand, in Tasman Bay, middle island. Pop. (1844) 2,915 ; customs' revenue 1,9192. — (Cape), S. Australia, bounds Portland Bay W.ward. Lat. 38° 25' 54' S., Ion. 141° 28' E (Channel), Tasmania, between Van Dieman's Land and King's island, 60 m. across, connects Bass' Strait with the S. ocean. — {Island), New S. Shetland, S. Atlantic Ocean, lat. 62° 15' S., Ion. 58° 50' W. Nembro, a town of Austrian Italy, deleg. & 5 m. N.E. Bergamo, on the Serio. Pop. 2,000. It has 2 churches, an hospital, iron-works, a silk- spinning mill, and some trade in whet-stones. Nemea, a vill. of Greece, Morea, gov. & 13 m. S.W. Corinth, with the remains of a temple of Jupiter, and other antiquities. Nemethi-Szathmab, Hungary. [Szathmab.] Nemi, a lake and vill. of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., comarca and 17 m. S.E. Rome, beside the Appian way, and between Albano and Yelletri. The lake is the crater of an extinct volcano, 5 m. in circ, and surrounded by thick woods, which were, in anc. times, famous for the worship of Diana. The vill., on its N.E. margin, pop. 1,100, is overlooked by a feudal castle. Nemibov, a town of Russian Poland, prov. Bi- alystok, on the Bug, 23 m. S.E. Drohitshin. Pop. (1838) 3,876.-11. a mkt. toivn, gov. Podolia, circ. & 12 m. N.W. Bratslav. Pop. 2,000, chiefly Jews. It has a college, opened in 1838, and ma- nufs. of linen clotlis and leather. Nemotjes, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, 19 m. S.E. Fontambleau. Pop. 3,782. It is surrounded by the canal du Loing, enclosed by walls, & has a fine old castle ; manufi. of hats, tanneries, bark and corn mills, marble- works, brick &4ime kilns. Nemours was aseig- nory given to the house of Orleans by Louis xiv. Nempnet, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 8 m. N.E. Axbridge. Area 1,180 ac. Pop. 289. Nemza, a town of Moldavia. [Ntamtz.J Nehaoh, a mkt. town and pa. of Irel., Munster, CO. Tipperary, near the Nenagh river, an af9. of the Shannon, 13 m. N.E. Newport. Area of pa. 3,881 ac. Pop. 9,540; pop. of town, 8,618. It is situated in a dist. of great beauty and fertility ; is well built, clean, and thriving ; has fine remains of a Norman castle, and some ruins of a monastery. Nene, or New, a river of Engl., rises in W. of CO. Northampton, flows N.E., and enters the N. Sea at the Wash, after a course of 90 m. by a tidal channel, recently formed at a cost of about 200,0002. It is navig. for vessels of small draught, & communicates by the Wisbeach canal with the Onse, & in the upper part of its course by canals with all the central navigation of England. Nenndoef, a viU. of Germany, Hessen- Cassel, prov. Lower Hessen, in a detached dist., 16 m. N.E. Rinteln, with mineral springs and baths. Nenthoen, a pa. of Scotl., co. Berwick, 4 m. N.W. Kelso. Area 5\ sq. m. Pop. 446. Neograd (Hung. Nograd), a market town of Central Hungary, cap. co., 27 m. N. Pesth. Pop. 1,500. It is commanded by an old castle. Neots' (St), a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. and 8 m. S.W. Huntingdon, on the line of the Great Northern railway, and on the E. bank of the Ouse, here crossed by a handsome stone bridge. Area of pa. 4,760 ac. Pop. 3,123. It has several good streets, & a good retail trade. Mkt. for com, Thursday II. a pa., co. Cornwsill, 6 m. W.N.W. Liskeard. Area 14,540 ac. Pop. 1,516. Nepaul, Nepala, an independent country of Hindostan, comprising the S. slope of the Ehna- laya mntn. chain, between lat. 26° 30' & 30° 50' N., and Ion. 80° and 88° E., having W. and S. British India and Dude, E. Sikkim, & N. Tibet. Length, W. to E., 450 m., breadth 100 m. Area estimated at 63,000 sq. m.,and pop. at 2,000,000. The S. part of the country is an undulating and densely wooded tract, called the ierriani ; further N.ward, the surface consists of a succession Of mntns. and narrow valleys, in which many affls. of the Goggra, Gunduck, Koose, & other tributs. of the Ganges have their sources. Rice, maize, wheat, barley, cotton, & sugar cane, are amongst the chief crops, and in the mntn. region, they are raised on artificial terraces along the sides of the declivities. Fruits, drugs, dyeing materials, and timber are abundant. Native animals comprise horses and large dogs of superior breeds, shawl- goats, and sheep, which are employed as beasts of burden. Many copper and iron mines are wrought ; lead and zinc are amongst the mineral products. Principal manuft. are of cotton cloths, in wWch most of the pop. are clad; metallic goods, salt, and nitre. Among the exports are elephants, ivory, rice, timber, hides, ginger, ea- NEP 919 NES techu, turmeric, fruits aud spices, with Tibet horses and sheep, small buUoclss, borax, salt, sulphur, and mineral preparations brought from Bootan and Tibet, and sent into the Bengal ter- ritory, in return for Indian and British manufe., and uie native products of Hindostan. A portion of the transit trade between Cashmere and the Chinese empire passes througli Nepaul. Pop. consists of several tribes, partly of Mongol origm and Buddhists, but cUefly of Hindoo faith and descent. Government vested in the tribe of the Gorkhas, who conquered the country about the middle of the last century. Principal towns, Ehatmandoo (or Catmandoo), the cap., Lalita- Fatah, Bhatgong, and Ku-thipoor. After the termination of the war of 1814-16, the Ghorkas ceded to the British all the cos. situated between the Sutleje and the Kali rivers, and agreed to evacuate the territory of the rajah of Sikkim. Since that time, peace has been preserved. Nepean, a small isl. of the Pacific, S. of Nor- folk isl., and formerly a penal settlement, but now abandoned. — II. a river, E. Australia, New S. Wales, flows N.W.ward between the cos. Camden and Cumberland, and joins the Warra-gamba to form the Hawkesbury. — Nepean Bay, S. Aus- tralia, is on the N.E. side of Kangaroo isl., 70 m. S. W. Adelaide ; and PoiTtt Nepean is at the en- trance of Port Philip, 40 m. S.S.W. Melbourne. Nepkin, and Nephinbeg, two mntns. of Irel., Connanght, co. Mayo; the former, about 6 m. S.S.W. Crossmolina, ht. above the sea, 2,646 ft. ; the latter, 9 m. N.W. Newport. Height, 2,065 ft. Nepi, Nepete, a town of Central Italy, Poutif. Sta., deleg. and 18 m. S.S.E. Viterbo, on the road to Rome. Pop. 1,790. It is enclosed by Gothic walls, erected on Etruscan foundations. It has an anc. church & town hall, but most of its public buildings were ruined by the French in 1799. Nepomuck, or Nepomuk, a small town of Bo- hemia, circ. Klattau, 55 m. S.W. Prague, famous as the birth-place of St John of Nepomuck, the patronsaintofBohemia,inl323{1330?). P. 1,485. Neptcne IsLAfins, a group of islands, off the coast of S. Australia, near the entrance of Spen- cer Gulf, 45 m. N.W. Kangaroo island. Neba, Nar, a river of Italy, Pontif. Sta., passes Temi to Nami, near which it joins the Tiber on the left. It forms fine falls at Marmora, 5 m. above Temi. Length, 60 miles. Neeac, a comm. and town of France, cap. arr., dep. Lot-et-Garonne, 15 m. W.S.W. Agen, on the Bayse. Pop. (1846) 3,900. It has a tribunal of commerce, and a fine chteau, in which Henri IT. held his conrt, when he was only king of Na- varre. It lias mannfs. of starch, corks, cordage, druggets, and linens. Nebbudda, Nekbcddah, or Nubbuddah {Narmada, " the bestower of pleasure," ancient Narmadus), an important river of India, and next to the Indus, the principal one having a W.- ward course, rises in Gundwana, near the sources of the Sone, flows through the British doms., and enters the Gulf of Cambay, 28 m. W. Baroach. Total course upwards of 620 m. It is 600 yards across in its upper part, near Jubbalpoor ; about double this width atMundlesir, and sometimes 3 m. in width near Baroach ; but its navigation is impeded by rocks, islands, shallows, & cataracts. It separates the Deccan from Hindostan-Proper. Nbbchau, a town of Saxony, circ. & 17 m. E. Leipzig, on the Mulde. Pop, 721. Nebechta, or Nebechtab, a town of Russia, gov. and 23 m. S.S.W. Kostroma, cap. dist., on an afil. of the Volga. Pop. 2,000. It has manufs. of linen and woollen stuffs. Nekesheim, atownof Wiirtemberg, circ. Jaxt, cap. dist., on an affl. of the Danube, 30 m. N.N.E. Ulm. Pop. 1,010, who manuf. carpets & leather. Nebesi, the principal town of the isl. of Brazza, Dalmatia, circ. and 12 m. S. Spalato. P. 1,556. Nereto, a mkt. town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo Ult. I., cap. cant., 13 m. N.N.E. Teramo. P. 1,110. Neriad, a town of British India, presid. Bom- bay, dist. Kaira, 28 m. N.E. Cambay. — Nenrya- pettdh is a small town, presid. Madras, dist. and N.E. Coimbatoor, on the river Cavery. Neris, Aqua Nerce, a comm., small town, and watering place of France, dep. Allier, 4 m. S.E. Montlugon. Pop. 1,432. It has a curious church, modern bath establishment, hotels and boarding houses ; its warm springs are resorted to from May to October. It was a favourite place of resort under the Romans, and has remains of an amphitheatre, and various other antiquities. Nekja, a town of Spain, at the mouth of the small river Nerja in the Mediterranean, prov. and 27 m. E. Malaga. Pop. 5,000. Neeondb, a comm. and town of France, dep. Loire, cap. cant., 16 m. S.E. Roanne. Pop. 1,300. — Nerondes is a comm. and market town, dep. Cher, with a station on the Bourges and Nevers railway, 20 m. E.S.E. Bourges. P. 1,298. Nertchinsk, a town of Asiatic Russia, gov. & 640 m. E. Irkutsk, on the Shilka, principal afB. of the Amoor. Pop. 3,000. It is cap. of a dist. rich in mines of lead and silver, in which many exiles are employed. It has a citadel, and trade in furs. Nebvi, a seaport town of N. Italy, prov. and 5 m. S.E. Genoa. Pop. 4,089. It is agreeably situated on the shore, with a small port on the gulf of Genoa, and has manufs. of silk & woollen fabrics, a brisk coasting trade, and productive fisheries. — The Neniia is a small river in the div. Nice near Ventimiglia. Nekviano, a vill. of Austrian Italy, prov. and 11 m. N.W. Milan, on the Olona. Pop. 2,500. Nebvion, a river of Spain, Biscay, enters the Baj of Biscay at Portngalete, 9 m. N.W. Bilbao. Affls. the Saloedon and Durango. Nebwinde, a vill. of Belgium. [Neebwinden.] Neshanock, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, co. Mercer. Pop. 2,068. Nesle, a comm. and town of France, dep. Somme, on the Ingon, 29 m. E.S.E. Amiens. Pop. 1,756. Nesle is the name of numerous other comms. of France. — Neamy is a comm. and vill., dep. Vendfe, 6 m. S. Napoleon- Vendfe. P. 1,072. Ness (Gbeat), a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 7 m. N.N.W. Shrewsbury. Area 5,670 ao. Pop. 622. Ness (Looh), a lake of Scotland, co. and 6 m. S.W. Inverness, and forming a portion of the C^edonial canal. Length N.E. to S.W. about 23 m. ; average breadth IJ m. It receives the Oich, Tarff, Foyers, and Morriston rivers, and discharges itself into the Moray Firth, by the riv. Ness, 8 m. in length. The country on its banks is highly picturesque. Nesting, Lunhastino, and Whalsat, a united pa. of Scotland, co. Shetland, comprising several islands on the E, coast of Mainland. Pop. 2,294. Neston (Gbeat), a market town and pa. of Engl., 00. and 10 m. N.W.Chester, on the es- tuary of the Dee. Area of pa. 10,000 ae. Pop. 3,809 ; do. of town 1,701. It is well built, and frequented by sea-bathers. — II. (Little), a town- ship, same pa., 1 m. S.E. Great Neston. P. 438. Nestved, a town of Denmark, stift and on the island Seeland, amt. & 13 m. N.W. Prsestoe, and on the Suus-aa, near its mouth. Pop. 2,300. It has manufs, of woollens, and trade in corn. HES 920 NET Nestish, Nesvij, or Nieswiez, a frontier town of Russian Poland, gov. and 58 m. S.W. Minsk, on an affl. of the Niemen. Pop. 4,000. It has a fine palace of the Radzivil family. Its fortifica- tions were levelled by the Swedes In 1706. Neszouil (Hung. Neszmedy), a market town of W. Hungary, oo. and 11 m. E. Komorn, on the Danube. Pop. 1,200. Nethe, or Neethe, a river of Belgium, prov. Antwerp, formed by the union of the Great and Little Nethe, which, after a W. course, unite at lierre, whence it has a W.S.W. and navigable course of 8 m., and joins the Ruppel 3 m. S.W. Boom. Under the French the present prov. Antwerp was entitled the dep. Deux-Nethes. Netheb-Avon, a pa. of Engl, co. Wilts, b\ m. N. Amesbury. Area 5,160 ao. Pop. 605, Nethebbdey, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, IJ m. S.8.W. Beaminster, Ao. 6,600. Pop. 2,162. Netherbt, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Cumberland, pa. Artburet, 2^ m, E.N.E. Longtown. P. 368. Nethebex, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 5 m. N.N.E. Exeter. Area 450 ac. Pop. 97. Netheelanhs (Kihodom oethe), or Holland (Dutch Konijigrijh der Nederlajiden, Fr. Royaume des Pays Bos), a, state of W. Europe, on the Ger- man Ocean (cap. Amsterdam), composed of the Netherlands Proper, or the ancient republic of the 7 united provinces, and part of the duchy of Limburg, situated between lat. 60° 43' and 63°'2r N., and Ion. 3° 24' and 7° 12' E., bounded E. by Hanover and Prussia, S. by Belgium and the grand duchy of Luxemburg (the S.E. portion of which is held by the King of the Netherlands), and W. and N. by the German Ocean. Extent and population as follow : — Provinces. Area in sq. miles. Population Jan. 1, 1849. North Brabant, . Gelderliuid, South Hollnnd, . Xorth Holland, . Zeeland, . .Utrecht, .... Priesland, V Overyssel, , Groningen, Drenthe, .... Duchy of Limburg {part of), ', 1,985 1,970 1,175 960 673 536 1,266 1,286 886 1,031 852 399,263 368,855 658,946 463,760 165,271 161,324 245,013 212,707 189,700 81,013 198,467 Total, . 12,620 3.020,319 poTuuS^n^ "' ^-™;>-^- 'r- '' ]^' ^"'^ ''Vtt Formmg the W. extremity of the great plain of N. Europe, the territory is perfectly flat, with the exception of, a few low hills which traverse the provs, of Gelderland, Overyssel, & Utrecht : a considerable portion of it is formed of allu- vium, or rescued by human industry from the sea, below the level of which much of it is si- tnated. From the point of the Holder to the Hoek van Holland, at the mouth of the Maas, 78 miles, the coast is partly protected by natural downs, about 40 feet in height, composed of fine sand upheaved by the sea, and fixed by planta- tions of sea-grass (arundo-arenaria) ; on the other parts of the coast, especially in Zeeland, Fries- land, and Gelderland, the sea is confined by enormous artificial dykes. The prmcipaJ gulfs of ine German Ocean, on this coast, are the Zuyder .^ee, the Lauwer Zee, and the Dollart. The principal rivers are the Rhine, Maas, & Scheldt : en entermg the Netherlands, the Rhine separates into two branches, the S. most of which, called the Waal, flows W. 46 m., and joins the Maas near Gorcum ; whilst the other, called the Rijn (Rhine), flows N.W. 6 m. to near Westervoort, where it again divides : the New Tssel on right, flowing N. 66 m. to the Zuyder Zee, and the Beneden Kijn on left, flowing W. 30 m. to Wyk- by-Duurstede. Here the Rhine again separates : the main stream called the Leek, or Lek, after a W. course of 35 m., joins the Maas 7 m. E. Rotter- dam, while a branch on right called the Eromme Rijn, flows N.W. to Utrecht: here the Rhine splits for the fourth time, the right branch called the Vecht, flowing N. to the Zuyder Zee, and the left, called the Old Rhine, W. past Woerden and Leyden, 35 m. to Katwyk on the German Ocean. [Meusb — Scheldt.] The chief lakes are those of Haarlem (now being drained) and the Y. Marshes are numerous, and some of them, as the Bourtange and Peel morasses in the E., are very extensive. The islands form two principal groups; one situated in the estuary of the Scheldt and the Meuse, comprises N. and S. Beveland, Walcheren, Tholen, Schouwen, Over Flakkee, Voorn, Beyerland, Ysselmonde, &o. ; the other, at the entrance of the Zuyder Zee includes the Texel, Vlieland, Ter-Schelling, and Ameland. There are several small islands in the Zuyder Zee. Climate less extreme than in N. Germany. Mean temp, of year (at Amsterdam) 49° .8, winter 35° .6, summer 64° .4 Fahr. Snow not very abundant. The canal from Amsterdam to the Holder is fre- quently frozen for 3 months in the year, and the Zuyder Zee is frequently frozen over. Atmosphere humid, especially in the W. provs. Winds ge- nerally strong, and tempests frequent in winter and spring. Prevailing winds N. and N.E.; when W. and N. winds are violent, they cause inundations by accumulating the waters of the sea upon the coasts, or by repelling that of the rivers. The great amount of stagnant water, would render the country uninhabitable but for the strong winds which purify the atmosphere. The soil is argillaceous, has no minerals except a little bog iron, but immense deposits of turf & potters' clay. No stone of any size is to be found in the soil ; and, though generally speaking, not a wooded country, large, trees are by no means rare in Holland. The most fertile provs. are those of the S., & the least so those of the N., a large tract of the formerly barren heath on the E. has been brought under culture by the pauper colony of Frederick's Oord ; 3-4ths of the land are in pasture. Corn raised is insufficient for home consumption. The chief crops are rye, buckwheat, barley, and oats ; wheat is cultivated chiefly near Utrecht, in Friesland, and Zeeland j vegetables, madder, millet, and horse radish, in the last 2 provs. ; flax is extensively cultivated in the S. provs., tobacco in Utrecht and Gelderland, and the vine in Luxemburg ; potatoes, hemp, rape-seed, chicory, mustard, hops, and beetroot, are cultivated generally. The flora resembles that of other European countries situated in the same lat., but aquatic plants are more varied and extensive. Horticulture has long been a favourite employment of the Dutch, especially at Haar- lem, which still exports a considerable number of tulip and other flower roots. Rabbits are very abundant, as well as water fowl and reptiles in the marshes. Storks are numerous, and almost superstitiously revered in some districts, and means are taken to prevent the destruction and augment the number of these useful birds. The coasts abound in cod, turbot, sole, and other flat fish. The cattle of Holland are much esteemed. NET 921 NET & the draught horses are excellent. Dairy work is the chief branch of rural industry ; butter and cheese are in gi'eat repute, and form objects of extensive commerce. The fisheries formed the origin of prosperity in the Netherlands, and the herrings prepared by tlie Dutch still maintain their superiority. In 1842, 1,603 boats, manned by 8,280 men, were employed in this fishery. The whale fishery in the sea of Spitzbergen, has been profitably carried on since the 16th century. The manufacturing industry of the country is very active, Holland having long been celebrated for its linens, velvets, and paper ; and during the 17th and 18th centuries, its typogra- phy enjoyed a well merited reputation. The absence of coal, and the prevalence of strong winds, have led to the adoption of the wind mill as a motive power, and it is universally employed in all kinds of work. The chief manufs. are linen of the finest quality, woollens, silks and velvets, paper, leather, cordage, hats, ribbons, saltpetre, and tobacco. The manuf. of cotton has been recently introduced. There are nu- merous distilleries of " Geneva" (rather jenever, from the juniper berry, with which the gin is flavoured), or " Hollands," and extensive bleach- fields, brick and tile works. Holland presents the appearance of an immense net- work of canals, which form the usual access not only to towns and vills., but even to private mansions. The most important is that of N. Holland, between Amsterdam and the Helder, the finest work of the kind in Europe, 50 m. in length, 125 ft. broad at the surface, and 21 feet in depth. By means of this important work, ships bound for Amster- dam avoid the danger and delay of navigating the Zuyder Zee : it is spacious enough to admit two frigates abreast. Since not only the surface but the bed of many of the canals is above the level of the land, the drainage of the polders or meadows, through which they pass, is an object of great solicitude; it is effected by means of pumps worked by wind mills. In a country where human industry is engaged in a continual struggle with the sea, from the do- mains of which it has been conquered, the ma- nagement of dykes, canals, & roads, is a special olgect of attention on the part of the govern- ment. The roads, which are always formed on the dykes, and bordered by canals, are excel- lent. In 1849 lines of railway were completed from Amsterdam W. to Haarlem & S. to Leyden, the Jiasae and Rotterdam, & S. & E. by Utrecht to Amnem. The principal imports consist of co- lonial products and manuf. goods, corn, wines, cotton, wool, dried fish, and hides. Chief ex- ports are butter, cheese, gin, the manufs. of the country and colonial produce. (For details on trade, &c., see WCullocKa Commercial Did., &the Moniteur des Indes Orientales for 1847-8-9.) With few natnral resources, the inhabitants of Holland were driven to commerce as a matter of necessity. At the end of the 16th century, they gained possession of the Molucca islands, and secured a monopoly of the spice trade ; at the end of the 17th century, nearly half of the ship- ping of Europe belonged to Holland, but in con- sequence of the wars in which she was at that time engaged, and the increase of the mercantile navies of other countries, she soon lost her com- mercial pre-eminence. Holland took an active share in the wars against Louis xiv. It was con- quered by the French at the commencement of the revolution, and in 1795 formed the Batavian republic ; in 1806 it was made the kingdom of Holland, which Napoleon reduced to a dep. of France in 1810. After her incorporation with the French empire, Holland was deprived of all her colonies in the eastern seas. At the esta- blishment of peace in 1814, these colonial pos- sessions were restored, and a period of com- mercial prosperity succeeded. Holland and Belgium were then united into a single kingdom; but this union of two countries, betwixt which no sympathy existed, was broken by the revolt of Belgium in 1830. By the treaty of London, 19th April 1839, Belgium ceded to Holland a por- tion of Luxemburg and Limburg. The Dutch occupy the country of the ancient Batavi and Frisii ; their language is a dialect of the Ger- man. Flemish is still spoken in the S. The greater number of the inhabitants are Protes- tants, belonging to the Reformed Church, the Arminian or Remonstrant, Lutheran, & Baptist, denominations. The Reformed Church (by far the most numerous body, & of which the reign- ing family are members) is Calvinistio in point of doctrine, and its form of government is Presby- terian. (For details see 3r Steven's View of the Dutch Ecclesiastical Establishment.) The go- vernment pays the salaries of several British Presbyterian ministers settled in Holland, and whose churches are incorporated with the Dutch Reformed Church. There are also many Ro- man Catholics and Jews. The greatest tolera- tion has always existed in regard to religion. The Roman Catholics are under the bishops of Utrecht, Education is well conducted & very ge- nerally diffused. The teachers are placed under the guardianship of 70 inspectors, who act under an inspector-general, depending on the minister of the interior ; they grant licenses for the establish- ment of schools, and present to the government, 3 times a-year, an account of the state of public instruction. In 1846 there were in Holland 3 universities, at Leyden, Groningen, and Utrecht ; 2 atheneums, & 68 latin schools. For elementary instruction, there were 70 district, 2,125 com- munal, and 630 private schools. The ecclesias- tical schools comprised 6 Roman Catholic and 2 Protestant seminaries; 1 Jewish school; there are 3 military, 1 naval, & 1 veterinary school, & numerous academies of the fine arts ; 2 institu- tions for deaf mutes, and one for the blind. The proportion of attendance at school is 1 in 8 of the entire country ; while in Drenthe and Overyssel the proportion is 1 in 6. The benevolent insti- tutions comprise numerous hospitals for the sick & infirm, & for orphans ; societies of public good, and several pauper colonies. Mendicity is in- terdicted throughout the kingdom. The people are remarkable for the extreme cleanliness of their streets and dwellings. The government is a constitutional representative monarchy, the title of the sovereign is King of the Nether- lands, Prince of Orange Nassau, Grand Duke of Luxemburg and Duke of Limburg. The usual residence of the king is at the Hague. The. Dutch afford a very remarkable example of in- dustry and perseverance : to a country almost floating on the waters, they have given a firm foundation; without stone, and with compara- tively little timber, in their dominions, they have built spacious cities; and though nearly desti- tute of arable land, their towns have often been granaries for surrounding states. "With a territory not much larger than Wales, this people have maintained an army, a fleet, & a commerce, rank- ing high among the states of Europe. The stand- ing array in 1849 consisted of 1 reg. of grena- diers, 8 regs. of infantry, and 5 regs. 2 squadrons of cavalry, and 3 bat. of artillery. Navy, 1st Jan. NET 922 NEU 1818, 7 ships of the line (1st class, 84 guns) ; 5 ships (2d class, 74 guns) ; 18 frigates, and smaller craft ; in all 105 vessels, with 2,391 guns, and 74 gun-boats. Public rev. (1848) 79,229,114 florins (6,602,4262.), of which amount nearly half is raised by direct taxation and excise duties. Expendi- ture 71,526,934 florins (6,960,6001). National debt 102,411,8222. The marine force in actual service on 1st Jan. 1849, comprised 6,880 men, exclusive of those in the colonies. The mer- chant marine, on 1st January 1848, comprised 2,061 vessels, aggregate burden 19,749 lasts. The following table shows the extent and pop. of the colonial possessions of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as estimated for 1849 : — Area in s^. m. ASI^. J.va, 49,163 10,000,000 Siunatra, - . . 13S,341 5,000,000 Borneo, 195,989 2,000,000 Celebes, ■ 35,672 3,000,000 Moluccas, - 88,250 800,000 Other iBlaoils, 66,875 800,000 AMEBIOA. Surinjun, _ . . 63,125 603,000 Curacao, and depcDdendes, 1,062 26,400 AFEIOA. Guinea Coast, 10,625 100,000 Total, 684,991 21,786,700 The Netherlands is a name, which, for several centuries, was applied to the countries now form- ing the liingdoms of Belgium, and the Nether- lands, and part of the N. of France (deps. Nord and Fas-de-Calais). This country belonged al- most entirely to Charles v. United to Franche- Comt^, it formed the circle of Burgundy. From this 7 of the N. prova. separated themselves in 1679, and formed the Republic of Holland, or the 7 United Provs. Part of the low country was conquered by Louis xiv., and called the French Netherlands ; the rest, first under the dominion of Spain, passed it 1714 to that of Austria, and was called Spanish Netherlands, Austrian Nether- lands, or Belgium. Nbtley Abbey, afine ruin, Engl., co. & 3m. S.E. Southampton, on E. side of Southampton Water. Netolitz, a town of Bohemia, circ. Prachin, 14 m. N.W. Budweis. Pop. 2,312. Nettlebed, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, 6 m. W.N.W. Henley-on-Thames. Ac. 1,120. P. 690. NETTi,EOOMBE,apa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 6i m. N.N.W. Wiveliscombe. Ac. 3,760. Pop. 388. Nettleham, a pa. of England, co. and 3^ m. N.N.E. Lincoln. Area 3,270 ao. Pop. 841. Nettlestbad, two pas. of Engl. — 1. co. Kent, 6 m. S.W. Maidstone. Area 1,310 ac. Pop. 326.— II. a pa., co. Suffolk, 3J m. S. Needham. Area 690 ac. Pop. 98. Nettieswell, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 17 m. "W.N.W. Chelmsford. Area 1,830 ac. Pop. 336. Netxlexo», two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Lmcoln, Im. S.S.W. Caistor. Ar«a 3,670 ac. Pop. 467. — IL CO. Wilts, 8 m. W.N.W. Chippenham. Area 1,860 ac. Pop. 636. Nettdno, a seaport town of Italy, Pontif. sta., comarea and 31 m. S.S.E. Rome. Pop. 1,800. It is greatly dilapidated, and has little commer- cial activity, its chief interest being derived from the ruins of a temple of Neptune (whence its name), and the supposition of its being the site of the ancient Cano, the port of Antium. Netzsohkau, a town of Saxonv, circ. and 13 m. S.W. Zwiclfau. Pop. 1,600. " Ned-Bistbitz, a town of Bohemia, circ. & 32 m. S.E. Tabor. Pop. 8,660. Neuboubq, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Eure, 13 m. N.W. Evreux. Pop. 1,863. It has a pa. church, castle, hospit^, manufs. of fustians, coarse cotton cloths, and blankets, with some trade in corn, wood, andiron. Neububq, a town of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, cap. dist., & formerly cap. duchy, on the Danube, here crossed by two bridges, 29 m. N.N.E. Augs- burg. Pop. (1846) 6,852. It has remains of anc. fortifications, a castle, containing a theatre and museum, an arsenal, barracks, a church with a fine painting by Rubens, and a royal institute (college of nobles), several superior schools, breweries, and distilleries. — II. a viU. of Rhenish Bavaria, near the Rhine, 16 m. S.E. Landau. Pop. 1,480, employed in fishing, and trading in timber. — III. {Yor-dem-Walde), a town, Bavaria, circ. Upper Palat., cap. dist., on the Schwarzach, 27 m. N.N.E. Kegensburg. Pop. 2,036. [Klos- ternedbubg, Kobneuburq.] NED-BBANDENBUKa, a town of Mecklenbnrg- Strelitz, on the Lake Tollens, 17 m. N.N.E. Neu- Strelitz. Fop. 6,000. It has a ducal palace, several churches, and manufs. of tobacco, chemi- cal products, playing-cards, cottons & woollens. Nedbeijck, a town and a viU. of Prussia. — I. (Pol. Nowymost), Prussian Poland, reg. and 35 m. N.W. Posen, on the Warta II. prov. Branden- burg, reg. Frankfiirt, circ. Crossen. NEDCHATEt, or Neufchatei, afronticr canton of Switzerland, in the N.W., having S.E. the Lake of Neuchsltel, and on other sides France and the cants. Bern & Vaud. Area 281 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 58,616, mostly Protestants. The Jura mountains intersect it from S. to N., and the river Doubs bounds it on the N.W. Pastures occupy most part of the surface. Along the lake are nu- merous vineyards, and good wines are exported to the adjacent Swiss cantons. Except in wine, kitchen vegetables, and hay, the vegetable pro- ducts are insufficient for home consumption, and corn is imported from the cants. Bern and Basle. Many cattle are reared, and cheese is an export of consequence. From 18,000 to 20,000 hands are more or less employed in watchmaking, in both the urban and rural districts, and some years ago from 100,000 to 120,000 watches, of which 35,000 were of gold, were estimated to be annually produced, and sent into all parts of Europe, to America, &c. The capital engaged in this manufacture was estimated at 388,0002. Cotton fabrics for export to Holland, Prussia, Belgium, and Italy ; hosiery, cutlery, and metal- lie wares generally, are other chief manufs. Un- til 1848 Neuchatel acknowledged the sovereignty of Prussia, but a revolution having then occurred, it is now a democratic member of the Swiss con- federation, in which it holds the 21st place. Principal towns are Neuchatel, Chaux-de-Fonds, Valengin, and Le Lode. Neuchatei. (Germ. Neueriburq), a town of Switzerland, on N.W. shore of the Lake Neucha- tel, 25 m. W. Bern. Pop. 6,300. It has an anc. castle, the former residence of the dukes of Neu- chatel, a cathedral of the 12th century, a town hall, with a public hbrary, an orphan asylum, founded in 1722, several hospitals, a college, & a collection of natural history. It is the chief en- trep6t of the cant., and has considerable trade in wine, corn, cattle, watches, lace, cotton stuffe, &c. Neuchatel (Lake of), one of the larger lakes of Switzerland, in the W., 18 m. N. the Lake of Geneva, enclosed by the cants. Neuchatel, Vaud, Freiburg, and Bern. Length 24 m., average NEU 923 NEU breadth i m. Estimated area 90 sq. m., heigdt above the sea 143 feet, and depth 426 feet. It receives several rivers ; the Broje brings to it the surplus waters of Lake Morat, and it dis- charges its own N. by the Thiel through the hake of Bienne into the Aai\ Its scenery is less sublime than that of tlie other Swiss lakes, but its banks are pleasant, and on them are the towns Neuohatel and Yverdun, between which a steamer plies daily. Neubamn, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. & 28 m. N.N.E. JFrankfiirt. Pop. 2,430. Neo'dek, a town of Bohemia, circ. & 10 m. N. Ehibogen, on the Kohla, with 2 castles. P. 2,000. Nkdde.^au, a town of Baden, circ. Lr. Rhine, on the Jaxt, 7 m. N.E. Wimpfen. Pop. 1,250. Heudorf (Hung. Iglo), a town of N. Hungary, CO. Zips, 5 m. S. Leutschau. Pop. 5,900. It has Boman CathoUc and Lutheran churches, a town- hall, manu&. of Unens, & iron and copper worlcs. — II. Lower Austria, 9 m. S. Vienna. Pop. 2,024. Neuenbubo, several towns of Germany I. W. Prussia, reg. and 11 m. S.W. Marienwerder, on the Vistula. Pop. 2,960.-11. Wiirtemberg, circ. Black Forest, cap. dist., on the Enz, 27 m. W.N.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 1,554.-111. Baden, circ. Upper Rhine, on the Rhine, 19 m. S.W. Freiburg. Pop. 1,120. Neuesdorf, two vills. of Germany. — I. Rhen- ish Prussia, reg. and 2 m. N. Coblenz, on the Rhine. Pop. 1,880.-11. duchy AnhaJt-Kothen, N.W.Giisten. Neheneck, or Neoenego, a vill. of Switzer- land, cant, and 8 m. S.W. Bern. Pop. 1,880. Neuenhads, a town of Hanover, landr. and 50 m. W.N.W. Osnabriick, cap. dist. Pop. 1,462. NsnEHKiBCHEN, a market town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 37 m. S.S.W. Minden. Pop. 1^70. — Neuenrade is a town of Prussian West. phalia, reg. and 14 m. S.W. Amsberg. P. 1,360. Neuenstadt, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, on the Kocher, 8 m. N.E. Heilbronn. Pop. 1,421. Neuensteut, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Jazt, on the Eppach, 31 m. N.W. Ellwangen. Pop. 1,486. Its castle is now used as an hospital. Nedebbubs, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 23 m. N.W. Treves. Pop. 1,730. Neueen (Obeb & Unteb), two contiguous small towns of Bohemia, circ. and 11 m. S.W. Klattau. United pop. 1,250. Nedfahbwassee, a vill. of W. Prussia, at the mouth of the W. arm of the Vistula, reij. and 4 m. N. Danzig, of which it is the port. It has a Ughthouse, and is defended by a fort. Neuf-Bbisach, atown of France. [Bbeisach.] Neufchateau, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vosges, on the Mouzon, close to its junction with the Mouse, 35 m. N. W. Epinal. Pop. 3,598. It has a communal college, public library, and manufs. of coarse woollens, doe- skins, and cotton- quilts.'— II. a town, Belgium, prov. Luxembourg, eap. cant., 19 m. S.W. Bastogne. Pop. 1,648. Nbtjfchatel-en-Brat, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-Inf., 25 m. N.E. Rouen, on the B^thune. Pop. 2,990. It is famed for its cheese, in which, with butter and flour, it has a considerable trade. Nehffen, a town of Wurtemberg, oirc. Black Forest, in a picturesque valley, 9 m. N.E. Beut- lingen. Pop. 2,000. Nedqedein, a market town of Bohemia, circ. and 14 m. W. Klattau. Pop. 1,813. It has large woollen stuff manufs., employing upwards of 6,000 hands. Neuhaus, several towns, and market towns. of Germany. — I. Bohemia, circ. and 23 m. S.S.E. Tabor. Pop. (1846) 7,604. It has a handsome palace of Count Czernin, a Jesuit college, and manufs. of woollen cloth, linen, and paper. — II, Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 40 m. S.S.W. Minden, on the Lippe. Pop. 1,410. — III. Hano- ver, landr. and 24 m. N.W. Stade, with a port on the Oste. Pop. 1,613, employed in ship-building, and linen and woollen weaving. NEHHAnsEL (Hung. Erseh-Ujvar), a market town of N.W. Hungary, on the Neutra, co. and 22 m. S. Neutra. Pop. (1845) 6,780. It has the ruins of a strong fortress, & manufs. of woollens. Neuhaosen, several market towns and vills. of Wiirtemberg. — I. circ. Neckar, 6 m. S.S.W. Esslingen. Pop. 2,170. — II. circ. Black Forest, on the Erms, N.W.- Urach. Pop. 1,201.-111. same circ, 6 m. E. Tuttlingen. Pop. 1,015. Neuhof, several market towns of Central & S. Germany, the principal in Hessen Cassel, prov. and 7 m. S.S.W. Fulda, with 1,700 inhabs. NEmLLfi-poNT-PiEBBE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, 13 m. N.N.W. Tours. Pop. 1,700, chiefly employed in weaving. Nedilly, several comms. & towns of France. — I. (Siir-Seine), dep. & on rt. b. of the Seine, here crossed by a noble stone bridge of 5 arches, 1 J m. irom the W. extremity of Paris, and on the road to St Germains. Pop. (1840) 9,451, chiefly em- ployed in manufs. of porcelain and starch, chemi- cal worlds, and liqueur distilleries. It has a hand- some church, fine modern villas, and picturesque well-wooded suburbs. The royal chS,teau of Neuilly, built in the reign of Louis xv., was tUl lately the favourite summer residence of Louis Philippe, but was destroyed during the revolution of 1848. The park extends some distance along the r. bank of the river, and into the wooded islets that divide the stream. — II. {St Front), a comm. and town of France, dep. Aisne, 11 m. N.W. Chateau Thierry. Pop. 1,802.-111. (en Thelle), a comm. and vill., dep. Oise, cap. cant., 13 m. W. Senlis. Pop. 1,300 IV. {Us Real), dep. AUier, cap. cant., 18 m. S.S.E. Moulins. Pop. 1,222.— V. {le Vendin), dep. and 18 m. N.E. May- enne, cap. cant. Pop. 1,571 VI. {TUvSque), dep. Calvados, 4 m. S.E. Isigny. P. 1,213.— VII. dep. H. Marne, cap cant., 6 m. E. Langres. P. 1,240, Neukalden, a walled town of Germany, Meck- lenberg-Schwerin, duchy and 26 m. E. Gustrow, cap. dist., on Lake Cumerow, with 2,150 inhabi- tants. Manufs. of linens and tobacco pipes. ' Neukibch, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. Oppeln, circ. & 9 m. E.S.E. Leobschutz. P. Ii040. NEUKiECHEN,'a town of Hessen-Cassel, prov. Upper Hessen, on the Grenft, 6 m. S.E. Ziegen- hain. Pop. 2,057. Neuklosteb, a vill. of Mecklenberg-Schwerin, princip. and 10 m. E.S.E. Wismar. Pop. 717. Neulebchenfeld, a vill. of Lower Austria, 1 m. W. Vienna, with an hospital. Pop. 4,700. Neumagen, a vill. of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 14 m. N.E. Treves, on the Moselle. Pop. 1,370. Neumabk, several towns of Germany. — I. W. Prussia, reg. and 36 ni. S.E. Marien*erder, on the Drewenz. Pop. 1,300. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufs. of woollen cloths and lea- ther.— II. Austrian Poland, Galioia, circ. and 34 m. W.S.W. Nowi-Sandec— III. Bohemia, circ. and 16 m. W.S.W. Klattau. Pop. 1,133. Neumarkt, several towns and market towns of Germany. — I. Prussian Silesia, reg. and 19 m. W.N.W. Breslau, cap. circ, on the railw. to Glo- fau. Pop. 4,100. It is enclosed by walls, and as manufs. of woollens and linens, — II. Bavaria, circ Upper Palat., cap. presid., on the Suiz, -il NEU 924 NEXT m. S.E. Nurnberg. Pop. 3,085. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufs. of silk and tobacco. — in. Upper Austria, circ. Salzach, 13 m. N.E. Salzburg. Pop. 700.— IV. (Illyrian Tersezsch), Illyria, eire. and 24 m. N.N.W. Laibacli. Neumabkt, or Maros Vasabhelt, a fortified town of Transylvania, 77 m. N.W. Kronstadt, on the Maros. Pop. 2,736. It has a strong castle, a Roman Catholic college & seminary, & a Pro- testant college, with a cabinet of natural history. NE0MCNSTEK, a vill. of Denmark, duchy Hol- stein, cap. dist., 17 m. S.S.E. Kiel, on the Ham- burg railway. It has manufs. of woollens. Neunkikohen, two market towns of Germany. - -I. Khenish Prussia, reg. and 38 m. S.E. Treves. Pop. 2,020.-11. Lower Austria, 10 m. S.W. Neu- stadt, on railway to Glocknitz. Pop. 2,200. Nedpakau, a town of Bohemia, circ. Bidschow, 57 m. N.E. Prague. Pop. 2,482, mostly employed in extensive cotton stuff factories. Neukodb, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 46 m. S."W. Breslau. Pop. (1846) 5,300. It has an ancient castle, and manufs. of flannels. Nehse, ariver of U. S., N. Amer., N. Carolina, after a S.W. course of 200 m., enters Pamlico Sound, 12 m. below Newbern, to which town it is navigable. NEnsAiz, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 48 m. N.N.W. Liegnitz, on the Oder. P. 3,370. It was founded by a colony of Moravian brethren (Hermhiiters), and has ship building docks, and manufs. of linen and lace. Neusatz (Hung. {//- Fidei), a fortified town of S. Hungary, co. Bacs, with a steam-boat station on 1. b. of the Danube, opposite Peterwardein, with which it communicates by a bridge of boats, 46 m. N.W. Belgrade. Pop. (1845) 17,400. It is enclosed by walls, and has numerous Greek, Koman Catholic, and Armenian churches, a syna- gogue, a gymnasium, Roman Catholic, high and Jewish schools, and an active traffic with Turkey, facilitated by its position near the influx of the Theiss, Drave, and Save into the Danube. Neusiedl (Lake op), (Hung. Ferto Tava), a lake of Hungary, near its W. frontier, between the cos. Oedenburg & Weiselburg, 19 m. S.S.W. Presburg. Length 23 m., average breadth 7 m., depth from 9 to 13 feet. It receives the VuUca river, and the town Rusth is on its W. side, where its banks are well-wooded ; on the E. the coun- try is low and marshy, and here its waters, during Its sudden and irregular inundations, are carried to the Rabnitz by a canal cut by a prince of the Esterhazy family, who resides in its vicinity. Nedsiedl-am-Seb (Hung. Nezider), a market town of W. Hungary, co. Wieselburg, on Lake Neusiedl, 19 m. S.W. Presburg. Pop. 2,036. Neusohl (Hung. Besztercze-Banya), a town of N. Hungary, cap. co. Sohl, on the Gran, at the influx of the Bestritza, 80 m. N. Pesth. Pop. 3,600, or with adjoining villages, 12,000, nearly half Protestants. It has an ancient castle, & nu- merous churches, in one of which is a bell weigh- ing 5 tons, a hospital, Roman Catholic and Lu- theran colleges, several superior schools, manufs. of sword-blades and beet-root sugar, a consider- able trade in linens & beer, and one of the largest smelting houses in Hungary, it being the seat of a mining council & tribunal. The Herrengrund mines near it yield annually 1,500 cwts. of copper. Neuss, Nova-castraf or iVbuesiMm, a fortified town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 4 m. S.W. DUs- seldorf, cap. circ, on the Erft, and on a canal which joins the Rhine. Pop. 8,830. It has nu- merous manufs. of woollen and cotton cloths, starch, leather, dyes, ribbons, & velvets. In 451 it was sacked by Attila ; in 1254 it joined the Hanseatic league. In its vicinity numerous urns and Roman medals have been found. NEDSTAi>T,numerous towns of Germany, &c — I. {Nowemiesto), Bohemia, circ. and 16 m. N.E. KiJniggratz. Pop 1,750. It is surrounded by walls, and has numerous churches, and some woollen manufs. — II. Prussian Silesia, reg. Posen, 28 m. S.S.W. Oppeln, cap. circ, on the Braune. Pop. 2,648. It is enclosed by earth ramparts, & has manufs. of woollen stuffs, linens, and lace, with some trade in Hungarian wine. — III. Prus- sian Saxony,reg. & 2 m. N. Magdeburg, of which it is considered a suburb. Pop. (1846) 6,700.— IV. Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 32 m. E. Cologne. Pop. 1,208. — V. W. Prussia, reg. and 24 m. N.W. Danzig, cap. circ, on the Rehde. Pop. 2,050. — VI. H.-Cassel, prov. Upper Hessen, cap. dist., on an island formed by an afB. of the Schalm, 17 m. E. Marburg. Pop. 1,792 — VII. Denmark, duchy Holstein, on the Baltic, 18 m. N.N.E. Lii- beck, with 2,647 inhabitants, a harbour for small vessels, and some trade in ship building VIIL Mecklenburg-Schwerin, cap. dist., on the Elde, 18 m. S.S.E. Schwerin. Pop. 1,771.— IX. Baden, circ. Lake, cap. dist., on two small rivers, 18 m. E.S.E. Freiburg. Pop. 1,710.— X. Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, on the Kocher, 8 m. N.E. HeU- bronn. Pop. 1,400 XI. Lower Bavaria, on the Danube, 22 m. S.W. Ratisbon. Pop. 1,077.— XII. {Am Rubenberge), 15 m. N.W. Hanover, cap. dist., on the Leine. Pop. 1,500, engaged in linen weaving, brewing, & ship building XIII. (am Kulm), Bavaria, circ. Upper Palat., 14 m. S.E. Bayreuth. Pop. 1,000.— XIV. (an-der-Aisch), Bavaria, circ. Middle Franc, cap. dist., on the Aisch, 20 m. N.N.E. Anspach. Pop. 3,061. It is enclosed by walls, has 2 castles, and manufs. of leather, and cotton, and woollen cloths. — XV. (an der Jffardt), Rhenish Bavaria, cap. co., on a small affl. of the Rhine, 12 m. N. Landau. Pop. (1838) 6,088, employed in manufs. of musketsj paper, woollen cloth, chemical and vinegar fac- tories, and an oil and gunpowder mills. — XVI. (an der Heide), duchy Saxe Coburg, princip. and 9 m. N.E. Coburg, cap. dist., with 2,000 inhabs. and a ducal residence XVII. (an der Orla), grand duchy Saxe- Weimar, princip. and 24 m; S.E. Weimar, cap. circ, on the Orla, an afll. of the Saale. Pop. 4,250. It has a ducal residence, and manufs. of woollen cloths, linens, and lea- ther. — XVIII. (an der Saale), Bavaria, circ. Lower Franc, cap. dist., on the Saale, 40 m. N.E. Wiirtzburg. Pop. 1,450.— XIX. (an der WaWnoft), Bavaria, circ Upper Palat., 31 m. S.E. Bayreuth. Pop. I,5fi0. — XX. (bei Stolpen), Saxony, circ and 21 m. E. Dresden, on the Pol- enz. Pop. 2,122.— XXI. (Eberswa/de), Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. Potsdam, on the Fiimow canal, & on railway to Stettin, 24 m. N.E. Berlm. Pop. (1846) 5,360, employed in manufs. of porce- lain, ivory, brass, iron, and steel wares, and wool- len and linen fabrics.— XXII. (or Nagy-Banyd), Hungary. [Banva.] — XXIII. Transylvania, near Kronstadt. Pop. 2,846. — XXIV. Moravia, circ. and 13 m. N.N.W. Olmiitz, with a station on railway to Prague. Pop. 4,000. — XXV. a market town of Brunswick, circ. Wolfenbiittel, at the terminus of the Harzburg railway, 24 m. S. Brunswick. Pop. 900. Neustadt, or Wieneb-Ne0stadt, a town of Lower Austria, 13 m. S. Vienna^ near the Hun- garian frontier, on railway to Gratz, on the small river Kerbach, & on the canal to Vienna. Pop. (1845) 9,323, exclusive of military. The town is regularly built, surrounded by walls, and entered NEU 925 NEV by four gates : it was formerly the residence of the emperors, and has a cathedral of the 13th century, witli two tall towers, an old royal castle, a gymnasium, a Cistertian abbey, with library of 20,000 vols., and museums ; military academy, with models, and instruments, and a library of 8,000 volumes. It has extensive sugar refineries, cotton manufs., and breweries, and paper mills. ■ Neustadtl, several towns of Germany.^I. (Hung. Kiszueza- Vjhely), N. Hungary, co. Trent- schin, 45 m. N. Kremnitz. Pop. 2,600.-11. (Boh. NttwynUesto), Jloravia, eirc. & 24 m. N.E. Iglau. fop. 1,814. It has a castle, and iron mines. — III. Prussian Silesia, reg. and 40 m. N.W. Liegnitz. Pop. 1,600. Manufe. of woollen cloths. Neustadtl, Rcdolphswebth, or Novo- MESTO, a town of Dlyria, reg. and 38 m. S.E. Laybach, cap. circ, on the Gurk. Pop. 1,761. Nedstadtl-an-dek-Waag (Hungarian Yagh- Ujhely), a market town of N.W. Hungary, CO. & 33 m. N.N.W. Neutra, on the Waag. Pop. (1845) 6,600. It has a manuf. of woollen cloth. — Boh- vdsch Neustadtl, is a town of Bohemia, circ. Bunzlau, 12 m. N.N.E. Keichenberg. Pop. 2,496. NecstettiNj a town of Prussian Pomerania, reg. and 39 m. S.S.E. Koslin, cap. circ. P. 4,060. Kedstift, several market towns of Germany, &c. — ^I. Tyrol, circ. Lower Iimthal, 11 m. S.S.W. InnsbrQck. Pop. 1,470 II. Bohemia, circ. and 20 m. E. Tabor. — ni. Styria, circ. and 16 m. S.W. Marburg. Pop. 140. Neit-Stkelitz, a town of N. Germany, cap. grand duchy Meckienb.-Strelitz, between lakes Zierker and Glombeck, 60 m. N.N.W. Berlin. Pop. 6,484. It is the usual residence of the grand duke and court, and has a theatre, college, mint, and other government offices, a public library of 60,000 vols., and a collection of antiquities. Its inliabitants are mostly supported by supplying the government establishments. Neuteich (Pol. Nitych), a town of W. Prussia, reg, and 21 m. S.E. Danzig. Pop. 1,650. Neotitschein, a town of Moravia, circ. & 26 m. E.N.E. Prerau. Pop. (1845) 9,000, many of whom are employed in woollen weaving, and making flanneL Near it is a mineral spring. Neutba, a town of N.W. Hungary, cap. circ, on the Neutra, 46 m. E.N.E. Presburg. Pop. 4,090. It has a strong castle and cathedral. NECTB-EGtisE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Cantal, 9 m. S.W. St. Flour. Pop. 2,942. Nedteville (Germ. Neuenstadt), a town of Switzerland, cant. Bern, on the N.W. shore of the lake of Bienne, 9 m. S.W.Bienne. P. 1,200. Ketjvio, several comms. and towns of France. —I. dep. Dordogne, on the Isle, 13 m. W.S.W. Ferigueux. Pop. 2,260 II. dep. Corrfeze, 12 m. S. TJssel. Pop. 2,800.-111. Ht Vienne, 17 m. S.E. Lnnoges. Pop. 1,770. Neoville, .several comms., towns, and vills. of France.— I. dep. Vienne, 8 m. N.W. Poitiers. Pop. 1,140.-11. dep. Loiret, 13 m. N.E. Orleans. Pop. 1,228 III. dep. Nord, arrond. Cambrai. Pop. 2,260 rv. dep. Uhone, on the Saone, 8 m. N. Lyon. Pop. 1,600, chiefly employed in cotton and silk mills. — Also numerous vills. in France, Nedvt, numerous comms. and small towns of France L dep. Sa6ne-et-Loire, 18 m. W.N.W. CharoUes. Pop. 1,200.-11. {le Roi), dep. Indre- et-Loire, cap. cant., 15 m. N.W. Tours. Pop. 1,628.— IV. (Sautour), dep. Tonne, 16 m. N.W. Tonnerre. Pop. 1,600.— IV. (St. Sepulere), dep. Indre, cap. cant., & 8J m. W. La Chatre. Pop. 2,040.— V. {Sur Loire), dep. Nievre, near the Loire, 8 m. N.N.W. Cosne. Pop. 1,360. Neuwabp, and Necwedei., two small towns of Prussia. — I. prov. Pomerania, reg. and 26 m. N.W. Stettin. Pop. 1,800 II. prov. Branden- burg, reg. and 78 m. N.E. FranUfiJrt. Pop. 3,000. Neowied, a town of liheiiish Prussia, reg. and 8 m. N.N.W. Coblenz, cap. circ, and principty., on 1. b. of the Rhine. Pop. (1846) 6,100. It was founded early in the 18th cent., and is well built ; principal edifices, the anc castle of the counts of Wied, with a museum of natural history, a library, and extensive gardens. Calvinist, Roman Cath., Anabaptist, and various other churches, a syna- gogue, gymnasium, normal school, several private boarding and educational establishments, a li- brary of 10,000 vols., and a prosperous Moravian establishment. It has also a collection of Roman antiquities. Neva, an important river or strait of Russia, gov. St. Petersburg, connecting the lake Ladoga with the gulf of Finland. Length 40 m. irom Schlusselberg on the former, to St. Petersburg at the head of the latter, which city it separates from its N. suburbs ; breadth 1,600 feet ; depth in the channel about 60 feet. It is the great medium of communication between the internal parts of N. Russia and the sea, though usually frozen up irom October to April ; it has been found to carry into the gulf 116,000 cubic feet of water in a second. It receives several small, and partially navigable, rivers, and is crossed by two moveable bridges, one 2,730 feet in length. Nevada (Siekba), Spain. [Sieeka Nevada.] Nevel, a town of Russian Poland, gov. and 54 m. N. Vitebsk, cap. circ, surrounded by lakes. Pop. 4,600, of whom about 1,000 are Jews. Nevele, a comm. and mkt. town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 8 m. W. Ghent. Pop. 3,500. Neveijdon, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 5 m. E.S.E. Billerioay. Area 970 ac Pop. 216. Nevekn, a pa. of Wales. [Nefern.] Neveks, Noviodunum, a comm. and city of France, cap. dep. NiSvre, on r. b. of the Loire, here crossed by a stone bridge of 20 arches, at the confl. of the Nifevre, and at the head of the branch railway du centre, 36 m. E.S.E. Bourges. Pop. (1846) 13,761. It is a tribunal of commerce, and has a communal college with a library of 7,000 vols., and a flue cathedral. It has manufs. of iron and steel goods, porcelain, and jewellery. Previous to 1789, it was the cap. of the prov. Nivemais. In its vicinity are the forges of Four- chambault, the copper works of Imphy, and the foundry of La Chaussade for cables and anchors for the national marine. Near it are the mineral waters of Pouges. Neversink, a tnshp., TJ. S., N. Amer., New York, 100 m. S.W. Albany. Pop. 1,681.— Th^ Neversinlc-highlands are a wooded hill range in New Jersey, co. Monmouth, elev. 300 to 400 feet. NfivEz, 'a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Finisterre, 18 m. S.E. Quimper. Pop. 1,920. Neviansk (New & Old), two towns of Asiatic Russia, gov. Perm, 36 m. N. Ekaterinburg. Neville, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine-Inf., 28 m. N.W. Rouen. Pop. 1,590. Neville (Port), an inlet of N. Amer., Oregon territory, N. of Vancouver's isl. Lat. 50° 32' N., Ion. 126° W. — Nevil bay is an inlet on the W. side of Hudson bay. Nevin, or Nefvn, a market town and pa. of N. Wales, co. and on the bay of Carnarvon, 5J m. W.N.W. Pwllheli. Pop. of pari. bor. l,66fi. It has a harbour, but no trade. It joins with Carnarvon, Bangor, Conway, Criccieth, & Pwll- heli in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 66. Nevis, a W. India isl., belpnging to Great NEW 926 NEW Britain, leeward group, in lat. 17° IC N., Ion, 62° iV W., separated from the S. end of St. Cliristopher's by a channel 2 m. across. Area about 20 sq. m. Pop. (1842) 7,470. Shape cir- cular ; surface rises to a central peak 2,S00 feet m elevation. Soil generally fertile, & in 1841, the total produce exported amounted in value to 17,465?., su^ar standing for 15,627?. Total value of imports m ditto, 23,728?. Government vested in a gov., council, & house of assembly. The isl. consists of five pas., Charlestown the cap., is at its S.W. extremity. Public revenue (1846) 4,666?. New. For places with this prefix not under- mentioned, see additional names. Nbw-Abbei, a pa. of Scotl., stewartry Kirk- cudbright, 7 m. S. Dumfries. Area 26J sq. m. P. 1,049. Here are remains of an abbey of 13th cent, Newaht, and Newart, two towns of India. — I. dom, and 35 m. S.E. Jeypoor, on an abrupt rook, near the strong fort Nnarghur, — II, 16 m, S.E, Dewass. New Albany, a city, U, S., N. Amer,, Indiana, on the Ohio, 106 m, S.E. Indianapolis. Pop. 4,226. It is regularly built, and has numerous churches, atheologieal college, engine factory, & establishments for steam-boat building. It com- municates by a railway with Crawfordsville. Newabk, a pari, and munic. bor., town, and pa. of England, co. and 17 m, N.E, Nottingham, on a railway thence to Lincoln, also on the line of the Great N, railway, and on the Newark riv., a navigable branch of the Trent. Area of pa. 2,080 ac. Pop. of bor. 10,218. It is well-built, has in its centre a spacious market-place, and is approached from the N. by a long raised cause- way on numerous arches. A large church, a grammar school founded 1529 ; annual revenue of this, and other charities 2,500?. The town-hall is a handsome edifice containing corporate offices, courts of law, and a public assembly room. The castle, built by K. Stephen, was dismantled by the parliamentary army, & is now a stately ruin ; in it K. John died in 1216, Manuft, of sheetings and other linen goods, with metal foundries, tile factories, and large exports of malt, corn, wool, gypsum, and limestone. Markets Wednesday, Corp, rev, (1848) 1,518?, It sends 2 members to H, of C, Reg, electors (1848) 1,016, Newark, a city, V. S., N. Amer., New Jersey, on the Passiae river, 10 m. W. New York, with which it communicates by steamboats & railway. Pop. (1850) 38,886. It is regularly laid out, & has some handsome churches, a massive coui-t-house, and two spacious public promenades. Public in- stitutions are numerous ; tonnage of port 6,687 tons. Vessels of 100 tons can reach the city, which is the seat of a whaling and sealing com- pany — II. a vill., Ohio, cap. co. Licking, 29 m, E.N.E. Columbus. P. 2,705.-111. a tnshp.. New York.Sm. N.Owego. P. 1,616— IV, a vill,. New York, CO, Wayne, on the Erie canal. Pop. 1,200. Newbald, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Riding, 3 m. N.N.E. North Cave. Ac. 6,460. Pop. 973. Newbatxle, a pa. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, 1 m. S. Dalkeith. Area about 8 sq. m. Pop. 2,033. Here is Newbattle Abbey, formerly a monastery, founded in 1140, now the seat of the M. of Lothian. Its park is celeb, for its fine trees. Newbern, a port and vill., U. S., N. Amer., North Carolina, on the Neuse, 98 m. E.S.E. Raleigh, Pop. 3,690. Newberry, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer,, Penn- sylvania, 00. York. Pop. 1,860. Newbiggik, a tnshp. of EngI.,co. Durham, pa. Teesdale, llj m. N.W. Barnard-Castle. Pop. fi]6,— II. a chapelry, co. Northumberland, pa. Woodhoni, 7J m, E,N,E. Morpeth, Pop, 606. It has an interesting chapel, and is resorted to for sea-bathing. — III. a pa., co. Westmoreland, 6 m, N,N,W, Appleby, Area 1,140 ac. Pop, 140, Newbiiss, a thriving mkt, town of Irel,, IJlster, CO. Monaghan, 4 m. E,S,E, Clones, Pop, 566, Newbojdd, several pas., &c. of Engl I, (On- Avon), CO, Warwick, If m, N,N,W, Rugby, Area 4,020 ac. Pop, 1,248,-11. (Paeey), same co,, 4i m, N.N,W, Kineton. Area 1,360 ac. Pop, 357. — Ill, ( Verdon), co. Leicester, 2^ m, E,N,E, Mar- ket-Bosworth, Area2,400ac. P. 660.— IV, (and Dunstan), a tnshp,, co, Derby, pa, & 1} m, N,W, Chesterfield, P, 1,527.— V. (Astbury), a co, Ches- ter, pa, Astbury, 2 m. S,B. Congleton, P, 641, Newborough (Llait-Bedb), a mkt. town and pa. of N. Wales, co. Anglesea, on the Irish Sea, 4 m. W.N.W. Carnarvon. Pop. of pa. 895. The town is anc. — II. apa. of Engl,, co, Northampton, 6 m, N,E. Peterborough, Area 4,940 ac. Pop, 572. — III, a chapelry, co, Stafford, pa. Hanbury, 6J m, S,S,E, TJttoxeter. Pop, 742, Newbottle, a pa, of Engl,, co, Northampton, 4 m, W, Braokley. Area 2,990 ac. Pop. 384 II. a township, co. and 7 m. N.N.E. Durham, pa. Houghton-le-Spring. Pop. 1,835. Newboubn, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 4m. S, Woodbridge, Area 940 ac. Pop, 163. Newbridge, a mkt. town of Irel., Leinster, co, and 6 m. E.N.E. ELildare, on the Liffey. Pop. 792. It has large cavalry barracks, and near it the ruins of Great Connell abbey. New Britain, an Archipelago, Pacific Ocean, between lat. 4° and 6° 30' S., and Ion. 149° & 152° E., E.N.E. of Papua, and consisting mainly of 2 large mntnous., wooded, and populous isls., dis- covered by Dampier in 1699. New Britain, a vill., U. S,, N, America, Con. necticut, 10 m, S,W, Hartford. Pop, 1,500. Newbrough, a chapelry of Engl., co. North- umberland, 4| m. W.N.W. Hexham. Area 7,270 ac. Pop. 647. New Brunswick, a British colonial territ., N, Amer,, between lat. 46° & 48° N., & Ion. 63° 48' & 67° 30' W,, having W, Miaine and Lower Canada, N. Chaleur Bay, E, the Gulf of St Lawrence and Northumberland inlet, and S, the Bay of Fundy, connected at its S,E, corner with Nova Scotia by an isthmus 14 m, across, Estun, area 25,900 sq. m., and pop. (1847) 211,473. Surface undulating. Principal rivers, the St John, Ristigouche, and Miramiohi. Soil fertile ; only a small portion is cleared, the rest is mostly covered with dense forests, and the exportation of timber has been hitherto the principal source of wealth. Potatoes are the chief article of culture. Other crops are wheat, maize, oats, and barley. The rearing of live stock is increasing. Fisheries highly import- ant, and ship-bmlding is actively carried on at St John. Manganese and iron are abundant. In 1841, the exports amounted in value to 667,339?., comprising deals to 283,8687., oil to 31,871?., fish to 17,146?., bacon, beef, pork, flour, ftirs, gypsum, and iron. Total value of imports, 842,577?. In 1846, imports, 1,036,000?. ; exports, 886,763?. In 1846, 3,176 ships, aggregate burden 475,120 tons, entered, and 3,121 do., burden 486,889 tons, left the ports of the colony. Government vested in a governor, council, and house of assembly of 26 members, which meets at Fredericton. Besides the armed force maintained by the British gov, a native militia of 20,000 men is kept up. In education, this is in advance of most of the Brit, colonies, having King's college at Fredericton, 7 grammar schools, and in 1846, 609 parochial schools, Inhabs, are mostly descendants of the NEW 927 NEW English or Irish, those of Scotch descent being less numerous than in the a^acent colonies. There are a few small settlements of French on the E. coast. Public rev. (1842) 55,7921. ; ex^en. Sl,920l. The colony is div. into 10 cos. Principal towns, St John, Fredericton, and St Audx-ews. It was ceded to Great Britain, with Canada, in 1768. — II. a city, U. S., N. America, New Jersey, on the river Karitan, here crossed by two bridges, and on the New York and Philadelphia railway, 29 m. S.W. New York. Pop. 8,693. Streets of the lower town, narrow ; of the upper, wide and handsome. It has various churches, & Kutzer's college ; and is connected with Trenton by the Delaware and Karitan canal, 43 m. in length. Newbubg, several tnshps., U. S., N, Amer. — I. New York, on the Hudson river, 84 m. S.S.W. Albany. Pop. 8,933. It is pleasantly situated, and steamers ply hence to New York. — II. Ohio, 150 m. N.N.E. Columbus. Pop. 1,342.-111. Ohio, CO Miami. Pop. 1,302. Newborsh, a pa. and seaport town of Scotl., in N. W. of CO. Fife, on the Tay, 9 m. S.E. Perth. Area of pa. 1,145 ac. Pop. 2,897 ; do. of town, 2,491. The town consists of one long street, with gardens, & has a good harbour for shipping ; and 2 branch banks. Coarse linen weaving is largely carried on, and considerable trade in wood, grain, coals, and lime. Steamers ply dsiily to Perth and Dundee. The town was fonnded in the 12th cent. by the abbots of Lindores, the ruins of which monastery, fonnded 1178, are in the vicinity. Mugdrum house is in the pa. ; also 2 anc. crosses, called Mugdrum (St Magreden) and Macduff's Nbwbdbn, a marit. pa. of Scotl., co. Fife, on Largo Bay, Firth of Forth, 2 m. E. Largo. Area 2,400 ac. Pop. 419. Newbdbn, a pa. of Engl., co. Northumberland, 5 m. W.N.W. Newcastle-on-Tyne. Area 11,000 ac. Pop. 4,156 II. {HalT), a tnshp. in the same pa., 3i m. S.E. Heddon-on-the-Wall. Pop. 665. Newbubt, a mnnic. bor., mkt. town, and pa. of Engl., CO. Berks, on the Kennet, here crossed by a stone bridge on the Ken and Avon canal, and on the Hungerford branch of the Great Western railway, 16 m. W.S.W. Beading. Area of pa. 1,820 ac. Pop. 6,.379. The town is well built, and has broaid paved streets ; a church of the reign of Henry vii., and several well-endowed poors' hospitals ; some manufs. of ribbons, and numerous corn-mills and malt-kilns. Corp. rev. (1827) 1,123^. It was formerly noted for its ma- nufs. of woollens. The house and factory of its famous clothier, " Jack of Newbury," who liberally aided Henry viii., and was a great benefactor of the town, are still standing. Two severe actions were fought in the vicinity, in 1643 & 1644. Don- nington Castle, on the N., was the property of the poet Chaucer, who died here a.d. 1400. The N. part of town, Speenhamland, was the anc. Spitue. Newbukt, several tnshps., U. S., N. America. — L Vermont, 19 m. S.E. Montpelier. Pop. 2,578. —II. Massachusetts, 33 m. N.N.E. Boston. Pop. 3,789.-111. Pennsylvania, co. and 12 m. N. New York. Pop. 1,850. Newborypoet, a port and township, U. S., N. Amer., Massachusetts, at the mouth of the Mer- rimac river, 38 m. N.E. Boston. Pop. 7,161, partly employed in fisheries. It is well built, and has a custom-house, court-house, and jail. Newbt, a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, W. Rid- ing, pa. Clapham, 7J m. N.W. Settle. Pop. 890. Some smaller townships in Engl, have this name. New Caledonia. [Caledonia (New).] Newcastle, a vill., U. S., N. Amer., Delaware, 5 m. S.S.W. Wilmington. Pop. 2,737. It has large establishments for steam engines, &c. ; a court house, jail, mkt. house, & several churches. —II. a tnshp., Maine, 22 m. S.E. Augusta. Pop, 1,712. — III. a town of Upper Canada, on the N. shore of L. Ontario, 85 m. E.N.E. Toronto. The dist. of which it is the cap., between Midland and Home dists., comprises nearly all the basin of the Trent, and had, in 1835, a pop. of 30,245 IV. a bor. of New S. Wales, E. Australia, co. North- umberland, on Port Hunter, 70 m. N.N.E. Syd- ney. It has valuable coal mines, whence large quantities of coal are annually exported. Newoastle-upon-Tine, Pons (Elii, afterwards Monhchester, a pari, and muuic. bor., town, and riverport of Engl., cap. oo. Northumberland, & a CO. of itself, on the N. bank of the Tyne, across which it communic. with Gateshead by a bridge of 9 arches, 53 m. N.E. Carlisle ; also with a sta- tion on the Great Northumberland railway, & 16J m. N. Durham. Area of town and co. 2,000 ac. Pop. of pari. bor. 69,430. It stands mostly on declivities rising steeply from the vicinity of the river, and early in the present century it con- sisted of little more than a collection of narrow, ill-built, and inconvenient streets ; but within the last twenty-five years it has been rendered one of the handsomest towns in England, by the enterprise of Mr Grainger, a builder and native of the town, whose improvements are conjectured to have cost between one and two millions sterling. The public market, occupying nearly 3 acres ; the new exchange, with 3 Co- rinthian fronts, and containing a news room and exhibition rooms of the N. of England Society of Fine Arts ; the theatre, new music hall, arcade, a long Corinthian edifice, occupied by banks, public offices, auction rooms, and chambers, are also works by Mr Grainger ; and at the head of Grey Street is a column 136 feet in height, sup- porting a statue of Earl Grey, by Bailey. The Moot hall, or assize court for the co. Northum- berland, in the style of the Temple of Theseus at Athens ; the guild hall and old exchange, man- sion-house, custom-house, police office, town jail, erected ata costof 47,000Z. ; Pandon Dean bridge, across a deep glen ; the public baths, assembly rooms, racket court, and barracks for 1,000 men, are among the principal public edifices. St Ni- cholas' church, in the decorated English style, and 220 feet in length, has an elegant steeple 201 feet in height ; St Andrew's and St John's, are both interesting edifices, & the former has an altar piece by Giordano. All Saints' is a handsome modern Grecian structure, with a spire 202 feet in height ; St Thomas' chapel, the Scotch church, the Rom. Catholic, & several Methodist chapels, are worthy of notice. Dissenters are numerous, possessing 24 out of 30 of the places of worship. The wall of Hadrian passed through the site of the town, and several of its remaining towers are employed for halls of corporate trades. The castle, whence the town derives its name, is a superior structure, founded by Robert of Nor- mandy ; and in the time of the historian Leland, Newcastle was the most strongly defended town in England. It is now chiefly noted as the prin- cipal centre of the English coal trade. Within a radius of 8 m. SO coal pits are wrought ; and in 1840, the coal trade empl. 1,327 vessels, manned by 13,548 seamen. Extensive manufs. of bottle and window glass, steam and other machinery; leather, soap, iron wares, sheet lead, & chemical products, with ship and boat building, rope and sail making, malting, brewing, &o., are carried on ; and metal from the Stanhope mines, bricks, NEW 928 NEW tar, and grind-stones are among the exports. The port comprises all the navigation of the Tyne, with Seaton sluice and Blyth creeks. Eeg. shipping of port (1847) 314,700 tons. Customs rev. (1847) 483,760Z. It communicates by large steara vessels with Leith, Berwick, Whitby, Scar- boro', Hull, and London ; by the Great North of England railway with Darlington & York ; North British with Scotland, and by other railways with Shields and Sunderland. Newcastle is the seat of literary and philosophical, natural history, an- tiquarian, law, medical, botanical, and other so- cieties, of one of the provincial medical schools in England, a Trinity house, a royal grammar school, numerous other institutions for education, a large infirmary, a dispensary, lying-in-hospital, lunatic asylum, a great variety of endowed chari- ties, quarter and petty sessions, mayor's, sheriff's, conscience, and river courts, and assizes and quarter sessions for Northumberland. Corp. rev. (1818) 62,491?. It sends 2 members to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1848) 5,041.-11. {Under Lyme, or Lyne), a pari, and munio, bor., town, and pa., co. and 15 m. N.N.W. Stafford, and about 4 m. N.E. the Whitmore station of the London and North Western railw. Area of pa. 640 ac. Pop. 9,838 ; pop. of town, 10,038. Houses mostly anc, but streets paved. It has 2 churches, a very hand- some Bom. Catholic chapel, a grammar school, founded in the reign of Elizabeth ; alms-houses, and numerous other charities ; a guild hall, mar- ket house, theatre, public library, literary insti- tution, public promenade, union workhouse ; ex- tensive manufs. of hats, some silk and cotton factories, & in the vicinity potteries, iron works, and large collieries. A branch canal connects it with the Grand Trunk navigation. Mkts., Mon- day and Saturday. Corp. rev. (1848) 796«. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 1,047. It is a polling place for the co., and gives the title of Duke to the Pelham-Clinton family. Of the castle built here by the Earl of Chester, in 1180, and whence the town takes its name, but slight traces remain. Near it is Trentham, the seat of the Duke of Sutherland. — III. a pa. of S. Wales, CO. Glamorgan, adjoining Bridgend. Pop. 1,239 IV. (Little), a pa., co. Pembroke, 9 m. N. .Haverfordwest. Pop. 431 V. {In-Emlyti), a mkt. town of S. Wales, co. Carmarthen, pa. Ken- .worth, delightfully situated on the Teify, 9 m. E.S.E. Cardigan. Pop. 1,049. It has a union workhouse, and ruins of a castle. Newcastle, two towns & some pas. of Irel. — I. Munster, co. and 25 m. S.W. Limerick. Pop. 2,917. It has a neat church, a large R. Catholic chapel, an infantry barracks, union workhouse, and a mkt. house. Adjacent is the mansion and demesne of Castle-Courtenay, originally built by the Knights Templars II. a seaport town, Ul- ster, CO. Down, 11 m. S.S.W. Downpatrick. Pop. 1,167. It is much frequented as a watering place. — Also several pas. — I. Munster, co. Lim- erick, comprising part of the town of Newcastle. Area 6,325 ac. Pop. 4,191 II. co. Tipperary, 7 m. S.W. Clonmel. Area 10,856 ac. Pop. 2,293, of whom 253 are m the vill. — III. {Upper), Lein- ster, CO. Wicklow, comprising the town of New- town-Mount-Kennedy. Area 7,026 ac. Pop. 2,766 IV. Munster, co. Waterford, 4 m. N.E. Kilmacthomas. Area 3,961 ac. Pop. 1,337.— V. (Lower), Leinster, co. Wicklow, 2J m. S.E. Newtown-Mount-Kennedy. Area 4,750 ac. Pop. 1,226, of whom 196 are in the vill.— VI. (or New- castle-Lyons), CO. & 10 m. W.S.W. Dnblin. Area 4,282 ac. Pop. 1,108. NEWCHUEcn, several pas., &c., of England I. CO. Kent, 4i m. N.N.W. Eoraney. Area 2,930 ac. Pop. 282. — II. CO. Monmouth, 5} m. W.N.W. Chepstow. Area 3,460 ac. Pop. 688.— III. Isle of Wight, 4J m. E.S.E. Newport. Area 8,870 ac. Pop. 8,370. — IV. a chapelry, co. Lancaster, pa. Whalley, 6 m. W. Colne, witli a station on the E. Lancashire railway. Pop. 2,697. — V. a pa., S. Wales, CO. Radnor, 7 m. S.W. Kington. Pop. 155.— VI. S. Wales, co. and 3J m. N.W. Car- marthen. Pop. 867. Here are traces of a Ro- man encampment. Newohdkoh (in Rosbendaie), a chapelry of Engl., CO. Lancaster, pa. Whalley, 6 m. S.S.W. Burnley. Pop. 9,196, employed in cotton and woollen manufs., coal mines, & quarries. It has an endowed school Newchurch-in-Pendlei?, an- other chapelry in same pa. Pop. 2,697. Nevt-Ckoss, a hamlet of Engl., cos. Kent and Surrey, pa. St Paul, Deptford, 3 m. S.E. London, and having an important station on the London and Brighton railway. Newdigate, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, 6 m. S.S.E. Dorking. Area 4,610 ac. Pop. 552. Newenben, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 4} m. S.S.W. Tenterden. Area 1,120 ac. Pop. 164. Newekham, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, E.S.E. Daventry. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. S83. Newent, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. and 9 m. N.W. Gloucester. Ac. of pa. 7,800. P. 3,099. New Enolani), a name originally applied to the Eastern states of the U. S., N. America. New Fane, a tnshp., U. S. of N. America, New York, CO. Niagara,near L.Ontario. P. 2,372. — II. a tnshp., Vermont, 90 m. S. Montpelier. P. 1,403. New Fold, several tnshps., U. S., N. America. — I. New York, near Cayuga Lake. Pop. 3,567. —11. Maine, 86 m. W.S.W. Augusta. Pop. 1,351. New-Fobest, a royal forest and hundred ol Engl., occupying most part of the S.W. portion of the CO. Hants, W. Southampton -water. Circ. of forest about 50 m. It is divided into haUiwioks, under foresters, wood-wards, and rangers, the whole under a lord-warden, whose forest-courts are held at Lyndhurst. It abounds in game, red- deer, hogs, semi- wild horses, and excellent tim- ber, especially valuable from its proximity to Portsmouth dockyard. Crown rev. (1846) 9,228t Newfotisdland, an isl., and one of the British colonies, N. Amer., off the E. coast of Labrador, mostly between lat. 46° 40' and 61° 37' N., and Ion. 62° 25' and 59° 16' W., separated from the mainland by the strait of Belleisle, 12 m. across. Estimated area 36,850 sq. m., and pop. (1845) up- wards of 96,000. Shape very irregular, & shores greatly indented. The country in the E. is gener- ally low, W.ward more rugged and mntnous., and especially so in a peninsiSa which extends from the N. toward Labrador; principal navigable rivers, the Humber and the River of Exploits, which latter rises in lake Bathurst, one of several considerable lakes in the interior. Clunate in the winter very severe, the thermometer fre- quently falling to 30° below the freezing point; in summer there is a brief hot season ; the colony is generally healthy. Surface mostly marshy, or covered with a scrubby vegetation, and the soil is ill-suited to agriculture. Kitchen vegetables are accordingly the principal crops raised ; pastur- age is however plentiful, and the plains abound with vast herds of carriboa deer, which, with the famous Newfoundland breed of dogs, wolves, bears, foxes, and some beavers, constitute the prevailing animals. Timber is scarce ; the prin- cipal resources of the pop. are in the cod, seal, and salmon fisheries, the chief fishing grounds being off the S.E. coast. The great bank of NEW 929 NEW Newfoundland on this side, is the most extensive submai-ine plateau yet discovered, being about 600 m. in length, and in some places 200 ni. in breadth, with a depth, varying fi'om 25 to 95 fathoms, and a bottom of solid rock. The prin- cipal fishing ground is over this bank between lat. 42° and 46° N. In 1843, the exports from Newfoundland comprised 936,200 quintals of dried fish, worth 512,194?., upwards of 3,100,000 galls, of oil worth 335,975i,, seal skins to 40,947?., sahnon to 12,216?., and herrings to 4,6701 The seal fishing has become important within the present century, and in the above year employed 106 vessels, and upwards of 3,000 hani&. In 1844, 1,171 ships, aggregate burden 130,220 tons entered ; and 1,084 ditto, burden 122,261 tons left the ports of the colony. In 1845, the exports to Great Britain amounted in value to 875,151?., & the imports thence to 654,503?. Keg. shipping of colony (1844) 53,944 tous. Since 1832, the colony has had a representative assembly of 15 members, with an executive councfl of 12 mem- bers, appointed, like the governor, by the crown. Public rev. (1846) 57,129?. The colony has lately been erected into a Protestant see, but most of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics. St Johns, the cap., on the S.E. coast, is the only town worthy of notice. Newhail, a tnshp. of England, co. Chester, pa. Acton, 4 m. S.S.W. Nantwich. Pop. 936. New Hamfshikb, one of the TJ. S., N. Amer., in Uie N. part of the Union, mostly between lat. 42° 40' & 43° 20^ N., & Ion. 70° 30' & 72° 35' W., nearly enclosed by Maine, Vermont, and Massa- chusetts, having S.E. only 18 m, of marshy coast. Area 9,280 sq.m. Pop. (1850) 317,864. In the N., it comprises the loftiest ground in the tJ. S. ; Mt. Washington is 6,428 feet in height, and the region around it is well timbered ; elsewhere the surface consists in a great part of open plains, and is more adapted for a grazing than a corn raising country. Principal rivers, the Merrimac and Connecticut, which latter forms all its W. boun- dary. Near its centre is lake Winnipisciogee. Products comprise maize, wheat, & other grains, hops, potatoes, maple-sugar, timber, cattle, salted provisions, and wool; but this is becoming more a manufacturing, than an agricultural state. Prin- cipal manuis. are of woollen and cotton fabrics, iron wares, and paper ; total capital employed in manufs. in 1840, 9,252,448 dolls. Foreign trade inconsiderable and decreasing, its produce being mostly exported through Massachusetts and Cormeclacnt. Value of exports (1843), at its sole port of Portsmouth 31,420 dollars ; of imports 6,685 ditto. Besides this town, it contains Con- cord (its cap.), Nashua, Dover, and Hanover. Public rev. about 60,000 dollars annually. It has no debt. It sends 5 representatives to Congress. New Hakoveb, a region forming the coast line of Brit. N. Amer., along the Pacific Ocean, between lat. 50° and 54° N., having N. Russian America, S. Vancouver's isl. & Queen Charlotte's Sound II. an isl., Pacific Ocean, in lat. 23° S., Ion. 150° E,, and separated by a narrow strait on its N.E. from New Ireland.— III. a co., U.S., N. Amer., New Carolina, in its S.E. part bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Area 995 sq. m. Pop. 13,312 IV. a tnshp., Pennsylvania, 74 m. E. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,419, chiefly Germans.— V. a tnshp.. New Jersey. Pop. 3,045. Newhaven, a small seaport and pa. of Engl., CO. Sussex, on the Ouse, at its mouth in the English channel, on a branch of the S. coast railway, 4 m. S.E. Lewis, and E. Brighton. Area Ot pa. 710 ac. Pop. 955. The town is neatly built, has a church, a drawbridge across tho Ouse, small fort, and a pretty good harbour. Exports agricultm'al produce ; imports coal and foreign timber. Customs rev. (1846) 13,480?. Shipping 1,197 tons. — II. a quoad sacra pa. and marine vill. of Scotland, 2 m. N. of, and connected with, Edinburgh, by Northern raihv. Pop. 2,103, partly employed in fishing. There is a good stone pier, and a chain pier at Trinity 500 feet long. The vill. belongs to the city of Edinburgh ; 1 m. W. is Granton, a vill. with a splendid pier and harbour, erected by the Duke of Buccleuch, and fi-equented by the London steam packets, and the steam-boats on the passage of the Edinburgh, Dundee, and Perth railway. Newhaven, a city & seaport. U. S., N. Amer., and with Hartford, the joint cap. of Connecticut, on an inlet of Long Island Sound, 34 m. S.S.W. Hartford. Lat. of Tale College, 41° 18' 5' N., Ion. 72° 56' 6' W. Pop. (1850) 22,639. It stands in a plain, and is elegantly built on a regular plan. Public edifices comprise numerous churches. Tale College, which, in 1840, had 550 students, a library of 33,000 volumes, the finest mineralogi- cal cabinet in the United States, an anatomical museum, the new state house, state hospital, museums, academies, & benevolent institutions ; and it has a beautiful public cemetery. The harbour is furnished with fine wharfs, and the coasting, fishing, & foreign trade is large. Reg. shipping of port 1840, 11,600 tons. Steamers ply daily to New York ; a railway connects the city with Hartford, and Farmington canal with North- ampton and other ports of Massachusetts. It has manufs. of woollen cloths, leather, rope, ma- chinery, and hardwares. — II. a tniihp., Vermont, 60 ra. W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,503.-111. a tnshp., NewTork, 10 m. N.E. Oswego. Pop. 1,738.— IV. , a tnshp., Ohio, 82 m. N.N.E. Columbus. P. 1,738. Newhills, a pa. of Scotl., co. Aberdeen, 5 m. S.W. Old Machar. Area abt. 17,000 ac. P. 2,865. Newick, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 3 m. W. Uckfield. Area 1,930 ac. Pop. 914. Rev. of endowed school, 50?. NEWiKGToir,severalpas. of Engl.^I, co. Kent, 8 m. E.S.E. Rochester. Area 2,210 ac. Pop. 734. Many Roman antiquities have been found here. — II. [Next Hythe), same co., 2\ m. N.E. Hythe. Area 3,260 ac. Pop. 475 III. co. and 9 m. S.E. Oxford. Area 3,080 ac. Pop. 471 lY. {Bag - path), CO. Glo'ster, 5J m. W.N.W. Tetbury. Area 1,700 ac. Pop. 278.— V. (Smith), co. Oxford, 4 m. W.N.W. Deddington. Area 1,460 ac. P. 434. New Jebset, one of the U. S., N. Amer., iu the E. part of the Union, mostly between lat. 39° and 41° 24' N., and Ion. 74° and 76° 30' W., having E. the Atlantic Ocean, N. New York, and W. Pennsylvania and Delaware, from which it is separated by the Delaware river. Length 163 m., breadth 52 m. Area 6,900 sq. m. Pop. (1860) 489,333, of these 23,093, are free coloured. Sur- face level in the S., undulating in the centre, crossed by the Alleghany mountains in the N. The Hudson river forms its N.E. boundary. Principal crops, wheat, oats, maize, rye, and po- tatoes. In the hilly parts many cattle are reared, and cheese, butter, and wool, ai-e important pro- ducts. Iron, building stone, and sand, are the chief mineral products. Manufs. of cotton and woollen goods, iron wares, paper, leather, and earthenware, are important; and in 1840 the capital employed in manufs. was estimated at 11,517,582 dollars. New York and Philadelphia are the principal outlets for tho exports, and channels of its import trade. In 1848 the rail- ways completed in this state had an aggregate 8n NEW 930 NEW length of 202 m., they communicate with several in Pennsylvania, and the State has several canals, of which Morris canal, 101 m. in length, connect- ing the Hudson and Delaware rivers, is the principal. Public rev. (1848) 116,200 dollars, which was more than adequate to the expendi- ture; and there is little, if any, public debt. New Jersey sends S representatives to Congress. Principal towns, Trenton, the cap., Newark, Burlington, & Jersey. It has a college, several theological seminaries, 66 academies, and 1,207 primary schools. The state is divided into 18 COS. The original constitution was formed in 1776. The present, formed in 1844, provides for a government chosen for three years, a senate composed of one member from each co., and an assembly of 60 mems. Bergen co. was first colonized by the Dutch in 1614. Newland, a pa, of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 4 m. S.E. Monmouth. Area 6,840 ac. Pop. 4,085, employed in extensive iron and coal mines II. {Side), a tnshp., co. Durham, pa. Stanhope, 6J m. W. Wolsingham. Pop. 864. New Lebakon, a township of U. S., N. Amer., New York, 25 m. S.E. Albany. Pop. 2,536. Newlakds, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 6 m. N.W. Peebles. Area about 12,000 ao. Pop. 1,063. Here are the remains of Droohil castle, built by Moiton, regent of Scotland. Newltn, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 25 m. W.N. W. St Michael. Area 8,340 ac. Pop. 1,451. Newmarket, a market town of England, cos. Suffolk.aud Cambridge, 13 m. E.N.E. Cambridge, and 65| m. N.N.E. London, with which it com- municates by the E. counties railway, and a branch from Chesterford. Area, comprising 2 pas., 570 ac. Pop. 2,143, nearly half of whom are trainers, jockies, stable keepers, and grooms. The town is very well built, having many splendid residences of noble and wealthy patrons of " The Turf," elegant rooms belonging to the Jockey club, numerous hotels, and immense ranges of stablmg. The famous races of New- market are held on a beautiful heath W. of the town. The course, upwards of 4 m. in length, belongs to the Jockey Club, and is considered the best in England. The training ground, on a slope S. of the town, is also very fine. Seven race meetings, each lasting three days, are held yearly. Newmarket, a small market town and pa. of N. Wales, co. Flint, 4J m. N.E. St Asaph. Pop. 713. — II. a mkt. town of Irel., Munster, co. Cork, on the Dallua, 4 m. N.W. Kanturk. Pop. 1,899. Newmarket, a tnshp. of U. S., N. Amer., New Hampshire, 38 m. S.E. Concord. Pop. 2,730. Nb WM abket-on-Febous, a mkt. town of Ireld., Munster, co. and 4^ m. S,S,£. Clare. Pop. 1,526. New Mexico, a territory of the United States, North America. [Mexico (New).] Newmili., a vill. of Scotl., co. Banff, pa. Eeith, on the Isla, 8 m. S.E. Fochabers. Pop. 449 II. Neumills, or Torry, a vill., co. Fife, pa. Torry- burn, on the Burn, IJ m. E. Culross. Pop, 411 III. ^cujmiMsis abor. of barony, co. Ayr, pa. Lou- doun, on the Irvine, 2i m. E. Galston. P. 1,988. Newmoat, a pa. of South Wales, co. Pem- broke, 10 m. N.E. Haverford. Pop. 377. Newnham, a market town and pa. of England, CO. and 11 m. W.S.W. Gloucester, on the Severn, Area 2,140 ao. Pop. 1,105. Newnham, several pas. of Engl. — I, co, Herts, 21 m, N. Baldook, Area 810 ac. Pop, 161,— II, CO, Kent, 5 m. W,S,W, Faversham. Area 1,280 ac. Pop, 465,— III, co, Hants, 4^ m. E.N,E. Basingstoke, Area 1,170 ao. Pop, 337,— IV, (.Courtney), co, and 6} m, S.S.E, Ox- ford. Area 1,740 ao. Pop, 351,— V. {Kings), CO, Warwick, 4 m. W.N.W. Kugby. Area 1,470 ac. Pop. 126. Here are chalybeate springs VI. {Murren), oo. Oxford, 11 m W.N.W, Hen- ley-on-Thames, & 4 m, from the Abingdon road station of the Great W, railw. Ac. 1,680. P. 264. New Okkhet, an island group in the S. At- lantic, forming a part of New S. Shetland, S.E. Cape Horn. Chief isls. Pomona and Melville. New Orleans, a city and river port of the V. S., N. Amer., cap, state Louisiana, & next to New York, the principal commercial entrep6t of the Union, in the S, part of which it is situated, on the N, bank of the Mississippi, 105 m, irom its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico. Lat. 29° 57' 7' . N., Ion. 90° 6' W. Mean temp, of year 69° .8, winter 66° .8, summer 82° Fahr. P. (1830) 46,310, (1840) 102,193, (1860) 119,285, many of French Sc Spanish descent. It stands in an alluvial flat, considerably below the level of high tide in the Mississippi, which has been embanked for a long distance, to prevent inundation. Adj acent swamps render it very unhealthy in summer, and it fre- quently suffers from yellow fever. It consists of the city proper, and 6 fauxbourgs or suburbs, all regularly laid out, well supplied with water, and as well drained as circumstances admit. Except Canal Street, few of the public thoroughfares are more than 40 feet in width. Houses mostly of brick, many stuccoed, and in several quarters they are furnished with balconies, and similar in architecture to the dwellings in France & Spain. Here are fewer churches comparatively than in any other city in the U. States ; and from the scarcity of steeples, and of remarkable public buildings. New Orleans makes little figure at a distance. Principal edifices, a large and fine Roman Catholic cathedral, with 4 towers, the state house, custom house, 2 exchanges, U. States' mint, & land offices, several hospitals, 3 theatres, the Ursuline convent, college, & orphan asylum. The levee, on summit of the embankment along the river, forms a fine esplanade, and ships of the largest size can dischargetheir cargoes close to the bank. New Orleans is the main outlet for the produce of the countries watered by the Mississippi and its tributaries, and the great port for the shipment of cotton, of which article, in the year 1843-4, 895,375 bales were exported, 488,817 do., being destined for Liverpool, 21,265 do. for Glasgow and Greenock, and 107,973 do. for Havre. In the same year 81,249 hhds. of to- bacco, chiefly sent to Spain, Boston, & England, 34,395 do. of sugar, 300,082 barrels of flour, 393,179 do, of pork, 872,270 kegs of lard, 600,320 pigs of lead, and 204,281 sacks of corn, were ex- ported, besides bacon, beef, whisky, coffee, &c. In 1844-5 the export of cotton was 984,625 bales, of which 585,888 were sent to Great Britain, the export to Liverpool being 629,676 bales, A large quantity of the tobacco is first imported from Havana, and the coffee imported in 1844 amounted in value to 1,773,139 dollars. In 1844, 911 ships, aggregate burden 294,309 tons, of which about l-6th were British, entered the port, with cargoes to the total value of 1,718,479?., and 1,137 do., burden 372,502 tons, cleared out with cargoes valued at 7,023,253?. Eeg. shipping (1840) 126,612 tons. Capital estimated to be employed in manufs. 1,774,220 dollars. New Orleans is connected by a railway with Lake Borgne, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico 10 m. distant ; with Lake Pouchartrain 5 m. distant by railway and canal, and with CaroUton by a rail- way. It communicates by steamers with New York, and most of the large trading cities in thS NEW 931 NEW W. Indies. The city and suburbs form 3 muni- cipalities. It was founded by the French in 1717, and purchased, with Louisiana, by the U. States in 1803. In 1815 a British force, under General Pakenham, was obliged to retreat from before it by the troops under General Jackson. New Paltz, a tnshp. of U. S., N. Amer., New York, near the Hudson river, 13 m. N.N.W. Newburg. Pop. 5,408. New Philadelphia, two vills. of the U. S., N. Amer., the principal being in Ohio, on the Tuscarawas. Pop. about 500. It has a court house, jail, and a printing ofSce. New Pltmouth, a settlement of New Zea- land, N. island, on its W. coast, 150 m. S.S.W. Auckland. Pop. (1844) 1,155. Customs rev. in same year 530^ Newpobt, a pari, and munic. bor., mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. Hants, in the centre of the Isle of Wight, of which it is the cap., on the na- vigable Medina river, at the head of its naviga- tion, and here crossed by an old stone bridge, 17 m. S.S.E. Southampton. Area of pa. 80 ac. Pop. 3,858, do. of pari. bor. 6,330. It is delight- fnUy situated ; & has an ancient chnrch (in which was buried Elizabeth, daughter of Chas. i., who died a prisoner in Carisbrooke Castie, after her fether's execution), a gi'ammar school, founded by James i., and within which Charles i. and the parliamentary commissioners concluded the " Treaty of Newport ; " an ancient guildhall and market house, bor. & co. jail, 2 assembly rooms, a neat theatre, excellent public library, literary and mechanics institutions, two or three banks, and a mannf. of lace. In the vicinity is the grand miUtary depot of Parkhurst barracks, now in great part converted into a national model- prison, and opposite to it a large house of indus- try for the whole island. Quarter sessions are held, also an ancient governor's court, having extensive power over the whole island. Corp. rev. (1847-8) 1,035/. Newport sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. elect. (1848) 663.— II. a pari, and munic. bor., and river port town, co. and 24 m. S.S.W. Monmouth, on the Usk, crossed here by an excellent stone bridge, about 4 m. from its mouth, and on the line of the Monmouth and Cardiff railway. Area of pa. 3,120 ae. Pop. 13,766. Chief buildings, the ancient pa. church, erected at various epochs, and the ruined castle built by Robert Fitzroy, son of Henry i., remains of a monastery, a imion workho., several schools and chapels, magnificent new docks and wharves, with yards for ship building, iron foundries, and immense exports of coal, iron, & tin, brought to it by canals, or tram railways. The port is accessible to very large vessels. Customs' rev. (1847)11,191?. Eeg. shipping 11,042 tons. Corp. rev. (1848) 1,160?. The borough unites with Monmouth and Usk in sending one mem. to H. of C. It is a polling place for the co. — III. a market town, seaport and pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, on the Irish sea, 6 m. E.N.E. Fish- gnard. Pop. of pa. 1,761. The town is a no- minal munic. bor. Its bay, of same name, forms an excellent harbour, whence slates and agricul- tural produce are exported. Chief imports, coal and timber IV. a market town and pa. of Eng- land, CO. Salop, on the Strine, 17 m. E.N.E. Shrewsbury. Area of pa. 800 ac. Pop. 2,497. It has almshouses, a town and market house, branch bank, considerable malt works, and in the vicinity, mines of coal and iron. It is con- nected by canals with Shrewsbuij, Birmingham, and Liverpool. — V. a suburb of Launceston, co. Cornwall. Pop. 1,068.— VI. a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, with a station on the E. counties' railway, 5 m. S. Chesterford. Area 2,870 ac. Pop. 813. — VII. a marit. vill. of Scotland, co. Fife, pa. FOUGAN. Newport, several towns and tnshps. of the U. S., N. Amer.— I. on the S.W. shore of Rhode Island, 6 m. from the Ocean, and 25 m. S.S.E. Providence. Pop. 8,333. It stands on a beau- tiful and gentle acclivity fronting the harbour, is a summer resort of the inhabitants of the southern states, and has an agreeable but antique appearance ; with manufs. of woollen and cotton stuffs, and leather. Its harbour is good, and is defended by 3 strong forts. — II. New York, 76 m. N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,020.-111. New Hamp- shtte, 35 m. W.N.W. Concord. Pop. 1,968.— IV. Ohio, 106 m. E.S.E. Columbus. Pop. 1,22& — V. Maine, 64 m. N.E. Augusta. Pop. 1,138. Newpokt-Pagnell, a market town and pa, of Engl., CO. Buckingham, on the Ouse, crossed here by 2 stone bridges, 4 m. E.N.E. Wolverton. Area of pa. 3,220 ac. P. 3,569. It has manufs. of lace, employing a large part of the population. Newpokt (Peatt), a seaport town of Irel., Connaught, co. Mayo, on the Newport river, 8 m. W.N.W. Castlebar. Pop. 1,091. The har- bour is spacious and safe. — II. (Tip), a market town, Munster, co. Tipperary, on the Mulkern, 9J m. N.E. Limerick. Pop. 1,072. New Portland, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Maine, 40 m. N.N.W. Augusta. New Pbovidence, one of the Bahama Isles. Length 21 m., breadth varies to 7 m. In its in- terior is Nassau, the seat of the colonial gov. New Reading, a township of the U. S., N. America, Ohio, co. Perry. Pop. 2,799. New-Rochblle, a tnshp., U. S., N. America, state and 18 m. N.E. New York, on Long Island Sound. Pop. 1,816. Its first settlers were from Rochelle in France. Newkt, a pari, bor., river port town, and pa, of Ireland, Bister, cos. Down and Armagh, on the Newry Water, here crossed by 8 bridges, 6 m. above its fall in Carlingford Bay, and on the Newry canal, which forms a navigation between the bay and Lough Neagh, 34 m. S.W. Belfast. Area of pa. 5,470 ac. Pop. 25,168. Area of pari. bor. 2,543 ac. Pop, of do. 13,227, of town 11,972. It is well built, with the exception of some parts of the old town; has 2 handsome churches, 2 large Roman Catholic chapels, a convent, a preparatory seminary for Maynooth college, various minor schools, a town hall, 2 jails, large infantry barracks, a union workhouse, as- sembly rooms, a custom house, and a court and market house. The port admits large vessels to Warrenpoint, about 4 m. below the town ; and the canal, vessels of 600 tons burden. Principal ex- Eorts, linen, grain, provisions, cattle, eggs, and utter, chiefly to England, but it trades also with N. America, the Baltic, and the Levant. Cus- tom's rev. (1846) 41,845?. Reg. shipping (1847) 11,394 tons. The bor. sends 1 mem, to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1849) 803. New Scotland, a tnshp., TJ. S., N. Amer., New York, 9 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,912. New Santander, a department and town of Mexico. [Tamaulipas, & Nuevo Santander.] New South Shetland, an arohip. and portion of mainland, in the Pacific Ocean, lat. 61° to 64° 30^ S., Ion. 63° W., & 600 m. S. Tierra del Fuego, and the coast line of which has been explored be- yond the Antarctic circle. Principal isls., Living- ston, Cornwallis, King George, Clarence, and Elephant isls. 'This region was discovered by Gherltz in 1598, and afterwards further explored NEW 932 NEW by Coolc & Weddell, and its S. part by Biscoe in 1832, and Captain Sir J. Ross in 1842. New Sibebia, a group of isls., Arctic Ocean, off the N. coast of Siberia, gov. Yalcutsl{,'iu which they are comprised, between lat. 73° 12' & 76° 20' N., and Ion. 135° 20' and 160° 20' E., and consist- ing of Kotelnoi, Fadievskoi, New Siberia, Liak- how and some smaller isls. New Siberia, the most E. of these isls., is 76 m. in length by 30 m. in breadth, and presents some curious vegetable and animal fossil remains. It was discovered by Hedenstroem in 1809. New South Wales, a colonial territory be- longing to Great Britain, in its widest sense comprising all the E. part of the Australian con- tinent, S. of lat. 26° S., and E. of Ion. 141° E., thus including the divisions of Cooksland (More- ton Bay), and Phillipsland, or Victoria ; but in a more restricted sense it is limited to the country bordering E.ward on the Pacific ocean, between lat. 30° and 37° 3' S. (Cape Howe), and extending W.ward from Ion. 163° E. to the boundary of the colony of S. Australia. Estimated area of its settled portions about 53,100 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 162,361 ; but according to a later census, includ- ing Port Phillip, Cooksland, and the squatting districts, 196,704, viz. 82,847 adult males, 42,287 adult females, and 71,570 children; of the same total number, nearly 100,000 belonged to the Church of England, 60,000 to the Roman Catholic church, and the remainder were chieily of the Scottish church or Wesleyans. The Blue Moun- tains, which traverse the colony from N. to S. at from 30 to 50 m. from the ocean, have an average elevation of from 3,000 to 4,000 feet, & separate . the undulating maritime counties Gloucester, Northumberland, Cumberland, Camden, and St Vincent, from the region watered by the Lachlan, Murrumbigee, and Macquarrie, in the valley of which, and on the numerous small streams that flow into it, the recently discovered gold deposits are found. Principal rivers flowing E.ward, are the Hunter, Hawkesbury with its affiaents, the Nepean, Clwyd, Macdouald, the Shoalhaven, Manning, Hastings, & MacLeay. Along the coast are several bays and good harbours : the princi- pal of these are Ports Jackson, Hunter, Stephen, Macquarrie, Bateman, Jervis, and Botany Bay. Lakes are few & unimportant. Climate rather hot and dry, but equable. Mean ann. temp, of Port Jackson, 66° .8 ; winter, 65° .6 ; summer, 74° .2 Fahr. The air is pure and iree from malaria and noxious vapours, and on the whole, very salubri- ous; but the country suffers frequently from drought, and it is more adapted for pasturage than tillage. Including Port Phillip, &c., about 6 millions acres of land have been appropriated as private property ; & at the end of 1846, 182,133 acres were officially reported as under cultivation. Wheat, maize, barley, oats, hay, and potatoes, are the principal crops ; some tobacco is raised, especially in the N., and the climate and soil are well suited for the vine culture, to which in the same year, 827 acres were appropriated, yielding nearly 55,000 gallons of wme, and about 1,400 ditto of brandy. In 1846, upwards of 1,400,000 bushels of wheat were raised, but this amount is insufficient for home supply, & corn is imported from more S. colonies, besides a large quantity of rice from India. Sheep farming is the princi- pal branch of husbandry, and in 1846 there were reported to be nearly 8 millions of sheep in the colony, besides upwards of 1,400,000 head of horned cattle, and 88,000 horses. The land, chiefly in the outlying squatting districts, is let by the government in " runs "of several thousand acres each, at the rate of 21. 10*. per annum, for an extent adapted for the support of each 1,000 sheep, or an equivalent number of cattle. The wool produced is of the best quality; and in 1846, 13,509,413 lbs., valued at 664,793?. were ex- ported. Some coal is raised at Newcastle. The whale fisheries are somewhat important; but other fisheries and mines and manufs. are insignia ficant. Trade is chiefly with Great Britain, New Zealand, the Mauritius, and other British colo- nies. Total value of imports (1846) l,630,o62/., those from the United Kingdom amounting to 1,111,238?. Value of exports (1846) 1,481,539?., that of the products of the colony amounting to 1,201,433?. New South Wales proper, consists at present of 37 cos., 19 of which have been settled for many years, & 16 more, newly proclaimed in 1848. Principal towns, Sydney, the cap., Parra- matta and Windsor (in co. Cumberland), Maitland Newcastle, Bathurst, and Goulburn; besides Melbourne & Geelong in Phillipsland, and Bris- bane-town in Cooksland. Government vested in a governor appointed by the crown, an executive council of 4 mems., the chief functionaries in the colony ; and a legislative council (at present) of 36 mems., 12 nominated by the governor, and 24 elected by the community, of whom 5 are sent from Phillipsland. The statute laws of England are in force. In each co. are courts of requests ; and circuit and sessions courts are held at Goulburn, Paramatta, Bathurst, Maitland, and Sydney, which last town is the seat of the supreme court. The colony is subdivided into the dioceses of Newcastle, Sydney, and Melbourne. Public rev. (1847) 264,787?., and at the end of the same year a balance of 109,302?. remained in the colo- nial treasury. [Atistbalia, Sydnet, Victobia.] Newstead, a vill. of Scotl., co. Roxburgh, pa. and 1 m. E. Melrose, on the Tweed. Pop. 250. Near it are traces of a Roman camp, and remains of an ecclesiastical edifice of early date. Newstead, a tnshp., V. S., N. America, New York, 20 m. N.E. BufFalo. Pop 2,653. Newstead Abbey, Engl., co. and SJ m. N.W. Nottingham, in the vicinity of Sherwood Forest, memorable as the family residence of the cele- brated poet Byron, founded in 1170, as a priory of Black canons, stands on the verge of a small lake, among grounds of great beauty ; and hav- ing been carefully improved by its present owner, it is perhaps the finest of the antique monastic piles remaining in England. Numerous reUcs of the poet are carefully preserved here. The abbey was founded by Henry n., and granted to Sir John Byron at the Reformation. Newtee, a marit. town of Brit. India, presid. Bombay, dist. S. Concan, 38 m. N N.W. Goa. New Timbeb, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 6 m, W.N.W. Brighton. Area 1,550 ac. Pop. 165. Newton, numerous pas., &c., of Engl. & Wales. —I. CO. & 6 m. S.S.W. Cambridge II. co. Lin- coln, 2 m. W.N.W. Folkenham. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 221.— III. CO. Northampton, 3| m. N.N.E. Kettering. Area 1,050 ac. Pop. 103.— IV. (Near Sudbury),co. Suffolk,3m. E.S.E. Sudbury. Area 1,370 ac. Pop. 462 V. same co., 2i m. S.S.E. Bury. Area 1,320 ac. Pop. 443.— VL co. Tork, N. Riding, 3 m. W.S.W. Guisborough. Area 1,440 ac. Pop. 143.— VIL {Slossomville), co. Bucks, 2i m. E. Olney. Area 1,050 aC. Pop. 264. — VIII. (Bromshold), co. Northampton, 3 m. S.E. Higham-Ferrers. Area 1,740 ac. Pop. 161. —IX. (St Cyres), co. Devon, SJ m. E.S.E. Credi- ton. Area 3,290 ac. Pop. 1,234 X. [Ferrers], same co., 6J ra. S.E. Plymouth. Area 3,090 ac. Pop. 778. — XL (F?o*man), co. Norfolk, 7i m. NEW 933 NEW S.S.W. Norwich. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 371. —XII. {In the Isle), co. Cambridge, 4 m. N.W. Wisbeach. Area 2,880 ac. P. 400.— XIII. (Kyme), CO. Torlc, W. Riding, 2 m. N.W. Tadcaster. Area 1,050 ac. P. 201.— XIV. (St Loe), co. Somerset, 3.Jm.W. Batli. Areal,670ao. P.627. Kemainsof a Roman villa liave been discovered here. — XV. (Long), CO. Durham, 4 m. W.S.W. Stockton-on- Tees. Area 4,380 ac. P. 293.— XVI. (Zongville), CO. Bucks, 3 m. S. W. Fenny-Stratford . Area 1,G40 ac. Pop. 565.— XVII. (North), co. Wilts, 8.^ m. E.S.E. Devizes. Area 810 ac. Pop. 342.— XVIII. (Old), CO. Suffolk, 2J m. E.N.E. Market-Stow. Area 2,310 ac Pop. 712.— XIX. (On-Ouse), co. and 81 m. N.W. York, N. Riding. Area 4,690 ac. Pop. 908.— SX. (St Petrock), co. Devon, 7} m. S.W. Great Torrington. Area 1,040 ac. Pop. 261.— XXI. (Purcell), co. Oxford, 61 m. N.N.E. Bicester. Area 1,830 ac. Pop. 118 XXII. (Rigny), co. Cumberland, 3 m. W.N.W. Penrith. Area 2,560 ac. Pop. 310.— XXIII. (Solney), co. and 8 m. S.S.W. Derby. Area 1,280 ac. Pop. 311.— XXIV. (South), CO. Wilts, 21 m. W.N.W. Wilton. Area 3,840 ac. Pop. 692.— XXV. (In- the-Thistles), co. Warwick, 51 m. E.N.E. Tarn- worth. Area 1,610 ac. Pop. 454 XXVI. (By- Toft), CO. Lincoln, 4 m. W.S.W. Market-Kaisen. Area 1,730 ac. Pop. 85.- XXVII. (Toney), co. Wilts, 4 m. E.S.E. Amesbury. Area 2,770 ac. Pop. 324.— XXYin. (Tracey), eo. Devon, 5 m. E.NJE. Bideford. Area 760 ac. Pop. 126.— XXIX. (On-Treni), co. and 10 m. W.N.W. Lin- cohi. Area 1,390 ac. Pop. 399.— XXX. (Va- lence), CO. Hants, 4 m. S. Alton. Area 1,810 ac. Pop. 331.— XXXI. (Water), co. Huntingdon, 5^ m. S.N.W. Stilton. Area 740 ac. Pop. 97.— XXXII. (Welsh), CO. Hereford, 3^ m. N.W. Mon- mouth. Area 2,070 ac. Pop. 230.— XXXIII. (West), CO. Norfolk, 2i m. N.N.E. Castle-Rising. Area 1,030 ac. Pop. 242— XXXIV. (On-the- Wolds), CO. Lincoln, 8J m. S.S. W. Great Grimsby. Area 2,060 ac. Pop. 146.— XXXV. (Wood), co. Northampton, 4 m. W.N.W. Oundle. Area 1,590 ac. Pop. 483 XXXVI. (North), S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 3 m. W.S.W. Narberth. Pop. 71.— XXXVn. (Nottage), S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, 6 m. W.S.W. Bridgend. Pop. 792.— XXXVIII. a tnshp., Engl., co. Chester, pa. and f m. S. Mid- dlewieh. Pop. 1,512. — XXXIX. a tnshp., co. Chester, pa. Mottram-in-Longden-Dale, on the Manchester and SheiEeld railway, SJ m. N.E. Stockport. Pop. 293 XL. a township, co. Lancaster, pa. and 2J m. N.E. Manchester. Pop. 6,127, cliiefly employed in calico printing, cotton, and silk mannfs., and in the immense chemical worlcs of Mr Muspratt.— XLI. (Poppleford), a chapelry, co. Devon, pa. Aylesbear, on the Otter, here crossed by a three-arched iron bridge, 3 m. W.N.W. Sidmouth. Pop. 549.— XLII. (Potter), a tnshp., CO. York, W. Riding, pa. & 2 m. N.N.E. Leeds. Pop. 1,241. — NewtonBridge and Newton Junction are stations on the North Western railw. between Warrington and Liverpool. Newton, a pa. of Scotl., co. & 3 m. E. Edin- burgh. Area 1,256 English ac. Pop. 1,74.3, mostly employed in productive coal mines. — Newton is also the name of many small vills., hamlets, &c., in the lowlands of Scotland. Newton, several tnshps., U. S., N. America. — I. Massachusetts, 7 m. W. Boston, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. .3,.361. — II. New Jer- sey, 59 ra. N. Trenton. Pop. 3,867. It has sev- eral churches, court house, jail, academy, and lyceum. — III. Ohio, 60 m. E. Columbus. Pop. 2,568.— IV. Pennsylvania, 23 m. N.E. Philadel- phia. Pop. 1,499. Newton-Abbot (with NiiWTON-BusnEti,), a mkt. town of Engl., co. Devon, pa. Woolbor ough, on the Teign, w ith a station on the Exete r and Plymouth railw., 6 m. S.AV. Teignmouth. P.1,902. NEWTON-iN-MAKEBriELD, a prescrip. bor., & market town of England, co. Lancaster, pa. Win- wiclc, on the Mancliester and Liverpool & Grand Junction railways, 15 m. W.S.W. Manchester. Pop. 3,126. It has engine factories, with ma- nufactures of fustian and glass-works. Newton-Shaw, or New,ton-of-Sauchie, a thriving vill. of Scotl., co. and pa. Clackmannan, 6 m. N.W. Kincardine. Pop. 798. Newton-Stewart, or Newton-Douglas, a burgh of barony, and town of Scotl., co. & 8 m. N. Wigton, pa. Penninghame, chiefly on r. b. of the Cree, here crossed by a handsome stone bridge. Pop. 2,172. It mostly consists of one street, and has a very elegant Gothic church, endowed & other schools, a town house, marlcet house, subscription library, public reading rooms, a masonic lodge, weavers', horticultural, & agri- cultural societies ; some manufs. of leather, hand- looms, and a flourishing trade in wool with Lan- cashire, and exports of pork for the Engl. mkts. Mkt., Friday. Newton-dpon-Atk, a bor. of barony, and pa. of Scotl., CO. and opposite Ayr, on tlie Ayr, and on the firth of Clyde. Pop. of pa. 4,482; do. of bor. 3,768. It is ill-built, but it has a good pa. church, and a council-hall, with ship- building docks, rope-walks, manufs. of sail cloth and cotton fabrics, and several iron and brass foundries. The harbour has been improved, and a light-house erected on its N. side. Consider- able quantities of coals are exported. The con- stitution of tlie burgh, supposed to have been originally granted by Kobert Bruce, has many curious peculiarities. Newtown, a pari, bor., mkt. town, and pa. of N. Wales, co. and 8 m. S.W. Montgomery, on the Severn, here crossed by a bridge of 3 arches, and on the Montgomery canal, which connects it with the interior navigation of England. Pop. of pa. 3,226. It is indifferently built ; has an ancient church, town-hall, and a flannel-hall, with exten- sive manufs. of the best flannel, and large flannel mkts. evei'y alternate Thursday. Newtown is head of a poor-law union. It unites with Mont- gomery, Llaufyllin, Llanidloes, Machynlleth, and Welshpool, in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1847) 287. — II. a decayed bor. of the isle of Wight, pa. Calbourne, 5 m. W.N.W. Newport. Pop. §5. It has a beautifiil modern chapel. New- town was burnt by the French in the reign of Rich. II III. (Near Newbury), a pa. of Engl., CO. Hants, 10 m. N.N.E. Whitchurch. Area 670 ac. Pop. 246. — IV. (Linford), a pa. co. & 6J m. N.W. Leicester. Area 3,990 ac. Pop. 495. Newtown, several tnshps., U. S., N. America. —I. Connecticut, 62 m. S.W. Hartford. Pop. 3,189.-11. New York, 152 m. S. Albanv. Pop. 5,054 III. Pennsylvania, 23 m. N.E. Philadel- phia. Pop. 1,414. Newtown, numerous pas., small towns, & vills. of Ireland. — I. a pa., Leinster, co. Meath, 3 m. N. Kells. — II. CO. Westmeath, with the town Tyr- rell's Pass, and some vills. Ac. 10,249. P. 3,010. Newtown-Abdes, a bor,, seaport town, & pa. of Irel., Ulster, co. Down, at the N. extremity of Lough Strangford, 10 m. E. Belfast. Area of pa. 14,804 ac. Pop. 13,886 ; do. of town, 7,621. It is regularly and well built ; it has a veryancient church, the ruins of an old castle, and of various monastic buildings ; a large endowed school, a spacious town-hall, and infantry barracks. The NEW 934 NEW ireaving and embrodiery of damask mnslins for Glasgow, are carried ou to a considerable extent. Newtown (Babbt), a mkt. town and pa., Leiu- ster, 00. Wexford, at the confl. of the Cladywith the Slaney, 3 m. S. Clonegal. ' Area of pa. 8,284 ac. Pop. 3,723; do. of town, 1,437. It is toler- ably well built, and has a handsome pa. church. — II. (C'lonebum), a pa., Leinster, co. Meath, on the Boyne, 1 m. E. Trim. Area 666 ao. Pop. 298. — III. (CrommoHn),a pa., Ulster, co. Antrim, with a Till. 3 m. N.E. Clough. Area 3,466 ac. Pop. 799 ; of Till. 175.— IT. (i^orJes), Leinster, co. and 2J m. N.N.W. Longford. Pop. 478.— V. {Ha- milton), a mkt. town and pa., Ulster, co. & 9^ m. S.E. Armagh. Area of pa. 12,405 ao. Pop. 7,538 ; do. of town, 1,231.— VI. (Lennanf), a pa., Munster, CO. Tipperary, 3 m. N.E. Carriok-on-Suir. Area 6,774 ac. Fop. 1,806 VIL (Mmnt Kennedy), a mkt. town, Leinster, co. and 8 m. N.N.W. Wick- low. Pop. 823. Newtown-Limataddt, a disfranchised bor., and mkt. town of Irel., Ulster, co. and 15 m. N.E. Londonderry, on the Koe, here crossed by a stone bridge. Pop. 3,101. It is regularly biult ; has a handsome church, a sessions-house, bride- well, union workhouse, distilleries, and a market house, with an increasing trade in wheat & flax. Mkts., Monday, Tuesday, and Friday. Newtown-Stewart (formerly Lislas), a mkt. town of Ireland, Ulster, co. Londonderry, on the Mourne, 5 m. W. Gorton. Pop. 1,406. Fairs, last Monday CTery month. Near it are remains of a castle of the 6th century, and Tarious other an- tiquities, and about 1^ m. S.W. the town is Ba- ron's court, the seat (rf the Marquis of Abercorn. Newttle, a pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar, 10 m. N.W. Dundee, with which town, and with Forfar and Perth, it is connected by railway. Pop. 1,264, of whom 465 are in the Tillage. New Tear's (Island); N. Australia, is off the coast of Arnhem's Land, 60 m. N.E. Port Essing- ton. — (Islands), S. Atlantic, are in lat. 54° 41' S., Ion. 64° 28' W., and were so named by Cook. — (Range), Central Australia, is a mntn. tract, lat. 80° 21' N., Ion. 146° 33^' E. New Xork, one of the U. States of N. Amer., and though not the largest, yet in CTery other respect, the leading state of the Union ; between lat 40° 30' and 45° N., and Ion. 72° & 79° 56' W., having N.W. lakes Erie and Ontario, and the riv. St Lawrence, separating it from Upper Canada, and Another sides, the states Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Ver- mont, except at its S. extremity, where it touches the Atlantic Ocean, in which it includes Long Island. Area 45,660 sq.ra. Pop. (I860) 3.090,022 Mean annual temp, of New York city 61° .6 ; summer, 70° .3 ; winter, 30° .1 Fahr. It is mostly an elevated region, with extensive indentations, watered by the Hudson, Mohawk, Oswego, Genes- see and other rivers, including many afSs. of the Susquehannah. The AUeghanies traverse its E. part in two parallel chains, and the Kound-top, one of the Catskill mntiis,, is 3,804 feet inheight. It contains Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Canan- daigua, George, and many other lakes ; lake Champlain forms a part of its N.E. frontier. Long Island, Staten isl., and Manhattan are also included in this state. Soil in the S, rather light but fitted for pasturage; it improTes on pro- ceeding N.ward, and the W. part is a highly fer- tile country. All the crops common in Britain are raised, with the addition of maize, The stock of sheep is estim. at upwards of 6 mUUons, or about l-6tli the total number in the Union ; horses and cattle are more numerous than in any other state In the W. & the S.E. are extensive forests, & their produce in timber, exclusive of other products, was esthnated in 1840, at 3,900,000 dollars in value. Iron is abundant; and the salt springs at Onondaga & elsewhere, yielded in 1840, 2,868,000 bushels of salt ; the capital invested in salt works, being estimated at ^601,000 dollars, or 6-6ths of the total amount employed on the production of salt in the Union. Manufs. are in great variety, and the foreign commerce is greater than that or any other state. Total value of exports (1843) 32,861,540 dollars; ditto of exports 66,079,616 dollars, the latter comprising more than 3-6ths of the total exports of the Union. Total length of the canals in operation 798 m. ; the principal are the Erie, Champlain, Cayuga, and Chenango canals, connecting the Atlantic rivers with the Canadian lakes, and the first of which, 364 m. in length, is the most extensive work of its kind in America or Europe. Total length of railways completed (1850) 840 m., expense 27 million dollars. Public rev. (1848) 848,156 dollars ; an- nual educational grant 436,233 dollars. This state is divided into 38 cos., and sends 2 senators and 34 representatives to congress. Principal cities, Albany, the cap.. New York, Brooklyn, Hud- son, Buffalo, Oswego, and Ogdensburg, with Schenectady and numerous towns along the Une of the Erie canal. The first settlement was made by the Dutch on Manhattan isl. in 1614. In 1664 the English obtained possession of the country ; in 1673, it was retaken by the Dutch, but soon after restored to the English. The present con- stitution was framed in 1821. Governor and senators elected biennially. New York, the largest and most populous city, principal seaport, and commercial cap. of the U. S., on an isl. near the S. extremity of New York State, between the mouth of the Hudson river, & East river, which separates Long Island from the mainland ; lat. of oity-haU 40° 42' 7' N., Ion. 74° V T W. Area of city, including co., & Manliattan or New York island (separated from Westchester co., by Harlem river, crossed by 3 bridges), with some adjacent islets, 14,000 ao. Pop. (1860) 615,394. The city, 9 m. in circumference, occupies a triangular area, the apex of which, is covered by old, narrow, and crooked streets, but by far the greater part of New York consists of regular and handsome thoroughfares, the princip. of which, Broadway, intersecting the city through- out, is nearly 4 m. in length, and bordered by shops or stores, rivalling those of London. Pearl, Cedar, Pine, Front, Water, and South streets between it and the E. river, are important marts of business, and Wall street is the seat of the chief monetary transactions. Greenwich, E. Broadway, Heury, Madison, Bleeker, and Bond Streets and the Bowery, between the Broadway and Hudson river, are elegant public streets. The battery, Washington square in front of the New York university, Union square with a hand- some fountain, are among the chief open spaces; in the Park, an area of about 11 acres, is the city hall, a Grecian edifice of marble and free- stone, 216 feet in length by 105 feet in breadth, and one of the finest buildings in the United States. The Merchant's Exchange in Wall Street, having a noble central dome, has been con- structed at a cost of 1,800,000 dollars. Amongst t'ne most conspicuous buildings are the cus- tom house, on the site of the old city hall (where Washington was inaugurated president); the University ; Columbia college ; the hall of justice, American institute, and house of detention; Trinity church, a splendid Gothic structure ; St, NEW 935 NHO Paul's church with an Ionic portico, and a steeple 224 feet in height ; St. John's, St. Thomas's, the Dutch, French Protestant, & Baptist churches ; St Patrick's catliedral ; the Society library ; Gothic hall, and Aston house, a vast hotel containing 390 rooms. New York has about 170 churches, 30 hanks, 6 theatres, 2 museums, and numerous large hotels, & storehouses. It is abundantly sup- Slied with water from Croton water works, 38 m. istant, formed at a cost of 12 milUon dollars (2,700,000?.). Other public institutions are, the New York hospital, infirmary, deaf-dumb, and lunatic asylums, and " Long Isl. farms," a fund for provision of destitute children. Manui^. are in great variety, and the total capital employed in 1840, was estim. at 11,228,900 dollars. The harb. is 25 m. in circumference ; it has 3 entrances, defended by several strong batteries, and ships of the largest size can come up to the city wharves. New York commuuicates by the Hudson & Erie canal with the W. States, Canada, and the whole region of the great N. Amer. lakes, of which countries it is the great entrepSt. lii 1844, its exports amounted in value to 34,334,692 dollars (8,011,428?.), and imports to 76,092,286 dollars (17,521,300?.), or 2-3rds. of the whole imports into the U. States. Customs rev. in ditto 11,444,797 dollars (2,670,452?.) In the same year 2,180 ships, aggregate burden 590,661 tons entered, & 2,216 ditto, harden 606,918 tons left the port ; of which latter 333, burden 68,279 tons were British, 88 Swedish, and 82 belonged to the Hanse towns, the rest being mostly U. States shipping. Reg. stiipping of the port (1840) 414,817 tons. Regular lines of packets maintain communication between New York and all the principal ports of the XI. S., others in the W. Indies, Mexico, & S. Amer., and Liverpool, Southampton, Antwerp & Havre in Europe. It is connected with Harlem by a railway 7 m. in length. The city is divided into 17 wards, and governed by a mayor and common council. It was the seat of the first American congress, in 1785. New Zealand, a colonial possession of Great Britain, consisting of a chain of 3 islands, with smaller isles in the Pacific Ocean, between lat. 34° 12' and 47° 20' S, and Ion. 166° and 178° 39' E., about 1,200 m. S.E. Australia. Pop. of col- onists (1844) 11,948. Estimated pop. of Aborigines 110,000 (?). The two principal islands extend from N.E. to S.W. in an irregular elongated shape. Length of both 1,163 m., mean breadth 140 m. Area 95,000 sq. m., nearly the extent of Great Britain. New Ulster, or North Isl., is separated from New Munster, or Middle Island, by Cook Strait; and New Leinster, or Stewart Island, a small island 61 m. in length, and about the same in breadth, is separated from the S. ex- tremity of New Munster by Foveaux Strait. The islands are of trap and volcanic formation, with shales and sandstone. Principal minerals, copper, manganese, & coal. Surface mountain- ous, a chain of high-peaked snow-clad mountains intersects Middle Island, from N.E. to S.W. There are several extinct, and some active vol- canoes. Mount Egmont, an extinct cone, in W.S.W. peninsula of North Island, has an ele- vation oi^ 8,840 feet. Tongarero, in centre of North Island, is an active volcano, elevation 6,200 ft. Soil on the table lands and valleys, and near the coasts, fertile, and surface well-wooded. Mountains generally bare of woods, but over- grown with ferns and grasses. Temp, ranges from 39° to 74°, mean of year 58° .2 Fahr. Mean ann. rain 36 to 40 inches. Snow rarely falls, heavy rains, and high gales are frequent, but there is no rainy season. Prevailing winds S.E. and S.W. ; N.E. winds bring rain. There are several inland lakes, and springs and rivers are abundant. Harbours are good and numerous. A flax plant (phormium tenax), an edible fern (pteris esculenta), the sweet potato, the kauri pine, and various timber trees, are the chief native ve- getable products. Wheat, and other grains, and vegetables introduced by the colonists, are very productive, and grazing grounds afford pasture during all the year. The island affords no indi- genous quadrupeds. Birds are numerous, and the bones of a gigantic bird (Dinornis) found in the alluvial soil, afford evidence that such an ani- mal existed at no distant period. The natives are a tall, well-made, active, and intelligent race of the Malay family. When the island was visited by Captain Cook in 1769, they were ferocious can- nibals, and cannibalism still lingers among them, although in other respects they are docile, in- clined to adopt civilized habits, and are found very susceptible of religions Instruction. New Zealand had for many years been the resort of whaling vessels, and was at first colonized in a desultory manner, until in 1840, when it was adopted as a British colony ; and emigration, to a considerable extent, has since taken place under a regularly organized association. In 1844, an insurrection of the natives occurred, under their chief Heki, but since that period they have re- mained tranquil. The principal British settle- ments are Auckland, the cap.. New Plymouth, Wanganui, Wellington (Port Nicholson), on W. coast of New Ulster, Nelson (Tasman's Bay), and Otago, on New Munster (which see). In 1840, 100 American whaling vessels visited the island. Principal articles of trafiic, flour, wheat, potatoes, timber, and native flax. Government vested in a governor, colonial council, and six members. The colony is a bishop's see, & there were, in 1844, 36 missionary establishments on the islands. A severe shock of an earthquake oc- curred at Wellington in 1848. Nexoe, a seaport town of Denmark, stift Zee- land, on the E. coast of the island Bornholm. Pop. 1,400. NBXoif, a market town of France, dep. Haute ¥ienne, 10 m. S. Limoges. Pop. of comm. 2,160. Nevva, or Neiva, a town of S, Amer., New Granada, dep. Cundinamarca, cap. prov., on the Magdalena, at the influx of the Neyva river, 132 m. S.W. Bogota. Its chief trade is in cacao, the Indians also resort to it for knives, mirrors, and trinkets. It sufi^ered severely from an earth- quake in 1827. — II. a town of Hayti, cap. arrond., 70 m. E. Port-Kepublicaiu, in a plain watered by the river Neyva, which enters Nej'va bay on the S. coast, after a course of 75 m. A small river of Portugal has this name. Ngan-hoei, or Gan-hwat, an inland prov., China, betw. lat. 29° & 34° N., & Ion. 113° & 119° E., enclosed by Kiang-su, Che-kiang, Eiang-si, Houpe, and Hou-nan. Pop. (1812) 34,168,059, Surface mostly plain, and traversed by the rivs. Yang-tze-kiang, and the Hoai-ho, with its afiis. Products comprise the precious metals, copper, salt, green tea from the S. dists., to from 6 to 7 million taels annually, ink 2 million taels, the best varnish, and much raw and wrought produce. Chief city Ngan-khing, 160 m. S.S.W. Nanking. Nha-tbang, or Yatrang, a seaport town of Anam, cap. prov., with a good harbour at a river's mouth, in lat. 12° 19' N., Ion. 109° 20' E. Nho, or Noun, a town of British India, pre- sid., dist. and W.N.W. Agra. It has a manuf. of salt from springs in its vicinity., NIA 936 NIC NuaARA, a river of N. Amer., between Upper Canada and the U. S. (New York state), unites lakes Erie and Ontario, the river having a N. course of 33 m. from the former to the latter, and a total descent in that distance of 334 feet. It encloses numerous islands, the largest. Grand Island, having an area of 17,000 acres, and 16 m. from Lake Erie it forms the famous Falls OF NiAOABA, where the river is precipitated over a vast ledge of silnrian limestone, forming two cataracts, separated by Goat Island, 600 feet in ■width. The Horse-shoe fall, on the Canadian side, is 1,800 feet across, and 158 feet in perpen- dicular depth, and the American Falls 600 feet in breadth, 163 feet in depth, and above which a strong rude bridge crosses to Goat Island. The banks rise to 180 feet in perpendicular elevation, and are sprinkled with hotels and villas, and on both sides of the Falls, for some distance be- low, the stream forms a rapid, enclosed within a bed only 160 yards across. It has been esti- mated that the Falls discharge 100 millions of tons of water per hour. A cable suspension bridge 800 feet span, and at an elevation of 230 feet, has been erected on the riv., alittle above the commencement of the cataract. — II. (formerly Newark), a town, Upp. Canada, cap. dist., on the W. side of the Niagara river, at its mouth in Lake Ontario. It is well built, & has a brisk traffic by steam with New York, Toronto, and Kingston. Kaces are annually held in its vicinity. — III. a township on the E. side of the river, U. S., New York, containing Goat Island, and a portion of the Falls. Pop. 1,277 Niagara Falls is a con- tiguous vill., with some churches, several hotels, and manufs. of woollen cloth, steam engines, and paper, with corn and saw mills. Pop. 760. The Buffalo and Lockport railways meet here. NiAs, or PuLO-NiAS, an island of the Asiatic Archipelago, and one of the largest skirting the W. coast of Sumatra. Length 70 m., average breadth 16 m. Soil fertile, and it produces large quantities of rice. On its E. coast is a vill, or town of same name. NiAZEPETRovsK, a mkt. town of Kussia, gov. Perm, on the Ufa, 80 m. E.S.E. Krasno-Uflnsk, with extensive iron works. NiBBiANO, a vill. of N. Italy, duchy and 8 m. S. Piacenza. Pop. 720. — II. a vill. of Lombardy, deleg. and 10 m. E.S.E. Como. NiBE, a town of Denmark, prov. Jutland, stift amt,, and 12 m. W.S.VP'. Aalborg, on the Liim- fiord. Pop. 1,200, NinLET (Nokth), a pa. of England., co, and 16 m, S.S.W. Glo'ster. Area 3,410 ac. Pop. 1,306, partly employed in woollen manufs. NicJEA(vulg. Nice), acity, AsiaMinor. [Isnik.] NioANOBO (St), two towns of Naples. — I. prov. Capitanata, cap. cant., in the peninsula of Gar- gano, 10 m. E. Lesina. Pop. 7,800. — II. prov. and 10 m. S.W. Bari. Pop. 2,900. NiCARAGDA (State of), a state of the Central American Confted., mostly between lat. 10° & 46° N., and Ion. 83° 40' & 87*36' W., having W. the state Guatemala, N. & E. the Mosquito territory, E. and S.E. the Caribbean Sea and Costa Rica, and elsewhere the Pacific O. Estim. area 39,380 sq m. Pop. 360,000. It comprises one of the largest plains in the Confed., with the lake, whence it is named ; also, the volcanic mntns. Gnana- caure, Vie^o, and Masaya. The river San Juan is partly in this state. Soil mostly of high ferti- lity ; the cotton raised is stated to be superior to that of Brazil, though little exported, except to the adjacent state of Costa Kica. Sugar of the best quality, and indigo, are principal products. In 1833, the exports amounted in value to 749,000 dollars, consisting of bullion to 600,000 dolls. ; with indigo, sarsaparilla, cotton, sugar, cattle, and mahogany. More recently, about 500 or 600 tons of Brazil wood, and 30,000 hides ann,, with some indigo, were the principal exports. Imports of British and N, American manufs. are estim. in value at 100,000 dollars ann., the British imports forming 2-3ds of the whole. Some silks, gloves, and wines, are received from France; linens and glass wares from Germany; the other imports are chiefly from Peru, Chde, &c. Chief cities, Leon, the cap., Grenada and Nicaragua. Principal port, Bealejo. Owing to perpetual revolutions, this has become the most wretched and impoverished state of Cent. Amer., and in 1846, its annual public rev, was estimated at only 60,000 dollars. — Nicaragua, a town in the above state, on the W. shore of L. Nicaragna^'SS m. S.E. Granada, Pop, upwards of 8,000, but the commerce of the lake is mostly absorbed by Gra- nada. — San Juan de Nicaragua is a seaport town on the Caribbean Sea, Mosquito. [San Juam.] Nicaragua Lake, Central America, lies most- ly between lat. 11° and 12° 12' N., and Ion. 84° & 86° W., about 12 m, from the Pacific O,, and 90 m, from the Caribbean Sea, into which latter it discharges its surplus waters by the river San Juan. Length, N,^^. to S.E., 140 m. ; average breadth 40 m. It is adapted for ships of the largest burden, being 15 fathoms in depth, andit contains the isls. Omotape, Madeira, Salentalamo, and some others. Its surface is about 134 feet (according to another, and official report, 128 ft.) above the level of the Pacific ; but the surround- ing country is only undulating, nowhere rising to more than 487 ft. in additional elevation, and the San Juan is generally navigable ; from which, and other reasons, it has long been projected to estab- lish through it a communication between the At- lantic and Pacific Oceans, and which would obvi- ate the dangerous passage for shipping around Cape Horn. At its yf. end this lake is connected by a small riv. with the L. of Leon (or Granada), from which also the cutting a canal, or a railway, to the Pacific, has been contemplated. [Panama.] NiCARTA, Icaria, an isl. of the Grecian Archi- pelago, belonging to Turkey, 12 m. W. Samos. Lat. 37° 36' N., Ion. 26° 10' E. Area60sci.m. Pop. 1,000. Surface mountainous. Principal product, timber. It has only a few vills., and no object or much interest. It is famous in mythology for the death near it of Icarus, after his reputed aerial flight (whence its name). NiCASTBO, a town of Naples, prov. Calah.-Ult., cap. dist., on the W. side of the Apennines, 24 m. S. Cosenza. Pop. 10,000. It is straggling and mean, but enclosed by walls, outside of which are many olive grounds and orchards. In its castle, Henry, the son of the Emperor Fred. ii. was con- fined. It is an archbishop's see. Near it are some mineral baths. It suffered greatly by the eai'th- quake of 1638. Nice (Ital. Nizza, anc. Nictea), a seaport and episcopal city of N, Italy, cap. div., 98 m. S.W. Turin, with an excellent port on the Mediterra- nean, 4 m. E. of the French frontier. Pop. (in- cluding garrison, 1839), 33,811. It is situated in a plain, immediately W. & N. an old castle on a height, surrounded by bastioned walls, close & ill built, but its suburbs are handsome. Chief edi- fices, a palace, cathedral, convents, & hospitals; a theatre, bath establishments, an English chapel, and a triumphal arch. The port on the E., be- yond Monte Albano, is protected by a mole. The beauty of its situation, and the salubrity of its NIC 937 NIE climate attract a great number of strangers. It has manufe. of wine, oil, silk, and perfumery, and is a free port. Nice has been often taken by the French, and was, under the Empire, cap. dep, of the Maritime Alps. It is the birth-place of the painter Vanloo, and the astronomer Cassini. Mai-shal Massena was born in its vicinity. [Nizza, and IsNiK.] Nicholas (St), one of the Cape Verd islands, Atlantic O., between Santi Lucia and Santiago, tat. 16° 35' N., Ion. 24° 16' W. Length 30 m., breadth 13 m. Surface mntnous. It has a harb. on its S. side, near which is a small town, the re- sidence of a governor and a Portuguese bishop. — II. an island of England, in Plymouth Sound. [Drake's Islakd.] NicHOLiis (St), several pas. of Engl., &c. — I. CO. Devon, 5J m. E.S.E. Newton-Abbot. Area S80 ac. Pop. 1,175. — II. Isle of Wight, adjoining Newport. Area 410 ac. Pop. 275 III. co. Suf- folk, 5i m. N.W. Halesworth. Area 450 ac. Pop. 90.— IV. CO. Kent, 6 m.W.S.W. Margate. Area 3,390 ac. Pop. 679.— V. S. Wales, co. Glamor- gan, 5 m. V.S.W. Cardiff. Pop. 425.— VI. S. Wales, CO. Pembroke, 4 J m. S.W. fishguard. Pop. 346. Others in London, Bristol, Exeter, &c. Nicfloi.AS (St), a harb. on the N.W. side of the ' isI.Zea, Grecian Archipelago. — {Channel), N.side of Cuba, 60 m. in length, by 33 m. in breadth. — {Harbour), Lower Canada, on the N. side of the St Lawrence estuary, lat. 49° 18' N., Ion. 67° 40^ W — {Point), the N.W. extremity of the isl. Java, on the Str. of Sunda, lat. 5° 5r S., Ion. 106° 2' E. NiCHOiASTON, a pa. of S. WaJes, co. Glamor- gan, 1} m. E.N.E. Penrice. Pop. 119. NicHOL-FoREST, a chapelry of Engl., co. Cum- berland, pa. Kirk- Andrews, lOJ m. N.N.E. Lang- town. Pop. 825. NicKOLii, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 58 m. S.E. Oppehi. Pop. 3,320. NicoBAB Islands, called by the Malays, Pulo Sambillong (9 islands), a group of isls. in the In- dian Ocean, S. of the Bay of Bengal, between lat. 6' 40' and 9° 30' N., and Ion. 92° 50' and 94° E. They constitute, with the Andamans, the exten- sion of the great volcanic band of Sumatra and Java. In the S. group, Great Nicobar has an area of 1,238 sq. m., and Little Nicobar 86 sq m. Ca- moiia, Chowry, & the other isls. of the N. group, are all smaller. They are all covered with trees & very fertile, yielding in abundance cocoa nuts, oranges, sugar, tobacco, and bamboos. Animals comprise scorpions, crocodiles, serpents, rats, pigs, dogs, and eats. Mean ann. temp. 70° Fahr. The islands are exposed to frequent hurricanes ; the rainy season lasts 9 months, and the unusual phenomenon of frequent rain in the dry season (Dec. to Feb.), renders them most unhealthy. Kepeated attempts at colonization have failed, on account of the prevalence of yellow fever. [An- daman, Denmark.] Nicola (San), 4 vills. of Naples.— I. Calab.- Ult. II., dist. Monteleone. Pop. 1,600.-11. Ca- lab.-Ult. IL, dist. Cotrone. Pop. 1,800.-111. Prineip.-Ult., dist. Ariano. Pop. 1,300.— IV. T. diLavoro.dist. Caserta. Pop. 2,600.— San Nicolo is a volcanic isl. (one of the Tremiti isls.), Adri- atic Sea, which was in a state of activity in 1826. Nicolas (San), one of the Cape Verd islands, Atlantic, nearly in the centre of the group. Lat. 16° 35' N., Ion. 24° 15' W. Length 30 m., breadth 15 m. Pop. 6,000. Surface mntnous. The chief town, San Nicolas, has 1,400 inhabs., and is the residence of the bishop of the Cape Verd islands. The inhabs. manuf. cotton stuffs and hosiery. Nicolas, or Nicolaas (St), a town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, cap. cant., 20 m. E.N.E. Ghent. Pop. (1845) 20,088. It has a fine town-hall, a church, with good paintings ; an hospital, several orphan asylums, a prison, a large market place, tribunal of commerce, Latin, and other public schools; manufs. of cotton, woollen, and silk fabrics, hosiery, hats, soap, leather, & tobacco ; dye-houses, salt-refineries, breweries, & potter- ies ; a large mkt. for flax, and large annual fairs. Nicolas du Port (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. Meurthe, cap. cant., arrond. & 7 m. E.S.E. Nancy, on 1. b. of the Meurthe. Pop. 3,182. It has extensive cotton-spinning, linen, & leather manufs. — II. a comm. & vill., dep. Manche, arr. Avranches. Pop. 1,028. — III. a comm. and vill., dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, arr. Castel-Sarrasin, on left bank of the Garonne. Pop. 1,607.— St Nico- las is a headland and vill. of Hayti, on the N.W. side of the island. Nicolo^San), the cap. town of the isl. Tinos, Grecian Archipelago, on the S.E. coast of the island. Pop. 4,000. It is a bishop's see, and has a cathedral, built since 1820. [Nicola (San).] NiooLosi,atown of Sicily, intend. & 8 m. N.W, Catania, on the S. slope of Mt. Etna. P. 8,600. NiooMEDiA, a town of Asia Minor. [Ismid.] NIOOPOLIS (Turk. Nikopol, anc. Nicopolis ad Istrum), a town of European Turkey, Bulgaria, cap. sanj., on the Danube, 66 m. W. Rustchuk. Pop. estimated at 10,000. It was founded by Trajan, and occupies a height enclosed by ran - parts, mounting large cannon, & further defended by a castle. It has some large edifices, mosques, baths, &c., but is generally ill-built, and its trade is not thriving. Here the Turks defeated the Hungarians under Sigismund, 28th Sept., 1396 ■ II. an anc. city of Epirus, the remains of which, consisting of a theatre and an amphitheatre, are visible about 3 m. N. Prevesa. Nicosia, a city of Sicily, intend. Catania, 14 m, N.E. Castrogiovanni. Pop. 13,000. It has sev- eral churches and convents, but few manufs., and trade in the cattle & corn of the fertile surround- ing dist. — II. the cap. city of Cyprus. [Lefkosia.] NicoTEBA, a town of Naples, prov. Calab.-Ult. IL, cap. cant., near the Gulf of Gioja, 13 m. S.W. Tropea. Pop. 3,800. It consists of an upper town, with a castle, and an episcopal palace, and a lower town, chiefly inhab. by fishermen. It was partially destroyed by the earthquake of 1783. NicoTA, a peninsula, bay, river, and two towns of Central America, state Costa Rica ; the peni insula in lat. 9° W N., Ion. 85° W., bounding W.- ward the bay which receives the river ; and the two towns respectively, 76 m. W.N.W., & 96 m. W. Cartage, the latter on the peninsula, with 3,000 inhabs., engaged in weaving, ship-building, and trading in sugar, &c. NiDAU, or NvDAD, a town of Switzerland, cant, and 16 m. N.W. Bern, at the N. extremity of the lake of Bienne. Pop. 1,228. NiDD, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, 4 m. W.N.W. I^aresborough. Area 940 ac. P. 114. NiDDA, a riv. of Cent. Germany, Hessen & Nas- sau territories, after a S.W. course of 60 m., joins the Maine at Hochst, 6 m. W. Frankfurt. — II. a walled town ofH. -Darmstadt, prov. Ober-Hessen, on the Nidda, 19 m. S.E. Giessen. Pop. 1,871. NiDOULL, a town of British India, Decoan, dom. Mysore, 45 m. E. Chittledroog. NiDOKi, a mkt. town of Russian Poland, gov. and 49 m. W.N.W. Vilna. Pop. 1,600. NiEBLA, Ilipa, a decayed town of Spain, prov. and 18 m. N.E. Huelva, on the Tinto. Pop. 983. It has a very ancient bridge, a ruined castle, and some other fortifications, and it is the cap. of a NIE 938 NIG CO., formerly a principality. Near it are exten- sive copper mines. NiED, a riv., France & Khenish Prussia, formed in dep. Moselle, by the union of two branches, 12 m. E.N.E. Metz, flows N.N.E., & joins the Sarre, 6 m. N.W. San-elouis. Length 45 m. NiEDEBBBONtr, a oomm.& mkt. town of France, dep. B. Khin,26 m. N.W. Strasburg. Pop. 2,707. It IS pleasantly situated in a valley of the Vosges mountains, and has well-frequented mineral springs, the water of whiclf is collected into two basins covered with a stone pyrami!d. It has also estabs. for preparing steel and bar-iron, heavy articles of machinery, & large pieces of artillery. NiEDGHiNaELHEiM, a mkt. town of H.-Darm- stadt, prov. Khenish Hessen, 9 m. W.S.W. May- ence. Pop. 2,008. Nledeblabnstein, a mkt. town of Germany, duchy Nassau, 33 m. N.W. Wiesbaden, on the Lahn, near its mouth in the Rhine. Pop. 1,927. NiEDERSTETTEN, a town of Wurtcmberg, circ. Jaxt, 9 m. S.E. Mergentheun. Pop. 1,509. NiEDOEP, two contiguous vills. of the Nether- lands, Holland, 9 m. N.E. Alkmaar. United pop. 1,446. NiEFEBN, and Niehebm, two small towns of Germany. — I. Baden, circ. Middle Khine, on the Dnz, 19 m. E.S.E. Carlsruhe, and having 1,279 inhabs. — II. Prussian WestphaUa, reg. Minden, 18 m. E.N.E. Paderbom. Pop. 1,473. NiEJiN, or NiESHiN, a town, Russia. [Nejin.] NiEHi, a vill. of Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 6 m. W.N.W. Cleves. Pop. 1,220. NiEMEQK, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. and 27 m. S.S.W. Potsdam. P. 2,340. NiEMEOZTN, or NiBMENTCHiN, a mlct. towu of Russia, gov. and 15 m. N.N.E. Vilna. Pop. 1,800. NiEMES, or Memel, a river of Russian Poland, rises in the gov. Minsk, flows N.W. through the gov. Grodno, between Vilna and Augustowo, and through E. Prussia, and under the name of the Merael, enters the Curische-Haff by the Rass and Gilge mouths, 30 m. W. Tilsit, after a total course estimated at 400 m. Principal affls., the Villa and Szeschuppe. It is always navigable, and is the main channel for the trade of Lithu- ania and Volhynia. Near Grodno a canal con- nects it with the Bober and Vistula ; and near Tilsit, Napoleon and Alexander of Russia held a memorable interview on its waters in June 1807. NiEMES, a town of Bohemia, circ. Bunzlau, 18 m. N.N.W. Jung-Bunzlau. Pop. 3,336, who manuf. woollen, cotton, and linen stuffs, & paper. NiEMiBOv, a market town of Austrian Poland, Galioia, circ. and 25 m. W. Zolkiev. Pop. 1,900. NiEMOKSTZT, a market town of Russia, gov. Vilna, 15 m. W.N.W. Rosienna. Pop. 1,700. NiEMTSCHiTz, a market town of Moravia, circ. Prerau, 11 m. N.E. Wischau. Pop. 1,400. NiENBUBO, several towns, &c., of Germany. — I. (Monch, or Kloster-Nienburg), duchy Anhalt- Kiithen, cap. dist., on the Saale, here joined by the Boder, and crossed by a bridge, 10 m. N.W. Kothen. Pop. 1,900. It is enclosed by walls, and has a castle. — II. Hanover, landr. and 30 m. N.W. Hanover, cap. co. Hoya, on the Weser, here crossed by a bridge of stone, and joined by the Meerbach, on the Hanover and Bremen rail- way. Pop. 4,100. It has manufs. of linen and vinegar, some trade in timber, and a transit trade by the river III. Prussian Westphalia, reg. & 25 m. N.W. Munster. Pop. 1,000. . NiEPPES, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Nord, 13 m. E. Hazebrouck. Pop. 3,451, chiefly employed in potash and vinegar works. NiEBR, or Nebrs, a river of Rhenish Prussia and the Netherlands, after a N.W. course of 60 m. joins the Maese, 2 m. W. Gennep. NiEKSTEiH, a market town of H.-Darmstadt, prov. Rhenish Hessen, on the Rhine, 9 m. S.S.E. Mayence. Pop. 2,201. In the vicinity numerous Roman coins have been found. NiESKTT, a vill. and Moravian colony of Prus- sian Silesia, reg. Liegnitz, 11 m. N.N.W. Gorlitz, with a theological seminary, a museum, and manufs. of cotton stufis. Pop. 640. NiEsncHATSCHi, a market town of Russia, gov. Volhynia, 10 m. N.N.E. Kowel. Pop. 1,600. NiECWKEBK, a town, Netherlands. [Nykekk.] NiEcwpooBT, a small fortified town of the Ne^ therlands, on the Lech,16 m.E. Rotterdam. P. 626. NiEDWPOBT, a fortified town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, cap. cant., on the Tperlee, near its mouth in the N. Sea, on which it has a small port, 10 m. S.W. Ostend. Pop. 3,393, engaged in ship building, rope-making, and fishing. A navigable canal connects it with Ostend and Bruges. It has been often besieged, and re- peatedly taken by the English and French. NiEuvrvELO, a mountain range of S. Afinca, Cape Colony, dist. Beaufort, between lat. 32° & 33° S., and upwards of 10,000 feet in elevation. NiEVBE, a small river of France, dep. Nievre, to which it gives its name, joins the Loire on rt. at Nevers. Course S.ward. Length 25 m. NiE VEE, a dep. of France, in the centre, formed of the old prov. Nivernais, and part of Orlea- nais, between the deps. C6te d'Or, Sa6ne-et- Loire, Allier, Cher, Loiret, and Tonne. Area 2,691 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 322,262. Surfece mountainous and infertile in the E., but there are rich plains in the W. It is watered by the Loire, and its afS. the Allier, which separates it from the deps. Cher and Allier. The Tonne rises in the dep., and the canal of Nivernais con- nects it with the Loire. Minerals comprise iron, coal, & marble. It has several miner^ springs. A third part of its surface is covered with wood, which partly supplies Paris with fuel. Com is raised sufficient for consumption, the wine is of good quality. Fruits and hemp are cultivated. Cattle and sheep are extensively reared. Chief industry in iron & steel works. Linen, porcelain, and jewellery, are manufactured. The dep. is divided into the arronds. Chateau-Chinon, Cla- mecy, Cosne, and Nevers, its princip. towns. NiODBH, Cadyna, a town of Asia Minor, pash. Karamania, cap. sanj., on a height, 47 m. N.E. Eregli. Pop. 6,000. It is the residence of a pasha, and has 3 fortresses, some mosques, and a Turkish college, some remarkable excavations, and various antiquities. The plain of Nigdeh extends S.W. from it for about 50 m. NiGBB, a celebrated river of Western Africa, considered identical with the Joliba or Quorra, rises in the Kong mountains, near lat. 9° 26' N., Ion. 9° 45' W., 1,600 feet above the level of the sea. It flows N.E., and has a general bend E. & S. through Soudan and Guinea, to the bight of Benin (G. of Guinea), which it enters by a delta, between lat. 4° and 6° N., and Ion. 5° and 7° E., after a course loosely estimated at 2,600 m. Al- most the whole of its course has been traced by Park and Lander, and 100 m. from its supposed source it has been found navigable for large canoes ; in its lower part it is in some places im- peded by shoals, though varying from I to 6 m. in width, and often deep enough for moderate- sized vessels. Principal mouths, the New Cala- bar, Bonny, Nun, Foroados, & Benin rivs. Chief tributaries, the Sackatoo and Chadda rivers. The scenery near the delta of the Niger is of the NIG 9 wildest forest character. The onW entrance yet discovered is narrow and very difficult. All at- tempts to as&nd the river have fuled, chiefly from the extreme insalubrity of the climate. The last expedition, under Captain Allen, in 1841, consisted of 3 steamers, fitted out by gov. at an expense of 65,000!. Niaa, two marit. pas. of Scotl. — I. oo. Kincar- dine, opposite Aberdeen. Area 3,376 ac. Pop. 1,643. — 11. cos. Ross and Cromarty, occupying; a peninsula between the firths of Moray and Crom- arty, 2J m. N. Cromarty. Area 14 sq. m. Pop. 1,426. On the coast are traces of a fort of the 12th cent., and some obelisks, with hieroglyphics. NiGBiTiA, or SotTDAN, avast region of Central Africa, the limits of which are undefined, but it is understood to be bounded E. by Eordofan, S. by the parallel of lat. 6° N., W. by Senegambia, and N. by the desert of Sahara. The E. portion comprises the basin of Lake Tchad and Lake Fittre, and the N. the course of the Upper Niger. From the meagre accounts of travellers, the greater part of the sur&ce appears to be flat, except in the S., where it is said to be hilly. NiQttA, a small marit. town of Hayti, on its S. coast, 10 m. S.W. San Domingo, and near the month of the river Nigua, in the Caribb. Sea. NiJAB-T-HuEBBO, a town of Spain, prov. and 13 m. E.N.E. Almeria. Pop. 5,820, who manuf. horse cloths, &c. NuHii, or NiJNEi — for places with this prefixed same, not under mentioned, see Nishnii. NiJNii-NovGOBOD (vulg. Nijegorod), a gov. of Central Russia, mostly between lat. 54° 26' and 67' 6' N., and Ion. 41° 40' and 46° 38' E., having E. the gov. Kasan, S. Tambov, Simbirsk, and Penza, W. Vladimir, and N. Kostroma. Area 18,636 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,178,200. Surface mostly level, soil very fertile. Prin- cipal rivers, the Volga, with its affls. the Oka, Betlouga, and Piana. Forests are extensive, the produce of com considerably exceeds the con- sumption, hemp and flax are cultivated in large quantities, and great numbers of cattle & horses are reared. Hanufs. of coarse linens, canvass, cordage, &c., are considerable, as are also the iron works, distilleries, tanneries, soap works, glass works, &c. Principal exports are com & flour, cattle, horses, leather, tallow, linen, can- vass, cordage, iron, timber, potash, and glass. The gov. is subdivided into 11 circs. Principal towns, Nishuii-Novgorod, Balachna, & Arsamas. NUNII (or NlSHXIl) NOVGOBOD, NUEGOBOD, or NuKii, a toivn of Russia, cap. gov. same name, near the angle formed by the confl. of the Oka with the Volga, 265 m. E.N.E. Moscow. Lat. 56° W 43' N., Ion. 44° 0' 68"' E. Stationary pop. about 26,000, but at the time of its great fair, from 200,000 to 300,000 persons are here col- lected from all parts of Europe and Asia. It consists of an upper and a lower town, the for- mer, or citadel, on a height S. the Volga, is im- posing in appearance, and has some good streets, 2 cathedrals, the government offices, several con- vents, public schools, and churches, with an obelisk 76 feet in height. The lower town ex- tending, on flat ground, along the Volga, is chiefly built of wood, and communicates by a bridge of boats across the Oka, where are some vast iron and stone bazaars, erected by the emperor Alex- ander, divided into various sections for separate goods, and surrounded by the rivers and a canal. Here is held the largest fair in the world, for 8 weeks from the Ist of July annually (removed to N. Novgorod from Maoariev, on the Volga, in 1817), and at which, in 1839, the goods sold were 9 NIL estimated to amount in value to 160,697,000 rubles, or nearly 6i million pounds sterling (Schmtzler, &o.). Of this amount Russian home produce stood for 122,657,000 rubles, manufac- tured goods from the rest of Europe and colonial produce, 15,036,000 do., and Asiatic produce 23,006,000 do. Nijnii-Novgorod has ecclesiastical and military academies, various other public in- stitutions, and some manufs. of linens & leather. Steamers were established on the Volga to As- traldian in 1820, & by the Kama to Perm, in 1847. NiJNT Tagilsk, a" town of Russia, in the Ural mountains, gov. and 155 m. E. Perm, chief Zavod of the Demidoff family, is well built, and has hos- pitals, schools, an observatory, extensive forges, and manufs. of machinery. Fop. 22,000. NiKiTA, a vill. of S. Russia, gov. Taurida, 26 m. S. Simferopol. It has a fine imperial garden, in which exotics are raised. — Nikitinshaia is a uikt. town, gov. and 40 m. E.N.E. Orenburg. NiKisH, or NiKSiKi, a vill. of Montenegro, cap. dist. of same name, 34 m. N.E. Cattaro, on the boundary line between Montenegro and Herzegovina. Pop. of dist. 6,000. NiKiTovKA, two market towns of Russia. — ^I. gov. and 34 m. W.N. W. Kharkov. Pop. 1,600.— II. gov. Voroniej, 30 m. E.N.E. Valyki. P. 1,400. NiKLAS (St), a town, Hungary. [MiKios (St).] NiKOLAiET, a fortified town of Russia, gov. and 39 m. N.N.W. Kherson, at the confl. of the Ingul and the Bug, 20 m. above the mouth of the latter, in the estuary of the Dnieper. Pop. (excluding suburbs) 12,000. It was founded in 1790, is en- closed by walls, well built, and is the station of a Russian admiral and fleet. Principal edifices, the cathedral, town hall, admiralty house, with museums and library, schools for pilots, and for the daughters of soldiers, an observatory, hos- pitals, and docks. NiKOLAiKEN, a town of E. Prussia, reg. Gum- binnen, on the Lake Spirding, 12 m. E.S.E. Sensburg. Fop. 2,040. NiKotSBrEG, or MiKra.ow,atownof Moravia, circ. and 28 m. S. Briinn. Pop. 8,000, among whom are many Jews. It has a splendid castle, and grounds belonging to Prince Dietrichstein, with a library of 20,000 vols., many valuable MSS., and collections of natural history ; a philo - sophical academy, & several other public schools, and manufs. of woollen cloth, and other stuffe. NiKOLSK, a town of Russia, gov. and 194 m- E. Vologda, cap. circ, on the Jug. Pop. 1,000. NiKOPOi;, a town of Russia, gov. and 67 m. S.S."W. Ekaterinoslav, on the Dnieper. P. 3,470. NiKOPOLi, a town of Turkey. [Nioopoi.is.] NiKSAB, Neo-C,atnshp.,U. S.,N. Amer., Massachusetts, 60 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,485., • NoBTH Bbunswick, a tnshp., TI. S., N- Amer., New Jersey, on theRaritan, and comprising New Brunswick city. Pop. 5,86iS. . NoETH Cape, the e|Xtreme,N. point of Europe (exclusive of Spitzbergen), onaitisl. offthemaior land of Norway, laL 7V IC N., & Ion. 26° M fi. The name is also applied to headlands in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward island. New Georgia, Brazil, and Yan Dieman's Land, &c, NoBTH Casii^, a township, U. S., N. America, New York, 6 m. N. White Plains, Pop. 2,068. NoBTH Chapel, a pa. of £ngl.y co. Sussex, 6 m. N.N.W. Petworth. Area &,600,ac. Pop. 843. Noethohubch, a pa. of Engl.j eb. Herts, Ij m. N.W. Berkhampstead. Area 3,890 ac. P. 1,265. NoBTH East, several tnshps., V- S., N. Amer. — 1. Pennsylvania, 10 m. N.E. Erie. Pop. 1,793. — IL New York, 53 m. S.S.E. Albany. P. 1,386. Noetii-East-Pass, or Balize, is a vill., Loui- siana, on the S. side of the Pass of same name, with about 200 inhabitants, mostly pilots. NoRTHEN, a pa. of England, co. Chester, 4^ m, W. Stockport. Area 3,910 ac. Pop. 1,386. NoETHEEN CiBOAKS, a prov. of British India, extending along the W. side of the Bay of Ben- gal, from lat. 15° to 20° N. Area 17,000 sq- m., l-6th of which is estimated to l>e in cultivation, 2-5ths pasturage, and the rest woody and barren wastes. Climate hot, with scorching winds and insalubrious. Prov. cUvided into 5 ciroars. Popi (1822) 2,995,481, all Hindoos ; tiut consisting pi 2 distinct nations, the Telinga and Orissa, for- merly separated by the Godavery, but iiow inter- mixed. The towns and vills. are cWefly of mad, the roads are bad, and the cultivation of the i]^. trict is in a low state. The prov. was annexed Wt British India in 1765, by Lord'Clive. NoETHFiELn, a pa. of England, co. Worcester, 6 m. S.E. Hales-Over. -Area 6,880 ae. P. 2,201. NoETHFiBLi), several tnshps., P. S., N. Amer. —I. Vermont, 10 m. S.S.W. .Montpelier, ,- Pop. 2,013.-11. New York, 3 m. N. Riohmond. Popv 2,745.-111. New Hampshire, 16m.N.N.W. Ccm- cord. Pop. 1,413 — IV. Massachusetts,- on- the Connecticut, 68 m. W.N.W. Bostqn. Pop. 1,673, NOR 947 NOH NoBTHFLEET, a pa. of England, co. Kent, on the Thames, 1^ m. W. Gravesend. Area 3,980 ac. Pop. 3,621. It has docks for shipbuilding, and ac^oining it is Rosberville, a place of sum- mer resort for Londoners and others. NoBTH Hempstead, a tnshp., TJ. S., N. Amer., New York, 144 m. S. Albany. Pop. 3,891. North-Hill, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 6 m. S.S.W.Launceston. Area 7,540 ao. P. 1,217. NoBTHiLL, a pa. of England, co. Beds, 3 m. V.N.W. Biggleswade. Area 4,210 ac. P. 1,280. North-Hdntingdon, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, co. 'Westmoreland. Pop. 1,873. NoRTHiAM, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 6J m. W.N.W. Rye. Area 4,100 ac. Pop. 1,329. NoBTHiNOTON, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 7 m. N.E. Winchester. Area 1,580 ac. Pop. 286. North Kingston, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Rhode Island, 21 m. S. Pi'ovidence. Pop. 2,909. NoBTHLSACH, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., CO. and 20 m. E.S.E. Gloucester. Area of pa. 80 ac. Pop. 1,290. The town, in a hollow of the Cotswold mils, has a handsome church, a gram- mar school, and some manufs. of woollens. NOBTHMAVEN, Or NOETHMAVINE, a pa. Of Scotland, co. Shetland, compiisihg the N. part of Mainland, and a nnmber of environing isls. Area about 80,000 ac. Pop. 2,604. Rona's Hill is about 2,000 feet in elevation. NoBTHMOOB, a pa. of England, co. and 6} m, W.S.W. Oxford. Area 1,910 ac. Pop. 367. NoBTHOP, a pa. of N. Wales, co. and 3.J m. S.S.E. Flint. Pop. 3,566, employed in lead and coal mines, and fisheries. NoBTHOBFE, a pa. of England^ co. Lincoln, with a station on tbe Lincolnshire railway, 7 m. N.N.E. Gainsborough. Area 2,390 ao. Pop. 141. NoRTHOVER, a pa. of England, eo. Somerset, i m. N. Ilchester. Area 220 ac. Pop. 174. Nobth-Providence, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer,, Rhode Island, on the Seekouk river. Pop. 4,207. Nobth-Repps, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 8 m. N.N.E. Aylsham. Area 2,680 ac. Pop. 603. Noeth Sea, or German Ocean (German Beutiche Meer, Dutch Nord Zee, anc. Germam- iem Mare), a branch of the Atlantic Ocean, ex- tendmg from the Strait of Dover to the Shetland isls. ; bonnded E. by Norway and Denmark, S. by Stover, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France, and W. by the British isls. ; length 700 m., ex- treme breadth 420 m. On the N.E. it forms a wide arm called the Shager-rach, 60 m. broad, which separates Norway from Denmark. This again communicates S.ward with the Cattegat or Kattegat, a great arm of the N. sea, between Sweden on the E., the Danish isls. on the S., and the peninsula of Jiitland on the V,'. It is nar- rowest at its N. end, where between Cape Skagen and Marstrand it is only 35 m. across, and widest at the S., where between Banders fiord and Laholmberg it is 100 m. wide. It communicates with the Baltic by the 3 straits called the Sound or Ore Snnd, and the Great and Little Belts, and cont^ns the isls. Lessoe, Anholt, and Samsoe, near which latter is the small isl. Kyholm, which, since 1831, has been a great quarantine station for all ships entering the Danish seas. [Atlan- tic. — ^Baltic] Noeth SbWxcklt, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, 233 m. W.N.W. Harrisburg. Pop. 2,992. North Stoningtoi*, a tnshp., IT. S., N. Amer., Conneoficijt, 48 m. S.E. Hartford. Pop. 2,269. Nobthumbeeland, the most N. co. of Engl., having N.W. Scotland (cos. Roxburgh and Ber- wick), N. a detached portions of co. Dnrhairi, E. the N. Sea, S. Durham, and W. Cumberland, Area 1,871 sq. m., or 1,197,440 ao., about ISO.OOp of which are arable, and 650,000 in pasture, ex- clusive of some mntn, sheep walks. Inhabited houses 48,710. Pop. 250,278. Surface in the W. occupied by the Cheviot mntns. and by Vild moorlands, spurs of which stretch E.ward through the CO., but are separated by fine valleys, which on the E. coast expand into broad level tracts. Coast line in pai'ts very bold and rugged ; in other parts indented by noble estuaries. Chief rivers, the Tyne, Coquet, Alne, Blyth, Wan^- breck, and Till. Climate variable, mountaijious parts chilly and wet. Soil among the Cheviots a gravelly loam, producing the finest short pasture ; among the other mntns. a black peat, often swampy ; and in the centre and E,, moist foams or clay. Agriculture fully on a par with the best farming cos. Wheat, oats, beans, barley and turnips all yield the finest crops. Cattle, mostly short-horned, are bred and fed with acknow- ledged skill. The native Cheviot sheep possesses a deserved celebrity. Estates and farms mostfy large. Sheep farms very extensive. Leases of from 7 to 21 years common. Farmsteads and cottages good. Average rent of land (1810) 15*. l|d. an ac. ; but this average has greatly risen. Annual value of land (1842) 835,856/. The principal mineral is coal, for the export of which, this co. is pre-eminently noted. In 1843, 2,534,687 tons were shipped from Newcastle, mostly for the supply of London.' The pitmen are a well-paid, & greatly improve J class. Lead and iron are aJso wrofight. Annual value of mines (1842) 130,148?. Total value of assessed itroperty 11,642,433?, Manufs. chiefly confined to Newcastle. The Newcastle and Carlisle, Great' N. of England, Newcastle and Berwick, and Caledonian railways traverse this county, and many small railways connect the coal pits with the rivers. County revenue (1843) 11,324?. Northumberland is divided into 6 wards, and 97 pas. in the diocese of Durham, and N.' circuit. Principal towns, Newcastle, Tynemouth,' North Shields, Alnwick, Hexham, and Morpeth. The N. and S. divisions of the co. each send 2 mems. to H. of C, and its boroughs (exclusive of Berj- wick) send 4 mems. Reg. co. electors (1848)^r N. div. 3,030, for S. div. 5,260. Under the BritpBfS Northumberland formed part of the confederacy of the Brigantes: under the Heptarchy it formed a part of the kingdom of Northumbria. After the conquest, it was granted to the illustrious family of Percy, to a descendant of whom, through a female branch, it still gives title of Duke. NoETHrMBEKLAND, a maritime co. of New S. Wales, E. Australia, having N. the Hunter river, which separates it from the co. Durham, W. the CO. Hunter, S. the Havfkesbury river, separatinpf it from CO. Cumberland, and E. the Ocean. Area 2,342 sq. m. P05. (1846) 13,335. Surface mntnous. Coal is a highly important product, and exported from Newcastle, on the Hunter; besides which town, this co. contains Maitland; Singleton, Morpeth, &c. It returns 2 mems. to the New S. Wales legislative assembly, one for the CO., and one for its boroughs. NoETHUMBEELAND, several COS., U. S., N. Amer.— I. in centre of Pennsylvania. Area 440 sq.m. Pop, 20,027,-11, in E. of Virginia. Area 240 sq. m. Pop, 7,924,-111, a tnshp,, New York, 15 m. N.N.E. Ballston Spa. Pop. 1,672. NoEXHBMEEELAND (Cape), S. Australia, is in lat. 38° 3' OC S,, Ion, 140° 37' K— {Islands) are off the E. coast of Australia, lat, 21° 30' S., Ion. 150° E. - {Inlet), British N, America, a' bay NOR 948 NOR W. of Cumberland Island, and N. of Frobisher Strait, its entrance in lat. 65° N., Ion. 66° W. Nobth-'Wesx Terkitoet is the name applied to British Amer., "W. of Canada, the great lakes, & Moose rivs., — also to the Huron territ., U. Sta. NoBTH Whitehall, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, 95 m.E.N.E.Harrisburg. P, 2,324. NoKTHWioH, a market town of Engl., co. and 17i m. E.N.E. Chester, pa. Great Budworth, on the riv. Weaver and the Grand Trunk canal, 4 m. from the Hartford station of the London and N.W. railway. Pop. 1,368. It has a large ancient church, grotesquely decorated, a gram- mar school, a union worlmouse, branch bank, large dock yards for building flats employed in carrying salt, with very extensive mannfs. and exports of that article obtained from contiguous mines, and very productive brine springs. The export was estimated in 1840 at 230,000 tons, and the trade is increasing. NoBTHWOLn, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 4 m. E.S.E. Stoke-Ferry. Area 6,200 ac. Pop. 1,140. WOBTHWOOD, a pa. of the Isle of Wight, 1 J m. W.S.W. West-Cowes. Area 4,270 ac. Pop. 6,147. NoETHWOoi), a tnship., U. S., N. Amer., New Hampshire, 20 m. E. Concord. Pop. 1,172. NoBTH Yakmouth, 3 tnship., U. S., N. Amer., Maine, on Casco Bay, 12 m. N.N.E. Portland. Pop. 2,284, empl. in fisheries and coasting trade. NoBTON, numerous pas., &c., of Engl. & Wales. —I. CO. and 4^ m. N.N.E. Glo'ster. Area 1,980 ac. Pop. 427.— II. CO. Derby, 8J m. N.W. Ches- terfield. Area 4,630 ac. Pop. 1,908.-111. co. Durham, 2 m. N. Stockton-on-Tees. Area 4,890 ac. Pop. 1,628.— IV. co. Herts, 1 m. W.N.W. Baldock. Area 1,780 ac. Pop. 403.— V. CO. Kent, 3^ m. W. Faversham. Area 840 ac. Pop. 107.— VI. 00. and 7} m. E.S.E. Leicester. Area 1,990 ac. Pop. 172.— VII. co. Northamp- ton, 2J m. E.N.E. Daventry. Area 3,260 ac. Pop. 682.— Vin. CO Suffolk, 7 m. E.N.E. Bury. Area 2,340 ac. Pop. 879.— IX. co. Worcester, 3 m. N.N.E. Evesham. Area 2,420 ac. Pop. 385. — X. {By Kemsey), same co., 3 m. S.S.B. Worces- ter. Area 2,096 ac. Pop. 601. — XI. co. Tork, £. riding, forming a suburb'of New Malton, with which it is connected by a bridge over the Der- went. Area 2,510 ac. Pop. 1,644.— XII. {Ba- vanf), CO. Wilts, 2f m. E.S.E. Warminister. Area 2,370 ac. Pop. 285 XIII. {Bishops), co. Lincoln, 8 m. W.N.W. Market-Raisen. Area 4,240 ac. Pop. 475.— XIV. (Brize), co. Oxford, 4J m. S.E. Burford. Area 3,140 ac. Pop. 687.— XV. {Canes), co. Stafford, 6 m. W.S.W. Lich- field. Area 4,470 ac. Pop. 756 XVI. (Canon), CO. Hereford, 3 m. S.S.W. Weobley. Area 2,300 at. Pop. 282.— XVII. {Disney), co. and 10 m. S.W. Lincoln. Area 1,960 ac. Pop. 206.— XVIII. {East), CO. and 13 m. E.S.E. Leicester. Area 1,309 ac. Pop. 137 XIX!. {Fitzviarren),co. Somerset, 2i m. W.N.W. Taunton. Area 1,270 ac. P. 606.— XX. {In-Hales), co. Salop, SJ m. N.N.E. Drayton-in-Hales. Area l,910ac. Pop. 312. — XXI. {Under Hawhdon), co. Somerset, 4 J m. N.N.E. Crewkerne. Area 820 ac. P. 527 .—XXII. {JSaolcj, CO. Oxford, 6 m. N.N.E. Chipping-Nor- ton. Area 3,730 ac. P. 1,625.— XXIII. (ZiMdscy), 00. and 3| m. W.S.W. Warwick. Area 690 ac. Popi 176. — XXIV. {Malreward), co. Somerset, 5 m. S. Bristol. Area 2,180 ac. Pop. 98.— XXV. {Mandemlle), co. Essex, 8J m. W.S.W. Chelms- ford. Area 2,180 ac. Pop. 134.— XXVI. (Miif- sumrner), co. Somerset, 9ra. S.S.W. Bath. Area 3,370 ac. Pop. 3,609.— XXVII. {On-the-Moors), CO. Stafford, 4j m. N.NiE. Newcastle-nnder- Lyne. Area 3,940 ac. Pop. 2,291.— XXVIII. (St Philip), a small market town and pa., co. Somerset, 6 m. S.S.E. Bath. Area 1,860 ac. Pop. 775.— XXIX. {Fuddi3ig),co. Norfolk, 1 J m. S.E.Fakenham. Area 600 ac. Pbp. 25— XXX. {Subcourse), co. Norfolk, 13 m. E.S.E. Norwich. Area 1,990, ao. Pop. 356.— XXXI. S. Wales, CO. Radnor, 2i m. N.N.W. Presteign. Pop. 291. —XXXII. {Kings). [See Kins's NoEioif .] NoETOif, a township of Engl., co. Hereford, pa. and 3 m. N.E. Bromyard. Pop. 588.— II. a township, CO. Tork, W. Biding, pa. Campsall, 8} m. N.N.W. Doncaster. Pop. 628. Nobtoh-Chifpibs,. a pa., bor., and mkt. town of Engl., CO. and 20 m. N.N.W. Oxford. Area 4,780 ac. Pop. 3,031. The town consists of one large street, with a fine Gothic church, free grammar school, and almshouse. Three m. W, are some curious Druidical remains. Nobxon-Talgate, an extra parochial dist. of England, co. Middlesex, IJ m. N.E. St Paul's, London. NoETON, two townships of the U. S., N. Amer., Massachusetts, 33 m. S. Boston. Pop. 1,546.— II. Ohio, Summit co., on Ohio canal. Pop. 1,479. NoETOw SocwD, a large inlet of Behring Sea, Russian America, between lat. 62° and ^° H., and Ion. 161° and 167° W. Length and breadth at entrance 200 m. each. It was discovered by Captain Cook in 1778. NoEWALK, a township of the TJ. S., N. Amer., Connecticut, on Long Island Sound, 60 m. S.W. Hartford. Pop. 3,863. The vill. is the landing- place of the steam boats from New Tork, and has mannfs. of hats and carpets. — II. a tnshp., Ohio, cap. CO. Huron, 89 m. N.E. Columbus. P. 2,613. NoBUNGA and Nobcngabad, two towns of British India ; the former, presid. Bengal, pror. and dist. Bahar, 80 m. S.S.W. Patna ; the latter Upper provs., dist. and 6 m. S.E. Mathura. NoRWATT (Kingdom of), (Swed. Norrige, Ger- man Norwegen), a country of N. Europe, united to the crown of Sweden, and forming the N.W. part of the Scandinavian peninsula, cap. Chris- tiania. It extends from Cape Lindesnaes lat. 57° 57' 8', to the North Cape lat. 71° 10' 3* N., and between Ion. 4° 50' and 31° 15' E., bounded E. by Sweden and Russian Lapland, W. by the German Ocean, N. by the Arctic Ocean, and S. by the Skager-rack. Length 1,150 m. ; breadth 7 to 260 m. Area and pop. as follows : — Amis. Bq. mUea. Fop. (1845). i,6ro 61,693 1,898 Uedemarken, - 8:639 ^jsio Christiana, 9,441 106,840 Buslierud, 4,798 74,083 Jarlsljerg and Lourwig, 898 H,870 Bradsiwrg, e,S74 64,050 Nedenaes, 4,S6S 47,608 Mandal, - - - 9,046 48,937 Stavanger, S. Bergenliuus, 8,814 69,S0O 6,3W> 69,336 K. Bergeniiuiis, 7,es3 79,447 Bomsdai, ... S. Trondltjeim, 6,948 77,643 ?,1U 75,693 s. Trondliioim, 8,689 67,351 NordiandB, - - 1B,W 65,990 FinmariceiTL, . - . . 87,636 36,854 Total, . . . 12 3,00 8 1,167,766 In 1846 tlie pop. was rechoneg at 1,328,471 The great peninsula of Norway and Sweden, is a continuous mountain mass traversed by valleys. These mntns., the Scandinavian Alps, cover more than half the surface of l^orway, and extend NOR NOR from N. to S., under the names of the Kiolen Dovre-Field or Dofrines, Land-Field and Har- danger-Field. The W. and N. parts of the pe- ninsula form a continuous plateau, descendmg abrnptly towards the W. ; while, on the other side, the mntns. slope gently to the 8.E. The measured points are Skagesloestinden, the highest known part of the Hurungen, on the limits of the Sogne and Guldbrandsdal, 8,070 ft. ; Snaehatten in me Dovre-Field, 7,549 ft. ; Lodals Eaaben, in the Sogne-Field, 6,673 ft. ; Gausta- Field, in Tellemarken, 6,162 ft. ; Sulitelma, cul- minating point of the Kiolen, between Nordland and Swedish Lapland, 6,956 ft. ; Folgefonden glacier, on the border of the stift Bergen, 6,135 ft. Nearly half the surface is under 2,060 ft. ab- solute height. The only plains are those formed by the table-lands between the stifts Aggershuus and Bergen, which extend from 60 to 80 m. in length, and have an elev. of 3,600 to 1,620 ft. The isolated mntn. peaks on these table lands rise far above the snow line. The mntns. of Norway contain rich minerals ; but, &om the di£Sculty of transport and the want of fuel, mining industry is but little developed. The only mines in opera- tion are those of silver, copper, iron, cobalt, and chrome. The chief product is u'OD, the mines of which are situated mostly in the Gulf of Chris- tiania ; the silver mine of Konsberg is, at pre- sent, one of the richest in Europe, & next to the copper mine of Roraas, the most important in the kingdom. The principal valleys are con- fined to the E. side of the peninsula ; the longest is the Osterdal, watered by the Glommen, which with its continuation, the Solo and Oudal, is 215 m. in length. The next in extent and the most fertile, is the Guldbrandsdal, watered by the Laugen. Narrow belts between the coasts & the commencement of the plateaux, are the only low lands in Norway ; the most extensive of these surrounds the Gulf of Trondhjem. The W. shores are penetrated by an immense number of gulfs or fiords, which occasionally extend deep into the table-lands. Tbechiefof theseare — fromS.to N., the Bukkefiord, Hardanger, Trondhjem, Saltens, Ofoden, Foisang & Varang fiords. The most ex- tensive gulf on Sie S. coast is that of Christiania. Numerous peninsulas separate the fiords ; among the most remarkable of which are Cape Nord- Kyn on the N., and Cape Stadt on the W. coast. Some of the fiords form excellent barbs. ; but the immense number of mountainous isls., and rocky islets which border the coast, render access diffi- cult. The largest of these archipelagoes, are the Lofoden isls., separated from the continent by the Vest-fiord ; and, further N., the isls. of Ma- geroe, Soroe, Ringvalsoe, Hvaloe, and Senjen. Between these island groups and the continent, there is a wide passage for coasting vessels. A great part of the E. side of Norway is covered with lakes, which, however, are generally of small extent, many of them are situated at great eleva- tions in the table-land : among these the Bygdin- see, 16 to 20 m. long, is 3,490 feet above the sea. The lakes abound in fish. The river systems of Norway are of the utmost importance in the economy of the country; the smaller streams are employed in driving the machinery of mines, corn, and saw-mills, and in floating timber to the larger rivers; these serve also as the chief means of communication in winter, when they are covered with strong ice. The largest rivers are on the E. slope of the plateau, flowing to the SUager-rack : these are the Glommen, Lougen, Fseraund, Laaven, Beina, the Namsen, and Tana. Ships enter the mouths of some of these rivers for 5 or 10 m., but none of them are navigable on accoimt of numerous waterfalls (fos), which all of them form : of these the more celebrated are the Sar- penfos on the Glommen, near Fredrikstad, & the Rukaufos, in the dist. Tellemarken, which falls 513ft. perpendicular. Voringsfos,in the dist. Har- danger, has a perpendicular fall of 870 to 920 ft. Scandinavia, from its vicinity to the sea, has a remarkably mild climate considering its northern position : the snow line is much higher than in corresponding latitudes in other countries: in lat. 61° it is 6,600 ft. ; and in lat. 70° 3,600 ft. above the sea. In Siberia the cultivation of grain ceases at lat. 60° ; while in Norway it ex- tends to lat. 70° N. The mean annual temp, at the level of the sea is, at North Cape, 32°; Trondhjem (lat. 63° 5') 40° ; XJUensvang in Hardanger-Fiord (lat. 60°) 45° ; Christiania (lat. 69° 54') 41° Fahr. The sea never freezes, even at North Cape, but the shallow water of the Skager-rack is occasionally frozen in winter ; about l-88th part of the surface is covered with perpetual snow, and vast glaciers descend from the S. plateau : the largest of these are the Fol- gefonden, in Hardanger, lat. 60°, which descends to 6,100 feet, and the Snaebraen N. of Sogne- Fiord. The year is nearly divided between win- ter and summer ; spring is almost unknown, and the autumn is cold and rigorous; snow covers the ground from the beginning of November till the end of March. In January and February, the tempi is usually from 14° to 18°, and often as low as 2° Fahr. Summer lasts from May to Sep- tember, during which the temp, is often as high as 108° Fahr. In the month of March the sur- face is strewed with ashes, earth, or sand, by which means the snow is melted, and from this process, combined with the great heat and the length of the day, 8 to 12 weeks are sometunes sufficient for sowing, ripening, and reaping, the crops in the interior. The climate of the W. coast, though milder than that of the S. pr the interior, is deteriorated by excessive humidity ; the W. wind blowing over the Atlantic, carries moisture, which is intercepted by the moun- tains, and precipitated in the form of rain, to the amount of 80 inches annually. While the E. wind brings extreme drought. The ve- getation of Norway varies according to climate and position. Among trees, the pine tribe are the most numerous. The fir, which is found in lat. 60° 20', at an elevation of 4,000 feet; and the pine Ipinus sylvestris), form vast and valuable forests in Aggerhuus, Christiansand, and Trond- hjem. The forests of fir extend N. to the Polar circle, and those of pine beyond it. The oak forms fine forests in the amts Jarlsberg and Laurvig, and especially in Christiansand. The birch attains the highest northern latitude. Fruit trees are not indigenous in Noi-way, al- though the wild apple is common in the lower regions, and the cherry is widely distributed. Flowers are successfully cultivated in the gar^ dens of the S. and W. The principal grain of Norway is barley ; the other cerealia are culti- vated only in favoured spots in the S. Barley attains the highest northern latitude, and the greatest elevation : in lat. 69° 25', it is grown at a height of 2,838 feet; the extreme limit of its culture is lat. 70°, but there it only ripens at an elevation of 65 to 100 feet; its profitable cul- ture is confined to a narrow belt of coast land, and to the agricultural colonies of Molselv and Barodal, in Nordland. The corn raised is in- sufficient for home consumption. The potato has, of late, been extensively cultivated. The NOR 950 NOR rearing of cattle is the chief occupation, of the pop. of the mountainous districts, vrho, like the Swiss, leave the vUls. and spend the summer with their flocks and herds in the upper valleys. From the simple hahits of the pop., & the excellent cli- mate, the value of life is understood to be higher in Norw&y than in any other country of Europe. The horses, a small, but hardy, breed, are exten- sively exported to Sweden, England, & Scotland. Sheep are of an inferior breed, and yield coarse wool. In the N., the reindeer is the only re- Source of the Laplander. The most destructive wild animals are the brown bear, wolf, and lynx ; these, with the fox and others, are hunted for their skips. The eagle is so destructive to sheep and lambs, that a private company is established for its extirpatibU. Game of all kinds is abun- dant, and there are no game-laws; The chief objects of the'chase are the deer, elk, reindeer, and hare ; the seal, which abounds on all the coasts, the fish-otter ; & among birds, the grouse, and the eaperkailzie. Tlie coast literally swarms with sea-fowl : the wild goose and eider duck are numerous ; the swan appears on the S. coast in winter, &■ ducks of various kinds abound on the coasts & in the lalces & rivs. In the small uninha- bited isles off the N. coast, vast numbers of the eggs of sea fowl are procured. Fishing forms the most important branch of industry. Whales are occasionally taken on the coast' of Finmark; salmon abound in the gulls andrivers; there are extensive beds of oysters on all the coasts, and the pearl oyster is found in many of the rivers. 'Manufactures, properly so called, scarcely exist in Norway. _ Brandy distilleries and saw-mills are the only exteriSive branches of industry ; next to these are forges and metal foundries, the produce of which is exported in a raw state, ex- cept what is used in the manufacture of arms at Kongsherg, & in the manufs. of iron wire & nails. The manufs. of cloth, linen, and cotton, as well as the preparation of skins & leather, are almost entirely domestic: The other manufs. comprise tHose of glass, paper, oil, gunpowder, soap, tobac- c'o, & sugar refining. Owing to the difuculty of transport, all the seats of industry, and the only towns, are on the coast, and chiefly on the Gulf of Ghristiania,. Ship-building is actively carried on in the porta ; in 1831, 88 ships werebuilt, ag- gregate tonnage 2,355 lasts; and in 1838, 69 ships, 2,620 lasts. In the middle ages, the com- nlerce of Norway consisted exclusively in the ex- portation of fish, and this is still the most inl- portant article of trade. Next to this is the export of timber, which was commenced by the Dutch in the Wth century; and, lastly, the pro- duets of the mines & metal forges. The timber exported annually amounts to 200,000 lasts, value 1,685,000 species dollars. The principal forests are in the interior : the timber is felled in autumn and winter, and is conveyed over the snow to the .coast. Holland is now the chief market for Norwegian timber. Fish is exported from all the towns on the W. coast, but Bergen is the chief entrep6t. The most important branches of this trade are dried fish, & salted herrings. The export of mineral products is less than might be expected, from the number of mines : the principal are, iron, copper, and silver. The chief imports are salt, grain, and colonial produce. Commerce in the interior of the country is greatly impeded for want of means of communi- cation ; none of the rivers are navigable except near their mouths. Good roads exist only be- tween the towns of the S. coast and the principal valleys in Nordland and Finmark ; the usual com- munication is by sea. Among the numerous islands on the W. coast, there are violent and irregular currents, which render the coast naviga- tion dangerous. Among these is the celebrated Mal-Strom, or Moskenses-Strom, the danger from which has been greatly exaggerated, since it can, at nearly all timesj be passed over even by open boats. Regular communications have suc- cessively been established between the principal towns of the coast &om Ghristiania to Hammer- fest, and steam vessels ply in the Gulf of Chris.? tiania, and on the Lakes of Miosen and Tyrifiord. Norway has a National discount bank, established 1817, which has the exclusive right of issuing paper money. Nearly the whole pop. of the kingdom are Northmans, or Normanns. The Laplanders, & Fins, people the entire of the N. portion of the country : those of the mntns., the most numer- ous, live on the products of their reindeer ; and those of the coast, on fishing. The Norwegian, or Norsk, is one of the Teutonic, or German lani^ gnages, & is nearly allied to the Swedish & Danish. The constitution of Eidsvold, modified by the Storthing, or National Assembly, after its adhe- sion to the treaty of Kiel, is the fundamentalJaw of the kingdom: its principal conditions are — that Norway is a free, independent, and indivisi- ble state, only united under the same sovereign with Sweden. Lutheranism is the state reli- gion, in which Lutherans are obliged to train their children. Other religionists are tolerated, except Jews and Jesuits, who are excluded. The government is a constitutional monarchy: the throne is hereditary in the male line ; in case of failure of heirs, the king is elected by the representatives of Sweden and Norway. There are few countries in Europe where elementary instruction is more widely spread than in Nor- way ; every peasant can read, and many can write and cast accounts : the law forbids the marriage of any one who cannot procure a certificate of confirmation, and this is only given to those who can read. Every individual of the age of 20 not confirmed, is liable to be sent to a house of cor- rection to receive the necessary instruction. In all the towns there are elementary schools, and many have Sabbath and private schools. Onits separation from Denmark, Norway had only fdvir classical schbols, since then nine have been added>. Most of the towns have superior burgher schools. The chief seat of learning is the University, Of Ghristiania ; there is a military school at Chris* tiania, and a school of marine at Frederikshavn. Six normal schools' are supported by the state.. There are excellent public libraries, museums, and scientific collections in the different towns. The principal literary productions are periodicalsi. There are hospitalsin all theprinoipal towns and in the provinces. Each commune is bound to maintain its own poor, and mendicity is punished as a crime. The state maintains magazines of reserve for grain, which is supplied to the in* habitants on payment of a fixed amount of in« terest. In 1848 the army amounted to 28,484 men ; and the navy, 2 frigates, 9 smaller yessels, and 8 steamers, having in all 132 guns,.&,60j00» men. Public revenue (1848-61) estimated: at 2,716,700 specie dollars. Since 1836'all dirept taxes have been abolished ; the public revenue k derived from customs, imports, & state property; In 1380, Olaf iv.. King of Denmark, andjieir to the throne of Norway, united the Crowns crfthe, two kingdoms, and this union lasted till 1814, when Norway was ceded by the King of Denmark^ and annexed to Sweden by the alli^ powers, NOR 951 NOT at the treaty of Kiel, 14th January 18U. The cession was at first rejected by the Norwe- gians, but afterwards recognised, and the two crowns of Noi-way and Sweden, were declared united on the 4tli November 1814. Norwich, a city, pari, bor., and river-port, of England, cap. co. Norfolk, and a oo. of itself, on the Tare, or Wensum, here crossed by ten bridges, 18 m. W. Yarmouth, and 100 m. N.N.E. London, communicates by the N. and E. Coun- ties railway. Area of city and co. 5,920 ac. Pop. 60,982. The city, about 5 m. in circ, is bordered on the N. and B. by tlie river ; elsewhere it was formerly enclosed by walls, flanked with towers and entered by twelve gates, but these have been mostly removed. On the S. and W. several new quarters have sprung up, and most of the ham- lets of its CO., now form suburbs continuous with the city. Streets generally very irregular : the market place is spacious. Near the centre of the dty is the castle, a massive quadrangular Norman keep, now used for a prison, and sur- rounded by the remains of three successive lines of walls ; the inner enclosure, or " cattle pre- einct," being laid out in public walks. On the castle-hill are the new co. jail ; and the co. hall, an edifice in the Tudor style. The cathedral, bnilt between the 11th and 16th centuries, and very handsome, is 411 feet in length, 191 feet in breadth, and surmounted by a spire 315 feet in be^fat, or inferior only to that of Salisbury. Armmd it are the cloisters, bishop's palace, deanery, and St Ethelred and Erpinghom gates, connecting the cathedi-al with the oity. Norwich has more churches than any other English city, except the metropolis. St Peter Mancroft is spacious; St George, Colegate, St Lawrence, and St Saviour: several oUier churches have rouiid towers, and belong apparently to the early Norman area. There are, besides, the Unitarian, an Independent, Baptist, Roman Catholic, two Friends' meeting houses, a synagogue, and many other dissenting places of worship. Many re- mains exist of old monastic edifices; and St Andrew's Hall, used for corporation and other festivities, and pubUc meetings, was originally a part of a Dominican convent. The Guild-hall, containing a collection of portraits ; the new city iail, the com exchange, public hbrary, theatre, cavalry barracks, and a large workhouse, are among the chief edifices. The great hospital charity, rev. about 7,000Z. a year, supports many aged persons, and a grammar school. The boys' and girls' hospital, rev. about 4,0002. ; Doughty's hospital, Norfolk and Norwich general hospital, blind asylum, Norfolk and Norwich literary in- stitution, art-union, and a mechanics' institute, are among the most conspicuous public founda- tions. Norwich was long famous for its worsted manuf., established by Flemings, who settled in It in the time of Henry i., but this has de- clined in &vour of the W. Riding of Yorkshire ; and most of the yarns now wrought up at Nor- wich, are spun at Bradford, &c. Its principal manufe. are now bandanas, bombazines, shawls, gauzes, crape, silk fabrics of various kinds, mo- nair, triage, sacking, and horse-hair, fabrics; and, in 1S9, there were in the city and vicinity, upwards of 4,000 looms in nse, besides silk, worsted, and woollen mills, and one cotton mill. Norwich has also iron and brass foundries ; snulf, oil, mustard, and corn, mills ; breweries and dye- ing vorks. It has a branch of the Bank of England, and several private banks, and a large insurance company. It communicates by a canal with the IiowestofP navigation; and with Ely, Cambridge, and London, by the N. andE. Coun> ties railway. Corp. rev. (1847-8) 13,633Z. It re- turns two mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 4,220. It is the place of election for the E. div, of Norfolk. Marlcets, Wednesday and Saturday. Throughout thb civil war it was garrisoned fpr the ParUament. Archbishop Parker, Dr Kay, Dr Samuel Clarke, and Beloe, the translator of Herodotus, were natives of Norwich. The city is the seat of a triennial musical festival. NoBwicH, a city and tnshp,, IT. S., N. Amer., Connecticut, on the Thames, at the head of its navigation, 35 m. S.E. Hartford. Fop. of city 4,200 ; of township, 7,239. Its streets rise above each other in tiers, up the declivity of a steep hill ; and in its centre is a large triangular space, the principal church. In the vicinity are several vills., with country residences and factories. — II. a township. New York, cap. co. Chenango, on the Chenango, "W. bank, 94 m. "W.S.W. Albany. Pop. 4,145. — in. a township, Vermont, united to Hanover by a bridge across the Connecticut, 42 m. S.S.E. Montpelier. Pop. 2,218. Norwood, aparocliial chapelry of Engl., co. Jliddlesex, 2 m. N. Hounslow. Pop. 2,385.-11. (Upper ani Zower), two large vills., co. Surrey, pas. Lambeth and Croydon, G m. S. London, with a station on the London and Croydon rail- way. United pop. 6,046. They have numerous elegant villas, two handsome district churches, a large school of industry for destitute children from the metropolis, modern cemetery, and very beautifully laid out public gardens. The wooc(s and heath of Norwood were long famous as a re- sort of gypsies. N0SSA.-SENH0aA-D0-DESTEKR0. PDESTEpRO.] NossEN, a town of Saxony, circ. and 19 m. W. Dresden, on the Frieberg-Mulde, with a royal residence. Pop. 2,040, employed in woollen cloth weaving and tsmning. Noss-HEAn, a bold rocky point on the E. coast of Scotland, co. Caithness, 3i m. N.E.,'Wick. Under it is a vast cavern, and W.ward is a ruined stronghold of the former earls of Caithness. It has a light-house in lat. 58° 28' 38' N., Ion. 8° 3' 6' W., light revolving, elevation 175 feet. Noss-IsLAND, one of the Shetland isls., £, Bressay, and separated from it by a narrow and dangerous sound. Circumference about 6 miles. NoTSBOVE, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 3^ m. N.N.W. Nortlileach. Area 1,530 ac. P. 181. NoTLET, two pas. of England, co. Essex. — I. (Black), li m. S.E. Braintree. Area 2,370 ac. Pop. 520.— II. (White), 9 m. N.N.E. Chelmsford. Area 2,020 ac. Pop. 470. NoTO, a city of Sicily, intend, and 16 m. S.W. Syracuse. Pop. 10,770. It is beautifully situated on a hill about 2 m. from the sea. It has several handsome churches and convents, a couucUt house, hospital, lyceum, and a considerable trails in corn, wine, oil, and sulphur, the produce of its neighbourhood. About 3 m. W. the town are ruins of an amphitheatre, and of a gymnasium^ almost the only remains of ancient Neetum, de-, stroyed by an earthquake in 1693. NoTO (Val bi), an old division of Sicily, oomj prising its S.E. portion, and now subdivided among the intends. Syracuse, Catania, and Cal- tanisetta. — A town and a headland of Japan, isl. Niphon, arc named Nolo. NuTBG Dame, numerous comms. and villg, of France. — I. (de jBtmdeuUle), dep. Seine-Inf., arr. Rouen. Pop. 1,918.-11. (de Cenilly), dep. Manche, arrond. Coutances. Pop. 3,166. — III. (de Mont), dep. Vendue, arrond. Les Sables. Pop. 2,696.— IV. (de Liease), a town, dep. Aisnc, NOT 952 NOV arrond. Laon, neai- 1. b. of the Souche. Pop. 1,224. NoTEE Bamb Bay, Newfoundland, N.E. coast, is between lat. 49° 30' and 60° N., and Ion. 55° and 66° W., bounded N. by Cape St Jobn. NoTTEBOE, an island of Norway, stlft Agger- shuus, in Christiania-fiord, immediately S. Tons- berg. Length 7 m. ; average breadth 3 miles. NoTTAWASAQA, a river of Upper Canada, dist. Home, after a N. course of more than 60 m., enters Nottawasaga Bay by an inlet at the S. end of Georgian Bay, Lake Huron. Nottingham, a pari. & munic. bor., & manu- facturing town of Engl., cap. co. Nottingham, and a CO. of itself, on the Leen, close to its junction with the Trent, which is here crossed by a bridge of 19 arches, on railway, 15^ m. E.N.E. Derby, & 33} m. S.W. Lincoln. Area of bor. and co. 2,610 ac. Fop. 61,441. It stands at the foot, and on the declivity, of a rocky eminence, crowned by Nottingham castle, a residence of the Duke of Newcastle, and on the site of a previous structure destroyed by fire in 1831. Many of the streets are steep, narrow, and irregular. The town has a large mkt. place, a handsome new exchange, with assembly rooms ; co. and town hall, co. and bor. jails, a general hospital, co. lunatic asylum, cavalry and Infantry barracks, and small theatre, geveral of the churches are handsome. Dissent- ing chapels, schools, hospitals, & other charities are numerous. Nottingham is the great cen- tre of the lace and bobbin-net manuf. in Engl. ; besides which, it has silk, cotton, and flax-mills ; manufs. of hosiery & machinery ; large bleaching works, malthouses, breweries, dye works, & wire, pin, iron, and brass factories. It communicates by a canal with the Codnor iron & coal district. Corp. rev. (1848) 17,194i. llkts.. Wed., Fri., and Sat. Nottingtiam sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 5,172. It is a polling place for the S. div. of the co. Several parhaments have been held in it ; and from tliis town Rich. in. marched with his forces to Bosworth field in 148.3. NoTTiNGHAMSHiBE, a Central co. of England, having N. the co. Tork, E. Lincolnshire, and "W. Derbyshire. Area 837 sq. m., or 636,680 ac, of which about 470,000 are estimated to be in grass, or arable. Inhab. houses 50,550. Pop. 249,910. Surface, except in the vale of Trent, diversified with gentle hills, and here and there exhibiting considerable remains of its ancient famous royal forest, or Shire-wood. [Shebwood.J Principal rivers, the Trent, and its affls., the Soar & Idle. Climate remarkable for comparative dryness, supposed to be owing to the Derby hills intercept- ing the moist W. winds. Surface mostly a light sandy, or a rich clayey loam. Agriculture pretty well advanced. Estates of all sizes. Farms gen- erally small, and held at will. Aver, rent of land 19s. Hid. an ac. Annual value of land (1842), 707,7562. Limestone and, in the W,, coal are abundant. The co. is the principal seat of the cotton hosiery and lace manufe. in Engl., and in 1847, 2,530 hands were employed in mills and feotories. The co. is traversed by branches of the North Midland, ShefBeld and Lincoln, and Great Northern railways. Corp. revenue (1848) 16,648?. Nottingham is div. into 6 hunds., & 246 pas., in the diocese of Lincoln and Midland circ. Chief towns, Nottingham, Newark, E. Bedford, and Mansfield. It sends 10 mems. to H. of C, viz., 2 for the N., and 2 for the S. divis. of co., & 6 for its bors. Reg. co. elects, (1848) for N. diir. 3,910 ; for S. div. 3,692. Tliis co. formed a part of the Saxon kingdom of Mercia. Nottingham, several tnshps. of the U. S., N. Amer I. New Jersey, 17 m. N.E. Mount Holly, Pop. 5,109 IL New Hampshire^ 23 m. E.S.E. Concord. Pop. 1,193. — Omers are in Prain- sylvania and Maryland. Notting-Hili., Engl., co. Middlesex, is a sub- urban hamlet of London, pa. Kensington, on the Western road, 4J m. from St Paul's, and on the N. side of Holland Park. It comprises a square on elevated ground, numerous detached villas, and some handsome terraces. NoTTiNGXo», a hamlet of Engl., co, Porset, pa. Broadway, 2 m. N.W. Weymouth. Pop. 104. It has a sulphur spring, baths, and pump-room. Nottoway, a co. of U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. of Virginia, traversed by the river of same name. Area 290 sq. m. Pop. 9,719. — II. a Till., cap. above co., on Nottoway river, 45 m. S.W. Rich- mond. — III. a tnshp., Michigan, 137 m. W.S.W. Detroit. Pop. 1,226. NouAiiLE (La), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Creuse, 9 m. S.W. Aubusson. Pop. 1,440. — Nouic is a vill., dep. H. Vienne,anoud. and 7i m. S.W. Bellac. Pop. 1,600. NousHEBA, several small towns and vills. of the Punjab, Afghanistan, &o., the principal on the Cabool river, 20 m. N.W. Attock, and where the Afghans were routed by Runjeet Singh, in 1823. NouTiON, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aisne, 24 m. N.E. St Quentiu. Pop. 2,071, chiefly employed in mannfs. of cotton & linen thread. NoTAiA, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. and 87 m. m. W.S.W. Koursk. Pop. 1,000. NoYABA, Novaria, a city of N. Italy, Piedmont, cap. div. prov. and mand,, on a hill between the Agogna and Terdoppio, 27 m. W. Milan. Pop. with comm. (1838) 18,514. It is partly enclosed by ramparts and ditches, defended by a castle, and has a noble cathedral, with a fine baptistery; about 10 other churches, 14 convents, a large hospital, 2 colleges, a hall of commerce, and theatre, with manufs. of silk and linen fabrics, hats, and leather. Nova Scotia, a peninsula of N. Amer., form- ing a British colonial territory, betw. lat. 43° 35' and 45° 40' N., and Ion. 60° 35' and 66° 10' W., connected N.W. with New Brunswick by an isth- mus 14 m. across, and separated on the N. from Prince Edward's island by Northumberlandinlet, and by a narrow strait from Cape Breton on the N.E., having on other sides the Atlantic and the Bay of Fundy. Estim. area 16,620 sq. m. Fop. (1838) 155,000. Surface greatly diversified, and well watered, but nowhere more than 700 feet above the sea. Coal abounds in its W. part. Rivers numerous, and Lake Rossignol in the S. is 30 miles in length. Shores in'egular, abrupt, and present numerous harbours, with deep water close to land. Only a Yery small portion of the soil is under culture, but in some parts it is very fertile, yielding most of the grains raised in Great Britain, with potatoes, which form the staple crop, turnips, apples, wild grasses, and maize. Iron, coal, copper, lead, and salt from springs, are chief mineral products. The timber trade, cod, mackerel, whale, & seal fisheries, and raising iron, coal, and gypsum stone, form the principal resources of the colony ; and ia 1841, tunber to 146,267Z. in value, grindstones to 9,886J., oil to 22,578!., hides and skins to 23,6392., fish to 281,037/., and coals to 35,0752. were exported, the total exports in the same year amounting in value to 877,6392., and the imports to 1,411,6212. In 1844, the exports, chiefly sent to other parts of British N. America, the W. Indies, Gt. Britain, and the U. States, amounted in value to 734,3192., and the imports to 1,008,8782. ; 3,744 ships, aggre- NOV 953 NOV gate burden 321,240 tons having entered, and 8,858 do., burden 331,481 tons cleared out of its ports. Reg. shipping of colony (1844) 104,184 tons. Customs rev. (1845) 61,9711. Manufs. gen- erally insignificant, though some coarse woollens, carpets, and ropes are made. Government vested in a lient.-governor, a council of 12 mems., and a legislative assembly, elected by 40s. fi'eeholders, 2 mems. being returned by each of the 10 cos., and the rest by the towns, the principal of which are Halifax, the cap., & chief seat of commerce, Annapolis, Liverpool, Pictou, and Windsor. The colony has a high court of chancery, and forms, with Cape Breton, a bishop's see. Public rev. (1844) 100,636;. Nova Scotia Was discovered by Cabot in 1497, subsequently settled by the French, who named it Acadia, and after many vicissitudes finally ceded to the British in 1768. NoTi Zembla (properly Novaia Zemlia, "new land"), an insular region, in the Arctic Ocean, considered to be comprised iu Europe, and dependent on the Bussian gov. Arldian- gel, between lat. 70° SC and 76° 30' N., and Ion. 52' and 66° E. Length estimated at 470 m,, and average breadth at 66 m. It consists of 2 isls. separated by the channel Matotshldn-shar. Surface on the \V. side rises generally to 2,000 feet, and in some places to from 8,200 to 8,600 feet above the sea ; but the E. shores are com- paratively low, and barren. Black clay-slate and limestone are principal constituent rocks, as in the Ural chain, of which Nova Zembla may be considered an insular continuation. Its coasts are frequented by walrus hunters in summer, but nowhere permanently inhabited. Subterranean stone labyrinths of great antiquity have been dis- covered here. NovAW Esz, a vill. of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. and 2 m. E. Potsdam. Pop. 3,160, who manufe. woollen & cotton stufis. It was founded by Bohemian refugees in 1761. NovEiD.4, a town of Spain, prov. and 13 m. W. Alicante. Pop. (1845) 8,095, partly engaged in distilling, & in manufs. of lace & confectionary. NoTELLABA, a town of Italy, duchy and 16 m. N.W. Modena. Pop. 4,070. It is the cap. of a principality, annexed to Modena in 1737, and has an hospital, podestA's palace, some manufs. of silk & leather, weekly mkts., & a large ann. fair. ' NoTEMiASTO, several towns of Poland. — I. Prus- sian Poland, reg. and 32 m. W.N.W. Posen. Pop. 2,400.-11. gov. and 47 m. S.S.W. Warsaw. Pop. 2,100, mostly Jews. It has a fine palace and rounds, and a Capuchin monastery.— III. prov. 40 m. E.N.E. Ploek, on the Sonna. Pop. 600. — IV. Prussian Poland, reg. and 82 m. S.E. Posen, on the Warta. Pop. 1,000. — V. Austrian Poland, Galicia, circ. and 31 m. E.N.E. Sanok. — VI. (Kovczyn), pror. and 89 m. S. Kielce, on the Vistula. Pop. 1,100. fNEOSTADT.] NovEBTA.two vills. 01 Austrian Italy .^I. deleg. and 18 m. S.S.W. Vicenza. Pop. 3,900.-11. (di Piave), on the Piave, deleg. and 17 m. N.E, Ve- nice. Pop. 2,000. Novgs, a town of Spain, prov. and 16 m. N.W. Toledo. Pop. 2,460. It has a large pa. church, an hospital, and manufs. of coarse woollen goods. NovES, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Bouches^du-Bh6ne, on the Durance, 19 m. N.E. Aries. Pop. 1,027. It is enclosed by high walls, flanked by square towers, and has silk-mills. NovGOBOB, a gov. of Russia, betw. lat. 67° and 61° N., and Ion. 30° & 40° E., having E. the govs. Vologda and Taroslavl, S. Tver, W. & N. Pskov, St Petersburg, and Olonetz. Area estimated at 47,026 aq. m. Pop. (1846) 907,100. The surface has a gradual descent toward the N.E. Prinoip. rivers the Volkhof, Msta, Sheksna, Mologda, and Lovat, and it comprises the lakes Bielo-Osoro, Voje, and Ilmen. Climate generally severe ; soil only partially fertile. Chief crops, rye, oats, and barley. A quantity of hemp and flax are raised for exportation, but timber constitutes the prin- cipal product. Few cattle are reared. Many of the pop. are employed in fishing, and the salt- springs of Staraia-Bouss furnish a sufficient quantity of sajt for this gov. and that of Tver. Manufs. unimportant. It has a few copper, glass, tae, leather, and woollen cloth factories. The gov. is subdivided into 10 circs. Princip. towns, Novgorod, Valdai, and Tikhvin. NovGOBOD [Veliki, or "the great"), a city of Eussia, cap. gov., on the Volkhof, near its exit from the Lake Ilmen, & here crossed by a hand- some granite bridge of 12 arches, 100 m. S.S.E. St Petersburg. Pop. (1846) 16,000 (is said to have amounted to 400,000 in the 16th century, but since 1670, it has fallen into decay). The town is divided into the Torgovaia, or mkt. town, and containing the governor's palace, and most of the shops and warehouses ; & the Sophiiskaia. On the opposite bank of the Volkhof, enclosed by an earthen rampart & a ditch, are the krem- lin, or citadel, the cathedral of St Sophia, & the archbishop's palace, with numerous nunneries & monasteries. It has a few manufs. of sail cloth, leather, and vinegar, and some trade in eorn- During the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries, Nov- gorod was a grand commercial entrepot, and so famous throughout a wide extent of country that a Russian proverb ran, " Who can prevail against the gods and the great Novgorod ?" — The canal of Novgorod, which joins the Msta and Volkhov rivers, is 6 m. in length, and obviates the navigai- tion of lake Ilmen. [Nijnii NovGonon.] Novgobod-Sbvebskoie, a town of Russia, gov. and 109 m. B.N.E. Tchernigov, cap. dist., on the Desna. Pop. 8,000. It has an active trade in com, hemp, & lime, and three large annual fairs. NovGBAD-VoLYNSKi, a town of Russia, gov. Volhynia, cap. circ, on the Slutsch, 62 miles W.N.W. Jitomir. Pop. 4,800. Novi, three towns of Italy. — I. Sardinia, div. Genoa, cap. prov. and mand., in the plain of Marengo, at the foot of the Apennines, 14 m. S.E. Alessandria. Pop. of comm. (1838) 10,278. It has several churches, a college, and hospital, with manufs. of silk thread, and an active trade, it being an entrepot for goods passing between Genoa and Turin. On the adjoining plain, the French, under Joubert, was defeated in 1799 by the Austro-Kussian army under Suwarrow. — II. duchy and 20 m. N. Modena. Pop. 2,500.-111. Naples, prov. Princip. -Cit., dist. Campagna, 18 m. S.S.W. Capaccionnovo. Pop. 2,000. Novi, a town of Bosnia, sanj. & 40 m. W.N.W. Banyaluka II. a maritime town of Hungarian Croatia, 12 m. N.W. Zeng, and the residence of its bishop. Pop. 2,000, who trade in wine, olive oil, and silk.— III. a township of the V. S., N. Amer., Michigan, 26 m. N.W. Detroit. P. 1,361. Novi-Bazak, a town of Bosnia, cap. sanj., on an afil. of the Morava,130 m. S.E. Bosna-Serai. Estimated pop. 8,000. It has a castle in its cen- tre, 17 mosques, and some shops, but it is gener- ally wretched and filthy, built of little else than mud, and none of the windows being glazed. NoviD VOK, a market town of Poland, prov. and 86 ra. N.N.E. Bialystok, with 1,600 inhabitants. NoviGEAD, a small seaport town of the Hun- garian LittoralCj on the Morlacca channel, 22 m. S.E. Fiume. Pop. 2,600 — II. {N.-Volynsh), a NO V 964 NDB town of Russian Poland,! ^ov.Volhyuia, 62 m. W.N.W. Jitomir, on the Slutsch. Pop. 4,800. NoviTA, a town of S. Amer., New Granada, dep. Gaaea, cap. prov. Choeo, 60 m. E. the Paci- fic, and 130 m. S.W. Antioqnia, near a pass of the W. Andes. Pof . 3,000. Noto-Abkhanoelsk, Russian Amer. [Sitka.] NoTOCHECHMiNBK, a market town of RnsBia, gov. and 95 m. S.E. Kasan, Pop. 1,800. NovooHOPEBSK,a town of Russia, gov. & 110 ni. E.S.E. Voroniej, cap. circ, on the Choper. Pop. 1,800. It is enclosed by eaAhen ramparts, flanked by bastioned towers, and has ship build- ing docks, and a considerable trade in timber. NovoDMiTRiEVSROE, Or Jelan, a town of Russia, gov. and 105 m. W.S.W. Saratov, at the confl. of the Jelan and Berezovga. Pop. 2,100. NoTOFEDOKOvKA, Or Bezohina', a mkt. town of . Russia, gov. & 93 m. S.E. Koursk. Pop. 1,680. WoTOGKODEK, 3, towu of Russia, gov. and 80 m. E. Grodno, cap. circ, on a tributary of the Niemen. Pop. 4,100. It is enclosed by walls, and above thetown is an ancient castle. ^jNovoidubassakii, a town of Russia, gov. Kherson, circ. & 43 m. N.N.W. Tiraspol, on the Dniester. Pop. 2,000. Novoi-OsKOi, a town of Russia, gov. and 92 m. S.E. Koursk, cap. circ, on the Oskol. Pop. 5,000. It has several churches. NovoEvAsovKA, Or TcHEBNiANKA, a market town of Russia, gov. and 82 m. S.E. Koursk, on the Oskol. Pop. 1,470. NovoEi; a tdwn of Naples, prov. Otranto, dist. andr m. W.N.W. Leece. Pop. 8,M0. NovoMEsro, a town of Russia, gov. and 76 m. N.N.E. Tchernigov, on the Ipnt. Pop. 2,000. . NovtifMiBeoBOD, a fortified town of Russia, gov.'andil55 m. N.N.W. Kherson. Pop. 8,000. NoTOMOSKOvsK, a fortified town of Russia, gov. and 18 m. N.E. Jekaterinoslav, cap. circ, on the Samarai. Pop. 7,380. NovoPETBOvsKOE, a mkt.town of Russia, gov, and 55 m. N. W. Kherson, on the Bug. P, 1,730. Novo Resondo, a seaport town and fort of the Portuguese possessions of S.W. Africa, at the mouth of the river Redondo in the Atlantic, in lat. 11° 12' S., Ion. 13° 44' 40' E. The town is situated on the summit of a rock 150 feet above the sea, in a fertile district. The pop. are all iree negroes except 8 or 10 Europeans. WovoBOD-SiEVEBSKOi, a towu of Russia, gov. and 108 m. E.N .E. Tchernigov, cap. circ, on the Desna. Pop. 8,000. It has trade in corn & flax. NovoBSHEV, a town of Russia, gov. and 68 m. S.E:' Pskov, cap. circ, on the Lake Podso. Fop, 2,000, mostly military pensioners. NovosEHTZA, a town of S. Russia, prov. Bes- sarabia, 27 m. E.S.E. Chotin. Pop. 8,500. -NovoaiL, a town of Russia, gov. & 86 m. S.W. Tula, cap.' circ, on the Narutch. Pop. 2,000. NovO'-TcHEBKASK, a town of Russia, cap. of the country of the Don Cossacks, on the Don, 240 m. E.S.E. Jekaterinoslav. Pop. 10,000. The town, founded in 1806, is generally well built, and has a fine cathedral, with numerous other churches, a large market place, a college, with a library of 1,200 vols., and a circ. school. NowAGSCB, two small towns of India, Nagpoor dom., respectively 48 m. S.E., and 47 m. S.W,' Ruttnnpoor. NowiDvrow, a town of Poland, gov. and 16 m. NiW. Warsaw, at the junction of the Vistula and the Bug. Pop. 1,600. NowsHABBA, a town of Scinde, 70 m. S.E. Roree, on the route thence to Hyderabad. — II. a vill. of the Punjab, 8 m. N, Leia. [Noushera.] NoTA, a seaport town of Sflaini prov. Coruna, 21 m. W. Santiago, at the bottom of an inlet called the Ria de Noya, receiving the rivter Tambre. Pop. 1,600. It has a small ship build- ing yar^ fisheries, and a trade in pilchards. NoxAL-MnziiLAO, a coram, and vill. of France, dep. Morbihan, 14 m. E.S.B. Vannes. Pop. 2,380. — ^11. {Pontwy\ a comm. and market town, same dep., 3 m. E. Pontivy. Pop. 3,320.— (rar- Vilaine), dep. Ule-et- Vilaine, 6 m. E. Rennes. Pop. 3,307. NovEN, a comm. and market town of Fi'anoe, dep. Sarthe, 17 m. S. W. Le Mans. Pop. 1,247.. . > NoTEBS, a comm. and town of France, dep. Tonne, on the Serin, 10 m. S. Tonnerre. Pop. 1,873. It is prettily situated in a fertile viBe.t country, enclosed by walls, and has manofs. of serges, coarse flannels, and worsted hosiery. NoYON, Nomomagus, a comm. and town of France, dep. Oise, 42 m. E.N.E. Beauvais, with a station on a branch of the N. railway, N.E. Creil. Pop. 5,089. It is wfell built, enclosed with gardens, has a large old cathedral, bishop's palace, a hospital, seminary, several handsome public fountsiins, manuis. of flne linens, tnlle, cotton-hosiery,' leather, and a brisk genial trade. Calvin was born here 18th July, 1509. NozAY, a comm. and town of France, dep. Loire-Inf.-; 24 m. N. Nantes. Pop. 2,760. NozEKOT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Jura, cap. cant., 18 m. E.S.E. Foligny, & having an active traffic in leather, boot-soles, and cattle. Pop. 800. NozzAHO, a market town of Italy, duchy and 4' m. W.SiW. Lucca, on the Serchio. Pop. 3,400. Nubia, a coimtry of £. Africa, on the Red Sea,i situated between lat. 11° and 34° N., and lon^. 28° and 39° E. ; bounded E. by the Red Sea, Si: by Abyssinia, W. Darfor and the Great Desert, and N. by Egypt. Area estimated at 35,000 (?) sq. m., knd pop. at 400,000 {I). It i^ ditddcfd into Lower Nubia, extending fi-om: the firontier of Egypt to Dbngola (lat. 18° N.); & Upper Nubia from Dongola to Abyssinia. Nubia is iStuated almost entireh^ in the valley of the Nile, which is here so narrow as to leave no space for cultiva- tion on its banks, and the productive districts occur in the gorges between the mountains, and on the islands. A desert of sand and rocks, with some small fertile oases, extends E. from Lqwecl Nubia -to the Red Sea. In Upper Nubia thei country is more varied, the Nile here receives its affl. the Atbara, or Tacazze, 165 m. below the junction of the white and blue rivers ; between- these rivers are situated the regions of Shendy,' Halfay, and Sennaar, which contain Vast fertile plains. The climate of Nubia is extremely hot and dry, but on the whole healthy ; the plague is said never to have penetrated S. of the 2nd' cataract (lat. 22° N.) Besides the animals com- mon to Egypt, Nubia has the giraffe, and several species of antelopes and birds which belong to ' the central plateau of Africa. Agricultmre em- ploys most of the pop. on the banks of ths Nile and its tributaries, and artificial irrigation is re- sorted to as in Egypt. Chief products dhourra, barley, cotton, indigo, tobacco, senna, coffee, fe dates. Cattle, sheep, and goats are reared hy the Arabs of the neighbouring deserts*. Manuis. are limited to objects for domestic use. An exten- sive transit trade Ls carried on with the interior' Df Africa and Egypt, in slaves, gold-dust, senna, 4b ostrich feathers. Suakin on- the Red Sea is the only port. The Nubians belong to Arabian and Ethiopian races ; the pastoral tribes on the banks of the Tacazze and the Upper Nile spealc the Arabic language. Previous to the conquest-iDf NDD 955 NUR Nubia by Ibrahim Pasha in 1821, it was governed by a multitude of independeut chiefs ; since then it has been under the dominion of Egypt. NuDDEA, a dist. of British India, presid. and proT. Bengal, in the delta of the Ganges, en- closed by the dists. Moorshedabad, Birbhoom, Burdwan, Hooghly, Jessore, and the 24 pergun- nahs. Area 3,105 sq. m. Pop. in 1S22, estima- ted at 1,187,000. Soil highly fertile. Total rev. (1840) 124,013i.. Principal towns Nuddea, the cap., on the Hooghly, 64 m. N. W. Calcutta ; and Kishenagur, and Plassey. Ndeces (Rio de las), a riv. of Texas, enters the Laguna del Afadre, between the dists. Refa- gios and San Patricio, 120 m. N. the mouth of the B. Grande del Norte, after a S.E. course of 400 m. Nueii-sous-Passavakt, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, on the Layon, 15 m. a W. Saumur. Pop. 1,800. NcEVA (or New) Segovia, a small town of Central Amer., state Nicaragua, on the Segovia river, 110 m. N.N.E. Leon. — II. a pretty town, Luzon (Phillippmes), on the Tajo, in the N. part of the Island. — III. a name of the Blewflelds riv., Central America. [Babquesimetc] NuEVAS Gbasdes, and Nuevitas del Pbin- ciPE, 2 ports on the N. coast of the isl. of Cuba. NuEviiAS (Las), a harbour on the N.E. coast of Cuba, 35 m. £. Puerto Principe, of which it is ^e port. Length aboat 15 m., by half as much breadth ;. its entrance is { m. across. Shores low and sandy. On it a few years ago, a vill. was founded, which has since increased in importance. Noevo-Santandeb, a town of the Mexican Confederation, cap. dep. Tamaulipas, on the riv. Santander, 120 m. N.W. Tampico. It is well built and populous. , NijETO-LEON,a dep., Mexico. [Leok Nuevc] : Nuffield, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 7 J m. W.N.W. Henley-on-Thames. Ac. 2,280. P. 216. Nn-GABiEP, a riv. of S. Africa, between the territory of the Cape Colony and the Hottentots, after a N.W. course joins the Gariep or Orange riv. near lat. 29° 5'B., Ion. 24° 23' E. It drains the divB. Graaf Beynet, Colesberg, & Cradock. -KuGGEENA, 3 town of British India, presid. Bengal, Upper provs., 47 m. N.N.W. Moradabad. NuGGUB, a strongty fortified town of Hindos- tan, prov. Bajpootana, dom. and 67 m. S. Jey- poor. — II. a town, Bundelcund, 81 m. S.S.W. Chatterpoor. HuiTS, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cote-d-'Or, on the Meuzin, 8 m. N.E. Beaune. Pop. 3,404. Itissituatedinthemidstofafinewine countiy, and has manufs, of woollen-cloth, serges, kirschwasser, hats, leather, and vinegar. NcJiHABAD, and Nujifghde, two towns of British India, presid. Bengal, tipper provs. ; the former, dist. Moradabad, 92 m. N.E. Delhi ; the latter, dist. and 20 m. S E. Cawnpore, on the Ganges. NuLCHiTTT, a vill. of British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, dist. and 8 m. N.W. Backergnnge, on an arm of the Ganges. It is the chief trading mart of its dist., being irequented by numerous Aracanese boats which bring teak, timber, and iron, and take back in return rice, betel leaf, and cocoa-nuts. It has also a contraband trade in opium and salt. ' NuLDiNGAH, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. Jessore, 74 m. N.N.E. Calcutta. HuiEs, a town of Spain, prov. and 12 m. S.W. Castellon-de-la-Plana. Pop. 2,873. Niijovi, a vill. of Sardinia, cap. mand., prov. and 11 m. E.S.E. Sassari. Pop. of comm. 2,780. Nbmmol, a thriving town of the Punjab, on the Indus, 24 m. £. Kala Bagli. Here are indi- cations of excellent coal. Ndn, a cape and riv. of Marocco ; the riv. (or Ahassa), forming a part of its S. boundary, and entering the Atlantic after a W. course of 130 m., 36 m. S.W. Cape Nun, which is in lat. 28° 46' N., Ion. 11° 3' W.— II. the central branch of the Niger at its delta in the Gulf of Guinea. Total length about 120 m. Nun, a riv. of Mancbooria, E. Asia, after a generally S.ward course of 500 m. joins the Songari, about 20 m. N. Petoone. On its banks are the towns Merghen and Tsitsikar. NuN-BoBKHOLME, a pa. of England, co. York, E. Ridmg, 3 m. E.S.E. Pocklmgton. Area 2,120 ac. Pop. 263. Ndnda, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, 18 m. N. Angelica. Pop. 2,637. Nundeal, and Nunderbab, two towns of Brit. India ; the former, presid. Madras, dist. and 73 m. N.N.W. Cuddapah ; the latter, presid. Bom- bay, dist. Candeish, 87 m. E. Surat. NujsDVDEOOG, a strong hill-fort of S. India, dom. Mysore, 31 m. E. Bangalore. It was stormed and taken by the British in 1791. NoNEATON, a market town and pa. of England, CO. Warwick, on the Anker, with a station on the Trent valley railway, 14 m. N.W. Kngby.i Area of pa. 7,020 ac Pop. 7,105. The town, pretty well built, has a gothic church, a grammar school, a free school, and numerous looms em- ployed in ribbon weaving. NUNEHAM CODBTENAr, Eugl. [NeWNHAM.]' Ndnez, or Kakundv, a riv. of W. Africa,Sene- gambia, after a W. course enters the Atlantic Ocean in lat. 10° 40' N., Ion. 14° 40' W. Its banks are densely wooded, and on them from 70 to 80 m. from the sea are the settlements Wal-: keria, Cassasez, and Debucko. NuNivAK, an isl. of Russian America, in Behring sea, off capes AviiiofF and Vancouver, : lat. 60° N., Ion. 166° to 167° W. Ndn-Keelinq, a pa. of England, co. York, E. Riding, 10 m. N.N.E. Beverley. Area 2,220 ac. Pop. 291. Ndnnet, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 3 m:^ W.S.W. Frome. Area 2,360 ac. Pop. 1,185. NuKNiNGTON, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Kid- mg,4^m. S.S.E.Helmsley. Areal,600ac. P.470. Nun's Island, Hebrides, close to lona. NuNTOK, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 2^ m. S.S.E. Salisbury. Area 1,040 ac. Pop. 807. NnoBo, a town of the isl. Sardinia, div. dist. & 78 m. N.N.E. Cagliari, cap. prefecture. Pop^ of comm. (1838) 3,671. It has a cathedral, a Jesuits' college, and a brisk trade in cattle and cheese. , Nub, a town of Poland, prov. Plock, on the Bug, 63 m. E.N.E. Warsaw. Nuba, a river of N. Italy, duchy Parma, rises in the Apennines, and after a N.NJE. course of 45 m. joins the Po, 7 m. E. Piacenza, and S.W. Cremona. — Ponte Nura is a vill. on this river and the iGmilian way, 6 m. from its mouth. Nubnbeeg (Eng. Nuremberg), a city of Bavaria, cap. circ, Midd. Franconia, on the Pegnitz, which divides the city in 2 parts, connected by numerous bridges, & on the railw. betw. Augsburg & Leipzig, 97 m. N.N.W. Miinohen. P. (1846) 45,381, mostly Protestants. It is built in a picturesque style, and surrounded by walls & battlements. Among its chief edifices, are the Reichsveste, an old im- perial castle, often occupied by the German Em- perors of the middle ages ; the church of St Se- bald, a Gothic structure, with fine paintings and sculpture ; the churches of St Laurent and St Giles, and a fine fountain. Niirnberg has a gym- ■ N UIl 956 NYM nasium, founded by the reformer Melanothon, whose statue is placed on its front ; a school of the fine arts, polytechnic school, commercial academy, and many libraries, museum of luutural history, & nums. associations, religions, literary, & artiste. Niirnberg has, from the remotest times, been cele- brated for its industry, & for the inventions & zeal of its artizans. The first paper mill in Germany was established here in 1890. Here also the first gun carriages were made, and the first railway in Germany was opened from Niirnberg to Fiirth in 1836. It is now the great centre of the manuf. of German wooden clocks and toys, which are circulated to all parts of the globe; its other manufs. comprise jewellery, trinkets, telescopes, mathematical and musical instruments, sealing wax, black lead pencils, lacquered wares, articles in ivory and horn, paper, and parchments. In these various manufs. 13,000 people were em- ployed in 1846. Its commerce, favoured by its position on the canal of the Ehine and Danube, is still considerable. Niirnberg is the birth-place of Albert Durer, whose house is still preserved in the principal square. Founded in 906, it was, in 938, the seat of the first German diet. Its in- habitants early embraced the doctrines of the reformation, and in 1632, the assembly was held here at which the treaty of toleration was signed. Napoleon deprived the city of privileges, and aimexed it to Bavaria in 1806. NuKNET, several pas. of Irel., Leinster. — I. oo. Carlow, 8 m. N.E. Leighlin-Bridge. Area 2,723 ac. Pop. 905.— II. CO. and i m. S.W. Kildare. Area 1,798 ac Pop 735.-111. 8 m. N.N.W. Car- bery. Area 2,130 ac. Pop. 651. NtiRPUK, a town of the Punjab, at the foot of the Himalaya mntns, 60 m. N.E. Amritsir. Pop. from 6,000 to 8,000, comprising manyCashmerians employed in shawl weaving. It has a stone fort' and a good bazaar. NuKEi, a Till of the isl. of Sardinia, prov.- & 8 m. E. Isili. Pop. of comm. 2,161. NuEsiNSHDE, a town of India, presid. Bengal, S.W. districts, 38 m. N.E. Saugur. — Also a petty state, prov. IMalwa, 50 m. N.E. Oojein. — Nunvngpoor is a town, presid. Bombay, dist. and 91 m. E.S.E. Poonah. NuKSLiNS, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 3 m. S.E. Komsey. Area 2,230 ac. Pop. 964. NuBSTED, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 4 m. S.W. Gravesend. Area 630 ac. Pop. 36. Ndetingeh, a town, Wiirtemberg, oiro. Black Forest, cap. dist., on the Neckar, 13 m. S.S.E. Stuttgart. Fop. 8,982, who manuf. woollen and cotton stuffs. Nusco, a town of Naples, prov. Principato-Ult., dist. and 6 m. S.W. St Angelo di Lombardi. Pop. 4,000. It has a cathedral, and convents. NnsiocH, a mkt. town of Baden, circ. lower Rhine, 6 m. S. Heidelberg. Pop. 2,064. NussnoKF, three vills. of the Austrian doms. — I. LoTper Austria, on the Danube, 4 m. N. Vi- enna. Pop. 2,000. The Viennese have numer- ous villas here. — II. (Hung. Also-Dios], W. Hun- gary, 00. & 26 m. N.E. Presburg. Pop. 1,096.— III. (Hung. Felso-Dios), adjacent to the latter. Pop. 1,306. Its inhabitants are employed in lead mines. NussEEBABAD, two towns of British India, presid. Bengal. — 1. prov. Bengal, cap. dist. My- munsingh, on the Brahmaputra, 60 m. N. Dacca. — II. Upp. provs., dist. and 12 m. S.E. Ajmere. — Nusseerpoor is a town of Scinde, 18 m. N.B. Hyderabad. NuTFiELD, a pa. of England, oo. Surrey, 3J m. B.N.E. Reigate. Area 3,510 ac. Pop. 872; NniHALX, a, pa. of Engl., co. and 6 m. N.W. Nottingham. Area 1,900 ac. - Pop. 669. Ndthdest, a pa. of Engl, Co. Sussex, 8 m. S.S.E. Horsham. Area 3,460 ac. Pop. 768. Ndtlet, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 6| m. S.W. Basingstoke. Area 1,210 ac. Pop. 178. Ndvts, a headland of S. Australia, in lat. 32° 2' 18" S., Ion. 132° 25' E.— The Nuyts Archipelttgo stretches along the coast N. of lat. 33°, & mostly between Ion. 183° and 134° E. Principal island; St Francis. Ntack, a vill. of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, on the Hudson river, 108 m. S.W. Albany. Pop. 800. Steamers ply from it to New York. Ntamtz, Nemza, or Niatzu, a town of Mol- davia, cap. dist., on a hill, 62 m. N.N.W. Jassy. It has large annual fairs and markets, & a shrine of the Virgin, which attracts numerous pilgrims. NiABPBT, a town of British India, presid. and 65 m. N.W. Madras. Ntassi (" the sea"), a considerable lalce of S.E. Africa, supposed to extend betw. Ion. 80° and 35° E., its centre being about lat. 10° S., and appar- ently identical with the Lake Maravi of old maps, but our knowledge of it is yet very deficient. NvBOEG, a fortified town of Denmark, stiit. & on the isl. Fiihnen, 18 m. E.S.E. Odense, on the Great Belt. Pop. 8,200. It is defended by a strong citadel, and has ship building docks. NvEKJOBiNO, several small seaport towns of Denmark. — I. stift and island Seeland, on the Tse- fiord, 88 m. W.N.W. Copenhagen. Pop. 900.— II. stift. and island Falster, on the Giddborg Sonnd, separating it from Laaland Fop. 1,600. — III. Jiitland, stift and 44 m. W.S.W. Aalborg, on the tiim-fiord. Pop. 1,106. Nyib Bathoe, a market town of Hungary, co.i Szaboloz, 30 M. N.E. Debreczin. Pop. 8,250. NTiEEGHTHAzA,amkt. town of E. Hiingary,!co. Szabolcz, 29 m. N. Debreczin. Pop. (1845) 16,740. It has Roman Caitholic, Greek, Lutheran, & Cal- vinistic churches, and some soda and salt vrorkB. Ntkerk, a town of the Netherlands, cap. cant., prov. Gelderland, near the Zuyder Zee, 10 m. S.W. Harderwyki Pop. 3,800.-11. a vill., prov. Friesland, N.E. Dokkum. Pop. 250. NYKOPiBfo, a Isen or dist.. of Sweden, in the E., having S. and E. the Baltic Sea, N. the lakes M^lar and 'Hielmar, and elsewhere^' the tens Orebro, Linkioping, and Stockholm. Area 2,607 sq. m. Pop. (1840) 114,920. Surface mostly hilly, but interspersed with fertile valleys, & the corn raised is above the demand for home consnmp* tion. Mineral products important; comprising iron, copper, lead, and some cobalt, which, with timber and grain, form the chief exports. Chief towns, Nykioping, Strengnaes, and Eskilstnna. Nykoping, a seaport town of Sweden, cap. Isen, on an inlet of the Baltic, 63 m. S.W. Stock- holm. Fop. 2,912. It is one of the finest towns of the kingdom, and has two castles, several churches, and hospitals, with manufs. of brass wares, woollen & cotton stuffs, hosiery, tobacco, paper, and starch, saw-mills, and ship builiSng docks, and a brisk export trade. Ntmet-Rowlahd, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 4m. S.S.E. Chuhnleigh. Area 2,970 ac. Pop. 102j Nymphenbueg, a vill. of Upper Bavaria, 4 m. N.N.W. Munich, with a female asylum, mamrf. of porcelain, & a royal summer residence. ■ P. 1,119. NiMPSFiELB, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, SJ m. E.N.E. Dursley. Area 1,870 ac. Pap. 466. NYMPTOK,twopas. of England, co. Devon.— I. {BJsliops\ 3 m. E.S.E. Ssuth Molton. Area 10,000 a«. Pop. 1,326.T-II. gangs)) 3J m, N.W. Ghulmleigh. Area 6,470 ao. Pop. 777. NYN M7 OBE NtnabcoiIj, a town of British India, preaid. Madras, dist. Madura, 17 m. N.W. Ramnad. NiON, Noviodurmm, a town of Switzerland, cant. Vaud, 21 m. S.W. Lausanne, on tlie N.W. shore of the Lalce of Geneva. Pop. 2,464. It has tanneries, potteries, and numerous Roman remiuns. Nyo.vs, a coram, and town of France, dep. Drdme, on the Aigues, 33 m. N.E. Avignon. Fop. 8,2S1. It is enclosed by walls, and divided into 3 quarters ; it has a citadel, and manufac- tures of sillc and mixed stuffs, earthenware, and leather. Nkslott, Neishlot, or Sawolinna, a town of Finlaud, ten and 80 m. N. Wiborg. Pop. 600. Nysted, a small marit. town of Denmark, on the S. coast of the island Laaland. Pop. 1,000, who carry on an active transport trade. NiSTAn, a seaport town of Finland, ten and 38 m. N.W. Abo, on the Gulf of Bothnia. Pop. 2,000, employed in woollen cloth & linen manaf^. NvvEE, a town of Belgium. [Nivelles.] OAnBT, a pa. of England, co. and 4 m. S.E. Leicester. Area 1,560 ac. Pop. 1,085. Oahoo, one of the Sandwich isls. [Woahoo.] Oakfobh, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 3J m. m. W.S.W. Hampton. Area 5,240 ae. Pop. 641. Oake, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 5 m. W. Taunton. Area 840 ae. Pop. 174. Oakhah, a market town and pa. of England, cap. CO. Rutland, in the rich vale of Catmos, with a station on the £. Midland railway, 11 m. W.N.W. Stamford. Area of pa. 3,130 ac. Pop. 2,789. It is neatly bnilt ; has a fine church, a gram- mar school founded in 1584, and endowed with nnmeroos exhibitions to the universities, rev. wifii hospital (1821), about 3,000^ It has a branch hank, & large agricoltnral markets on Saturday. A canal connects it with Melton-Mowbray. Oakham, a township, U. S., N. Amer., Massa- chusetts, 64 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,038. Oakhamftoit, a bor., market town, and pa. of England, co. Devon, on the Ocke, in the vicinity of Dartmoor-forest^ 22 m. W.N.W. Exeter. Area of pa. 12,570 ac. Pop. 641. The town, enclosed by hills, is irregularly bnilt, and has ruins of a castle of the Earls of Devon. Oakhampton (Monk), a pa. of Engl., co. De- von, 2jm.E.N.E.Hatherleigh. Ac. 1,960. P. 259. Oakinqhah, England. [Wokingham.] Oakihgton, a pa. of England, co. and 4} m. N.N.W. Cambridge, with a station on the railway to WisbeacK: Area 1,757 ae. Pop. 619. Oaklev, several pas. of England I. co. and 3i m. N.W. Bedford. Area 1,740 ac. Pop. 492. — IL CO. Backs, 12 m. W. Aylesbnry. Area 2,250 ac. Pop. 391.— IIL co. Suffolk, 2J m. N.N.E. Eye. Area 900 ac. Pop. 355.— IV. (Great), co. Essex, 6 m. E.S.E. Manningtree. Area 8,090 ac. Pop. 1,145. Fair 25th April.— V. CO. Northampton, 5 m. N. Kettering. Area 2,810 ac. Pop. 225.— VI. (LiUle), co. Essex, 4 m. W.S.W. Harwich. Area 800 ac. Pop. 264.— VII. CO. Northampton, 5 m. N.N.E. Kettering. Area 1,070 ac. Pop. 139. [Chuboh Oaklet.] Oakoveb, a pa. of Engfimd, co. Stafford, 10 m. E.N.E. Cheadle. Area 810 ac. Pop. 67. Oaksey, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 5i m. N.E. Mahnesbury. Area 1,490 ac. Pop. 614. Oakthobpb, a hamlet of England, cos. Leices- ter and Derby, pas. Nether-Seal and Church- Gresley, 3 m. S.W. Ashby-de-la-Zouch. Pop. with Donisthorpe, 633. It has a fine new church. Oabe, two pas. of England. — I. co. Somerset, lOJ m. W. Minehead. Area 4,640 ac. Pop. 59. - II. CO. Kent, li m. W.N.W. Faversham. Area 770 ac. Pop. 186. Oasis, a word meaning a fertile tract sur- rounded by a desert, but applied especially to those in the Lybian desert, under the Egyptian dom. ; the Great Oasis being 120 m. W. Thebes ; the Western Oasis 40 m. further W. ; and the Lesser Oasis 100 m. S.W. Fayoum. They were used as places of exile under the Romans. Oathlaw (formerly Finhaven), a pa. of Sootl., CO. and 4 m. N.N.E. Forfar, near the confl. of the Lemno with the S. Esk. Area 3,870 ac. P. 420. In vicinity are remains of a large Roman camp. Oatlands, a dist. of Tasmania (Van Diemans land), enclosed by the dists. Campbell-town, Clyde, Richmond, and Oyster-bay. Area 900 sq. m. Chief towns Oatlands, 40 m. N. Hobart Town and Jericho. Oaxaca, a dep. of the Mexican Confed., in its S. part, mostly between lat. 15° 45' and 18° 20' N., and Ion, 94° and 98° 30' W., having S. the Pacific, and on other sides La Puefala, Vera Cruz and Tabasco, with E.ward the dep. Soco- nusco of the state Guatemala (Central America). Area 32,650 aq. m. Pop. (1842) 500,278. Its N. part is traversed by the great cordillera extend- ing E.ward from the table-land of Mexico ; prin- cipal rivers the Rio Verde and Tehuantepec; Soil highly fertile; products comprise wheat, maize, sugar, cotton, cocoa, cochineal, silk, and the precious metals. Chief cities, Oaxaca, Te- hnantepec, and Guiohioovi. — Oaxaca the cap. of the above dep., on the Bio Verde, 200 m. S.S.E. Mexico. Estimated pop. 25,000. It is one of the handsomest cities in the Confed.; prin-: cipal edifices the bishop's palace, cathedral, two colleges, numerous convents, and the city hall. It has manafs. of chocolate, soap, and perfumery^ and an active trade in sugar and cochineal. Oban, a pari. bor. and sea-port town of Scot!., CO. Argyle, on Oban-bay, 20 m. N.W. Inverary. Pop. 1,398. It stands in a secluded but pictu- resque situation, & is a handsome thriving town ; the harbour is excellent, and the bay has a depth of from 12 to 24 fathoms water. It has manufs. of silk, & straw hats, and exports pig-iron, whisky, wool, fish, kelp, and slates. Steamers ply to Glasgow, Greenock, Tobermory, Inverness, Liverpool, and the Western isls. The bor. unites with Ayr, Irvine, Campbellton, and Inverary in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. 3 m. N. the town stand the ruins of the rmal palace of Dunstaff- nage, and to the N.W. is DunoUy castle. Obdoesk, the most N. station in the gov. Tobolsk, Siberia, on the Obe, near its mouth, lat. 66° 30' N., Ion. 67° 20' E. [Ueal Modntains.] Obe, Obi, or Ob, one of the great rivers of Siberia, govs. Tomsk or Tobolsk ; its basin, esti- mated to comprise 1,367,000 sq. m. is situated between that of the Yenisei and the Ural mntns. It rises by two principal sources in the Iiittle Altai, near lat. 51° N., Ion. 89° E., flows tortuously N.W. to Samarova, and thence generally N. in a double channel to the Gulf of Obe, whichit enters near lat. 67° N., Ion. 72° E., after a total course of 2,000 m. Tributaries, the Irtish with the Tobol and Ishim, the Tom, and the Tchulmi.— OBE 958 OO'C The ChU/<^i)be is the wide estuary of the above river, forming an inlet of the Arctic Ocean, ' be- tween lat. 67i° and 72J° N., and Ion. 72° and 77° E. It receives the Obe at its S.E. extremity, & on its E. it has an armcaHed Tazovslc bay. O-BfiosE, or Baoz-Beoze, a town of Hungary, 00. Baos, on the Theissi 26 m. N.N.E. Peter- wardein. Pop. (1816) 9,400. It has a Roman Catholic and a Greek church, & trade in grain. Ober (TJppeb), a prefix to the names of nume- rous places in Germany : for those not found below, see second word, as Ober-Glogau. [Glooau.] i Obebalp, a pass and small lake of Switzer- land, caut. Uri, at its S.W. extremity, near the sources of the Rhone, Aar, and Keuss rivers. OBER-DBAnBUBO, a market town of Illyria, circ. and 42 m. W. Villach; on 1. b. of the Drave, With the ruins of a fortress. Pop. 3,000. Obergestelen and Oberwald, the 2 highest Tills, in the valley of the Rhone, Upper Vallais, Switzerland ; the former 4,360 feet above the sea, and a place of some traffic as the depdt of the cheese transported from the Bernese Oberland. Oberhatjsen, two vills.,- Baden. — I. circ. Upper Rhine, on the Rhine, 6 m. S.W. Ettenheim. Pop. 1,838.-11. circ. Lower Rhine, 13 m. S. Mann- heim. Pop. 1,186. Obebholfabrun, a market town of Lt)wer Austria, 28 m. N.W. Vienna. Pop. 2^688. .. OBEB-KAnrDHOEN, a market town of Hessen Cassel, circ. and 7 m. E;S.E. Cassel. Pop. 2,161. Oberkibch, an old walled town of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, cap. dist., on the Reuch, 7 m. N.E. Offenburg. Pop. 1,200. It has paper- mills, and iron forges. Obebland (Tbe), Switzerland, comprises all the cant. Bern, S. of the L. Thun, with adjabent parts of Unterwalden and Uri. In a more re- stricted sense it is applied to the valleys of Hasli, Grindelwald, and liauterbrunnen, OsEBMORnEN, a Till, of H. Darmstadt, prOT. Upper Hessen, 16 m. S. Giessen. Pop. 1,728. Obebnai, a comm. and town of France, dep. B. Rhrn, cap.' cant., 14 m. N. Sohelestadt. Pop. 4,823: it has a communal college, and active manufs. of plain and printed calicoes. In its vi- cinity is an enclosure known as the Pagans' camp. Obespahlen, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. Li- vonia, 62 mj E.NjE. Pemau, with a strong Castle, which formerly belonged to the D. of Holstein. Obebbied, a pa. of' Switzerland, cant. St Gall, in its E. part, 4 m. S. Altstetten. Pop. 3,890 Oberrieden is a vill., cant. Zurich, on the W. side of the Lake of Zurich. • Pop, 762. Obebkbebq, a mkt. town of Upper Austria, circ. Inn, 44 m. W. Linz, on the Inn. Pop. 1,740. OBERHBUBa, a town of Bavaria, circ. Lower Eranconia, cap. dist., on the Main, 36 m. W.N.W. Wurtzburg. Pop. 1,773. Obebndobf, a town, Wiirtemberg, circ. Black P(»'est, cap. dist., on the Neckar, 43 m. S.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 1,664. Its anc. Augustine abbey is now used for a gun factory & cannon foundry. Obernkibchen, a town of Germany, Bf.- Cassel, prOT. Lower Hessen, cap. dist., on the Aue, 9 m. E. Minden. Pop. 1,862. . OBEBNZET.L, a vill. of Bavaria. [Havnebzell.] Obersitzko, or Oberztko, a town of Pruss. Poland, reg. & 28 m. N.W. Posen. Pop. 2,000. Obbbscoorp, a market town of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, on the Iller, 29 m. E.S.E. Lindau. Pop. 1,910, employed in iron mining and forging. Obebstein, a town of N. Germany, duchy Oldenburg, princip. and 6 m. E.X.E. Birkenfeld. Pop. 2,261. — Oberatenfeld is a vill., Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, S E. Heilbronm Pop. J,482. '"OBEEWESBt, a town of* Rhenish Prusda, reg. and 19 m. S.S.E. Coblentz, on the Rhine. Pop. 2,300. Oberttinter, a vill. of Rhenish Prussia, on the Rhine, 10 m. S.S.E. Bonn. Pop. 960. OBrDos, a fortified town of Portugal, Estrema- dura, E. Peniche, and 45 m. N. Lisbon. Pop. 3,000. It has a citadel, and extensive remains 6f a Roman aqueduct. An engagement, between the English & French, took j)lace under its walls in 1808. — II. a town of Brazil, prov. Para, on the 1. b. of the Amazon, at the head of its tide-water, and where it is narrowed in the Str.' bf Pauxi^ to about IJ m. across. Lat. 1° 60' S., Ion. 66' 18' W. It IS regularly built, and has some trade in cotton and cocoa. Pop. ittclud. dist. (1842) 6,000. Obispo, a small river of the isthmus of Darien, joins the Chagres near Crnces. Obitoohnej, a town of S. Russia. [NooAisjc^] Obligado, a vill. of the Plata Conted., on {he river Parana, near Buenos Ayres. The 'com- bined British and French fleets bombarded it, and silenced its batteries; 28th November 1816. Obojan, a town of Russia, gov. and 32 m. S. Koursk, cap. circ, at the confl. of the Obojanka andPsioI. Pop. 6,600. It was founded in 1650, as a bulwark against the incursions of the Crim Tartars, and has several churches, schools, and charitable institutions, with a brisk ti'ade in cattle. Oboknb, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, If m. E.N.E. Sherborne. Area'7'26ae. Pop. 131. Obornik, or OBERNiKi'a town of Prussistii Poland, reg. and 18m. N.N.W. Posen, cap; circ, on the Warta. Pop. 1,680, one fourth part Jews: Obka, a river of Prussian Poland, reg. Posen, rises near Kosmin, & after a W. & N;W. course, through marshes and many small lakes, joins thi Warta, a little W. Schwerin. Length 130 miles': OBBAJitLO, a town of Pern, dep. & 60 m. N.E. Lima, in the mntns. It consists of about 100 ground-floor cottages, enclosed by gardens. oA the Shannon, here crossed by a' bridge of '14, arches. It has a good qtiay.^Thfr O'BneJi is&.,' New South Shetland, S. Atlantic O., are in lat. 61° 32' S., Ion. 55° 2^ W. Obdkhot, a' tnkt. town of Rttssia, gov. and '26 m. S.S.E. Kiev.' Pop. 2,000. Obva, or Obvinsk, a town of Russia, gov: &'57 m. N.W. Perm, on an affl. of the Kama. P. 3,000; Obt, an island of the Malay Archipelagrf, S. of Gilolo, in lat. 1° 80' S., Ion. 127° 50' E; Length, W. to E., 40 m., breadth 15 m. The Dutch have a fort at its W. end, off which is the" isl. Little Oby. OoAHA, a town of Spain, prov. and 30 m. E. Toledo. Pop. 4,789. It is enclosed by ruhied walls, and in dectiy. Principal edifices, 4 pa.' churches, an hospital; cSValry barracks, arid an aqueduct of Roman construction. Manufs. are" of coarse woollens and linens,' soap and. leather. Here, on 19th Nov., 1809, the Spanish troops under Areizftga Vrere tbtally deftated by tn^ French under Marshal Mortier.i— II. a vill., prov. and 31 m. N. Almerla. Pop. 2,000.-111. a town of S; America, New Granada, dep.' Magdalena, 60 m. N.W. Pamplona. Pop. 6,000. It exports goods by the river Canaverales. ' '' "' OoATABOOLA, a rfvCr & vilL U. S., N. America, Louisiana ; the river an affl. of the Washita, atid the vill. (also called' Harrisonburg), at their Confi„, 27 m.W-.N. W.Natchez. '^'* Occhiobbllo, a mkt.- town of Austrian Italv, deleg. and 18 m. S.W. Eovigo, cap. dist., "oh th'e Po. Pop. 3,200 — Oecimano is a vill'. of Piedifiont;' occ 9o9 ODE div. and 12 m. N.N.W. Alessaudria, cap. mand., near the Grana. Pop., with coram., 2,014. OccoLD, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 2 m. S.S.E. Eye, within the pari, bounds of which it is in- cluded. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 578. Oceania, a name given by modern geogra- phers to a fifth division of the globe, comprising W. Oceania, or Malasia [Asiatic AbchipeiiAQo], Central Oceania, or Australia [Acstbalia], and £. Oceania, or Polynesia [Polynesia], OcHANSK, a town of Bussia, gov. and 40 m. ■W.S.W. Perm, cap. circ, on the Kama. Pop. 2,000, mostly employed in iron and copper mines. OcHn. Hills, a range of mntns. of Scotl., co. Perth, commencing about 2 m. from the river Forth, near Stirling, and extending N.N.E. to the firth of Tay. Length about 24 m., aver, breadth about 12 m. Their S.E. side is very steep, and the highest summit, Bendeugb, 2,300 feet in height, is at the S.W. end. Most of the range affords excellent sheep pasturage. The OchUs are formed of gi-eenstone and basalt, and inter- sect the coal formations on the S., and the old ixd sandstone on the N.E. They contain silver, copper, and iron ores. OcHiLTBBE, a pa. of Scotl., CO. & 9^ m. E. Ayr, on, the Lngar. Area about 24 sq. m. Pop. 795 ; do, of vill. 650, who weave cottons, anii manuf. reaping hooks & snuff boxes. It has 2 ann. fairs. OcHBiDA (Lake of), Zychnidus Zacus, Hie prineipal lake of Albania, European Turkey, in lat. 41° N., Ion. 20° 45' E. Length, N. to S., 18 m, extreme breadth 8 m. It is surrounded by lofty mntns., and is highly picturesque. OcHBiDA, Lychmdus, a town of European Tur- key, Albania, cap. pash., on the N. bank of Lake Ochrida, lOO m. N. Tamna. Pop. 1,000. It is a Greek bishop's see. . . , OcHSENFDET, a town of Bavaria, eirc. Lower ^ranconia, cap. dist., on the IVIain, 11 m. S.E. Wurtzburg. Pop. 2,250, ., OcHSEHHAusBa, a vill. of Wiirtemberg, circ. Danube, on the Bottum, 8 m. E.S.E. Blberach. Pop. 1,^0. It has an ancient Benedictine abbey. , OcHTA, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. & 1 m. E. St Petersburg, on the Neva. Pop. 3,000, mostly employed in the dock-yards of St Petersburg, & in powder mills & imperial cannon foundries. OcHTBCP, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. & 25m. N."W. Miinster, outhe Vechte. P. 1,000. - -OcK, a river of Engl., co. Berks, after an E. course of 20 m., joins the Thames near Abingdon. OcKBBOOK, a pa. of England, co. & 4} m, E. Derby. Area 1,730 ac. Pop. 1,765. OcKE, or Oee, a small river of Engl., co. De- von, flows into the Torridge near Hatherleigh. OcKEB, or Okeb, a river of Germany, Bruns- wick, Hanover, and Prussian Saxony, rises in the Harz, flows N. past Wolfenbiittel and Brunswick, and joins the Aller, 10 m. W. Gif horn. Length 60 m. The vill. Ocker, on the river, 4 m. N.W. Eiarzburg, pop. 424, has copper and bullion re- fining works. OcKHAM, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, 6i m. N,S.E. Guildford. Area 2,310 ac. Pop. 640. OcLE-PiTCHAED, a pa. of Engl., co. and 7 m. E.N,E. Hereford. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 219. OoKLEY, a pa. of Engl., co. Surrey, 5J m. S.W. Dorking. Area 4,150 ac. Pop. 748. OciASEEB, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bom- baj^ dist. and 6 m. S. Baroach, on the Nerbudda. iPiCUDiaEB, a river of the U. S., N. America, Georgia, cos. Gwinnett and Dekalb, flows mostly S.S.E. for about 200 m., & unites with the Oconee to form the Alatamaha. It is navigable for steamers to Macon. OoONA, and Oooi'A„two towns of Peru. — I. in dep. and 90 m. W. Arequipa, on the Pacific— II. dep. and 43 m. N.N.E. Huancabelica. OcoNEB, a river of the U. S., N. America, Georgia, flows mostly S.S.E.ward, and joins the Ocmulgee to form the Alatamaha, 200 m. below Milledgeville, to which place it is navigable for steamers. OcosiNGO, a ruined city of the Mexican Conf., state Chiapas, 65 m. S.E. Cindad Beal, with re- mains, described in Siephms's Central America. OcTEViLLE, several comms. of France. — I. depi Manche, cap. cant., 1 m. S.W. Cherbourg. Pop. 1,608.-11. dep. Seine-Inf., 6 m. N. Havre. Pop. 1,923. OczAKOw, a town of Bussia. [Oxshakov.] Odalehgo (Gbakde and Piccolo), 2 eontig. vills. of Piedmont, div. Alessandria, prov. & W, Caaale. United pop. 1,963. Odoombe, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 3 m, W.S.W. Yeovil. Area 940 ac. Pop. 666. Oddinglet, a pa. of Engl,, co. Worcester, 3 m. S.S.E. Droitwich. Area 1,060 ac. Pop. 206. OnniNOTON, two pas. of Engl, — I, co, Glo'ster, 2i m. E, Stow-on-the-Wold, Area 1,660 ac. Pop. 625 — II, CO, Oxford, 5 m, S,S,W, Bicester, Ai'ea 1,410 ac. Pop, 126, . -■ ' Odd-Rode, a tnshp, of Engh; cco, Chester, pa, Astbnry, 3^ m, S,S,W, Congletoh, Pop, 1,518, Odell, a pa, of Engl,, co, and 8 m, N,W, Bed- ford. Area 2,980 ac. Pop. 601. Odemes, a town of Asia Minor. [Demish.] Odemiba, a town of Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, 68 m. S. W. Beja, on the Odemira, thence navig. to the sea. Pop, 2,000. The Odemira rises in the Sierra de Monchique, & after a W, course of 25 m., falls into the Atlantic, 5 m. below Villa-novaj Odenkibchen, a town of Rhenish Prussia, regi and 17 m. W.S.W. Dusseldorf, on the Niers. Pop. 1,100, who manuf. velvets, paper, & leather^ Odense, a town of Denmark, cap. stift, and of the isl. Fiihnen, on a small river near its mouth, in Odense fiord, and on the Odense canal, 89 m. W.S.W. Copenhagen. Pop. (1846)10,300. Odense is a handsome town, and is considered the oldest in Denmark, having been founded' by Odin, B.C.- 70. It is the sresidence of the governor of Fiihe nen, and has 3 churches, a small Toyal castfe,* a cathedral school, and an hospital, withmanufs. of woollens and iron wares. ' Odehsholm, an islet at the entrance of the G. of Finland, 28 m. S.W. Revel, with a lighthouse in lat. 59° 18' 45^ N., Ion, 28° 25' 25'^ E. Odenwald, a mntn, region of W. Germany^ grand duchy Hessen-Darmstadt, prov, Starken- burg, extending for 45 m, N, to S,j between thas Neckar and Main rivers, and rising in the Kat- zenbuckel to 2,300 feet above the sea. On it are many remains of Roman forts. The Bergstrasse (" mountain road "), on which are the towns Lan- gen, Darmstadt, & Bensheim, borders it on the Wi Odeb, a large river of Germany, traversing the centre of the Prussian dom,^ rises in the Carpa- thian mntns., near Olmutz, flows' X,, and after- wards N,W. through Prussian Silesia, Branden- burg, and Pomerania, traverses the Stettiner Haff (lake), and enters the Baltic by 3 branches, the Dievenow on the E,, the Swine in the middle, and the Peene on the W, Length to Stettin^ 445 m,, formost part of which it is navigable. Barges of from 40 to 60 tons ascend it from the Baltic to Breslau. It is of great commercial importandei^ Principal tributaries, the Warta, with the Netz, the Sober, Neisse; and Ihna, It is connected' with the E^vel and Elbe by the Finow canal, with' the Spree by Frederick William's canal at Mul- OBE 960 OEL' rose, and with the Vistula by a canal from Nakel on the Netz to Bromberg. — II. a river of Hano- ver, landr. Hildesheim, rises in the Harz, & after an E. course of 30 m . joins the Leine near Nord- heim, the chief town on its banks. Odekau, a town of Austrian Silesia, circ. & 19 m. S.S.W. Troppan, on the Oder. Pop. 2,896. _ Ohebbebq, two towns of Germany. — 1. Prus- sia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. and 54 m. N.E. Potsdam, on the Oder. Pop. 2,500 II. Austrian Sjlesia, circ. & 20 m. N.W. Teschen, on the Oder, with 810 inhabs., a castle, and an hospital. Odebnhhim, or Gau-obeknheim, a fortified town of Germany, H.-Darmstadt, prov. Rhenish Hessen, on the Salze, i m. N.E. Alzey. Pop. 1,698. — II. a vill. of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Glan, 22 m. N. Kaiserslautern. Pop. 1,192. Odebzo, a town of Austrian Italy, cap. dist., deleg. and 15 m. E.N.E. Treviso. Pop. 4,700, who mannf. hats and liqueurs, and trade in wine. Odessa, a celebrated seaport city of S. Russia, gov. and 91 m. W. Kherson, on a fine bay of the Black Sea. Lat..(of cathedral) 46° 28' 9" N., Jon. 30° 44' 5" E. Pop. (1845) 70,877, or includ- ing garrison, 78,000. It was defended by a wall and ditch, which still remain, but its fortress, built by Suwarrow in 1793, is now used as a qua- rantine establishment. The city, with its 2 popu- lous suburbs, has 24 streets, mostly macadamized, but partly paved with granite ; all the houses are built of stone. Including the cathedral of St Nicholas, it has 22 churches, 16 barracks, 30 bridges (16 stone, and 14 wooden). Among its chief buildings is the bazaar, called "le petit Pa- lais Royal." It has handsome hotels, bath estab- lishments, and a theatre. The college Richelieu, founded 1817, had, in 1846, 32 teachers, and 191 students. Among its other educational establish- ments are a school for noble ladies, schools of navigation and commerce, and an ecclesiastical seminary, with cabinets of natural history. It has open boulevards, a botanic garden of celeb- rity, and several other public gardens. Its port is formed by two moles, bordered by a quay, on which a bronze statue of the Due de Richelieu is erected, in gratitude for his services in improv- ing the city. Odessa was founded in 1792. It affords a remarkable example of commercial pros- perity. In 1802, its pop. was only 9,000. It was made a free port in 1817. In 1837, its pop. had increased to 53,803 ; and in 1846, it amounted to 70,877. It is still rapidly increasing; 90 new houses, and 20 great magazines,^ were built in 1846, and in that year, 1,938 vessels entered its port. Its chief trade is in the export of Russian Eroducts, and the import of foreign goods. It as 2 steam navigation companies : one for the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov, and the Dneiper ; and the other for Constantinople and the ports of the Danube. Odeypoob, a state of W. Hindostan, subsid. to the British, its centre near lat. 24° N., Ion. 74° E., enclosed by the Joudpoor, Kotah, and Gwalior, doms. Estimated area 11,780 sq. m., and pop. 300,000 (?). Surface hilly, and well watered. Pro- ducts comprise sugar, indigo, tobacco, rice, wheat, timber, iron, copper, lead, and sulphur. In pros- perity and power this state is, however, inferior to Jeypoor and Joudpoor. Pop. very mixed, comprising many Rajpoots, Jauts, and Bheels. Principal cities Odeypoor and Chittoor. — Odey- poor, the cap., in a hollow surrounded by rugged hills, 145 m. S.W. Ajmere, and N.E. Ahmedabad, has externally a noble appearance, its marble buildings skirting a lake, from which it is pro- tected by an embankment, and it has extensive manufs. of toys, images, and carvings in stone and marble. — II. a town of British India, presid. Bengal, S.W. Ceded dists., 86 m. N.W. Sumbhul- poor. — III. a town of the Gwalior dom., 27 m. E. Seronge. Odiham, a market town and pa. of Engl., co. Hants, near the S.W. railway, 22 m. E.N.E. Win- chester. Area 7,650 ac. Pop. 2,817. The town, situated on the side of a chalk down, is pretty well built ; it has an ahns-honse, & other charities, some remains of a royal palace and park, and in the vicinity, the ruins of a castle in which David I., king of Scotland, was confined for 11 years, after his capture at Neville's Cross. Pop. partly employed in worsted spinning and silk winding. Markets, Friday. Lilly, the celebrated gram- marian, was born here in 1468. OnojBV, a fortified town of Russia, gov. and 40 m. S.W. Tula, cap. circ, on the Upa. Pop. 3,000. It has a considerable trade in corn and fiax. OT)0EHEr, a pa. of Irel., Munster, co. Kerry, 4m.N. Tralee. Area 7,227 ac. Pop. 3,142. Odowaba, a marit. town of Japan, island Nip- hon, on the E. coast, 40 m. S.W. Teddo, stated to contain 1,000 houses. Odbinka, a market town of Russia, gov. & 13 m. S.W. Kharkov. Pop. 1,800. Odezvpoi., or Odbziwol, a town of Poland^ palat. Saudomir, 16 m. N.E. Opoczno. Pop. 700. Odbtook, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 2J m. S. Salisbury. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 149. CE, for names commencing thus^ and notfound below, see O, as Oerebro. [Oeebeo.] Oedelem, a pa. and vill. of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 5^ m. E.S.E. Bruges. Pop. 3,500. Oedenbubg (Hng. Soprony, anc. Sempronium), a town of W. Hungary, cap. co., near Lalce Neu- siedl, 37 m. S.S.E. Vienna, with a station on the Raab branch of the Vienna and Cilly railway. Poj). (1845) 12,216, chiefly of German descent. Of its anc. fortifications only a huge watch tower, the loftiest in Hungary, remains. It has several fine Roman Catholic churches, a Calvinist churchy Dominican & Drsuline convents, Roman Catholic and Lutheran colleges, hospitals, barracks, a rid- ing school, military academy, and theatre, with manufs. of cotton and woollen goods, potash, nitre, tobacco, and refined sugar. It is an exten- sive mart for wine grown in the vicinity, corn, tobacco, wax, honey, and cattle. Numerous Roman antiquities have been discovered in and near the town. Oederah, a town of Saxony, circ and 32 m. N.E. Zwickau. Pop. 4,586, chiefly occupied m woollen and cotton weaving. Oedenbode (St), a vill. of the Netherlands', prov. N. Brabant, cap. cant., on the Dommel, 11 m. S.E. Bois-le-Duc. Pop, 900. It has large markets for cattle, Oehbihoeh, atown of Wurtemberg, circ. Jaxt, cap. dist., on the Ohr, 14 m. E.N.E. Heflbronn, with 3,150 inhabitants, a palace, the residence of the prince of Hohenlohe-Oehringen, a lyceum, and manufs. of cottons and carpets. Oeibas, a town of Portugal, prov. Estrema- dura, 9 m. W.S.W. Lisbon, at the mouth of the Tagus, and of the small river Oeiras. Pop. 3,360. — II. a city of Brazil, cap. prov. Piauhy, on an affl. of the Pamaiba, near lat. 7° 6' S., Ion. 42° 40' W. Pop., with dist., S.OOOi— III. a vill. of Brazil, prov. and about 140m. W.S.W. Para. Oeland, an island of Sweden, Baltic. [Olamd.] Oeii>e, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. & 25 m. E.S.E. Miinster. Pop. 1,760; Oelk, a town of E. Prussia. [Lick.] Oei,s, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 16 OEL 981 OH A m. E.N.E. Bresku, cap. circ, and of a media- tised principality, belonging to the D. of Bruns- wick, on the Oels. Pop. (1846) 6,010. It is en- closed by walls, and has a ducal castle, with a library and mnseums, Roman Catholic and Lu- theran churches, a theatre, a gymnasium, and manuiB. of woollens, linens, and paper. — 11. a mkt. town of Moravia, circ. & 24 m. N. W.Briinn. Pop. 1,750. Oelsnitz, a town of Saxoi^y, circ. Zwickau, on r. b. of the Elster, 6 m. S.E. Plauen. Pop. 4,187. It has manufe. of woollens, cottons, and leather. Oeno Island, Pacific Ocean, 90 m. N. Pit- cairn's Island, is in lat. 24° 1' S., Ion. 130° 41' W. Oesel (Esth. Kurre-Saar), au island of Russia, gov. Livonia, in the Baltic, mostly between lat. 57° 40' and 58° 14' N., and Ion. 21° 40' and 23° E. Area about 1,200 sq. m. Pop. (1838) 40,000, mostly Lutherans, with some German landed pro- prietors, and a few Swedes. Surface generally level and well watered, soil tolerably fertile. Wheat, rye, barley, oats, and peas, &c., sufficient for home consumption, are produced. Reaiing cattl^ horses, and sheep, and fishing, form the principal occupations of the inhabitants. The seal fisheries are of some importance. Principal town, Arensburg, on the S.E. coast. Oestebbeich, a country, Europe. [A.ustbia.] Oestkich, a market town of Germany, Nassau, on the Rhine, 11 m. W. Mayence. Pop. 1,751. Oesteingek, a vill. of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, 8 m. N.E. Bruchsal. Pop. 2,267. CEta (MotTNT), Greece, E. Hellas, gov. Phthio- tis, is 9 m. W. Thermopylae, and consists of a chain, the principal elevations of which are Ka- tabothra and Aninos, 7,061 feet above the sea, and commanding magnificent views over Hellas, Enbeea, and Thessaly. Oettihg, a town of Bavaria. [AxT-OErtiNG.] Oettinoen, a town of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, cap. dist., and principality, on the Wernitz, and on railway, 25 m. S. Anspach. Pop. 3,270. It has 2 palaces of the princes Oettingen-Spiel- berg, and mannik of woollen and cotton stuffs, Ofanto, Anfidas, a river of Naples, rises in the prov. Princip. Ult, dist. St Angelo dei Lombard!, 6 m. E. Monte Marano, flows E.N.E., separating theprovs. Basilicataand Ban from Capitanata, & enters the Adriatic 4 m. N.W. Barletta. Length 76 m. On its rt. b., near its mouth, was the scene of the famous battle of Canrwe, in which the troops of Hannibal totally defeated the Romans. Ofes, or Bu»A, Hungary. [Btjd a & Ait- Ofeh-] Offa's Dyke, an entrenchment traceable through the Enghsh and Welsh cos. Hereford, Shropshire, Montgomery, Denbigh, and Flint, from the Wye to the Dee, constructed by Offa, king of Mercia, to separate Engl, from the Welsh principalities. Offaona, a vill. of Central Italy, Pontif. sta., deleg. and 7 m. S.W. Ancona, near the Musone. Fop. 1,600. Offchdbch, a pa. of Engl., co. & 5 m. E.N.E. Warwick. Area 2,200 ac. Pop. 367. Offbhbach, a town of H.-Darmstadt, prov. Starkenburg, on 1. b. of the Main, here crossed by a bridge of boats, 4 m. S.E. Frankfiirt. Pop. (1846) 9,684. It has a castle the residence of the princes Isenburg-Birstein, several Lutheran churches, schools, and cabinets of natural his- tory. It is the chief manufacturing town of the duchy, having manufs. of hosiery, cotton fabrics, carpete, and other woollen fabrics, carriages, pipes, musical instruments, and jewellery. Offenbdeo, a town of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, cap. dist., on the Kinzig, and witli a station on the Basle and Mannheim railway, 17 m. S.S.W, Carlsriihe. Pop. 3,705. It is enclosed by walls, and has a gymnasium, a Franciscan convent, hospital, theatre, & a brisk transit trade. — II. a vill., Transyllvania, on the Aranyos, with a(\jacent gold, silver, and antimony mines. OffeniiaM, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, 2 m. N.N.E. Evesham. Area 1,000 ac. Pop^ 353. Offeklane, a pa. of Irel., Leinster, Queen's co., 3J m. W.S.W. Mountrath. Ac. 48,927. P. 10,491. Here are the ruins of S baronial castles. Offham, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, S\ m, S.W. Rochester. Area 670 ac. Pop. 368. Offida, a vill. of Central Italy, Pontif sta., deleg. and 8 m. N.E. Ascoli. Pop. 1,200. Offingen, or Markt-Okfingen, a market town of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, 9 m. N.N.E. Nord- lingen. Pop. 689. — II. a vill. of Wiirtemberg, circ. Danube, N.W. Biberach. Offlet, two pas. of England. — I. (Xxreai), co, Herts, 3 m. W.S.W. Hitchin. Area 5,160 ac Pop. 1,140 — II. (High), co. Stafford, 3^ m. S.W. Eceleshall. Area 3,520 ac. Pop. 658. Offoed, two contiguous pas. of England, co. Hunts.— I. (Cluny), 5 m. N.N.E. St Neot's. Area 960 ac. Pop. 301.— II. (Darcy), 4^ m. N.N.E. St Neot's. Area 1,920 ac. Pop. 306. Offeanville, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Seine-Inf., 4m. S.Dieppe. P. 1,610. Offton, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 4 m. S.S.W. Needham. Area 1,530 ac. Pop. 417. Offweli, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 2J m. E.S.E. Honiton. Area 1,200 ac. Pop. 438. Ogboukn, two pas. of England, co. Wilts. — I. [St Andrew), 2 m. N. Marlborough. Area 5,350 ac. Pop. 611.— II. (Si George), 3^ m. N. Marl- borough. Area 2,760 ac. Pop. 622. Osdensbdbo, a river port and vill. of the V. S., N. Amer., New York, on the St Lawrence, here crossed by a steam ferry, 168 m. N.N.W. Albany. Pop. 252. Ogechee, a river of the U. S., N. Amer., Georgia, rises 7 m. N.W. Greensborough, & flows S.E. into Ossabaw Sound, 10 m. N.E. Savannah, after a course of 200 miles, for 40 of which it is navigable. OoGEBSHEiM, a towu of Rheuish Bavaria, 12 m. N.N.W. Spires, with 1,645 inhabitants, Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, and a castle. Oggiono, a vill. of Lombardy, deleg. & 16 m. E. Como, on the bank of a small lake. P. 2,500. 0GI.B Point, N. America, iat. 68° 14' N. Ogliasteo, a vill. of Sicily, intend, and 12 m. S.S.E. Palermo. Pop. 1,800. Oqlio, a river of Austrian Italy, rises in the Rhsetian Alps, flows through the lake Iseo, and after a course of 130 m., joins the Po at Torre d'Oglio, 10 m. S.W. Mantua. During winter it floods the surrounding country, and the depth of its channel exceeds 20 feet. OoMOKE, a river of S. Wales, rising in the centre of co. Glamorgan, flows S.S.W, into the Bristol Channel. Chief affl., the Ewenny. Ogonnelloe, or O'Gonilioe, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Clare, 4 m. N.W. Killaloe. Area 9,926 ac, inolud. part of Lough Derry. P. 3,162. Ooubapooea, Agarapura, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, prov. Orissa, 75 m. N.N.W. Cuttack. Ogweh, two pas. of Engl., co. Devon. — I. (East), IJ m. S.W. Newton-Abbot. Area 730 ac. Pop. 356.— II. {West), 2^ m. W.S.W. New- ton-Abbot. Area 1,020 ac Pop. 61. Oiianez, a market town of Spain, prov. and 19 m. N.W. Almeria, in the S. slope of the Sierra Nevada. Pop. 2,346. 3 p OHE 962 OIS Oheteroa, an island, Pacific O., 280 m. S.W. Tahiti. Lat. 23° 34' S., Ion. 150° 13' W. Ohio, a large and important riv. of the TJ. S., N. Amer., formed by the junction of the Alleg- hany and Monongahela rivers, at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania; has thence a tortuous W.S.W. fcourse of 1,033 m., separating the states Virginia and Kentucky on the E. and S., from Ohio, In- diana, and Illinois N. and W. ; and joins the Mis- sissippi at Cairo near lat. 37° N., Ion. 89° W. At Pittsburg it is about 830 feet above the sea ; its course thence for 300 m. is between two ridges of hills. Near Louisville it passes through a mountain break, and forms rapids in which it descends 23 feet in 2 m. ; its course thenceforth is mostly through a level country, and its current is generaJly placid, being usually from 2 to 3 m. an hour. At Cincinnati it is 635 yards, and at its month about half a mile across ; but between October and January annually, and occasionally in summer, it is so augmented by floods that vessels drawing 12 feet of water can then navi- gate it downwards from Pittsburg. In winter it is annually frozen in the upper part of its course, which causes a suspension of navigation for 8 or 10 weeks. Principal affls. the Big-Beaver, Muskingum, Scioto, Miami, and Wabash from the N., the Kenawha, Sandy river, Kentucky, Green river, Cumberland, and Tennessee from the S. Its basin is estimated to comprise 196,000 sq. m., and with its tributaries it presents at least 5,000 m. of navigation through some of the most fertile countries in the world. On its banks are the towns Beaver, "Wheeling, Marietta, Point Pleasant, GallipoUs, Portsmouth, Cincinnati, Port ■William, Jefferson, and Louisville, where its falls are obviated by a canal navigable for steamers. Aggregate tonnage of its ports in 1838, amount- ed to 35,760 tons, almost wholly steam-boats. Ohio, one of the U. S. of N. Amer., between lat. 38° 23' and 41° 60' N., and Ion. 80° 3(y and 84° 47' W., having E. Pennsylvania & Virginia, S. Kentucky, W. Indiana, N. Michigan and Lake Erie. Area about 40,000 sq. m. Pop. (1850) 1,977,031. Surface mostly level, and in parts swampy ; but nearly 3-4ths are highly fertile, & 9-lOths supposed to be cultivable. Principal rivers the OMo, & its afBs. the Scioto, Miami, and Muskingum, and the Maumee, Sanduskj, & Cuyahoga. Between the Scioto and Miami are some wide prairies ; forests are extensive. Ohio is rapidly becoming a thickly settled country of moderate-sized freeholds, and as an agricultural and cattle rearing state, it ranks amongst the first in the Union. Wheat, maize, and barley are the chief crops; other products are, tobacco, hemp, flax, hay, potatoes, fruits, silk, and wine. Ho^s are reared in large numbers, and Cincin- nati is the largest pork market in the Union. Large droves of fat cattle are sent every autumn to the markets of the E. and S. The whole E. part of the State is one vast coal bed; other minerals are salt, lime, marble, and iron ore. Ohio takes the lead among the W. states for manufacturing industry. Cotton and woollen stuffs and yarn, iron, glass, and cabinet wares, paper, oils, and articles of clothing are made in all the principal towns. Ship and steam-boat building is important. The Ohio canal extends from Cleveland on Lake Erie to Portsmouth, & is, including branches, 334 m. in length; the "total canals in the State have an aggregate length of 1,559 m., and were constructed at a cost of upwards of 16,926,000 dollars. In 1848, there were 321 m. of railway in the State. Public rer. (1848) 2,212,240 dollars. Principal towns, Co- lumbus, the cap., Cincinnati, Cleveland, Chilli- cothe, Sandusky, Steubenville and Zanesville^ The first settlement in this State was made in 1788. In 1802, the State formed its constitution, and was admitted into the Union. Governor and senate elected biennially. The State sends two representatives to Congress. — II. Ohio, a co., in the N.W. part of Virginia, on the Ohio, cap. "Wheeling. Area 125 sq. m. Pop 13,357.-111. a CO., Kentucky, cap. Hartford. Area 576 sq. m. Pop. 6,592 IV. a tnshp., Pennsylvania, on the Ohio, 11 m. N.'W. Pittsburg. Pop. 1,631 V. Pennsylvania, co. and 10 m. S.W. Beaver. Pop. 1,273.— VI. Ohio, oo. Clermont. Pop. 2,895. — VII. [City), Ohio, on Lake Erie, at the month of the Cuyahoga, opposite Cleveland. Pop. 1,577. It is neatly built, and has several churches, and an iron foundry. Ohivaoa, the largest of the Mendana isls., Marquesas, Pacific O., 40 m. in circumference, Ohlad, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 17 m. S.E. Breslau, with a station on the railway to Vienna, cap. circ, on the Oder. Pop. (1846) 4,800. It has a royal palace, and raanufs. of woollen-cloths, paper, vinegar, and tobacco. Its fortifications were demolished in 1741. Ohedeofit, a fortified town of Germany, duciiy Saxe-Coburg, principality, and 8 m. S. Gotha, cap. dist. Pop. 4,311. It has a palace, a lyeeum, and manufs. of linen and woollen stu^, and por- celain, and trade in timber and cattle. In the vicinity are iron and copper forges and mines. Ohbe, a river of Germany, Prussian Saxony and Brunswick, joins the Elbe, 13 m. N.N.E. Magdeburg, after an E. course of 65 m. — The Ohm, Wurtemberg, is an affl. of the Kocher. OiCH (Loch), a lake of Scotland, co. Inver. ness, between Lochs Ness and Loohy, and form- ing the summit level of the Caledonian canal. Length N.E. to S.W. 6 m., average breadth 1 m. It receives the Glengarry riv., and empties itself into Loch Ness by the riv. Oieh. At the mouth of the Glengarry stand the ruins of an old castle, and near it the present mansion of Invergarry, residence of the late Macdonald of Glengarry. OisNON, or Ognon, a river of E. France, between the deps. H. SaSne and Doubs, joins the Saflne, 9 m. N. Auxonne, after a W.S.W. course of 80 m., through a picturesque country. OiKELL, a riv. of Scotland, rises in the pa. Assynt, co. Sutherland, and traversing two small lakes, flows mostly E.ward into the firth of Dornoch, after a circuitous course of 32 m. Principal affls. the Cassley, Shin, and the Carron. The upper part of its course is interrupted hy a series of wild cataracts, but the lower is navigable by boats from the sea to Kose hall. OiN,a small town of the Punjab, on the Cash- mere frontier, and on the Jhylum, lat. 31° 40' N., Ion. 73° 50' E. OiRA, a town of S. Italy, Naples. [Obia.] OiRSCHOT, atown of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, cap. dist., 1 3 m. S. Bois-le-Duc. P. 3,997. OiSE, Jsara, a riv. of France, rises by 2 streams, one near Chimay in Belgium, and the other near Eocroy in Ardennes (France). It flows S.W. past Guise, La Ffere, Chauny (where it becomes navigable), Noyon, Compeigne, Pontoise, & joins the Seine on right above Conflans, length 135 m. Affls. on 1. the Ain, on r. the Therain. It com- municates by canals with the Sambre, Scheldt, and Somme. OisB, a dep. of France, in the N.E., formed of the old provs. Ile-de-France & Picardie, between the deps. Aisne, Seine-et-Marne, Seine-et-Oise, Eure, Seine-Inf and Somme. Area 2,280 sq. m. OIS 9C3 OLD Pop. (1846) 406,028. It belongs almost entirely to the basin of the Seine, and is watered by the Oise, and its affl. the Ain and Therain ; the Epte on the W. separates it from the dep. Eure, and the Onrcq traverses it in the S.E. Surface ge- nerally flat. Soil fertile, and contains turf and marble. Agriculture is in a very advanced state, and grain is cultivated more than required for eonsamption. Wine is made of inferior quality, cider and beer are extensively used. The dep. contains several large forests, the largest being that of Compeigne. Cattle and sheep are nu- merous, and Paris is hence supplied with veal known as the veal of Pontoise. The principal manufs. are woollen goods, carpets, linens, calico, and lace. The dep. is divided into the arronds. Beauvais, Clermont, Compeigne, and Senlis. OissEAD, a comm. and market town of France, dep. and 4 m. N. Mayenne. Pop. 3,870. Oissel-shb-Seine, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Seine-lnf., with a station on the Paris and Havre railway, 8 m. S. Rouen. Pop. 3,149. OiST, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Pas-de- Calais, 17 m. E.S.E. Arras. Pop. 2,169. Ojalava, or Oyolava, one of the Navigators isls., Pacific Ocean, lat. 14° 2' 40' S., Ion. 171° 22' W., and for fertility and beauty stated to be comparable to Tahiti. Ojen, a vill. of Spain, prov. and 28 m. W.S.W. Malaga. Pop. 1,800. Its vicinity is highly pic- turesque. — Ojyares is the name of two contig- uous vills., prov. & S.W. Granada, on the Genii. Oka, an important river of Central Russia, rises in the gov. and about 40 m. S.W. Orel, flows through the govs. Tula, Kaluga, Moscow, Eiazan, Vladimir, and Nijnii-Novgorod, and joins the Volga at Nijnii-Novgorod, after a course of 6d0 m. Its basin is estimated to comprise 127,000 sq. m. of the richest part of the Russian dom. It receives the Upa, Jizdra, Moskva, Zna, and Kliazma rivers. Though rapid, it is navigable for almost its whole course; and at Tula it is connected with the Don by the Ivanovska canal. — II. a riv. of Siberia, gov. Irkutsk, joins the Angara at Bratsk, Course N. 500 m. Princip. affluent, the Ija. Okamuni>el, a diat. of W. Hindostan, forming the W. part of the peninsula of Gujerat. "Okanda, and Okasaki, two towns of ^apan, isl. Niphon; the former, 60 m. E.N.E. Yeddo; the latter on a riv. near the Gulf of Ovari, 132 m. S.W. Teddo, and stated to have a citadel and 1,800 houses. Okebuen, a pa. of England. rOoBOURW.] Okefobd-Fitzpaine, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 6 m. W.N.W. Blandford-Foram. Area 1,860 ac. Pop. 676. Okendon, two pas. of England, co. Essex. — I. (North), 6 m. B.S.E. Romford. Area 2,760 ae. Pop. 306 II. {South),.G^ m. W.N.W. Graves- end. Area 2,030 ac. Pop. 968. Okholm, a vill. of Denmark, duchy Schleswig, with a small harbour on the N. Sea, 5 m. N.W. Bredsted. Okhota, a riv. of Siberia, dist. Okhotsk, after a S.ward course of about 200 m. from the Stan- novoi mntns., enters the Gnlf of Okhotsk, at Okhotsk. It is navigable only for boats. Okhotsk, a prov. of E. Siberia, extending along the W. coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, betw. lat. 67° and 66° N., and Ion. 133° 30' and 166° E., havmg E. Kamtchatka and the Tchuktchi country, and W. and N. the gov. Yakutsk. Length W. to E. 1,100 m., average breadth 160 m. It is traversed throughout by the Stanovoi mntns., and has only some short rivs., the chief being the Okhota. Climate severe; rein-deer and dogs are the onW domestic animals. Prin- cipal products are futa and timber Okhotsk, the cap., is a marit. town on a surf-beaten and shingly beach bordering the Sea of Okhotsk, lat. 69° 20' N., Ion. 143° 14' E. Pop. 800, for- merly 2,000. It is now a wretched place, con- structed of wood, but has a government house, admiralty hospital, and large storehouses, it being the principal station of the Russo-Americaii company, and the chief entrepot for the Russian trade with Kamtchatka and N.W. America. Okhotsk (Sea of), an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, between lat. 60° and 60° N., and Ion. 137' and 155° E., having E. Kamtchatka, W. and N. the isl. Saghalin, & Eastern Siberia. It receives the waters of the Amoor, Si many smaller rivers ; and at its N.E. end are the gulfs of Ijighinsk Snd Penjinsk. It contains few isls., and its navigation is generally safe, but its N. shores are frozen up from November to April. Okhbida, a town of Albania. [Ochbida.] Oki, an island of Japan, off the W. coast of Niphon, lat. 36° 10' N., Ion. 133° E. Length 10 m., by 5 m. in breadth Ohiben is an isl. in Beh- ring Sea, lat. 64° 65' N., Ion. 172° 20' E. Okna, several small towns of European Tm-- key, &c. — I. Moldavia, on the Tatros, 30 m. N.N.W. Adjind II. Gt. Wallachia, N.E. Kim- pina.— III. (0-Mare), Little Wallachia, 5 m. S.W. Rimnik, with 2,000 inhabs., and 6 churches. Okosie, a small uninhabited isl. of Japan, W. of Jesso, lat. 42° 4' N., Ion. 139° 24' E. OtAND, or Oeland, an island of Sweden, near its S.E. extremity, Isen Kalmar, in the Baltic, separated from the mainland by Kalmar Sound. Length 85 m,, aver, breadth 7 m. Area 608 sq. m. Pop. 31,000. W. shore low, E. hilly ; except a small portion of land around the coast, is prin- cipally appropriated to pasturage. Fishing and navigation form the chief occupations of its in- habs. Forests rather extensive. About 300 hands are employed in an alum mine, the most import?, ant in Scandinavia, and the produce of which is estimated to be worth 60,000 dollars annually. Principal towns, Borgholm, the cap., on its E. side Little Oland is an isl. of Denmark, duchy Schleswig, between the mainland & the isl. Fohr. OtAEeuBS, a comm. and town of France, d^p. Herault, 11 m. N.E. St. Pons, on the Saur. Pop. 1,298. Olate (St), a pa. of Engl., co. and adjoining the city of York, N. Riding. Ac. 2,120. P. 1,979. Olbebnhau, a market town of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, 22 m. S.E. Chemnitz. Pop. 2,603. Olbebsdobf, a town of Austrian Silesia, circ. and 22 m. N.W. Troppau, on the Oppa. Pop. 700. It is enclosed by walls and has a palace. Old, or Wold, apa. of Engl., co. Northamp- ton, 8 m. W.N.W. Wellingborough. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 497. Oldbeebow, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, IJ m. W. Henley-in- Arden. Area 1,320 ac. Pop. 63. OLnnuRT, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Salop, 4 m. N.N.E. Halesowen. Area 1,140 ac. Pop. 142. —II. (On-the-Hill), co. Glo'ster, 6J m. W.S.W. Tetbury. Area 1,870 ac. Pop. 483.— Oldbury- an-Severn is a chapelry, co. Glo'ster, pa. and ZJ m. W.N.W. Thornbury. Pop. 894. Oldoastle, a pa. of Engl., co. Monmouth, 7 m. N.N.E. Abergavenny. Area 900 ac. Pop. 68. Oldoastle, or Clotynoe, a mkt. town & pa. of Irel., Leinster, co. Meath, 12 m. W.N. W. Kells. Area of pa. 7,908 ac. Pop. 5,079 ; do. of town, 1,608. It has extensive corn mills in the vicinity and the largest yarn trade in the county. OLD 961 OLE Oldcott, a tiiship. of Engl., oo. Stafford, pa. Wolstanton, 2 m. N.E. Newcastle-under-Lyne. Pep. 1,295. Olbeboobn, and Oibeeboek, two vills. of the Netherlds. — I. prov. Friesland, 12 m. S.E. Leeu- warden. Pop. 1,630. — II. prov. Gelderland, 3 m. S.E. Elburg. Pop. 3,770. Old-Eceicok, a town of Guinea, on the Old Calabar river, lat. 6° 40' N., Ion. 8° IC E. Oldehove, and Olhemabk, two vills. of the Netherlands. — I. prov. and 10 m. N.W. Gronin- gen. — II. prov. Overyssel, N.E. Kuinder. OtDENBUKO, a state of Germany, in the N.W., with the title of grand duchy, composed of three separate portions : 1st, the duchy of Oldenburg, which forms 8-9ths of the territory. It is sur- rounded by Hanover on the E., S., and W., and bounded N. by the North Sea, cap. Oldenburg ; 2d, the principality of Lubeck, or Eutin, enclosed in the duohj of Holatein (Denmark) ; and 3d, the principality of Birkenfeld, betw. Rhenish Prussia and H.-Homburg, cap. Birkenfeld. Area 2,421 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 278,909. Oldenburg lies in the basin of the North Sea, and is entirely flat. Chief rivers, the Weser, the 1. b. of which belongs to the duchy from Bremen to the sea ; the Hunte, Haase, and Jahde. Liibeck is also flat, and bor- ders on the Baltic, but Birkenfeld forms an in- clined plain between the chain of the Idarwald and the course of the Nahe, which waters its S. frontier ; its highest point is 2,300 ft. in elevation. Climate resembles that of the Netherlands. Soil in general fertile, but in several places are extensive sand dunes & marshes. Corn raised insufficient for consumption. Pasturage excellent ; horses, cattle, and sheep, extensively reared. Manufs. confined to linen weaving, and coarse woollens. —Oldenburg, the cap., is situated at the confl. of the Hunte with the Haaren, which here forms a small port, SO m. W.S.W. Hamburg. Pop. (1846) 7,829. It is the residence of the grand duke, and has a gymnasium, a military & a normal school, and a library of 16,000 vols. Chief edifices, the castle of the grand duke, palace of the princes, and the church of St Lambert OLnENDORF, a town of Central Germany, in a detached part of the Hessen-Cassel territory, on left bank of the Weser, 26 m. S.W. Hanover. Pop. 1,363. Oldenswobth, a vill. of Denmark, duchy Schleswig, 6 m. S.W. Husum. A convention was concluded here between Peter the Great and Frederick iv. of Denmark in 1713. OiBENzAAL, a town, Netherlands, prov. Over- yssel, cap. dist., 10 m. E.N.E. Delden. P. 2,882. Oldesloe, atown of Denmark, duchy Holstein, on the Trave, 24 m. N.E. Hamburg. Pop. 3,000. Near it are saline baths, and royal salt works, producing annually 7,000 tons of salt. Oldham, a pari, bor., & manuf. town of Engl., CO. Lancaster, pa. Prestwich, on Manchester and Leeds railway, 7 m. N.E. Manchester. Pop. 60,109. It is built on an eminence, ; has a hand- some modern Gothic church, R. Catholic chapel, an elegant town hall, news room, market house, several banks, a mechanics' institute, and among its numerous schools, a blue coat school, endoi^-el l3y the late Mr. Henshaw, hat manufacturer,. witJi 70,000?. Oldham, although but a small hamlet in 1760, is now the princip. seat of the hat manuf. in England, & has also large manufs. of fustians, velyeteens, cords, calicoes, and silks. The number of cotton mills within the pa. in 1838 was 200. In the vicinity are extensive and excellent collieries, furnishiiig the principalsupply of Maji- chester, to which city there is. a canal. , i. Market, Saturday. The bor. sends 2 mems. to H. of C, Reg. elects. (1847) 1,704. Oldham, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in N. of Ken- tucky. Area 220 sq. m. Pop. 7,380. Oldhamstooks, a marit. pa. of Scotland, cob. Haddington and Berwick, 7 m. S.S.E. Dunbar, Pop. 604, of whom 138 are in the vill., partly ,em. ployed in coal mines. It has 2 ann. cattle fairs. Oldisleben, a vill. of Saxe Weimar, cap. dist., on the TJnstrut, 24 m. N.N. W. Weimar. P. 1,396. Oldland, a chapelry of Engl., co. Glo'ster,pa. Bitton, 6i m. E. Bristol. Pop. 5,708. Oldnev Island and Bav, Scotland, co. and off the W. coast of Sutherland, pa. Assynt, flank- ing the S. side of the entrance to Loch Assynt. The isl. 1 m. in length, lies about J m. from the coast. Old Pbovidence, an isl. of the Caribbean Sea, belonging to New Granada, 100 m. E. the Mos- quito coast. Lat. of its centre peak (1,190 feet in height), 13° 21' N., Ion. 81° 22' W. Shape oval ; breadth 2J m., length 41 m. S. to N., where it is separated by a narrow channel from the isl. Santa Catalina. Pop. (1845) 342, who speak mostly English. Surface hilly, but fertile ; pro- visions are plentiful, and about 30,000 lbs. of cot- ton, with tortoise-shell and hides, are exported annually. On its N. side is the vill. Isabel, with the chief anchorage. This island was a noted station in the times of the buccaneers. . Old Tovf n, a tnshp., TJ. S., N. Amer., Maine, on Penobscot river, 80 m. N.N.E. Augusta. Poo. 2,342. On an island in the riv. here, the Penobr scot Indians have a settlement, and a R. Catholic churcii. Oleeba, a town of British India, Scinde, 6 m. N. Khyerpoor, on the route from Shikarpoor. Oleqgio, a town of N. Italy, Piedmont, div prov. and 10 m. N. Novara. Pop. (1838) with comm. 7,420. — Oleggio Castella, a comm. in the same prov., has 805 inhabitants. Olekma, a riv. of Siberia, gov. Yakutsk, after a N. course of nearly 400 m., joins the Lena opposite the vill. Olekminsk. Olenek, a riv. of Siberia, gov. Yakutsk, enters the Arctic 0. 110 m. W. of the W. mouth of the Lena, after a N. course of 800 m. At its mouth is the vill. Ust-Olensk, and on it Mikhailova. Olenii, a headland, W. Siberia, gov. Tobolsk, on the Arctic Ocean, at the entrance of the Gulf of Obe, lat. 72° 40' N., Ion. 73° 30' E. Ol£eon (Isle of), Uliarus, an isl. off the W. coast of France, dep. Charente-Inf., opposite the mouth of the Charente. Lat. 43° 11' N., & Ion. r 20' W. Shape oval ; length 20 m., breadth 5 m., circ. 40 m., having at its N.W. extremity the lightho. of Chassu^on, which marks the entrance to the Strait of Antioche, dividing it from the isl. m. Pop. 16,908. On its S.E. side is the cap. town Chateau d'Oleron. [Olobon.] j Olesa, Subricata, a town of Spain, prov. and 18 m. N.W. Barcelona, on the Llobregat. Pop. 2,634. It has manufs. of woollen cloths. -" Olesko, a vill. of Austrian Poland, GallciSi circ. Zloczow, 27 m. E.N.E. Lemberg. Pop^ l,250i It is the birth-place of King John Sobieski. ' Oletxa, a vill. of Corsica,,cap.cant.,7 m.S.Wi Ba$tia.-r-rP2eKe is a comm. &.v!ll> of France, dep. E. Pyrenees, pap. cant., onthe Tet,9m. W.S.Wi Prades, with sulphur springs. Pop. 1,069. Oletzko, a town of E. Prussia, i:eg..aiiid 41 nt S.S.E. Gumbinnen, on L. Oletzko. Pop. 2,950. Olevano, several towns of Italy.— I. Pontif. Sta., comarca and 29 m. E. Rome. Pop. 3,500. It is situated on a rocky hilli amidst fine sceneryJ Principal edifices, a castle; a church, & theruinS OLE 965 OLO of an imperial villa. — II. Naples, prov. Princip.- Citra, 16 m. E. Salerno. Pop. 1,900.-111. a mkt. town of Piedmont, div. Novara, prov. Lomellina, i m. S.S.W. Mortara. Pop. of comm. 1,165. Olevsk, a mkt. town of Russian Poland, gov. Volhynia, 100 m. N.N.W. Jitomir. Pop. 1,500. Olet, a tnsh., U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, 62 m. E. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,877. Olgopol, a town of Russian Poland, gov. Po- dolia, 110 m. E.S.E. Eaminiecz, cap. dist., on the Savranka, with potash works and distilleries. Pop. 1,700. Oliabos, Grecian Archip. [Antiparos.] Oliena, a vill. of the isl. of Sardinia, div. Cag- Uari, prov. and 6 m. S.E. Nuoro. Pop. 2,874. Oliete, a town of Spain, prov. and H m. N.E. Teruel. Pop. 2,012. Olif ant's Kiveb, two rivers of S. Africa, Cape colony. — I. (or Elephanfs River)j dist. Clanwil- liam, enters the Atlantic O., in lat. 31° 38' S., Ion. 18° 12' W. Length probably 160 m. Its mouth is greatly clogged by rocks. Chief affls., the Great Doorn and Hantam. — II. dist. George, tributary to the Ganritz, which it joins after a W. course of 167 miles. Olinda, a city of Brazil, prov. Pemambuco, & formerly its cap., 4 m. N. Recife. Pop. (1845) 8,000. It is beantifhlly situated on a wooded hill, & has many white and massive buildings, with a cathe- dral, and several other fine churches, a bishop's Ealace, hospital, and botanic garden ; a school of Lw, with a pnbUc library, instituted 1830, and a Jesuit college. [Recife.] OuTB, a town of Spain, prov. Navarra, 27 m. S. Pamplona. Pop. 2,748. It has vestiges of old walls, an old royal palace, and two annual fairs. Olitta, a town of Russian Poland, gov. and 50 m. W.S.W. Vilna, on the Niemen. Pop. 2,000. Oliutorsk, a vDl, of Kamtchakta, on its N.E. coast, at the mouth of the Oliutorsk river, in Oliutorsk bay, which is bounded E. by Cape Oliu- torsk in lat. 59° 57' N., Ion. 170° 19' E. OtrvA, Ad Statuas, a town of Spain, prov. and 43 m. N.E. Alicante, on a hill side, 6* m. from the Mediterranean. Pop. 5,615. It has an hospital, an ancient palace, and manufs. of hempen and linen cloths II. (O. de Jerez), prov. and 30 m. S. Badajos. Pop. 4,098. — III. a town of the isl. Lanzarote (Canaries). Pop. 2,132. Oliva, a vill. of W. Prussia, reg. circ, and 5 a. N.W. Danzig. Pop. 1,765. A peace between the Swedes & Poles was concluded here in 1660. OiivAEES, a town of Spain, prov. and 10 m. W. Sevilla. Pop. 1,946. Olive, two townships, U. S., N. America. — I. New York, 72 m. S.S.W. Albany. Pop. 2,023.— II. Ohio, 96 m. S.E. Columbus. Pop. 1,652. Ouveiba, two vills., Portugal, prov. Beira. — I. (do Bairro), 10 m. S.E. Aveiro. Pop. 2,000.— II. (do Conde), 16 m. S.W. Viseu, with 2,500 in- habitants, and a Latin school. OiivESZA, or Olivenoa, a fortified town of Spain, prov. and 16 m. S S.W. Badajoz, on 1. b. of the Gnadiana, near the Portuguese frontier. Pop. (1846) 7,687. It stands in a fertile plain, and has a brisk trade in wines, oil, and corn. From the treaty of its cession to Spain by Portugal in 1801, Godoy acquired his title of " Prince of the Peace." It was taken by the French in 1811. Olivenza, a town of Brazil, prov. and 130 m. S.S.W. Bahia, on the Atlantic. Pop. 1,600. Oliver, a township of the IT. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, co. MitBin. Pop. 1,907. Olivet, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Loiret, 3 m. S. Orleans, on the Loiret. Pop. 1,179. It has paper mills, and a brisk trade in wine. Oliveto, two towns of Naples. — I. prov. Prin- cipato-Cit., dist. and 6J m. E.N.E. Campagna. Pop. 3,700. — II. prov. Basilicata, dist. and 25 m. W.S.W. Matera. Pop. 960. Olkhon, the principal isl. in the Lake Baikal, Siberia, gov. and 140 m. N.W. Irkutsk. Length, N. to S., 45 m., breadth 16 m. Olkovatka and Olkovka, two market towns of Russia I. gov. and 69 m. E.N.E. Kharkov. Pop. 1,900.-11. gov. and 130 m. S.S.W. Saratov. Olkusz, a town of Poland, cap. obwod., 23 m. W.N.W. Cracow. Pop. 1,360. Ollap, one of the Caroline islands. Pacific. Lat. 7° 37' 17' N., Ion. 149° 30' E. Ollebia, a town of Spain, prov. and 46 m. S.S.W. Valencia. Pop. 3,662. It has two pa. churches; manufs. of linens, & brandy distilleries. Olleeton, a mkt. town of Engl., co. Notts, pa. Edwinstowe, 19 m. N.N.E. Nottingham. P. 777. Olliergues, a comm. and town of France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, cap. cant., on the Dore, 10 m. N.W. Ambert. Pop. 2,000. Ollioules, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Var, cap. cant., 4 m. W. Toulon, at the foot of a defile called the Vaux d' Ollioules. Pop. 1,920, partly employed in cultivating olives, whence its name. Olm (Nieder and Oher), two contig. vills. of Germany, H.-Darmstadt, prov. Rhenish Hessen, 7 m. S.S.W. Mayence. United pop. 2,360. Olmedo, a town of Spain, prov. and 25 m. S. Yalladolid, enclosed by ruined walls, & in decay, with brandy distilleries. Pop. 1,856. Olmeto, or Olometo, a town of the island of Corsica, 16 m. S.S.E. Ajaccio. Pop. 2,010. Olmutz (Moravian Holomauo), a strongly for- tified city of Moravia, and formerly its cap., now cap. circ, on the March, & on railway from Bres- lau to Vienna, 40 m. N.E. Briinn. Pop. in 1845 (excluding garrison) 12,660. Its fortifications are very extensive, and the city is well built. Prin- cipal edifices, a fine Gothic cathedral, with the tomb of its founder, Wenceslaus iii. of Bohemia, and several other handsome churches, the arch- bishop's palace, deanery, town hall, theatre, ar- senal, barracks, several hospitals and orphan asylums, and a large conventual establishment. Its university, founded in 1581, and restored in 1827, has a library of 60,000 volumes and 700 (?) MSS., and in 1842 was attended by 659 students. Here are also a college, diocesan school, academy for nobles, military, and various other schools, manufs. of woollen, linen, and cotton fabrics, earthenwares, leather, & vinegar, and a transit trade in cattle, Olmutz was taken by the Swedes in the 30 years' war, and besieged by Frederick the Great in 1768. Lafayette was confined in it for many years from 1794. It was the place of refuge of the late Emperor of Austria, in his second flight from Vienna, and here he ab- dicated on 2d December 1848. Olnet, a market town and pa. of England, co. Bucks, on the Ouse, here crossed by a 4 arched bridge, 10 m. W.N. W. Bedford, and with a station on a branch of the London and N.W. railway. Areaof pa. 3,140 ac. Pop. 2,437. The town is delightfiilly situated & well built ; it has a large Gothic church, with a lofty spire. Silk weaving, with manufs, of hosiery and lace, employ the pop. Market, Monday. The poet Cowper long resided at Weston, in the vicinity. Olona, a riv. of Lombardy, enters canal Na- viglio Grande, near Milan, Under the French it gave its name to a dep, of the Kingdom of Italy, Olonetz, a gov. of^N. Russia, between lat. 60° and 64° 30' N., and Ion. 29° and 41° 30' E., hav^ OLO OM'E ing N. Archangel, S. Vologda, and W. Finland. Area estimated at 61,078 sq. m. Pop. (18i6) 263,100. Surface in the N. and W. marshy, and covered with vast fqi'ests. Principal rivers, the Onega, Schuia, Siina, and Svir. It contains nu- merous lakes, the principal being Onega & Vigo. Agriculture is so much neglected, that in 1833, only 280,000 quai'ters of corn, chiefly barley and rye, were produced, a quantity only half sufficient for home consumption. Hemp and flax are raised, but not for exportation, and the extensive forests form the principal source of wealth de- rived from the land. Pasturage is not abundant, and few cattle or horses are reared. Iron, cop- per, silver, marble, and granite, are found, but are little turned to advantage, and except a royal cannon foundry, and a few tanneries and forges, no manufacturing establishments exist here. Raw produce is exported to St Petersburg and Archangel, whence corn, salt, spirits, & colonial and manufacturing goods, are imported. The inhabitants mostly belong to the Greek or Lu- theran churches, but some remain Pagans. The government is subdivided into 7 dists. Principal towns are Petrozavodsk, Olonetz, and Kargopol. — Olonetz, the cap., is situated at the confl. of two rivers, tributaries to Lake Lagoda, 110 m. N.E. St Petersburg. Pop. 3,000, exclusive of its suburbs. It has eight churches, a custom house, and various public magazines. Olonne, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Vendfe, near the Atlantic, 3 m. N. Les Sables d'Olonne, with a small port, and 1,900 in- habitants. — Olonzac is a coram, and town, dep. Herault, cap. cant., on the canal du Midi, 15 m. W.N.W. Narbonne. Pop. 1,347. Olokon, Ibiro, a comm. and town of France, cap.arrond., dep. B. Pyrenees, 15 m. S-W. Pan, at the confl. of the Aspe & Ossau. Pop. (1846) 5,456. It is a tribunal of commerce, and has trade in wool, horses, and timber for the marine. Clot, a town of Spain, prov. and 21 m. N.W. Gerona, on the Fluvia. Pop. (1845) 12,070. It is situated at the foot of a range of volcanic hills, and has several good squares and streets, 2 pa. churches, cavalry barracks, and an hospital, with active manufs. of cotton goods and woollen caps, tanneries, soap factories, and paper mills. Near it are numerous caverns, and extinct volcanic craters, 14 distinct cones being found close to the town, the largest 1 m. in cire. & 445 ft. in depth. A destructive earthquake occurred here in 1421. Olpar (Hind. TJlupara),a.tOYm of British India, presid. Bombay, dist. and 7 m. N. Surat. Olpe, a town of Prussian ■Vfestphalia, reg. and 28 m. S.S.W. Arensberg, cap. oirc. Pop. 1,950. OiEiOK., or Or.Kio,amarit. pa. of Scotland, co. Caithness, E.N.E. Thurso, comprising the vill. of Castletown. Area 15J sq. m. , Pop. 1,584. Olsene, a oomm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, on the Lys, with a station on the railw. to Tournay, 14 m. S.S.W. Ghent. Pop. 2,100. Olshana, two market towns of Russia I. gov. and 15 m. W.N.W. Kharkov, with 2,000 m- habitants, and some well frequented fairs.— II. gov. and 89 m. S.S.E. Kiev. — Olshansk is a mkt. town, gov. & 68 m. S.S.W. Voroniej. Pop. 1,700. Olszanv, a market town of Russian Poland, gov. Vilna, 13 m. S. Oshmiana. Pop. 1,800. Olxen, a small but flourishing town of Swit- zerland, cant, and 20 m. E.N.E. Soleure, on the Aar, and at the junction of routes from Basle, Zurich, Lucerne, and Neuohatel. Pop. 1,500. OivA, a town of Spain, prov. and 22 m. S.E. Ternel, on the Myares. Pop. 1,611. OivENSTADT, a vUl. of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 4 m. W.N.W. Magdeburg. Pop. 2,100. Olveka, XHpa, a town of Spain, prov. and 67 m. N.E. Cadiz. Pop. 6,116, chiefly engaged in preparing olive oil, and in linen weaving. Oltestok, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 3i m. S.W. Thornbury. Area 3,990 ac. Pop. 1,726. Olviopol, a town of Russia, gov. and 137 m. N.W. Kherson, cap. dist., on the Bug. Pop. 2,600. It has a strong citadel. OiYMPUs (Mount), a mountain range of Thes- saly, on the border of Macedonia, its summit, famed by Homer and other poets as the throne of the gods, is 30 m. N. Larissa, in lat. 40° 4' 32' N., Ion. 22° 25' E. Estimated height, 9,745 feet. — II. Asia Minor, Anatolia, 8 m. S.W. Bmsa. Om, a riv. of Asiatic Russia, gov. Tomsk, after a S.W. course of 330 m., joins the Irtish at Omsk. Omaoh, a market town of Irel., Ulster, cap. co. Tyrone, 27 m. S. Londonderry. Pop. 2,947. It is on a steep declivity, and mostly well built and clean. It has the remains of an old castle, which gave name to the town, an elegant county court house, of Grecian architecture, co. jail, barracks, workhouse, fever hospital, with aflourishing linen, corn, & general trade. Markets weekly. Fairs first Tuesday of every month, and it is the seat of the courts of assize for the co. The town was destroyed by fire in 1689, and again in 1743. Oman, a country of Arabia, in the S.E., between the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea, or Sea of Oman, and forming the central part of the Mus- cat dom. It is " a desert thickly studded with oases," having among its mountains many fertile valleys, though only a small proportion of its extent is cultivable. Chief towns, Rostak, Mus- cat, and Bireimah. Omate, a volcanic summit of the Andes, S. Peru, dep. and 60 m. S.E. Arequipa. Ombay, an island of the Malay Archipelago, N. of Timor. Lat. 8° 15' S., Ion. 125° E. Length, E. to W., 50 m., greatest breadth 30 m. Omeekslet, a pa of Engl., co. Worcester, 4 m. W. Droitwich. Area 6,740 ac. Pop. 2,267. Omblie, a pa. of Norway, stift Christiansand, 23 m. N.W. Arendal. — Omboe is an island in Bukke-flord, amt. and 20 m. N.E. Stavanger. Ombbone, Uvibro, a river of Italy, Tuscany, rises in the Apennines, 10 m. £. Sienna, flows S. past Grosseto, & 10 m. below that town enters the Mediten-anean, after a course of 75 m. Cluef affluent, the Orcia, rising near Radicofani. Omegna, a market town of Piedmont, div. Novara, prov. Pallanza, cap. mand., at the N. ex- tremity of Lake Orta. Pop. (with comm.) 1,459. Omeb (St), a comm. & fortified town of France, dep. Pas-de- Calais, cap. arrond., 22 m. S.E. Calais, on the Aa, at the mouth of the canal of Neuf- Foss^e, and on the railway from Arras and Lille to Calais. Pop. (1846) 18,424. It is surrounded by irregular fortifications, and defended by fort Notre Dame. It is a tribunal of commerce," and has a comm. college, and a library of 20,000 vols., a cathedral of the 14th century, with the tomb of its founder St Omer ; and manufs. of coarse wool- lens, pipes, and paper. St Omer was taken by Louis XIV. in 1677. During the first revolution, it was called Morin la Montagne. Birth place of the abb^ Segur. Near it are extensive marshes, whence great quantities of tnrf are extracted. Omeekote, a town of Scinde, in the Indian desert, 90 m. E. Hyderabad, with a fort formerly containing treasure of the Ameers of Scinde, who took it from the rajah of Joudpoor in 1813. It is the birth-place of the emperor Akbar. Omebkuntuc (Hind. Amara-Cantaea), a fa- O M E 967 OM mou.s place of Hiudoo pilgrimage, centre of Dec- can, India, dom. Berar, 28 in. S.W. Ruttunpoor. Oheta, a town of Britisli India, prov. Gigerat, 20 m. E. Cambay. OuGTEPE, a volcanic island of Central Amer., state and in the Lake Nicaragua, towards its S. W. side. Length 20 m., breadth 7 to 8 m. It consists of two granitic mountains, one rising to 5,252 feet above the Atlantic, and both densely Tjooded. On it are the two vills. Ometepe and Mayagalpa, with a pop. of 1,700, and numerous ancient Mexican sepulchres. Omet, or Umma, a pa. of Irel., Connanght, co. Galway, including the town of Clifden. Area 20,836 ac. Pop. 7,953. Ommasnet (Cape), Bussian Amer., is the S. point of King Geo. iii. Archipelago, at the en- trance to Chatham Sound. Lat. 66° 10' N., Ion. 134° 34' W. Ommen, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Overyssel, cap. cant., on the Vecht, 14 m. E. Zwolle. Pop. 2,066. Ohoa, a marit. viil. of Central America, state Honduras, on the bay of Honduras, 15 m. E. the month of the river Motagua. Most of the im- ports destined for Guatemala and San Salvador, are received at this port. Climate unhealthy. Pop. chiefly mulattoes. Ohoe, an islet of Denmark, in the S. part of the Great Belt, 4 m. S. W. Seeland. Length 5 m., breadth 1 ra. Pop. 200. Omolon, a river of E. Siberia, prov. Yakutsk, joins the Kolyma, 80 m. S.W. of its mouth in the Arctic Ocean. Ohbah, a fortified town of Hindostan, prov. Bundelcund, dom. of Jaloun, 26 m. E. Ditteah. Omsk, a fortified town of Asiatic Bussia, for- merly cap. of a gov., now divided between those of Tobolsk and Tomsk, in a sandy treeless plain, on the Irtish, at the confi. of the Cm, Lat. 54° 67' N., Ion. 73° 40' E. Pop. 11,340, many being European exiles. It has a military school, founded by the emperor Alexander, for 250 pupils, who are instructed in the Kirghiz and Mongol languages, drawing, and geography; a Cossack school, a hospital, manufs. of military clothing, and some handsome public buildings. In civil jurisdiction it is subordinate to Tobolsk, but it has latterly superseded that city as the virtual cap. of W. Siberia, and the seat of gov. " for the gradual subjugation of the Kirghiz." OMiTif, a town of Guinea, cap. a territory on an island in the Old Calabar or Cross riv. Lat. 6° 9' N., Ion. 8° 16' E. Estimated pop. 5,000. OnaUi, a town of Hindostan, prov. Malwa, Gwalior dom., 18 m. N.N.W, Oojein. OsALEGO, one of the Marquesas isls., Pacific O. OSate, a town of Spain, prov. Guipuscoa, 30 m. E.S.E. Bilbao. Pop. 4,236. It has a fine town hall, 3 pa. churches, an hospital, university, and college. Iron is wrought in the neighbouring mountains, & within the town are iron foundries, nail factories, and gun manufs. Onda, a town of Spain, prov. & 10 ra. W.S.W. Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 4,517. It has ma- nufactures of earthenware and tiles. Ondabeoa, a marit. town of Spain, prov. Biscay, 18 m. N.E. Bilbao, on the Bay of Biscay. P. 1,173. Onecote, a chapelry of Engl., co. Stafford, 4 m. E.S.E. Leek. Pop. 427. A copper mine was formerly wrought here. ONEcnow, or Onihow, one of the Sandwich isls., in the Pacific, S.W. Atooi, in lat. 21° 62' N., Ion. 160° W., & famous for its yams, fruit, & mats. Onega, a river of Russia, govs, Olonetz and Archangel, rises in the lake Latcha. and after a N. course of 250 m., enters the Gulf of Onega at its S.E. extremity. AfHs., the Voloshka.Mosha, & Kena. Nums. falls render it innavigable, but in spring many rafts are floated on it to the sea. Onega (Lake), a lake of Bussia, the next in size to that of Ladoga, fi'om which it is distant 85 m. N.E., in the centre of the gov. Olonetz, mostly between lat. 60° 62' and 62° 63' N., and Ion. 34° IS' and 36° 12' E. Length 140 m., breadth 30 to 46 m. Area loosely estimated at 3,400 sq. m. It receives 10 rivers, the principal being tJie Vodla, and discharges itself at its 5 W. extremity by the Svir into Lake Ladoga. Shores generally rocky, and present several deep bays and gulfs, and in it are numerous isls., especially near its N. extremity. Many shoals render its navigation dangerous, although it is less subject to storms than Lake Ladoga. Onega, a town of Russia, gov, and 85 m. S.W. Archangel, cap. dist., at the mouth of the Onega river, in the Gulf of Onega. Pop. 1,800. Onega (Golf of), the most S. portion of the White Sea, mostly between lat. 63° SO' & 65° N., Ion. 34° 30' and 38° E. Length and greatest breadth about 90 m. It receives the rivs. Onega, Kemi, &c. At its mouth is the isl. Solovitzki. Oneglia, a town of Sardinia, div. and 41 m. E.N.E. Nice, cap. prov., on the Gulf of Genoa, near the mouth of the Impero. Pop. of comm. 5,500. It has remains of fortifications, destroyed by the French in 1792, some decaying churches 6 convents, a college, and a small port. Andrea Doria, the celeb. Genoese admiral, was born here, Onehouse, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 2} m. W.N.W. Stowmarket. Area 1,300 ac. Pop. 303. Here is a large house of industry. Oneida (Lake), U. S., N. America, state New York, is 14 m. W. Rome. Length 23 m., breadth from 4 to 6 m. It receives several affls., includ- ing the Oneida from the N.W., and discharges its surplus waters W. into the Oswego river. It gives name to several townships, and to the co. Oneida. Area 1,101 sq. m. Pop. 86,310. Chief towns, Utica, Rome, and Whitesborough. Onekotan, one of the Kurile isls., off the S. extremity of ECamtchatka, between the Pacific O. and Sea of Okhotsk. Lat. 49° 24' N., Ion. 156° E. Length 30 m., breadth 15 m. Near it are three extinct volcanoes. Onelev, a hamlet of Engl., co. Northampton, pa. Barley, 7 m. N.N.W. Daventry. Pop. 040. Oneonta, a tnshp.,U. S., N. Amer., New York, on the Susquehanna, 20 m. S. Cooperstown. Pop. 1,936. Ongab (Chipping), a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., CO. Essex, on the Roding, here crossed by a 3 arched bridge, lOi m. W.S.W. Chelmsford. Area of pa. 480 ac. Pop. 870. The town, pretty well built, has a mkt. house, union workhouse, and some vestiges of a castle. Mkt., Saturday. — Sigh Ongar is a pa. IJ m. E.N.E. the above. Area 4,130 ac. Pop. 1,240. Ongole, a town of Brit. India, presid. and 170 m. N. Madras, cap. a subdivision of the dist. Nel- lore, irregularly and meanly built, but having a stone fort on the margin of a fine lake. Onibdby, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 4J m. N.W Ludlow. Area 2,220 ac. Pop. 368, Onikszti, a mkt. town of Russian Poland, gov. and 65 m. N.N.W. Vilna. Pop. 1,650. Onil, a town of Spain, prov, and 25 m. N.W. Alicante. Pop. 2,690. It has manufs. of woollens. Onion, a river of U. S., N. America, Vermont, flows S. and S.W. to Montpelier, thence N. to its entrance into L. Champlaiu, 5 m. N.W, Burling- ton. It has falls which afford good water-power, ONI OOS Ofiis, or Onsa, an isl. of Spain, at the entrance of the bay of Pontevedra, lat. 42° 20' 00" N.,lon. 8° 55' W. Length 2 m., breadth 1 m. Surface uneven ; shores steep, & it has several harbours defended by batteries. Onsaino, a town of France, dep. Nord, 4 m. N.E. Valenciennes. Pop. 3,420. Chicory is ex- tensively grovf n in its yioinity» its cultivation in France having been first attempted here. Ono, the largest of a group of the Friendly Isls., Pacific Ocean, lat. 18° 65' S., Ion. 178° 25' W, Onod, a mkt. town of Hungary, co. Borsod, on the Sajo, an affl. of the Tbeiss, 4a m. N.W. De- breczin. Pop. 2,840. It is memorable fbr a san- guinary battle with the Tartars in 1241, and a gathering of Raliotzi insurgents in 1707. Onon, a river of Mongolia and Asiatic Kussia, gov. Irliutslc, after a N.W. course of 380 m., joins the Ingoda, 40 m. W. Nertchinslf, to form the Shilka, a tributary of the Amoor. Onosbasa, a CO. of the U. S., N. America, on the Erie canal, and containing Lake Onondaga, with the vills. SaKna, Syracuse, Liverpool, and Geddes. Area 711 sq. m. Pop. 67,911. It has a large trade in salt, from the salt springs on the borders of the lake. — 11. a tnshp. in this eo., 5 m. S.S.W. Syracuse. Pop. 6,658. Onbust, a small isl. of the Malay Archipelago, off the N. coast of Java, near Batavia, with the Netherlands gov. ship-building yard. Onslow, a vlU. of Nova Scotia, at the head of Mines bay, 51 m. N.N.E. Halifax. — II. a co. of U. S., N. America, in S.E. part of N. Carolina. Area 720 sq. m. Pop. 7,627. — Onslow bay, North Carohna, extends for 80 m. between Capes Fear and Lookout. Ontanaqon, a river of N. America, flowing into Lake Superior on its S. side. In its bed a mass of native copper was discovered, weighing at least 6,000 lbs., and now in the National In- stitute at Washington. OuTABio (Lake), themostE. of the great lakes of N. America, between the State New Tork and Upper Canada. Lat. 43° 10' to 44° 16' N., Ion. 76° to 80° W. Length, W. to E., 180 m., breadth varies to 60 m. Area 6,300 sq. m. ; height of surface level, 333 feet below that of L. Erie, and 232 fbet above the tide level in the St Lawrence. Aver, depth 600 feet. Near its S.W. extremity, it receives Genessee, Oswego, and Trent rivers, and near its S.W. extremity the Niagara river from L. Erie ; the river St Lawrence leaves it on its N.E. dd'e. It is connected with SherborO' on L. Erie by the Welland canal, with the Ottawa river .by the Rideau canat, and the New Tork Grand canal extends all along its S. side. Shores mostly level and wooded, or cultivated. On them are the towns Toronto, Kingston, Newcastle, and Niagara (Canada), and Oswego, Genessee, and Sackett's Harbour (U. States) — II. a co., U. S., N. Amer., in W. part of New York. Area 617 sq. m. Pop. 43,600. — III. a tnshp. in do., 22 m. W. Lyons. Pop. 1,889. Ohtekiente, a town of Spain, prov. Valencia, 11 m. S.W. San Felipe, on r. b. of the Clariano. Pop. (1845) 9,508. It has several pa. churches, decayed convents, hospital, and college, and a residence of the Duke of Almodovar, with active manufs. of linen and woollen fabrics. Oo,' a vill; of France, depj H. Ga,ronne, 4 m. W. Bagnferes-de-Luchon, smgularly situated at the foot oif the Port, or Col d'Oo, a pass of the Pyrenees, 9,848 feet above the sea. Near it is a ciisoade 853 feet high. Pop. 430, many of whom ^re employed as guides. Ooch; a fortified town i of N.W. Hindostiln, dom. and 36 m. S.W. Bhawlpooi', near the Junc- tion of the Chenab and Sutleje. Pop. 20,000. It consists of 3 distinct quarters, each enclosed by a brick wall, has an active trade, and is the resort of Mohammedan devotees. OooHiNADROoa, Ujayimdurga, a strong hill- fort of Brit. India, presid. Bombay, dist. Dliar- war, 15 m. E. Hurryghur. OoDAWA, a large vill. of Beloochistan, 18 m. E. Gundava, on the route to Shikarpoor. Seven m. E. of this place are the ruins of Old Oodana. OoDEENpaGnR, a collection of ruins in the Pun- jab, on the Jhylum (Hydaspes), near Julalpoor, conjectured by Bnmes to mark the site of Nicaea, founded by Alexander after his vict. over Porus. OoDBEPOOB, two towns of Hindostan. — I. Brit. India, presid. Bombay, dist. and 100 m. N.E. Su- rat, and reported to comprise 1,000 houses.— IL dom. and 150 m. S. Gwalior ; in 1834, yielding^ with dist., an annual government revenue of 3,500/. [Odetpoob.] OoJEiN (Hind. Ujjayini, the Ozena of Ptolemy), a fortified city of Central Hindostan, 254 m. S.W. Gwalior, and the former cap. of its dom. Lat. 23° 11' N., Ion. 76° 81' E. Its walls are about 6 m. in circ, the area being for the most part closely built on, though the public ways are stated to be airy, paved, and clean. Principal edifices, several mosques & mausoleums, Scindia's palace, & some Hindoo structures, in one of which is a remark- able sculptured image of the bull-god Nundi. The city has an active trade ; importe being fine white cloths, turbans, and dyed goods, with assa- fcetida from Scinde, and European and Chinese produce from Surat; exports cotton, coarse cloths, Malwa opium, and diamonds, in transit from Bundeleund to Surat. Around it are vari- ous temples & palaces ; and 1 m. N. extensive re- mains of a more anc. city have been discovered. OoLA, OP BiLA, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Limeriek, with a station on the Limerick & Wat- erford railway, 5 m. N.W. Tipperary. Area 6,859 ac. Pop. 3,377, of whom 398 are in the village.' OoLieENSPtAAT, a vill. of the Netherlands, S. Holland, on Overflakkee island. Pop. 1,260. OoMNAK, one of the Fox isls., N. Pacific, S.W. Oonalaska, 50 m. long, 12 m. broad, and having a volcano which ejects hot water. Oo», a town of W. Hindostan, dom. and 16 m. N. Rahdunpoor, chiefly inhabited by Coolies. Oonalaska (or Oonalashka), and Gonimak, two of the largest of the Fox isls., N. Pacific, lat. of Port Illuluek in the former, 63° 62' N., Ion. 166° 32' W. Length 76 m., breadth varies to 20 m. Surface mntnous., and rising to the volcano Makonchinsk in its centre. The island is thinly peopled, but capable of supplying ships with all necessaries, except wood. — OontmaJt is in length 65 m., breadth 26 m. Surface mntnous. & rugged, with three active volcanoes, the principal rising to 8,083 feet above the sea. OoNERPOOB, a large vill. of Scinde, 20 m. N. Hyderabad, on the route thence to Sehwan. OoNOA, an island of Russian America, off the S. extremity of the peninsula Aliaska,lat. 56° 3C N., Ion. 160° to 161° W. Length, 26 miles. OoNLARA, a walled town of Hindostan, prov. R^pbotana, 8 m. S.W. Rampoora. OoRCHA, Arijaya, an anc. town of Hindostan, prov. Bundleeund, on the Betwa, 8 m. S.'JhanSt. OoBDEGHESf, a vlU. of Belgiuni,pr6v. E. Flin- ders, 9 m. S.E. Ghent, Pop. 2,106. OokmiaB, a'toi^n of N. Persia. [Ubdmitah:] OoBUN, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, prov. Allahabad, 26 m. S.E. Banda. ' ^ OosCAT, a town of Asia Minor. [YUaiStAff.J oos 969 OPP OoscOTTi, a town of India, Mysore dom., 18 m. N.E. Bangalore. In vicinity is a hill-fort. OosiMA, a small, but populous isl. of Japan, off the S.E. coast of Niphon.— II. a town of Japan, Niphon, on its E. coast. OosooE, a town of India, Mysore dom., 15 m. S. Bangalore. OosTBURG, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Zeeland,isl. Cadsand, 5m. E.N.E. Sluis. P. 1,428. OosT-EECLOo,avill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flan- ders, 10 m. N. Ghent. Pop. 1,862. [Eeoi.oo.] OosTEHHOUT, a mkt. town of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, cap. cant., 5 m. N.E. Breda. Pop. (1840) 7,799, including 282 military. It has manuf^. of tiles and pottery, and a Latin school. OosTEBZEELE, a mkt. town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 7 m. S.S.E. Ghent. Pop. 2,850. Oct, two vills. of Beloochistan, 28 m. N. Lyaree, on the route thence to Belah. OoTACAMUND, a principal sanatory station of British India, presid. Madras, in the Neilgherry hills, nearly in the centre of the Mysore table- lani 52 m. E.N.E. Calicut, elev. 7,400 feet, and having a European climate. OoTEGHEM, a vill. of Belgium, prov. W. Flan- ders, 7 m. E. Courtrai. Pop. 2,398. OoTMAKSUM, a small frontier town of the Netherlands, prov. Overyssel, cap. dist., 10 m. E.N.E. Almelo. Pop. 1,474. - OoTBADKOOG { Uttara durga " the northern fort "), a town of Hindostan, Mysore dom., 48 m. N.E. Seringapatam. OoTRivALOOK, UttaraveluT, a town of British India, presid. and 47 m. S.W. Madras. OoTUL, a town of Beloochistan, prov. Lus, 30 m. S.E. Belah. Pop. 2,000. It is surrounded by com and cotton fields, and good pasturage. Opalenitz, a town of Prussian Poland, reg. & 23 m. W.S.W. Posen. Pop. 1,345. Opalik, a mkt. town of Poland, gov. Volhynia, on the Bug, 47 m. N.N.W. Vladimir. Pop. 1,600. Opako, or Kapa, an isl. of the Pacific O., Dan- gerous Archipelago, lat. 27° 38' S., Ion. 144° 3" W. Opatow, a town of Poland, palat. and 20 m. N.W. Sandomir, cap circ, on the Opatovka, an affl. of the Vistula. Pop. 2,360. OpBEAKEi, a town of Belgium, prov. E. Flan- ders, 8 m. E.S.E. Audenarde. Pop. 2,300. Opelousas, a vill., U. S., N. America, Louis- iana, on a branch of the Teche riv., 54 m. S.S.E. Alexandria. Pop. about 500. It has Franklin's college, founded in 1839, and a court house. Opekshaw, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. and 2^ m. E.S.E. Manchester. Pop. 2,280. Ophijj (Mount), an isolated mountain of the Malay peninsula, dom. Johole, in lat. 0° 5' N., Ion. 100° E., 45 m. E.N.E. Malacca, having a triple peak, and estimated to rise to 5,693 feet above the sea. Its centre is of grey granite. Most of the gold obtained in the peninsula is found around its base.— II. a mntn., Sumatra, near its W. coast, 70 m. N.W. Padang. Lat, 0°, Ion. 100° E. Estimated height 13,842 feet. Opi, a mkt. town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo- Xllt. II., 16 m. S.E. Lake Fucino. Vop. 1,800. OptADEN, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 16 m. S.E. Diisseldorf, on the Wipper. Pop. 1,190, employed in manufs. of woollen cloth, & cutlery. Opochnia, a market town of Russia, gov. and 26 m. N. Poltava, with 3,000 inhabitants. OpoozNp, a town of Poland, prov. Sandomir, cap. circ, at the confi. of two rivs., 37 m. W. Eadom. Pop. 4,110, amongst whom, are many Jews. It has manufactures of linens. — II. (or Opotschna, a vill. of Bohemia, circ. and N.E. Kdniggratz, with a castlo and 1,600 inhabitants. Opoie, a town of Poland, prov. and 28 m. W.S.W. Lublin, on an affl. of the Vistula. Pop. 1,910, employed in weaving Unen & woollen cloths. Opobto, or PoRxo, the second city of Portu- gal in rank & commercial importance, cap. prov, on rt. b. of the Douro, 2 m.from its mouth, & 175 m. N.E. Lisbon. Lat. (of fort St J. de Foz) 41° 8' 64' N., Ion. 8° 37' 9' W. Pop. with suburbs 80,000. The city proper extends over hill and dale for 1 m. along the bank of the river, and is enclosed by walls flanked with towers, beyond which some quarters extend. It is well built, generally clean for a Portuguese city, and im- proving. It has good squares and open spaces, in which are Some of its principal public build- ings. The most conspicuous of the latter are the general hospital, town-hall with some spacious apartments, a large and fine cathedral, 80 other churches, 1 of which was founded in 569, the epis- copal palace, many handsome belfries, the English factory, new exchange, mint, barracks, Italian opera-house, and a handsome new suspension bridge. Many of its dwellings have gardens at- tached, and its public fountains, like most of its older public edifices, are ornamented with arabes- que carvings. It had formerly numerous con- vents, but many of these were destroyed during its seige by the troops of Don Pedro in 1832j and others have been appropriated to secular pur- poses. It is the seat of a medical college, and other superior schools, and has a foundling hos- pital, a public library and gallery of paintings, commercial association, several clubs, banks, in- surance offices, and a steam navigation company. Many sUk factories are established in & around the city, which has also some manufs. of woollen, linen, and cotton goods, shawls, leather, earthen- wares, and soap, ship-building yards and iron foundries. Oporto being the chief manufacturing city in Portugal, upwards of 20 English mer- cantile firms are established here, who have large warehouses along the bank of the river, and by whom most part of-the foreign trade is conduct- ed. It is accessible irom the sea for vesselsidf from 200 to 300 tons, and the Douro is navigable for river-craft to 100 m. above the city. The trade in wine is monopolized by the Douro Wine Company ; the total export of port wines in 1845, amounted to 30,789 pipes ; of which 21,872 were sent to Great Britain and the Channel isls., 3,465 ditto to Brazil, and 2,671 ditto to the United States. Other exports are bullion, conii fruits, wool, oils, provisions, salt, cabinet work, sumach, leather, and cork. Imports consist of woven fabrics, cod fish, hemp, flax, metals, hides, wood, coals, drugs, &c. Near the city- are mines of coal, copper, and antimony, but they are at present, little, if at all wrought. Good roads connect Oporto with Braga and Viana. ^ Opotshka, a town of Russia, ^ov. and 79 m. S. Pskov, cap. circ, on an isl. formed by the Velikaja. Pop. 2,266. Oppa, a riv. forming a part of the boundai^y between Prussian and Austrian Silesia, joins the Oder 8 m. S.W. Oderberg, after an E.S.Ei course of 60 m. Oppeln (Slav. OppoUe), a town of Prussian Silesia, cap. reg. and circ, on the Oder, 51 to. S.E. Breslau. Pop. (1846) 7,600. It is enclosed by walls, ,& has a strong castle on an isl.formied by the riv., an old Gothic cathedral, several other Roman Catholic, and Protestant churches, a synagogue, royal salt magazine, society of pobha good, a gymnasiom, numerous schoala,'& manufs. of leather, ribbons, linen, and eartlienware. Oppenau, a town of Baden, cire. Midd. Rhine, OPP 970 ORB 11 m. K.N.E. Offenburg. Pop. 2,100. It is en- closed by walls, and has a brisk trade in timber. Oppbnheim, a town of the grand duchy H. Darmstadt, prov. Rhenish Hessen, cap. eo., on the Rhine, 11 m. S.S.K. Mayenee. Pop. 2,360. It was formerly an imperial free town, of some importance, and it has several very fine churches, that of St. Sebastian being one of the most anc. in Germany, a synagogue, a hospital, and the ancient castle of Landskron. Oppenheim, a tnshp. of the V. S., N. Amer., New York, 54 m. N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,169. Oppido, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. I., dist. and 10 m. E.S.E. Palmi, cap. cant , and the seat of a bishoprick. Pop. 2,000. It has a cathe- dral, 8 other churches, and 2 large monasteries. — II. (Opinum), prov. Basilicata, 13 m. N.E. Po- tenza. Pop. 3,400 Oppidolo is the cap. town of the isl. Pantellaria. Opsio, an old town of Norway, now forming an E. suburb of Christiania. Opus, a petty town of Dalmatia, circ. and 67 m. S.E. Spalatro, on the Narenta. Pop. 800. Its fortifications no longer exist — II. an ancient town of Greece, the traces of which are near the channel of Talanta, 25 m. S.E. Thermopylae. Oeadoub, several comms. and vills. of France. —I. (St Genest), dep. H. Vienne, 8 m. N. Bellac. Pop. 1,338 II. (Sur Glane), 15 m. N.E. Roche- chouart. Pop. 1,740. — III. (sur Yayres), 6 m. S. Rochechouart, cap. cant. Pop. 3,350. Orageuse, & OkaiS)N, two isls. of the Pacific, near New Ireland. Oeai, a small town of Hindostan, prov. Agra, 14 m. S.E. Jaloun. Obaison, a comm. and market town of France, dep. B. Alpes, 20 m. S.W. Digne. Pop. 1,890. Obakh, a pretty town of Wallachia, on the Jalomnitza, 7 m. W. from its confl. with the Danube, opposite Hirchova. Oban, a fortified town of Algeria, cap. of its Vf. prov., 210 m. W.S.W. Algiers, on the Medi- terranean. Pop. (1844) 13,218, of whom 6,971 were Europeans. It is situated at the foot of a hill called peak St. Croix, at the mouth of a small stream in a cUmate extremely hot, but healthy ; its harbour is very bad, but the port of Mers-el- Kebir, 3 m. distant, is the best in Algeria, and admits large vessels. Oran was taken by the Spaniards in 1509, ruined by an earthquake in 1790, & abandoned in 1792. tinder the Spaniards it was greatly embellished, and surrounded by strong fortifications. Of these only the citadel was left erect after an earthquake. It was taken by the French in 1830, & occupied by them in 1831 . Okange, or Gariep, a riv. of S. Africa, Hot- tentot country, is supposed to rise in the mntu. chain bounding on the "W. the settlement of Port Natal, flows W. and enters the Atlantic near lat. 28° 38' S., Ion. 16° 28' E. Near its mouth it has been found 450 yards across in October. Its banks abound with ebony, mimosa, and willow trees, and around it rich copper ores are said to •exist ; but the country betw. it & the Cape Colony is an irreclaimable desert. Chief alB. the Vaal. Obangb, Aurasio, a comm. & town of France, dep. Vaucluse, on the Aigues, 12 m. N. Avignon. Pop. (1846) 6,786. Streets narrow, crooked, and iil-paved ; but it has some good squares adorned with fountains, several pa. churches, a Protestant church, communal college, »fc hospital, with ma- nufs. of handkerchiefs, coloured linens called foiVei d'Orange, serge, and silk twist. Its chief glory, however, is its Roman antiquities, the principal being a splendid triumphal arch, about 64 feet in length, breadth, and height, having 3 arched pas- sages, the central and largest of which is 28J ft. high, the whole flanked by fluted Corinthian columns, & profusely ornamented with sculptured groups, &c. There are remains, also, of atheatre, and other Roman buildings. Orange was long the cap. of a principality, which gave title to the family now on the thrones of Holland & Nassau. The king of the Netherlands still retains the title of Prince of Orange ; but the town and territory were ceded to Louis xiv. at the peace of Utretcht. Okange, several cos., U. S., N. Amer. — I. in E. part of Vermont. Area 650 sq. m. Pop. 27,873 II. in S.E. of New Tork. Area 760 sq. m. Pop. 50,739.-111. in centre of Virginia. Area 380 sq. m. Pop. 9,125 IV. in N. part of N. Carolina. Area 1,300 sq. m. Pop. 24,366.— V. in S. of Indiana. Area 400 sq. m. Pop. 9,692. Also several tnshps. — I. New Jersey, 4^ m. N.W. Newark. Pop. 2,361. — II. Massachu- setts, 58 m. W.N.W. Boston. Pop, 1,601.-111. Connecticut, 4 m. S.W. New Haven. Pop. 1,329. — IV. New York, near the Genessee. Pop. 1,824. — V. Ohio, CO. Cuyahoga. Pop. 1,113. Okangebdeo, a dist. of the V. S., N. Amer., in centre of S. CaroUna. Ac. 1,824. Pop. 18,519. Oeangetown, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, 123 m. S. Albany. Pop. 2,771. Obakgeviile, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, on Tonawonda creek. Pop. 1,949. Obango, the largest and S.most of the Biss.i gos isls. of W. Africa, lat. 11° 10' N., Ion. 16° W Length E. to W. 25 m., breadth 10 m. Okakienbaum, a town of Germany, duchy Anhalt-Dessau, cap. dist., 8 m. E.S.E. Dessau. Pop. 2,010. It has a handsome palace, with parks and orange groves (whence its name). Manufs. of tobacco and woollen cloth ; and several brewe- ries. — II. a town of Russia, gov. and 19 m. W St. Petersburg, cap. dist , on the Gulf of Cron- stadt, with 1,400 inhabitants, a large imperial palace, and a marine hospital. Oeanienbdeg, a town of Russia, gov. and 90 m. S. S.E. Riazan, cap. dist., with 3,080 inhabitants, some remains of fortifications, and a considerable trade in corn. — II. atown of Prussia, prov. Bran- denburg, reg. and 26 m. N.N.E. Potsdam, on the Havel. P. 2,990. It has manufs. of cotton goods. Obanmobe, a town and pa. of Irel., Connaugbt, CO. and 5 m. E. Galway, at the head of Oran- more bay. Area, including loughs, 19,339 ac. Pop. 7,952, do. of town 842. It has a handsome pa. church, a large Roman Catholic chapel, a castle of the 15th century, and a considerable traffic in turf, sea manure, and fish. Oeons-ay Isl., one of the Hebrides. [Obonsat.] Orato V, a market town of Russia, gov. and 93 m. S.S.W. Kiev. Pop. 1,600. Oravicza (Hung. Nemet-Oravicza), a town of S.E. Hungary, CO. Krasso, 63 m. S.S.E. Temesvar, with silver, iron, and copper mines. Pop. 3,793. Obb, a town of Bavaria, circ. Lower Fran- conia, cap. dist., on the Orb, 42 m. N.W. Wiirtz- burg. Pop. 4,469. It has mineral springs and salt mines, yielding 30,000 cwt. of salt annually. Obb, or Obbe, a river of France, den. Her- ault, rises near Roumieres, on the boundary of dep. Aveyron, flows S. past Beziferes, where it is crossed by the canal du Midi, and 7 m. below enters the Mediterranean after a course of 60 ra. Obb ASSAY Island, one of the Hebrides, Scot- land, E. of the N. peninsula of Bai-ra. Length j m. Orbassano, a town of Piedmont, prov. and 8 m. S.W. Turin, cap. mand. P. (with comm.) 2,661. Obbe, Urhigenum, atown of Switzerland, cant. Vaud, cap. dist., on the river Orbe, here crossed by two single-arched bridges, 6 m. S.W. Yver- ORB 971 ORE dun. Pop. 2,000. It has the remains of an an- cient castle, stormed and taken by the Swiss in 117S, and which, in the middle ages, was a resi- dence of the Burgundian kings. Obbeo, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cal- vados, on the Orbec, 11 m. S.E. Lisieux. Pop. 2,910. It has manufe. of mousseHn£s de laine, fine cashmeres, tapes, and cotton umbrellas. Okbey, a comm. and market town of France, dep. H. Rhine, 14 m. W.N.W. Colmar. Pop. fi,656. It has active manufs. of printed cotton and muslin goods, fine earthenware and glass. Orbitello, a fortified town of Tuscany, on a promontory, and near the Lalia2, border- ing the riv., to the Erie canal, was constructed at a cost of 535,400 dollars. OswESTBT, a municipal bor., market-town^ & pa. of England, co. Salop, with a station on the Shrewsbury and Chester railway, 20i m. N.W. Shrewsbury. Area of pa. 13,680 ac. Pop. 8,840. The town, formerly enclosed by walls, has a venerable and picturesque church, an ancient grammar school, a national school, several con- siderable charities, a town-hall, prison, theatre, some remains of a strong castle ei'ected in the reign of Stephen on the site of an earlier struc- ture, and small manufs. of flannels. Market Wednesday. Corp. revenue (1847) 7,799/. Is a polling place for N. division of co. Its name is derived irom that of Oswald, the christian king of Northumbria, slain here in 642. OswiEciN, Austrian Poland. [Auschwitz.] Ostth-St.-Chick, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 11 m. E.S.E. Colchester. Ac. 8,430. P. 1,677. Otago, a colonial settlement of New Zealand, on Otago Bay, S.E. side of Middle Isle, or New Munster, 320 m. S.W. Port Nicholson, established 1848, and composed chiefly of Scotchmen. The soil of the plains is very fertile, the pastur- age abundant, and all kinds of European crops can be raised. Dunedin, the town, is rapidly on the increase; during the years 1848-9, 32 vessels, aggregate burden 1,739 tons entered, and S9 vessels, aggregate burden 5,310 tons left, Port Chalmers. [New Zeaxahd.] Otaha, one of the Society isls., Pacific Ocean, N. of Ulietea. Otaheiie, largest of Society isls. [Tahiti.] Otaki, a mkt. town of S. Russia, prov. Bessa- rabia, on the Dniester, 3 m. S. Mohilev. P. 1,670. Otavaio, a town of Columbia, Ecuador, 40 m. N.N.E. Quito, and reported to be populous and flourishing, and to have manufs. of cotton and wooUen stuffe. Otford, a pa, of England, co. Kent, 3J m. N. Sevenoaks. Area 2,260 ac. Pop. 798. Otqam, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 2} m. E.S.E. Maidstone. Area 1,060 ac. Pop. 365. Othebt, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 4 m. N.N.W. Langport. Area 2,120 ac. Pop. 704. Othbts (Mount), a mntn. chain forming the N. frontier of Greece, about lat. 39° N., and between Ion. 21^° and 23° E., and connected W.- ward with the Pindns chain. Height varies from 4,500 to 5,700 feet, and it consists mostly of lime- stone, with much iron ore intermixed. Otisco, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, on Otisco lalse, 14 m. S.S.W. Syracuse. P. 1,906. Otlev, a market town and pa. of England, co. York, W. riding, 9iS m. N.W. Leeds. Area of pa. 23,060 ac. Pop. 11,143. The town is beauti- fully situated in the vale of the Wharfe, here crossed by a bridge ; it is well built, has a spacious church, a small grammar school, a mechanics' institute, and in the pa. are several woollen and worsted mills. Market Friday. Otlev, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 6 m. N.W. Woodbridge. Area 1,300 ae. Pop. 647. Otoqoe, a small island of S. America, in the Bay of Panama, Pacific Ocean. OTBANTo,ir2/dne.] OnDESBOsoH, a mkt. town of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 11 m. W. Breda. Pop. 2,640. Oddeekebk, two vills. of the Netherlands. — I. in S. Holland, 6 m. E. Rotterdam, with 1,440 inhabs. — II. pa. Ouderamstel, N. Holland, 3 m. S. Amsterdam, with a Jewish cemetery. OuDEWATEB, a town of Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, on the Tssel, 18 m. E.N.E. Rotterdam. Pop. 2,000. Arminius (Hermensen) was bom here in 1560. Oddohir, Udayaghiri, a vill. & port of India, Deccan, dom. Hyderabad, 43 m. N.N.W. Beeder. OuDON, a comm. & town of France, dep. Loire- Inf., on rt. b. of the Loire, 14 m. N.E. Nantes. Pop. 1,600. — II. a river, rising in dep. Mayenne, and flomng S. to join the Mayenne, 10 m. below Sewc&. Length 40 miles. OuDSHOOBN, a vill. of Netherlands, prov. S. Hol- land, on the Old Rhine, 7 m. E. Leyden. P. 1,691. OiTEN (St), numerous comms. & vills. of France. : — I. (rfc la Itoyerie), dep. Ille-et-Vilain?, 14 m. N.W. Fougfires. Pop. 2,076.— IL {des Toits), dep. Mayenne, 8 m. N.W. Laval. Pop. 1,760.-111. [VAumone), dep. Seine-et-Oise, 2 m. S. Pontoise. Pop. 1,500. Near it is the ruined abbey of Mau- bnisson. — IV . {mr Seim), i m. N. Paris, on rt. b. of the Seine, with a chateau, where Louis xviii. signed the " declaration of St Ouen," 2d May 1814, OuEssANT Island, France. [Ushaht.'] OuFA, a river and town of Russia. [Ufa.] OuGHTEE (LotroH), a lake of Irel., Ulster, co. Cavan. Length 5 m., breadth 3 m. Area 3,335 ac. It is formed by an expansion of the Erne. OuGHTEEABD, a mkt. town of Irel., Connaught, CO. and 16 m. N.N.W. Galway, on the W. shore of Lough Corrib. Pop. 718. In the vicinity are good marble quarries of large extent. — II. a pa., Leinster, co. K-ildare, 5 m. N.E. Naas. Area 2,920 ae. Pop. 460. OuGLiTOH, a town of Russia, gov. and 60 m. W.S.W. Jaroslavl, on rt. b. of the Volga. P. 8,000. It was formerly much more important : it still has fortifications, 30 churches, and several schools. Odkesima, an island, Anam, Gulf of Tonquin, lat. 18° 50' N., Ion. 106° 20' E., & 25 m. in circuit. On-KiANG, a considerable riv. of China, provs. Kwi-choo and Se-tchuen, joins the Tang-tze- kiang, after a N. course of 600 miles. OuLAN-KHOTON, a town of Mongolia, near the Chinese frontier, 120 m. N.N.W. Peking.— Ok- lan-Obo is a mntn., Mongolia, Khalkas country, which rises out of a plain 200 m. S.E. Ourga. OntiASSOUTAi, a considerable town of Mongo- lia, on the Ouliassontai river, near lat. 47° 36' N., Ion. 96° E. It is the residence of a Mantchoo general, and the place of a Tartar garrison. OuLLiNS, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Rhone, with a station on the Lyon & St Etienne railway, 3^ m. S. Lyon, with 2,020 inhabs., en- gaged iu the manufs. of muslin goods and glass. Odlton, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Norfolk, 3J m. W.N.W. Aylsham. Area 1,900 ac. Pop. 409. —II. CO. Suffolk, 3 m. W.N.W. Lowestoft. Area 1,080 ac. Pop. 660. — III. a chapelry, co. York, W. Riding, pa. Rothwell, 5 m. N.N.E. Wakefield. Its beautUul church is a cathedral in miniature. Dr R. Bentley was born here in 1661. OuLX, a vill. of Piedmont, div. Turin, prov. & 12 m. S.W. Susa, cap. mand., on the Dora, near its source in the Alps. Pop. 1,392. Vineyards and orchards are numerous in its vicinity. Odman, a town of Russia, cap. dist., gov. and 110 m. S.S.W. Kiev, on river Ouman. P. 6,800. OuMNAK, & Odnalaska, two of the Fox isls., N. Pacific Ocean. [Oomnak, and Oonalaska.] OuND, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bombay, dist. and 5 m. N.W. Poonah, with a handsome Hindoo temple. , OuNDiE, a mkt. town and pa. of England, co. Northampton, on the Nen, here crossed by two good bridges, 13 m.W.S.W. Peterborough, & with a station on a branch of the London and North Western railway. Area of pa. 5,300 ac. Pop. 3,037. The town, nearly environed by the Nen, is very neatly built ; has a fine spacious church, in the early Engl, style ; 2 anc. grammar schools, & poor's hospitals, yielding, with other charities, about 9007. per ann. ; a union workhouse, branch bank, and good market house. OoBAi, Mountains and River. [Ubal.] Ouralse, two towns of Russia. [Uralsk.] OuBCE, a river of France, deps. H. Mame, C6te-d'Or, and Aube, after a N.W- course of 40 m., joins the Seine near Bar-sur-Seine. OuBCQ, a river of France, rises in the dep. Aisne, and after. a S.W. course of 30 m., -joins the Mame near Lizy. — The canal d^Ourcg, which OUR 981 O VE supplies Paris witli water, brauuhes from tlie OuTcq at Senlis, and terminates in the basin de la Villette, N.E. of Paris. Total length 58J m. OcBBii, a town of Portugal, Estremadura, cap. comarca, on a hill, 15 m. S.E. Leiria. Pop. 3,720. It is enclosed by walls, and has a castle. — 11. a small town of Brazil, pror. Para, 55 m. E. Belem. OuROA, or OoBOA, a city of Mongolia, cap. the Khalkas country, on the Tula, a tributary of the Orkhon, & on me grand route from Kiachta to Peking, 165 m. S.S.E. Kiachta. Pop. many years ago estimated at 7,000, of whom a fifth are priests. It has a large open space, surrounded with temples. Merchants' quarters are larger than that at Kiachta, but its buildings are mostly of wood, and many of its inhabitants dwell in tents. It is shut in on the S. by the lofty moun- tain Khan-oola, which tends to render its climate cold and damp. Even kitchen vegetables are reported to be brought to it from Kiachta. It has a college of Mongolian priests, and is the seat of the koutouktou, or deified lama of the Mongols. OuBiQDE, a town of Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, cap. comarca, onaheight, 30 m. S. W. Beja. Pop. 2,300. In the plain of Ourique, on its N. side, Alphonso I. defeated the Moors in 1139. Odboe, an island of Denmark, in the Ese-fiord, an inlet of Seeland, 29 m. W.N.W. Copenhagen. Length 4 m., breadth 3 m. OuBTHE, a river of Belgium, provs. Luxem- burg and Liege, joins the Maese at Liege, after a N. course of 80 m., for the last 55 of which it is navigable. A£Bs. the Ourt and Ambleve. OuBO Preto (formerly Villa Mica), a city of Brazil, cap. prov. Minas Geraes. It is situated on several hills, at an elevation of 4,000 feet above the sea, 200 m. N.N.W. Kio-de-Janeiro. Pop. of dist. (1845) 8,000. It is the residence of the governor of lie prov., and seat of the prov. as- sembly, and has several churches, a governor's palace, mint, and theatre, a collegio, or Latin school, with a school of pharmacy and anatomy, a public library and botanic garden, and an agri- cultural normal school, founded in 1840. It is supplied with excellent water, and has an active commerce with Rio-de-Janeiro. It was founded in 1699, and called Villa Rica from the rich gold mines in its vicinity ; it was erected into a city in 1822, when its original name, Ouro Preto, was re- stored. Its gold mines, though nearly exhausted, are still worked by English companies ; before theh- decline it had 30,000 inhabitants. OuEviLLE, a comm. & market town of France, dep. 8elne-Inf., 10 m. N.W. Yvetot. Pop. 1,290. OcsBT, a pa. of Engl., co. Cumberland, 8 m. E.N.E. Penrith. Area 6,690 ac. Pop. 271. OusDEN, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 6J m. E.S.E. Newmarket. Area 1,490 ac. Pop. 840. OusE, several rivers of Engl I. co. York, is formed by the junction of the Swale and Ure, near Boroughbridge, in the N.W. part of the co., flows tortuously S.E. past York, Selby, & Goolc, and about 8 m. E. the latter town, unites with the Trent to form the estuaiy of the Humber. Total course about 60 m., for the last 45 of which, or to York, it is navigable for large vessels ; and for barges as far as Linton. Principal afBs., the Wharfe, Aire, and Don, from the W., and Derwent from the N.— 11. (Great), rises near Brackley, and flows very tortuously through the COS. Northampton, Bucks, Bedford, Huntingdon, Cambridge, and Norfolk, and enters the Wash at King's Lynn, after a course of about 160 m., for the latter two-thirds of which it is navigable. Below St Ives it has been diverted from its old course past Ely by the New Bedford canal, a straight cut 20 m. in length. Chief afBs., the Ivel, Cam, Larke, Little Ouse, Stoke, and Nar, all from the E. or S. — III. Little Ouse, or Brandon river, joins it from Suffolk at the junction of the Stoke, New Bedford canal, & the Wisbeach canal, which connects it with the Nen. — IV. a small riv., CO. Sussex, enters the Engl. Channel near Seaford. Ouse, a river of Upper Canada, dists. Gore and Niagara, has a tortuous S.E. course: its basin lying E. that of the Thames, and enters Lake Erie at Sherbrooke. Total course at least 130 m., for the last 30 of which it is navigable. It is connected with Lake Ontario by the W el- land canal, which commences at its mouth. OuSEBiiBN, two pas. of Engl., co. York, W. rid- ing. — I. (Great), H m. S.S.E. Aldborough. Area 840 ac. Pop. 610.— II. (Little), 5 m. S.S.E. Ald- borough. Area 4,080 ac. Pop. 620. OnssouB, a town of British India, presid. Mad- ras, dist. Salem, on the Mysore frontier, m. N.W. Kycotta. Oust, a river of France, deps. C6tes-du-Nord and Morbihan, joins the Vilaine near Redon, after a S.E. course of 70 m. In most part of its course it is accompanied by the canal between Nantes and Brest. — 11. a comm. and town, dep. Ariege, cap. cant., 8 m. S.E. St Girons. P. 1,621. OusTioDJNA, a town of Russia, gov. and 196 m. E. Novgorod, on the Mologa. Pop. 3,000. Odston, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 7J m. S.S.E. Melton-Mowbray. Area 2,460 ac. P. 213. Oust Stsoi.sk, a town of Russia, gov. and 380 m. E.N.E. Vologda, on the Sysole. Pop. 3,500. Od-tchoc, a city of China, prov. Quang-si, cap. dep., 130 m. W.N.W. Canton. Onteiko, a market town of Portugal, prov. Tras-os-Montes, 7 m. S.E. Braganza, with a strong Moorish castle, and 1,600 inhabitants. OuTERBT, a township of Engl., co. Cumber- land, 61 m. N.W. Cockermouth. Pop. 655. OuTEAGH, or Odtbath, three pas. of Irel. — I. Connaught, co. Leitrim, including the town of BaJinamore. Area 21,690 ac. Pop. 9,265 — IL Munster, co. Tipperary, 3m. N.N.E. Cahir. Area 1,548 ac. Pop. 664. — III. Leinster, co. and 2 m. S.E. Kilkenny. Area 2,050 ac. Pop. 699. OuTEEFUEENS, 3, comm. and vill. of France, dep. Loire, ^ m. E. St Etienne. Pop. 1,339, em- ployed in refining steel, manufacturing window- glass, and raising coaJ. OuTWELi,, a pa., Engl., cos. Cambridge & Nor- folk, 5 m. S.E. Wisbeach. Ac. 3,180. Pop. 1,252. OnzouEE, several comms. and vills. of France, the principal O. le MarcM, dep. Loir-et-Cher, cap. cant., 17 m. W. Orleans. Pop. 1,246. OvADA, a market town of Piedmont, div. and 20 m. S. Alessandria, cap. mand., on the Orbe. Pop. of comm. 6,177. It was formerly fortified. OvAE, a town of Portugal, prov. Beira, on the Ovar, at the head of its estuary, 16 m. N. Aveiro. Pop. 5,000. It has a considerable fishery. OvAEi (Bat of), an inlet on the S. side of the island Niphon, Japan. Length 25 m., greatest breadth 20 m. Nagoya, the principal town on its shores, is the cap. prov. Ovari. OvEHDEN, a township of Engl., co. York, W. riding, pa. and 11 m. N.W. Hallfex. Pop. 11,799, partly employed in manufs. of woollens. Ovens Rivee, S.E. Australia, joins the Hume to form the Murray, in lat. 34° 48' S., Ion. 146° 16' E., where it is of less size than the Hume river, but of equal velocity. Over, a market town & pa. of Engl., co. & 15 m. E. Chester. Area of pa. 3,920 ac. Pop. 2,863. OvEE, a pa. of Engl., co. & 9J m. N.W. Cam- bridge. Area S,700 ac. Pop. 1,119 O VE 982 OXE OvEKBUEr, a pa. of Engl., oo. Worcester, 5J m. N.E. Tewkesbury. Area 3,979 ao. Pop. 875. OvEBFLAKKEE, au island of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, betw. two arms of the Rhine (or Maas), the Haring-vliet and Flakkee, at their en- trance into the N. Sea. Length 25 m., breadth 7 m. OvEBSOHiE, a pa. and vill. of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, 3 m. N.W. Kotterdam. P. 2,440. OVeestone, a pa. of Engl., co. & 6 m. N.N.E. Northampton. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 187. Ovbbstowet, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 7J m. W.N.W. Bridgewater. Area3,S60ae. P. 568. Otbbstband, apa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 2 J m. E.S.E. Cromer. Area 420 ac. Pop. 240. OvEBTON, several pas. of England and Wales. — I. CO. Hants, 3J m. E.N.E. Whitchurch. Area 6,490 ao. Pop. 1,590.-11. co. and 5 m. N.W. York, N. riding. Area 2,790 ac. Pop. 764.— III. CO. Wilts, 3i m. W.S.W. Mairlborongh. Area 8,030 ac. Pop. 1,042.--IV. N. Wales, co. Flint, 6J m. N.N.W. Ellesmere. Pop. 1,662. Otebtost, a bor. and pa. of N. Wales, oo. Flint, on the Dee, here crossed by an elegant bridge, 15 m. S.Chester. Pop. of bor. 1,662. It is pretty well built on a rising ground, and has a venerable church, surrounded by yew trees of great size. The bor. unites with Flint, &c., in sending one member to House of Commons. Keg. electors (1846) 81. It is also a polling place for the co. Otebton, a CO., TJ. S., N. Amer., in W. part of Tennessee. Area 890 sq. m. Pop. 9,279. OvEEYSSEt, a prov. of the Netherlands, E. the Zuyder Zee, and enclosed landward by the provs. Gelderland, W. Friesland, Drenthe, and Hanover and Rhenish Prussia. Area 1,286 sq. m. Pop. (1849) 212,707. Surface almost wholly level, and in great part marshy or heath lands, but along the Tssel is some fertile soil, producing rye, buckwheat, hemp, and fruits. Cattle rear- ing, and digging turf, are the principal branches of industry. Manufe. of linen and cotton twist and fabrics, wicker wares, mats, and iron goods are carried on, but the exports consist mainly in rural produce. It is divided into the 6 dists. of Almelo, Delden, Ommen, Kaalte, Hasselt, and Steenwik. Ovid, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, betw. Cayuga & Seneca lakes. Pop. 2,721. OviDiopoi. (Turk. Sadjider), a fortified sea- port town of S. Russia, gov. Kherson, on the es- tuary of the Dniester, opposite Akerman, and 20 m. S.W. Odessa. Pop. 1,400. It has .a custom house and a lazaretto, it being a station of the Russian fleet in the Black Sea. OviEDO, a city of Spain, in the N.W., cap. prov., near the confl. of the Ovia and Nora rivers, 61 m. N.N.W. Leon, and 57 m. E. the Por- tuguese frontier. Pop. (1846) 10,560. Chief edi- fices, the cathedral, one of the finest in Spain, the ex-college of San Vicente, now used for go- vernment offices, the convent of San Pelayo, the university buildings, the castle, and the general and military hospital. Its educational establish- ments comprise the university, with 400 to 500 Students, and a library of 10,000 vols., a nor- mal school, and 4 primary schools. It has a theatre, a fortress of 10th century, and 11 public fountains, supplied with water by 2 aqueducts, one of which has 41 arches. Oviedo has raanufs. of arms, hats, and leather. It was the chief place of refuge for the Christian clergy during the early dominion of the Moors. In its vicinity are hot mineral springs and baths. Oviaiio, a vill. of Sardinia, prov. and 7 m. W.S.W. Alessandria, cap. mand. Pop. 2,200. OviNO, two pas. of England.- I, co Bucks, 5f m. N.N.W. Aylesbury. Area 1,270 ac. Pop. 391.— II. Sussex, 2J m. E. Chichester. Area 1,670 ac. Pop. 790. It has a charity for the maintenance of three widows. OviNGDEAif, a pa. of England, oo. Sussex, 3 m. E.S.E. Brighton. Area 1,130 ac. Pop. 116. OviNOHAM, a pa. of England, co. Northumber- land, 11 m. W. Newcastle-on-Tyne. Area 15,740 ac. Pop. 3,429, partly employed in coal mines. OviNGTON, several pas. of England I. co. Essex, 6J m. E.S.E. Haverhill. Area 610 ac. Pop. 166.— II. CO. Norfolk, 1^ m. N.N.E. Walton. Area 1,440 ac. Pop. 268 III. co. Hants, 2 m. W.S.W. New Alresford. Area 1,270 ac. Pop. 163. OvocA, or AvooA, a riv. of Ireland, Leinster, CO. Wicklow, formed by the "Meeting 6i the Waters," Avonbeg and Avonmore, after a S.E. course of 6 m. enters the Irish Sea near Ajklow, the chief town on its banks. Its vale is highly celebrated for picturesque beauty. OvBUTSH, a town of Russian Poland, gov. Volhynia, cap. dist., on the Marinna, 82 m. N. Jitomir. Pop. 2,600. OwAsoo (Lake), U. S., N. Amer., New York, immediately S.E. Auburn, is 12 m. long, and 1 m. broad. On its N.E. shore is the vill. Owasco. - OwEGO, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, cap. CO. Tioga, on the Owego, and Susquehanuai, 132 m. W.S.W. Albany. Pop. 5,840. Owen, a town of Wlirtemberg, circ. Danube, on the Lauter, 18 m. S.E. Stuttgart. Ow6n, two cos. U. S., N. Amer. — I. in N. of Kentucky. Area 320 sq. m. Pop. 8,232. II. in centre of Indiana. Area 396 sq. to. Pop. 8,369. OwEK-MoiGNE, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 6 m. E.S.E. Dorchester. Area 4,570 ac. P;4ia OwEESBT, a pa. of England, to. Lincoln, 4J m. N.N.W. Market-Raisen. Ac. 4,970. Pop. 480. OwLA, Aula, a decayed town of British India^ presid. Bengal, tTpp. provs., 16 m. N.W. Bareily, on the S.W. of the Nawaul nullah. In the en- virons are various ruins of palaces and mosquesi OwLPEN, a pa. of England, co. Gloucester, 2J m. E. Dursley. Area 720 ac. Pop. 94. ' Owmbt, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 6J m. W.S.W. Market-Raisen. Area 1,660 ac. P. 266. OwEA, a town of India, prov. Malwah, on the Chumbul, 75 m. S.S.W. Kotah. OwEAM (NoETH and South), two contiguotB tnshps. of England, co. York, W. riding, pa. and 2 m. E. Halifax, and included in its pari. bor. Pop. of N. Owram 13,362 ; of S. Owraiq,' 6,478. OwsLEBUET, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 4^ m. S.S.E. Winchester. Arek 4,660 ao. Pop. '806. OwsTON, two pas. of England.— I. co. Lincoln, 7 m. N.N.W. Gainsboroiwh. Area 6,360 ac. Pop. 2,445.-11. CO. York, W. riding, 6 m. N.N=W. Doncaster. Area 2,660 ac Pop. 611. OwTHOENE, a marit. pa. of England, co. York, E. riding.on the N. sea, 16 m. E.S.E. Hull.' Area 3,810 ac. Pop. 464. The sea has made great inroads here, and covers a submarine forest. OwTHORPE, a pa. of England, co. and 1i m. S.E.Nottingham. Area 1,700 ati. Pop. 143, OwvHEE, one of the Sandwich Isles. [Hawaii;] OxBOROuGH, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3 m. E.N.E. Stoke-Ferry. Area 2,7 40 ac. P. 316. OxcoMB, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 6 m. N.N.E. Homcastle. Area 1,060 ac. Pop. 24. OxBKDEN (Gkeat), a pa. of England, co. and 155 ">■ N.N.W. Northampton. Area 1,62<) ae. Pop. 2Si.— Little Oxenden is a locality 2 m. S.W. Market-Harborough. OxENHALL, a pa. of England, co. Gloucester, If m. N.W. Newent. Area 1,810 ac. Pop. 293. OxEKHOPE, a hamlet of England, co. Yofk, W. OXF, 983 OXF riding, pa. and 8 m. W.N.W. Bradford. Pop. 2,923, mostly employed in worsted weaving. OxENTON, a, pa. of England, co. Gloucester, 4J m. E.S.E. Tewkesbury. Ac. 1,050. Pop. 193. OxFORDSHiBE, a Central co. of Engl., having E. the CO. Bucks, N. Warwick & Northampton, W. Gloucestershire, and S. Berks, from which it is wholly separated by the Thames. Shape ex- tremely irregular. Area 766 sq. m., or 483,840 ac, of which upwards of 400,000 are under culti- vation. Inhab. houses 32,165. Pop. 161,643. Surface mostly level, or undulating, except in the S., where it is traversed by the Chiltern hills. Soil in the N. a fertile loam, elsewhere gravelly, or thin, and on a limestone subsoil. Frincip. rivers, the Thame, Cherwell, Windrush, and Evenlode, affls. of the Thames. Parts of the co. are well wooded. Tillage farms prevail, but agriculture is not conspicuously advanced. Barley, wheat, and turnips, are the main crops. Dairy produce of excellent quality. Stock of sheep large, espe- cially on the Chiltern range. Estates and farms mostly small ; leases of 7 to 14 years common. Aver, rent of land (1810) 20». 63d. perao. Assess- ed value of land (1842) 602,3951. Minerals of no Importance. Manufs. of lace, gloves, & blankets at Witney, &c., exist on a small scale. The Ox- ford canal, 91 m. in length, traverses the co. from N. to S., connecting the Thames with the Coventry canal, and through it with the Mersey, Severn, and Trent, and a branch of the Great Western railway extends in the same direction. Total value of assessed property (1842) 1,025,420Z. Co. rev. (1848) 12,419i. The co. is divided into 14 hnnds., and 203 pas., mostly in diocese & ciro. of Oxford. Principal towns, Oxford, Banbury, Woodstock, and Henley. The co. sends 3 mems. to H. of C, and 6 are sent by its bors. & univer. Keg. CO. elects. (1846) 5,384. The aboriginal inhabs. of this co., the Dobuni, are said to have welcomed their Roman conquerors, and always to have lived contentedly under them. Soman re- mains are numerous in the county. OxroBD, a city, pari, bor., and the seat of one of the principal universities of England, cap. co. Oxford, betw. the junction of the Isis & Cherwell, here crossed by numerous bridges, 55 m. W.N.W. London, on the Great Western railway, & branch, lat. 51° 45' 65'N., Ion. 1° 15' 29" W. Area of pari, bor. 2,930 ac. Pop. 32,556. It stands in an un- dulating amphitheatre, surrounded by wooded meadows, and encompassed on the W., S., & E., by hills, but opens towards the N. into a champaign country, and presents a magnificent appearance, with its numerous spires and domes ; that of the Badcliffe library being the most conspicuous. The High street, proceeding from E. to W., & entered by a handsome stone bridge over the Cherwell, is one of the noblest thoroughfares in Europe. In it are Magdalen, All Souls, Queen's, and University colleges, and the university church. At right angles with this street, is another line upwards of 1 m. in length. In this are Christchurch college and the townhall, and its N. part is very broad, and ornamented with rows of elms. Parallel to High street, is Broad street, in which are Baliol, Trinity, and Exeter colleges, the Ashmolean museum. Clarendon rooms, Seldonian theatre, & near it the academical schools, with the Bodleian library & Picture gallery. Several of the streets are lined with substantial private residences, and a new and handsome suburb has been built within the last 25 years. The cathedral of Oxford, at- tached to Christchurch college, and on the site of a priory founded in the 8th century, is an edi- fice of different styles, between the 12th & lOtli centuries, with a spire 146 ft. in height. Its see comprises the co. Oxford, & the archdeaconries of Berks and Bucks. Revenue of bishopric (1847) 2,606i. St Mary's church, used for aca- demical services, has a spire of 180 ft. in height, and is a fine structure, though disfigured by a heavy porch. Carfax, or St Martin's, is the cor- poration church. St Peter's in the East is the oldest existing church in Oxford (supposed about the 9th century) ; its older parts are Saxon, aiul it has a crypt of the same architecture. St Mary MagdaJen is a handsome church in the decorated style. St John's, All Saints', and St Giles', also deserve notice. In the city are also 10 other benefices. Besides the colleges, several of which, as Christchurch, New College, All Souls, Magdalen, and Queen's, boast of imposing archi- tecture, & rich internal ornament, other jjrinoip. buildings are the town and co. hall, music hall, city bridewell, sessions house, and co. jail, a Go- thic embattled structure on the site of the ano. castle, the market houses, Radeliffe infirmary, house of industry for 11 pas., many almshouses, and chapels for Kom. Catholics, Methodists, Inr dependents, and Baptists. Oxford has large diocesan & national schools, numerous charitable endowments, several banks, and it had formerly many flourishing hotels, and was a centre of a good deal of stage coach trafSc. It is chiefly supported by its university, but it has some tran- sit trade in coals and corn, facilitated by wharfs and quays on the Isis. It is governed, exclusive of the university, by a mayor, 9 aldermen, and 30 councillors, and is the seat of quarter and petty sessions, a mayor's court, and court of hustings, and of assizes and monthly courts for the co. Corp. rev. (1847) 5,704i. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. for the town, reg. elects. (1847) 2,881 ; and 2 mems. for the university, reg. elects. 2,758. It is the place of election for mems. for the co. Mkts., Wednesday & Saturday. Fairs 4 times ann., & races are held during August in Port-Meadow, W. of the city. — The Univebsity of Oxfobb consists of 19 colleges, and 5 halls, as follow :■ — University college, reputed to have been founded in 872, re- vived In 1249 ; Baliol, founded between 1263 and 1268, and of which Wiokliffe was once master ; Merton, founded at Maiden in Surrey, in 1264, and removed to Oxford in 1274 ; Exeter, founded 1314 ; Oriel, a handsome and richly ornamented edifice, dating from 1326; (Queen's, founded in 1340, and the buildings of which are among the finest in the city; New college, 1386, with the most gorgeous and elegant chapel in the univer- sity ; Lincoln, founded 1427 ; All SouW, 1437, with a noble hall, and a library of 40,000 vols. ; Magdalen, 1466, at the entrance of the city from London, with much fine Gothic architecture, and a hall that has been the banqueting room of many English sovereigns ; Brazen Nose, founded 1609 ; Corpus Chrisii, 1616; Christchurch, originally founded by Cardinal Wolsey in 1625, and with by far the most extensive buildings and grounds be- longing to any of the colleges, a W. front, 382 ft. in len^h, a tower, containing the " Great Tom," a bell, weighing 17,000 lbs. ; magnificent hall, picture gallery, library, &e. ; Trinity, founded 15S4 ; St John's, 1657, with handsome buildings in the N. part of the city ; Jesus, founded 1571 ; Wadham, 1613 ; Pembroke, 1620 ; Worcester col- lege, 1714; and St Mary's, New Inn, St Alban, Magdalen, and St Edmund's halls, wluch two last are unendowed academical houses. Total mems. (1848) 6,020. The university is governed by its own statutes, administered by a chancellor, a re- sident vice-chancellor, who is a magistrate for OXF 984 ozo Oxford, and the cos. of Oxford and Berks, two proctors, and some subordinate officers. The corporate business is conducted by the house of congregation, composed of the resident doctors, heads, and professors of colleges, and the house of convocation, comprising all those whose names remain on the books of me university, whether resident or not. Public professorships are of royal or private endowment ; and in all there are 28 professors and readers, some of whom lecture In the " schools," new buildings for which have been lately constructed. The fellowships and scholarships are chieiiy reserved for parties who, by birth or interest, rather than learning, acquire a title to them ; but at BaJiol, Oriel, Lincoln, and Wadham colleges, they have been thrown open to competition. Most of the colleges have exhi- bitions, with stipends from public bodies else- where, and at Chriatohurch is a body of servitors, similar to the sizars of Cambridge. The Bodleian library, connected with the university, comprises 220,000 vols., and 20,000 MSS., and is entitled to a copy of all new works published in the United Kingdom. There are besides about 23 other libra- ries. Total revs, of the university estimated at 457,490^. University college claims to have been founded by Alfred. It is certain that Oxford was a seat of learning as early as the time of Edward the Confessor. It was a principal resi- dence of numerous Saxon, Danish, and Norman monarohs. In the civil war, the members of its university sided with the king, and they have generally, to the present day, espoused high church and tory principles. The university has sent 2 mems. to House of Commons since the time of Edward i. Reg. electors (1847) 2,758. OxFOED, a CO. of the TJ. S., N. Amer., in the W. part of Maine, cap. Paris. Area 1,600 sq. m., comprising many lakes. Pop. 38,351. Se- veral townships. — I. Maine, co. Oxford, SO m. S.W. Augusta. Pop. 1,254. — II. Massachusetts, 43 m. W.S.W. Boston. Pop. 1,742 III. Con- necticut, 32 m. S.W. Hartford. Pop. 1,626.— IV. New York, 8 m. S.W. Norwich. Pop. 3,179.— V. New Jersey, co. Warren, on the Delaware. Pop. 2,853 — VI. Pennsylvania, co. Philadelphia, on the Delaware. Pop. 1,682.— VII. Ohio, 91 m. W.S.W. Columbus. Pop. 3,388. It is the seat of Miami university. Oxford is also a town of Upper Canada, dist. and 28 m. E.N.E. Lon- don, on the Thames. OxHBT, a hamlet of Engl., co. and 20 m. W.S.W. Hertford, pas. Watford and Cashio- bury. Pop. 744. OxHiLL, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 4 m. S.S.W. Kineton. Area 1,800 ac. Pop. 348. OxiA, one of the smaller Ionian isls., off Cape Skropha, Aoarnania. Length 4 m., breadth IJ m. Oxley's Table-lamd, Cent. Australia, an ele- vated & verdant region, lat. 30° S., Ion. 145° 43' E. OxNA, one of the Shetland isls., Scotl., pa. Ting- wall, 4 m. S.W. Scalloway, 3 m. in circ. Pop. 19. OxNAM (formerly Oirenham), a pa. of Scotl., co. Koxbnrgh, adjoining Jedburgh. Area 33 sq. m., mostly mntnous. P. 653, with remains of old forts. OxNEAD, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 3 m. S.E. Aylesham. Area 730 ac. Pop. 56. OxNEY, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 4^ m. N.E. Dover. Area 340 ac. Pop. 20. OxoMEBiA, amarit. town on the W. shore of the isl. of Tinos, Grecian Archipelago. Pop. 2,000. OxTEAD, a pa. of Engl., co. Surrey, 2J m. E.N.E. Godstone. Area 3,910 ac. Pop. 1,154. OxioN, a vill. of Scotland. I Channel Kirk.] OxTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Notts, 5 m. W.S. W Southwell. Area 3,790 ac. Pop. 841.— II. a township, 00. Chester, pa. Woodchurch, 6J m. N.N.E. Great Neston. Pop. 546. Oxus, Amoo, or Jihooh, one of the great rivers of Central Asia, independent Turkestan, rises in a lake in the table land of Pamir, in lat. 37° 27' N., Ion. 73° 40' E., and 15,600 feet above the sea, flows mostly N.W.ward through the doms. of Khooloom, Bokhara, and Khiva, and enters the sea of Aral on its S. side by numer- ous mouths. Lat. 43° N., and Ion. 58° to 59° E. Total course estimated at 1,300 m. It receives some considerable affls., and the towns Buduk- shan, Huzrutimam, Tirmez, Chaijooee, & Hesar- asp are on its banks, but for the most part it tra^ verses asandy & unproductive region. It formed the N. limit of the doms. of Cyrus & Alexander; OxwicK, a pa. of Engl., oo. Norfolk, 3 m. S.W. Fakenham. Area 1,130 ac. Pop. 64. OxvficH, a pa. of S.Wales, co. Glamorgan, 11} m. W.S.W. Swansea. Pop. 345. OvAPOK., a riv. of S. Amer., separating French Guiana from Brazil, joins the Atlantic by an es- tuary 18 m. across, 70 m. S.E. Cayenne, after a N.E. course of 180 m., for the last 30 of which it is navigable. On it, 25 m. from the sea, is the vill. Oyapok or St Louis. OtaBzdn, a town of Spain, prov. Guipuzcoa, 7 m. S.E. St Sebastian, at the foot of a mountain near the river Oyarzun. Pop. 3,238. OvE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Pas- de-Calais, 18 m. N.N.W. St Omer. Pop. 1,640. — II. a coram., dep. Saone-et Loire. Pop. 1,140. OvLEwOBTH, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 2 m. E. Wotton-under-Edge. Area 920 ac. Pop. 106. OvNE, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, dist. Garioch, 6 m. N. Monymusk. Area about 11,000 ac. Pop. 796. Here are two Druidic temples, one of them of great extent. Otonnax, a comm. & market town of France dep. Ain, cap. cant., 8 m. N.E. Nantua. Pop. 2,368. It has extensive manufactures of horu and wooden articles. Oyster Bat, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, on Long Island. Pop. 6,865. It is a pleasant summer resort, & has constant steam communication with New York Oyster Bay, Tasmania, is on the W. coast of Van Diemen's Land, lat. 42° 40' S., Ion. 148° 2' E., and gives name to a district of that colony. — Oyster Har- baur, S.W. Australia, is an inlet of King George's Sound, 3 m. N.E. Albany, Swan river colony. (Island), British India, prov. and at the mouth of the Aracan. — II. an island of Ireland, Connaught, CO. and 4 m. W.N.W. Sligo, in Sligo Bay, IJ fur- long from the nearest part of the Mainland. It has a beacon, and the two light-honses of Sligo port. Otstebmotjth, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamor- gan, 5 m. S.S.W. Swansea, with which it is con- nected by railway. Pop. 1,482. Ozabk-beoion is a part of thegreat table land of N. Amer., in the N.W. part of the Texan territory, as extensive as the Alleghanies, and broken into valleys and lofty plains, bare of wood as the steppes of Siberia. OziEEi, a town of the island Of Sardinia, div. Sassari, cap. prov. and dist., 29 m. E.S.E. Sassari. Pop. of comm. 7,890. It occupies the slopes of several hills and the bottom of a nar- row valley, and has a church, 3 convents, and a Jesuit college and hospital OzoBA, a vill. of Hungary, co. Tolna, on the Sio, an affl. of the Danube, 30 m. S. Stuhlweissen- burg. Pop. 3,406. OzoKKov, a town of Poland, gov. and 76 m. W.S.W Warsaw, on the Bznra. Pop. 6,060. PAB 985 PAD Pa, 2 towns of China. — I. prov. Se-chnen, cap. dist., near lat. 81° SO' N., Ion. 106° 50' E II. {Pa CRoo), prov. Chi-li, cap. dist., 50 m. S. Peking. — Pa, or Ba-thang is a town, E. Tibet, on the Upper Tang-tse-kiang, near lat. 29° N., Ion. 99° E. Fabba, three islets of the Hebrides, Scotland, CO. Inverness. — I. (or Pabbay), pa. and at the N.W. end of the Sonnd of Harris, 3i m. N. Ber- nera. Length 2s m., breadth Ij m. Pop. 338. It has a peak 1,000 feet in height.— II. Sj m. S. Barra, divided from Sandera by Pabba Sound. Length and breadth about IJ m. Pop. 25. — III. in Broadford Bay, Isle of Skye. Pop. 21. Pacajaz, or Pacaya, a river of Brazil, prov. Para, joins the estuary S. of the isl. Marajo, and Vf. Oeiras, after a N. course of 150 m. Pacajes, a town of Bolivia, dep. and 100 m. S.S.E. La Paz, cap. prov., on an affl. of the Desa- goadero. — The Sierra de Pcicajes connecting the Cordilleras of the Andes, rises to 15,100 feet. Pacakaima (Siebba), a low mntn. chain of S. Amer., extending for abont 200 m. from W. to E., in lat. 4° N., and between Ion. 60° and 63° W., separating the basins of the Caroni and Massa- roony from that of the Kio Branco, and British & Yeneznelian Guiana from Brazil MoutU Pa- caraima is also an isolated mntn. of Brazil, beside the Farima river, lat. 3° 38' N., Ion. 63° 8' W. Pacaiti>iI:be (La), a comm. and market town of France, dep. Loire, cap. cant., 13 m. N.W. Boanne. Pop. 1,970. FacS, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Ille- et-Vilame, 4J m. N.W. Kennes. Pop. 2,604. Paceco, a town of Sicily, intend, and 4 m. S.E. Trapani, cap. canton. Pop. 2,000. Pacektro,. a market town of Naples, prov. Abmzzo Hit. II., 4 m. E. Sulmona. Pop. 2,540. Pachacaua, a vill. of Peru, dep. and 18 m. S.E. Lima, with a ruined temple, from which im- mense treasure was taken by Pizarro. Opposite the coast here are the isls. of Pachacama. Pacheco, a modem town of Spain, prov. and 18 m. S.E. Murcia. Fop. 4,933. Pachete, a town of British India, presid. Ben- gal, prov. Bahar, 9 m. N.E. Ko^onatpoor. Pachino, a vill. of Sicily, intend. Syracuse, dist. and 12 m. S. Note, 4 m. N.W. C. Passaro (anc. Pachyrmin)^ whence the name of the town. Pop. 2,000. It has a fort, and a tnnny fishery. Fachuca, a town of the Mexican confed., dep. and 50 m. N.N.E. Mexico, on the route to Tam- pico. It has a fine church. In its vicinity are silver mines, which were formerly of high import- ance. — The Paehucaea, ariv. of Peru, dep. Cuzco, rises in lake Fachucaca, Andes, and joins the Apurimac, after a N. course estimated at 130 m. Pacific Ocean, a vast watery expanse extend- ing from the Arctic to the Antarctic circle, through 127° of lat., and between America on the E., and Asia, the Malay Archipelago, and Australia on the W. In its widest part, at the equator, it is 10,000 m. across ; it narrows espe- cially toward the N., where it communicates with the Arctic Ocean by Behring Strait ; and in- cluding the Indian Ocean, it contains upwards of 70 millions of sq. m., or more than all the dry land on the globe. Its coast line on the Ameri- can side, though generally bold, is very little broken by inlets ; on the Asiatic side it is very irregular; and the Celebes, China, and Yellow seas, with the seas of Japan, Okhotsk, and Kamtschatka are inlets of this Oopan, It is studded with a great number of island groups, the principal of which, proceeding from W. to E., are the Ladrones, Carolines, Solomon, Queen Charlotte's, New Hebrides, Feejee, Friendly, So- ciety, Low, Marquesas, Sandwich, and Galapa- gos islands, and New Zealand, besides a vast multitude of solitary isls., reefs, and sandbanks. The great equatorial current of this ocean ori- ginates in the Antarctic drift current, which flows N. along the shores of S. America, and then W. through the Pacific, where it occupies the entire space between the tropics. Strong land currents sweep round the shores of E. Australia & Japan. The N.E. trade-wind prevails uninterruptedly between lat. 5° and 23° N. ; the S.E. trade wind commonly blows from the equator to lat. 26° S., between them is the region of calms, extending over 5°, and varying in position according to the season. Greatest equatorial temp, of Pacific 88° .5 Fahr. In lat. 56° 26', the temp, of the sea throughout its depth is 39° .5 Fahr. This ocean became first known to Europeans in 1613 ; it re- ceived its name from Magalhaens, who sailed across it in 1521. In the 18th century its dififerent parts were explored by Behring, Anson, Byron, Bougainville, Cook, Vancouver, Broughton, La Perouse, &c. In the present century by D'En- trecasteaux, Krusenstem, Beechey, Fitzroy, D'Urville, Wilkes, and Sir James Ross. [For navigation routes, see JohnstorCs Physical Atlas.'] FACKiNaTON, several pas. of England. — I. cos. Leicester and Derby, IJ m. S.E. Ashby-de-la- Zouch. Area 2,360 ac. Pop. 1,024 — II. {Great) CO. Warwick, 4 m. S.S.E. Coleshill. Area 2,190 ac. Pop. 340.— III. {Little), same co., 3i m. S.S.E. Coleshill. Area 1,110 ac. Pop. 151. PACKVf con, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 4j m. N.N.E. Henley-hi-Arden. Area 1,680 ac. P. 350. Facora, a riv. of the isthmus Panama, New Granada, unites with the Indio to form a con- siderable river which enters the Pacific E. of Pa- nama, and is navigable for large ships to Sam- baja some distance from the ocean, and for canoes to the town Facora. Paotolds, a river of Asia Minor, Anatolia, joins the Hermus 50 m. E. Smyrna, and was an- ciently famous for the gold found in its sands. Pacv-sur-Eure, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Eure, cap. cant., on the Eure, which here becomes navig., 10 m. E. Evreux. P. 1,460. Padaho, a Dutch settlement of Sumatra, on its W. coast, Menankabowe territory, 1 m. from the sea, in lat. 0° 48' S., Ion. 100° 20' E. Opposite the coast here are the rocky groups named the Padaug isls Padang Mew is a town, Burmese dom., on the Irrawadi, W. b., 10 m. S.W. Prome. Padbubv, a pa. of England, co. and 2\ m. S.S.E. Buckingham. Area 1,900 ac. Fop. 696. Paddinoton, a pa. of England, co. Middlesex, forming a N.W. suburb of Londoii,3J m. W.N.W. St Paul's. Area 1,120 ac, for the most part laid out in streets. Pop. 26,173. It contains one of the newest & most elegant quarters of the metro- polis, Oxford, Cambridge, and Sussex squares, Westbourne terrace, an important canal, & the terminus of the Great Western railway. Faddleswobth, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 3 J m, N.N.W. Folkestone. Area 490 ac. Pop. 49. Padebbokn, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 41 m. S. Minden, cap. circ, on the railway from Berlin to the lihine. Pop. (1846) 8,720. It is the seat of a bishopric, erected by PAD PAI Charlemagne, who resided here some time, & has a gymnasium & an ecclesiastical seminary. In the middle ages it fonned part of the Hanseatic league. Padfield, a tnsbp. of England, co. Derby, pa. GIossop, 10 m. N.N.W. Chapel-m-the-Frith. Pop. 1,656. Fadiham, a tnshp. of England, co. Lancaster, pa. Whalley,3Jm. W.N.W. Burnley. Pop. 3,789. Padilla, a vill., Mexican Confed., dep. Tamau- lipas, 12m. W.N.W. NewSantander. Iturbide, ex- emperor of Mexico, was shot here 19th July 1824. Padbia, a vill. of Sardinia, div. Sassari, 20 m. S.E. Alghero. Pop. (1838) with comm. 1,8S0. Padbon, Iria Flavia, a town of Spain, prov. Coruna, 19 m. S.S.W. Santiago, on the Sar. Fop. 6,090. It has a fine collegiate church, and was a bishop's see previously to Santiago. Being the place where, according to monkish tradition, the body of St James landed itself, it is greatly resorted to in pilgrimage. Fadstow (corrupted from Patuch-Stowe), a seaport, market town, and pa. of England, oo. Cornwall, on the Camel, at its month in St George's Channel, 29 m. N.N.E. Falmouth. Area of pa. 3,270 ac. Pop. 2,145. The town is in a rich vale, sheltered by rooky hills, has narrow streets, and many ancient houses, a church, of an antique structure, containing monuments of the Frideaux family, a custom house, with im- ports'of iron, coal, and exports of tin, slates, and vast quantities of sand which accumulates in the harbour, and is used for manure. The harbour, which affords the only good shelter on the dan- gerous coast between the Land's-End and Hart- land Ft., has 13 to 18 feet at spring ebbs, but the access is difficult. Customs rev. (1847) 1,0662. Keg. shipping (1847) 6,829'tons. Mkt. Saturday. The town is governed by a portreeve. The learned Dr Frideaux was born here in 1648. Pauua (Ital. Padova, anc. Pataoium), a for- tified city of Austrian Italy, in the Lomb-Vene- tian kingd., cap. deleg., gov. & 22 m. W. Venice, on the Bacchiglione, and on the railway between yioenza and Venice. Pop. (1846) 60,000. It is of a triangular form, is surrounded by walls and fosses, and has seven gates. Chief objects of in- terest, the vast and curious place called Prato- della- Yalle, where the fair is held, and which con- tains an island, encircled by a canal, the banks of which are decorated by numerous statues ; a cathedral, with a monument to Petrarch, church of St Antoine, richly decorated, the palace del Bo, or of the university, and many private palaces, a university, with a botanic garden, a gymnasium, and an ecclesiastical seminary, an observatory, cab. of nat. history, and a library of 100,000 vols. The celebrated university of Padua, founded in 13th century, had, in former times, students from every part of Europe, and their number fre- quently amounted to 18,000, among these were Tasso and Columbus. Padua is the birth place of Titus liivius, and of the traveller Belzoni. It has manufs, of silks and ribbons, and its manuf. of cloth was formerly extensive. Padua, anciently the most important town of Venetia, was sacked by Alaric and by Attila. It came under the power or the Venetians in 1405. Under the French it was cap. of the dep. of the Brenta. Paduoah, a vill. of the U. S., N. Amer., Ken- tucky, on the Ohio, near the entrance of the Ten- nessee. Fop. 1,000. Padul, a town of Spain, prov. & 10 m. S.S.W. Granada, on S. of the Sierra-Nevada. Pop. 2,700. Paduia, a town of Naples, prov. Princip. Cit., 54 m. S.E. Salerno. Pop. 8,000.-11. a market town, prov. Abruzzo-Ult. X., 11 m. W. Teramo. Faduli, a town of Naples, prov. Frineipato- Blt., cap. cant., dist. and 11 m. W. Ariano. Pop. 2,900 II. Calab. Cit., dist. Kossano. Pop. 1,800. Padwokxh, a pa. of England, co. Berks, 8 m. W.S.W. Reading. Area 2,220 ac. Fop. 272. F.SJJ.SHE (Lake), Finland, is situated mostly in the prov. Nyland, between lat. 61° and 62° 27' N., and Ion. 26° and 26° 60' E. ; 90 m. in length, and 20 m. in greatest breadth. Paesaha, a comm. and market town of Sar- dinia, cap. mand., prov. & 13 m. W.N.W. Saluzzo, on r. b. of the Fo. Fop. 6,118. Faqanioo, several small towns of Italy. — I. Naples, prov. Abruzzo Ult. II., cap. cant., 5 m. E. Aquila. Fop. 2,100. — II. same prov., 11 m. N.N.W. Aqnila III. Tuscany, prov. and 28 m. S. Siena, on the Ombrone. Pop. 1,600. — Pag- ano is a vill. of Austrian Italy, dom. Venice, deleg. and 19 m. W.N.W. Treviso. Pop. 1,200. Pagham, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 6 m. S.S.E. Chichester. Area 3,980 ac. Fop. 1,047. A marshy inlet of the English Channel here forms a harbour for vessels of 40 tons. Pagham Mew, a ruined town of Further India, Burmese dom., prov. Ava, on the Irrawadi, 110 m. S.W. Amarapura. Its former importance is attested by numerous mouldering temples. Paglesham, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 4 m. E.N.E. Kochford. Area 4,290 ac. Fop. 436. Paglia, a river of Central Italy, rises in the prov. Siena, Tuscany, and after a S.E. course of 30 m., joins the Tiber at Orvieto. Faglieta, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo- Cit., cap. cant., 20 m. S.E. Chieti. Fop. 3,400. Fagnt-sur-Moselib, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Meurthe, arrond. Nancy, on rail- way to Metz. Pop. 1^019. Fago, an island of Dalmatia, circ. Zara,in the Adriatic, separated from the Croatian mainland by the Morlacca channel, from 2 to 3 m. across. Shape very irregular ; length 37 m., breadth 6 m. Area 106 sq. m. Fop. (1846) 6,000. Near its centre is the lake or inlet Zascha. Surface arid, but it exports considerable quantities of wine & salt. Inhabs. mostly of Slavonic descent. — II. the chief town of this isl., on L. Zascha, near the E. coast. Fop. 3,798. — III. a town of Naples, prov. Frincip.-Ult., 12 m. N.W. Ariano. P. 2,200. Pah ANG, a state of the Malay peninsula, extend- ing along its E. coast mostly betw. lat. 2° & 4° N., & Ion. 103° & 104° E. Estim. pop. 40,000, mostly Malays and Chinese, Products comprise gold to about 300 lbs., and tin 1,000 piculs ann., most of which latter is exported to Singapore. Imports thence and from Malacca consist in opium, silk, rice, tobacco, salt, cloths, u'on wares, and agri- cultural implements. Principal towns, Pahang, Kuantan, and Undowe Pahang, the cap., is on both sides of a broad and shaUow river, which divides the Malay and Chinese quarters, about 5 m. from its mouth. Lat. 3° 34' N., Ion. 103° 24' E. It is a wretched place, and a fortified palace (so called) is its only building of consequence. Fahabpoob, a considerable town of Afghanis- tan, dist. Damaun, near the Indus, 22 m. N. Dera Ismael Khan, and scarcely less in size. — II. a village, Punjab, 24 m. S. Leia. Pailton, a hamlet of Engl., co. Warwick, .pa. Monks-Kirby, 6 m. N.N.W. Rugby. Pop. 602. Faimb(bof, a comm. and town of France, cap. arrond., dep. Loire-Iuf., 21 m. W. Nantes, on 1. b. of the Loire, near its mouth. Pop. (1846) 8,473. It has a comm. college, a school of hydrography, and a well frequented harbour, at which large ships unload. It has building yards for large i vessels and steam packets. PAI 987 TAL Paihoqo, a mkt. town of Spain, prov. & 42 m. N.N.W. Huelva, on the route to Sevilla. P. 2,310. Paimpol, a comm. and marit. town of France, y the Imperialists and Poles. Pabkoate, a tnshp. of England, co. and 12 m. N.W. Chester, pa. Neston, on the Dee, here crossed by a ferry to Flint. It has a quay, whence packets sail to Ireland, and many good '•esidcnces for the accommodation of sea bathers. Pabkham, a pa. of England, co, Devon, 6 m. S.W. Bideford. Area 2,770 ac. Pop 995. Paekhead, avill. of Scotland, co. Lanark, pa, and 2J m. S.S.E. Glasgow. Pop. 1,150. The Glas- gow water-works are in its immediate vicinity. Pabk-Quaetbe, a tnshp. of England, co. Durham, pa. and 4 m. W. Stanhope. Pop. 851. Paekuk, a dist. of W. Hindostan, on the N side of the Runn of Cutch, lat. 24° 20' N ., Ion 70° 62' E., and containing the towns Veerawow and Nuggur, each ruled by a Rajpoot chief. Paekuta, a town of Central Asia, Little Tibe*^ Bulti, 22 m. E.S.E. Iskardo. Paeeet (West), a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 6J m. E.S.E. Wimborne- Minster. Ac. 1,780. P. 254. Paema, two tnshps., U. S., N. Amer.— I. New York, 10 m. N.W. Rochester. Pop. 2,652.-11, Ohio, 6 m. S. Cleveland. Pop. 963. Paema (Duchy of), a state of N. Italy, mostly between lat. 44° 19' 30' and 46° 7' 45' N., aiid Ion. 9° 23' & 10° 40' E., having N. Austrian Italy, E. the Modenese dom., W. Piedmont, S. the Apennines, which separate it from the Genoese territory & Tuscan Lunigiana. Area 2,274 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 496,803. Sui-fece slopes to the N,, where the Po forms the boundary, and receives from the S. the Trebbia, Nura, Taro, and Parma, which last joins the Po, after a N.N.E. course of 66 m. In the plain country the soil is fertile, irrigated by many canals, and produces maize, wheat, tobacco, fruit, wine, and silk. Rice is raised in the dist. Guastalla, and near Parma. In the hilly region little corn is grown ; forests and pasture grounds are extensive, and chesnnts and cheese from the milk of goats and ewes are principal articles of food. About 12,300 quintals of salt are made annually. Silk fabrics 7ii the larger towns, iron wares, glass, earthenware, paper, straw hats, and gunpowder are the princi- pal manufs. The duchy is subdivided into the 5 dists. of Parma, Piacenza, Borgo-San-Donnino, Borgo-Taro, and Pontremoli. ■ Armed force about 1,300 men, mostly infantry. The sum left in the treasury of the state on the death of the archduchess Maria Louisa, 17th Dec. 1847, was sufficient to discharge the public debt, which in 1830, amounted to 12,000,000 francs. Under the French, this territory formed most part of the dep. Taro.— The city oi Parma, cap. of the duchy and residence of the duke, is situated on the Parma, an afH. of the Po, 72 m. S.E. Milan, lat. 44° 48' 16" N., Ion. 10° 20' 8" E. Pop. (1844) 40,927. It is of a circular form, surrounded by walls and entered by 6 gates, and has a glacis forming a public promenade. Chief public edi- fices, a cathedral with valuable paintings, the ducal palace with a library of 90,000 vols., an academy of the fine arts, museum of antiquities, botanic garden, and public library of 34,000 vols. The university of Parma was suppressed in 1831, but it has a school of 4 faculties, attended (in 1844) by 400 students. Parma has numerous scientific establishments, civil & military hospi- tals, and a school for deaf-mutes established 1837. Pabnao, a comm. and vill. of France, dep; Indre, 22 m. S.E. Blanc. Pop. 1,610. Parnahiba, a river of Brazil, rises near lat. 11° S., Ion. 47° W., flows N.N.E., separating the pro vs. Piauhy and Maranliam, and enters the Atlantic by several mouths, about lat. 2° 60' S., Ion. 41° 36' W. Total course estimated at 760 m. It drains the whole prov. Piauhy, its chief affis. from the S. and E. bein^ the llrussuhy, Gorangueia, Piauhy, Poty and Piracuruca ; from the W. it receives the Balsas. Parnahiba near its mouth, is the cliief of the towns on its banks^ PAR 9! Parnahiba, a town of Brazil, prov. Piauhy, on the E. bank of the Parnahiba, near its mouth. It is an entrepflt for cotton and leather. Pop. of dist. 10,000. — II. Parnahiba is a town, prov., and 43 m. W. San Paulo, on the river Tiete. PARNASstis (Mount), a famous mntn. of Greece, gov. Phocis, its culminating point in lat. 38° 35' 67" N., Ion. 22° 27' 36" E., 8,068 feet above the sea. Between this and an adjacent peak is a renowned rivulet known in antiquity as the Castalian fountain, and on the S. declivity of the mntn. is the Corycian cave, a stalactitic grotto, 330 feet in length by nearly 200 in width. The summit of Parnassus commands a magnifi- cent view, comprising nearly all Hellas, the Co- rinthian gulf, and the N. part of the Morea. Pabndon, two pas. of Engl., co. Essex. — I. (Great), 41 m. N.N.W. Epping. Area 2,330 ac. Pop. 417.— II. {Little), IJ m. N.N.E. Great Parndon. Area 640 ac. Pop. 85. Pabnellah (Hind. Pamalaya), a town of S. India, Sattarah dom., 32 m. W. Merritch, with the strong fortress Powanghur. Pabnes (Mount), (mod. Nozea), the loftiest mountain in Attica, Greece, on the boundary be- tween Attica and Boeotia, 16 m. N. Athens. Height 1,415 feet. Pabo, a town of Bootan, India, 12 m. S.W. Tassisudon. It is partially fortified, and has manufactures of images and arms. Pabolah, a town of British India, presid. Bombay, dist. Candeish, 44 m. EJSf.E. Gaulnah. Pabopamisan Mountains, Afghanistan and E. Persia, cover an extent of 360 m. in length E. to "W., by 200 m. N. to S., separate the deserts of Tezd and Turkestan, and are connected E.ward with the Hindoo Koosh, and W.ward with the Elburz mountains, S. of the Caspian Sea. In the E. they are rugged and broken by narrow val- leys ; they no where reach to the limit of perpetual snow. W.ward the valleys are wider, and the hills lower. They are inhabited by Eimauks, Huzaurehs, & other tribes, whose chief resources is in their flocks and herds. Pabos, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 5 m. W. Naxos, with which, and many smaUer islands, it forms the gov. Naxos and Paros. Lat. of Mount St Ellas 37°0' N., Ion. 26° 11' E. Area 100 sq. m. Pop. 6,000. Surface fertile. Pro- ducts com, wine, oil, cotton, & marble, the last of the finest quality, & of which the finest ano. sta- tues were made. The quarries are about 4 m. E. the chief town Parechia. Port Nassau, on the N. side, is one of the best harbours in the Archi- pelago — IJ m. W. is the islet Antiparos, Pabb, a township of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Prescot, 3 m. W.S.W. Newton-iu-Makerfield. Pop. 3,310. Paekaindeb, a town of India, Deccan, Nizam's dom., 210 m. 'W.N.'W. Hyderabad. Pabras, a petty town of the Mexican confed., in the Bolson de Mapimi, 32 m. N.E. Mapimi. Pabbet, a river of "W. Engl., rises near Bea- minster, co. Dorset, flows N. and N.W. through CO. Somerset, and after a winding and sluggish course of about 40 m., enters Bridgewater bay. It is navigable for vessels of 200 tons. Pabbv (Cape), British N. America, is on the Arctic Ocean, near lat. 69° N., Ion. 123° 35' W., and terminates a promontory bounding Franklin Bay on the E. — II. W. coast of Greenland, near the N. extremity of Baffin Bay. Lat. 77° 6' N., Ion. 71° 23' W III. E. coast of Greenland, lat. 72° 22' N., Ion. 22° 2' W.— The Parry Group are the N. cluster of the Arzobispo islands. Pacific Ocean. Lat. 27° 44' 56" N., Ion. 142° 7' E. 8 PAS Paeson Drove, a ehapelry of Engl., co. Cam- bridge, pa. Leveringtoii, 4 m. W.Wisbeach. P. 828. Pabsonsfield, atnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., Maine, 68 m. S.W. Augusta. Pop. 2,442. Parsonstown, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Louth, 4 m. E.S.E. Dunleer. Area 624 ac. Pop. 237 II. a town of Ireland. [Bibb.] Pabtanna, a market town of Sicily, prov. and 19 m. S.E. Trapani. Pop. 8,000. Paetenioo, a city of Sicily, intend., dist. and 14 m. W.S.W. Palermo. P. 11,000. Exjjorts wine & oil, and has manufs. of woollen and silk fabrics. Parthenat, a oomm. and town of France, dep. Deux Sevres, cap. arrond., on the Thone, 24 m. N.N.E. Niort. Pop. 3,909. It has an hospital and town hall ; also manufs. of cloth and leather. Pabtiok, a beautiful vill. of Sootl., co. Lanark, pa. Govan, on the Kelvin, near its confl. with the Clyde, 2 m. N.W. Glasgow. Pop. 2,747. It is a favourite summer resort for residents of Glas- gow, and has extensive flour mills and granaries^ Pabtnet, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 2 m. E.N.E. Spilsby. Area 990 ac. Pop. 468. Pabton, a pa., Scotl.,stewartry Kirkcudbright, N.W. Crossmichael. Area about 28 sq. m. Pop, 808, of whom 40 are in the vill. Here are several Druidic antiquities.— II. a tnshp. of Engl., co. Cumberland, pa. Moresby, on the Irish Sea, on which it has a small quay and harbour, 1| m. N. Whitehaven. Pop. 663. Partbidge Isl., New Brunswick, is in St John barb., an inlet of the Bay of Fundy, S. St John. Paeu, a river of Brazfl, tributary to the Ama- zon, which it joins in the prov., and 280 m. W. Para, after a S.E. course of 350 m. Pabuko, a town of S. Peru, dep. and 18 m. S.S.W. Cuzco, cap. prov., on the Apurimac. Paevich, or Pabvichio, an island of Dalmatia, in the Gulf of Quarnero, between the islands Veglia and Arbe, 7 m. S.W. Zeng. Length 4 m. Pabwick, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, 5J m. N. Ashborne. Area 2,420 ac. Pop. 533. Pabts, a mountain of Wales, co. and on the N. side of the isl. Anglesey, pa. & S. the town of Alm- wych, which owes all its prosperity to the copper mines of the mountain. These were, in modern times, first wrought in 1762, and from 60,000 to 80,000 tons of ore, yielding 3,000 tons of metal, were formerly obtained, but the mines are now less productive, and from the absence of coal, nearly all the ore is sent elsewhere to be smelted. Pas, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Pas-de- Calais, cap. cant., on the Quilienne, 16 m. S.W. Arras. Pop. 888. Pasaqes, a town and port of Spain, prov. Gui- puscoa, 3 m. E. St Sebastian, in a deep & land- locked haven, in the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 895. It has two pa. churches, an hospital, and a school of navigation. Its once excellent port has been much injured by deposits, but it is still one of the best harbs. on the roek-bound coast of N. Spain. Pasat, a marit. town of Sumatra, on its N. coast, about 140m. E.S.E. Acheen. It has a good harb., and provisions are to be had in plenty. Pasoaqoula, a riv. of the U. S., N, Amer., Mis- sissippi, formed by the confl. of the Chiekasaw- hay and Leaf rivers, flows S., and falls into Pasca- goula Sound, and thence into the Gulf of Mexico. It is navigable for its last 60 m., for vessels draw- ing 6 feet water. Paschendaele, a market town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 6i m. N.E. Tpres. P. 8,000. Pasoo, the princip. mining town of N. Pern, dep. Junin, 130 m. N.E. Lima, at the head of two ra- vines, & 11,000 feet above the sea. Pop. varies at different periods from 4,000 to perhaps,12,000. PAS 099 PAS It is a miserable place, built of sun-dried bricks. The ground broken up for mining occupies a space J m. in length by J m. in breadth, quite honeycombed with shafts, most of which are now filled with water. From 1825 to 1836, 2,190,655 marks of silver were reduced at its foundry. All its ores are ferruginous. Though coal exists in the vicinity, turf, dung, and timber, are mostly em- ployed for smelting. — The Cerro, or mountain knot of Pasco and Huanueo, unites two branches of the Andes. Summit 16,000 feet ijj elevation. Pascdaro, Pasquaro, or Patzquabo, a town of the Mexican confederation, dep. Mechoacan, 28 m. S. W. Valladolid, on the E. bank of the Lalce of Pascuaro. Pop. 6,000, partly employed in ad- jacent copper mines. Pas-de-Calais, a dep. of France, in the N.E., formed of parts of the old provs. Artois, Pi- cardie, and Flanders, on the English Channel (Pas-de-Calais), between the deps. Nord and Somme. Area 2,624 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 696,756. Surface traversed S.E. to N.W. by a chain of hills which separate the basin of the N. Sea from that of the Channel, and gives rise to numerous rivers ; the chief of which are the Scarpe and Lys, affls. of the Scheldt, the Aa, which flows to the N. Sea, between the deps. Pas-de-Calais and Nord, and the Canche, flowing to the Engl. Channel ; these are all navigable and connected by canals. The dep. has several excellent harbours, the chief of which are Calais and Boulogne. Commerce is also facilitated by the Great Northern railw. and its branches. Soil rich in coal and tmf, is re- markable for the facility with which water is found by means of artesian wells. It is marshy in some parts, but generally fertile in wheat, hemp, lint, tobacco, and oleaginous plants. Ma- nuf. industry very active in producing beet-root sugar, linen, and linen thread, cotton, lace, com- mon woollens, paper, potteryware, and leather. The dep. is divided into the arronds. Arras, Be- thune, Boulogne, St Pol, Montreuil, & St Omer. Pas-de-Caiais, or Stbait of Doveb, the strait which separates Engl, from France. [Dover.] Pasewalk, or Passewalk, a town of Prussian Pomerania, reg. and 25 m. W.N.W. Stettin, on the Ucker. Pop. (1846) 5,620. It is enclosed by walls, and has woollen cloth and leather factories. Pasijan, two of the smaller Philippine islands, E. Archipelago, between the isls. Leyte & Zebu. Pasitano, a town of Naples, prov. Princip.-Cit., on the Gulf of Salerno, 6 m. W. Amalfi. P. 4,000. Fasman, an island of Dalmatia, circ. and 6 m. S. Zara, in the Adriatic. Length 16 m., breadth 3J m. Surface mountainous. Principal pro- ducts, oil and wine. On it are several villages. Paso del Norte, a pretidio, or small town of the Mexican confed., dep. Chihuahua, on the Rio Grande, near lat. 29'' 45' N., Ion. 104° 16' W. Pasquotank, a river of the V. S., N. Amer., North Carolina, rises in the Dismal-Swamp, and flows S.E. into Albemarle Bay. It is connected with the Elizabeth by a canal 23 m. in length, and gives name to a co., with 300 sq. m. Pop. 8,614 ; cap. Elizabeth. Passase, two small seaport towns of Ireland, Munster I. co. and 6 m. E.S.E. Waterford, on the estuary of the Suir. Pop, 624. It is irregu- larly built on a rocky height, and has a pier and a block-house.— II. (West), co. and 7} m. E.S.E. Cork, on the estuary of the Lee, opposite Great Island. Pop. 1,721. It has several churches, a quay, dockyard, and many bathing-houses, and is the port of Cork for all large shipping. It is a seat of petty sessions. A vill. and hamlet, co. Cork, have the same name. Passage Islands, two groups of the E. Arohip., one off the W. coast of Sumatra, near lat. 2° 30' N., the other between Celebes and Sangir. — Pas- sage Island is a name of the W. India isl. Culebra. — Passage Fort, Jamaica, is on Hunt bay, 6 m. E. Spanish-town. Passaic, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in N.E. part of New-Jersey. Area 180 sq. m. Pop. 16,734. — II. a river, same State, flows E., and enters Newark-bay, after a sluggish & tortuous course of 70 m. It is navig. for sloops to Acquackanonck. Passamaquoddt Bat, N. Amer., is partly in state Maine, U. S., N. America, and partly in the British prov. of New Brunswick, about 12 m. in length and 8 m. in width at its entrance. It is well sheltered, deep, never closed by ice, and con- tains Deer and Campobello islands. Its waters abound with fish ; tide rises from 25 to 33 feet. Passaho (Cape), Pachynum Promoni., the S.E. extremity of Sicily, intend. & 26 m. S.S.W. Syra- cuse. Immed. N.E. of it is the barren isl. Passaro, with a fort, in lat. 36° 41' 6" N., Ion. 15° 9' E. Passarowitz, or Poshabovitz, a small town or vill. of Servia, and a judicial cap. of its E. division, dist. and 13 m. E.S.E. Semendria. A famous treaty of peace was concluded here betw. the Imperialists and the Turks, 21st July 1718. Passau, Batava Casira, a fortified town of Bavaria, cap. circ. Lower Danube, at the confl. of the Inn and Danube, 92 m. E.N.E. Munchen. Pop. (1845) 10,211. It is situated in a picturesque defile, and separated into 3 parts by the rivers which traverse it, and is defended by 2 fortresses and 8 forts. Chief edifices, the cathedral, church of St. Paul, and the old abbey of St. Nicholas. It has manufs. of tobacco and porcelain, bi-ewe- ries, and tanneries. The treaty of Passau, con- cluded in 1552, conferred religious liberty on the Protestants of Germany. Passenham, a pa, of England, co, Northamp- ton, 8 m. S.E. Towcester, Area 2,230 ac. Pop. 822. It has an entrenchment, supposed to have been raised by Edward the Elder, to defend the passage of the Ouse against the Danes. Passenheim, a town of E. Prussia, reg, Konigs- berg, 21 m, E.N.E, Hohenstein, Pop, 1,275. Passeeiano, a vill. of Austrian Italy, prov. and 13 m. S.W. TJdine. Pop. 3,000. Near it is a hand- some villa, in which Bonaparte resided during the preliminaries of the peace of Campo Formio. Passiqnano, a vill. of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 14 m. N.W. Perugia, on the N.E. shore of the lake of Perugia, or Thrasymene. Near it was fought the famous battle of Thrasy- mene, B.C. 217. Passo Caballo, Texas, is the entrance to Ma- tagorda bay, 80 m. S.W. the mouth of the Brazos. Passo del Norte, Mexico. [Paso del Nobte.] Passy, a market town of France, dep. Seine, and one of the W. suburbs of Paris, is enclosed within the new fortifications, 7 m. S.S.W. St Denis. Pop. (1846) 5,626. It has an earthenware manuf., shot mill, and sugar-refinery. Pastaqa, a riv. of S. Amer., Ecuador, rises in Andes, & after a S.E. course of 400 m., joins the Amazon, 26 m. W. the influx of the Huallaga. Pasto, a town of S. Amer., in the table-land of the Andes, dep. Cauca, 148 m. N.N.E. Quito. Pop. 7,000, It is built at the foot of a volcano, in a site 8,577 feet above the ocean, and sur- rounded by woods and bogs, in the line of the great Pass from Popayan to Quito, Paston, two pas, of England, — I, co, Norfolk, 3} m, N,E, North Walsham. Area 1,380 ao. Pop, 298 II. CO. Northampton, 2J m, N, Peter- borough. Area 3,160 ac. Pop. 962. PAS 1000 PAT Pastos-Bons, a town of Brazil, prov. Maran- hao, 292 m. S.S.W. St Luiz, between the Parna- hiba and Itapicuru. Pastbana, a town of Spain, prov. and 14 m. S.E. Guadalaxara, in a valley on the Arias. Pop. 3,021. It has manufs. of silks and paper. Pasuruan, or Pasubooan, a town of Java, near its N.E. coast, 30 m. S.S.E. Surabaya. Pata, an isl. of the E. Archipelago, immedi- ately S. Sooloo, lat. 5° 48' N., Ion. 121° 11' E.— II. a town on the N. coast of the isl. of Luzon, Philippines. Pata, a market town of Central Hungary, co. Heves, 6 m. W.N.W. Gyongyos. Pop. 2,580. Patagonia, an extensive region comprising the S. extremity of S. Amer., from lat. 38° 45' S., and having N. the territories of La Plata and Chile. It has been little explored. The W. coast is greatly indented and bordered by the Andes, which here rise generally to between 3,000 and 6,000 feet in height. Surface in the E., a series of five terraces, extending over 700 m., composed of tertiary sandstone, with marine shells ; clay-earth, and gravel ; arid and sterile ; the W. coast is subject to excessive rains, and it is only along the Rio Negro, on its N. border, that wheat, maize, pulses, &o., are cultivated. Gua- nacoes, pumas, foxes, and great numbers of mice, are the principal quadrupeds. The condor, hawks, an ibis, and a few others, are among the scanty number of birds. The Indians, who are thinly scattered over this region, are remarkable for their lofty stature; they lead a wandering life, and subsist chiefly on the flesh of wild quadrupeds, mushrooms, and fish. Patagonia was discovered by Magalhaens in 1619, and more recently explored by Captains Fitzroy and King. Patak (Sabos-Nagt), a market town of Hun- gary, on the Bodrog, circ. and 20 m. N.E. Tolcay. Pop. 5,088. Patanago, a town of Burmah, on the E. bank of the Irrawadi, 75 m. N. Prome. N. of the town are famous wells reported to yield annually 80 millions lbs. of asphaltum. Patany, or Patani, the S.most prov. of Siam, Further India, its principal town, of same name, being on the riv. Patany, in lat. 7° N.,lon. 101° 35' E. — Cape Patany is a headland, N.E. the town, at the entrance of the Gulf of Siam. Patapsoo, a river, U. S., N. Amer., Maryland, rises in co. Baltimore, flows mostly E., and joins Chesapeake Bay, by a broad estuary, betw. North and Bodkin points. For 14 m. it is navigable for vessels drawing 18 feet water. Pataba, a ruined city of Asia Minor, celebrated in antiquity as a principal seat of the worship of Apollo, Its remains, on the coast, 12 m. S. the ruius of Xanthus, and 27 m. S.S.E. Makri, com- prise Greek tombs, parts of small temples, a triple arch, a theatre, and ruins of large churches. Patat, a mkt. town of France, dep. Loiret, cap. cant., 14 m. N.W. Orleans. Pop. 1,429. Here, in 1429, the French, under Joan of Arc, defeated the English under Talbot. Pataz, a town of N. Peru, dep. & 80 m. E.N.E. Truxillo, cap. prov., near the Maranon. Patoham, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 3 m. N.N.W. Brighton. Area 4,170 ac. Pop. 579. Patching, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 4} m. E.' Arundel. Area 500 ac. Pop. 249. Pateley-Bbidge, a mkt. town of England, co. York, W. Hiding, on the Nidd, pa. and 10 m. W.S.W. Ripon. It is pretty well built, has a subord. church, and branch bank. Mkt., Satur. Pater, or Pembroke-Dook, a suburban town of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, on Milford- Haven, pji. St. Mary's, 1 m. N.W. Pembroke, within the pari, and municipal boundaries ot which it is included. A government dock-yard, removed to this place from Milford in 1814, covers 60 ac, and in it some of the largest ships of the navy have been constructed. It has an arsenal, and is protected by a fort and jetty. The town is neatly built, & is lighted with gas, has a large mkt. house, and carries on a thriving trade with Irel. & N. Amer. Patebna, two towns of Spain. — I. (de la Ribi- era), prov. and 23 m. E. Cadiz. Pop. 2,436 — IL (del Campo), prov. and N.E. Huelva. Pop. 1,678. Paterne (St), a comm. & town of France, dep, Indre-et-Loire, 18 m. N.N.W. Tours. P. 2,148. PaternS, Hybla Major, a city of Sicily, intend, and 10 m. N.W. Catania, cap. cant., at the foot of Mt. Etna. P. 10,800. Ithashotchalybeatesprings, and a trade in wine, oil, flax,iiemp, and timber. Paterno, 2 towns of Naples. — I. prov. Calab. Citra, 5 m. S. Cosehza. Pop. 2,000. — II. prov. Princip.-Ult., 12 m. E.N.E. Avellino. Pop. 2,700. Paternosters (Great and Little), two dan- gerous rocks in the channel between Cape Car- teret, on the coast of France, and the island of Jersey. — The Little Paternosters, or Balaialagan Ms., are a gi'oup in the Strait of Macassar, lat, 2° S., Ion, 117° 28' E. Pateeson, a town, U, S., N, America, New Jersey, 75 m. N,E, Trenton, Pop, 7,596, Paterson, a river of Australia, New South Wales, CO, Durham, joins the Hunter river, about 20 m. from the sea. Chief affl., the Allya river, below the influx of which the vill. Paterson stands on its W. bank. — Cape Paterson, Australia, is a headland, about midway between Port-Philip and Wilson promontory, on the S. coast. Patgonq, a town of British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, dist. and 45 m. N.N.W. Rungpoor. Path-Heab, a town of Scotl., co. Fife, pa. Dy- sart, forming E. suburb of Kirkcaldy. Pop. 2,946. It is regularly built, and has a handsome church, endowed, and other schools, and thriving manufs, of tykes and checks. On a lofty precipice near it, stands the old castle of Ravenscraig, formerly the seat of the family of St Clair.— II. a vill., co. Edinburgh, pa. Crichton, 4^ m. S.E. Dalkeith. Pop. 843, partly colliers.— III. a vill., co. Ayr, pa. New Cumnock. Pop. 325. Pativilca, a marit. vill. of Peru, dep. Lima, at the mouth of the Barranca in the Pacific Ocean, 30 m. N.N.W. Huacho. It has some remains ot edifices built by the Incas. Patmos, or Patimo, an isl. ofi' the W. coast of Asia-Minor, 20 m. S. Samos. Lat. 37° 17' N., Ion. 26° 35' E. Pop. 4,000, all Greeks, & mostly seafaring people. It is abare, irregularly shaped mass of rock, 28 m. in circ, and having on its E. side a deep indentation which forms a secure harbour. This island is famous as the place to which St John was banished by Domitijin, and where he wrote the book of Revelations. Patna, a dist. of British India, pre-sid. Bengal, prov. Bahar, having N. the Ganges, W. the Sone, separating it from Shahabad, and on other sides the dist. Bahar. Area 1,898 sq. m. Pop. (1847) 845,790. Besides Patna, the chief towns are Phatuka,Phoolwaree, andDinapore. — Patna, the cap., is situated on the S. bank of the Ganges, 32 m. N.N.W. Bahar. Lat. 25° 37' N., Ion. 85° 16' E. Pop. (1837) 284,132. The city-proper is en- closed by Hindoo fortifications, and it has a striking external appearance, many handsome flat-roofed and balustraded residences being in- termixed with broad ghauts, numerous Hindoo temples, and remains of Mussulman splendour. Internally, there is found to be but one wide PAT 1001 PA a street, and many of the houses are merely of j earth with tiled roofs ; but E. of the city are ' suburbs with good storehouses, and a Mohamme- dan palace, with large gardens ; and W.ward is Bankipoor, the European quarter, with a military depot. Patna has a small citadel, a Brit, college, and Portuguese Rom. Catholic church, well sup- plied mkts., and a large trade in rice, wheat, opi- um, nitre, indigo, and sugar, and it is the seat of one of the six superior courts for the presids. Bengal and Agra. Patna, a vill. and qtwad sacra pa. of Sootl., CO. and 9 m. S.E. Ayr. Pop. of pa. 630 ; of vill. 236. Its church, meeting house, manse, and school, are all modern editices. Patnei, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 4J m. E.S.E. Devizes. Area 830 ac. Pop. 196. Patoka, a township, TJ. S., N. Amer., Indiana, 138 m. S.W. Indianopolis. Pop. 2,343. Patones, a vill. of Spain, in a mountain defile, prov. Soria, 78 m. N.N.E. Madrid. In the 8th cent., this was a place of refuge for the Christians. Patos (Lake), Brazil, prov. Rio Grande do Sul, is an enlargement of the Rio Grande (or Jacuy), near its month in the Atlantic. Length about 140 ra., breadth 40 m. It receives several small rivers, & the surplus waters of L. Mirim. Shores generally low. At its N. point is Porto Alegre, and at its S. end the city Bio Grande do Sul. Patba-s, Patrts, a fortified seaport town of Greece, & the principal seat of its foreign trade, Morea, cap. gov. Achaia, on the Gulf of Patras, 13 m. S.W. Lepanto. Lat. of castle, on the site of the ancient Acropolis, 38° 14' 6" N., Ion. 21° 44' E. Pop. 8,000. The ancient Pains stood on the declivity of Mount Voidhia. The modem town occupies a portion of the low and unhealthy plain between that hill aud the sea. It is regularly built and improving ; houses mostly only one storey in height, on account of the fre- quency of earthquakes. One of its churches is traditionally coimected with the martyrdom of St Andrew, and greatly resorted to by devotees. A ruined Roman aqueduct is one of the few relics of antiquity in Patras. Principal trade is in cur- rants of the best quality, large quantities of which are raised all along the N. shore of the Morea. At this town, in 1821, the standard of revolution was first raised in the Morea. Patoas (Gulf of), an inlet of the Ionian sea, Mediterranean, between the Morea & W. Hellas, Greece. Length 22 m., greatest breadth 13 m. It receives the Fidari (anc. Evonus), and the Ka- menitza rivers, and at its E. end leads into the Corinthian Gulf by the Strait of Lepanto. Patbee, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bombay, dist. & 48 m. W.N. W. Ahmedabad, near the Runn of Cutch, & formerly of consid. military strength. Pateick's-Bouknb, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 3 m. S.E. Canterbury. Area 1,350 ac. Pop. 251. Patbington, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Riding, on a creek of the Humber, 14 m. E.S.E. Hull. Area of pa. 3,180 ac. P. 1,402. Pateishow, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Brecon, 5 m. N.N.W. Abergavenny. Pop. 71. Patschkau, a town of Prussran Silesia, reg. & 44 m. W.S.W. Oppeln, on the Neisse. Pop. 3,600. It is end. by walls, and has manufs. of woollens. Patta, a seaport town of E. Africa, Muscat dom., Zanguebar coast, on an isl. at the mouth of a river in lat. 2° 9' S., Ion. 40° 50' E. It was formerly of much greater importance, and held by the Portuguese during most part of the 16th and 17th centuries. At present it is a mere vill. Pattensen, a town, 7 m. S. Hanover, P. 1,653. — II. a vill., landr. and 12 m. N.W. Liineburg. Patterdai.e, a chapelry of Engl., co. West- moreland, pa. Barton, 7 m. N.N.E. Ambleside. Pop. 573. It has an inn for tourists. PATTEsnuLL, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, 7 J m. W.N.W. Wolverhampton. Area 1,850 ac. P. 117. Patti, a marit. city of Sicily, intend. Messina, on a height near the Gulf of Patti, N. coast of the isl., cap. dist., 17 m. S.W. Milazzo. Pop. 5,000. It is enclosed by dilapidated walls, and has a Nor- man castle, now the residence of its bishop, a cathedra], a manuf. of earthenware, and a profit- able fishery. — The Gulf of Patti is a semicircular bay, 20 m. across, betw. the promont. of Milazzo & Cape Calava; and on a headland on its S. side are considerable remains of the anc. TyndarU. Pattialah, a large town of N.W. Hindostan, cap. of a Sikh rajahship, 126 m. N.N.W. Delhi, enclosed by a mud wall, and having a citadel with the residence of its rajah. Pattingham, a pa. of Engl., cos. Salop and Stafford, 6 m. W. Wolverhampton. Area 3,660 ac. Pop. 903. Pattishall, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 4i m. N.N.W, Towcester. Area 2,460 ac. P. 728. Pattiswiok, a pa. of Engl,, co. Essex, 2J m. W.N.W. Gt. Coggeshall. Area 1,640 ac. P. 375. Paton, two vills. of India. — I. Nepaul, 3 m. S. Khatmandoo. — II. Rajpootana, dom. and 11 m, N,E. Kotah, on the N. bank of the Chumbul. Paturages, a comm, & mkt, town of Belgium, prov, Hainaut, cap, cant., 4 m. S.W. Mons. Pop. 6,108. It has steam engine factories, and coal mines in its vicinity. Paxuxent, a river of U. S,, N, America, Mary- land, after a S,E, and S. course of 90 m, enters Chesapeake bay. It is navigable for vessels of 250 tons fi'om its mouth to Nottingham, dist. 50 m. Patzau, or Paczovt, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 16 m. E.N.E. Tabor. Pop. 2,621. Patzizia, and Patzusi, two towns of Central America, state Guatemala, having respectively 6,300- and 8,000 inhabitants. Pau, Paium, a comm. and town of France, cap. dep. B. Pyrenees, 56 m. E.S.E. Bayonne, on r. b. of the Gave de Pan, over which is a bridge of 7 arches, remarkable for its great elev. Pop. (1846) 13,143. It has a university academy for the deps. B. Pyrenees, Landes, and H. Pyrenees ; a tribu- nal of commerce, and a national college, with a Ubrary of 14,000 vols. It has manufs. of linens, and trade in hams and Jurangon wine. Pau was cap. of the old prov. B&rn. Henri iv. was born in its anc. royal castle. It is also the birth-place of Gaston de Foix, and of General Bernadotte, afterwards king of Sweden. Pau is picturesquely and beautifully situated, and has excellent pro- menades. It is a favourite place of residence for English families.— Cfaw de Pau. [Gave.] Paucabtambo, a river & town of S. Peru, the town, cap. prov., dep. and 60 m. B.N.E. Cuzco, on the river, which has a N.ward course, though it is doubtful whether it is an afd. of the Apuri- mac or of the Purus. Pahghuk, & Pahghtook, two towns of India, the former in dom. and 132 m. N.E. Mysore, the latter, Nizam's dom., 97 m. S.S.W. Hyderabad. Pauillao, a comm. and town of France, dep. Gironde, cap. cant., 26 m, N,N.W. Bordeaux. P. 1,830. It has a good port, and a trade in wine. Pauk-Puttun, Punjab, [Pak-Pattak,] Paul, or Paohall, a pa, of England, co, York., E, riding, on the Humber, 5i m, E,S,E, Kings- ton-on-Hull. Area 5,020 ac. Pop. 870. Padl (St.), a pa, of England, co, Cornwall, 2J m. S, Penzance. Area 3,500 ac. Pop, 4,664, Paul (St), a town of the isl, Bourbon, cap, PATJ 1002 PE ari'ond., 19 m. S.W. St Denis. Pop. of eomm. (1841) 16,262, of whom 11,540 were slaves. This was the first French establishment on the island. — St Paul, a city of Brazil. [Sao-Paclo.] Paul (St.), numerous comms. and vills. of France. — I. dep. B. Alpes, cap. cant., 10 m. N.N.E. Barcelonnetta. Pop. 1,704. — 11. (de Fencmillet), dep. Pyrenees- Or., cap. cant., on the Ag-ly, 14 m. N.N.E. Prades. Pop. 1,928.— III. (Eni..wTN, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamor- gan, 4 m. E.N.E. Cowbridge. Pop. 401. Penbleburt, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa Eccles, 4J m. N.N.W. Manchester. P. 2,198. Pesble-Hii.!., Engl., co. Lancaster, 2 m. from CUtheroe. Height above the sea 1,800 feet. Pehbleton, a vill. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Eccles, with a station on the Lancashire and Yorkshire railway, 2J m. W.N.W. Manchester. Pop. 11,032, employed in manufs. of cotton and silk, and in collieries. — 11. a tnshp., co. Lancaster, pa. Whalley, 2i m. S.S.E. Clitberoe. Pop. 1,469. Penbletox, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer.,in N. of Virginia. Area 999 ac. Pop. 6,940. Penbook, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, 6 m. S.S.W. Upton-on-Sevem. Area 1,170 ac. P. 270. Pbndomeb, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 4 m. S.S. W. Yeovil. Area 1,120 ac. Pop. 81. Penbtn, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Carmarthen, 4 m. W.S.W. Langhame. Pop. 204. Penedo, a flourishing city of Brazil, prov. and 66 m. S.W. Alagoas, on the San Francisco. Pop. of dist. 14,000, mostly Indians. Penegos, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Montgomery, 1| m. E.N.E. Machynlleth. Pop. 772. Penella, a town of Portugal, prov. Beira, on the Deuja, 15 m. S.E. Coimbra. Pop. 3,460. Penfiblb, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, 6 m. E.N.E. Rochester. Pop. 2,842. Penge, a hamlet of Engl., co. Surrey, pa. Bat- tersea. Pop. 270. Almshouses, for decayed watermen, have been recently erected here. Pewhow, a pa. of Engl., co. Monmouth, 5J m. E. Caerleon. Area 1,680 ac. Pop. 262. Penhubst, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 3J m. W.N.W. Battle. Area 890 ac. Pop. 103. Peniche, a fortified town of Portugal, prov. Estremadura, 13 m. W. Obidos, on the Atlantic and the S. side of the peninsula of Peniche. Pop. 2,600. It is strong both by nature and art. It has a small port and an active fishery. Penicoiok, orPENNvcciCK,aburgh of barony and pa. of Scot!., co. and 10 m. S. Edinburgh, on the N. Esk. Area of pa. about 20,000 ao. Scots. Pop. 2,672, do. of burgh 907. It is neatly built, has a fine church of Grecian architecture, a subscription library, a gunpowder factoiy, and extensive paper mills, on the N. Esk. The pa. contains the vills. Nine-mile-burn, Kirkhill, and Howgate. Penicuick house, the seat of Sir G. Clerk, Bart., is an interesting structure. Penig, a town of Saxony, circ. and 33 m. S.S.E. Leipzig, on the Mulde. Pop. 3,956. Peninsula, an abbreviation forthe Iberian, or Pyrennean Peninsula. [Spain.] PeSiscola, a fortified town of Spain, prov. & 38 m. N.E. Castellon-de-la-Plana. Pop. 1,391. It is perched on a rock rising 240 feet above the Mediterranean, and connected with the mainland only by a narrow strip of sand. Penjab, the " five rivers," India. [Punjab.] Penjinsk, a small town of E. Siberia, prov. Okhotsk, on the Penjina, near its mouth in the Gulf of Penjinsk, an inlet of the sea of Okhotsk. Penkau, or Penkcm, a walled town of Prussian Pomerania, reg. & 17 m. W. Stettin. Pop. 1,600. Penketh, a township of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Prescot, 3| m. W. Warrington. Pop. 652. Penkhhll, a township of Engl., co. Stafford, pa. Stoke-on-Trent, 1^ m. S.S.E. Newcastle- under-Lyne. Pop. 7,947. Penkbibge, a town and pa. of Engl., co. and 6 m. S. Stafford, on the Penk, an affl. of the Trent, and near the Grand Junction railway. Area of pa. 18,020 ac. Pop. 3,129. The town 'is supposed to have been the Soman Permocrudum, and has a large church, formerly collegiate. Penllech, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Carnarvon, 10 m. W.S.W. Pwllheli. Pop. 261. Penlline, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, 2 m. W.N.W. Cowbridge. Pop. 320. Penmachno, a pa. of N.Wales, co. Carnarvon, 7 m. S. Llanrwst. Pop. 1,274, partly employed in slate quarries. Kev. of charities (1833) about 120?. Fairs, 23d August and 21st September. Penmaen, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, 6| m. S.W. Castellelwchwr. Pop. 149. Penmaen-Mawk, a mountain of N. Wales, co. Carnarvon, in the vicinity of Aberconway. Ele- vation 1,400 feet. Its summit is crowned by ancient fortifications. Penmarch, a comm. and marit. vill. of W. France, dep. Finistere, on a headland in the At- lantic, 16 m. S.W. Quimper. Pop. 1,727. Penmain, a hamlet of Engl., co. Monmouth, pa. Mynyddy's-Lwyn, 12 m. N. W. Newport. P. 2,474. Penmark, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, 51 m. S.E. Cowbridge. Pop. 486. Penmon, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Anglesey, SJ m. N.N.E. Beaumaris. Pop. 228. Penmobea, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Carnarvon, 2 ra. W. Tremadoc. Pop. 1,099. Penmynvdd, a pa. of N. Wales, oo. Anglesey, 6 m. W. Beaumaris. Pop. 611. Penn, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Bucks, 3 m. N.W. Beaconsfield. Area 4,260 ac. Pop. 1,040. —II. CO. Stafford, 2 m. S.S.W. Wolverhampton. Area 3,890 ac Pop. 942. Penn, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Penn- sylvania, contiguous to Philadelphia. Pop. 3,342. Here is Gerade college, a supurb edifice of white marble, for the education of orphan hoys. — II. {Yan), a vill., New York, on Crooked Lake. Pop. 1,800. It has a jail, court house, and academy. Penna-bi-billi, a small city of Italy, Pontif. Sta., dist. and 20 m. W.N.W. Urbino, near rt. li. of the Marecchia. Pop. 1,370. Pennal, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Merioneth, 3 m. W.S.W. Machynlleth. Pop. 678. PEN 1008 PEN Pennant, a pa. of N. Wales, eo. Montgomery, 9 m. S.E. Bala. Pop. 795: PENNAii,a river of India, presid. Madras, rises in Mysore, and after an E. course through the dists. Bellary, Cuddapah, and Nellore, enters the Bay of Bengal, 104 m. N. Madras. Length 270 m. Prnnakd, two pas. of Engl., co. Somerset. — I. (East), 4 m. S.S.W. Shepton-Mallet. Area 2,9S0 ac. Pop. 667.— II. [West), 3J m. W.S.W. Glas- tonbury. Area 3,270 ac. Pop. 819. The famous cheese, weighing 11 cwt., & presented some years ago to Her Majesty, was made in this parish. Pennautieb, a comra. & mkt. town of France, dep. Aude, 3 m. N.W. Carcassonne. Pop. 1,214. Penne, two comms. and towns of France. — I. dep. Lot-et-Garonne, cap. cant., on a declivity near the- Lot, 6 m. E.S.E. Villeneuve-sur-Lot. Pop. 4,655 (of whom only 600 in the town). — II. dep. Tarn, on 1. b of the Aveyron, 16 m. N.W. Gaillao. Pop. 2,201. Pennigent, a mountain of Engl., co. York, W. Ri ding, pa. Horton, 7 m. N. Settle. Elev. 2,270 ft. Pennin(3iiame, a pa. of Scotland, co. Wigton, comprising the town of Newton-Stewart. Area about 62 sq. m. Pop. 8,672, with ruins of several ecclesiastical edifices, and of Castle-Stewart. Pennington, a pa. of Engl., co. Lancaster, 2 m. W.S.W. Ulverstone. Area 2,840 ac. Pop. 388, — II. a township, same co., pa. Leigh, 12 m. W. Manchester. Pop. 3,833, chiefly employed in cotton manufactures. Penniston, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. York, W. Riding, on the Don, with a st^ation on the Manchester and Sheffield railway, 6i m. W.S.W. Bamslejr. Area 21,580 ac Pop. 6,907, partly employed in woollen and cotton manufs. Penn's Neck, two contiguous townships of the U. S., N. Amer., New Jersey. — I. (^Lowerj, co. and 5 m. N.W. Salem, on Delaware riv. Pop. 1,219. — IL (Upper). Pop. 1,864. Pennsylvania, one of the largest and most im- portant of the U. S., N. Amer., between lat. 39° 44' and 42° N., and Ion. 74° 40' and 80° 35' W., enclosed by the states New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, and Ohio, but at its N.W. extremity, bordering on Lake Erie. Area 43,960 sq. m. Pop. (1850) 2,311,681. Its central part is traversed from S.W. to N.E by the Alleghany mountains, and watered by the river Susquehan- nah and its numerous afSs. The Delaware forms its E. boundary. Other rivers are the Schuyl- kill, Lehigh, and Alleghany. It is one of the most productive and best cultivated parts of the Union. In 1840 more wheat was raised in it than in New York state, besides large quanti- ties of maize, oats, barley, buckwheat, and thrice the quantity of potatoes produced in any other of the U. States. In its numbers of live stock it is inferior only to New York and Ohio. Most of the finer fruits of temperate climates are raised, and this state is better adapted for the culture of the grape & mulberry than most others in N. Amer. More iron and coal are raised than in the other states, whence this has become the head quarters of manufacturing and railway en- terprise in the Union. Coal raised (1846-6) 700,000 tons. Salt, building stone, and timber, are also important products. At Pittsburg, iron- mongery of all descriptions, with steam engines and machinery, are manufactured in large quan- tities. Cotton, and woollen stuffs and yarn, soap, paper, gunpowder, carriages, and most other kinds of goods are made ; and in manufacturing industry, this state ranks immediately after Mas- sachusetts. Foreign trade is carried on chiefly through Philadelphia, but in part through New York, Baltimore, &c. Total value of exports direct (1843) 3,635,266 dollars, do. of imports, 7,217,267 dollars. The whole S.E. part of the state is intersected by a network of canaJS and railways. In 1848, 1,280 m. of canals, and 1,084 m. of railway were completed in the state. Total- pub, rev. (1848-9) 4,512,667 dollars. Public debt 40,424,736 dollars. There are eight colleges and 7,846 schools. The state is divided into 65 COS., & sends 28 representatives to Congressi . Chief, cities, Harrisburg, the cap., Philadelphioj Pitts- burg, Lancaster, Reading, & Carlisle. The state was granted to W. Penn by James n. in 1681. Present constitution adopted in 1838. Gov. vested in a gov. and senators, elected triennally, and representatives, elected annually. Penobscot, the principal 'river of the state Maine, U. S., N. Amer., is formed by the imion of many streams in W. part of the state, whence it flows mostly S., and after a total course esti-i mated at 100 m., enters Penobscot bay 40 m. below Bangor, to which town it is navigable for large vessels. Principal aiBs. the Mattawamkeag & Piscaiiqais.— Penobscot bay is 30 m. in length and breadth at its entrance, and contains many isls. — ^11. a CO. in N. part of the state, pop: 45,705 ; and a tnshp., co. Hancock, on its E. side, 8 m, N.E. Castine. Pop. 1,474. Penomping, a town of Siam, prov. and 130 m. S. Camboja, on the Me-kong, and stated to have considerable traffic. PeSon he Velez, a fortified maritime town belonging to Spain, on an elevated rock, on the African side of the Strait of Gibraltar, 80 m. S.E. Ceuta. It was founded by Pedro of Navarre, in 1508, taken by the Moors in 1622, but retaken by the Spaniards in 1664. It is strongly defended by heavy batteries, and has a bomb-proof maga- zine, ample storehouses, and a state prison. Penpont, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 15 m. N.N.W. Dumfries, on the Skarr. Area 16,418 ac. Scots. Pop. 1,266, of whom 492 are in the vill. Here are numerous antiquities, including the remains of an ancient Roman fort. Penbhos, two pas. of N. Wales. — I. co. Car- narvon, 3 m. W.S.W. Pwllheli. Pop. 96.^n. (Lligwy), co. Anglesey, 4 m. E.N.E. Llanerch- y-Medd. Pop. 594. Penehvdd, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 6J m. S.S.E. Cardigan. Pop. 390. Penkhtn Islands, a group in the Pacific O., lat. 9° 2' S., Ion. 157° 35' W. They are densely wooded and populous. Penkhtn (Port), a tnshp. of N. Wales, ' co. Carnarvon, pa. Llandegai, at the month of the Ogwen in Menai Strait. It has a good quay for vessels of 300 tons, and large exports of slate from a quarry employing about 2,000 men. Pen- rhyn castle is a superb marble castellated edifice. Penehts, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, llj m. W.S.W. Swansea. Pop. 385. Penrhys castle, a handsome modern seat, stands, partly on the ruins of a feudal fortress. Penkitb, a market town and pa. of England, CO. Cumberland, with a station on the Lancas- ter and Carlisle railway, 16 m. S.S.E. Carlisle. Area of pa., which includes a part of Iriglewood forest, 6,640 ac. Pop. 6,429, paatly employed in linen weaving, & manufs. of checks, fancy goods, &c. The town, in a beautiful vale of the Eamont and Lowther, is neatly built, and has a larg« church; in the cemetery of which is a monument of high antiquity, known as ' the giant's grate ;' a grammar school founded by Queen Elizabeth, a CO. court-house, and house of correction, urii'ou workhoose, an assembly room, museum, subscrip- PEN 1009 PEN tion library and the remains of a castle, built during the vf ara of the Roses, and destroyed by order of the Commonwealth. Its vicinity is rich in striking scenery, and ancient remains, com- prising Brougham and Edin halls, Dacre castle, and various British antiquities. Penrose, a pa. of England, co. & 6 m. W.S. W. Monmouth. Area 8,540 ac. Pop. 358. IPenbtn, a pari, and munic. bor. and market town of England, co. Cornwall, pa. St. Gluvias, at the head of Falmouth harbour, and almost ad- joining Falmouth on the N.W. Pop. of town 3,337. It is built on a declivity, has a lai'ge plain chnrch, town-hall, small jail, and market-house, a custom-house, & considerable exports of granite. Market, Wednesday. Corp. revenue (18J8) 32'2l. The bor. joins with Falmouth in sending two membei-s to H. of C. Keg. electore (1848) 950. Pensacola, a city and seaport town of the IF. S., N. Amer., Florida, on the W. side of Pensacola bay, about 8 m. from the gulf of Mexico, 56 m. E.S.E. Mobile. Pop. about 2,000. It is regularly built, and has a wharf extending about 600 feet into the bay. About 8 m. below the town is a U. S. navy yard, covering nearly 80 ac, and enclosed by a high brick wall. — Pen- sacola bay is an inlet of the gulf of Mexico, lat. 80° 20' N., Ion. 87° 17' W., is 25 m. in length, and 15 m. in breadth, divided into 3 basins, Escambia, Tellow-water, and Blackwater bays, receiving the rivers of the same name ; and its E. part admits frigates of the largest class. Pensax, a chapelry of England, co. "Worcester, pa. Liudridge, 6 m. S.W. Bewdley. Pop. 541. Penscellwood, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 3i m. E.N.E. Wincanton. Ac. 1,030. Pop. 397. Pensfobd (St. Thomas), a pa. and small mkt. town of England, co. Somerset, 24 m. N.N.E. Somerton. Area 740 ac. Pop. 360. Penshaw, a chapelry of England, co. Durham, pa. Houghton-le-Spring, 5 m. W.S.W. Sunder- land. Pop. 1,912. It has limestone and free- stone qnarries. Penshuest, a pa. of England, co. Kent, on the Medway, with a station on the S.E. railway, 4^ m. W.S.W. Tunbridge. Ac. 4,600. Pop. 1,470. Fair 1st July. — Penshurst-plaee, the seat of Lord De Lisle, a descendant of the Sydney family, is a line old quadrangular mansion, the birth-place of Sir Philip, and Algernon Sydney. Penhurst was a residence of the Saxon kings of Kent. It gives the title of baron to Viscount Strangford. Pensthokpe, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 2 m. E.S.E. Fakenham. Area 670 ac. Pop. 19. Pension, a vill. and barony of Scotland, co. & 6 m. W.S.W. Haddington, with 233 inhabs., mostly colliers. It has a school, & several benefit societies. The barony belongs to descendants of the Baliol &mily, in whose possession it has been for about 5J centuries. Penstbowep, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Montgo- mery, 3 m. W. Newtown. Pop. 133. Pentecost Island, two isls. of the Pacific O. — I. Cumberland isls., off E. Australia, lat. 20° 23' W S., Ion. 14S° 69' SO' E.— II. (or Whitmn- day Island), New Hebrides, lat. 16° 69' S., Ion. 168° 19' E. — Pentecost river,LoyveT Canada, is an affl. of the St. Lawrence. PENTEi,icns (Mount), Greece, Attica, 10 m. N.W. Athens, rises to 8,500 feet above the sea. It contains quarries of white marble, greatly re- nowned in antiquity, and which are still worked. Penienisia, a group of islets in the gulf of JEgina, Greece, 10 m. N.W. .^gina. Pentehbt, a pa. of England, co. Monmouth, 3J m. N.N.W. Chepstow. Area 310 ac. Top. 38. Pentima, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo- Ult. II., dist. & 5m. N.W. Sulmona. Pop. 1,900. PENTtAND-FinTH, a sound dividing continental Scotland from the Orkney isls., and connecting the Atlantic and German Oceans. Length E. to W. 17 m., breadth from 6 to 8 m. Its naviga- tion is the most dangerous of the Scottish seas ; a current flows from W. to E. with a velocity of 3 to 9 m. an hour, which at the change of tides is met by opposing currents, causing dangerous eddies and whirlpools. — The Pentland Skerries, comprise two islets and some contiguous rooks : the larger, about 41 m. N. Duncansby head, has a light-house, with a higher and a lower light, the former 170 feet above the sea in lat. 58° 41' N., and Ion. 2° 53' W. ; the latter 140 feet in ht, and 100 feet N.N.E. the former. Upwards of 4,000 loaded vessels, aggregate tonnage 664,000 tons, annually pass through the Firth, exclusive of ships of war, and vessels in ballast. Pentland-Hills, a range in Scotland, cos. Peebles, Lanark, and Edinburgh, extending for about 14 m. N.E. to within 4 m. S.W. Edin- burgh. Highest summit, East-Carnethy hill, in the centre of the range, 1,878 feet above the sea. They are composed chiefly of porphyry & green- stone ; the sides and valleys are under cultivation, and the remainder pasture. Pentlow, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 3J m. E. Clare. Area 1,750 ac. Pop. 364. Pentnet, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 7 m. W.N.W. Swaft'ham. Area 2,330 ac. Pop. 692. Penton-Mewsey, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 2j m. W.N.W. Andover. Area 920 ac. P. 249. Pentreath, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Anglesey, 5| m. W.N.W. Beaumaris. Pop. 985. Penteich, a pa. of England, co. Derby, 2i m. S.S.W. Alfreton. Area 4,600 ac. Pop. 3,054. Pentbidge, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 3^ m. N.N.W. Cranborne. Area 990 ac. Pop. 244. Pentbobin, a tnshp. of N. Wales, co. Flint, pa. and 5 m. W.S.W. Hawarden. Pop. 987. Pentvbch, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, with a station on the Taif Vale railway, 6 m. W.N.W. Cardiff. Pop. 1,248. Pentenaw, a comm. and marit. vill. of France^ dep. C6tes-du-Nord, near the English channel, 3 m. N.W. Tr^gnier. Pop. 2,913. Penwobtham, apa. of England, co. Lancaster, 2 m. W.S.W. Preston. Area 9,530 ac. P. 6,498, partly employed in cotton manufs. Pen-y-Clawdb, a pa. of Engl., co. Monmouth, 2i m. E.N.E. Kagland. Area 660 ac. Pop. 48. Penza, or Pensa, a gov. of Russia, mostly between lat. 63° and 65° N., and Ion. 42° 30' and 46° 30' E., enclosed by the govs. Nijnii-Novgorod, Simbirsk, Saratov, and Tambov. Area 14,662 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,087,200. Surface mostly level ; principal rivs., the Moksha, Sura, & their affls. Soil fertile, and corn is extensively export- ed. Cattle, sheep, hogs, and horses are reared. Forests very extensive. Mineral products com- prise iron, chalk, sandstone, sulphur, and vitriol. Manufs. embrace coarse linens & woollen stuffs ; and there are besides, soap, glass, beet-root sugar, and leather factories, and iron foundries. The gov. is subdivided into 10 dists. Principal towns, Penza, Nijnii-Lomov, and Saransk.—, i'cMza,thecap.,issituatedl30m. N.N.W. Saratov, on the Sura, at its confl. with the Penza, Pop. 10,780. It has a large cathedral, and 12 other churches, a gymnasium, and extensive govern- ment offices, and manufs. of leather and soap. Penzance, a munic. bor., seaport, and the most westerly town in England, co. Cornwall, pa. Madron, on Mount's bay, 9 m. E.N.E. Land's 3s PEN 1010 PER End, and 66 ra. W.S.W. Launeeston. Lat. of light-house on pier, 60° 7' N. ; Ion. 5° 28' W. Pop. 8,678. It is situated in a district noted for its fertility, fine scenery, and singularly mild, though moist, climate. Mean annual temp. 61° .7 ; summer 60° .9 ; winter 44° .2 ; annual rain 36 in. It is pretty well built, has a spacious church, a small grammar school, national school, & school of industry, a new guildhall and market-house, a jail, union workhouse, public library, the hall and valuable museum of the Cornwall geological society, handsome baths, and good boarding houses for the accommodation of the numerous invalids and residents attracted thither by the climate. Principal exports tin and copper ore, the produce of the neighbouring mines, agricul- tural produce, and pilchards. Imports timber, iron, & hemp. Customs rev. (1847) 16,476Z. Reg. shipping (1847) 8,722 tons. The harbour, with a pier about 800 feet in length, having at its end a light-house, is accessible by vessels of moderate burden, and extensive improvements are pro- jected. Corporation rev. (1847) 4,938. It is a polling place for W. Cornwall. Sir H. Davy was born in the pa. in 1778. In the vicinity are St. Michael's Mount, and several druidical remains. Penzins, a handsome vill. of Lower Austria, 8 m. W. Vienna, on the Wien. It has numerous villas, and manufs. of silk fabrics. Pop. 4,136. Penzlin, a frontier town of Mecklenburg- Schwerin, principality and 43 m. E.S.E. Gustrow, on a small lake. Pop. 2,093. It has a castle. Peopleton, a pa. of England, co. Woi'cester, 3 m. N.N.W. Pershore. Area 1,830 ac. P. 316. Peokia, a vill, U. S., N. Amer., state Illinois, cap. CO., 63 m. N. Spriiigiield. Pop. 1,467. Pbovek (StiPEBioB), a chapelry of England, 00. Chester, 3J m. S.S.E. Nether-Knutsford. Pop. 680. — Little and Nether Peover are contig- uous chapelries and tnshps. Pepeb-Hakeow, a pa. of England, oo. Surrey, ai m. W- Godahning. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 140. Peqdannock, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., New Jersey, 10 m. N. Morristown. Pop. 5,190. Pequeni, a river of S. Amer., New Granada, jn the isthmus of Panama, tribut. to the Chagres riv. On its banks some gold mines are wrought. Peba, a suburb of Constantinople, on the N. side of the ' Golden Horn,' across which it is con- nected with the Fanar (city proper), by a bridge of boats erected in 1837. It stands on the sum- mit of the hill above Galata and Tophan^ is 2 m. in length, chiefly inhabited by Franks, and comprises the residences of the British, Austrian, Prussian, and Russian ambassadors, with a Greek and 4 Roman Catholic churches, a Mohammedan college, and a monastery of dervishes. Pbbak, a state of the Malay penins., extending along its "W. coast, betw. lat. 3° 40' & 5° N., having N. Quedah, S. Salangore, andW. the Strait of Malacca. Estim. pop. 36,000, comprising some Chinese, Arabs, &c. Principal products about 8,600 piculs of tin annually, rice, and rattans. Its cap., Perak, is a small town on river of same name. Pebaleda de la Mata, a town of Spain, near the Tagus, prov. & 58 m. E.N.E. Caceres. Pop. 2,800, employed in weaving coarse woollen cloths. Peealta, a town of Spain, prov. Navarra, on the Arga, 31 m. S. Pamplona. Pop. 2,348. Peeasto, a marit. town of Dalmatia, circ. & 6 m. N.N.W. Cattaro, on the Gulf of Perasto, at the foot of a castle-crowned mntn. Pop. 1,800. Peeat (St), a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Ardfeche, 9 m. S. Tournou. Pop. 2,720. Peroiie, an ancient .divis. of France, in the old prov. Maine, now divided amon^ the deps. Orne, Eure-et-IiOire, and Eure. Peeot, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Manche, cap. cant., 16 m. S.S.W. St L6. P. 3,215. Peeov Islands, a group off the E. coast of Australia, Northumberland isls., lat. 21° 31' S., Ion. 150° 18' E. The largest is 12 m. in circ, and rises to upwards of 1,000 feet in elevation. PEEDJAtfSK,anew seaport town of S. Russia, on the sea of Azov,betw. Taganrog & Mariupol. Pop., a few years since, 2,500, partly Greek and Italian merchants. It is handsome, reported to have a better harbour than Taganrog, & being near the German colonies on the Moloschna, it has a ra- pidly increasing trade in wheat and merino wool. Peedd (Mont). [Pyeenees.] Peeejaslav, a town of Russia, gov. and 1 40 m. W.N.W. Poltava, cap. dist., at the confl. of the Trubesh and Alta, near the Dneiper. Pop. 7,000. It was formerly fortified, & has nums. churches, and a trade in cattle, horses, corn, and raisins. Peeekop, or Ob-Kapi, Taphrog, or Taphree, a town and fortress of S. Russia, gov, Taurida, cap. dist., on the isthmus, 86 m. N.N.W. Simfer- opol. Pop. 900, mostly employes and Jews. Tiie fortress, E. of the town, contains a palace, bar- racks, a mosque, and a Greek church, & is said to be healthy. It was taken from the Turks in 1736. Peeekop (Gulf of), an inlet of the sea of Azov, on the N.W. side of the Crimea. Shores very much indented. Length 70 m The Isth- mus of Perehop, which separates it from the Gulf of Sivache, and connects the Crimea with the mainland of S. Russia, is 20 m. long, and 15 ni. across. Surface level, & on it are many salt lakes. Peeemtschl, a town of Russia, gov. & 19 m. S. Kaluga, cap. dist., on the Oka. Pop. 2,300, who manuf. sail-cloth, and trade in timber. Peeepnaad, or Paedpanada, a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. Malabar, 12 m. S.S.E. Calicut, on the N. bank of a river by which it exports teak timber. Peeeslav-Zalieski, a town of Russia, gov. & 70 m. W.N.W. Vladimir, cap. dist., on L. Plesh- tchesvo. Pop. 3,625. It was formerly fortified, and has manufs. of linen stuffs. Pbboamiho, a town, or vill., of S. Amer., Plata Confed., dep. and 156 m. N.W. Buenos- Ayres. Peeoamus, Asia Minor. [Beboama. Tboy.] Peese, a ruined city of Asia Minor, 60 m. E.S.E. Smyrna, in a beautiful position betw. two hills, and having extensive remains of a theatre of the stadium, and a large palace. About 10 m. distant are the remains, as supposed, of Isionda, consisting of Cyclopean walls, a stadium, & many ruined edifices. Peboine, or Peeoen, a mkt. town of the Tyrol, circ. and 7 m. E. Trient. Pop. 3,056. It has a castle, and manufs. of woollen cloth ; and in its vicinity an extensive iron mine is wrought. Peboola, a town. Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 16 m. S.E. Urbino, on the Cesano. Pop. 2,409, mostly engaged in tanning & weaving. Pebiapatam, a decayed town of India, Deeean, dom. Mysore, 42 m. W. Seringapatam. Much sandal wood is produced in its vicinity. — II. a large vill., presid., dist., and W. Madras, with a Rom. Catholic church, and the place of a great Roman Catholic festival annually in June. PfisiEES, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Majiche, 9 m. N. Coutances. Pop. 2,880. Peeigobd, an old divis. of France, Guienne, of which the city Perigueux was the cap. It now forms the dep. Dordogne, and part of Gironde. Peeigueux, Vesuna, a comm. and town of France, cap. dep. Dordogne, on rt. b. of the Isle, PER 1011 1- E K 41 m. S.E. Anffoul^me. Pop. (1846) 10,933. It is composed of the old town, and le Puy St Front, which, till 1240, was a separate town. Chief edi- fices, a cathedral of the 1th century, the church of St Front, and a modern town hall. It has a comm. college, a primary normal school, and a library of 16,000 vols. Manufs. of cutlery & nails, woollen spinning, and tanning. Trade in wood, iron, paper, and liqueui's. It was cap. of the old dist. Perigord, & has numerous Soman remains. Perigueux was several times talteu and re-taJten by the English eind French in the 13th, lith, and 15th centuries. Perija, a small town of S. America, Venezuela, dep. ZuUa, prov. and 82 m. S.W. Maracaybo, on the Perija river, 25 m. irom its mouth in the L. of Maracaybo. Fekim, an island off the Arabian coast, in the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, at the entrance of the Ked sea, lat. of S. pomt, 12° 38' N., Ion. 43° 23' 00' E. Length 5 m. It is a bare, bleak rock, on which turtles are taken by the Arabs of the coast, for the sake of their shells.— II. an island in the Gulf of Cambay, Hindostan, 10 m. S.S.E. Gogeh. Peblak (Slav. Prelok), a market town of S. W. Hungary, co. Szalad, on the Drave, 13 m. E.N.E. Warasdin. Pop. 2,670. Peblas (Islas de). Gulf of Panama. [Feabl Islands.] Peblebebq, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. and 69 m. N.W. Potsdam, on the Step- nitz. Pop. (1846) 5,900. It has manufe. of wool- len cloth and chicory, breweries and distilleries. Febh, a gov. of Russian dom., mostly in Eu- rope, but partly in Asia, being separated by the Ural mntns. into two unequal portions, between lat. 55° 40' & 62° N., and Ion. 53° 10' and 65° E., enclosed by the govs.Vologda,Viatka, Orenburg, and Tobolsk. Estim. area 129,051 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,687,700. Its European, or W. portion, is traversed by the Kama, and several of its affis. ; its E. divis. by affls. of the Tobol. More than 3-4ths of the surface are covered by dense forests ; the climate is very severe ; and beyond lat. 60° N., the soil is hardly capable of cul- ture. Its mines are stated to employ 100,000 hands, and produce large quantities of gold, pla- tina, and copper, with about 98,000 tons of iron, and 120,000 tons of salt annually. Perm is div. into 12 dists. Chief towns, Perm, Kuugur, and KrasDO-Ufinsk, in Europe, and Ekaterineburg, Kamishlov, Alapaevsk, and Shadrinsk, in Asia. It was formerly the centre of an extensive and flourishing empire, ruined by the Mongols in the 13th century Perm, the cap., is situated on the Kama, 240 m. E.S.E. Viatka. Pop. about 10,000. It is chiefly built of wood, but is the see of an archbishop, and has several churches & hospitals, with a large mkt. place, and numerous forges ; its inhabs. trading chiefly in metallic produce, and in tea and other Chinese imports by way of Kiachta. Pebhacoil, a town and hill-fort of Brit. India, presid. Madras, dist. S. Arcot, 20 m, N.N.W. Pondicherry. Pebnes, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vancluse, arrond. and 4 m. S. Carpentras, cap. cant., on an affl. of the Rhone. Pop. 3,613. Pbbnagoa, a town of Brazil, prov. Piauhy, 260 m. S.W. Oeiras, on the B. side of Lake Paran- auha, or Pemagoa. Pop. 4,000. Peenambdco, a prov. of Brazil, consisting of a long and narrow strip of territory, stretching from the Atlantic inland, mostly betw. lat. 7° and 14° 35' S., and Ion. 34° 50' and 47° 20^ W., sepa- rated by several continuous mntn. chains from the provs. Goyaz, Piauhy, Ceara, andParaibaon the W. and N., and by the Rio Francisco S. from Bahia and Sergipe. Its coast line, watered by the Capibaribe, Ipojuca, andUnna rivers, has S. the prov. Alagoas. Area probably 100,000 sq. m., and pop. 320,000. It has many rich sugar and cotton plantations. Other products are timber, dye-woods, hides, drugs, gold, & gems. Princip. cities and towns, Recife, its cap., Olinda, St An- tonio, and Formozo. Peenambuco, a name under which is com- monly designated the two towns of Recife and Olinda, Brazil. [Olinda. Recipe.] Pebnac (Russ. Pernou), afortified seaport town of Russia, gov. Livonia, cap. dist., at the entrance of the Pernau into the Gulf of Riga, 99m. N.N.E. Riga. Pop. 9,000. It is defended by a strong citadel, and comprises an old & a new town, and 2 suburbs; with Lutheran, Esthonian, & Russian churches ; grammar & other schools. Owing to a bar at the mouth of the river, large vessels re- quire to load and unload in the roadstead. Peeonne, a comm. & fortified town of France,' dep. Somme, 21 m. S.W. Cambrai, on the Somme. Pop. 3,860. It has manufs. of mixed cloths. Febosa, a town of Piedmont, div. Turin, prov. and 8 m. N.W. Pinerolo, cap. mand., on the Clusone. Pop. of comm. 2,300. Pebos Banhos, a group of 27 islands, Chagos Archipelago, Indian O., lat. 5° 14' N., Ion. 77°E. Pebotb, a mkt. town of the Mexican Confed., dep. and 88 m. W.N.W. Vera Cruz, on the route to Mexico. Pop. 2,500- Near it is a lofty moun- tain of same name. Pepenaad, a marit. town of Brit. India, presid. Madras, on the Malabar coast, 16 m. S. Calicut. Pebpignan, a comm. and fortified town of France, dep. Pyrenees- Orient., on r. b. of the Tet, 34 m. S. Narbonne. Pop. (1846) 18,264. It is situated in a fertile region. Chief edifices, the citadel, dathedral, and military prison. It has a tribunal of commerce, a comm. college, a piimary normal school, school of design, a library of 14,000 vols., & a botanic garden. Manufs. com- prise wooUens, paper, hats, and it has an exten- sive commerce in the wines of the country ; wool, silk, iron, and corks. Philip the Bold died here in 1285. It was taken by Louis xi. in 1474, and by Louis xiii. in 1642. The French con- quered the Spaniards near it in 1793. Pebbainda, or Pabainda, a town of India, Deccan, Nizam's dom., cap. dist., on the E. b. of the Seena, 60 m. N.W. Nauldroog. Pebban (Abwothal), a pa. of Engl., co. Corn- wall, 3i m. N.N.W. Penryn. Area 4,030 ac. Pop. 1,745. — II. (Uthnoe), a pa., same CO., IJ m. S.E. Marazion. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 1,438. Pebbanzabulob, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, near its N. coast, 6 m. N.W. Truro. Area 10,660 ac. Pop. 3,161. Its church, an interesting struc- ture, was buried by shifting sands many centu- ries ago, and only exhumed in 1836. The pa. has large tin and copper mines. Peebinton, a tnshp., U. S., N. America, New York, CO. Monroe. Pop. 2,513. Pebrivale, a pa. of Engl., co. Middlesex, 3 m. S.S.E. Harrow-on-the-Hill. Area 660 ac. P. 46. Pekeos-Gdibeo, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, with a large port on the English Channel, 37 ra. N.W. St Brieuo. P. 2,65.5. Peeeott, two pas. of England I. (North), co. Somerset, 2} m. E. Crewkerne. Area 2,600 ac. Pop. 431 11. (South), CO. Dorset, 3i m. N.N.W. Beaminster. Area 1,420 ac. Pop. 387. Several Roman relics have been found here. PjiEEv, numerous tnshps. of IJ. S., N. Amcr PER 1012 PER — ^1. Mew York, co. 'Wyoming, on Silver lalse. Piip. 8,082. — II. Pennsylvania, oo. Union. Pop. 1,264.-111. CO. Fayette. Pop. 1,350.— IV. Oiiio, CO. Brown. Pop. 1,869.— V. oo. Columbiana, with the village Salem. Pop. 1,530. — VI. oo. Wayne. Pop. 2,079.— VII. CO. Stark. Pop. 2,209.— VIII. ' a vill., Illinois, 66 m. W. Springfield. Pbbet-Babb, a hamlet of Engl., co. Stafford, pa. Handsworth, with a station on the London & North Western railway, 8i m. N.W. Birmingham. ' Plop. '933. It has a Wautifol mbdem church. ' pBRKTSBtitiO, a vill., U. S., N. America, Ohio, at th6 head of the steam-boat navigation on the Maumee, 118 m. N.NlW. Columbus. Pop. 1,065. — II. a township of New York, co. Cattaraugus. •Pop. 1,660. ' PEBSAiM, a town, Burmese dom. [Bassein.] Pebsantb, a river of Prussian Pomerania, rises near the vill. Persanzig, and after a N.W. course of 70 m., enters the Baltic at Colberg. It is na- vigable for the last 18 miles of its course. ' Pebsepolis, Istahhdr and TahhH. Jemshid, the anc. cap. of Persia, the traces of which exist in a fine plain, prov. Pars, on an affl. of the Bundemir river, from 25 to 30 m. N.B. Shiraz. Its ruins cover a wide surface ; and on a terraced platform, 1,430 feet in length, and from 800 to 900 feet in width, are large gateways, numerous columns, and bas-reliefs, the whole supposed to be the re- mains of the palace of Darius, destroyed by Alexander. The walls are covered with inscrip- tions in arrow-headed characters, and numerous tombs are cut in the adjacent mountains. Persebin, a town, Europ. Turkey. [Pkisrend.] Pebshobe, a mkt. town of Engl., co. & 8^ m. S.E. Worcester, on the navigable Avon, here crossed by a stone bridge. Area of its two pas. ] 2,910 ac. Po^. 4,805 ; of town 2,813, partly en- gaged hi manuf . of hosiery. Town well built, has a large cruciform churchi originally a part of an abbey, of which some other remains Still exist. ■ Mkts., Tuesday. It is a polhng place for E. div. Of CO., and the head of a poor-law union. Peesia (Iean), a country of W. Asia, com- prising, in its widest acceptation, the region be- tween the Caspian Sea and the Indian Ocean, ' from the Oxus & Indus to Kurdistan & the Per- sian Gulf. Its boundaries have undergone many Ohanges, but it is now poUtically divided into - Western Persia, or doms. of the Persian Shah, whose cap. is Tehraun, and Eastern Persia or Cabool. Persia proper lies between lat. 26° and 40° N., and Ion. 44° and 61° E., having W. Asiatic Turkey, N'. the Russian gov. Transcaucasia, the ' Caspian Sea, and the desert of Kharesm (Khiva), EX Afghanistan and Belooehistan, and S. the Ara- bian Sea and Persian Gulf. Area loosely esti- mated at 450,000 sq. m. Pop. probably 8,000,000. The following are the great divisions of the country : — Modern Names. Ancient Namea. Chief Towna. , Azerbijan Media Atropateoe Tabreez Irak Ajeml Media Magna Tehraun Ardelan Elymala Iiuristftn , Syro-Media KhuElatfui Suaiana Shuster Fars ■ Persia Ehitaz Lnrlatan. JUeaambria lar, Kerman Karmania Kerman ' ' G-hilan Co.'ofGelBe Beahd ; Sfazanderan Cp. of Jftpyri Balfrooah Aatmbad Hyrcania Astrabad ' Khoraean AHa Nlshapoop Yozd , Ai-tticene Tezd Its central part (Irak-Ajemi, and the greater portion of Fars) is a table land. Average height from 2,500 to 3,600 feet above the sea, but tra- versed bymountain ranges rising to upwards of 7,000 or 8^000 feet, and bounded N.ward by the Elburz fchain, prolonged from Azerbijan E.ward to the Paropamisan mountains in Afghanistan, and S.ward by another chain stretching from Koordistan E.ward tO the mountains of W. Be- looehistan. This table land contains in its W. part many irrigated and fertile tracts, but nearly all the E. part of Persia is a wide and irreclaim- able salt desert, forming a portion of that sterile zone which extends from the Atlantic throughout the Sahara of Africa, Arabia, Central Asia, and Mongolia, to the mountains on the N. frontier of the Chinese empire. S. of the table land also, in the provs bordering on the Persian Gulf, the country is mostly parched up and ' barren, and the heats Of summer are almost insupportable. The absence of sufficient water is one of the great disadvantages suffered in Persia. Except the Aras, forming the N.W. frontier, the Sefid-rood and Gurgan, which enter the Caspian Sea, the Kerah, Karun, Jerahi, &c., affls. oi^the Tigris & Shat-ul-Arab, in Khuzistan, and the Bundemir in Fars, the rivers are quite insignificant, and by far the greater portion of the country is arid and unproductive. Azerbijan & the Caspian provs. must, however, be excluded from this general description. N. of the Elburz mountains the country is covered with dense forests of oak, elm, beech, &c., interspersed with fine pastures, and numerous orchards and vineyards. The cliinate of these provs. is very similar to that of Europe, the grains common in which continent, with rice, are plentifully raised. Besides grain, the principal products of Persia are cotton, tobacco, silk, gall- nuts, madder, yellow berries, opium, gum-am- moniac, assafoetida, and other drugs ; wool, wine, rose water, saffron, dates, and other fruits. Cop- per mines have been wrought in some of the N. provs., and lead mines in Fars and Kerman. Near Nishapoor are some famous mines of tur- quoise, a gem peculiar to Persia. Bock salt is abundant in most parts of the country, and salt is also procured from the waters of lakes Uru- miyah and Bakhtegan. Coal, iron, naphtha, and garnets, are other chief mineral products. Do- mestic animals include most species common in Europe, and the camel, wild ass, and argali sheep, with some formidable predatory tribes, are native in Persia. The breeds of horses are very superior, sheep are every where abundant, and with cattle they compose the principal wealth of the wandering tribes of Moguls, Toorks, Uzbeks, and Kurds, who dwell in all the outlying provs. of the kingdom. Principal manufs. arc of silk fabrics, of all kinds ; in the chief cities, shawls, of goat's iiair, especially in Kerman, carpets, felts, cotton cloths, cutlery and arms, glass, pot- tery, leather, andsaddlery. Commerce extensive notwithstanding the absence of any roads but mule tracks. It is chieily with the adjacent countries, with Russia by way of the Caspian, and with British India and England by way of the Persian Gulf. Exports consist of the native products already enumerated, with copper wares, saffron, specie, skins, and sabres, and tbey are roughly estimated to amount in all to 3,500,000/. in annual value. Imports from India are' indigo, chintzes, muslins, calicoes, gold and silver bro- cades, gums, china ware, sugar, shawls, & metals ; from Turkey, European goods and specie ; from Russia, iron, broadcloth, calicoes, gold lace, and numerous manufactured goods, tea, quicksilver, and furs ; from England, woollen'& cottonfabijcs, shawls, jewellery, arms, outlery; watches, and rhe- PER 1013 PER tallic wares in general. A large proportion of the British cottons imported at Trebizond on the Black Sea is intended for the Persian mkts. Principal ports of Persia aie Bushire and Gom- broon, on the Persian Gulf; and Enzelli, Balfrush, and Asterabad, on the Caspian Sea. Govern- ment despotic. The skaA is assisted by a grand vizier, who exercises control over the military & foreign departments, sind by a lord high treasurer, who superintends tlie revenue and home arrange- ments. Each prov., or important dist. of a prov., is governed by a beglerbeg^ usually a prince of the blood, or a nobleman of high rank, who appoints hakims over the subordinate dists. Each town and vill. has its magistrates, who are generally chosen by the people. Ann. revenue of the shah, chiefly derived from land & capitation taxes, cus- tom duties, tribute from wandering races, &c., has been estimated at from 1,500,0001 to 2,000,000i. The pop. is very mixed. The Parsees, who ap- pear to preserve more fully than the rest a purity of descent from the ancient Persians, are now nearly confined to the city Tezd, and some towns in Kerman, where they still retain fire- worship. The pop. of the towns and settled dists. generally is a race descended from Per- sians, Turks, Tartars, Georgians, Armenians, Arabs, and all the other nations who have at dif- ferent periods held sway in the country. They are Mohammedans of the Shiah sect, rejecting the authority of the three first caliphs, on which and other accounts, there is between them and the Turks, Arabs, Bokharese, & most other Mus- sulmen, a perpetual feud. The Persians are a handsome, active, and generally warlike people. Complexion varying from fair to dark olive, with quick, lively imagination, and agreeable address, versatile and pliable, but insincere, and immoral in their habits. The nomadic tribes consist of Arabs in the S. ; Turkmans, Moghuls, Uzbeks, in the E. and N.E. ; and Kurds in the W. They live in tents, subsisting on the produce of their herds and on plunder; and they furnish most part of the armed force, which is very variable in amount, but has been estim. lately at 80,000 men. Persia, two tnshps. of the TT. S., N. Amer., the principal in Missouri, co. Boone. Pop. 2,222. Pebsiajt Gulf, an arm of the Indian Ocean, between Arabia and Persia. Lat. 24° to 30° N., Ion. 48° to 56° 30' E. Length 650 m., breadth varies to 220 m. At its N.W. extremity it re- ceives the Shat-ul-Arab, formed by the union of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and the Karun. It communicates E.ward with the Arabian Sea by a strait 50 miles across. It contains numer- ous islands, the principal being Kishm, Ormuz, Busheab, and Karak, off its N. or Persian coast, and the E. India Company's and Bahrein isls., on its Arabian side, around which last named an ex- tensive pearl fishery exists. Shores almost every where arid & sterile. On them are the cities Bas- sorah & Bushire, & the towns Congoon, Nackiloo, Gombroon, Zabarah, El Khatif, and Grane. Febsie, a chapel dist. of Scotl., co. Perth, com- prising the Highland dist. of Bendochy, & some other dists. Fop. about 1,000. PEBTENHAI.L, a pa. of Eugl., CO. and 11 m. N.N.E. Bedford. Area 1,680 ac. Fop. 420. Pebth, a city, royal, pari, aod munio. bor., manuf. town, seat of a presbytery and synod, & formerly the metropolis of Scotland, cap. co., in a plain on the r. b. of the Tay, here crossed by a noble bridge of 9 arches, 880 feet in length, 33 m. N.N.W. Edinburgh, lat. 66° 23' 60' N,, Ion. 3° 26' 20" W. Pop. of city, including 4 pas., 19,293; ditto of royal burgh 12,616 ; ditto of pari. bor. 20,167. It is partially enclosed by richly wooded hills, well and substantially built, and has alto- gether a wealthy and elegant appearance. On its N. and S. sides are two spacious parks called Inches. Principal public edifices, the church of St. John, supposed to have been originally erected in the 6th century, with a square tower 155 feet in height, and divided into 3 distinct places of worship, numerous other churches and chapels, the public reservoir, co. buildings, central model prison for Scotland, co. infirmaiy, lunatic asylum large barracks, the Marshall monument appro- priated to the public, with a library of 6,000 vols., the museum of^the Perth literary and antiquarian society, the town-hall, king James vi. hospital. Perth has an educational seminary, an elegant structure, a grammar school, an academy, and several other endowed schools, 4 weekly news- papers, 2 local and 4 branch banks, & a custom- house. The Tay is navigable to the city for ves- sels of considerable burden, and extensive works have been undertaken for forming a new har- bour and wet-dock. The general terminus of the Edinburgh and, Perth, the Central, the Scot- tish Midland, and the Dundee, Perth, and Aber- deen, railways, an elegant building, is situated in the W. suburbs; and the Dundee railway crosses the Tay by a wooden bridge. Prin- cipal manufactures are those of coloured cot- ton stuffs, ginghams, shawls, &c., and here are flax-spinning mills, bleach-fields, several distille- ries, breweries, corn-mills, and iron foundries, rope-walks, tanneries, and dye-works. Theglove trade has declined. Ship building is an extensive and increasing employment, and the salmon fisheries in the Tay are very valuable, about 225 tons of fish being sent to London annually. Other principal exports, manuf. goods, corn, and pota- toes. Customs rev. (1847) 19,9551. Beg. ship- ping (1847) 8,706 tons. It has 2 weekly markets, and 5 annual fairs. Baces take place in the N. Inch park. Corporation rev. (1849) 5,273Z. The bor. sends 1 member to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 1,041. About 2 m. N. of the city is Scone, long a royal residence; the palace, rebuilt by its owner. Earl Mansfield, is now an elegant modern mansion. Perth was an important station under the Romans, at the meeting of the three great highways, and it has some remains which have been attributed to Agricola, with various ruins of ecclesiastical buildings. It was also fre- quently resorted to by the Scottish kings, & was the scene of many historical events. Its vicinity is amongst the most fertile tracts in Scotland. Pebthshibe, a large and important co. of Scotland, occupying its centre, having N. the cos. Aberdeen and Inverness, W. Argyle, S. Dum- barton, Stirling, Clackmannan, and Kinross, E Fife, Forfar, and the Firth of Tay. Excluding a detached dist. on the firth of Forth, it is of a compact circular form ; length and breadth about 60 m. each. Area has been estimated at 2,638 m., or 1,656,320 ac, of which upwards of a million ac. are arable or pasture, but according to other authorities, the area above given is much below the truth. Inhabited houses 28,993. Pop. 137,390. Surface extremely diversified ; this co. comprises both a highland and a lowland region. The Grampians extend tlirough it in a N.E. di- rection, and are composed of granite & primary slate. Principal mntns. are Benlawers 3,94S feet, Ben-More 3,944 feet in height, and many of the other principal summits in Scotld. in the dists. Athol, Breadalbane, Strathearn, Strathmore, and Stormont. The S. and lower part of the co. is composed of old red sandstone, mtersected by PER 1014 PF. R the Ochil & Sidlaw hills, which are of greenstone. The prmcip. lochs are Lochs Tay, Earn, Rannoch, and Ericht. Perthshire is wholly drained by the Tay, & its aiSs., the Earn, &c., except its S. part, which is watered by the Teith, Allan and Devon. The oarse of Gowrieonthe Tay is a deep alluvial clay, and amongst the most productive land in Britain ; the soil in the mntn. districts, is mostly lig'ht, and chiefly adapted for pasturage, sheep and cattle breeding being extensively followed. Agriculture has, however, greatly improved, and considerable quantities of wheat, barley, oats, beans, potatoes, turnips, and fruits, are raised for exportation. Farms vary in size from 50 to 600 ae. Average rent of land (1810) 5s. 6d. per ae. Annual value of land (1843) 561,077?. ; of all assessed property 613,167Z. A large part of the CO. has within the last century been planted with woods. Some coal is raised in the S.E., lime- stone, sandstone, marble, and slate are generally abundant, and lead is found in some places. Manufs., except at Perth, are not very flourish- ing ; the principal are of linen, cotton, and wool- len stuffe, leather, and paper. Railways traverse the E. part of oc, and communicate with Edin- burgh, Stirling, Perth, and Dundee, N. to Aber- deen. Perthshire is subdivided into 79 pas. Prin- cipal towns, Perth, Crieff, & Dumblane. It sends 1 member to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 4,287. Pbbth, a dist. of W. Australia, intersected by lat. 32° S., Ion. 116° E., having "W. the Indian O., and on the other sides the diats. Twiss,Tork,and Murray. It is watered by the Swan river, which has, 10 m. from its month, the town Perth, the cap. of the colony. — II. a township of Upper Canada, dist. and 40 m. W. Johnstown, on an affluent of the Rideau. [Ambot.] Febthes, a comm. and market town of France, dep. H. Marne, 16 m. N.W. Vassy. Pop. 726. — Pertkois was an old dist. of France, cap. Vitry- le-Frangais. It now forms parts of the deps. Marne and Haute Marne. Pebtuis, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vaucluse, near the Dui'anoe, 38 m. E.S.E. Avig- non. Pop. 3,722. — Pertuis Breton and-Pertuis d' Antioche are straits which separate the isl. R^ from the W. mainland of France, dep. Charente- Inf., and from the island Oleron. Pektwood (Uppeb), a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts., 2 m. N.W. Hindon. Area 600 ac. Pop. 24. Peeu (North and Sodth), two contiguous & nnited republics of S. Amer., between lat. 3° 30' and 22° S., and Ion. 66° and 81° 20' W., having N. the Ecuador republic, E. and S. the territories of Brazil and Bolivia, and W. the Pacific Ocean. Depnrtmente. Area in Eatlra. Pop. Chief Cities. NORTH PERir. Lima, . Truxillo, Junin, . fiOTTTH PERtr. Avequipa, Ayacucho, . Cusco, . Puno, Vnsettled countty. 88,160 50,880 S5,440 a5.n20 33,880 44,y20 31,200 S40,S00? ||g,pl ||| Lima. TruxiUo. Huanuco, Ai'eqnipa. Huiiinanga. CUEOO. Puno. Total, . 680,000 1,615,000 According to the Caimdario aub-divided into tho 11 depa. Jimln, Lima, Huancavelica, Ayw nnd Motiuegua ; & into 60 prove. foi- 1848, it Amazonas, LI cuclio, Ouzco, having a total has been lately Grtad, Anchas, 'uno, Arequipa, pop ofl,373,ra6. The double Cordillera of the Andes traverses Peru from S.E. to N.W., separating it into three regions — the central or Montana, which has an average elevation of 12,000 feet above the ocean ; the eastern, forming a part of the great central plain of S. Amer. ; and the W. or Valles between the mntns. and the Pacific, and which has an average breadth of 60 or 70 m. The Andes and their branches are estimated to occupy 200,000 sq. m. of the surface, and one peak, the Nevado de Chuquibamba rises to 21,000 feet in height. Principal rivers, the Maranon, Huallaga, and Ueayale with the Apurimac, all having a N.ward course, & tributaries to the Amazon, which waters most part of the N. frontier. About half of the lake Titicaca is comj)rised in S. Pern. The whole coast region is arid and destitute of timber; and only the Piura river in this division is at all navigable. Rain rarely falls in the coast valleys of Peru W. of the Andes, but fogs & dews are fre- quent. Climate on the coast sultry & unhealthy, but higher up mild & salubrious. On the E. slopes of the Peruvian Andes rain falls copiously. Soil in the valleys of the upland region highly fertile, and here the grains of Europe are successfully raised. Extensive pastures also exist in this re- gion, where sheep introduced by Europeans have been acclimated, & multiply with amazing rapidity. The vast plains E. of the mountains have been but imperfectly explored ; they appear to be in great part covered with dense forests. In the hotter portions of the country, sugar, maize, cotton, indigo, tobacco, yams, sweet potatoes, cocoa, and fine fruits, with cinchona bark, sarsa- parilla, copaiba, vanilla, and other drugs, and valuable timber, are principal products. Peru has long been famous for its mineral wealth. Besides the precious metals, it produces iron, copper, tin, coal, & nitrate of soda. The Sierra, between the two ridges of the Andes, is rich in mines; and at Huancavelica is a celebrated mine of quicksilver. The llama, alpaca, gua- naco, and vicuna are natives of the country, and the first especially is used as a beast of burden; mules are, however, mostly employed for travelling. Coarse cotton and woollen cloths and leather goods are pretty generally made, with fine cloaks & blanketting, at Tarma ; iron wares at Caxamarca; gold and silver articles, and jew- ellery, at Lima, Arequipa, and Cuzco : but in ge- neral manuf. goods are imported from Europe & N. Amer., in return for raw produce. The want of roads interposes great obstacles to internal traffic ; though since the independence of Peru, a trade has been carried on with the Brazilian dists. on the Amazon by way of the Huallaga, down which cotton, gums, resins, sarsapariUa & wax are exported. The maritime tr^de is chiefly with the ports on the W. side of America, but that with Europe, is considerable ; the exports thither consisting of bullion, bark, chinchilla skins, cotton, copper ore, vicuiia, alpaca, and sheep's wool, hides and sugar, amounted in value in 1840, to 1,948,346?., of which amount, bullion and specie stood for 1,662,149?. The total value of imports from Great Britain, France, the U. States, and some other countries in the same year were estimated at 2,020,000?. In addition, a good deal of produce from Ecuador and Central America reaches Great Britain by way of Peru ; and since 1841, a trade has sprung up in guano, of which article 14,460 tons were imported into England from Peru, in 1845. In 1841, the Brit, and Irish produce and manufs. exported to Peru amounted in value to 636,046?. Principal com- mercial ports are Callao, Islay, Payta, Lambeye- que, Truxillo, Pisco, Arica, and Iqiiique. Callao, PER 1015 PES the port of Lima, is the only one of unlimited deposit. The constitution was framed in 1823, on the basis of that of the U. States. The legis- lative body consists of a senate, and a chamber of deputies, one of the latter chosen for every 20,000 inhabitants by electoral colleges composed of one elector for every vill. of 200 inhabitants. The executive government is vested in a presi- dent, popularly chosen for four years, and assisted by a ministry chosen by himself, and a council of state chosen by the legislature. Each dep. has a prefect, and a junta composed of two members from each of its provs. In every prov. is a sub- prefect ; in each of its dists. a justice of peace, and in each town, or Indian commune, a mayor. Every vill. entitled to name an elector of depu- ties, has a municipal body. With a few excep- tions every Peruvian enjoys the rights of citizen- ship. Lima has a university, and other colleges. Lajicasterian & other schools are pretty general in the towns. The Roman Catholic is the state religion, but other religions are tolerated. Stand- ing army 3,000 men. Public debt has been stated at 20,000,000 piastres. Peru was conquered from the dynasty of the Incas, by the troops of Pizarro in 1532, from which time it remained one of the most important foreign possessions of Spain, until it acquired independence in 1821. Pebu, several tnshps., U. S., N. America. — I. Ohio, 93 m. N. Columbus. Pop. 2,000.-11. New York, 10 m. S. Plattsburg. Pop. 3,184 III. Maine, 40 m. N.W. Augusta. Pop. 1,002.— IV. Indiana, cap. co. Miami, on the Watash and Erie canal, 90 m. N. Indianapolis. Pekugia, Perusia,a, city of Central Italy, Pou- tif. Sta., cap. deleg., 10 m. E. of the lalte of Peru- gia, on the S. declivity of the Apennines. Pop. 18,300. It is enclosed by walls. Public buildings comprise a large cathedral, with several fine paintings, and a library of rare MSS., upwards of 100 other churches, and 50 monastic establish- ments, all more or less decorated with fine works of art; a majestic city hall, an excliange, now disused, but gorgeously decorated with frescoes ; an academy of fine arte, several private palaces, a well endowed university, founded in 1320, with mnseums of antiquities and minerals, & a botanic garden, a college, public library, hospital, and lunatic asylum, 2 theatres, a ball-court, and bull- ring, a splendidly sculptured fountain, and two celebrated gates of Etruscan architecture. Pe- mgia has little commercial industry beyond a few soap-works, distilleries of brandy and liqueurs, and trade in wine, oil, corn, fruits, and other pro- visions ; but its fairs in Aug. and Nov., for cattle and merchandise, are frequented by a concourse of people from all parts of Central Italy, and numerous visitors are attracted to the city by its ^reeable society and abundant works oi art. — T^e Lake of Perugia (Ital. TraHmerui), 10 m. W. Perugia, is situated in a basin enclosed on every side by the Apennines. It is a fine sheet of water, about 30 m. in circ, surrounded by gentle eminences covered with oak, pine, and olive plantations, and it contains three islands. Pekowels, a town of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, cap. cant., nr. the French frontier, 16 m. W.N.W. Mons. Pop. 7,465, engaged in brewing, lime burning, and some linen manufs. Peewuttom, a town of India, Deccan, Nizam's dora., 83 m. S.E. Hyderabad. It has some re- markable pagodas. Pesajso, PUaurum, a fortified town of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 19 m. N.E. Urbino, on the Foglia, at its mouth in the Adriatic. Pop. about 12,000. It is adorned with a fountain and statue of Pope Urban viii., and has a cathedral and numerous other churches, a legate's palace, a valuable public library, several convents, two hospitals, a foundling asylum, and theatre. PEScAnoBEs, isls., China sea. [PnENG-Hon.] Pescaea, a river of S. Italy. [Atebno.] Pesoaba, Atemum, a fortified town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo-Cit., at the mouth of the Aterno, in the Adriatic, 8 m. N.E. Cliieti. Pop. 2,400. Pesohe, and Peschioi, two market towns of Naples. — I. prov. Molise, 4 m. E.N.E. Isernia. Pop. 1,500.-11. prov. Capitanata, 11 m. W. Viesti. Pop. 1,600. Peschieea, Piscaria, a fortified town of Lom- bardy, deleg. and 21 m. N.N.W. Mantua, on the Mincio, here crossed by a fine bridge, at its issue from the Lago di Garda. Pop. 1,500. It has a small, but strong citadel, 2 pa. churches, a con- vent, hospital, arsenal, and a small port, with a trade on the lake, and an active fishery, especially . of eels, for which it was anciently famed. It was taken by the Sardinian troops under Charles Al- bert, 30th May, 1848. Pescia, a town of Italy, Tuscany, prov. & 30 m. W.N.W. Florence. P. (1844) 4,686. It is situated among olive-groves and mulberry plantations, is enclosed by walls, and has a cathedral, and three convents, a large hospital, a citadel, & important manufs. of paper, woollen cloth, and silk twist. Pescina, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo-Ult. IT., 11 m. E.S.E. Avezzano, on the E. side of the lake Fucino. Pop. 3,000. It has a fine cathedral. Pesoo, several towns of Naples. — I. {P.-Cos- tanzo), prov. Abruzzo-Ult. II., dist. and 13 m. S.E. Sulmona. Pop. 2,500.-11. (JLa-Mazza), prov. Principato-Ult., dist. and 16 m. W.N.W. Ariano. Pop. 1,900.^111. (Pagano), prov, Basi- lioata, dist. and 17 m. S.W. Melfi. Pop. 4,000.— IV. {Solido), prov. T. di Lavoro, dist. and 3 m. N.E. Sora, at the foot of the Apennines. P. 2,500. Pesei, a comm. of the Sardinian dom., prov. Tarentaise, 16 m. E.N.E. Moutiers. Pop. 1,700. Here are the largest lead mines in Savoy, which, late in the 18th century, yielded annually 40,000 cwt. of lead, and 4,000 marcs of silver, but are now less productive. Peshaweb, or Peshawob (" the advanced post "), a prov. and frontier city of Afghanistan, but now forming a part of the Punjab dom., 12 m. E. of the Khyber Pass, and 40 m. W. Attock. Pop. about 60,000. It was taken and ruined by Eunjeet Singh during the present century, and has never yet recovered prosperity, much of it still remaining in ruins. Its only remarkable edifices, besides its desecrated mosques, are a magnificent caravanserai, now the residence of the Sikh governor, and a Sikh fort on the site of its anc. citadel. It is, however, well paved, and furnished with water, has a fertile neighbourhood, and is in so good a position for commerce, that under a settled government it bids fair speedily to resume importance. The prov., 65 m. long, and 60 m. broad, watered by the Indus, Cabool, and Bara rivers, is extremely fertile, producing, by the aid of irrigation and a high temperature, 2 crops in the year, consisting of wheat, barley, pulse, and the finest rice in the world. It was formerly very populous, but has suffered great devastation from the Sikhs. Annual revenue one million of rupees, or 100,000?. Pesmes, or PEMES,a comm. &town of France, dep. H. Saone, cap. cant., arrond. and 10 m. S. Gray. Pop. 1,769. It has iron works. Pesth, a royal free city of Hungary, on 1. b. of the Danube, immediately opposite Buda, with which it is connected by a bridge of boats, and PET 1016 PET by a noble suspension bridge, opened 5th Jan., 1849, 136 m. E.S.E. Vienna. Pop., exclusive of garrison, (184-6) 60,000. It is situated on level ground, is about 7 m. in oirc, newly and regularly laid out, and generally handsome, except the old town. Princip. edifices, the new theatre, national casino, co. hall, Neitgebaude, a vast structure, used as an artillery depfit, grenadier barracks, Jesuits' ^d several other convents, R. Catholic, Greek, Lutheran, Calvinist, and other churches ; several synagogues and hospitals. The venerable anc. structures of the Hungarian cap. are all in Buda, and Pesth is the " new city," boasting most of its modern conveniences, as good hotels, coffee houses, and handsome private residences. The university, the only one in Hungary, has 49 pro- fessors, and a library of 60,000 vols. In 1846, it was attended by 1,000 students. The observatory is situated on the Blocksberg in Buda. Here are . also a botanic garden, veterinary hospital,' a na- tional museum, with a library rich in Hungarian MSS. and valuable collections of coins, minerals, fossils, and antiquities, a Hungarian academy of sciences, Rom. CathoDc, Lutheran, and normal schools, an English conventual, & various charit- able institutions. Pesth has some silk, woollen, leather, oil, and tobacco factories, & dye-works, but its principal manuf^ is that of meerschaum pipe bowls, brought to it in a rough state from Constantinople. Immediately around theoity is the Rahosfeld, a wide plain, on which the Hun- garian diets were held for many centuries. Pesth is supposed to occupy the site of the anc. TVan- sadncum. The old town was enclosed by walls in the 13th century. It was held by the Turks for 160 years. Buda and Pesth sufiFered severely from an inundation of the river in March 1838. Pesth is a station for steam-packets, and is con- nected by railway with Szolnok, 66 m. E.S.E., and with Waitzen, 22 m. N.ward. [Buda.] Petalidha; a small island off the "W. coast of Crete. — The, Petalies are a group of isls. in the Channel of Euboea, near its S. extremity. Pe-ohe-le, prov. & Gulf of, China. [Chi-li.] Petchenegue, or Petsheneg, a town of Russia, gov. and 30 m. E. Kharkovj on r. b. of the Severnoi-Donetz. Pop. 7,000. .Petchoba, a river of European Russia, govs. Perm, Vologda, and Archangel, rises in the Ural mntns., flows N.W. through govs. Vologda and Archangel, & enters the Arctic Ocean by a wide estuary containing numerous islands, about lat. 68° N., Ion. betw. 63° and 64° E. Total course probably 900 m. Principal affls., the l^ma from the S., and Usa from the B. PETEK,,a lake and isl. of Gent, Amer., state & 190 m. Ni' Guatemala. The lake is about 66 m. in oirc, and 30 fathoms in depth. It contains se- veral isls., the principal, or Peten, steep, lofty, & formerly the central seat of the Itzax Indians. Pexeb and Paul (Sts.), the cap. vill. of Kam- tchatka. fPETROPAuiovsK.] P^TEB (St), several pas. of Eng;l. — I. co. Kent, 2 m. N. Ramsgate. Area 2,840 ac. Pop. 2,978. It has a fine old church, and much frequented public gardens. — II. co. Hants, adjoining the city of Winchester, within which It is included. Pop. 648 III. oo; Suffolk, 3 m. S. Bungay. Area 900 ac. Pop. 91. Petbk (St), two pas. of Seotl., co. Orkney I. comprising a part of Roualdshay island, besides Burray and Hund isls. Pop. 2,405.-11. compris- ing a part of Stronsay island. Pop. 660. Peter (St), a vill. of Styria, near Judenburg, having, a famous manuf. of scythes, of which 65,000 are annually sent over Germany & Russia. —II. a mkt. town of Hungary, oo. Borsod, on the Sajo, 8 m. N.N.W. Miskolcz. Pop. 3,826. Petek (St), a lake of Upper & Lower Canada, being an expansion of the river St Lawrence, between lat. 46° and 46° 8' N., Ion. 73° W. Length, 36 m., greatest breadth 10 m. It receives many rivs., the largest of which is the St Erancisi from the S.E. At its S. end are many ulands, and the town Sorel. — II. ah isL; Asiatic Archipel- ago, 36 m. W. Point Api, Borneo. — St Peter's Harbour is an inlet, N. coast of Prince Edward Island, British N. America. Peteb-le-Pobt (St), the cap. town of the isl. Guernsey, on its E. side, in lat. 49° 27' 2" N., Ion. 2° 32' W. Pop. of pa. and town, 15,220. Its lower part has narrow streets, and very lofty houses ; its upper quarter, Hauteville, is well built and handsome. Principal buildings, the government house, court house, town hospital, assembly rooms, theatre, and a very excellent fish mkt. The harbour is enclosed by piers, and de- fended by Fort George and Castle Comet. Fort George has barracks for upwards of 5,000 men ; and the town is the residence of military & civil governors, both appointed by the crown. Petebboboush, a city, pari: bori, pa. & epis- copal see of Engl., co. and 37 m. N.E. Northamp- ton, with which it is connected by railway, on thS navigable Nene, here crossed by a wooden bridge. Area of pa. 1,430 ac. Pop. 5,920. Area of city liberty 61,430 ac. Pop. 1,125. Pop. of pari. bor. 6,991. The cathedra), originally the church of an abbey, founded in the 8th or 9th century, and at the Dissolution esteemed one of the most splendid religious houses in the kingdom^ is surrounded by old and interesting monastic edifices, and is a noble edifice of the 12th and 13th centuries. Extreme length 471 feet. It contains the tomb of Queen Catherine, first wife of Henry viii. The parish church has an altar piece by Sir R. K. Porter, and a beautiful monu- ment by Flaxman. The grammar school has 5 scholarships, and a fellowship to St John's col- lege, Cambridge. The town haJlj market house, infirmary, union workhouse, jail, house of correc- tion, and a small theatre, are the other chief edi- fices. Ann. revenue of charities exceed 600i. Corn and malt are exported by the Nene. Mkt., Saturday. The city is under the jurisdiction of the dean and chapter ; is a polling-place for the N. div. of the eo., and sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 653. The see, founded by Henry viii., extends over cos. Northampton, Leicester, and Rutland, and comprised, in 1838, 305 benefices. Average ann. rev. of dean and chapter, 6,000?. Dr Paley was bom at Peter- borough in 1743. In the vicinity is Milton Park, seat of Earl Fitzwilliam, to whose family the city gives title of Viscount. Peteb Botte Mountain, a remarkable pre- cipitous rock in the isl. of Mauritius, lat. 20° 12' S., Ion. 57° 37' E., and 2,600 feet in height. Peteb-Churcii, a pa. of Engl., co. & 11 m. W. Hereford. Area 4,180 ac. Pop. 746. Petebcultee, a pa. of Seotl., co. & 7 m. S.W. Aberdeen, on the N. bank of the Dee. Area about 9,690 ac, partly moor and heatli lands. Pop. 1,259. Here are remains of a Drnidical temple, and a Roman camp. Petebhead, a pari, and munic. bor., seaport town, and pa. of Scotland, oo. and 27 m; N.N.E. Aberdeen, on the point of a fiat rocky promon- tory, projecting into the North Sea,liit. 57°30'1'" N.^ and Ion. 1^ 46' ff W. Area of pa. about 9,000 ac Pop. 7,619; do. of pari. bor. 5;758; do. of town 4,586. It is regularly and well built ; houses PET 1017 PET mostly of rod granite. Principal public cdifloos, tlic pa. church, town house, and a handsome gra- nite cross. It has a scientific association, news room, a valuable museum, 2 public libraries, & 4 branch banks. Its harbour, since the completion of the recent improvements, has been rendered one of the best on the E. coast of Scotland. A lighthouse, on the opposite corner of the bay, marks the entrance to tlie port. Some rope- making and sliip-building are carried on. The prodncts of the extensive and valuable fisheries form a considerable portion of tlie exports, which also comprise large quantities of corn, butter, & granite. Imports consist of timber, lime, bone manure,, wool, groceries, flour, salt, and iron. Mkts., Friday. The bor. unites with Elgin, Banff, Cullen, Inverary, & Kintore, in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Keg. elects. (1848) 239. Near the town are several picturesque ruined fortresses. FsTEBBOF, an imperial residence of Hussia, gov. and 14 m. W.S.W. St. Petersburg, on the (iulf of Finland, commanding noble views of the capital, Cronstadt, and the sea. Fetebs, two tnsps., V. S., N. Amer., Pennsyl- vania.— 1.12m. S.W.Chambersburg. Pop. 1,939. —II. 11 m. N.E. Washington. Pop. 1,034. Petbbsbobough, a township, U. S., N. Amer., New Hampshire, 28 m. S.W. Concord. P. 2,163. Petebsbukg, a bor., and river port of the U. S., If . America, Virginia, on the Appomattox, 12 m. above its influx into James river, & on the Great S. railway. P. 11,136. Since its partial destruc- tion by fire, in 1815, it has been handsomely re- built, and has various churches, numerous aca^ demies, and schools ; manufs. of woollen and cotton fabrics, ropes, and earthenwares, corn, & saw mills, and numerous forges. It exports con- iiderable quantities of tobacco & flour. In 1843, its exports amounted in value to 224,2282., and imports to 6,322?.— II. a tnshp. of New York, 26 m. E. Albany. Pop. 1,901. Petebsboku (St), a gov. of European Russia, mostly betw. lat. 5^ and 60° 30' N., and Ion. 27° 30' and 33° 30' E., having N. the Gulf of Finland & Lake Ladoga, with parts of the govs. Wiborg and Olonetz, E. the gov. Novgorod, S. Pskov, & W. Lake Peipus and the river Narova, separat- ing it from the govs. Livonia & Esthonia (Revel). Area, including lakes, 20,591 sq. m. Pop. (1846) including the cap., 990,000. Surface mostly level, soil thin, climate damp and cold, and 2-3ds of the gov. are covered with woods and marshes Principal rivers, the Pliusa and Luga, flowing to the Gulf of Finland, the Volkhov, Siasi, Svir, entering the lake Ladoga, and the Neva, uniting the lake and gulf, and on which is the cap. city. Rye, barley, oats, and some wheat, hemp & flax, are cultivated, but the climate is unfavourable for corn, and the quantity produced is far below the consumption. Around the cap. are many market gardens, kept by German colonists. Tim- ber deals and masts form chief articles of export. Some building stone and lime are obtained, and in the cap. all kinds of manufs. are carried on. Pop. mostly Russians, but comprises many fo- reigners, most of whom are Lutherans. The gov. is divided into 9 circs, or dists. After St Petersburg, chief towns are Schlusselberg, Luga, Jamburg, Cronstadt, and Zarslcoe-SelO; Petebsbubq (St), the modem cap. city of the Russian empire, cap. gov. ; founded by Peter the Great in 1703, at the mflux of the Neva into the Gulf of Finland, 20 m. E. Cronstadt. Lat. of observatory 69° 56' 6' N., Ion. 30° 19' 0" E. Pop. (1846) 500,000, including strangers. Mean temp, of year 39°. 6; winterl8°.6i summer 61° .7 Fahr. It stands chiefly on the S. bank of the Neva, but partly on some islands formed by the divergence of the river here into several branches ; 9 of its 12 quarters are on the main- land. Being situated on a flat and marshy soil, it is difficult of drainage, and subject to destruc- tive inundations. Great part of the houses are constructed of wood. Its noble public buildings, the breadth of its principal thoroughfares, and its large squares, render it one of the finest cities in Europe. The principal channel of the Neva is bordered by granite quays, and on the side of the mainland it is lined by a succession of mag- nificent structures, includmg the new cathedral of St Isaac, the admiralty, the site of the winter palace (which was destroyed by fire in 1837), ac^acent to which are the Hermitage, a palace, long the residence of Catharine ii., and which compiises the court, theatre, a fine picture gal- lery, valuable library," and a rich museum. In the same quarter are the marble palace, city hall, senate, and several ministerial offices, the bank, post office, grand bazaar, hotel de Vetat jnajor, and the cathedral of our Lady of Easan, built on the model of St Peter's at Rome. Close to the quay is the fine bronze equestrian statue of Peter the Great on a huge block of granite, op- posite which is a long bridge leading to an island having the exchange, also one of the fine public > edifices. The citadel, on a small island in the Neva, contains the mint, and the cathedral of St Peter and St Paul, in which are the tombs of the Russian sovereigns. On an adjacent island are some outworks, and the house in which Peter the Great lived while constructing the original town. Other chief structures are the Anitchkoff &' Tan- ' rida palaces, the hotel of the acad. of arts, bar- racks, arsenals, cannon foundry, Mikhailov palace^ the vast convent of Smolnoi, numerous hospitals, and the column erected to the emperor Alexan- der, a granite monolith, 84 feet in height. The S. part of the city is intersected by the Fontan- ka and other canals, lined by fine quays. Some years ago the city was said to have 156 bridges, of which 12 were of cast iron, 31 of granite, and several suspension bridges. The 6 across the Neva, and its principal branches, are erected on boats, and annually removed before the river is frozen, which is the case for 6 months of the year. The inundations of the Neva often cause great disasters ; in that of 1824, 15,000 lives were lost. The university founded in 1819, had, in 1846, 69 professors and 700 students, and here are a medical chirurgical academy of high repu- tation, military and theological schools, an orien- tal institution, school of commerce and naviga- tion, two colleges, high and other schools for both sexes, an imperial library, with 420,000 vols., and 7,000 MSS., an academy of sciences, founded by Peter the Great, & having valuable museums, an astronomical & a meteorological observatory, the imperialRussian academy, a Kalmuck institu- tion, a geographical society, a botanic garden; & associations and public institutions of all descrip- tions. Manufs. of all kinds are carried on, and ' here are imperial gunpowder, tapestry, and porce- lain factories, a cannon foundry, and near the city the extensive glassworks of Osiersk. Next to London and Hamburg, it has the most impor- tant foreign trade of any city in Europe. It re- ceives merchandise from all parts of the Russian empire and central Asia, by means of navigable rivers and canals, and one of its most character- istic features is the winter market, in which are seen enormous pyramids composed of the car- casses of cattle, sfcep, & hogs, fish, fowls, eggs, PET 1018 PET and butter frozen into solid masses. Chief ex- ports, taliow, flax, hemp, iron, copper, corn, tim- ber, potash, canvass, and coarse linens, oils, furs, hides, and tar; impts. colonial produce, cotton, & woollen goods, dye stuffs, wines, silks, woollens, "hardwares, salt, tin, lead, coal, linens, &c. In 1842, the total imports amounted in value to 10,054,963?., and exports to 5,362,82«. Customs' rev. 2,830,221?. In the same year, 1,167 ships, aggregate burden 223,947 tons (of which 625 do., burden 117,793 tons, were British) entered, and 1,138 ships, aggregate burden 219,412 tons, left the port. Peteesdobf, a vill. of Prnss. Silesia, reg. and 34 m. S.W. Liegnitz, on the Zacken. P. 2,010. Petersfield, a pari, bor., market town, and pa. of Engl., CO. Hants, 17 m. N.N.E. Portsmouth, on the old London and Portsmouth road. Area of pa. 2,090 ac. Pop. 1,838, do. of bor. 6,201. It has a large church, an ehdowed school, a union workhouse, branch bank, and an equestrian bronze statute of Wm. iii. in its market place. Markets, Saturday. The town has a titular mayor, and sends 1 mera. to H. of 0. Reg. elects. (1847) 380. ItisapoUing place for N. divis. of co. Petershagen, a town of Prussian "Westphalia, reg. and 7 m. N.N.E. Minden, cap. oirc, on 1. b. of the Weser. Pop. 2,110. Petersham, a pa. of Engl., oo. Surrey, 10 m. "W.S.'W. St Paul's, London. Area 660 ac. Pop. 636. — II. a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Mas- sachusetts, 54 m. "W.N.W. Boston. Pop. 1,776. Peteesthal, a vill. of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, 13 m. E. Offenburg. Pop. 1,510. It has medicinal springs and baths. Petebstone, two pas. of Engl., co Monmouth, 6 ra. S.S.W. Newport. Area 1,740 ac. Pop. 137.— II. {Super Ely), a pa. of S. Wales, co. Gla- morgan, 6 m. E.N.E. Cowbridge. Pop. 223. Peterstow, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 21m. W.N.W. Ross. Area 1,500 ac. Pop. 265. Pbteeswaldau, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 32 m. S.W. Breslan. Pop. 2,050. Peterswaloe, a frontier viU. of Bohemia, circ. and 20 m. N.N. W. Leitmeritz, in the Erzge - birge. P. 2,200, with manufs. of bugles & beads. Peterwabdein (Hung. Petervar), the cap. town of Slavonia, and the strongest fortress on the Danube, on a scarped rock, on r. b. of the Danube, opposite Neusatz, with which town it is connected by a bridge of boats, defended by a strong tete du pont, 44 m. N.W. Belgrade. Pop. with suburbs (exclusive of agarrison of 3,000 men) 4,033. It is the residence of the general com- mandant of the Slavonian military frontier, & of several subordinate military authorities, has se- veral churches and schools, and barracks for 10,000 men, &c. It derives its present name from Peter the Hermit, who here marshalled the soldiers of the first crusade. Here in 1716 the Austrians, under Prince Eugene, defeated the Turks, who then lost their last footing in Central Europe. Petham, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 5 m. S.S.W. Canterbury. Area 8,000 ac. Pop. 646. Petherick (Little), a pa. of Engl., co. Corn- wall, 2 m. S. Padstow. Area 1,720 ac. Pop. 208. Peihebton, two pas. and mkt. towns of Engl., CO. Somerset.— I. {North), 2^ m. S.S.W. Bridge- water. Area 11,080 ac. Pop. 3,769.-11. {South), 4J m. N.N.W. Crewkernc. Area 3,410 ac. Pop. 2,697. It has a fine church. Petheewin, two pas. of Engl.— I. {North), CO. Devon, 4J m. N.W. Launceston. Area 7,920 ac. Pop. 1,066.-11. {South), co. Cornwall, 2| m. S.W. Launceston. Area 4,940 ac. Pop. 997. Petionville, a town of Hayti, recently fonnd> ed, 8 m. E. Port-au-Prince. Petit-Canal, a town of the island Guadeloupe, 12 m. N.W. Moule, on the E. co.ost of gov. Cul- de-Sac. P. (1846) 7,600, of whom 6,900 were slaves. Petite-Pieere (La), a comm., town & fort of France, dep. B. Bhin, cap. cant., in the Vosges mountains, 8 m. N.N.W. Saverne. Pop. 1,249. Petlaud and Petlawao, two towns of India. — I. presid. Bombay, dist. and 20 m. S.E. Kaira. —II. Gwalior dom., 60 m. W.S.W. Oojein. Petoone, a town of Manohooria, on the Son- gari, 130 m. N.N.W. Kirin-Oola. It is a place of exile for Chinese offenders, and garrisoned by Tartar troops. Petorca, a small town of Chile, dep. and 60 m. N.N.W. Aconcagua. Petea (the Sela and JoUheel of Scripture), a ruined city of Arabia Petraea, in the Wady Mousa. Lat. about 30° 15' N., Ion. 35° 35' E. Its edifices hewn in the solid rock, and other striking objects, are described by Laborde, and various other travellers. Petea, a town of the island Majorca, 23 m. E. Palmas. Pop. 2,640. Petealia (Sotana & Soprana), two contigu- ous towns of Sicily, prov. Palermo, dist. and 18 m. S. Cefalu. Pop. of 1st. 6,500, & of 2d. 4,700. Petrel, a town of Spain, prov. Valencia, 24 m. N.W. Alicante. Pop. 2,637, chiefly engaged in distilling brandy and soap-boiling. Peteella, a town oi^ Naples, prov. Molise, dist. and 9 m. N.N.E. Campobasso. Pop. 2,900. Petbikau, or Piotbkow, a town of Poland, prov. and 76 m. E.S.E. Kalisz, cap. co., on the Strada. Pop. 2,300. It has a castle, formerly a residence of the Polish kings. Petrikov, a market town of Russia, gov. Minsk, on the Pripet, 29 m. W.N.W. Mozir. Pop, 1,700. — Petrikavka is a market town, gov. and 133 m. N.N.E. Kherson. Pop. 1,550. Peteinia, a town of Austrian Croatia, on the Kulpa, 29 m. S.S.E. Agram. P. 4,964. It is head quarters of a detachment of the frontier guard. Petrockstow, apa. of Engl., co. Devon, 4 m. N.N.W. Hatherleigh. Area 4,960 ac. Pop. 616. Petbonel, Camuntum, a market town of Lower Austria, on the Danube, 24 m. E.S.E. Vienna. Pop. 1,102. Numerous Roman anti- quities have been here discovered. Petbopaulovski, or Petropadlshafen, the cap. town of Kamtschatka, on its E. coast, on the N. side of the Bay of Avatcha, in iat. 63° 0' 27' N., Ion. 168° 40' 12' E. Its port is small, & it has less than 1,000 inhabitants, but it is the principal Russian military station in this remote province. — II. a fortified town of Siberia, gov. and 260 m. S.S.E. Tobolsk, on the Ishim. It has an active trade by caravans with Bokhara and Khiva. Petrovitoh, a town of European Turkey, Rumili, sanj. and 30 m. N.W. Seres, near the Ka- dovitz, an affl. of the Struma. It is enclosed by a brick wall, flanked with towers, and comprises 1,200 houses, chiefly inhabited by Turks, who carry on an active trade in tobacco, raised in the vicinity. Petrovka, a market town of Russia, gov. and 87 m. S.E. Voroniej. Pop. about 1,500. Petrovsk, two towns of Russia. — I. gov. and 68 m. N.N.W. Saratov, cap. dist., on the Med- vieditza. Pop. 7,000. It was founded by Peter the Great in 1697, and has a citadel, an ancient and ruined fortress, and trade in corn. — II. gov. and 62 m. S.S.W. Jaroslavl. Pop. 2,000. Petrovskaia, two market towns and forts of Russia. — 1. (or Butiirlinovha), gov. Voroniej PET 1019 PFO 30 m. E.S.E. Bobrov. Pop. 1,700.-11. gov. Voroniej, 65 m. W.N.W. Kortiyak. Pethovskoi-Pogrometz, a market town of Kussia, gov. Voroniej, 15 m. N.W. Valoniki. Pop. 1,500. — Petromkoi is tlie name of petty places, govs. Viatlia and Moscow, and P. Ostrov is an island in the Neva, near St Petersburg, where Peter the Great had a residence. Petrox (St), a pa. of S. Wales, co. and 3 m. S.W. Pembroke. Pop. 92. Petbozavodsk, a fortified town of Russia, cap. gov. Olonetz, on tlie Lake Onega, 185 m. N.E. St Petersburg. Pop. 8,000. It has two spacious doclcs for large vessels, a very extensive imperial cannon foundry, powder mills, & manufs. of silks. Petsh, or Ipek, a town of European Turkey, Albania, sanj. and 73 m. E.N.E. Scutari, cap. kadilik, on the Bistritza, or White Drin, which divides it into two parts, and turns numerous mills. Pop. upward of 12,000, mostly Turks, who have here 16 mosques. Arms are exten- sively made in the town. Pett, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 3 m. S.W. Winchelsea. Area 1,760 ac. Pop. 386. PETTAn (Slav. Ptiija), a town of Styria, circ. and 14 m. S.E. Marburg, on the Drave. Pop. 1,996. It has several convents. On a height ^iove the town is the castle of Ober-Pettau. PETTAnoH, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 6 m. E.N.E. Needham. Area 780 ac. Pop. 266. Pettekell-Cbooks, a township of Engl., co. Cumberland, pa. Hesket-in-the-Forest, SJ m. N.W. Penrith. Pop. 517. Pettiooe, a vill. of Irel., Ulster, cos. Donegal and Fermanagh, on the Termon, near its mouth in Lough Erne, 13 m. S.E. Donegal. Pop. 616. It stands amidst wooded hills, and is a station for the numerous pilgrims who resort to Lough Derg. Pettinain, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 5\ m. E. Lanark. Pop. 416, of whom 80 are in the vill. Pettikengo, a town of N. Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 4 m. N.E. Biella. P. of comm. 2,365. Pettistbee, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 12 m. N E. Ipswich. Area 1,390 ac. Pop. 303. Petton, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 6 m. S.S.E. Ellesmere. Area 980 ac. Pop. 39. Pettoeano, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo Lit. II., dist. and 6 m. S.S.E. Sulmona. Pop. 3,100. — IL a market town, prov. Molise, dist. Lsernia, 19 m. W. Campobasso. Pop. 1,200. Peitt, or Pettie, a marit. pa. of Scotl., chiefly in CO. Inverness, along Moray Firth. Area about 8,100 ac, mostly well cultivated. Pop. 1,749. Here are remains of several Druid circs,, and ruins of a baronial castle of the 17th century. In the pa. is the vill. Campbelltown. PETxrcuE, a harbour of Scotl., co. Fife, on the E. shore of the Firth of Forth, 1 m. S. Kmg- hom, and immediately opposite Leith. Petttobth, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. Sussex, 1.3 m. N.N.E. Chichester. Area of pa. 6,140 ac. Pop. 3,364. The town, pleasantly situated on an eminence, has a neat church, con- taining tombs of the Percy family, anciently lords of the manor, several schools, and liberally endowed almshouses, sessions and market house, and a co. house of correction, and bank. In the vicinity is the splendid seat of Col. Wyndham. Petzka, or Pecska, a mkt. town of Hungary, CO. Arad, 61 m. E.S.E. Szegedin. Pop. (1845) 13,441. it consists of two separate places, Katz and Magyar Petzka. Pevenset, a pa. of Engl, co. Sussex, 6 m. SE. Hailsham, and with a station on the South coast railway, 10 m. W.S.W. Hastings. Area 4,000 ac. Pop. 323. Here are ruins of a castle. Pkveraqno, a town of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. prov. and 5 m. S.E. Cuneo, cap. mand. Pop. of comm. (1838) 6,080. Pewsev, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 20 m. N. Salisbury. Area 4,970 ac. Pop. 1,826. Peyrat, several comms. & viUs. of France. — I. dep. H. Vienne, 23 m. E. Limoges. P. 2,640. — U. same dep., 2 m. N.N.W. Bellae. P. 1,280.— III. dep. Creuse, 10 m. N.E. Aubusson. P. 1,640. Pevhehorade, a comm. and town of France, dep. Landes, on the Gave-de-Pau, 38 m. S.W. Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. 1848. Peveelevade and Pevremale, two comms. and vills. of France. — I. dep. Correze, near the Vienne, arrond. Ussel II. dep. Gard., arrond. Alais. — Peyrestortes is a vill., dep. E. Pyrenees, 4 m. N.W. Perpignan. The French here de- feated a Spanish force 17th September 1793. Petriac-Mineevois, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Aude, cap. cant., 12 m. N.E. Car- cassonne. Pop. 1,309. — P. de Mer, same dep., is a comm. & vill., 8 m. S.S.W. Narbonne. P. 801. Petrins, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Drome, 12 m. N.N.E. Valence. Pop. 3,015. Pevruis, a comm, and market town of France, depl B. Alpes, cap. cant., near the Durance, 16 m. W.S.W. Digne. Pop. SlS.—Fenrus is a vill., dep. Drome, 10 m. E. Valence. Pop. 976. Petrusse, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aveyron, 11 m. N.N.E. Villefranche. Pop. 1,000. Peistek, an island of the Pacific Ocean, Mul- grave Archipelago. Lat. 8° 5' S., Ion. 178° E., and named after its American discoverer in 1819. Pevtun, a town of India, Nizam's dom., on the Godavery, 30 m. S. Aurungabad, and formerly noted for its embroidered s2k fabrics. Pezenas, Picince, a comm. and town of France, dep. Herault, 25 m. S.W. Montpellier, near r. b. of the Herault. Pop. (1846) 7,217. It has a comm. college, & manufs. of chemical products. Pfaffenhatisen, a market town of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, 27 m. S.W. Augsburg. Pop. 790. Pfaefenheim, a market town of France, dep. Haut Ehin, 7 m. S.W. Colmar. Pop. 2,012. Pfaffenhofbn, a market town of France, dep. B. Khin, on the Moder, 12 m. N.E. Saveme. Pop. 1,426. Pfaffenhofen, a small town of Upper Ba- varia, cap. dist., on the Um, 28 m. N. Munchen. Pop. 1,912. — II. a vill., circ. Upper Palatinate, on the Lauterach, 11m. S. W. Amberg. Pop. 680. Pfaffikon, or Pfeffiken, a vill. of Switzer- land, cant, and 11 m. E. Zurich, on N. shore of the small lake of Pfaffikon. Pop. 3,000. Pfalzdobf, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 44 miles N.W. Diisseldorf. Pop. 2,910.— Pfalzel is a vill. of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 3 m. N. Treves, on the Moselle. Pop. 1,060. Pfarrkiroh, a market town of Lower Bavaria^ 26 m. W.S.W. Passau. Pop. 1,672 Pfarrweis- sach is a market town of Bavaria, Lower Fran- conia, 19 m. N.W. Bamberg. PFEonEESHEiM, a towu of Hcssen-Darmstadt,. prov. Rhenish Hessen, cap. co., 4 m, W.N.W. Worms. Pop, 2,031. Pfefferb, a watering place of Switzerland, cant. St Gall, in a deep gorge, 5 m. S.E. Sar- gans. The waters having a temp, of 98° Fahr., are administered in two buildings adapted to re- ceive from 200 to 300 persons, and reached by a rude stair, formed of trees, and of steps cut in the perpendicular rock. On an adjacent height is a Benedict, monastery, founded in 1713, & sup- pressed in 1838. A new hotel was built in 1830. Pforing, a market town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Palatinate, on 1. b. of the Danube, 13 m. PFt) 1020 PHI E.N.E. Ingolstadt. Pop. 790. It has remains of i a Roman fort at the commencement of the Teu- felamauer " devil's wall," a line of masonry ex- tending hence for IfiO m. ProBTEN, avill. of Prussia, pro v. Brandenburg, reg. and 40 m. S.E. Frankfurt. Pop. 325. It has the remains of a fine old castle. Pfoezheim, Porta llercinieB, an ancient city of the grand duchy Baden, oirc. Middle Rhine, cap. dist., at the confl. of the Enz and Nagold, 16 m. S.E. Carlsruhe. Pop. (1846) 7,200. The city -proper is enclosed by walls, and has a castle, & a fine church, with old grand ducal vaults. It is the principal manufacturing town of the grand duchy, having manufs. of jewellery, employing 900 hands, & of woollen cloth, leather, and chemi- cal products, with copper and iron forges, trade in timber, oil, wine, and 12 annual cattle fairs. Pfreimt, atown of Bavaria, circ. Upper Pala- tinate,betw. the Nahe & the Pfreimt, 16 m. E.N.E. Amberg. P. 1,592. It has a Franciscan establish- ment, a high school, and a manuf. of mirrors. Pfcllendorf, a town of Baden, circ. Lake, on Lake Ilmen, 20 m. N.E. Constance. Pop. 1,700. Pfuilingen, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Black Forest, on the Eschatz, 3 m. S.E. Reutlin- gen. Pop. 4,017, mostly employed in paper mills and brush factories, and in the cultivation of fruit and wine. Pfaff was born here in 1651. Pfdngstadt, a market town of H. -Darmstadt, prov. Starkenberg, 5 m. S. Darmstadt. P. 3,050. Phal&sabna, a ruined city of Crete, near the W. end of the isl., its chief remains being walls and towers, on an acropolis close to the shore. Phalsbourg, a comm. and fortified town of France, dep. Meurthe, at the foot of the Vosges mntns., 49 m. E. Nancy. Pop. 2,012. It is for- tified, and was besieged by the allies in 1814-15. Pharos, a peninsula, & anciently an is), of Lr. Egypt, on which stood a famous light- house. It forms the site of the modern city Alexandria. Phabsalia, a town of Thesaaly. [Satalge.] Phasis (Mod. Mhion), a river of Asiatic Russia, Transcaucasia, and which was anciently consid- ered the boundary between Europe and Asia, rises in a spur of the Caucasus, traverses Imeri- tia, and after a W. course enters the Black sea at its E. extremity, near Poti, 34 m. N. Batum. The European pheasant (gallus phasiamis), de- rives its name irom having been originally im- ported from the banks of this river, and it still frequents an island at its mouth. PhatuK-A, atown of British India, presid. Ben- gal, dist. and 10 m. S.E. Patna, on the S. side of the Poonpoor river. Pop. 12,000 (?), who manuf. cotton cloths, and carry on an active trade. Pheasant Island, in the Bidassoa river, betw. France and Spain, is the place where the treaty of the Pyrenees was concluded, Sept. 7th, 1659. Pheips, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, 16 m. E. Canaudaigua. Pop. 5,663. Pheng-hoc, Pescadores, or the Fisher's Islands, ah isl. group in the channel of Fo-kien, China sea, between the island Formosa and the mainland. The largest has a tolerable harbour, and is stated to be garrisoned by Chinese troops. Phiala, a smalllake of Palestine, pash. Damas- cus, 10 m. E.N.E. Banias. It is 1 m. in circ, surrounded by wooded hills, and supposed to be the source of a subterranean aifl. of the Jordan. Phigaleia, a ruined city of Greece, Morea, gov. Triphylia; its remains, on a precipitous height, 16, m. N.E. Kyparissia, consist of walls, towers, and a citadel, presenting one of the most anc. and curious specim'ens of Grecian military architecture. Within its walls is a part of the vill. Paulizza; 4 m. E. are the ruins of a famous temple of Apollo. Philadelphia, Asia Minor. [Ala-Shehr.] Philadelphia, a principal city, river port, and formerly cap. of the IT. S., of N, America, state Pennsylvania, extending between the Dela- ware and Schuylkill rivers, above their junction, and for 5 m. along the Delaware, 100 m. from its junction with the Atlantic, and immediately op- posite Camden in New Jersey, 28 m. S.W. Tren- ton, and 80 m. S.W. New York, with both which cities it communicates by railways, as also with Columbia on the Sasqnehanna, Baltimore, Read- ing, and Norristown, and by branches with all the great railways of this part of the Union. Lat. 39° 57' N., Ion. 75° 10' W. Mean ann. temp.50° .8; winter, 30° .1 ; summer, 71° .4. Pop. (1800) 70,287 ; (1850) with adjacent municipalities, Northern Li- berties, Kensington, Spring-Garden, Southwark, and Moyamensing, 409,553. City proper very regularly laid out, clean, handsome, is drained into the Delaware, and well supplied with water froin extensive works on the Schuylkill, here crossed by wooden bridges, one of which forms a viaduct for the railw. to Baltimore. Many of the streets are shaded with trees, and the public buildings are mostly of white marble. The principal are the U. S. bank, after the model of the Parthenon at Athens ; the U. S. mint, the exchange & post- office, one of the finest edifices in the Union; the U. S. naval asylum, with a fine Ionic portico, and 180 dormitories ; the Gerard bank, Gerard college for orphans, founded with a bequest of 2 millions dolls. ; the almshouses, with 180 ac. of ground ; masonic hall, state panoptic penitentiary ; state prison, a massive castellated Gothic edifice ; and the state house, in which the Independence of the Union was declared in 1776. There are upwards of 100 places of worship, including 2 synagogues. Benevolent institutions are very numerous. Amongst the chief are the Pennsylvanian hos- pital, founded in 1762, possessing a good anato- mical museum, a full length statue of Penn, and West's painting of " Christ healing the sick ;" Wills' hospital, and deaf-dumb, blind, and Mag- dalen asylums. The university of Pennsylvania, incorporated in its present form in 1791, has the most flourishing medical school in the U. States, with (in 1846) 404 students; Jefferson medical college, and the Pennsylvanian college, are also important medical schools. The American phi- losophical societj', founded by Franklin & others in 1740, academy of natural sciences, athenseum, historical & other societies, the Friends' national schools, and the library company, all possess good libraries. The Philadelphia museum is reputed to be the best in the Union, and the city has five theatres, and numerous public gardens. Manufs. are in great variety. In 1840, the capital in- vested in them was estimated at 2,051,600Z. The Delaware, here 1 m. across, is navigable to the city for the largest ships. In 1844, S94 ships, aggregate burden 624,011 tons, entered the port, with cargoes valued at 913,848?., and 390, burden 631,976 tns., cleared out, with cargoes to 1,786,651?. in value. Independent of this, the coasting and yiver trade is highly important. lii 1842, 10,457 vessels arrived coastwise at Philadelphfa. Bur- den of shipping belonging to port (1841) 106,805 tons, of which 56,323 do. tonnage were employed in the coasting trade. Large quantities bf provi- sions are brought hither from the interior, and the city is the grekt depot for coal in the Union, of which material 684,692 tons were brought to it in 1841, by the Schuylkill navigation, independ- ent of that by other channels. ' The citV, inde- PHI 1021 PHI pendent of its suburbs, is governed by a mayor, 12 select councillors, and a common council of 20 mems. It was founded in 1682 by W. Penn, vhose residence, Pennsburg manor, was near the city. — II. a township, New York, 16 m. N.E. Wa- tertown. Pop. 1,888. Philates, a town of European Turkey, Epirus, sanj. and 25 m. S.E. Delvino. Pop. 4,000 (?). Phii.j!, an island of Upper Egypt, in the Nile, above thefirat cataract, close to the Nubian fron- tier, 6 m. S.S.W. Assouan. Length only 400 yds., but it contains some of tlie finest Egyptian re- mains extant, comprising 4 temples, a long co- lonnade, several obelisks, &c., with a Roman triumphal arch, and other antiquities. Philbekt(St), 2comms. and vills. of France. — 1. (de Grandlieu), dep. Loire-lnf., cap. cant., 13 m. S.S.W. Nantes. P. 3,285 II. (de Bouaine), dep. Vendfe, 20 m. N. Napoleonville. Pop. 1,880. Philippevule, a fortified town of Belgium, prov. and 25 m. S.W. Namur, cap. cant., on a height in the forest of Ardennes. Pop. 1,311. Near it are iron works, and stone quarries. — II. a fortified town of Algeria, prov. Constantine, on the G. of Stora, 36 m. W. Bona, recently founded by the French. It was nearly destroyed by fire in October 1849. Pop. 3,740. Philippi, a ruined town of European Turkey, Macedonia, its site 10 m. S.E. Drama. In the plain W. of it, B.C. 42, the memorable actions took place in which the troops of Octavius and Antony defeated those of Brutus and Cassius and put an end to the republican gov. of Rome. Philippine, afortified vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Zeeland, 6^ m.W. Axel. Pop. 433. Philippopolis (Turk. Filibi), a town of Euro- pean Turkey, Rumili, 86 m. W.N.W. Adrianople, on a precipitous isl. in the Maritza, which here becomes navigable, and is crossed by several bridges. Before 1818, when it was almost de- stroyed by an earthquake, it had 30,000 inbabs., 20 mosques, and numerous Greek and Armenian chnrches, with flourishing manufs. of woollen, silk, and cotton fabrics, leather, soap, tobacco, &c., and a considerable transit trade. It still has some manufacturing industry, and commerce. PHitippsBDKG, a town of Baden, circ. Lower Khine, 16 m. N. Carlsruhe. Pop. 1,800. Philips, a co., U. S., N. America, in E. of Ar- kansas. Area 730 sq. m. Pop. 3,437. Philip's Islands, Pacific Ocean, Low Archipe- lago, lat. 16° m S., Ion. 144° 8' W. Philipstad, a small town of Sweden, cap. an iron mining dist., 35 m. N.E. Carlstad. Pop. 800. Philipstown, a mkt. town, formerly a pari, bor., & assize town of Irel.,Leinster,King'sco,,on the Grand canal, 9 m. E.N.E, Tullamore, with 1,489 inhabs. Princip. public edifices, an old castle, once the residence of King Philip of Spain, now used as barracks ; two schools, a sessions house, and a jail — II. a pa., co. Louth, 4 ra. N.W. Ardee. Area 3,660 ac. Pop. 1,669.— IIL (Nugent), a pa„ 4 m. W.N.W. Dundalk. Area 1,036 ac. Pop. 401. Philisbueo, a vill. of the W. Indies, cap. the Dutch portion of the isl. St Martin. Pop. 2,000. Phillack, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, Sj m. W.S.W. Redruth. Area 2,880 ac. Pop. 4,056. It has a smelting house & large exports of cop- per, some of the richest copper mines in England being in its vicinity. Philleigh, a pa. of Engl,, co. Cornwall, 6 m. S.W. Tregoney. Area 2,310 ac. Pop. 456. Phillip (Pqbt), Australia. [Pobt Phillip, . Victoria. ]-T(PAiMip Id.), Australia, is ojpposite the mouth of WeBt«rn Port, 40 m. S.E. Port Phil- lip. Length 16 m. — III. {Phillips' Islands), Pa- cific Ocean, Carolines, lat. 8° 6' N., Ion. 141° E. Phillipstown, a township, U. S., N. America, New York, 14 m. W. Carmel. Pop. 3,814. Philippine Islands, a large and important froup in the Asiatic Archipelago, forming its N. iv., and next to Cuba, the most valuable colonial possession of Spain, chiefly betw. lat. 5° 32' and 19° 38' N., and Ion. 117° and 127° E., having N. and E. the Pacific O., W. the China Sea, and S. the seas of Sooloo and Celebes. There are at least 1,200 islands, great and small. Principal islands, Luzon, Mindanao, and Palawan, with Mindoro, Panay, Marindique, Negi-os, Zebu, Bo- hol, Leyte, Samar, Masbate, and many of less size. Total area estimated at 120,000 sq. m. The Spanish dominion is stated to extend over only 52,148 sq. m. Pop. estimated at 5 millions : containing of Papuan negro race, & independent tribes, 1,026,000; Malay Indians, 3,700,000; half castes and Chinese, 30,000 ; the remainder Eu- ropeans and native whites. The islands are of volcanic formation, and contain a chain of active volcanoes. Earthquakes also are of frequent oc- currence. The group is within the range of the monsoons, and violent hurricanes are common. From May to Sept., the W. coasts are deluged with rain, while the October monsoon brings rain to the E. coasts, at other seasons dry. The high temperature, & abundance of moisture, produce a luxuriant vegetation ; so that they are capable of yielding all kinds of colonial, and probably European, produce. Rice, millet, maize, sugar, indigo, hemp, tobacco, coffee, and cotton, are raised ; and sago, cocoa nuts, bananas, cinnamon, betel, numerous fine fruits, and timber for ship- building, are among the products. Buffaloes, and most of the domestic animals common in Europe, are reared. There are no predaceous quadrupeds ; the cayman is found in the rivers. Pearls, pearl oyster shell, the sea slug, edible birds' nests, and sapan wood, are important ar- ticles of export hence to China. Domestic weav- ing is pretty generally carried on by the females, and straw hats, cigar cases, and earthenwares are made ; but the chief manufacture is that of "government Manilla" cigars, which occupies 2,000 hands at a royal factory in Manilla. The wretched colonial policy of Old Spain, excluded all foreign ships, and Chinese settlers, from these islands, and the trade with the Spanish dom. in America was also confined to that conducted annually by a single ship ! But such restrictions have vanished since the revolution, and the co- lony is now making commensurate progress to- wards prosperity. In 1842, 149 ships, aggregate burden 46,869 tons, entered, and 162 do., burden 50,226 cleared, at the different ports. Imports amounted in value to 900,0807., one third from England, and more than another third from China, the II. S., and British India. Exports amounted in value to 974,160?., chiefly sent to England, Spain, the U. S., China, and Australia. Manilla (which see) is the principal seat of the trade, and also the seat of the government, it being the residence of the captain-general. In eaoh of the larger islands is a lieutenant-governor ; and each of the 30 provs., governed by an alcalde, is divided into pueblos, or communes. The R. Catholic religion has been extensively diffused among the Malay pop. Public revenue is derived chiefly from duties on exports and imports, the tobacco monopoly, and a capitation tax, which, in 1837, was paid by 1,305,142 adults, of whom 901,924 belonged to the island Luzon. Armed force amounts to about 7,000 men, 1-lOtb Spa- PHI 1022 PIC niarda, and the rest Malays. These islands were discovered by Magalhaens in 1521, and settled by the Spaniards in the reign of Philip ii,, after whom they were named. Phing, a prefixed name of cities, China. [Prae.] PnooiBA, Fouyes, a seaport town or vill. of Asia Minor, Anatolia, at the entrance of the Gulf of Fouges, 30 m. N.W. Smyrna. It is stated to have a citadel and 4,000 inhabs. — Old Phocaa is a vill. 4J m. S.W.ward. Phooleea, a town of N.W. Hindostan, dom. and 83 m. E.S.E. Bhawlpoor, with a decayed fort and a good bazaar. Phukok, an isl. in the Gulf of Siam, near its E. coast, lat. 10° N., Ion. 104° E., length 34 m., great- est breadth 16 m. Surface elevated and wooded. Phulwaebe, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. Patna, and stated to comprise 1,700 hoases, many occupied by Mohammedans of rank and education. Phu-ten, a town of Anam, Cochin-China, cap. prov., on the Phu-yen river, 60 m. S. Quinhon. Phyl^, a fortress of Greece, famous in its ano. history, and the remains of which occupy a strong position in a pass of Mount Parnes, 13 m. N.N. w. Athens. PiAGENZA, Ptocenfe'a, a fortified city of N. Italy, cap. duchy Piacenza, 36 m. AV.N.W. Parma, near the right bank of the Po, a little below the in- flux of the Trebbia. Lat. 45° 2' 44" N., Ion. 9° 41' 48' E. Pop. (1844) 29,837. It is enclosed by ramparts, used for public walks, environed by a wide fosse, defended by a citadel, and entered by 6 gates. It presents, however, "a forlorn and deserted aspect," with its narrow irregular streets, and dark, half-decaying brick houses. It has one fine square, in which are the magnificent town- hall, and two equestrian statues of two dukes of Parma ; an old ducal palace, now much dilapidat- ed ; a Gothic cathedral, with some fine frescoes and pictures ; several other churches, a large hospital, orphan asylums, and numerous other charitable institutions ; a college, with 3 facul- ties ; an episcopal seminary, gov. pawn bank, a small theatre, & public library ; manufs. of wool- len stufis and serges, fustians, stockings & hats, a small trade with the surrounding dist., and a large fair in April. Pope Gregory x.. Cardinal Alberoni, Pallavicini, and Laurentius Valla, were natives of Piacenza ; and in its vicinity, Hannibal defeated the Romans, b.o. 219. [Pabma.] PiADENA, a mkt. town of Lombardy, deleg. & 17 m. E. Cremona, cap. dist. Pop. 1,200. PiAGGiNE, a town of Naples, prov. Prineipato- Cit., dist. & 10 m. N.E. II Vallo. Pop. 1,400. Piana-dei-Gbeci, a town of Sicily, intend., dist. and 10 m. S.W. Palermo. Pop. 6,000. Pianella, a town of Naples, prov. Abrnzzo- Ult. I., 6 m. W.N.W. Chieti. Pop. 4,300. PiAHOSA, Planasia, an islet of the Mediter- ranean, 10 m. S. of the W. Cape of Elba. Surface considerably elevated, and productive. Length 3| m., breadth 2J m. The isl. was left in the power of Napoleon, after his first abdication, as an an- nexation to Elba. An agricultural colony was established on it in 1835. — II. an isl. in the Adri- atic sea, belonging to Naples, prov. Capitanata, 14 m. N.E. the Tremiti islands. Length IJ m. Piano di Sobbento, Naples. [Soeeento.] PiAsiHA, a lake and river of Siberia, gov. Ye- niseisk ; the lake lat. 70° N., Ion. 92° 30' E., is 80 m. in length, N. to S., 35 m. in breadth, and 90 m. E. the Gulf of Yenisei ; the river flowing from it enters the Arctic O., near lat. 73° 45' N., Ion. 90° E., after a N. course of 250 miles. PiASKi, a town, Poland, gov. & 14 m. S.E. Lub- lin, on an affl. of the Wieprz. P. 960. — Piatki is a mkt. town, gov. Volhynia, 21 m. S.W. Jitomir. PiAUHi, or PiAtiHV, a river of Brazil, prov. Piauh, after a N. course of 300 m., joins the Caninde on right, 70 m. N.W. Oeiras. PiAUHi, or Pi AUHV, a small prov. of Brazil, betw. lat. 2° 42' & 11° 20' S., and Ion. 40° 30' & 47° W., having E. the provs. Ceara, Parahiba, and Per- nambuco, from which is is separated by mouu- tain chains, S. Goyaz, W. Maranham, and N. the Atlantic, the riv. Parnahiba intervening, to which all its rivers are tributary. Area 60,600 sq. m. Pop. 60,000. Surface mostly plain, with a slope N.W.ward, and chiefly in extensive and rich pas- turages, on which large herds of cattle are reared. Manioc, millet, rice, sugar, and cotton, are among the cultivated products. Timber is scarce, but jalap, ipecacuanha, and cinchona, are procurable, and here are some silver, iron, and lead mines. A recent official report gives a deplorable account of the state of some parts of this prov. Chief towns, Oeiras and Parnahiba. PiAVE, a river of Austrian Italy, rises in the Alps, near Lienz, flows at first S.W. past Pieve- di-Cadore, and Belluno, to the vill. of Vas, whence its course is S.E. to the Adriatic, which it enters at Porto-di-Cortellazzo, 22 m. E.N.E. Venice. Length 125 m. Under the French it gave name to a dep. of which Belluno was the cap — Piazzola is a mkt. town, deleg, and 11m. N.N.W. Padua, near the Brenta, noted for the vast palace of the Contarini family. Piazza, a city of Sicily, prov. and 17 m. E.S.E. Caltanisetta, cap. dist. Pop. 16,200. It has a cathedral, several other churches, 4 convents, a college and hospital, with some manufs. of wool- len cloth and caps, and a brisk trade in corn, oil, fruits, and other agricultural produce. Pica, a vill. and small river of S. Peru, dep. Arequipa, near the Pavilion de Pica, a headland on the Pacific Ocean, 60 m. S. Iquique. Pioabdt (French Picardie), an old prov. of France, in the N., having N.W. and W. the Eng- lish Channel, and landward the provs. Aitois, Flanders, Champagne, Ile-de-France and Nor- mandy. It is now subdivided among the deps. Aisne, Somme, Oise, Pas-de- Calais, and Yonne. PiOEBNO, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, dist. and' 8 m. W. Potenza. Pop. 4,000. It has manufs. of silk and woollen goods. PiOHiNOHA, a volcano of S. Amer., Ecuador, in the W. Cordillera of the Andes, 11m. W.N.W. Quito, 16,922 feet in elevation, its upper 200 feet being always covered with snow. — Pichu- pichu is a volcano, S. Peru, immediately N. Are- quipa, and which rises to nearly the limit of per- petual snow in that portion of the Andes. PioiNisco, a to?ra of Naples, prov. T. di La- voro, dist. and 15 m. E.S.E. Sora. Pop. 2,700. PiOKAWAT, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Ohio, near Circleville. Pop. 1,572. PiOKENHAM, two pas. of Engl., CO. Norfolk. — I. {NoHh), 3 m. E.S.E. SwafEham. Area 1,420 ac. Pop. 269.— II. {South), 4 m. S.S.E. SwafPham. Area 1,810 ac. Pop. 170. Pickens, a dist. of ttie U. S., N. Amer., in N.W. part of S. Carolina. Area 1,200 sq.m. Pop. 14,356 — II. a CO. in W. of Alabama. Area 720 sq. m. Pop. 17,118. PiOKEEiNQ, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. York, N. Biding, with a station on the York & North Midland railway, 18 m. S.S.W. Whitby. Area of pa. 32,760 ac. Pop. 3,901. The town, picturesquely situated, is antiquely built, and has a fine old church, an endowed school, a union workhouse, and the ruins of a castle in which PIC 1023 PIE Rich. II. was confined prior to liis removal to Pomfret. Mlit., Monday. Tlie honour of Pic- kering comprises several manors under the duchy of Lancaster.— II. a pa. of Upper Canada, dist. Home, ou the N. shore of Lake Ontario. PiCKHiLL, a pa. of Euglaud, CO. York, N. Rid- ing, 6 m. N.W. Thirsk. Area 4,080 ac. P. 696. PicKWELi., a pa. of England, co. Leicester, 6i m. S.S.E. Melton-Mowbray. Ac 1,480. P. 163. PicKWORTH, two pas. Of England. — I oo. Rut- land, 9J m. E.N.E. Oaltham. Area 3,680 ac Pop. 182. — II. a pa., co. Lincoln, Ij m. W. Folk- ingham. Area 1,270 ac Pop. 265. Pico, one of the Azores isls., Atlantic, its volcanic peak 7,613 feet in height, in lat. 38° 28' N., Ion. 28° 25' W. Area 254 sq. m. Pop. 36,000. Surface covered with lava ; the culture of the vine and fishing are the chief branches of industry, and provisions are mostly imported from Fayal. Principal towns Lagos, MagdaJena, & San Rocco. PicQuiGNT, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Somme, on 1. h. of the Somme, and on the Amiens railway, 8 m. N. W. Amiens. Pop. 1,540. PiCTOu, a CO. and town of N. Amer., Nova Scotia, on N. shore of the island. Pop. of co. (1848) 30,300, chiefly of Scotch descent. The town is situated 3 m. from the entrance of an excellent hai'bour. It is well built ; it has an aca- demy, library, a grammar school, with a consi- derable trade. PiDAVBO.amarit.vill. of Greece. [EprDAUKus.] ProDiNGHOE, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 5 m. S.S.E. Lewes. Area 1,970 ac Pop. 263. PiDDiNeTON, two pas. of England I. co. Ox- ford, 5 m. S.E. Bicester. Area 3,140 ac. Pop. 427. — II. CO. and 6 m. S.S.E. Northampton. Area 1,980 ac. Pop. 981. PiDJAX, two towns of Chinese Turkestan, — I. 40 m. E. Turfan.— II. 50 m. W. Aksu. The ruins of Old Pidjan are 140 m. E.N.E. Kashgar. ProDLB-HiNTON, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 4J m. E.N.E. Dorchester. Area 2,780 ac P. 394. Piddle (Noeth), apa. of England, co. and 7^ m. E.S.E. Worcester. Area 810 ac. Pop. 168. PiDDLETOWN, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 5 m. E.N.E. Dorchester. Area 8,030 ac. P. 1,168. PiDDiETEENTHiDE, a pa. of Engl., CO. Dorsct, 7 m.N.N.E. Dorchester. Area 4,630 ac P. 671. PiDLET, a pa. of England, co. Huntiflgdon, 5 m. N.N.E. St. Ives. Area 4,360 ac. Pop. 516. PiEDiMOHTB, a town of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, cap. djst., 20 m. N.N.E. Caserta. Pop. 6,600. It stands in a fertile plain at the foot of the Apennines, and has a royal palace, and manufs. of coarse woollen cloths, caps, & paper. — II. (di San Germano), a town, same prov., dist. and 16 m. S.S.E. of Sora, with 1,500 inhabitants, several churches and a large annual fair. Piedmont (Pbincipalitt of), Ital. Piemonte, N. Italy, the metropolitan & central portion of the Sardinian States, of which it now forms the divi- sions Turin, Coni (Cuneo), Alessandria, Aosta, & Novara. [Sabdinia.] On the N.W. and S. the region is enclosed by the Alps & the Apennines, and consists of the upper valley of the Po, by which river and its affls. the Tanaro, Bormida, Clusone, Dora, Sesia, &c., it is wholly drained. Its E. part forms a portion of the great plain of Lombardy, is carefully irrigated, and of high fertility ; much of it is in pasturage, and large herds of cattle are reared, as in the adjacent Milanese territory. A surplus of corn over home consumption is produced, and supplies the terri- tory bordering on the Mediterranean as far as Toulon. Wheat, maize, barley, rice, hemp, and fruits are principal crops; wines are of inferior quality, and oil is produced only in small quanti ties ; the silk is aiuongst the best in Italy. Mine- ral products comprise iron, lead, copper, marble, sulphur, manganese, cobalt, and small quantities of the precious metals. Principal manufs. are silk fabrics and organzine, hosiery, woollen and linen goods, brandy and liqueurs, glass, and iron wares. The uihabitants are nearly all Roman CathoUcs, except about 20,000 Vaudois Protest- ants in the Alpine valleys. After Turin, the cap, of the Sardinian dom., the chief cities are Ales- sandria, Asti, Coni, Novara, Vercelli, Pinerolo, Susa, Varallo, and Aosta. The great routes of the Simplon, Mount Cenis, St. Bernard, and the Col de Tenda, cross the Alps into Piedmont. PiEDBAS, a town of S. Amer., Venezuela, dep. Orinoco, 65 m. W.S.W. Angostura, on the Ori- noco. — II. aheadl.. Gulf of Mexico, dep. & 65 m. N.W. Vera Cruz. — III. a headland, Plata Con- federation, and estuary, dep. and 90 m. S.E. Buenos Ayres. PiEDRAHiTA, a town of Spain, prov. and 32 m. W.N.W. AvUa. Pop. 847. It has remains of anc. walls and fortifications. — Piedravales is a town, prov. and 23 m. S. Avila. Pop. 732. PiEDKABuENA, a town of Spain, prov. and 14 m. W.N.W. Ciudad Real. Pop. 2,308. It has manufs. of hats. PiELis, or PiELisjOEKOi, a lake of Finland, Isen and 60 m. E.N.E. Kuopio, between lat. 62° 55' and 63° 85' N., and Ion. 29° and 80° 2V E. Length 66 m., greatest breadth 16 m. The river Pielis carries its surplus waters S. into lake Ori- vesi. On its E. side is the vill. Pielis. PiENzA, a town of Tuscany, prov. Siena, 5 m. S.W. of Moutepulciano, Pop. 3,000. It has a college, and a diocesan seminary, & was erected into a municipality and a bishop's see by Pope Pius II., a native of the town. PiEEMONT, a vill., TJ. S., N. Amer., state and 24 m. N. New Tork, at the commencement of the New Toi'k and Erie railway. Pop. 1,000. Also, a tnshp., same state, 8 m. E. Canton. P. 1,430. PiEKBE-BuFFiEBE, a comm. & town of France, dep. H. Vienne, cap. cant., on the Briance, 10 m. S.S.E. Limoges. Pop. 1,012. The celebrated surgeon Dupuytren was bom here. PiEBBELATTE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Dr6me, 13 m. S. Mont^limart, near 1. b. of Rhone, on railw. from Lyon to Avignon. P. 2,240. Piebbe-Pebtuis, a naturally excavated pass- age in the Jura mntns., Switzld., cant, and 19 m. N.W. Bern, on the road betw. Bienne & Poren- truy, 40 feet in height, and irom 10 to 12 feet in breadth, and in which is a Roman inscription. PiEBEE (St.), Guernsey. [Petee-le-Pobt, St.] PiEBEE (St.), numerous comms., towns, and rills, of France I. {d'Allevard), dep. Is&'c, 17 m. N.E. Grenoble. Pop. 1,964.-11. {de Cormeilles), dep. Eure, near the Calonne, 10 m. S.W. Pont-Audemer. Pop. 1,111.-111. {de Maille), dep. Vienne, on the Gartempe, arrond. Montmorillon. Pop. 2,161. — IV. {de Plesguen), dep. nie-et-Vilaine, 14 m. S.S.E. St. Malo. Pop. 2,084. — V. {de Quilbignon, dep. Finistfere, 2 m. W. Brest. Pop. 3,214.— VI. {des Eglises), dep, Vienne, arrond. Montmorillon. Pop. 1,408. — VII. {des Landes), dep. Mayenne, arrond. Laval. Pop. 1,900.— VIII. {de Treuisi), dep. Tarn, 18 m. N.E. Castres. Pop. 1,580 IX. {d'Oleron) dep. Charente-Inf., cap. cant., and on the isl. Oldron, 17 m. S.S.W. La Rochelle, having a small port, and 4,770 inhabitants. — X. {du Champ), dep. H. Loire, near the Lambron, 14 m. N. LePuy. Pop. 1,700. — XI. {du Chemin), dep. Vendue, 17 m. N.N.E. Fontcnay. P. 1,842.— XII, {d'Bglise), PIE 1024 FIL dep. Manche, cap. cant., 9 m. E. Cherbourg, having a castle, hospital, and 2,300 inhabitants. — XIII. (Eynae), dep. H. Loire, near the Sumene, 7 m. E. Le Puy. Pop. 1,700.— XIV. {la Cour), dep. Mayeune, 20 m. E.S.E. Mayenne. Pop. 1,057. — XV. (le Moutier), dep. Nifevre, cap. cant., on railway to Clermont, 18 m. N."W. Moulinai Pop. 1,710.— XVI. {lis Calais), dep. Pas-de-Calais, and a 'suburb of Calais, with a station on the railway du Nord. Pop. 8,943.— XVII. {sur- Dives), dep. Calvados, cap. cant., on the Dives, 19 m. S.E. Caen. P. 1,728 XVIIl. {Loumeres), dep. Seine-Inf., with a station on the Paris, Havre, and Rouen railway, 21 m. S.S.E. Rouen. PiEEBE (St.), the cap. town of the isl. of Mar- tinique, on its W. coast, 12 m. N.W. Port Royal. Pop. 20,424. It is the largest town of the French W. Indies, and the chief entrep6t of those isls. It is divided into two quarters by a rivulet over Tfhich are some handsome bridges. It has nume- rous public buildings and schools, a handsome theatre, and a botanic garden. Its roadstead is defended by several forts. The empress Josephine was born here in 1763. — II. a town of the isl. of Bourbon, Indian Ocean, arrond. and 34 m. S. St. Denis. Pop. 14,135.-111. an isl., Indian Ocean, 240 m. N.E. Madagascar, and dependent upon the British colony Mauritius. — IV. an isl. in the lake of Bienne, Switzerland, cant. Bern, & celebrated as the residence of Rousseau in 1765. PiEBBE (St.), an isl. of N. Amer., off the S. coast of Newfoundland, Surface rocky, vegeta- tion scanty. It forms with Miquelon isls. imme- diately N.W. a colony belonging to France. [Miquelon.] — St. Pierre, a small town on its S.E. side, is the cap. of the colony, PiERREFiTTE, several comms. and vills. of France, the principal in dep. Meuse, cap. cant., on the Aire, 16 m. N.W. Commercy. Pop. 646. —Pierrefimd is a comm. and market town, dep, Oise, arrond, and 8 m, S.E. Compifegne, with .,610 inhabitants, and a ruined feudal fortress. PiEBBEFOBT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cantal, cap. cant., 19 m. E.S.E. Aurillac. Pop. 1,275. PiEKEELATTE, 3, comm. & vUl. of FraucB, dep. DrSme, 8 m. S. Montelimar, on railway to Lyon. Pop. 3,430. PiETEBMABiTZBnBS, the Cap. viU. of the Brit, colonial territory of Natal, S. Africa, cap. div., 60 m. N.W. Port Natal. PiETOLE, a vill. and fort of Lombardy, deleg. and 2 m. S.E. Mantua, on the Mincio. P. 1,000. It is the anc. Andes, birth-place of Virgil. PiETEA, a prefix to the names of small towns of Italy. — I. Sard. Sta., div. and on the gulf of Genoa, prov. and 8 m. N.N.E. Albenga, cap. mand. Pop. (1838) with comm. 2,056.-11. (P.- Abbondanie), Naples, prov, Molise, 14 m. N,E, Isernia, Pop, 2,000, — III, {P.-Camela), prov. Abrnzzo lilt, I., 12 m. S.S.W. Teramo. P. 1,000. —IV. {Catella), prov. Molise, 14 m. E.N.E. Cam- pobaaso. P. 3,000. — V. (de Fusi), prov. Princip. Ultra, IJ m. N.B. Montefusco. Pop. 4,300.— VI. {di Monte-Corvino), prov. Capitanata, 4 m. S.S.E. Castelnuovo. Pop. 2,200. PiETEAPESA, and PiETBAOALLA, two market towns of Naples, prov. Basilloata. — 1. 12 m. S.W. Potenza. Pop. 2,400.-11. 8 m. N.N.E, Potenza. Pop, 4,000, — {Pietralcina is a market town, prov, Princip. Ultra, 13 m. W.N.W. Ariano. P. 2,400. PiETRAMAiA, a vlll. of Tusoauy, prov. and 23 m. N.N.E. Florence, at the foot of Monte di Fo, in the Apennines. Near it are 2 remarkable dis- engagements of gas, one of which is perpetually burning. — II. a market town of Naples, prov. Calab. Cit., near the coast S: of Ajello. — Pietra Mellara is a market town, prov. T. di Lavoro, at the foot of a mntn., 11 m. N. Capua. P. 1,600. PiETBO MoKCOBViKO, a mkt, town of Naples, prqv, Capitanata, 17 m. S,W, Severo. P. 3,000. PiETBA Peetosa, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, dist. & 16 m. E.S.E. Potenza. P. 3,000. Pieteapebzia, a town of Sicily, intend, and 5 m. S.E. Caltanisetta, cap. cant. Pop. 8,500, who trade in corn, almonds, & pistachios. Near it are some sulphur mines. — Pielra-rojd, a mkt, town of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, 7 m. E.S.E. Piedimonte, derives its name from the red mar- ble quarried in its vicinity. PiETEA (Santa), a town of Tuscany, prov. Florence, in an unhealthy station, near the Me- diterranean, 15 m. N.W. Lucca. Pop. 3,000. Pietra (Stoesina), a market town of Naples,, prov. Princip. Ult., 7 m. N.W. Avellino. Pop. 2,600 Pietro-Vairano is a market town, prov. T. di Lavoro, 16 m. N. Capua. Pop. 2,600. PiEux (Les), a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Manche, 12 m. S.W. Cherbourg. P. 1,641. PiBVE, numerous small towns and vills. of N. & Cent. Italy. — I. Sardinian dom., div. Nice, prov, & 13 m. N.W. Oneglia, cap. mand , on the Arosia. Pop. (1838) with comm. 3,098.-11. {del Cairo), div. Novara, prov. Lomellina, cap. mand., near the Po, 14 m. S.S.E. Mortara. Pop. 2,866.-111. {di Cadore.) [Cadobe.] — IV. {d'Olmi), Lombardy, deleg. and 6 m. S.E. Cremona, cap. dist. Pop, 2,600, — V, {Santo-Stefano), a market town of Tuscany, prov. Florence, 16 m. N.E. Arezzo, on the Tiber, near its source. Pop. 3,000. Pigeon, a tnshp. of the U,S,, N. Amer., Indiana, co, Vanderburgh. Pop. 2,362. — Pigeon, Islands, Grecian archipelago, are 4 m. S.E. Milo, PiOLESTHOBHE, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, } m. W.S.W. Ivinghoe. Area 3,100 ao. Pop. 622. Piqna, a market town of Sardinia, prov. San Remo, 27 m. N.E. Nice. Pop. of comm. 2,770. PioNANS, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Var, 10 m. S.E. Brignolles. Pop. 2,166. It has copper works, and paper-mills. Pike, sev. cos. U. S,, N. Amer, — I, in N,E, of Pennsylvania. Area 720 sq, m. Pop, 3,832. — II. in centre of Georgia. Area 470 sq. m. Pop. 9,176.-111, in S.E, of Alabama. Area 1,100 sq. m. Pop. 10,108.— IV. in S.W. of Mississippi. Area 864 sq. m. Pop. 6,161.— V. in S.E. of Ken- tucky. Area 400 sq.m. Pop. 3,667.— VI. in E. of Ohio. Area 421 sq. m. Pop. 7,626.— VII. in W. of Illinois. Area 800 sq. m. Pop. 11,726.— VIII. in N.E. of Missouri. Area 720 sq.m. Pop. 10,646.— IX. in S.W. of Arkansas. Area 510 sq. m. Pop. 969.— X. a tnshp.. New York, 267 m. W.S.W. Albany. Pop. 2,176.— XI. a tnshp., Pennsylvania, 168 m. N. Harrisburgh. Pop. 1,518.— X. {P. Run), Pennsylvania, 18 m. S.E. Washington. Pop. 2,187. Pilao-Aboabo, a town of Brazil, prov. Bahia, on the river San Francisco. Lat. 11° 30' S., Ion, 42° 40' W. Pop. 5,000. PiLAE, a town of Brazil, prov. Farahiba, on 1. b. of the river, and 60 m. W. the city of Parahiba. Pop. 3,400.— Ca/ie de los Pilares is the N.W. ex- tremity of Tierra del Fuego. PiLAS, a town of Spain, prov. and 18 m. W.S.W. Sevilla. Pop. 2,411 II. one of the Sooloo islands, Asiatic Archipelago, W. Basilau. Pilate (Modnt), a branch of the Alps, between the Swiss cants. Lucerne and Unterwalden, its principal peak, the Tomlishorn, 6 m. S.W. Lu- cerne, and 6,998 feet above the sea. — II. a moun- tain of France, in the Cevennes chain betweeu the deps, Rhone and Loire, 3,517 feet in height. PIL 1025 PIN PiicOMATO, or Abaqua-Gdazi, a river of S. Amer., Bolivia and Plata confederation, rises near Cbuquisaca, flows S.E. through the Llanos, & joins the Paraguay, nearly opposite Asuncion, by two arms, enclosing a marshy island, 150 m, in length. Total course estim. at 1,000 m. Chief affls. the Filaya and Paspaya. It is navigable tor boats from the Paraguay to Chuquisaoa, the only city on its banks, but shallow for the remainder. Piles Grove, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., New Jereey, 10 m. N.E. Salem. Pop. 2,477. PiLGRAM, a toivn of Bohemia, ciro. and 25 m. E.N.E. Tabor. P. 3,200, who manuf. woollens. FiLHAM, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 4J m. N.E. Gainsborough. Area 1,100 ac. Pop. !)6. PiLicA, or PiLiTZA, a town of Poland, prov. Eielce, on the Filica, an affl. of the Vistula, 33 m. N.N.W. Cracow. Pop. 3,000. Pillar (Cape), the most S.E. headland of Tas- man's peninsula. Van Diemeu's Land. Lat. 43° 12' S., Ion. 148° r E. PiLLATON, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 3J m. S.S.E. Callmgton. Area 3,140 ac. Pop. 434. PiLLAc, a marit. town of E. Prussia, at tlie en- trance of the Frische-Haff, 25 m. W. Kiinigsberg, of which and of Elbing and Braunsberg, it is the port. Lat. of lighthouse 54° 38' 4' N., Ion. 19° 54'00'E. Pop. 2,720 (excl. suburbs). The inlet to the Haffnot having more than 12 feet water, vessels of large burden here unload or lighten cargo, and it has consequently a thriving trade. PrLLEETON, two pas. of Engl., co. Warwick. — I. (Hertey), 3 m. W.S.W. Kin^on. Area 1,390 ac. Pop. 217.— IL (Priors), 7i m. S.E. Stratford. Area 1,460 ae. Fop. 183. PiLLiBHEET, a town of British India, pre- sid. Bengal, Upper provs.; dist. and 30 m. N.E. Bareily, cap. a collectorate, on an affl. of the Ganges, with a fine mosque, and trade in rice. PiLLiHG, a tovraship of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. and 6 m. W.N.W. Garstang. Pop. 1,232. PiLLiTH, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Radnor, 3 m. S.W. Knighton. Pop. 73. PiLLKALLEN, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 18 m. N.E. Gumbinnen, cap. circ. Pop. 1,686. — Pilnikau is a town of Bohemia, circ. and 26 m. N.E. Bidsehow. Fop. 966. PiLLTowN, a market town of Irel., Leinster, CO. Kilkenny, 4 m. E. Carrick-on-Suir. Pop. 701. It is clean and neat. Adjoining is seat of the Earl of Besborongh, lord of the manor. PiLNiTz, avill. of Saxony, circ. Meissen, on 1. b. of the Elbe, 6 m. S.E. Dresden. It has a royal park and chateau, where on 25th August 1791 was concluded the convention of European powers to maintain the rights of the Bourbons to the throne of France. Pilot Island, at the entrance of the Bed Sea, is between the Arabian coast and the isl. Perim. PiLSDON, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 4J m. W.S.W. Beaminister. Area 2,170 ac. Pop. 122. PiLSEif (Neu), a town of Bohemia, cap. circ, on the Beraun, a tributary of the Elbe, 52 m. W.S.W. Prague. Pop. (1845) 9,798. It is one of the best built and most important commercial towns in the kingdom, and has a fine Gothic church, town hall, a gymnasium, theatre, military and other schools, flourishing manufs. of woollen goodsj morocco leather, iron and horn wares, and alnm,alar^e annual fair, and a considerable tran- sit trade with Bavaria. — ^11. (Alt), a market town, circ. and 5 m. S.E. of the foregoing. Pop. 931. PiLSNO, a town of AuStr. Poland, Galicia, circ. and 12 m. B. Tamow, on th'6 Wisloka. P. 1,660. PiLTEM, a town of Russia, gov. Courland, cap. diet., on the Wiudau, 92 m. W.N.W. Mitau, with a fortress built in 1220 by Waldemar ii. of Den- mark. Pop. 600. PiLTON, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Rutland, 4 m. E.N.E. Uppingham. Area 610 ac. P.74.— II. CO. Somerset, 2 J m. S.W. Shepton-Mallet. Area 4,760 ac. Pop. 1,116.-111. co. Devon, 1 m. N.N.W. Barnstaple. Area 1,210 ac. P. 1,805. —IV. CO. Northampton, 2i m. S.S.W. Oundle. Area 1,470 ac. Pop. 133. PiMLico, a suburb of the British metropolis, CO. Middlesex, and comprised in the liberty of Westminister, immediately W. St James' Park, 2J m. W.S.W. St Paul's, London. It comprises many elegant streets and squares, with Bucking- ham Palace and gardens, and occupies all the sub- urban dist. between Westminster and Chelsea. PiMPEBNB, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 2J m, N.E. Blandford-Forum. Area 4,610 ae. P. 545. PiNA, a toivn of Spain, prov. and 23 m. S.E. Zaragoza. Pop. 1,790 Pina de Campas is a town, prov. and 14 m. N.N.E. Falencia. Pop. 960. FiNAScA, a vill. of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. Turin, prov. and 7 m. N.W. Pinerolo, on the Clusone. Pop. of comm. (1838) 2,737. Pinchbeck, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 2^ m. N.N.W. Spalding. Area 11,610 ac. Pop. 2,769. Pmczow, a town of Poland, prov. and 24 m. S.S.W. Kielce, on the Nidda, Pop. 4,300, com- prising many Jews. Here in 1702 the Poles were defeated by the Swedes. PiKD-DAnns-KHAN, atownof the Punjab, near the Jhylum, 110 m. N.W. Lahore. Fop. 6,000. Houses mostly built of earth, in cedar &ame work. It is a depot for salt, about 40,000 tons of which arf) annually raised from adjacent mines, yielding to the gov. a revenue of 160,000^ a- year. PiNDOs, a mountain chain of European Turkey, between Albania and Thessaly, connected on the N. with the Dinaric Alps, and on the S. with Mount Othrys, on the frontier of Greece. Mount Mezzovo, the highest point, has an estimated height of 8,950 feet. Fine, two townships of the U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania. — I. 11 m. N. Pittsburg. Pop. 1,770 II. CO. Armstrong, on the Alleghany. Pop. 1,227. Pine Grove, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, 31 m. N.E. Harrisburg. Fop. 1,606. — Pine Creek, a riv. of same state, joins the Susquehanna 10 m. W.S.W. Williamsport, after a S.ward course of 70 m. Large quantities of lumber are floated down it annually. Pine Island, Carribb. Sea. [Islados Pikos.] FiNEQA, a river of Russia, govs. Vologda and Archangel, joins theDvina, 12m. E.S.E. ifholmo- gori, after a tortuous N.W. course of 290 m. — , II. a town, gov. and 93 m. E.S.E. Archangel, cap. dist., on the Pinega. Pop. 1,600. Pines (Isle of). New Hebrides group, Pacific Ocean. Lat. 22° 38' S., Ion. 167° 26' E.— 42 m. in circumference, well wooded, and inhabited by a fierce and eavage people. [Isla dos Finos.] Pinerolo, a comm. & town of Sardinian dom.. Piedmont, div. and 21 m. S.W. Turin, cap. prov. on- the Clusone. Fop. (1838) 13,401. It is gitu-, ated at the foot of the Alps, enclosed by walls, and mostly ill built, but it has a noble square, a fine cathedral, and three other churches, 8 con- vents, a large hospital, barracks, manufs. of wool., len cloths, paper, and leather. PiNEV, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Aube, ll m. N.E. Troyes. Pop. 1,66Q, partly, employed in cordage and paper manufs. Pino, a prefix of the names of numerous Chin- ese cities I. (P.-Hoi), prov. Quang-tong, on Harlem Bay, 85 m, E.N.E. Macao II. (Liamj), 3t PIN 1026 PIS prov. Kan-su, cap. dep., lat. 35° 34' N., Ion. 106° SV E.— III. (io), prov. Quang-ai, cap. dep., on an affl. of the Canton riv., 180 m. 'W.N.W. Canton.— IV. (Yang), pi-ov. Shan-si, cap. dep., on the Puen-ho, 135 m. S.W. Tai-Yuen, the cap. prov., to which it is reported to be equal in ex- tent & prosperity V. (Yum), prov. Kwi-tchon, cap. dep. Lat. 26° 37' N., Ion. 105° 40' E. Fine tea is raised in its vicinity. PiNHEL, a town of Portugal, prov. Beira, cap. comaroa, 8 m. N.W. Almeida. Pop. 2,300. It is enclosed by walls, and has a cathedral, a bis- • hop's palace, and a new town hall. — Pinheiro de Semposta is a market town, prov. Beira, 40 m. N.'W. Coimbra. Pop. 1,200. PiNHOB, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 2| m. N.E. Exeter. Area 1,930 ao. Pop. 668. Pink, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Penn- sylvania, CO. Wayne. Pop. 1,610. PiNKAFELB, a market town of W. Hungary, co. Eisenburg, on the Pinka, 20 m. W. Giins. Pop. 4,000, who manuf. some coarse woollens. Here is a noble residence, with zoological gardens. ' PiNNE, a town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 29 m. W.N.W. Posen. Pop. 2,000. PiNNEBERO, a small town of Denmark, duchy 'Holstein, cap. co., 11 m. N.W. Hamburg, on the Pinau, a small affl. of the Elbe. Pop. 1,100. PiHNEB, a pa. of Engl., co. Middlesex, 2i m. N.W. Harrow-on-the-Hill. Area 3,720 ac. Pop. 1,331, with a station on the North Western rail- way, about 1 m. from the village. PiNos Phente, a market town of Spain, prov. and 11 m. N.W. Granada. Pop. 2,605. PiNSK, a town of Russia, gov. and 143 m. S.S.W. Minsk, cap. dist., on the Pripet, here joined by the Pina. Pop. 6,300. It has manufs, of leather, and a transit trade. PrNXTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, 31 m. E.S.E. Alfreton. Area 1,210 ac. Pop. 889. Large coal mines exist iu this pa. PiNYAKEE, a branch of the river Indus, at its delta, enters the ocean by the Sir Mouth, 16 m. N.W. that of Koree. PioLENC, a coram, and market town of France, dep. Vauoluse, 4 m. N.W. Orange. Pop. 1,900. i?iOMBiNO, amarit. town of Tuscany, prov. Pisa, cap . principality, on the Miditerranean, opposite the island Elba, and 12 m. W. FoIIonica. Pop. 1,300. It has a castle, a palace, and a small har- bour, and near it are salt works, and traces of the ancient Populonia. From 1805 to 1815 its prin- cipality, which formerly comprised the isl. Elba, &e., belonged to Bacciocchi, the brother-in-law of Napoleon. — The Channel qfPiombino,\)etween the town and Elba, is 6 m. across. PiOKNAT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Creuze, 23 m. N.W. Riom. Pop. 2,426. PiONSAT, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Puy- de-D6me, 29 m. N.W. Clermont. Pop. 1,630. Pio ve-oi-Sacoo, a vill. of Austrian Italy, gov. Venice, deleg. Padua, cap. dist., on the Brenta canal, 17 m. S. W. Venice, with many country resi- dences of Venetians. P. with dist. (1845) 5,400. Pipe, a pa. of Engl., co. and 3 m. N. Hereford. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 141. PiPERNo, a town of S. Italy, Pontif. sta., on the Amaseno, deleg. & 15m. S.W.Frosinone. P. 3,700. PiPLv, or PiPLET, two towns of British India, presid. Bengal.— I. dist. and 27 m. S. Cuttack. — ; II. dist. Midnapoor, 93 m. S.W. Calcutta, and formerly a thriving mart of European commerce. , Pipriac, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Ule- et-Vilaine, 13 m. N.E. Redon. Fop. 3,150. PiQUA, a vill. of the U. S., N. Amer., Ohio, 65 ' m. W.N.W. Columbus. Pop. 1,481. PiKACRrcA, a small town of Brazil, prov. Piauhi, 86 m. S. Parnahiba. Pop. 2,000, wlio trade in cotton and manioc. PiBAHi, a town of Brazil, prov. and 62 m. W.N.W. Rio-de- Janeiro, on rt. b. of river Pirahi, an afa. of the Parahiba. Pop. 3,000. PiKAMOA, atown of Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes, on the Piranga, 20 m. S.E. Mariana. Pop. of dist. 15,000. PiRiEus, Greece, Attica, is the port of Athens, and 5 m. S.W. that city, with which it communi- cates by a macadamized road. The modern town, wholly built since 1834, is on an isthmus connecting with the mainland a hilly peninsula, on which are the remains of the tomb of Themis- tocles. It contained In 1846 about 1,000 houses, with a custom house, lazaretto, and a new quay. On its N.W. side is its principal port (the anc. Aphrodisium), and on the S.E. side of the penin- sula are two other harbours. PiEANO, a seaport town of Istria, on the Gulf, & 13 m. S.W. Triest. Pop. (1846) 6,250. It has a convenient harbour, a citadel, Gothic cathedral, & an export trade in salt, wine, oil, & olives. PiRAiNO, Pyraemium, a town of Sicily, intend. Messina, on the N. coast, 6 m. W.N.W. Patti. Pop. 3,900, who export oil, wine, and corn. PiRAKA, a vill. of British Guiana, at the E. end of Lake Amucu, and on the watershed between the basins of the Amazon and Essequibo. Lat. 3° 40' N., Ion. 69° 12' W. Pirate Islands, a group in the Gulf of Toh- quin, Chinese Sea, lat. 21° N., Ion. 108° 10' E. PiBATiNiM, a town of Brazil, prov. S. Pedro do Rio Grande, on 1. b. of river Piratinim, 76 m. W.N.W. Rio Grande. Pop. 3,673. PiRBRiGHT, a pa. of Engl., co. Surrey, 6 m. N.N.W. Guildford. Area 6,050 ac, mostly wild heath land. Pop. 657. PiBFORD, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, %\ m. N.N.E. Guildford. Area 1,780 ac. Pop. 333. PiRiATiN, a town of Russia, gov. Poltava, cap. dist., on the TJdai, 26 m. N.W. Lubny. P. 2,790. PiRiTU, a marit. town of S. Amer., Venezuela, dep. Caracas, prov. and 22 m. S.W. Barcelona. Nearly opposite to it are the Piritu islands, in the Caribbean Sea. PiBMASEN."!, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, cap. dist., in the Vosges, 13 m. E.S.E. Deux-Pontt. Pop. (1846) 5,596. It is enclosed by walls. We: built, and has R. Catholic and Calvinist churches, a synagogue, high school, and manufs. of tobacco, straw hats, musical instruments, and glasswares. PiRNA, a fortified town of Saxonv, circ. and 11 m. S.E. Dresden, on left b. of the Elbe. Pop. (1846) 5,901. Its citadel is now used as an hos- pital. It has manufe. of earthenware, tobacco, cotton, linen, & woollen stuffs. Above the town is the old castle Sonnenstein, now a lunatic asy- lum. Here Frederick the Great obtained a sig- nal triumph over the Saxons in 1766. PiRNiTz, a town of Moravia, circ. and 7 m. S.E. Iglau. Pop. 3,470. It has an ane. castle, and manufs. of linen and woollen stuffe. Pir-Jelalpoob, a town of the Punjab, near the confl. of the Ghara (Sutleie) and Chenab, 40 m. S. Mooltan. It has a good bazaar, and a fine Mohammedan tomb ; extensive ruins exist in its vicinity. PiRTON, several pas. of England.— I. co. Herts, 3 m. N.W. Hitehin. Area 2,660 ao. Pop. 764. —II. CO. Oxford, 4 m. S. Tetsworth. Area 5,140 ac. Pop. 711.— III. CO. Worcester, 4 m. W.N.W. Pershore. Area 1,770 ao. Pop. 210. Pisa, a walled city of Tuscany, cap. prov., in a raarehy but fertile plaiii, on the Amo, 7 m. from PIS 1027 PIT its month, and 13 m. N.N.E. Legfhorn, nith nhich, and with Lncca, it is connected by railways ; an- other from Pisa to Florence being now (1850) in coarse of construction. Lat. 43°43'11' N.,lon. 10° ay 68' E. Pop. (1845) 22,000. It is about S m. in circ, irregularly laid out, but its streets are wide, and it has many noble edifices. The Amo, within the city, is bordered by fine quays, lined on either side by a majestic thoroughfare (Lungo FAmo), and crossed by 4 bridges, one of which, built of marble, is among the finest in Europe. In one of its squares are the famous Campanile, or leaning tower, 178 feet in height, 60 feet in diameter, and the topmost story over- hanging the base about 13 feet ; and the celeb, cemetery of Campo-santo, adorned by sepulchral monuments, and containing a huge mound of earth brought from the Holy Land in the 12th century, and formerly used for a mausoleum ; the baptistry, a polygonal building, 160 feet in dia- meter ; and the cathedral — all of which are strik- ing marble edifices. The cathedral contains some magnificent bronze doors, numerous fine co- lumns, brought from Greece, and a remarkable pnlpit, the work of Nicolo Pisano, the founder of the Pisan school of sculpture. Most of the nu- merous churches are richly adorned with works of art. Other principal edifices are the town hall, a grand-ducal palace, the palace of the acad. of fine arts, extensive buildings of the university, the city hall, custom house, prisons, hospitals, the theatre, & an aqueduct, 4 m. in length, which brings water from Asciano. Its old citadel, the Galera, is now used as a house of correction. Theanc. university of Pisa is still the gi*eat centre of education in Tuscany, and has an extensive library, museums of natural history, an astrono- mical observatory, and a botanic garden. Pisa has a college of nobles, episcopal seminary, and many other public schools, and some manufs. of soap, glass, and vitriol. 3 m. S. of Pisa are the dairy farms of the Grand Duke, where 1,500 cows and 200 camels are kept. Z\ m. N. are the Bagni di Pisa, medicinal baths, frequented in summer by many visiters. Pisa was one of the 12 princip. cities of Etruria, and from the 10th to the 14th century it was the cap. of an enterprising repub- lic, and is the birthplace of Galileo. It was talcen by the French in 1799. PiSAHG, two islands of the Asiatic Archipelago, one in the Gilolo Passage, the other belonging to the Banda islands. PisANiA, a vill. & British factory of W. Africa, on the Gambia, 200 m. from its mouth. PiscATAQTjA, 3, rfver of the U. S., N. America, flows S.S.E., forming the boundary between New Hampshire and Maine, and after a course of 40 m. joins the Atlantic below Portsmouth, where it forms one of the best harbours in the TJ. States. Principal afils., the Coeheco and Great Bay. It is navig., with its afils., for sloops to S. Berwick. Piscataquis, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in N. part of Maine, on Pise, riv., bordering Canada. Area extensive, but only S. part inhabited. P. 13,138. PisciTAWAT, a tnshp., U. S., N. America, New Jersej', 5 m. N. New Brunswick. Pop. 2,828. PisoiANO, a town of Italy, Pontif.Sta.,comaroa and 26 m. E. Eome. Pop. 1,230. PisciOTTA, a town of Naples, prov. Principato- Cit., dist. and 9 m. S. II Vallo, on the Mediter- ranean, with 2,300 inhabs., trade in fruit, wine, and oil, and an active fishery. Pisco, a marit. town of N\, Peru, dep. and 130 m. S.S.E. Lima, near the mouth of the Pisco riv., in the Pacific Ocean. Pisoopi, an isl. off the W. coast of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 21 m. N.W. Rhodes.— II. a marit. vill. of Cyprus, on its S. coast, 24 m, E, BafTa. PiSEK, or PisECA, a town of Bohemia, cap. ciro. Prachin, on the Watawa, 24 m. W.S.W. Tabor. Pop. 6,446. It is well built, & has a gymnasium, a high school, several churches, a military acad,, some woollen cloth and nitre factories, & a brisk transit trade. PisFOBD, a pa. of Engl., co. & 6 m. N. North- ampton. Area 2,700 ac. Pop. 545. PisHiLL, a pa., Engl., co. Oxford, 6 m. N.N.W. Henley-on-Thames. Area 1,180 ac. Pop. 147. PisiNO (Germ. Mitterburg), a town of Illyria, cap. circ. Istria, in its centre, 34 m. S.E. Triest. Pop. 1,615. It has trade in corn, fruit, and wine. PisoGNE, a vill. of Austrian Italy, prov. and 23 m. E.N.E. Bergamo, at the N.E. extremity of L. Iseo. Pop. 1,410. PissEVACHE, a famous waterfall of Switzerland, cant. Valais, on the Sallenche river, near its confl. with the Rhone, 4 m. N.W. Martigny. Total height 280 feet, and its final leap is 120 feet. PisTicci, a town of Naples, prov. Basilieata, dist. and 19 m. S. Matera, with 6,200 inhabs., 3 churches, a large convent, 2 hospitals, and some manufs. of woollen cloths. PisTiLL, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Carnarvon, 5J m. N.N.W. Pwllheli. Pop. 514. PisTOJA, Pistorium, a town of Tuscany, prov. and 20 m. N.W. Florence, on I. bank of the Om- brone. Pop. (1845) 12,387. It is enclosed by ramparts and bastions, defended by a strong citadel, and well built, having wide streets, lined by antique houses. Principal public buildings, a cathedral, & several other interesting churches, an episcopal palace, several convents, and a fine old town hall. It has an academy, a museum of natural history, two public libraries, & a theatre, with manufs. of woollen cloth, silk twist, leather, iron-wire, and bars, some trade in cattle, raw silk, and straw hats. Pistoja claims the invention and first manufacture of pistols, and it has still considerable manufs. of fire-arms, fine cutlery, and surgical instruments. PisTJEEGA, a river of Spain, Old Castile, rises in the Cantabrian mntns., fjpws mostly S.S.W., and joins the Douro, 10 m. below Valladolid, be- sides which city, Herrera, and Torquemada, att> on its banks. Length 140 m,, in a part of whic? the canal of Castile accompanies it on the XV Afils., the Arlanzon and Esquera from the E., is Carrion from the N.W. PiTOAiKW, two vills. of Scotl., CO. Perth. — I. pa. and 1 m. S. Dunning, with 319 inhabs.. — II. pa. Redgorton, 4 m. W.N.W. Perth, on the Almond, with 279 inhabs., flour and spinning mills, and a large bleachfield. PiTCAiBN Island, a solitary island in the Pa- cific Ocean, lat. 26° 3' 6' S., Ion. 130° 8' 00' W., about 7 m. in circumf., elevated in the centre, with a peak at each extremity, greatest height, 1,040 feet; of volcanic origin. Soil fertile, but porous, & rather defective in water ; well wooded, & climate healthful ; thermometer ranging from 69° to 89° Fahr. Prevailing winds S.W. & E.S.E., but it is beyond the limits of the regular trade winds. It is surrounded by rooky shores and has only one accessible landing place at Bounty Bay. The cocoa nut, plantain, banana, & bread- fruit trees flourish, hibiscus, or cloth tree, banyan tree, orange, and others ; and the potato, sweet potato, yams, water melons, pumpkin, taro, sugar cane, ginger, turmeric, tobacco, tee-plant, and maize, are cultivated. The isl. contained no in- digenous quadrupeds, but goats, hogs, & poultiy, have been imported. In 1790, this island was PIT 1028 PIT resorted to by the mutineers of the Bounty, con- sisting of 9 British sailors, 6 native Tahitianmen, and 12 women. In consequence of various dis- cords and massacres, at the end of 10 years, there remained only one Englishman, Adams, the Ta- hitian females, and 19 children, their offspring. Under the superintendence of this man the chil- dren were educated and trained up to habits of industry and morality. In 1825, Capt. Beeehey found a most interesting and intelligent colony of 66 persons. In 1831, by the somewhat im- prudent sanction of the British government, the colony, numbering 87 persons, was transferred to Tahiti, After remaining 6 months there, and josing 12 of their number by death, the colony, at their own solicitation, were again reinstated in their native island. In 1849, the pop. amounted to 75 males, and 74 females, in all 149 ; of these, 3 were Englishmen, 1 a native Tahltian woman, the only remaining female of the original migra- tion, & the remainder were natives of the island. They live chiefly on yams, potatoes, and other vegetables, which they raise by their own labour. Annually a chief magistrate and assistant are elected by the votes of the community. They have a church, schools, and comfortable cottages forming a village. The average number of ships which annually visit the island has been for some years about 1 0, chiefly American whalers, to whom provisions are supplied, in exchange for clothing, &c. The islanders speak and read the English language, are of an active, robust frame of body, dark complexion, with pleasing countenances, and hospitable and engaging dispositions. From the remains of burial grounds, the island would appear to have been occupied by inhabitants at a period antecedent to the visit of the mutineers of the Bounty. It was seen by Carteret in 1767, and named by him after one of his officers. PiTCHCOMBE, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 1 J m. S.W. Painswick. Area 600 ac. Pop. 243. PiTCHOOTT, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, 5J m. N.N.W. Aylesbury. Area 1,100 ac. Pop. 68. Pitcher, a township, U. S , N. America, New York, 16 m. W. Norwich. Pop. 1,662. PiTCHPOBn, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 6 m. S.S.E. Shrewsbury. Area 1,670 ac. Pop. 186. PiTCHLBT, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 2J m. S.S.W. Kettering. Area 3,980 ac. Pop. 610. PiTCOMBE, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, If m. S.W. Bruton. Area 1,050 ac. Pop. 394. PiTEA, a river of N. Sweden, laens Umea and Pitea, enters the Gulf of Bothnia near Pitea, after a S.E. course of 180 miles. Pitea, the most N. and largest ten or prov. of Sweden, between lat. 65° S. & 67° 8' N., and Ion. 15° 16' & 20° 10' E., having S. thaten Umea, W. & N. the Kiolen mntns., separating it from the Nor- wegian provs. Nordland and Finmark, E. Russian Lapland, and the Gulf of Bothnia. Area 32,950 sq. m. Pop. (1840) 46,767. The Lainio & Tornea rivers form its boundary on the side of Russia ; other rivers are the Lulea and Pitea, and it con- tains numerous lakes. After Pitea, its principal vills. Lulea, Nid-Kalix, Jochmock, Quickjock, & Gellimara. Its N. part is called Pitea-Lappmark. Pitea, a seaport town of N. Sweden, cap. lien, on the Pitea, near its mouth in the G. of Bothnia, 110 m. N.N.E. Umea. Pop. 1,400. It has a con- venient harbour and several ship-building docks. PiTHiviEits, a comm. and town of France, dep. Loiret, 2-3 m. N.E. Orleans. Pop. '3,803. It has manufs. of almond-cakes, & other confectionary, and a trude in saffron, silk, and honey. PiTic, a town of the Mexican Confed., dep. & on the Sonora, 95 m. S.W. Arispe, and an entre- pot for goods imported through Guaymas, on the Gulf of California. PiTiGLiANO, a town of Tuscany, prov. Siena, 29 m. E.S.E. Grosetto. Pop. 2,000. PiTLEssiE, a vill. of Scotl., CO. Fife, pa. Cults, i m. S.S.W. Cupar, pn the road to Kinghorn. P. 490. PiTMiNSTEB, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, SJ m. S. Taunton. Area 6,180 ac. Pop. 1,512. PiTNET, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 3 m. W. Somerton. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 466. PiTBE, an islet in the Little Cul-de-Sac, a bay of Guadeloupe, French W. Indies, S. Point-a- Pitre. — Pitres is a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Euro, 7 m. N.N.E. Louviers. Pop. 1,026. PiTscHEK, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 33 m. N.N.E. Oppeln. Pop. 1,960. IthasLuth- eran and Roman Catholic churches. PiTSET, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 5 m. W.S.W Rayleigh. Area 2,790 ac. Pop. 304. PiTsLiGO, a marit. pa. of Scotl., co. Aberdeen, SJm.W.S.W.Kinnau-d-head. Area4,500ac. Pop. 1,682. — New Pitsligo is a vill., pa. Tyrie, 10 m. S.W. Fraserburgh, with 1,363 inhabs., mostly weavers, farmers, crofters, and labourers. Pitt, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in E. of North Carolina. Area 800 sq. m. Pop. 11,806.-11. a tnshp., Pennsylvania, immediately S.W. Pitts- burgh. Pop. 6,002. Coal abounds here. PiTTENWEEM, a Toyal, pari, and munic. bor., seaport town & pa. of Scotl., co. Fife, on the N. shore of the Firth of Forth, 24 m. N.N.E. Edin- burgh. Pop. of pa. 1,339; do. of pari. bor. 1,309. It is old and decayed. Its harbour is small ; and fishing, & fish-curing, are nearly the only occupations carried on. Corp. rev. (1843-4) 481?. The bor. unites with St Andrew's, the two Anstruthers, Crail, Cupar, and Kilrenny, in send- ing 1 niem. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1849) 67. Adjoining the town are remains of a monastery. PiTTHEM, a town of Belgium, prov. W. Flan- ders, 16 m. S.E. Bruges. Pop. of comm. 6,400. PiTTiNGTON, a pa. of England, co. and 3^ m. E.N.E. Durham, with a station on the Durham & Sunderland railway. Area 6,330 ac. Pop. 4,577. Pitt's Archipelago, in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of British N. America, is mostly between lat. 63° & 54° N., Ion. 130° W. Pitt's isl., the largest of the group, is about 75 m. in length, N.W. to S.E.— Several other isls., Pacific, have this name — Pitfs Strait, Asiatic Archipelago, is between the islands Salawatty and Battanta, off the N.W. end of Papua. PiTTSBOKOUGH, 3. vill., U. S., N. AmcT., N. Caro- lina, cap. CO. Chatham, 31 m. W.S.W. Raleigh. Pittsburgh, a city, port of entry, & important manufacturing town of the U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, in its W. part, on a triangular plain, formed by the Monongahela & Alleghany rivers, at their confl. to form the Ohio, and each here crossed by a bridge, 60 m. N.E. Wheeling, on the Ohio. Pop. 21,116, or with its suburbs, Alleghany and Birmingham, 32,768. It is com- pactly and well built, but blackened by smoke, it being the " Birmingham of the U. States." It had in 1840, 36 (or including Alleghany, &e.), upwards of 50 churches, a magnificent new court house, of Doric architecture; the W, university of Pennsylvania, a spacious R. Catholic cathedral, a state penitentiary, mansion house, exchange, the Alleghany arsenal, and numerous schools. The town is supplied with water by steam power from the Alleghany. Its chief harbour is on the Monongahela, and in 1840, 89 steam-boats were owned in its dist. ; total reg. shipping 12,000 tons. Coal is abundant in its vicinity, and besides iron- mongery of every description, including steam PIT 1029 P L A engines, and machinery, cutlery, nails, stoves, and arms ; it has extensive manufactures of glass, woollen & cotton stuBs, leather, paints, & drugs, with breweries, pulling, saw, and oil mills. The commerce of Pittsburgh, from its unUmited com- mand of inland navigation, and from its being connected by railway with the Great Lalces, Phi- ladelphia, &c., is very extensive. Ship-building, especially for steamers, is carried on here upon a very large scale, and most of the machinery for the ^Cssissip^i steam-boats is made at Pitts- burgh. A British and colonial force, under Ge- neral Braddock, sustained a total defeat here in 1755. PrrTSFiELD, several tnshps., TJ. S., N. Amer. — I. Massachusetts, on the railway from Boston to Albany, 35 m. W.N. W. Northampton. Pop. 3,747. — II. New Hampshire, 15 m. N. Concord. Pop. 1,719.-111. New York, 95 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,395. — Others are in Maine and Vermont. PiTTSFOED, several tnshps., U. S., N. Amer. — ■ I. New York, 8 m. S.E. Rochester. Pop. 1.983. U. Vermont, 43 m. S."W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,927. —III. Michigan, 89 m. W.S.W. Detroit. PiTTSGROTE, a tnshp., TJ. S., N. America, New Jersey, 16 m. E. Salem. Pop. 2,390. PiTTSTON, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Maine, 7 m. S.E. Augusta. Pop. 2,460. — Pittstown is a tnshp.. New York, 12 m. E. Troy. Pop. 3,784. PiUBA, a town of N. Peru, dep. Truxillo, cap. prov., on the Piura, 120 m. N.N.W. Lambayeque. — The river Piura enters the Pacific after a W. course of about 120 miles. PivNiczNA, a vill. of Austrian Poland, Galicia, circ. Sandec, on the Poprad, 13 m. S. Nowi-San- dee. Pop. 2,156. PixLET, a pa. of England, co. Hereford, 3J m. W.N.W. Ledbury. Area 680 ac. Pop. 113. PizziGHETTONE, a fortified town of Austrian Italy, Lombardy, deleg. and 12 m. "W.N.W. Cre- mona, on the navigable river Adda. Pop., in- elading the suburb of Gerra, on the rt. b. of the river, 4,000. It is enclosed by an old wall, with bastions, and a deep fosse, and entered by two gates. Pizzo, a city of Naples, prov. Calab.-Ult. II., dist. and 5 m. N.N.E. Monteleone, on the Gulf of Santa Enfemia, with 6,700 inhabs. Murat, the fcx-king of Naples, was taken prisoner and shot here in October 1815. Pizzoii, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo-TJlt. II., dist. and 6 m. N.N.W. Aquila, on a mntu. in the E. Apennines, and having 3 churches, a large monastery, and 3,200 inhabitants. Plabennec, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Finistfere, 9 m. N.N.E. Brest. Pop. 3,655. Placanica, a town of Naples, prov. Calab.-Ult. L, dist. and 16 m. N.E. Gerace. Pop. 2,000. Placencia, or Flasencia, DebogriaPlacsntia, a city of Spain, prov. Caceres, on the Gertes, here crossed by 3 bridges, 44 m. N.W. Almaraz. Pop. (1845) 6,800. It is enclosed by old walls and semicircular towers, with a ruined citadel on the N. It has many substantial edifices, a fine Go- thic cathedral, with rich works of art ; numerous other churches, convents, & an episcopal palace ; manu&. of hats, leather, woollen, linen, & hempen staffs, and an aqueduct on 80 arches, by which it is supplied with water. — II. a town, prov. Guip- uzcoa, on the Deva, 23 m. W. San Sebastian. Pop. 1,666, who manuf. fire arms, swords, cutlery, and bronze work III. (de Xalon), prov. & 21 m. W. Zaragoza, on the Xalon. It has a large fair for horses and mules in September. Placektia, a city of N. Italy. [Piaoekza.J~I I. a town of Newfoundland, on the E. side or Pla- centia bay, 70 m. S.W. St. John.— Plaeentia bay is a deep inlet on the S. coast of the isl., 76 m. in length, & nearly 60 ra. in breadth at its entrance between Capes St Marie and Chapeau-rouge. Pladda, a low rocky island of Scotland, m the firth of Clyde, off the S. end of the island Arran, with a lighthouse, lat. 55° 25' 33' N., Ion. 5° 7' W., having two fi\ed lights, 77 and 130 feet above the sea. Plain, a township, U. S., N. Amer., Ohio, co. Wayne, 92 m. N.E. Columbus. Pop. 2,134.— Others are in Stark and Franklin cos., Ohio. Plmne, a river of France, dep. Vosges, joins the Meurthe at Raon I'Etape, after a W. course of 15 m. — 11. a vill., dep. Vosges, arrond. and 13 m. N.E. St. Diey. Pop. 1,935. Plaine-Haute, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, arrond St Brieuc. P. 2,052. — Plainfaing is a comm. & vill., dep. Vosges, on the Meurthe, arrond. St Diey. Pop. -3,788. Plainfield, numerous townships of U. S., N. America, among which are — I. New Hampshire, on Connecticut river, 47 ra. N.W. Concord. Pop. 1,552. It has a flourishing academy. — II. Con- necticut, on the Norwich and Worcester railway, 40 m. E. Hartford. Pop. 2,383. It has an acad., founded in 1783.— III. New York, 15 m. N.W. Cooperstown. Pop. 1,450. — IV. Pennsylvania, 00. Northampton. Pop. 1,501. Plains of Abraham, a table land immediately S.W. the city of Quebec, Lower Canada. Here Generals Wolfe and Montcalm, the respective commanders of the British and French forces, were killed in the action, 18th September, 1759. Plais-ance, a town of France, dep. Gers, cap. cant., on the Larros, 1. b., 26 m. W. Auch. Pop. .1,791 II. a vill., dep. Aveyron, arrond. St. Af- frique. Pop. 1,757. Plaitfobd, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 11 m. S.E. Salisbury. Area 1,460 ac. Pop. 267. Plan, a town of Bohemia, circ. & 31 m. W.N.W. Pilsen, on the Mies. Pop., including suburb, 3,939, mostly employed in woollen cloth weaving, and in alum and vitriol works. Planchek-b AS, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. H.-Saone, arrond. & 10 m. E.N.E. Lure. Pop. 1,288. — Plancher les Mines is a vill., same dep., arrond. Lure. 'Pop. 1,480, employed in cotton spinning and in the manufacture of jewellery. Plancoet, a comm. and nikt. town of France, dep. C6tes-da-Nord, cap. cant., 9 m. N.W. Dinan. Pop. 767. — Plancy is a mkt. town, dep. Aube, 8 m. W. Arcis, on the Aube. Pop. 1,192. Planitz, a mkt. town of Bohemia, circ. & 8 m. E. Klattau, on the Brutawa. Pop. 1,600 II. a vill. of Saxony, circ. and 3 m S.S.W. Zwickau. Plasencia, a town of Spain. [Placencia.] Plasset, a vill. of Brit. India, presid. & prov. Bengal, dist. Nuddea, 83 m. N. Calcutta, and memorable for the great victory obtained there, June 23d, 1757, by the troops under Clive, over the army of the Bengal viceroy. — Ptosta is a vill. of N.W. Hindostan, on the Sutleje,43m. E.N.E. Loodianah. Plaski, a village of Austrian Croatia, military frontier, circ. and 30 m. S.S.W. Carlstadt. Pop. 1,164. It is the see of a Greek bishop. Plata (or Argentine) Confederation, term^ ed a confederated republic of S. Ameiica, be- tween lat. 22° and 41° S. Ion., 54° and 71° 30' W., having W. the Andes dividing it from Chile and the desert of Atacama, N. Bolivia, E. Paraguay, Brazil, and Uruguay, from which states it is separated by the Paraguay, Parana, and Urug- uay rivers, S.E. the Atlantic Ocean and S. Pata- gonia, on which side the Rio Negro forms tha PLA 1030 PLA frontier. Area, population, and subdivisions, &e., as follow: — Pepartments, Area In eq. miles. Esti. Pop. Chief Cities, &c. Buenos Ayrea, Santa Fe, Entre Bios, - Corrientes, Missionea, - Cordova, Santiago, Tucuman, Saltn, - Catnmarca, - la Ilioja, Bnn Juan, Ban Luia, Mendoza, 726,000 ? / 25B,000 17,000 34,000 38,000 9,000 86,000 46,000 44,000 60,000 84,000 19.000 34,000 34,000 40,000 Buenos Ayres. Banta Fe. Parana (Bajada). Corrientes. San Ildefonso. Cordova. Santiago. Tucuman. Salta. Catamarca. La Bioja. San Juan. San Luis. Mendoza. Total, 726.000 ? 675,000 Except a portion of the Pampas, which is watered by the Kio Negro, Colorado, and Desaguadero rivers, nearly all the country belongs to the basin of the Plata river, the great estuary nf which is between this territory and Uruguay. The deps. Mendoza, LaRioja, Catamarca, and Salta along its W. and N. frontier are mountainous, and some elevated ranges are scattered over Cordova, and some parts of the country E. of the Parana ; but the rest of this region consists chiefly of two im- mense plains, — the N. watered by the Salado, Vermejo, Pilcomayo, &c., forming part of the Gran Chaco whicli extends into tl;p E. half of Bolivia ; and the S. or Pampas, a plain covered alternately with luxuriant pasturage, vast crops of gigantic thistles, and interspersed with a mul- titude of salt lakes, some of large size. By fa^ the most important product is cattle. Millions of oxen wander at large across the plains, or are reared on breeding estates of vast extent. Horses are also in immense herds, and mules are bred for Bale to Peruvian and other traders. The breeds of sheep and hogs are of inferior quality. The guanaco, llama, and vicuna, abound in the vicini- ty of the Andes : and the native animals com- prises the puma, jaguar, and armadillo ; the bis- cacha, the burrowings of which render excur- sions in the Pampas sometimes dangerous ; and the small quadrupeds which furnish the nutria and chinchilla skins. North of Corrientes, cotton, tobacco, rice, the sugar-cane, and indigo are raised : maize, wheat, and other grains are prin- cipal articles of culture in the S., and wheat has latterly become an article of export. Other pro- ducts are cochineal, cocoa, madder, cinchonabark, Paraguay tea, and various fruits ; of the last, some introduced by Europeans, liave been found to flourish satisfactorily. In the dep. La Rioja, from 8,000 to 10,000 smaU barrels of strong wine are made annually, and sent into Cordova and the neighbouring deps. ; & a good deal of full-bodied wine and brandy is furnished to Buenos Ayres from the dep. Mendoza, All agricultural pro- cesses, however, are in the most backward condi- tion. Salt effloresces in large quantities on the surface of the plains, and here are some mines of rock-salt. Coal is reported to be plentiful in the S.W., and sulphur, alum, mineral pitch, &.c., in the vicinity of the Andes ; but few, if any, mines are wrought. The Indians of the Chaco manuf. yarn, ropes, flshing-uets, and other articles irom the fibres of the aloe, with saddle-cloths, blankets, and other fabrics, which they dye with great skill, and sell to their more civilized neighbours ; and in Cordova similar goods, morocco leather and turned wares are manufd.,butin general manufd. goods are imported from abroad in return for raw produce. The foreign trade is wholly mono- polised by Buenos Ayres. Gov. is nominally republican, and the legislative power in theory vested in a junta of 44 deputies, half annually re- newed by popular election, and in a senate of 2 deputies from each department ; but from 1835, a nearly absolute dictatorship has existed in the person of Kosas. Public rev. was in 1837 estim. at 12,000,000 dollars,which was insufficient to meet the ordinary expenditure. The subsequent state of disorder and prolonged war with the neighbour- ing state Uruguay has precluded our obtaining any accurate recent statement of tlie internal con- dition of this confederation. The country was discovered in 1517, and settled in 1553 by the Spaniards, under whom it was created into a vice- royalty. The EngUsh made an unsuccessful at- tempt on it in 1807. Its independence of Spain dates from 1816. Plata (Riode La), or the Plate Riveb, one of the great rivers, or rather a great estuary of S. Amer., Plata confed., formed by the junction of the Parana and Uruguay rivers, in lat. 34° S., Ion. 68° 30' W., its basin lying S. of those of the Ama- zon, Tocantins, and San Francisco, and its numer- ous tributaries draining most part of the Plata, Paraguay, and Uruguay teiTJts. with considerable portions of BoUvia & Brazil. The estuary resulting from their union is 200 m. in length N. W. to S.E., and where it joins the Atlantic Ocean, is 170 m. across (betw. Maldonado & CapeSt Antonia); its centre being about lat. 85° 30' S., Ion. 66° W. Its muddy waters can be traced in the ocean 200 m. from its mouth. The total length of the Plata 6 the Paraguay has been estim. at nearly 2,500m . ; and from the ocean to the isl. Apipe in the Par- ang, at least 1,260 m., there is a continuous and safe navigation for vessels of aOO tons. The Aguapehy, an aifl. of the Paraguay near lat. 15° 40' S., Ion. 59° 20' W., is separated only by a por- tage of 3 m. from the Alegre, a tributary of the Guapore, and were a canal to be made to connect the two streams, a complete system of internal navigation throughout nearly all S. America would exist. Plata (La), a town of S. Amer, New Granada, dep. Cundinamarca, prov. and 62 m. S.S.W. of Neyva, on an affl. of the Magdalena. It stands in a highly fertile valley, and is stated to be well built. — Plata is an isl.. Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Ecuador, 20 m. S.W. Cape San Lorenzo. PLAT.SA, a ruined city of Greece, gov. Boeotia, its remains on the W. slope of Mount Cithseroa 7 m. S.W. Thebes, consisting of walls and parts of acitadel. Near it, B.o. 479, the Greeks under Pausanias totally defeated and nearly annihilated the grand Persian army under Mardonius, who was Icilled in the action. Platamosa (Ueraclea), amarit. town of Europ. Turkey, Thessaly, on the W. coast of the Gulf of Salonica, 6 m. N. the mouth of th^ Salympria. Pop. 1,500. It has some remains of antiquity, a citadel on a rock, and a Turkish cemetery. Platana, a small marit. town of Asia Minor, pa. and 7 m. W. Trebizond, with a roadstead which is the winter anchorage of large ships trad- ing to that port. It has a fiine old Byzantine church, and about 160 houses mostly enclosed within gardens. Platani (Camiciw), a river of Sicily, intends. Palermo and Girgenti, enters the Mediterr. 18 m. W.N.W. Girgenti, after a S.W. course of 60 ra. mostly through & cultivated plain. Plate, a town of Prussian Pomerania, i>eg, and 37 m. N.E. Stettin, on the Rega. Pop. 1,740, PL A 1031 PLl It has two castles, some manufe. of woollen cloth, and a ti-ade in timber. — II. a vill., grand duchy Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 6 m. S.S.E. Schwerin. Platel, a market town of Russian Poland, gov. Vilna, 15 m. W.N.W. Telsh. Pop. 1,600. Plato, avill. of S. Amer., New Granada, dep. Magdalena, 12 m. S.S.E. Tenerife. Pop. 2,000. Platte Kivek, in the U. S., N. Amer.,W. territ. rises in the Rocky mntns. by two principal heads, which unite in lat. 41° 9' N., Ion. 101° 40' W., it thence flows E., and joins the Missouri near Ion. 95° 40' W. Total course estimated at 600 m., breadth in its lower pai't from 1 to 3 ra. It is full of islands, and too shallow and rapid for safe navigation. Principal aflis., the EUdiorn and Loup Fork. — The Zittle Platte river joins the Missouri nearly opposite the Kansas, after a b. course of 50 m. Plattekill, a township of the V. S., N. Amer., I\ew York, 20 m. S. Kingston. Pop. 2,125. Platten, a town of Bohemia, ciro. and 14 m. N. Elnbogen, in the Erzgebirge, with u-on mines in operation. Pop. 1,800. Flatten See, a lake of Hungary. [Balaton.] Platxling, a market town of Lower Bavaria, on the Isar, here crossed by a bridge 900 feet in length, IG m. S.E. Straubing. Pop. 2,019. Plattsbcbs, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, cap. co. Clinton, on the Saranac river, 145 m. N. Albany. Pop. 6,416. It has a court house, jail, bank, lyceum, academy, several churches, and water power on the Saranac river, which here has several falls. Platz, two market towns of Bohemia. — I. circ. and 22 m. E.N.E. Budweis. P. 1,323.-11. circ. & 14m. N.W. Saatz, lathe Erzgebirge. P. 1,323, PiAD, a walled town of N. Germany, Mecklen- burg-Schwerin, principality Giistrow, on Lake Plau, 37 m. E.S.E. Schwerin. " Pop. 2,625. Plauen, a town of Saxonv, circ. Zwickau, on 1. b. of the White Elster, 61 m. S.W. Leipzig, with a station on the Saxon-Bavarian railway. Pop. (1845) 10,628. It is enclosed by walls, and has several churches and hospitals, a royal castle, and a gymnasium, manufs. of linen and cotton goods, and a small pearl fishery in the river. Pladzat, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Puy-de-Dome, 11 m. S. Clermont. Pop. 1,296. Plavden, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 1} m. N. Eye. Area 1,360 ac. Pop. 312. Platfobd, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 4J m. E.N.E. Ipswich. Area 650 ao. Pop. 253. Pl-azao, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. I)or- dogne, 6 m. "ff-S-W. Montignac. Pop. 1,690. Pleasant, numerous townsliips of the U. S., N. Amer., chiefly in Ohio I. co. Fairfield. Pop. 2,030.— II. CO. Brown. Pop. 1,970 III. Indiana, 82 m. S.E. Indianopolis. Pop. 1,662. — Pleasant Valley is a township of New York, 34 m. S. Pough- keepsie. Pop. 2,210. Pleaseley, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, 8J m, E.S.E. Chesterfield. Area 3,750 ac. Pop. 679, partly employed in the cotton manufs. Pleasington, a township of Engl., co. Lancas- ter, pa. and 3 m. W.S.W. Blackburn, with a sta- tion on the East Lancashire railway. Pop. 517. Pleaux, a comm. and town of^ France, dei). Cantal, 18 m. N.W. Anrillac. Pop. 1,616. Plechatel, a comm. and town of France, dep, lUe-et-Vilaine, 23 m. N.E. Redon. Pop. 2,331. Pledeliac, a comm. and vill, of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, 14 m. W. Dinan. Pop. 2,024. Pledban, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, 4 m. S. St Brieuc. Pop. 3,774. : Pleidesheim, a market town of Wiirteuiberg, circ. Neckar,3 m. W.N.W. Marbach. Pop. ],-164. PLEiNE-FouaJ:BES, acomm. & town of France, dep.Ille-et-Vilaine,22 m. E.S.E. St Male. P. 3,01?. Pleisnitz, a ijarket town of N. Hungary, co. and 6 m. N.N.B. Gomor, on the Sajo. Pop. 2,102, partly employed in iron works. Pleisse, a river of Saxony, joins the White Elster at Leipzig, after a N. course of 60 m. Plel.^n, two comms. and vills. of France. — I. dep. Ule-et-Vilaine, cap. cant., 20 m. W.S.W. Rennes. Pop. 3,283.-11. dep. C6tes-du-Nord, cap. cant., 7 m. W. Dinan. Pop. 1,022. Plelo, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. CStes- du-Nord, arrond. St Brieuc. Pop. 4,025. Plemet, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, 7 m. E. Loudeac. Pop. 2,920. Plemonstall, a pa. of England, co. and 4 m. N.E. Chester. Area 3,090 ac. Pop. 804. Plemt, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. C6te3- du-No>'d, 12 m. N.N.E. Loudeac. Pop. 3,100. Plenoia, a small seaport town of Spain, prov. Biscay, 14 m. N.W. Bilbao, at the mouth of the river Placentia. It has a school of navigation, and some docks for building small vessels. Pop. 1,193. Ples, or Plioss, a town of Russia, gov. and 30 m. S.E. Kostroma, on the Volga, with manufs. of woollen cloths. Pop. 1,750. Pleschen, or Pleszew, a town of Prussia, reg. and 54 m. S.E. Posen, cap. circ, with manufs. of woollens and tobacco. Pop. 5,086. PiESHEY, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 6 m. N.N.W. Chelmsford. Area 1,980 ac. Pop. 337. Plessala and Plesse, two market towns of France.— I. dep. C6tes-du-Nord, arrond. Lou- deac. Pop. 3,621.-11. dep. Loire-Inf., 13 m. N. Savenay. Pop. 2,406. Plesse (Pol. Pszczyna), a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 68 m. S.E. Oppeln, cap. circ, and of a principality belonging to the prince of Anhalt-Kijthen. P. 3,414. It has a castle, and manufs. of woollen cloth, oil cloth, and leather. , Plestohieivo, or Klestohino-Ozebo, a small lake of Russia, gov. and 70 m. N.W. Vladimir, near the head of an aiB. of the Volga, and inter- esting as the place where Peter the Great, in 1691, made his first essays to form the Russian navy. Length 6 m., breadth 4 m. Plestin, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, 9 m. S.W, Lannion, Pop, 1,066, Pleszew, a town of Pruss, Poland, [Pleschen,] Plettenbebg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 16 m. S.S.W. Arensberg, on the Else. Pop. 1,675. — Plettenherg Bay, Cape Colony, S. Africa, dist. George Town. Lat. 34° S., Ion. 23° 20' E. It is bounded S.W. by Seal Cape, and has undulating shores, Pleumabtin, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Vienne, 12 m. S.E. Chatellerault. Pop. 1,272. . Plehmeub, two comms. and vills. of France, dep. Cotes-du-Nord, arrond. Lannion, each with about 2,500 inhabitants. — Pleurtuit is a comm, and vill,, dep. Ule-et-Vilaine, 5 m. S.W. St Malo Pop. 6,398. Pleteen, a comm. and market town of France dep. Finistfere, 16 m. N.N.E. Quimper. Pop. 4,640. Pletbebcheist, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Finistfere, 6 m. S.S.W. Morlaix. Pop. 3,166, Pletstein, a town, Bavaria, circ. Upper Pala- tinate, 8 m. N.E. Leuchtenbcrg. Pop. 1,068. Pliego, a town of Spain, prov. and 22 m. W. Murcia. Pop, 3,004. Plieningen, a vill., Wurtemberg, ciro. Neckar, on the Kersch, 6 m. S.S.E. Stuttgart. Pop. 2,267. Plinlimmon, one of the loftiest mountains of Wales, cos. Montgomery and Cardigan, 12 m~. from W. Cardigan Bay, & 11 m. W.N.W, Llanid^ VhO 1032 PLY loes. Elevation 2,463 feet. The rivs. Severn & Wye have their sources in this mountain. Ploaghe, avill. of the isl. Sardinia, div. prov., and 11 m. E.S.E. Sassari. Pop. of oomm. 3,079. Plochingen, avill. of Wurtemberg, circ. Nec- kar, 6 m. E.S.E. Esslingen. Pop. 1,759. Plock, a city of Poland, cap. prov., on the Vis- tula, 68 m. W.N.W. Warsaw. Pop. 6,000. It is enclosed by walls, and consists of an old and a new town. Principal buildings, a cathedral of the 16th century, a bishop's palace, theatre, and vari- ous government offices. It has also Piarist, and other colleges, and a seminary ; manufs. of leather and skins, and an active transit trade. Plookton, a marit. vill. of Scotland, co. Boss, on its W. coast, pa. Lochalsh. Pop. 602. Ploemeuk, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Morbihan, 3 m. W. LoriSnt. Pop. 6,993. Ploen, orPioN, a town of Denmark, duchy Holstein, cap. amt., on a narrow isthmus below the great and little Ploen lakes, 17 m. S.E. Kiel. Pop. with suburbs 2,700. It has a fine Gothic castle. — The Jafteo/'PfoeT!, the largest in Holstein, is about 7 m. in length, and 4 in breadth ; the little Ploen lake is the N. portion separated by the narrow isthmus, on which Ploen is situated. Ploekdut, a comm. and vill of France, dep. Morbihan, 16 m. W. Poutivy. Pop. 2,908. Ploekmel, a comm. and town of France, dep. Morbihan, cap. arrond., 26 m. N.E. Vannes. Pop. 2,324, principally employed in weaving linen and mixed fabrics. It has a communal college. Ploedo, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, 12 m. S. St. Brieuc. Pop. 6,343. PiOEZiL, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. C6tes- du-Nord, 11 m. N.N. W. Guingamp. Pop. 3,107. Plogoff, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Finistere, 23 m. W.N.W. Quimper. Pop. 1,607. PtOMB DE Cantal, b, mutu., France. [Cantal.] PlombiS^bes, a comm., town, and watering- place of France, dep. Vosges, on the Angronne, 14 m. S. Epinal. Pop. 1,330. Its warm saline baths are well frequented. The town has manufs. of cutlery. — II. a market town, dep. C6te-d'Or, on railw. to Lyon, 3 m. W.N. W. Dijon. P. 1,273. Plon, a town and lake of Holstein. [Ploen.] Plonb, a riv. of Prussia, provs. Brandenburg & Pomerania, joins the Haff at Damm, 4 m. E. Stettin, after a N. course of 40 m. PiONSK, or Plask, a town of Poland, prov. & 30 m. E.N.E. Plock, on the Plonna. Pop. 3,700, mostly Jews. It has a fine Carmehte church. Piou, a prefix of the names of numerous com- munes and vills. in Brittany, France, the princi- pal being— I. (Plmmrei), cap. cant., 8 m. S. Lannion. Pop. 5,245. — II. (Plotiame), dep. Cfites- du-Nord, 10 m. S. Dinan. Pop. 3,016;— III. (Plouay), dep. Morbihan, cap. cant., 11 m. N. Lorient. Pop. 4,047 IV. (Plmbazlanec), dep. e&tes-du-Nord, 1 m. N.N.E. Paimpol. Pop. 3,806.— V. (Ploulezre), 2 m. S. Lannion. Pop. 8,346. — V. (Ploudalmeziau), dep. Finistfere, cap. cant., 13 m. N.N.W. Brest. Pop. 3,209.— VI. (Ploudaniet), 14 m. N.E. Brest. Pop. 3,606.— VII. (Plouman), dep. FinistSre, 7 m. N.W. Mor- laix. Pop. 3,198 VIII. (Plmer), dep. Cotes- du-Nord, 6 m. N.E. Dinan. Pop. 4,721 IX. (Ploueseat), dep. Finistere, cap. cant., 16 m. W.N.W. Morlaix. Pop. 3,314— X. {PlouzSc), dep. C6tes-du-Nord, arrond, St. Brieuc. Pop. 4,074. — XI. (Plougastel-Daoulas), dep. Finistfere, 6 m. E. Brest, near its harbour. Pop. 5,731. — XII. (Plougaznau), near the English channel, 8 m. N.N.E. Morlai.t, Pop. 3,817.— XIII. {Pldu- gonvelin), arrond. Brest, near the coast. Pop. 1,472.— XIV. (Plougouven), 7 m. S.E. Morlaix. Pop. 4,634 XV. (JPUmgouvet), dep. C6tes-dn- Nord, arrond. Guingamp. Pop. 3,591 — XVI. [PlauguenasCj, cap. cant., 16 m. S. St. Brieuc. Pop. 3,622 XVII. (Plouguerneau), dep. Finis- tfere, arrond. Brest. Pop. 5,311.— XVIII. {Plow guemevel), dep. C6tes-du-Nord, arrond. Guin- gamp. Pop. 3,452. — XIX. (Plouha), cap. cant., 13m. N.W. St. Brieuc. Pop. 4,818.— XX. (P/oai- der), dep. Finistere, arrond. Brest. Pop. 3,108. — XXI.(Plouigneau), 6 m. E. Morlaix. Pop. 4,930.— XXIII. (Plmmoguer), dep. Finistfere, 9 m. W.N.W. Brest. P. 1,818.— XXIV. iPlmirm), dep. Finistfere, 4 m. S.S.E. Morlais. P. 3,070.— XXV. (Plomom), 9 m. W. Morlaix. Pop. 8,649, who trade in farm horses, reputed the best in the dep.— XXVI. (PioM«anl),5m.W. Brest. P.2,500. Plovbst, a town of WsJlachia, 32 m. N. Bucha- rest. Pop. 3,000. It has a great wool fair. Pltjcklet, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, with a sta- tion on the South Eastern railway, 5 m. W.N.W. Ashford. Area 2,970 ac. Pop. 811. Pludbnz, a town of the Tyrol. [BitrDENZ.] PLiJDEEHAtrsEN, a market town of Wiirtem- berg, circ. Jaxt, on the Remo, 4 m. W. Lorch, with 1,495 inhabitants, and an ancient castle. Plumb, atnshp.jU. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany, 14 m. E. Pittsburgh. Pop. 1,968. Pldmbland, a pa. of England, co. Cumber- land, 6 m. N. Cockermouth. Ac. 2,970. P. 729. Pldme (La), a comm. and town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, cap. cant., 8 m. S.W. Agen. Pop 1,707. — Plumelee is a comm. and vUI., dep. Morbihan, 13 m. S.W. Ploermel. Pop. 3,732. Plumeliau, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Morbihan, 7 m. S. Poutivy. Pop. 4,200. PLCMPTOif, several pas. of England. — I. co. Northampton, 6 m. W. Towcester. Area 1,800 ac. Pop. 69 II. CO. Sussex, 4J m. W.N.W. Lewes. Area 1,710 ac. Pop. 294.— III. (Wood)i a tnshp., England, co. Lapcaster, pa. St. Michael, H m. N.W. Preston, and with a station on the Preston and Carlisle railway, 13 m. S.S.E. Car- lisle. Pop. 1,688. Plumpton, a township of Engld., co. York, W. riding, pa. Spofi'orth, 2} m. E.S.E. Knaresbo- rough. Pop. 229. Plcmstead, several pas. of England. — I. co. Norfolk, 4J m. S.E. Holt. Area 1,510 ac. Pop. 190.— IL CO. Kent, 10 m. E.S.E. St. Paul's, Lon- don. Area 3,100 ac. Pop. 2,816.-111. (GreaQ, CO. Norfolk, 4J m. E. Norwich. Area 1,490 ac. Pop. 307 IV. {Little), same co., 4J m. E.N.E. Norwich. Area 970 ac. Pop. 341. Plumstead, a vill. of S. Africa, Cape Colony and dist., S. Cape Town, and the salubrity of which renders it a favourite residence of the colonists. It has several schools, chapels, &o. Pldmstbad, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, 30 m. N. Philadelphia. P. 1,873. Plumtbee, a pa. of England, co. and 5 m. S.S.E. Nottingham. Area 3,460 ac. Pop. 642. PiuNEKET, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Morbihan, 19 m. E.S.E. Lorient. Pop. 2,160. Plungan, a market town of Russian Poland, gov. Vilna, 13 m. W. Telsh. Pop. about 1,650. PLnNOAB, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 10 m. N.N.E. Melton-Mowbray. Ac. 1,310, Pop. 280. Pluvignee, a comm. and town of France, dep. Morbihan, 13 m. N.W. Vannes. Pop. 1,202. Pltjscaedine Pbiort, an ancient ruin of a Cistercian priory, Scotland, in a beautiful valley of same name, pa. and 5 m. S.W. of Elgin. Plymodth, a pari. & munic. bor., seaport town, and naval station in England, co. Devon, hun- dred Boborongh, on the E. side of a peninsula, between the rivers Plym and Tamar, at the head PLY 1033 FOB of Plymouth Sound, 37 in. S.W. Exeter, com- municates by railway with that city. Lat. of Mount WLse 50° 22' N., Ion. 4° 10' 2' W. Pop. of bor., which comprises tlie suburb Stone- house on the W. and the pa. Stoke Daraerel, 36,527 : but with the adjacent town Devon- port, the bors. have an united area of 2,300 ac. ; pop. 80,059. The town ofPIymouth stands on uneven ground, and is irreg:ularly laid out, but the buildings have a substantial appear- ance. Between it and the Sound is the Hoe, a fine open space, surmounting a cliff, and on which is the citadel, a bastioned fortress, containing a governor's residence, and extensive ban-acks ; in this direction some new and handsome streets have been laid out. Principal edifices in the town are the royal hotel, and theatre, athenseum, public library, royal union baths. Freemasons' hall, exchange, new market place, guildhall, with the jail, several hospitals, and barracks. St An- drew's church is large, & has a sqnare embattled tower, & here are 3 other pa. churches. The struc- tures connected with the naval establishments are outside of the town. The dockyard is at Devon- port (which see), aud is in most respects similar to that of Portsmouth, with the advantage of its various buildings being more substantially con- structed of stone, & its docks, & roofings of the most solid character ; it has, however, a less ex- tent than that of Portsmouth. In it is an obser- vatory commanding a very noble view. The naval and royal military hospitals at Stonehonse, the victualling ofiice at Devil's (or Duval's) point, the gun whai-f, aud the military prison, are all fine stone edifices. Plymouth harbour is double, consisting of the Hamoaze, or mouth of the Tamar opposite Devonport, adapted for the largest ships of war ; & the Catwater, or estuary of the Plym, immediately E. Plymouth, and on which are the vills. Oreston, Hoo, Turnchapel, with various wet and dry docks, now chiefly ap- propriated to merchant-shipping. Plymouth has a large trade with London, Bristol, Newcastle, Newport; it imports a good deal of W. India colonial produce, and timber from the Baltic and N. America, and it has manufs. of sail cloth, re- fined sugar, glass, soap, and starch, a large dis- tillery, and extensive pilchard & other fisheries. Reg. shipping of port 394 vessels, aggregate bur- den 34,808 tons. Customs rev. (1847) 108,056?. Its institutions comprise a grammar and other schools, the natural history society of Devon and Cornwall, public, medical, law, & theological libraries, and a Mechanics' institute, & charities to about 2,300?. a year. It has a bremch of the bank of England, & several other banks. Corp. rev. (1848) 14,154?. Mkts. Monday, Thursday, and Saturday. It sends two members to H. of C. Reg, electors (1848) 2,231. Among its dis- tinguished natives was the famous Sir F. Drake Plymmith Sound'm an inlet of the English channel, between the cos. of Devon & Cornwall. Length 3 m., breadth 4 ra. At its N.E. & N.W. extremities the Plym and Tamar rivers enter it, forming re- spectively the harbours opposite Plymouth and Devonport. On its E. side is Bovisand bay, & on its W. are Cawsand bay and Mount Edge- cumbe. Shores abrupt. It contains several isls., the principal being Mount Batten with a fortification immediately opposite -the Hoe of Plymouth. The sound has been formed into an excellent naval harbour by the Plymouth Break- water, a granite and marble structure built across its entrance, 1,700 yards in length, 16 do. in width at top, with a light-house on its Vf. extremity. Plymouth, a seaport town, U. S., N. Amer., Massachusetts, cap. co., on Cape Cod bay, 36 m. S.S.E. Boston. Pop. 5,281. It is built mostly of wood & has a court-house, jail, many churches, cotton manufs., and about 50 vessels employed in fisheries and in foreign trade. This is the oldest town in New England, having been the landing- place of the " Pilgrim Fathers," who arrived here in 1620, and whose landing is celebrated an- nually by a festival on 22d December. Area of 00. 600 sq. m. Pop. 47,373.-11. a tnshp., Connecticut, 20 m. W.S.W. Hartford. Pop. 2,206. It is noted for its manufs. of clocks.— III. Michigan, 26 m. S.W. Detroit. Pop. 2,163.— IV. New Hampshire, 39 m. N. Concord. Pop. 1,281. — V. Vermont, 51 m. S. Montpelier. Pop. 1,417. —VI. New Tork, 7 m. N.W. Norwich. P. 1,625. — VII. Pennsylvania, near Bethany. Pop. 1,765. —VIII. Ohio, 77 m. N.N.E. Columbus. P. 1,984. Pltmpton (Maurice or Eabl's), a decayed bor., mkt.-town and pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 5 m. E. of Plymouth. Area of pa. 170 ac. Pop. 933. The town is old and irregular ; it has a very ancient guild-hall containing a portrait of Sir Joshua Reynolds, a native of Plympton, painted by liimi- self; an endowed school, and the ruins of a castle. Market, Saturday. It is a stannary town, and a municipal borough by prescription. Plympton (St Mary), a pa. of England, co. Devon, } m. N. Earl's Plympton, with a station on the South Devon railway, 5 m. E. Plymouth. Area 11,200 ac. Pop. 2,757. Plymstook, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 3 m. E.S.E. Plymouth. Area 2,860 ac. Pop. 2,966. Pltmtbee, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 3^ m. S.S.E. Collumpton. Area 2,060 ac. Pop. 439. Po (Padus & Eridamis), the largest river of Italy, in its N. portion, irrigating with its affls., the entire plain of Piedmont and Lombardy, rises in Monte Viso, lat. 44° 38' N., Ion. 7° lO'E., flows at first N.E. ward to Turin, where it makes a curve E.S.E. for about 45 m., then turns N.ward to receive the waters of the Oglio, and thence flows mostly E.ward with a very tortuous course to the Adriatic, which it enters by several mouths between lat. 41° 48' and 45° 1' N., the princip. surnamed the Po della Maestra, della Tolla, di Goro, anddi Volano. Total estim. length 340 m., of which about 280 m. are navigable for large barges and river-steamers. Princip. afl3s. on left, the Clusone, Sesia, Ticino, Olona, Adda, Oglio, & Mincio ; & on right, the Maira, Tanaro, Trebbia, Taro, Parma, Secchia and Panaro. The Po is, in many parts of Lombardy, above the neighbouring plain3;belowPiacenzaitis enclosed by embank- ments formed by its own deposits, and carefully kept up to prevent inundations from floods. Its ordinary width averages 1,900 feet; its depth varies, according to the season, from 13 to 36 feet. Its current in the dry season is sluggish, but in spring and summer, rapid and turbulent. Its rapid stream, numerous islands, and the many sand banks in its lower part greatly impede navi- gation ; but it is highly useful in fertilizing the country, and it abounds with sturgeons, salmon, and other fish. Po DI Primaeo, a river of N. Italy, Pontif, sta., delegs. Ferrara and Ravenna, being a con- tinuation of the Reno, which rises near Pistoja, thence runs N.N.E. 65 m., and afterwards E.S.E. for 24 m. as far as Traghetto, where it assumes this name ; its lower course is neai'ly E.S.E. past Argenta, and after an entire course of 120 m. it enters the Adriatic at Porto-di-Primaro, 13 m. N.E. Ravenna. PoBOLEDA, a town of Spain, prov. and 25 m. W.N.W. Tarragona. Pop 1,758. POC 1034 POL FocKLiNOTON, a mkt.-town and pa. of Engl., co. and 13 m, E.S.E York, in the E. Riding of co. Area of pa. 4,380 ac. Pop. 2,S52 ; of township 2,323. The town has two bor. banlts and a grammar school. Mkt. Sat. It has a station on the York and North Midland KailvFay, 6 m. N. W. Market Wcighton. PocoMOKE, a river of IT. S., N. Amer., rises in Cypress swamp between Maryland and Delaware, and after a S.W. course of 45 m. enters Poco- moke bay, an arm of Chesapeake bay. It is na- vigable to Suowhill. FocziNKA, a town of Kussia, gov. and 116 m. S.S.E. Nijnii Novgorod. Pop. 6,340. FODENSAC, a comm. & viU. of France, dep. Gir- onde, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Garonne, and on railway to Cette, 16 m. S.E. Bordeaux. P. 1,677. FoDENZAMO, a town of N. Italy, duchy Parma, near the Nura, 7 m. S. Piacenza, with 2 churches, a monastery, hospital, and 2,400 inhabitants. FoDGOBiTZA, a town of Europ. Turkey, Alba- nia, sanj. & 38 m. N. Scutari, cap. kadilik, on the Montenegrin frontier. Pop. 6,000, nearly all Mo- hammedans. A few m. N. are remains of the anc. Dioelea, consisting of ruined temples, columns, and a bed of an aqueduct about 12 m. in length. FoDQOBZE, a small town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, separated by the Vistula from Cracow, of which it is a suburb. Pop. 1,997. PoDOK, a vill. and fort of W. Africa, Senegam- bia, built by the French in 1743, on the Senegal, lat. 16° 35' N., Ion. 15° W. The fort is abandoned. PoDHABD, two mkt. toiTOS of Bohemia. — I. circ. & 6m. N.N. W. Budweis, on the Moldau. P. 1,817. —II. circ. Bidsohow, 3 m. S.W. Gitsohin. P. 394. FoDiEBRAD,atown of Bohemia, circ. Bidschow, on the rt. b. of the Elbe, 4 m. S.E. Nimburg, on railway to Prague. Pop. 3,050. PoDOLiA, or FoDor.SK, a gov. of Russian Po- land, mostly betw. lat. 47° 30' & 49° 45' N., & Ion. 26° 25' & 30° 48' E., having W. Galicia, and else- where enclosed by the govs. Volhynia, Kiev, Kher- son, and Bessarabia. Area 16,443 sq.m. F.(1S46) 1,703,000, mostly Poles. Surface generally level. Frincip.rivs.theDniester, forming its S.W. bound- ary, and the Bug. Soil fertile, and a surplus of corn is raised over home-consumption; hemp, flax, hops, tobacco, and various fruits are grown ; and vineyards and mulberry plantations are in- creasing. Cattle rearing is important, and many cattle of fine breeds are sent into Galicia and Germany ; hogs, poultry, and bees are also nu- meroas ; and the fisheries in the Dniester are of some consequence. Mineral products comprise nitre, lime, & alabaster. Manufs. of woollen cloth, leather, and potash are can'ied on, and here are many distilleries. Trade mostljr in the hands of the Jews. The gov. is divided into 12 districts. Princip. towns, Kaminietz, Mohilev, & Szarogrod. Podolsk, or Fodol, a town of Russia, gov. & 20 m. S.S.W. Moscow. Pop. 1,300. FoDOBOsK, a mkt.-town of Russia, gov. Grodno, 12 m. S.S.E. Volkovisk. Fop. 1,600. PoEL, an island, N. Germany, Meckleub. Sch- weriri, Gulf of Liibeck, Baltic, circ. and 4 m. N. Wismar. Length and breadth about 6 m. each. PoGAB, a mkt.-town of Russia, gov. and 119 m. N.E. Tchernigov. Pop. 3,000, who trade in flax. Foaaio-BEAiE, a town of Sicily, intend. & 32 m. S.E. Trapani. Pop. 3,200. Foggy Isles (North & South), two contig. isls. of the Malay Archip., & 60 m. S.W. Sum- atra. Surface irregular, and densely wooded. FoGiTEL, a singularly picturesque and sti'ongly fortified yilj. of Herzegovina, on 1. b. of the Na- renta, 16 m. S.S.W. Wtastar. PooiR, a mkt.-town of Russian Poland; gov. Vilna, 18 m. N.W. Vilkomirz. Pop. 1,600. FoQosT, three mkt.-towns of Russia, gov. Minsk 1. 28 m. E.N.E. Igumen.— II. 18 m. N.E. Pinsk.— III. 13 m. S.S.E. Slutsk. FoiNT-A-PiTBE (La), a town of the French W. India island Guadeloupe, cap. arrond. Grande Terre, on the Little Cul-de-sac, 18 m. N.E. Basse- terre. Pop. (1842) 12,103. It was nearly de.. stroyed by an earthquake in 1843. Point-de-Galle, a fortified seaport town of Ceylon, cap. its S. prov. on a peninsula of its S. coast, 70 m. S.E. Colombo, lat. 6° 1' N., Ion. 80° 14' E. It has a good harbour, is healthy, and is well supplied with provisions. Value of im- ports (1846) 79,275?.; do. of exports, 25,663?. Customs' duties, 10,8132. 5s. Point-Malcolm, a headland on the S. coast of AustraUa, near lat. 33° 48' S., Ion. 123° 40' E., and where Mr Eyre, coasting W.ward in 1841, observed the first symptoms of productive soil. Foint-Palmyba, a headland and small town of British India, presid. and in the Bay of Bengal, 99 m. S.W. the mouth of the Hooghly river, lat. 20° 41' N., Ion. 87° 9' E. Point-Pedbo, the N. extremity of Ceylon, lat. 9° 46' N., Ion. 80° 20' E. Point-Romania, the S.E. extremity of the Malay peninsula. Lat. 1° 22' N., Ion. 104° 16' E. FoiNTiNGTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 7 m. E.N.E. Yeovil. Area 950 ac. Pop. 192. FoibS, a comm. & market town of W. France, dep. Venddc, cap. cant., 7 m. N.W. Napoleon Vendee. Fop. 3,543. FoiEiNO, a market town of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. prov. and 14 m. S.E. Turin. Pop. (1838) with comm. 5,668. Poissv, a comm. & town of France, dep. Seine- et-Loire, on 1. b. of the Seine, and on railway to Rouen, 10m. N.N. W.Versailles. Pop. 2,735. It has a house of correction, and the principal cattle market for the supply of Paris. Poitiees, Zimonum, a comm and town of France, cap. dep. Vienne, on the Clain, and on the railway to Bordeaux, 68 m. S.S.W. Tours. Pop. (1846) 22,647. It is enclosed by old walls, and has several old churches, a castle, university, academy, several schools, hospitals, a public li- brary of 25,000 vols., theatre, botanic garden, manufs. of woollen goods, hosiery, lace, hats, &c., some trade in corn, wool, and wine, weekly mar- kets, and 3 annual fairs. Poitiers, anciently the cap. of the Pictones, came by marriage into the possession of the dukes of Normandy, & was for three centuries attached to the crown of England, It was the scene of a signal & most unexpected victory, gained Sept. 9, 1356, over the French by the English under Edward the Black Prince, who captured and brought to England John, king of France. PoiTou, an old prov. of France, the cap. of which was Poitiers. It is now subdivided among the Charente deps., Vendfe, Deux-Sevres, H. Vienne, and Creuse. Poix, a comm. & town of France, dep. Nord^ 14 m. W.N.W. Avesnes. Pop. 2,057. — II. a comm., dep. Somme, 15 m. S.E. Amiens. Fop. 1,056. PoKROv, a town of Russia, gov. and 52 m. W.S.W. Vladimir, near- the Kliasma. P. 1,500. PoKROvsKAJA, a marlcet town of Russia, gov. and 4 m. S.E. Saratov, on the Volga, with 1,500 inhabitants, and large magazines, each containing from 100,000 to 110,000 poods of salt, stored here from the worlcs on Lalre Elton. Pol (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, cap. arrond,, on the! TernoiBe, 19 POL 1036 PON m. W.N. W. Arras. Pop. 3,374. It has tvfo rained castles, a comm. college, and mineral baths. PoLA, two towns of Spain, prov. Oviedo I. de Lena, 13 m. S.S.E. Oviedo. Pop. 1,228 II. P. de Sieiro, 12 m. S.E. Oviedo. Pop. 1,542. Pol-de-Leon (St), a comm. & town of France, dep. Finist&re, cap. cant., on a height near the English Channel, 10 m. N.W. Morlaix. Pop. 6,655. It has a cathedral, with remarkable tombs, a church, with a steeple nearly 400 feet in height, a town-hall, and an episcopal palace. PoLA, Pietea Julia, a decayed marit. town of Illyria, near the S. extremity of the peninsula Istria, 19 m. S.S.E Rovigno. Pop. 924. It is enclosed by Venetian walls of the 16th century, and has a cathedral on the site of an ancient temple, 3 Greek churches, some convents, & one of the best harbours on the Adriatic. It was an important city under the Romans, & its former magnificence is attested by a line amphitheatre, several temples, and other remains. Poland (Kingdom of), a country of Europe, annexed to Russia, of which it forms the "W. por- tion, comprised between lat. 50° 4' and 55° 6' N., and Ion. 17° 40' and 21° 18' E., bounded E. and N.E. by the Russian govs. Vilna, Grodno, and Volhynia, from which it is partly separated by the Bug and Niemen rivers, S. by Galicia and Cracow, W. by Prussian Silesia and Posen, and N. by E. and W. Prussia. Cap. Warsaw. It is divided into 6 govs. Area & pop. as follows :— GOTenuncnts. Area in sq. m. Pop. 1847. Badom, Lublin, . . Plock, Augustowo, City of Warsaw, . 11,274 9,327 11,975 6,443 7,366 1,555,959 954,091 1,013,434 619,!J07 6J7,319 166,997 Total. 49,290 4,857,700 Surface a vast plain, with a mean elevation of 300 to 500 feet above the Baltic, except in the S., where offsets of the Carpathian mountains rise to 1,000 ft. It is well watered, and covered with extensive forests. Chief rivers, the Narew, Nie- men, Vistula, Bug, and Warta. There are many small lakes and marshes in the N.E. dists. Cli- mate extreme. Summer very hot, mean temp. 90°; winter excessively cold, temp. 10° below zero. The soil is snow-clad and frozen for five months in the year. Soil sandy loam, resting mostly on granite ; generally fertile. Agriculture has recently been much improved, and corn is exported. The chief crop for home consumption is rye. Buck-wheat, barley, and oats, are also cultivated. The grain called Danzig white wheat is grown in the S. provs. Building-timber, hemp, flax, and tobacco, are important products. The cattle and sheep are of inferior breeds. Chief mineral products, bog iron, copper, lead, zinc, and coal. The celebrated salt mines of ancient Poland are in Galicia. Nearly all the commerce is in the hands of the Jews, who form a tenth-part of the pop. In the 15th century Poland extend- ed from Russia in the E., to Germany on the W., and from the Baltic on the N. to Turkey on the S. Its area was larger than that of France, and its population is supposed to have amounted to 15,000,000. It was then divided into Great Pa- land, Little Poland, and Lithuama, which was incorporated with it in 1386. At the dismember- ment of Poland in 1773, the three neighbouring powers, Russia, Prussia, and Austria, appro- priated nearly one-third of the territory. Russia & Prussia, on the second partition in 1793, seized about half of the remaining portion, and the third partition in 1795, put an end to the re- public. The last king of Poland, Stanislaus Au- gustus, died at St Petersburg in 1793, In 1807, Napoleon united a great part of ancient Poland under the name of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw ; this continued till 1815, when the kingdom of Poland was foi'med of the greater part of the former grand duchy. This state, of which the emperor of Russia was king, had a constitution, a separate army, and the use of the national lan- guage. It lasted till 1830, when a revolution took place, which terminated in 1831 by the surrender of Warsaw to the Russians, and the dispersion of the Poles. In 1832, Poland was declared an integ- ral part of the Russian empire. A fresh attempt to restore its independence was made at Cracow in 1846, which ended in the subjugation of this last remnant of ancient Poland, and its annexa- tion to Austria, [Galicia Posen.] Poland, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Maine, 32 m. S.W. Augusta. Pop. 2,360. Polangen, a frontier market town of Russia, gov. Courland, on the Baltic, 42 ra. W. Telsh. with 1,500 inhabitants, mostly Jews, and a cus- tom-house. In 1831, the Poles were here de- feated by the Russians. PoLANiEC, or PoLANCEO, a town of Poland, prov. and 28 m. S.W. Sandomir. Pop. 1,818. Polar Regions, the zones included within the arctic and antarctic circles. The north polar regions have obtained an interest from the seve- ral attempts to find a passage through, either from the N.E. or the N.W. The nearest ap- proach to the North Pole was by Captain Parry, who reached lat. 82° 45' N., Ion. 19° 25' E. Capt. FrankHn, in his first expedition, penetrated a considerable way westward, and set out on a se- cond exploration, 23d May 1845. Capt. Cook pe- netrated to the S. Pole as far as lat. 67° 30' S., Ion. 39° E. ; and to lat. 71° 10' S., in Ion. 110° W. Sir James Ross penetrated to lat. 78° 10' S., in Ion. 170° E,, and discovered Victoria Land. PoLCH, a market town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 13 m. W.S.W. Coblenz. Pop. 1,700. PoLEBROOK, a pa, of Engl., co. Northampton, 2 m. E.S.E. Oundle. Area 2,730 ac. Pop. 453. PoLESwoRTH, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, with a station on the Trent Valley railw., 4 m. N.N.W. Atherstone. Area 6,310 ac. Pop. 1,844. Poi.iANi, a market town of Russia, gov. and 19 m. S.E. Minsk, Pop. 1,500. PoLicASTBO, a marit. town of Naples, prov. Princip. Cit., on the N. shore of the Gulf of Poli- castro, 22 m. S. Diano. Pop. 7,000. It is a bishop's see, and has a Gothic cathedral, and an active fishery II, a town, prov. Calab. lilt. II., dist. and 18 m. W.N.W. Cotrone. Pop. 4,200. PoLiczKA, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 28 m. S.E. Chrudim. Pop. with suburbs 3,626. PoLiGNAC, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Loire, and near the Loire, 2 m. N.W. Le Puy. Pop. 2,134, Near it are ruins of a celeb, castle. POLiQNANO, a town of Naples, prov. and 26 m. E.S.E. Bari, near the Adriatic. Pop. 4,600. PotiONT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Jura, cap. cant., 14 m. N.E. Lons-le-Saunier. P05. 6,661. It has a comm. college, manufs. of hosiery, earthenware, glue, saltpetre, and leather. PoLiLLO, one of the Philippine islands, Asiatic Archipelago, E. Luzon. Length 30 m., breadth 20 m. Soil fertile. In its centre is Mount Malolo. The village Polillo is on its W. side. Polish, or Pooling, a pa. of Engl., co. Sus- POL 1036 POL sex, 2-m. H.N.E. Little Hampton. Area 790 ac. Pop. 212, and near it are traces of a Roman bath. PonsTiNA, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. I., dist. and 13 m. E.N.E. Palmi. Pop. 4,000. PoLiTZ, two towns of Germany I. Prussia, prbv. Pomerania, reg. and 9 m. N. Stettin, on the Oder. Pop. 2,320 II. Bohemia, circ. and 28 m. N.E. Koniggratz. Pop. 1,399. PoLizzi, a town of Sicily, intend. Palermo, dist. and 17 m. S.W. Cefalu. Pop. 4,000. Polk, a oo. of the U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. of Tennessee. Area 330 sq. m. Pop. 3,670.-11. a CO. in centre of Missouri. Area760 5q.m. P. 8,449. PoLKwiTz, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 20 m. N. Liegnitz. Pop. 1,800. PoLLA, a town of Naples, prov. Princip.-Cit., in the Val-di-Diano, on the Tanagro, 10m. N.N.W. Sala. Pop. 5,000. It has some industry in throw- ing silk & weaving coarse woollen cloths & caps. PoLLENZA, Pollentia, a town of the island Ma- jorca, on its N. side, 28 m. N.E. Palma. Pop. (1846) 6,402. It stands about 2 m. W. the bay of Pollenza, & has a handsome church, a Jesuits' college, and active manufs. of fine black woollen cloth. The bay, large and secure, is foimed by two narrow peninsulas, the points of which are called the Capes Formentor and del Pinar. PoLLiNGTON, a township of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, pa. and 2i m. S.W. Snaith. Pop. 685. PoLLNOw, a town of Prussian Pomerania, reg. and 20 m. E.S.E. Koslin. Pop. 1,390. Pollock, formerly a pa., Scotl. [Eastwood.] PoLLOOKSHAWs, a bor. of barony and town of Scotland, co. Renfrew, pa. Eastwood, On the White Cart, here crossed by a stone bridge of 2 arches, '2^ m. S.W. Glasgow. Pop. 6,283. It comprises several streets, and has a neat church, a town hall, and branch bank. Weaving silk and cottons by hand & power looms, cotton spinning and bleaching, calico printing, and fancy dyeing, are carried on to a considerable extent. The Pollock and Govan railway connects the coal fields 3 m. S. of Glasgow with that city. PoLMONT, a marit. pa. of Scotl., co. Stirling, with a station on the Edinburgh and Glasgow railway, 4 m. E. Falkirk. Area about 7J sq. m., mostly very fertile. Pop. 3,684. It gives the title of baron to the Duke of Hamilton. PoLNA, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 33 m. S.S.E. Czaslau. Pop. 4,916, partly employed in woollen weaving, and In large iron mines. Polo, an island of the Philippines, E. Archi- pelago, off the W. coast of Luzon. Lat. 15° N., ton. 122° 20' E. PoLocHio, a river of Central Amer., state Gua- temala, dep. Vera Paz, rises in the dist. Cohan, flows mostly E.S.E., and after a course of about 120 m., enters the Golfo Dulce, whence it is na- vigable to the vill. Pelawan. In one place it is crossed by a curious suspension bridge. PoLONKA, a market town of Russian Poland, gov. Grodno, 18 m. E.N.E. Slonim. Pop. 1,680. PoLONOE, a market town of Russian Poland, gov. Volhynia, 61 m. W. Jitomir. Pop. 1,730. PoLOTzK, a town of Russian Poland, gov. and 60 m. W.N.W. Vitebsk, at the confl. of the Dvina and the Polota. Pop. 9,000. It has a kremlin, or citadel, numerous ancient churches and monas- teries, a Jesuits' college, and a dist. school for nobles. It was taken by the Russians from the Poles in 1679, and again in 1666. PoLPEERO, a mkt. town of Engl.,.co. Cornwall, pa. Llansalloes, 91 m. S.S.W. Liskeard. P. 913. PoLSTEAD, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 12 m. W.S.W. Ipswich. Area 2,810 ac. Pop. 989. Poltava, or Pultawa, a gov. of S. Russia, between lat. 48° 26' and 51° 6' N., and Ion. 30° 45' and 36° 40' E., enclosed by the govs. Tcher- nigov, Konrsk,Kharkov,Ekaterino8lav, Kherson, and Kiev, from which last two the Dnieper se- parates it on the W. Area 19,040 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,783,800. Surface a level plain, with only a few hills on the banks of the Dnieper, of which river the Sula, Psiol, and Vorskla, are the affluents. Soil excellent, and with the sur- rounding govs, it may be called the granary of Russia. Corn is cultivated for exportation. Hemp, fiax, red pepper, tobacco, and fruits, are also raised. Live stock are reared in large numbers, and honey apd silk are important products. Manufs. have latterly made some pro- gress, and linen, woollen, and cotton fabrics, lea- ther, and candles, are made. — Poltava, the cap., is situated on the Vorskla, 70 m. W.S.W. Khar- kov. Pop. (1842) 16,000. It stands on an emi- nence, and is regularly built, though chiefly of wood ; it is enclosed by planted walks on the site of its former ramparts. It has a cathedral, a col- lege, convent, and three large annual fairs. In its principal square is a monument to Peter the Great, who here, on the 27th June 1709, gained a decisive victory over Charles xii., then obliged to escape into Turkey. PoLTEN (St), a fortified town of Lower Austria, circ. above the Wienerwald, on the Trasen, 35 m. W. Vienna. Pop. 5,800. It has a cathedral, episcopal palace, diocesan & high female semin- aries, a theatre, several hospitals, and manufs. of cotton goods, paper, glass, and earthenware. PoLTiMOEE, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 4 m. N.E. Exeter. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 264. PoLTOw, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 3 m. W.N.W. Dover. Area 920 ac. Pop. 27. PoLWOETH, a pa. of Scotl., co. Berwick, 4 m. S.W. Dunse. Area 3,062 ac, mostly hilly. Pop. 260. In it is Marchmont house, the seat of Sir Hugh H. Campbell, hart., proprietor of parish. PoLYCANDRO, an isl. of the Grecian Archipel- ago, gov. Naxos, 16 m. E. Milo. Area 20 sq. m. Pop. 200. Surface rugged, but it yields sufficient corn, &c., for home consumption. On it is a village of the same name. PoLVHEsiA (" many islands") includes the mul- titude of islands scattered over the Pacific Ocean, and comprehends a belt chiefly within 30° on each side of the equator, and from Ion. 135° E. to 135° W. Including New Zealand, the boundary extends S. of the equator to lat. 47° S. The islands are distributed into numerous groups, and these groups, of an elongated ixirm, have a general direction from N.W. to S.E., and are composed of one or more larger islands, and numerous smaller ones. The principal groups to the N. of the equator, are the Pelew, Ladrone, or Mariane, Caroline, Radack, Marshall, Gilbert, and Sandwich isls. S. of the equator are New Ireland, New Hebrides, New Britain,Feejee, Friendly, Na- vigator's, Solomon's, Society, Mendana or Mar- quesas, Low Archipelago, Cook's, Austral, & other minor groups, besides numerous detached islands, as Easter and Pitcairn isls. With the exception of Hawaii, the largest isl. of Polynesia, the most considerable of the others range from 20 to 60 and 100 m. in circumf., while many do not exceed a mile or two in length. These islands are all, more or less, of coral formation ; the low Archi- pelago, Society isls., Marshall, and Carolines presenting the regular atoll form, with circular reefs andlagoons. The Friendly, New Hebrides, Solomon's, and Sandwich islands present fringed reefs and have active, volcanoes; summits of mntns. varying from 2,000 to 13,000 feet. In the POL 1037 POM lower coral isls. the elevations do not exceed 500 ft. In the atoll coral isls., Darwin has supposed that a depression of surface is taking place, and that the volcanic isls. are either stationary or rising. From the grreat predominance of ocean, the tem- perature of Polynesia is comparatively moderate, the climate delightful, and salubrious. Mean annual temp, of Sandwich isls. 77°; temp, of Society isls. 70° to 80°, and rarely 90°, Fahr. The S.E. tropical wind generally prevails, but N.W. and S.W. winds are not uncommon. Thun- der storms and water spouts ai-e common. Hur- ricanes are rare, and earthquakes slight and not of frequent occurrence. The refreshing coolness of the trade winds, and a regular but not exces- sive supply of moisture are favourable to a luxu- riant vegetation. Soil in the . valleys & in the riv. courses, a rich volcanic mould; on the mountains less fertile. Both vegetable and animal produc- tions are limited as to number of species. In the islands of the middle and eastern divisions not more than 500 species of plants are found. This number increases towards the W. & N.W. The bread fruit, peculiar to this region, the cocoa, banana, plantain, banyan, sngar-cane, yam, and cotton-plant, paper midberry, and a species of chesnat are indigenous. Other trees and plants of tropical climates have been introduced and flourish ; and arrow-root, sweet potatoes, the common potatoe, & maize, are now reared abun- dantly. There are several timber trees, especially sandal-wood, a few spices, & ornamental flowers, whichhowever, have Uttle odour or decided colour. The islands were all remarkably deficient in anlmaJs, thus indicating their isolated and com- paratively recent origin. Hogs, dogs, and rats were the only quadrupeds ; snakes, or other rep- tiles are confined to Navigators' group ; vampire bats are found in some of the isls. Land birds are not numerous, owls, parroquets, pigeons, and some passerinae forming the most remarkable; wild ducks, and other water fowls are more plen- tiful. Turtles resort in great numbers to many localities, and fish are plentiful on the coasts. Several species of whales, the cachalot or sperm whale. Cape whale, hump back, and black fish are peculiar to the seas of the Pacific, and their capture has been the chief inducement for ships visiting these regions. Oxen have been intro- duced from New S. Wales, and thrive well ; and horses from S. America. The natives of Poly- nesia are in general a well-formed, tall, active, & intelligent people. There are two distinct races, one apparently of Malay origin, by far the most numerous and intellectual, and spread over all central and eastern Polynesia, and speaking one common language, though varying in dialects- The other a negro or Papuan race, with negro features and colour, and crisped mop-like hair, growing in separate tufts, speaking a distinct language and exhibiting an intellect of an in- ferior grade, probably the first settlers of the islands, and now confined to the "W. part of Polynesia, and inhabiting partly or wholly New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, the Solo- mon isls.. New Caledonia, New Hebrides, and part of the Ladrone isls. In some of the isls., there is a partial intermixture of the two races, and in others an apparent Caucasian inter- mixture, indicated by the ample beard and pro- minence of the features. Some of the western isls., as the Ladrones,were discovered by Magal- baens in 1521, the Marquesas byMendaiia in 1596, but it was not till 1767, that WalliB, and subse- quently Cook, explored and described the leading islands of this region. Soon after this, missiona- ries began to settle in the islands, and after many discouragements, at last have succeeded in pro- moting Christianity and civilization in some of the principal islands ; though cannibalism and savage ferocity still prevail m the majority. In 1844, there were 45 British and American mission- ary stations in Polynesia, the principal being in the Sandwich isls., Tahiti, and Society isls.. Friendly isls., Feejee isls., New Hebrides, and Hervey isls. The pop. of these islands varies continually from wars, migrations, and occasional pestilence. Tahiti and some others when first discovered, were conjectured to be greatly more populous than at present, but no proper data exist for affording even an approximation to the real numbers. Probably the population of the whole of Polynesia does not ex ceed 1 million or 1 million aud a half. [For further information, see the individual groups and islands.] PoLziN, a town of Prussian Pomerania, reg. & 31 m. S.W. Koslin, on the Wipperbach. Pop. 3,030. It has a castle, mineral baths, & manufs. of wollen cloth, leather, and tobacco. PoMABAMBA, a town of Bolivia, dep. and 70 m. S.E. Sucr^ (Chuquisaca), cap. prov., but of little importance. PoMAKico, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, dist. and 11 m. S.S.E. Matera. Pop. 4,900. PoMBA Bat, one of the finest harbours on the E. coast of Africa, 150 m. N. Mozambique, 9 m. in length by 6 m. across, with sufficient depth for the largest ships. PoMBA (Villa ba), a town of Brazil, prov. Minas-Geraes, on 1. b. of the Pomba, 60m. E.S.E. Ouro Preto. Pop. of dist. 12,000, chiefly em- ployed in the cultivation of the sugar-cane. PoMBAL, a town of Brazil, on the Pianco, prov. and 250 m. W. Parahiba. Pop. 4,000. POMEAL, a town of Portugal, prov. Estrema- dura, on a liill near the Sora, 20 m. N.E. Leiria. Pop. 5,000. It has 3 churches, a provincial asylum, manufs. of hats, aud large weekly mkts. PoMEKANCE, a vill. of Tuscauy, prov. Pisa, in the Maremma, 7 m. S. Volterra, and near the famous borax lagoons. Pop. 2,000. PoMEKANiA (Gei'm. Pommenri), a marit. prov. of Prussia, mostly N. of lat. 53° N., & stretching along the Baltic from Ion. 12° 30' to 18° E., hav- ing landward the provs. W. Prussia and Bran- denburg, and Mecklenburg. Area 12,204 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,165,073, chiefly Protestants. Sur- face level, and in many parts marshy ; principal rivers, the Oder, Persante, and Stolpe. Coasts low, sandy, defended by dykes, and bordered by numerous inlets. The island Kiigen is comprised in the prov. Soil not very fertile. Principal crops are wheat, barley, rye, oats, potatoes, flax, hemp, and tobacco. Agriculture and the rearing, of cattle and poultry, ship-building, manufs. of linen and woollen stufis, iron and glass wares, tanning, brewing, and distilling, are the principal branches of industry. The salmon and sturgeon fisheries are very productive, and smoked geese are important articles of trade. The prov. con- sists of the regs. Stettin, Stralsund, and Koslin. ' PoMEKOON, the most N. river of Brit. Guiana, enters the Atlantic 40 m. N.W. the estuary of the Essequibo. The tract on the coast around its mouth is of the highest fertility, and an acre has been known to yield 6,000 lbs. of sugar, or 20,000 lbs. of farinaceous food in a year. PoMEBOv, a vill. and pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Tyrone, 9 m. N.W. Dungannon. Area of pa. 15,960 ac. Pop. 8,527 ; of vill. 491. PoMFKET, a town of England. [Pojjtefbact.] PoMFBET, several tnshps., U. S., N. America, POM 1038 for* *— I. New York, on L. Erie, 12 m. N.E, Mayville. Pop. 4,566. In it are the vill. Dunkirk, and Van Buren harbour. — II. Vermont, 49 m. S. Mont- pelier. Pop. 1,774 III. Connecticut, 40 m. E.N.E. Hartford. Pop. 1,868. PoMioLiANO d'Abco, a town of Naples, dist. Casoria, prov. & 8 m. N.E. Naples, with 2 hand- some churches, a large monastery, an hospital, and 5,900 inhabitants. Pomona, or Mainland, the largest of the Ork- ney islands, & nearly in their centre, immediately N. the sheltered harbour of Scalpa^flow, formed between it and Hoy, and S. Ronaldshay. Shape very irregular, and it is divided by bays into two principal portions ; the W. and largest, length 16 m., the E. part 9 m. in length, breadth varying to 7i m. Total area 150 sq. m. luhab. houses, 8,281. Pop. 16,141. Its W. coasts are precipi- tous, but it lias several good harbours, and that of Stromness is the best in N. Scotland. Surface hilly ; summit elev. 1,600 feet, forming the high- est land of Orkney. The land is mostly in heath and moors, but interspersed with several tracts of fertile soil, with some fresh water lakes, as those of Stannis, Orphir, and Birsay. Many sheep and hogs are reared. The isl. is snbdiv. into 13 pas., & the only towns in Orkney, Kirk- wall and Stromness, are respectively on its E. & S.W. coasts. [Oeknet Islands.] PoMORZANT, a small town of Austrian Poland, Galioia, circ. Zloczow, 49 m. E.S.E. Lemberg, with Greek and Roman Catholic churches, PoMPADonB, a eomm. and vill of France, dep. Correze, 20 m. N.W. Tulle, with a national stud, and a chateau and park given by Louis xv. to Mad. de I'Etoile, and whence she took the title of Marquise de Pompadour. Pompeii, an ano. town of S. Italy, 13 m. S.E. of Naples, at the S. foot of Mount Vesuvius, by , an eruption of which, a.d. 79, it was buried with cinders, scorise, and lava, and so remained until it was rediscovered in 1755. About 2-5ths of the town have since been uncovered, whence it ap- pears that it was enclosed by walls, entered by several gates, 6 of which are already exposed, & had numerous streets paved with lava, low ter- raced houses of one s>torey, with shops, and shop- signs still plainly visible, several mansions of a superior order, a chalcidicum, or market place, two theatres, temples, baths, &c. Many of the smaller objects, statues, urns, utensils, & manu- scripts, have been deposited in the Museo Bor- bonico of Naples, and the palace at Portioi. A French hotel was estab. at Pompeii in 1849. (For particulars see APCulloch's Geog. Diet., vol. ii.) PoMPET, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, 14 m. S.E. Syracuse. Pop. 4,371. PoMPiANi, a market town of Russian Poland, Vilna, 13 m. N. Poneviej. Pop. 1,500. PoMPTON, a township, U. S., N. America, New Jersey, 14 m. N.W. Hackensack. Pop. 1,437. PoNANY, a commercial town & seaport pf Brit. India, dist. Malabar, at the mouth of the Ponany river, 38 ra. S.E. Calicut. Its pop. is mostly of Arab descent, and it has numerous mosques. It was formerly the seat of an extensive trade, and it still exports teak, cocoa nuts, iron, and rice. — The Ponany river traverses the Paulghautcherry Pass, to within 15 m. of which it is navigable in the rainy season. Total course E. to W. 100 m. PoNDiJKS End, a hamlet of Engl., oo. Essex, with a station on the Eastern Counties railway, 8 m. S. Waltham. PoNDioiiEBBY, a maritime town, and the cap. of the French settlements in India, on the Co- romandel coast, 83 m. S.S.W. Madras. Lat. 11° 65' N., Ion. 79° 49' E. It stands on a sandy plain, and is divided by a canal into a Euro- pean and a native town, the former of which is regularly laid out and well built, the houses being flat-roofed and stuccoed. It is enclosed by planted Boulevards, and in its centre is a hand- some square, in which are the government house, &o. It has new bazaars, a European college, Indian school, botanic garden, & the high court for the French possessions in Asia. It has no port, but only an open roadstead, with a light- house erected in 1836. Its dist. comprises 69,000 ac, of which, a few years ago, 26,200 were under culture. Pop. 81,616. It is watered by the small river Gingy, and contains 92 villages. PoNEDELT, a mkt. town of Russian Poland, gov. Vilna, 53 m. N.N.E. Wilkomirz. Pop. 1,620. PoNBviEsoH, or Poneviej, a town of Russian Poland, gov. and 84 m. N.N.W. Vilna, cap. circ, on an affl. of the Niemen. Pop. 3,580, including many Jews. It has a Piarist college. PoNFEBRADA, a town of Spain, prov. and 47 m. W. Leon, at the confl. of the Sil & Boeza. Pop, 2,520. It has a ruined castle, & some hospitals. Pong, or Bong, the most N. prov. of the Bur- mese dom., between lat. 26° and 27° N., and Ion. 96° and 99° E., having E. China, N. Tibet, & W. Upper Assam. Chief town, Moonkhoom. PONGA, a marit. town of Lower Siam, on the W. coast of the Malay peninsula, N. the island Junkceylou. Lat. 8° 8' N., Ion. 98° 17' E. Though recently founded, it has many thousand inhahs., mostly Malays and Chinese. PoNGAs, or PoNGO, a river of W. Africa, Sene- gamhia, enters the Atlantic near lat. 10° N., Ion. 14° W. Betw. its mths. are the Pongas islands. PONG-HOD, or PeSCADOKES. [PlIliNG-HOn.] PoHovKA, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. Poltava, 10 m. N. Mirgorod. Pop. 1,510. Pons, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cha- rente-Inf., on the Seugne, 12 m. S.S.E. Saintcs. Pop. 2,725. It consists of an old & a now town, and has an old castle, 2 churches, and an active trade in wines and brandy. — II. a town of Spain, prov. and 42 m. N.E. Lerida, on the Sfegre. Pop, 740. It has brandy distilleries, & 6 annual fairs. — Pons (Si), is a comm. and town of France, dep, H^rault, cap. arrond., 66 m. W. Montpellier. Pop. 3,780. It has manufs. of woollen cloth and hosiery, & extensive stone quarries in its vicinity. POKSONBT, a pa. of Engl., co. Cumberland, 4 m. S.E. Egremont. Area 2,440 ac. Pop. 187. Pont (" Bridge "), a prefix to the names of nums. comms., towns, & vills. of France. — I. (P. A Mous- son), a comm. & vill., dep. Meurthe, arr. & 15 m. N.N.W. Nancy, on the Moselle. Pop. (1846) 6,874. Ithasacomm. college andmanufs. of earthenware. — II. {P. Audemer), a comm. & town, dep. Eure, cap. arrond., 37 m. N.W. Evreux, on the Rille, which here becomes navigable. It has celebrated manufs. of leather. P. 6,369 III. (P. Aven), a comm. & mkt. town, dep. Finistfere, with a port on the small riv. Aven, 9 m. W. Quimperld. Pop. 864. — IV. {P. Ch&leau), a comm. and mict. town, dep. Loire-Inf., cap. cant., 8 m. N.W. Savenay. Pop. 3,516.— V. (P. Croix), a comm. and market town, dep. Finistfcre, cap. cant., 18 m. W.N.W, Quimper, on the Goyen. Pop. 1,416. — VI. (-P. eCAin), a comm. and town, dep. Ain, cap. cant., 11 m. S.E. Bourg, on the Ain, with a fortress formerly the residence of the princes of Savoy. Pop. 1,284.— VII. (P. de Beamoisin), a comm. '& town, dep. Isere, cap. cant., 11m. E.S.E. LaToiSr- du-Pin, on the Guiers, which divides the town into 2 portions, the largest of which is in Sardinia. Pop, of French portion, 1,949. The Sardinian PON 1039 PON portion is cap. mand. Pop. 1,388.— VIII. (P. de Camaris). [Camab£s.] — IX. (P. da Gard). [Gabd.] — ^X. (P. de L'Arche), a comm. & town, dep. Eure, cap. cant., 7 m. N. Louviers, on 1. b. of the Seine, here crossed by an old bridge of 22 ai'ches, and on railway to Bouen. Pop. 1,687. — XI. [P. de Vaux), a comm. and town, dep. Ain, 20ni. N.W. Bourg, on theKeyssouse. Pop. 2,896. It is the birth-place of General Joubert, and has mannfs. of earthenware. — XII. (P. de Veyle), a comm. and town, dep. Ain, cap. cant., 17 m. W. Bourg, on the Veyle. Pop. 1,321 XIII. (P. du Ch&leau), dep. Puy-de-D6me, cap. cant., 9 m. E.N.E. Clermont, on the Allier. P. 3,621.— XIV. (jP. en Soyans), a comm. & mkt. town, dep. Isere, cap. cint., 6 m. S. St Marcellin. Pop. 1,266. — XV. {P. Faverger), a comm. and mkt. town, dep. Marne, 12 m. E.N.E. Reims. Pop. 1,619— XVI. (P. Gibaud), a comm. and to^Tn, dep. Puy-de- DSme, 13 m. S.W. Riom. Pop. 937. Near it are lead miiies. — XVII. (JP. TMhe), a comm. & mkt. town, dep. Finistfere, cap. cant., 10 m. S.S.W. Qnimper. Pop. 3,235.— XVIII. (P. le Soi, or P. sur Seine), a comm. and town, dep. Aube, 4 m. E.N.E. Nogent-snr-Seine, on railway to Troyes. Pop. 890.— XIX. [P. rEvSque),a.coaim. & town, dep. Calvados, 25 m. E.N.E. Caen, on the Tou- qnes. P. 1,911. — XX. {P. StSsprit),A comm. and town, dep. Gard, 20 m. N.N.E. TJzes, on r. b. of the Rhone, here crossed by a bridge of 24 arches, built in the 13th century. Pop. 4,164. It has a citadel built by Louis xiii., and an active com- merce. — XXI. {P. St Vincent), a comm. & mkt. town, dep. Meurthe, 7 m. S.W. Nancy, on the Meusc; Pop. 862.— XXII. (P. Scroff), a comm. and mirt. town, dep. Morbihan, 6 m. N.N.W. Lo- rient, on r. b. of the Scroff. Pop. 1,690.— XXIII. (Ponts-de-Ci), a comm. and small town, dep. Maine-et-Loire, cap. cant., 3m. S.S.E.Angers. P. 3,924. — XXIV. (P. sur Yorme), a comm. & town, dep. Tonne, cap. cant., 6 m. N.N.W. Sens, on 1. b. of the Yonne, and on Paris & Lyon railway. Pop. 1,810.— XXV. (P. Valain), a comm. & mkt. town, dep. Sarthe, cap. cant., 12 m. E.N.E. La FlSche. Pop. 2,000. Under its walls the English were defeated by Duguesclin in 1369. PoNTAO, a comm. & town of France, dep. B. Pyrenees, 15 m. S.E. Pan. Pop. 2,039, partly employed in woollen weaving. — Pont-a-Celles is a vill. of Belgium, prov. Namur, with a station on the Bmssels & Namur railway, N.W. Charleroi. PoNTA Delgada, the largest town, though not the cap., of the Azores islands. Lat. of S.E. cliff, 42° 46' N., Ion. 63° 37' E. Porta de Pluras, Brazil, prov. Para, is a projecting point on the Rio Negro, where the rocks form curious corridors and chambers. Near it is the village Airao, with 600 inhabitants. PoNTAiLLiEB, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Cote-d'Or, cap. cant., on an island of the SaSne, 17 m. E. Dijon. Pop. 1,200. In the middle ages it was a residence of the Carlovingian kings. PffNTAELiEK, 3, comm. and town of France, dep. Donbs, 27 m. S.E. Besanjon, at the entrance of a mntn. pass into Switzerland. Pop. 4,603. It has a comm. college, and manufs. of leather and paper. PoNTCHABKA, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Isere, arrond. Grenoble. P. 1,760. Near it is a ruined castle, birth-pl. of the Chevalier Bayard. PoNTCHABTRAiN Lake, U. S. of N. America, Louisiana, 6 m. N. New Orleans, is about 45 m. in length, by 23 m. in breadth, and communicates with L. Manrepas on the W., with L. Borgne through the Rigolets on the E., and with New Orleans through St John's bayou, and a canal. Several rivers enter it on its N. Bide. PONTE, two mkt. towns of N. Italy I. Pied- mont, div. and 26 m. N. Turin, prov. Ivrea, cap. mand., at the confl. of the Orca and Saona. Pop. (1838) with comm. 4,138. — II. Lombardy, prov. Valtellina, deleg. and 6 m. E. Sondrio.— JPonte- a-Hignano is a village of Tuscany, prov. and 11 m. E.S.E. Florence. PoNTEBA, a vill. of Austrian Italy, gov. Venice, deleg. and 31 m. N. Udine. Pop. 1,700. PoNTECOBvo, Fregellce, a town of S. Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 20 m. S.E. Frosinone, in a detached territory surrounded by Naples, on 1. b. of the Garigliano. Pop. 6,200. It has a castle and a cathedral. Bernadotte received from Napoleon the title of Prince of Pontecorvo. Ponte-Ccbone, a vill. of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. Alessandria, prov. and 6 m. N.E. Tortona, on the Curone. Pop. of comm. (1838) 2,180. PoNTE-BE-LiMA, a town of Portugal, prov. Minho, on the Lima, here crossed by ft bridge of 24 arches, 13 m. N.W. Braga. Pop. 2,000. PoNTEDEBA, a town of Tuscany, prov. and 13 m. E.S.E. Pisa, on the Era, at its confl. with the Arno. Pop. 3,400, who manuf. cotton fabrics. PoNTE DE SoBA,a mkt. town of Portugal, prov. Estremadura, on the Sora, 16 m. S.E. Abrantes. Pop. 1,500. — P. LagoscuTo is a market town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., leg. and 3 m. N. Ferrara, on the Po-di-Maestro. Pop. 2,146. PoNTEFBACT (vulg. Pomfiet), & pari. & mnnic. bor., town, and pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, wapent. Osgoldcross, on the Aire, and with a sta- tion on the Yorkshire and Lancashire railway, 21 m. S.S.W. York. Area of pa. 4,790 ac. Pop. 9,851. Area of bor. 1,860 sq. m. ; pop. 10,688. It is well built, with open streets. Principal edi- fices, the town hall, with a jail and court house, the mkt. cross, pa. church, dating from the time of Henry i. ; a Rom. Catholic & other dissenting chapels ; a grammar school, which has the right to send candidates for Lady E. Hastings' exhibi- tions at Queen's college, Oxford ; several other schools, and almshouses. The famous castle of Pomfret, in which Richard ii. died, and where Rivers, Grey, and Vaughan were put to death by order of Richard in., is now in ruins, & its pre- cincts are partly converted into garden ground. Ann. rev. of charities, 480Z. The town has sev- eral public libraries and news-rooms. Trade chiefly in corn, malt, filtering stones, and garden produce, the last sent to York, and many large towns of the co. Corp. rev. (1848) 305i. Mlit., Saturday, and fortnightly for cattle. Pontefract sends two members to House of Commons. Reg. electors (1848) 666. PoNTELAND, a pa., Engl., CO. Northumberland, 7i m. N.N.W. Newcastle. Ac. 16,490. P. 1,094. PoNTE Lagoscueo, a town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., 4 m. N. Ferrara, with a free port, and ex- tensive transport trade on the Po. Pop. 2,140. PoNTELANDOLEO, a town of Naples, prov. Mo- lise, 19 m. S. Campobasso. Pop. 4,000. PoNTELCNGO, a mlct. town of Lombardy, deleg. and 6m. N.N.E. Pavia. — The canal of Pontelungo connects Bovolenta with the Brenta. PoNTESBUET, 3, pa. of Engl., CO. Salop, 7 m. S.W. Shrewsbury. Area 9,810 ae. Pop. 1,489. Ponte-Stura, a vill. of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. Alessandria, prov. and 5 m. W.N.W. Casale, on the Po, at the influx of the Stura. Pop. 3,841. PoNTEVEDBA, Pons-Vctus, utoviTi of Spain, cap. prov. Pontevedra, on the Lerey, near its mouth, in the Bay of Pontevedra, & 13 m. N.N.E. Vigo. Pop. (1846) 4,649. It is surrounded by walls, and has manufs. of woollen cloth, cotton velvet, mus- lins, hats, and leather. The port is commodious PON 1040 PON for small vessels, & it has a brisk coasting trade, with an extensive pilchard fishery. PoNTEVioo, a mitt, town of Lombardy, deleg. and 19 m. S.S.W. Brescia, on the Oglio. P. 6,000. PoNTFAEN, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 6 m. E.S.E. Fishguard. Pop. 62. PoNTiAO, a vill. and tnshp., U. S., N. America, Michigan, on the Clinton, 25 m. N.W. Detroit, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. of vill. 1,000; do. of tnshp. 1,904. PoNTiANAK, the principal of the Dutch settle- ments on the W. coast of Borneo, in a marshy tract on the 1. b. of the river Capuas, near its mouth, lat. 0° 3' S.., Ion. 109° 20' E. P. of town and dist.(1832)19,115, of whom 10,000 were Malays, and 2,000 Chinese. It has a fort, and exports diamonds, pepper, gold dust, and edible birds' nests. It was settled by the Dutch in 1823. PoHTioBLi,i,a vill. of Naples, prov. & 4 m. E. of Naples, with 4,700 inhabs., chiefly employed in cultivating vegetables for the supply of the cap. Jn its neighbourhood are several handsome villas. Pontifical States, or States of the Chdeoh (Ital. Stati Pontiflcii), a country of Italy, com- prising the central part of the peninsula, beween fat. 41° 12' and 44° 59' N., and Ion. 10° 50' and 13° 55' E. ; bounded E. by the Adriatic, S. and S.E. by the kingdom of Naples, W. by the Me- diterranean, Tuscany, and Modena, and N. by the kingdom of Lombardy & Venice, cap. Rome. In 1832 the state was divided into 20 provs. The cap. and its dist. is called the Comarca; the 6 lega- tions were governed each by a cardinal, and the 13 delegations by a prelate. Area and pop. as follows : — Xegations and nelegationa. Sq. miles. Pop. (1843). Soma and its comiivci, . 8S0 310,233 LEOATIOlfS. Bologna, .... 1,429 348,652 Perrarn, 1,069 218,780 Forli, .... 1,190 203,315 Ravenna, .... 903 168,413 Urbino and Fegaro, 1,689 237,!I66 VeUetri, .... 334 57,517 DELEG ATIONB. Aneona, . 643 166,114 Macerata and Camerino, 1,429 264,030 Fermo and Aecoli, 1,036 188,333 Perupia, .... 1,753 810,316 Spoleto and Bieti, Titerbo and Civita Tecchia, . 1,365 188,471 1,845 144 988 Orvieto .... 648 2e,141 Frusiiione, 1,323 141,930 Benevento, 89 23.910 Total, 17,494 2,S9S,116« * Excluding about 10,000 Jews, the p 1819itwasestim.at!!,592,329i 183S, S op IsonlyapF i-oximate. In 732,436; &1 S38, 2,771,336. The territory, S. of the principal chain of the Apennines, is watered by the Tiber and its afflu- ents the Chiana, Topino, Nera, and Teverone, which flow S.W. to the Mediterranean, N'. of the Apennines, it is watered by the Lamone, Savio, Marecchia, Metauro, Esino, Musone, Po- tenza, Chieuti, and Tronto, small torrents from the Apennines ; and the N. frontier is traversed by the chief branch of the Po : all tributaries to the Adriatic. The principal lakes are those of Perugia, Bolsena, Albano, and Bracciano; and the marshes of Comaochio, and Pontine marshes. The territory is traversed longitudinally by the chain of the Apennines, of which the highest ^oiut, within its limits, is Monte Velino, 8,210 tcet. In the N., it comprises part of the great plain of the Po, and in the S.W. the un'dulating plain called the Campagna di Boma, termihating; in the Pontine marshes, noted for insalubrity. The climate varies greatly in different quarters. In the legations, situated on the N. of the Apen- nines opposite the snow-clad Alps, the winter is severe, while in the S. the climate is very mild, except in the mountain districts ; and the region of the Campagna of Rome would be a blooming garden, but for the fatal effects of the miasma, which forces the cultivators of the soil to seek refuge at night in the few scattered towns near ita borders. The mean temp, of the year at Rome is 60° .4 ; warmest month 76° ; coldest month 45° Fahr. The soil is generally fertile, but neglect- ed ; it is calculated that only l-3d of the super- fices is under cultivation ; much of the surface affords excellent pasturage, which is occupied by great herds of buffaloes. Considerable flocks of sheep and many horses are reared ; great num- bers of hogs roam in the forests of the Apen- nines. Agriculture is conducted in a very slo- venly manner, and the implements are of the rudest kind. The chief crops are wheat, maize, pulse, hemp, wine, oil, and tobacco ; oats, barley, and rye are grown in the N. legations ; in this extreme S, sugar, indigo, and cotton, are culti- vated to a small extent, and cork trees are nu- merous. The wines are of inferior quality. Chestnuts form a considerable article of food. There are in the states mines of iron, lead, sul- phur, alum, vitriol, and other volcanic products, but they are all nearly vinproductive, except the sulphur mines near Rimini. Salt is made in the lagoons Ostia, Comacohio, and Cervia, to the amount of more than 84,000,000 lbs. annually. The fisheries are mostly conducted by the inhabs. of the Kingdom of Naples. Manuf. industry is confined to the large cities and for home consumption ; it comprises silks, leather, gloves, paper, musical strings, iron and glass wares, a few cotton goods at Rome, crape and sausages at Bologna, cor- dage, soap, cream of tartar, and glue. Com- merce limited, and conducted chiefly with the Me- diterranean states. In the Pontif. sta. there were, in 1845, 9 archbishoprics, 52 bishoprics, 13 ab- bacies, 1,824 monasteries, & 612 convents. Secu- lar clergy were estim. at 35,000, monks 1 0,000, nuns 8,000. Education is conducted in universities, colleges, seminaries, and elementary schools. The seats of the seven universities are Bologna, the most ancient & celebrated in Italy, Rome, Peru- gia, Ferrara, Camerino, Urbino, and Macerata, the last 4 founded in 1824; in 1841 these were attended in all by 2,400 students. The propor- tion of students in the state schools was only 1 in 50. No general provision is made for the education of the lower orders, and the instruc- tion imparted is very inferior in quality. The government was, till recently, an absolute elec- tive monarchy; the Pope chosen by the col- lege of cardinals from their own body, was at the same time the head of the universal Romish church, and a temporal sovereign. Pre- vious to the 7th century, the popes were only bishops of Rome; the basis of their temporal power was laid by the successive donations of Pepin, Charlemagne, and the emperor Henry in., but was consolidated only in the 16th century. At the French revolution of 1790, the popes lost their possession of Avignon and Venaissin, and in 1797 their domain was further diminished by the legations ceded to the Cisalpine republic. In 1808, Napoleon divided the other states between the kmgdom of Italy and the French empire, but in 1814, all these territories were restored to the PON 1041 POO Pope, except Avigrion. In 1847, Pope Pius ix. established a constitutioDal parliameDt, consist- ing of 99 deputies popularly elected, but the re- Tolation of 1848, which commenced by the assas- sination of Count Kossi, 15th November, has overturned these arrangements. At present (1850) there is no settled government, the pope is absent from his dominions, and affairs m Rome are conducted partly by cardinal legates, and partly by the Fi-ench military authorities. The papal forces were governed by a board, whose head was a prelate ; in 1846 they compris- ed 14,630 men, including the Swiss guard raised in 1802; the merchant marine amounted, in 1840, to 1,234 vessels, of which 90 were engaged in foreign commerce, the others were coasters and fishing craft. Public revenue derived from taxes on land and provisions, customs, and lot- teries, amounted in 1843 to 7,080,000 Koman scudi ; expenditure 7,934,000 scudi ; deficit 854,000 scndi. The interest of the public debt absorbed 38 per cent, of the income. Pontine Marshes, Paludi Pontine, a. vast marshy tract of Italy, in the S. portion of the Campagna di Koma, extending along the coasts of the Mediterranean, from Cisterna on the N., to Terracina on the S., a distance of 25 m. It is traversed by the road from Rome to JSaples. From the time of the Roman republic, great ef- forts have been made to drain this tract, but its drainage is not yet completed. The region is highly fertile, but extremely pestilential. PoNTisERiGHT, a pa. of Engl., CO. Essex, 6J m. W.N.W. Colchester. Area 1,130 ac. Pop. 429. PoNTivT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Morbihan, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Blavet, 30 m. N.N.W. Vannes. Pop. 4,685, chiefly employed in manufacturing Brittany cloths, leather, and iron tools, and in agricultural produce. It was cap. of the anc. duchy of Rohan, and for some time bore the name of Napoleonville. PoNToisE, a comm. and town of France, cap. arrond., dep. Seine-et-Oise, & 19 m. N.W. Paris, on rt. b. of the Oise, near the N. railway. Pop. 4,503. It has manufs. of chemical products. Many of the kings of France resided here. It was taken by the English in 1419 and in 1437. Ponton, two pas. of England, co. Lincoln. — I. (Greaf), 4 m. N. Colsterworth. Area 2,930 ac. Pop. 469. — 11. (Little), a pa., same co., 2J m. S.S.E. Grantham. Area 1,490 ac. Pop. 212. PoNTBEMOLi, a town of Tuscany, prov. Flo- rence, at the S. declivity of the Apennines, 23 m. N.W. Carrara. Pop. 4,000. It is divided into an upper and lower town ; the former is enclosed by massive fortifications, and defended by an old castle ; the latter is modem, and adorned by many handsome mansions. It has a cathedral, & con- siderable industry in weaving silks and linens. Pon'tvpool, a mkt. town of England, co. Mon- mouth, pa. Trevethin, 8 m. N.N."W. Newport, with which it is connected by railw. Pop. 2,865, employed in large coal & iron works. It is pic- turesquely situated, but irregularly built. PoNZA, the chief of a group of small isls. in the Mediterranean Sea, Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, 29 m. S.W. Terracina. Lat. 40° 63' N., Ion. 12° 57' 5" E. Length, N. to S., 4 m. by about I m. in breadth. It has a commodious & well de- fended harb., governor's house, aevl. store houses. Pop. 1,500, engaged in fisheries and salt works. The other islands are uninhabited. — Ponzone is a vill. of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. Alessandria, prov. and 10 m. S. Acqui. Pop. of comm. 3,177. Pool (South), a pa, of Engl., co. Devon, 4 m. S.E. Kingshridge. Area 2,260 ac. Pop. 565. PooLA JEE, a town of Beloochistan, prov. Cutoh- Gundava, on the route between the Indus & the Bolan Pass. Lat. 29° 3' N., Ion. 68° 30' E. Poole, a pari, and munic. bor., seaport town, and pa. of Engl., and a co. of itself, in the co. Dorset, on a peninsula at the N. side of Poole harbour, 6i m. S. Wimborne, and with a station on tlie London and S.W. railway, 18 m. E. Dor- chester. Area of town, co., and pa. 170 ac. Pop. 6,093. Area of pari. bor. 6,040 ac. Pop. 8,849. Its newer streets and houses are respectable ; the older parts of the town are mean. Principal buildings the church, a modem structure, a chapel of ease and some dissenting chapels, the guild- hall with the jail, the exchange, custom-house, public library, & union workho. The town-pen- insula is mostly bordered by spacious quays, close to which vessels drawing 14 ft. water can anchor; and the town has an extensive and increasing commerce with the Brit. Amer. colonies, a coast- ing trade, and exports of com to London, and of about 120,000 tons of Purbeck clay to the Staffordshire potteries. Reg. shipping of port (1847) 13,716 tons. Customs' rev. (1846) 8,856/. Corp. rev. (1847) 1,908/. Markets Monday and Thursday. Poole returns two mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 522. — Poole harbour is an mlet in the Engl, channel 6 m. in length, 4 m. in greatest breadth, and having S. the Isle of Pur- beck. At its entrance, } m. across, is a shifting sand bar with only 15 ft. w£tter at high tide ; near this are some extensive beds of oysters. The tide here ebbs and flows twice in the 12 hours, owing to geographical peculiarities in the position of the harbour. PooLE-EwE, a quoad sacra pa. of Scotl., on the W. coast of Ross-shire, disjoined from Garioch pa. in 1833 ; length 20 m., breadth 12 m. P. 2,529. Poole-Kbynes, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 7 m. N.E. Malmesbury. Area 1,110 ac. Pop. 184. PooLKE, a ruined town of Afghanistan, prov. Seistan, on the Helmund, lat. 30° 45' N., Ion. 62° 20' E., its remains covering an area of 16 sq. m. PooiOEOON, & PooLovPAT, two of the Banda islands, Asiatic Archipelago, W. Banda. PooNAH, a dist. of Brit. India, presid. Bombay, enclosed by the dists. Ahmednuggur & S. Concan, with S. and E. the Sattarah and Nizam's doms. Area 8,281 sq. m. P. 550,000. Surface mntnous. but interspersed with well watered valleys, and the climate is more suitable to Europeans than in most parts of India. Land rev. (1827-8) 151,632?. Besides Poonah the cap., it comprises the towns Paidgaon, Seroor, &o Poonah, cap. above dist., on a tributary of the Beemah, 76m. S.E. Bombay. Pop. from 80,000 to 90,000, but its garrison com- prises about 16,000 more. It stands about 2,000 ft. above the sea, is an agreeable place and rising in importance ; streets clean and uniform, and roads in vicinity much improved. The Peishwa's palace, environed by a large unfinished fort, was mostly destroyed by fire in 1827, but a part re- mains and now serves for a prison : here are also other native palaces, a Hindoo college, the church, a good library, military bazaar, civil hospital, bar- racks, arsenal, and the various gov. ofilc(is : the cantonments, where 127 infantry regin\ents are generally quartered, are on an elevated si^e'W.- ward. East of the city is a cave temple of Siva. Pooka, a town of W. Beloochistan, in the desert, 110 m. E.N.B. Bunpoor, with 2,000 inhabitants, whose chief wealth is in dates. ' PooBALLT, a river of Beloochistan, prov. Lus, enters Sonmeanee bay, Indian Ocean, 60 m. N.E. Kurrachee, after a S.ward course of about 100 m. The towns Belah and liyaree are on its banks. 3u POO 1042 FOB PooBBDNDEK, a marit. town of Hindostan, Bar- ocla dom., on the S.W. coast of the Gujerat pen- insula. Lat. 21° 39' N,, Ion. 69° 48'^E. It is large and populous, and is the commercial em- porium of the Gujerat peninsula. FooBEE, a marit. town of British India, presid. Bengal, diat. and 49 m. S. Cuttack, resorted to for sea-bathing by inhabs. of Calcutta, but mostly noted for its great temple of Juggernauth. FooKSTOCK, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 5 m. N.E. Bridport. Area. 3,680 ac. Pop. 1,090. FoORTON (Nobth), a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 3 m. S.E. Beaminster. Area 1,450 ac. F. 112. FooBUNDEB, a town of British India, presid. Bombay, dist. and 20 m. S.S.E. Foonah. FooBUNPOOB, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, Upper provs., dist. and 48 m, E.N.E. Bareily. FoosHKUB, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, Upper provs., dist. and 4 m. W. Ajmere. It is a celebrated place of Hindoo pilgrimage. PooxE (La), a comm. & mkt.-town of France, dep. and 24 m. E.N.E. Mayenne. Fop. 3,352. PooTO, or Poo-teon-Chan, a small rocky isl. off the E. extremity of Chusan, China sea. It has numerous temples and monasteries of Buddhist priests, many very richly ornamented, and good Causeways are carried over all parts of its surface. FoPA, an isl. of the Malay Archlp., 100 m. S.E. Gilolo, 50 m. in circumference. PoPATAN, a city of S. Amer., New Granada, cap. dep. Cauca, in a fertile plain near the Cauca river, and 6,000 ft. above the ocean ; lat. 2° 28' 38" N., Ion. 76° 36' W. Pop. 20,000. It is regularly laid out and well built ; has a cathedral, numer- ous public edifices formerly conventual, a mint, and'two bridges across an afil. of the Cauca. Its inhabs. are mostly mulattoes and negroes. It had formerly a large trade in the precious metals, but its commerce is now principally in rural produce. It was founded in 1537, and the first city built by Europeans in this region of America. Popedom, Italy. [Pontificai. States.] FoPEBiNGHE, a town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, cap. cant., on a canal near the French frontier, 6 m. W.S.W. Tpres. Pop. (1842) 10,461. Principal edifice a handsome town hall. It has manura. of lace, linens, and woollen cloths. FopHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 7^ m. S.W. Basingstoke. Area 1,670 ac. Fop. 99. FoFLAB, a suburban pa. of the metropolis of Engl., CO. Middlesex, with a station on the Lon- don and Blackwall railway, 4 m. E.S.E. St Paul's, London. Fop. 20,342. It comprises theE. & W. India docks, has numerous places of worship, schools and charities, alms-houses for the widows of servants of the E. India Company, and yards for ship-building. [Blackvpall, Does (Isle of).] Fopo, a dist. of Guinea nominally included in the territory of Dahomey, with two coast towns or Tills., Great and Little Fopo. — Great Popo is sit. between the sea and a backwater or inlet, IS m. W. Whydah. Lat. 6° 16' N., Ion. 1° 54' E. Pop. 6,000, including many Spaniards and Portuguese. It has some manufs. of cotton goods and earthen- wares, but is chiefly noted for its traffic in slaves. — The Popo Isles, Asiatic Archip., are between Gilolo and Papua, lat. 1° 15' S., Ion. 129° 45' E. The largest island, Fopo, is 50 m. in circ, and produces sago, cocoa nuts, and salt. Popocatepetl {Mex. the smoking mountain), an active volcano of the Mexic. confed., state and 35 m. S.W. La Fuebla. It is a truncated cone, rising to 17,720 ft. above the sea. Princip. con- stituent porphyritic obsidian. Forests cover its base, but at 12,693 ft. in height, vegetation cesises. and beyond this its slope is a desert of volcanic sand and pumice, mostly covered with snow. PoPOLi, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo-Ult. II., dist. and 8 m. N.N.W. Sulmona, on the Fes- cara, with two handsome churches, pop. 3,200. PoppELAO, a vill. of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 14 m. N.W. Oppeln.onthePrinitza. Pop. 2,266 Poppelsdorf, a vill., Rhenish Prussia, 1 m. S.W. Bonn, and having the botanic garden, museum, and laboratory of its university, with porcelain and carpet factories. Pop. 1,180. Poppenhaosen, and Poppenlaoee, two vills. of Bavaria. — I. circ. Lower Franconla, 6 m. N.W. Schweinfurt, with 1,179 inhabs. — II. on an affl. of the Saale, 4 m. E.S.E. Miinnerstadt. Fop. 1,249. Poppi, a town of Tuscany, prov. and 26 m E. Florence, on the Arno. Fop. of comm. (1845) 6,654. It has a handsome palace, formerly of the Guidi family, a celebrated abbey, Augustine con- vent, three churches, an hospital, public library, and theatre, with many handsome private houses. Foppletow (Netheb), a pa. of Engl., co. and 4 m. N.N.W. York, with a station on the E. and W. York railway. Area 1,150 ac. Fop. 336. FoPBAD, a river of N. Hungary, co. Zips, an affi. of the Dunajec, length 35 m. ; on it is the town of Foprad. IDeutschendorp.] PoEA, two islands of the Asiatic Archip., off the W. coast of Sumatra, between lat. 1° and 2° 30' S., and Ion. 98° 30' and 100° E. ; the most S. or Se-Fora is 40 m. in length by 16 m. in greatest breadth; and N. Fora or Se Beroo, 60 m. in length by 30 m. across. FoBAMTJSHiB, One of the Kurile islands in the Pacific Ocean, belonging to Russia, 35 m. S. Kamtschatka. Length N. to S. 60 m. ; breadth 20 m. Surface hilly and bare of timber. It ex- ports large numbers of fox, otter, and wolf skins. PoKCA, a marit. town of S. India, dom. Tra- vancore, on the Malabar coast, 70 m. N.W. Triv- anderum. Lat. 8° 16' N., Ion. 76° 24' E. It is populous and inhabited by many Mohammedan, Hindoo, and Christian merchants. Here the Dutch had formerly a factory. Pokohesteb, a vill. of Engl. [Foetchestee.] FoECHOv, a town of Russia. [Foekhov.] FoBco, a mntn. knot of the Bolivian Andes, in lat. 19° 46' S., Ion. 65° 30' W. Height 16,000 ft. From this mntn. the Incas derived a large amount of silver, and here was the first mine wrought by the Spaniards after the conquest of Peru. Near it is the town of Porco 20 m. S.W. Potosi. PoBonNA (Obulco), a town of Spain, prov. and 21 m. W.N.W. Jaen. Fop. (1845) 6,272. It has a palace belonging to the order of Calatrava, and manufs. of woollen-cloth, serges, and soap. FoBDENONE, a towu of Austrfau Italy, deleg. and 28 m. W.S.W. Udine. Fop. 6,000. It has an active trade in wine and com. ' FoBDio, a comm. & mkt.-town of France, dep. Cotes-dn-Nord, 6 m. N.W. St Brienc. P. 4,394. FoEE, a town of S. Amer., New Granada, dep. Boyaca, on an affl. of the Meta, 114 m. N.E. Bogota. FoRENTEUv (Germ. Bruntrui), a town, Switzer- land, cant. & 38 m. N.W. Bern, near the French frontier. Pop. 2,600. It has tanneries, brewer- ies, and a mauuf. of woollen cloth. In 1793-4 it was cap. of the French dep. Mont Terrible, and was afterwards comprised in the dep. H. Rhin. FoRBTOHiE, or FoEiETCHf , a town of Russia, gov. and 40 m. N.N.W. Smolensk. Fop. 2,000. FoEETTA, a vill. of N. Italy, Pontifical States, deleg. and 30 m. S.W. Bologna. Pop. 2,600. It has well frequented sulphur baths. POR 1043 POK PoBETZK, a mkt.-town of Russian Poland, gov. Volhynia, 15 m. S.E. Vladimir. Pop. 1,550. PoBiNGLAJTD, two pas. of Engl., CO. Norfolk.— I. {Great), Si m. S.S.E. Norwich. Pop. 520.— IT. (Little), 6 m. S.S.E. Norwich. Pop. 57. United area 1,740 ac. PoBKA, an island of Russia, in L. Peipus, well wooded, and having several villages. PoRKHOV, a town of Russia, gov. and 43 m. E.S.E. Pskov, cap. circ, on the Shelon, a tribut- ary of Lake Ilmen. Fop; 3,040. It has a castle. PoBLOCK, a mkt.-town and pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, on the Bristol Channel, 6\ m. W. Minehead. Areaof pa. 7,860 ae. Pop. 892, partly employed in fisheries. The town very small, has a harbonr and some imports of coal and lime. PoBLEZZA, a market town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 16 m. N. Como, at the N. extremity of lake Lugano. Pop. 1,000. PoBNic, a small marit. town of France, dep. Loire-Inf., cap. cant., on the bay of Bourgneuf, 26 m. W.S.W. Nantes. P. 1,324. It is frequented for its chalybeate springs and for sea-bathing. PoBO, or Pdlo Sepoea (island of good fortune), an island of the Malay Archip., off the S.W. coast of Sumatra, N.AV. the Foggy islands. It is about 40 m. in length N.W. to SJ;., by 15 m. in average breadth, and densely wooded. PoBOHUsOHiB, the most N. of the Kurile isls.. Pacific Ocean, belonging to Russia, and off the S. extremity of Kamtschatka. Lat. 30° 50' V N., Ion. 155° 26' E. Sur&ce mntnous., and abound- ing with wild animals. PoBOS, Spheeria, a small island of Greece, at the W. entrance of the gulf, and 7 m. S. the isl. of Egina. Its chief town, Poros, is celebrated as the scene of conferences, which settled the new Greek monarchy in 1828. PoBQCEBOLLEs, onc of the Hyferes islands, France, dep. Var, in the Mediterr. Length 6 m. PoBQViEB (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. Tam-et-Garonne, 8 m. W.S.W. Montan- ban. Pop. 1,437. PoBBEBA, a market town of Spain, prov. and 23 m. W.N.W. Tarragona. Pop. 1,321.— Pin 1635. Poet Lodis, the cap. town of the isl. Mauritius, at the head of a bay, on itg N. W. side, lat. 20° 9' 6" S., Ion. 57° 28' 41" E Pop. 36,000. It has a citadel, completed in 1843 ; good barracks, a new bazaar, a theatre, public library, and botanic garden ; J m. distant is an hospital on a project- ing rock. The town and harbour are strongly fortified, but the entrance to the latter is difficult, and during the hurricane months it is unsafe. — II. a maritime town of Guadeloupe, dist. Grand Terre, on the Great Cul-de-Sae, 12 m. N. Point- a-Pitre. Pop., with vicinity, 4,688. It is well built, and has a small harbour defended by forts. Poet Macquakkib, a,n inlet of E. Australia, at the mouth of Hastings river, N. of New South Wales, lat. of entrance, 31° 26' S., Ion. 162° 67' E. PoETMAnoLMAOK, a vlll. and small seaport of Sootl., cos. Ross and Cromarty, pa. Tarbet, on a peninsula S. side of the Dornoch firth, 14 m. N.N.E. Cromarty. Pop. 479, mostly employed in fishing. — Port Mary bay is a creek, stewartry Kirkcudbright, pa. Rerwick, 6 m. E.S.E. of the en- trance of Kirkcudbright bay, where Mary, queen of Scots, embarked in her night to England. Poet Mahon, Poriw^il/ag'onw, a fortified town of Spain, cap. of the isl. Minorca, Balearic isls., on its S. side, in lat. 39° 52' 32' N., Ion. 4° 20' 59' E. Pop. (1846) 13,102. It is the residence of the military governor and of the bishop of Minorca. Its port is one of the best and most commodious on the Mediterranean. Mahon was taken by the English in 1708, and by the Spaniards & French in 1766. Restored to England in 1763, it was again taken by the French & Spaniards in 1782 ; it was captured once more by the English in 1798, but ceded at the peace of 1802. Port Maeia, a seaport vill. of Jamaica, co. Middlesex, on its N. coast, 26 m. E. St Ann's. PoRTMARNOCK, a pa. of Irel., Leinster, with a station on the Dublin and Drogheda railway, 8J m. N.N.E. Dublin. Area 2,084 ac. Pop. 631. PoRTMOAK, a pa. of Scotl., CO. Kinross, betw. Loch Leven & Fit'eshire. Area 6,404 ao. Scots, mostly mntnous. Pop. 1,616. Here are the re- mains of an old and curious priory. Poet Mulqeave, a harbour on the E. side of Admiralty bay, Russian America, lat. 69° 33' N., Ion. 149° 43' W. PoBTNAHAvEN, a flshiug vUl. of Scotl., CO. Ar- gyle, at the S-W. extremity of the island Islay, pa. Kilchoman, 20 m. S.W. Port Askaig. Pop. 1,271. Opposite the vill. is a small island, with a lighthouse 150 feet above high water, in lat. 66° 41' N., and Ion. 6° 29' W. Poet Naiax, an inlet of Natal, E. Africa, lat. of cape at entrance, 29° 63' S., Ion. 31° 2' E. On the coast between it and the Cape colony are the 1st, 2d, and 3d Points of Natal, about 80 m. ■ apart.— Port D' Urban, on N. shore of this inlet, is the port of the British colony of Natal, 50 in. S.E. Pietermaritzburg. In 1844, its exports, chiefly in butter, bides, ivory, tallow, wool, and natural curiosities, amounted in value to 11,094/,, & 20 British vessels, aggregate burden 1,643 tons, cleared from the port. Value of imports from Cape Town, 40,864A ; of total imports, 41,14H. Total custom and port duties, 4,319?. 15s. Poet Nicholson, a harbour of New Zealand, in Cook's Strait, S. extremity of N. island. With Wellington on its W. side. PoETo, a city of Portugal. [Opokto.] PoETO, a prefix to the names of several places in Brazil. — I. (P.-Alegre), a city, cap. prov., S. Pedro-do-Rio-Grande, 160 m. N.N.E. Rio Grande, at the N. end of the lake of Patos. Pop. with suburbs (1845) 12,000. It was founded in 1743, by a colony from the Azores. It has an hospital and several schools. Its trade was tluur- ishing till 1835, when it was interrupted by the disturbed state of the country II. a small marit. town, prov. Bahia, 120 m. S.S.W. Porto Seguro. Pop. 1,000 III. a town in the prov. Rio-Grando. do-Norte,-190 m. W. Natal. Pop. 4,000.— IV. FOR 1046 FOR (P.-Betto), a small town, prov. Santa Catharina, lat. 27° 8' S., Ion. 63° 24' E. Pop. 2,000.— V. (P.- Calvo, formerly Som-Successo), a town in the prov. and 50 m. N.E. Alagoas. Pop. of district 8,000, engaged in agrieultm-e and the mauuf. of sugar. — VI. (P.-das-Caixas), a town in the prov. Kio-de-Janeiro, with a port on the Rio Aldeia, affl. of the Maoaju, 37 m. S. Maoaou. It is an entrep6t for the sugar and coffee of the district. — VII. {P.-das-Pearas), a town in the prov. and 47 m. X.E. Alagoas, on 1. b. of the Manguape. Pop. 3,000.— VIII. (P.-de-Moz), a marit. town, prov. Para, on r. b. of the Zlngu, at its confl. with the Amazon, 40 m. S.W. Gurupa. Pop. of dist. 4,000. -IX. {P.-Felii), a town in prov. & 50 m. W.N.W. San Paulo, on 1. b. of the Tiete. Pop. of dist. 10,000. — X. (P.-Seguro), a marit. town, prov. Esp. Santo, cap. comaroa, lat. 16° 26' 9^ S., Ion. 38° 68' W., on 1. b. of the Buranhen, at its mouth in the Atlantic. It has several hospitals and schools. Its town house was formerly a Jesuits' college, and its church is one of the oldest in Brazil. Its port, comprising the vills. Pontinha, Marcos, and Pacata, is defended by a fort. Its trade is chiefly with Bahia and Rio. PoKTO, Partus Trajamis, a ruined city & port of Italy, Pontif. Sta., comarca and 14 m. S.W. Rome, on the Tiber. Here are the basins formed by Claudius and Trajan, with remains of moles, magazines, and building docks, and traces of the ancient city. It was finally abandoned in the 9th century. FoBTO Atacames, a harbour of S. America, Ecuador, on the Pacific, 100 m. N.W. Quito. PoBTOBBiio, a quoad sacra pa., pari, and munic. bor., seaport town, & fashionable summer resort, Scotl., co. Edinburgh, pa. Duddingston, in a plain on the S. bank of the firth of Forth, with a station on the North British railway, 3 m. E. Edinburgh. Pop. of pari. bor. and town, 3,688. It has an excellent suite of hot & cold salt-water baths, assembly rooms, a branch bank, & brick- works, potteries, and glass, soap, lead, & mustard factories. The bor. unites with Leith & Mussel- burgh in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Keg. elects. (;i848) 238. The bor. was founded in 1762, and is governed by a provost and two bailies.— II. a marit. town of S. America. |T*derto-Bello.] PoKTO BuFPOLE, a vill. of Austrian Italy, gov. Venice, deleg. and 20 m. N.E. Treviso, on the W. bank of the Livenza. Porto d'Amzo, Antium, a seaport vill. of the Pontif. Sta., deleg. Velletri, on the Mediterranean, 33 m. S.S.E. Rome. Its anc. port is enclosed by two fine moles, constructed by Nero, E. of which is a modern port formed in the 17th century, but both are now choked with sand. On the acro- polis of the Volscian city is a residence of Prince Borghese, to whom the vill. belongs ; and various remains of antiquity, the principal being a large palace of Nero, in the ruins of which the famous Apollo Belvidere and Borghese Gladiator were discovered. Pokto-Ebcole, Herculis Partus, a petty town of Tuscany, prov. and 26 m. S. Grosseto, on the E. side of the peninsula of Mt. Argentaro. Poeto-Febbajo, the cap. town of Elba, Tus- cany, prov. Pisa, on the N. side of the isl. Elba. Pop. 4,426. It stands at the extremity of a tongue of land, enclosing a fine harbour, 210 feet above the sea, enclosed within fortifications, and de- fended by several batteries. It is well built, and has a government house, two large churches, a seminary, town-hall, barracks, and military hos- pital, with a few unimjportant manufs., and a large export trade in iron from mines in its vicinity. It was the residence of Napoleon from May 1814 till February 1816. PoKTo Fiso, a seaport town of N. Italy, Sard, dom., div. & 15 m. E.S.E. Genoa, en a promon- tory in the Mediterranean. Pop. of oomm. 1,338. Porto&euabo, a town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 27 m. S.W. Udine, cap. dist., at the confluence of the Lemene and Righena. P. 3,000. Porto Laqo, a small town of W. Africa, in a detached portion of British territory, on the Sierra Leone river, 60 m. E.N.E. Free- town. PoETOLE, an inland town of Istria, gov. and 20 m. S.S.E. Triest. Pop. 2,300. PoETO LoNooNE, a port and small town of the Ionian island Paxo, on its N.W. side II. a town of the island Elba, Mediterranean, on its E. side^ 6 m. S.E. Porto-Ferrajo. Pop. 1,700. Porto Magoioke, a maritime viU. of N. Italy, Pontif. Sta., leg. Ferrara, on the Adriatic, 4 m, E. Commaohio. Pop. 2,800. Porto-Maurizio, a town of N. Italy, Sard, dom., div. Nice, cap. mand., on the Mediter- ranean, prov. and 2 m. W.S.W. Oneglia. Pop. (1838) with comm. 6,481, wl;o trade in oil. Porto. Novo, a maritime town of India, be- longing to the French, on the Carnatic coast, 30 m. S. Pondicherry, and N. Tranquebar. It was formerly of considerable importance, but ruined in 1782 by Hyder Ali, whose army was in the same year defeated near it, by the troops under Sir Eyre Coote. Porto Prat a, the cap. town of the Cape Verd islands, on the S.E. coast of the island Santiago. It stands on a height, and has some good public buildings, but it is filthy, and its markets are Ul supplied. Trade chiefly in salt, orchill, & slaves, the traffic in which last is carried on to a great extent, and here the fraudulent Portuguese ship papers are prepared for the American and Spanish slavers. Porto Re, a town of Croatia, on the Gulf of Quarnero, 8 m. S.E. Fiume. Porto Reoanati, asmall fishing town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. Macerata, at the mouth of the Potenza, 4 m. S.W. Loreto. Pop. 3,052. Near it are the ruins of the ancient PotenUa. Porto Rico (Span. Puerto Rico), one of the Spanish W. India isls., between Hayti & the Vir- gin isls., lat. 17° 66' to 18° 32' N., Ion. 65° 40' to 67° 20' W., having S. the Caribbean Sea, & N. the Atlantic Ocean. Length, E. to W., 110 m. ; breadth 40 m. Area 3,750 sq. m. Pop., accord- ing to a late official report, was estimated at 600,000, comprising 60,000 slaves. Surface gene- rally undulating, and very fertile. A mountain range extends E. to W. through the island, and from their sides descend many small rivers, some of which are navigable for several leagues from the sea. Coasts indented by numerous good harbours. In 1840 about l-15th of the surface was under culture ; 14,803 acres were appropriated to the sugar cane, 80,670 do. to plantations, 40,000 do. to maize and rice, and 16,992 to cof- fee : and in the same year 414,600 cwts. of mus- covado sugar, 1,607,769 gallons of molasses, 12,165 puncheons of rum, and 260,000 cwts. of coffee, were produced. Indigo, cotton of short fibre, good tobacco, hides, cattle, dye-wood, and timber, are the other chief products. The work on the farms is effected by both free and slave labour, and the slaves are much better treated and protected than in most other colonies. Gold, copper, iron, lead, and coal, are met with, but no mines have (until very recently) beeu wrought; and only a small quantity of salt haj been procured. Manufs. are wholly insignificant. POR 1047 POR Total value of exports in 1843, 6,0fi4,905 dollars ; of imports 4,342,540 do. Trade chiefly with S^ain and the Spanish American colonies, the United States, Great Britain, & N. Germany. In 1843, 85 British sliips cleared from the ports of the island, and the exports to Great Britain and the British colonies amounted in value to 169,860/. Porto Kioo is governed by a captain-geueral, who is president of the royal audiencia, and is assisted by a junta of military officers. It is di- vided into 7 deps. Principal towns, San Juan de Porto Rico, Mayaguas, Ponea, & Guayama. Pub- lic revenue (1S32) 798,400 dollars. Porto Rico was discovered by Columbus in 1493. PoBTO Bico (San Juan de), the principal city & seaport of the above isl., on a small isl. off its N. coast. Lat. 18° 29' 0' N., Ion. 66° 7' 2' W. Pop. (1845) 11,000. It is strongly fortified, regularly laid out, well drained, and altogether one of the best and healthiest towns in the W. Indies. Principal edifices, the bishop's palace & seminary, the royal mihtai^ hospital, old govern- ment house, a large cathedral, custom-house, town-house with a fine hall, a handsome theatre, arsenal, and jail ; and the town is the seat of the government and superior courts of the island, and of a society of arts, and numerous schools. The harbour, on its W. side, is defended by the Morro castle and other forts. In 1840, the port was entered by 432 ships of all nations ; aggre- gate burden 37,294 tons. PoBTo Sal Bbt, a town of Boa Vista, Cape Verd isls., on its. W. coast. PoBTo Santo, one of the Madeira isls., Atlan- tic Ocean, 26 m. N.E. Madeira. Length 8 m. ; breadths m. Pop. (ie42) 6,000. Surface moun- tainous ; soil of volcanic origin, parched and destitute of timber ; principal products, wine of inferior quality, maize, barley, and &uits. PoBT OF Spain, the chief town of the island of TVinidad, on its W. coast, near the mouth of the Carony river. Fort St David being in lat. 10° 38' T N., Ion. 61° 32' W. Pop. (1839) 11,693. It is one of the handsomest towns in the W. In- dies, being built wholly of stone or brick, and having wide thoroughfares, Protestant and Ro- man Catholic churches, Presbyterian and Metho- dist chapels, a good harbour, and an active trade, especially with Colombia. Near it are St James's barracks, built in one of the most pestilential spots in die island. Pobto-Vecchio, a fortified town of the isl. Corsica, cap. cant., on an inlet of its E. coast, 15 m. N.N.E. Bonifacio. Pop. 2,016. It has the best port in the island, but it is so unhealthy, owing to adjacent salt-marshes, that its inhabi- tants mostly leave it during the summer months. Pobto-Venebe, a town and port of N. Italy, Sard, dom., div. and 44 m. S.E. Genoa, on a marble rock, at the S. extremity of the promon- tory forming the W. boundary of the Gulf of Spezzia, and separated only by a narrow channel from the island Palmaria. Pop. of comm. 2,294. It has a small port defended by a battery, and an active anchovy fishery. Pobt-Patbick, a seaport town, burgh of bar., and pa. of Scotland, co. Wigtown, on the Irish Channel, 6^ m. S-S-W. Stranraer. Area of pa. about 16 sq. m. Pop. 2,043 ; do. of town 996. Town enclosed by hills, in a semicircular form, is regular and well built ; derives its present im- portance from being the nearest port to Ireland. Its harbour, protected by two piers, has a light- house, and two government steam-packets ply between it and Donaghadee. Port-Patrick was long femous as the " Gretna Green " for Ireland. It has no manufs., but many of its inhabitants are engaged in the cod-fishery. Post Phillip, a bay of the S. coast of Aus- tralia. Lat. of Point Sfepean at its entrance 38* 18' S., Ion. 144° 42' T E. Length and breadth about 35 m. each ; entrance nearly 2 m. across, and it is capable of receiving all the navies of civilized nations. Alight-house has been erected 2 m. within its entrance. At its W. side is an inlet, near the head of which is the town Geelong ; and on its N. side it receives the Yarra-yarra river, on the banks of which is the town Mel- bourne, cap. the colony of Victoria, to which Port Phillip, until lately, gave name. [Viotobia.] PoBT Plate, a seaport town of Hayti, cap. arrond., on the N. coast, 12 m. N.W. Santiago. PoBT Raffles, Australia. [Raffles Bat.] PoBTBEE, a maritime vill. and pa. of Scotland, CO. Inverness, the pa. comprising the E. part of the island of Skye, and the isls. Rasay, Rona, & Fladda. Area about 41,900 ac. Pop. 3,574, of whom 610 are in the vill., which stands at the head of Loch Portree, and is cap. of the Skye group of the Hebridean islands. It has a neat church, a jaU, a branch bank, a good harbour, and exports of cattle, sheep, wool, kelp, salted herrings, pickled salmon, and dried cod and ling. Pobt-Repdblicain (Pobt-au-Pbince), the cap. city, and principal seaport of Hayti, on its W. coast, at the head of the bay of Gonaives. Lat. 18° 36' N., Ion. 72° 18' W. Pop. 20,000 (?). It is partially fortified, irregularly built, and chiefly of wood. Principal edifice, the palace of the state, which has some architectural excel- lence, the church, arsenal, mint, lyceum, mili- tary hospital, & courts of law. The vicinity is marshy, and climate unhealthy. Harbour safe, except during the hurricane months, from August to November. Markets pretty well supphed. It is the seat of all the superior courts in Hayti, and of most part of its foreign trade. In 1841, 146 ships, aggregate burden, 22,580 tons, entered its ports with cargoes to the reg. value of 275,424?. PoBT RovAL, a fortified town of Jamaica, co. Surrey, at the extremity of a long sandy tongue of land, which bounds Kingston harbour on the S., 3 m. S.W. Kingston. Lat. of Fort Charles 17° 66' (T N., Ion. 76° 61' W. It has a royal naval dock-yard, naval hospital, and barracks. PoBTKusH, a small seaport town of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Antrim, at the extremity of a nar- row peninsula, near the Skerry islands, and 5 m. N. Coleraine. Pop. 630. It is neatly built, and is resorted to for sea-bathing ; it has a well pro- tected harbour, and is frequented by the steamers plying between the N. coast of Ireland, and the Clyde and Mersey. Pobt-Sainte-Mabie, a comm. and town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, cap. cant., on the Garonne, 11 m. W.N.W. Agen. Pop. 1,818. It has a small port, and manufs. of leather. PoBTSDOWN Hill, Engl., co. of Hants, extends along the coast for 7 m. E. to W. opposite the islands Portsea and Hayling, and the harbours of Langston and Portsmouth : height 600 ft. It is an open down commanding fine views. Pobtsea, a pa. and town of Engl., co. Hants, the pa. comprising most part of the island Port- sea, with an area of 4,980 ac. ; pop. 43,678. The town, facing Portsmouth harbour, on the "W. side of the island immediate^ N. Portsmouth, is re- gularly fortified on the E., entered by two noble gates, and comprises some good, with many in- ferior, thoroughfares, 3 chapels of ease, numerous dissenting places of worship, the engineering de- pot for the S.W. of Engl., and Portsmouth dockr POR 1018 POK yard, which occupies more than l-3d. of the space within the walls. Portsea pa. church is at King- ston IJ m. distant. — Portsea-Island lies between Portsmouth and Langston harbours, separated at its N . extremity irom the mainland by a narrow channel crossed by a bridge and by the S. coast & S.W. railways. Length and breadth 4 m. each. Pop. 53,269. Surface level and generally very fertile ; shores marshy from N.W. roimd to E. All its S.W. half is occupied by the towns Ports- mouth and Portsea with their suburbs, besides which, it contains the hamlets Fratton, Milton, Copnor, Kingston, and Hilsea, — the last in the pa. of Wymering, the rest in that of Portsea. Poet-Seatoh, a thriving vill. of Scotl., oo. Haddington, pa. Tranent, on the Firth of Forth, 2 m. E. Prestonpans. Pop. 270, employed in oil- cake factories, salt-works, and a fishery. PoBx Sib Francis Dbaki;, Upper California, is a little W. of Port San Francisco, lat. 38° N., Ion. 122° 50' W. PoBTSKEWETT, 3, pa. of Engl., CO. Monmouth, ii m. S.S.W. Chepstow. Area 950 ac. Pop. 197. PoBTSLADE, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 4 m. W.N.W. Brighton. Area 2,780 ac. Pop. 678. Portsmouth, a pari, and munic. bor., fortified seapoii} town, pa. and the princip. naval station of Engl., CO. Hants, hund. Portsdown, at the S.W. extremity of Portsea island, and at the entrance to its famous harbour, 22 m. S.E. Southampton, 95 m. S.W. London, on the Brighton and S. coast railway, besides which, it is reached by a branch of the London and S.W. railway. Lat. of obser- vatory 50° 48' 0" N., Ion. 1° 16' W. Area of bor., including also the town and pa. of Portsea, 5,090 ac. Pop. 53/)27. Area of pa. 110 ac. Pop. 9,354 The town, which is the most perfect fortress in Great Britain, is enclosed by bastioned ramparts, faced with masonry, planted with elms, surround- ed by trenches and out-works, and entered by 4 carriage ways. It has a good main street, and much of the town is well built and improving, though many of its bye streets are of a very inferior character, and its houses and public buildings are nearly all of brick. On its W. side is an insular quarter termed the "Point," bound- ing its commercial port, and a seat of very active traffic in time of war : in this quarter, facing the mouth of the harbour, some very extensive ad- ditions have been recently made to the fortifica- tions between the " Platform" and the " Round Tower." Princip. buildings Within the walls are the pa. church with a cupola and vane 120 feet in ht. ; garrison, Wesleyan, independent, & unitarian chapels ; gov.-house, town hsJl and jail, new mkt.- honse, marine and other extensive barracks, the buildings of the philosophical society, new alms- houses, Green-row ball-rooms, the theatre, work- house, and some large breweries. The town of Portsea forms its N. suburb, separated from it by the mill-dam creek, but enclosed within an ad- ditional hne of fortifications connected with those of Portsmouth. [Portsea.] Within this town is the naval dock-yard, eontaming basins, wet and dry docks, large warehouses, anchor forges, iron and copper mills, rope-houses, and every depart- ment necessary in the construction and outfit of ships of war. In the dock-yard are also the royal naval college, a chapel, and the residence of the port-admiral; the area, added to it on the N. E., is intended partly for the formation of building docks for war-steamers ; upwards of 2,000 workmen are employed in this yard. Be- tween the dock-yard ancl the town of Ports- mouth is the gun-wharf or arsenal, containing an armoury with 20,000 stand of small arms, ex- tensive artillery and ammunition depots, and good quays bordering on the harbour. E. of the town ramparts and out-works, are Southsea com- mon and the suburb of Southsea, now frequented in summer as a watering place ; on the shore facing Spithead and the Isle of Wight are South- sea castle, and farther E.ward Cumberland and some other forts, which, with Blockhouse and Monckton forts on the mainland S.W., protect Spithead and the approach to the harbour. Besides Portsea and Southsea, the large suburb of Landport, which extends almost to the centre of Portsea isl., is included in the bor., on the extreme limits of which are the barracks of Tipner and Hilsea. Haslar hospital and the victualling de- partment at Gosport, are dependencies of this port. Public institutions comprise a free gram- mar school, St Paul's academy, a mechanics' in- stitution, savings bank, general hospital, female penitentiary. Portsmouth communicates with Chichester and London by a large canal, with Gosport by a floating bridge across the mouth of the harbour, by steam-packets with Ryde, Cowes, Southampton, Plymouth, Havre, & Dublin. Corporation revenue (1848) 2,3952. Principal imports coal, cattle, and sheep from W. Engl., com and provisions from Ireland, and timber and wines from the continent. Customs' rev. (1848) e0,577i. Reg. shipping 213 vessels, aggregate burden, 14,682 tons. Market Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 2,189. Polling place for S. division of co. — Portsmouth Harbour is an inlet of the Engl. Channel, W. of Portsea island, about 4 m. in length by 5 or 6 m. in great- est breadth. At its entrance it is only 220 yards across, but within it the whole British navy might ride in perfect security. A new basin for steam- boats was completed in 1848. It contains several small islands, and on its shores, besides the town and establishments of Portsmouth and Portsea, are Gosport, Fareham, and Portchester. Portsmouth, two seaport towns and several minor places, U. S., N. Amer I. New Hamp- shire, of which it is the largest town though not the cap., on a peninsula in rt. b. of the Piscataqua, here crossed by 2 bridges, one 1,750 ft. in length, 3 m. from the Atlantic, 88 m. E.S.E. Concord, and 52 m. N.N.E. Boston. Lat. of lighthouse 43° 3' N., Ion. 7° 43' W. Pop. 7,887. It is weU built, and has numerous churches, an athenaeum, with a library of 6,000 vols., museums, a state lu- natic asylum, court-house, jail, two mkt.-houses, various banks, & alms-houses. The harb., with 40 ft. water at low tide, is quite landlocked, and de- fended by several forts ; and on Navy island is a large and excellent U. S. navy yard. Ports- mouth has woollen manufs., tanneries, distiller^ ies, ship-building, and a considerable trade, though much of its commerce has been trans- ferred of late to Boston and Portland. Many of its inhabs. are engaged in the cod fishery. Reg. shipping (1840) 27,376 tons. — II. Virginia, cap. CO. Norfolk, at the mouth of the Elizabeth river in Chesapeake bay opposite Norfolk, and 85 m. S.E. Richmond. Pop. 6,500. It has various churches, a court-house, masonic hall, theatre, military academy, and in its suburb Gosport, a U. S. navy yard, dry dock, and naval hospital. Vessels of the largest size come up to its wharfs. It is connected by railway with Roanoke and Charleston.— III. A vill., Ohio, cap. co. on the Scioto and Ohio, 86 m. S. Columbus. P. 1,600. It has iron and nail factories IV. Rhode i,sland, 01, the N. port of the island, 7 m. N.W. Newport. FOR 1049 FOR It has valuable fisheries, a coasting trade, and mines of plumbago and coal. Portsoy, a burgh of barony and seaport town of Sootl., CO. Banff, pa. Fordyce, on the W. side of the estuary of the Durn, 6 m. E. CuUen. Fop. 1,623. It has a small hai'bour and a brisk trade in com, salted hemngs, flax, and woollen stufis. FoKT Stephens, an island of New S. Wales, CO, Gloucester, 18 m. N.E. Fort Hunter. Lat. of Baromee point 32° 40' 1' S., Ion. 152° 4' 2' E. It extends 15 m. inland ; breadth 5 m. It re- ceives the Earuah river, and on its N. bank is Carrington, the cap. co. Pobt-Stewabt, a marit. town of Irel., Ulster, CO. Londonderry, 4 in. N.N.W. Coleraiue. Fop. 603. It is frequented as a watering place. PoBT St pIbe, a comm. and mkt.-town of France, dep. Loire-lnf., 17 m. S.E. Faimboeuf. Pop. 1,826. Fobt-suk-Saone, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Saone, cap. cant., on the Saone, 7 m. N.W. Vesoul. Pop. 1,881. FoBTUDAt, a marit. vill. of W. Africa, Sene- gambia, on the Atlantic, 36 m. S.E. Cape Verd. It exports hides, ivory, and gold dust. PoBTUGAi., Lusitama, a country of S.W. Europe, forming the W. portion of the Iberian peninsula, and situated between lat. 36° 57'' & 42° 8' N., and Ion. 6° 15' and 9° 32^ W., bounded E. and N. by Spain, S. & W. by the Atlantic ocean, cap. Lisbon. Length, N. to S., 368 m., breadth 80 to 140 m. Area and pop. as follow : — ProTincea. Area in sq. miles. Population 1841. Hinho, . Boaro, Beiia (Upper & Lower), Estremadula, . Alemtejo, . Algarre, . . . 3,044 3,872 4.028 5,893 7,256 10,024 2^51 466,720 839,908 300,840 616,238 782,875 376,590 130,329 Total, . . 3S,26S 8,413,500 There is no eensna nor any means of ascertaining tlie popo- latioi) prior to 18S0. In 1822, Baibi estimated the population The surface has a general inclination from N.E. to S.W. It is traversed by several mountain ranges, chiefly prolongations of the Spanish mountains. — I. the Serra Estrella, a continuation of the Serra de Gata, highest point 7,624 feet in elevation — II. the Serra de Monchique, a con- tinuation of the Sierra Morena. N. and S. of these extend fine plains, watered bjr the Minho, the Duro, Tagus, and Ghiadiana, which enter the country from Spain, and with the Mondego and the Sadao, rising in Portugal, all flow W. to the Atlantic Ocean. The largest plain is that of Alemtejo, S. of the Tagns. There are no lakes in Portugal, but several salt marshes. The coast line, 600 m. in extent, presents along its shores many fine harbours. The climate, in general healthy, is especially so in the elevated coast regions, and on the plateaux of the interior, the exceptions are the vicinity of the salt marshes, and parts of the banks of the Tagus and Mon- dego. Mean temp, of year at Coimbra 62° ; Lis- bon 61° .3 Fahr. Rain is very abundant on the W. coast, the greatest amount falls between Oct. and April. Snow is very rare in the S provs., but falls heavily on the mountains of the N. provs. ; it lies permanently on Mount Gaviara (prov. Minho), 7,865 feet in elevation. Earthquakes occur frequently in the S., and in the vicinity of Lisbon. The soil is naturally rich, & the coun- try picturesque. Husbandry is conducted in the most slovenly manner, and there are few pas- sable roads. Wheat, barley, oats, flax, and hemp, are cultivated in the elevated tracts, rice in the lowlands, olives, oranges, lemons, citrons, figs, & almonds, in the Central and S. provs., and at the S. extremity, the American aloe, the date, and other tropical plants. The cultivation of the vine is the most important branch of industry, and the produce of the vineyards, watered by the upper Douro, termed port, is the staple export. There are extensive forests of oak in the N., chesnut in the centre, and the sea pine, kermes and cork in the S. The olive oil is of inferior quality. Mules and asses are the chief beasts of burden, oxen are used for draught in the provs. Cattle and sheep are reared in considerable numbers, but the wool is not of fine quality. Goats and hogs are numerous, and fish abound in the rivers and on the coaste. Iron, marble, and salt, are the chief mineral products; the mines of tin, lead, and antimony, are not worked. There are numerous salt marshes on the coast, and 200 mineral springs are enumerated. The manufs. are very limited, chiefly arms and porce- lain, at Lisbon, woollens at Portalegre and Fun- dao, cotton spinning at Thomar, jewellery and trinkets at Lisbon and Oporto, glass at Marinha- Grande, paper at Alemquer, silks at Braganza and at Campo-Grande, near Lisbon. The trade of the country is mostly conducted by the Eng- lish and other foreigners. The government of Portugal is a constitutional monarchy, the reli- gion of the state is Roman Catholic, but Jews are tolerated. The church is governed by a patriarch, 3 archbishops, and 14 bishops. 'The inquisition was abolished in 1821, and its enor- mous revenues have been applied to state pur- poses. Educational establishments are very de- fective, with the exception of the cap., which con- tains extensive libraries, an observatory, and several literary and scientific institutions. Por- tugal, wliich forms the greater part of the ancient Lusitania, was successively conquered by the Romans in the 2d century B.C., by the Visigoths in the 6th century, by the Arabs in 712 and 716, and afterwards by the Christians of Spain. In 1139, Alphonse Henriquez, son of Henry of Bur- gundy, having gained a victory over the Moors at Ourique, was proclaimed the first king of Por- tugal. In 1348, one half of the pop. died of the plague. The dynasty of Burgundy governed the country till 1380. About this period the coun- try rose to the highest point of political and com- mercial splendour. The Portuguese discovered the greater part of the W. & S. coasts of Africa, and the maritime route to India, and founded numerous colonies ; they also took possession of Brazil, and retained it till 1826, when it finally separated itself. On the invasion of the French in 1807, the royal family went to Brazil. From 1827 to 1833, the throne was usurped by Don Miguel; in 1836 several changes were intro- duced, and the existing constitution was estab- lished. The once flourishing and vast colonies of the Portuguese in Asia are now reduced to the small territories of Goa, Damaun, and Macao, & settlements in the islands Solor, Timor, and Mi- doro. In Africa, Portugal retains the Capitancies of Angola and Congo in S. Guinea, Mozam- bique on the E. coast, some estabs. in Senegam- bia, and the islands of Madeira, Cape Verd, Princes Island and St Thomas. Army (1849) 28,100 men, of whom only 1,800 were in active service. Navy 2 ships of the line, 6 frigates, 8 FOR 1050 POT corvettes, 11 gun brigs, 7 schooners, and 2 steamers. Rev. (1843-4) 2,214,225?. Expend. 2,819,100?. PubUc Debt (1846-V) 1,673,284?. PoBTnBAi,ETE, a, town and river port of Spain, prov. Biscay, 7 m. N.N.W. Bilbao, on the Nervion, near its entrance into the Mediterranean. Pop. 1,200. It has several batteries for the defence of the port, which belongs to Bilbao, sea-borne ves- sels not being able to go higher up the river. PoKTuouESi, a river of S. America, Venezuela, after a S.S.E. course of at least 200 m., joins the Apure at San Fernando. Principal afBs. are the Cojeda, Guanarito, and Guanaparo. PoBTUMNA, a mkt. town of Irel., Connaught, CO. Galway, 17 m. E.S.E. Loughrea. Pop. 1,643. It has a beautiful pa. church, and a brisk retail trade. Immediately S. the town is the noble de- mesne of Portumna castle, the property of the Marquis of Clanricarde. Port Vailais, Partus Vallesia, a vill. of Swit- zerland, cant. Yalais, on a fiat, formed by depo- sits of the Rhone, li m. from the Lake of Geneva, thoujfh in the time of the Romans it stood on the margin of the lake. Near it the Helvetians under Divico, defeated the Roman forces under Lucius Cassius, B.C. 107. Port Venures, Partus Veneris, a comm. and seaport town of France, dep. E. Pyrenees, on the Mediterranean, with a harbour, formed by apro- i'ecting tongue of land, 17 m. S.E. Perpignan. 'op. 1,305. Its port, protected by several forts & redoubts on adjacent heights, is deep enough for frigates, and the only place between Marseilles and Spain adapted for a harbour of refuge. Port William, a thriving vill. and seaport of Scot!., CO. and 9 m. S.W. Wigtown, on the E. coast of Luce Bay. P. 634, who trade in agricul- tural produce. It has a convenient harbour. Posadas, a town of Spain, prov. and 19 m. W.S.W. Cordova, on the Guadalquivir. P. 3,736. PoscECtA, a town of Austrian Slavonia, cap. co., on r. b. of the Orlyava, 16 m. E.N.E. Neu-Gras- diska. Pop. (1846) 6,850, who cultivate wine, tobacco, and silk. It was taken from the Turks in 1787. PosoHEGON, or PoscHEOHONJE, a town of Rus- sia, gov. and 69 m. N.W. Jaroslavl, cap. dist. Pop. 3,030. It has extensive salt magazines. PosoHiAvo (Germ. Puschlav), a small town of Switzerland, cant. Grisons, on the Italian side of the Alps, 16 m. S.W. Bormio (Valtellina). It has Rom. Catholic and Protestant churches, and an active transit trade across Mount Bemina. — The Lake of PoscMavo, immediately S.E., is 3 m. long, and IJ m. broad. PosEK (Grand Dtjoht of), or Peussiah Po- land, a prov. of Prussia, mostly betw. lat. 51° 30' and SS" 30' N., and Ion. 16° 30' & 19° E., having E. Russian Poland, S. Silesia, W. Brandenburg, and N. Prussia. Area 11,401 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,364,399, mostly Poles, of whom 2-3ds are Rom. Catholics, and the rest Protestants and Jews. Surface mostly level, and in some parts marshy. Principal rivers, the Vistula,' Netze, Warta, and Prosna, which last forms the E. frontier. It con- tains numerous small lakes. Climate healthy, but cold. The inhabs. are mostly engaged in agri- culture and cattle rearing. Flax, hemp, tobacco, hops, wool, bog-iron, and nitre, are among the principal products. Princip. manufactured goods are woollen cloth, leather, and brandy. It com- prises the two regs. of Posen and Bromberg. PosEN, a fortified city of Prussia, cap. Grand Duchy Posen, on the Warta and Lowna, and at the termination of the railway from Stettin, 100 m. E. Frankfurt-on-the-O/ler, P«p. (1846^32,000, exclusive of 4,496 military. It is walled and en- tered by 4 gates, & has a citadel on an adjacent height. Its new fortifications were begun in 1828. It has a cathedral, 23 Rom. Catholic, and 2 Pro- testant churches, & manufs. of tobacco and lear ther. Posen was cap. of anc. Poland. In 1807, it was cap. dep. in the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. Posey, a tnshp., U. S., N. America, Indiana, CO. Clay. Pop. 2,163. PosiLippo (vulg. Pausilippo), a hill of S. Italy, immediately adjoining the city of Naples, on the W., and through which a tunnel, the " Grotto of Posilippo," 2,316 feet in length, 22 do. in breadth, 89 do. in height, and of very remote antiquity, forms a part of the road from Naples to PuzzuoU. Posing, a town of N.W. Hungary, co. & 12 m. N.E. Presburg, on an afii. of the Danube. Pop. 4,960. It has celebrated mineral baths. PosLiNGEORD, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 2 m. N. Clare. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 343. PossAGNo, a vill. of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 23 m. N.W. Treviso, with 2,600 inhabs., engaged in weaving woollen cloths, in which it has an ac- tive trade. It is the birth-place of Canova, and has a temple in imitation of the Parthenon, con- taining models of his works. PossNEOK, a walled town of Central Germany, Saxe-Meiningen, principaUty and 11 m. E.N.E. Saalfeld, on an afil. of the Orla. Pop. 3,668, who manuf. woollen cloth, leather, and porcelain. PosTELBEBG, a town of Bohcmla, circ. & 8 m, N.N.E. Saatz, on 1. b. of the Eger. Pop. 988. PosTiGLioNE, a town of Naples, prov. Princip.- Cit., 27 m. S.E. Salerno. Pop. 3,700. It has an old castle, and manufs. of coarse woollen cloths. PosTLiNG, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 3 m. N.N.W. Hythe. Area 1,030 ac. Pop. 182. PosTWicK, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 4 m. E.S.E. Norwich. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 241. PoTENzA, a fortified town of Naples, cap. prov. Basilicata, on the E. declivity of the Apennines, 67 m. E.S.E. Salerno. Pop. 8,900. It has a fine cathedral of Doric architecture, 6 convents, a royal college, episcopal seminary, 2 hospitals, manufs. of serge, woollen cloth, coarse cotton goods, leather, and earthenware. — II. a small river of the Pontif Sta., rises in Monte Pennine, deleg. Perugia, flows E.N.E. about 60 m., and enters the Adriatic at Porto Recanati, 21 m. E.S.E. Loreto. PoTHfEiE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, 5 m. IJif. Cond^. Pop. 1,764. PoTi, a fort of Asiatic Russia, gov. Transcau- casia, dist. Imeretia, on the S. bank of the Rion (anc. Phasis), near its mouth in the Black Sea. It is a military post of importance, and has an export trade in wine, honey, wax, wool, silk, and skins. It was finally ceded to Russia in 1829. PoTi, or Pdti, a mercantile town of Brazil, prov. Piauhy, 120 m. N. Oeiras, on 1. b. of the Parnahiba, at the confl. of the river Poti. Potomac, a river of the U. S., N. Amer., rises by 2 heads in the Alleghany mntns., flows tortu- ously S.E., along the boundary betw. Maryland and Virginia, and enters Chesapeake bay by a mouth 10 m. in width, after a very turbulent course of 400 m., for 300 m. of which, to Wash- ington, it is navigable for ships of the line. Principal aflls., the Savage and Shenandoah. Leonard's town, Harper's Ferry, and Alexandria, are on its banks. Above Washington it is ob- structed by numerous falls and rapids, around all which canals have been constructed. PoTOSi, a dep. of Bolivia, having W. South Peru, and on other sides the deps. Oruro, Chu- quisaca, & Tarija. Estimated area 31,800 sq. in., and pop. 260,000. Surface mntnous., and fre- POT POU quently rising above the limit of vegetation. It contains tlie richest silver mines in S. America. It is divided into the provs. Chayanta, Chichas, and Porco. Chief city — Potosi, situated on the N. declivity of the Cerro de Potosi, 70 m. S.W. Chuquisaca. Elevation, 13,330 feet. Pop. 30,000; early in the 17th century, it is believed to have had from 100,000 to 150,000 inhabs. It stands on uneven ground, & has in its centre a spacious square, in which ai-e the gov. house, town house, jail, treasury, and other public offices, with some religious edifices, and an obelisk erected in 1825, in honour of Bolivar. Houses generally of stone or brick. The vicinity is barren and cheerless, and all articles of merchandise are dear. At its mint, in 1840, gold to the value of 46,066^., and alver to 520,101{., were coined The Cerro de Potosi is 18 m. in cii'cumf., with an elev. of 16,152 feet, and is rich in metallic ores. Potosi, a vill. of the U. S., N. Amer., Missouri, 111 m. E.S.E. Jefferson. Pop. about 500, mostly employed in very productive lead, iron, and cop- per mines. PoTSCHAEV (Novoi), a town of Russ. Poland, gov. Volhynia, 9 m. S.W. Bo-emenetz. P. 1,800. PoTSCHiHKi, a town of Russia, gov. & 120 m. S.S.E. Ngnii-Novgorod, on the Rndnia. Pop. 4,000. It has a large depdt for military horses. PoTfii>AM, a city of Prussia, cap. reg., and the 2d royal residence, at the confl. of the Euthe with the Havel, and on the Berlin & Magdeburg railway, 17 m. S.W. Berlin. Pop. (1846) 38,000. It is one of the finest and most regularly built towns in Germany. It consists of an old and a new town (separated by the Havel canal), and several suburbs ; partly walled, and entered by 5 land, and 4 water, gates. It has many fine build- ings, ornamented with statuary, & many elegant squares, in one of which is a marble obelisk, 76 feet high, with the names of the rulers of Prussia. Chief buildings, the royal castle & council house, the garrison church, & theatre. It has a gym- nasium, a seminary, a school for military cadets, a geographical school, and an institution for the education of orphans of the military. In 1846, its garrison had 9,424 men. It has a large manuf. of fire arms, sugar refinery, and cotton and silk mannfe. It is the birth-place of Alex, von Hum- boldt. In its immediate vicinity is the palace of Sans-souei, the favourite residence of Frederick the Great, the new palace, a splendid building in a fine park, and the Pfaueninsel, an isl. in the Havel, with a summer house, a menagerie, palm house, & flower gardens. — II. a township, U. S., N. Amer., New Tork, on Backet river, near the St. Lawrence, Pop. 4,473. POTSOBOVB, a pa. of Engl., co. Bedford, 2 m. S.S.E. Wobum. Area 1,370 ac. Pop. 294. PoTTENDOEF, a mkt. town of Lower Austria, 20 m. S. Vienna, with manufs. of cotton. P. 2,846. PoTTENSTEiw, Or BoDENSTEiN, a market town of Lower Austria, 22 m. S.W. Vienna. Pop. 700. PoTTEE, two tnshps. of the U. S., N. America. — L New Tork, near Moscow. Pop. 2,246. — II. Pennsylvania, 10 m. S.E. Bellefonte. Pop. 1,787. PoTTEB-HiNwoBiH, a pa. of Engl., co. and 6 m. E.S.E. Lincoln. Area 4,150 ac. Pop. 439. Potteries (The), several towns and villages of Engl., 00. Stafford, have this name, where china and stoneware manufs. are carried on ; comprising Stoke-upon-Trent, Hanley, Shelton, Etruria, and Fenton Cobridge, included in bor. of Stoke. PoTTEBNB,apa,ofEngl., co.Wilts,2m.W.S.W. Devizes. Area 4,260 ac. Pop. 1,762. PoTTEENEWTON, a tnshp. of Engl,, CO. York, W. Riding, pa. and 2 m. N.N.E. Leeds. P. 1,241. PoTTERspunT, a pa. of Engl., co. Northamp- ton, 64 m. S.E. Towcester. Ac. 2,820. P. 1,661. PoTTON, a pa. & small mkt. town of Engl., co. and 11 m. E. Bedford. Area 2,200 ac. P. 1,780. PoTTsviLLE, a bor. of the U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, 99 m. N.W. Philadelphia. Pop. 4,345, chiefly employed in the coal trade. FonANcf, a comm. and town of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, cap. cant., 33 m. N.W. Angers. Pop. 1,376, mostly employed in forges, blast-fur- naces, and iron-mines. PouGHiLt, two pas. of England. — I. co. Devon, 11 m. N.N. W. Exeter. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 361. Annual rev. of charities 1,000?. — II. co. Cornwall, IJ m. N.N.W. Strattou. Ac. 2,070. Pop. 472. PouoHKEBPSiE, a tushp. and vill., U.S., N. Amer., New York, cap. Dutchess CO., on 1. b. of the Hudson, 68 m. S. Albany. P. 10,006 ; of vill. 7,600. The vill. is large, and has a colle- giate school, with a fine edifice, Dutchess academy &c. Here, in 1788, the Convention met, which adopted the constitution of the United States. PoDQDEs, a comm. and mkt. town of France, with mineral baths, dep. Nievre, cap. cant., betw. hills, 7 m. N.N.W. Nevers. Pop. 1,178. PouiLLON, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Landes, cap. cant., 30 m. S.W. Mont-de- Marsan. P. 3,163. Near it is a thermal spring. PouiiLT, several comms. and towns of France. — I. ^sur Zaire), dep. Nievre, on the Loire, 22 m. N.N.W. Nevers. Pop. 2,000.-11. (sur Charlieu), dep. Loire, 7 m. N. Roanne, on the Loire. P. 1,534. — HI. {en Montagne), dep. C6te-d'-0r, cap. cant., 21 m. N.W- Beaune. Pop. 1,200. PoDiNiPETE, an island of the Pacific Ocean, Carolines, and the largest of the Seniavine group. Lat. 6° 52° N., Ion. 158° 24' E. It is about 60 m. in circumf., partly basaltic, surrounded by a coral reef, and rises in its centre to 2,860 feet in height. Surface fertile. P. about 2,000, of the Papuan race. PouLAiNES, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Indre, 21 m. N.W. Issoudun. Pop. 2,000. PouLDEROAT, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. FinistJre, 10 m. W.N.W. Quimper. Pop. 2,000. PoDLiGNT, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Indre, on the Suir, an afiluent of the Creuse, 4 m. N. Le Blanc. Pop. 2,048. PoTjLLAN, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Finistere, 15 m. W.N.W. Quimper. Pop. 2,997. PouLLAouEN, a comm. and town of France, dep. Finistere, 5 m. N.W. Carhaix. Pop. 3,680, chiefly employed in lead mines and refineries. Two mines, in the transition strata, are rich in galena, and yield annually 450 tons of metallic lead, and 1,540 lbs. of silver. PouLSHOT, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 3^ m. S.W.Devizes. Area 1,440 ac. Pop. 372. PouLTNET, two towusMps of the U. S., N. America.— I. Vermont, 62 m. S.S.W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,878.-11. New York, co. Steuben. P. 1,784. PoDLTON, a market town and pa. of Engl., co. and 17 m. S.S.W. Lancaster, on the Wyre and Preston railway. Area of pa. 16,400 ac. Pop- 7,273.-11. a pa., co. Wilts, 4f m. N. Crioklade. Area 1,410 ac. Pop. 371.— III. a township of Engl., CO. Chester, pa. Walazey. Pop. 2,446.— IV. {le Sand), a chapelry, co. and pa. Lancaster, with a station on the Itlorecambe branch of the North Western railway. Pop. 700.— V. a town- ship, same co., pa. Warrington. Pop. 693. PoDNDSTOCK, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 5 m. S.S.W. Stratton. Area 4,420 ac. Pop. 672. PouECAiN (Si), a comm. and town of France, dep. Allier, 18 m S. Moulins, cap. cant. P. 3,390. PouRBiERi:a, a coram, and town of France, dep. Var, 7 m. W.N.W. St Maximin. P. 1,820. POU 1052 PRA PoDSSAU, a comm. and town of France, dep. H^ranlt, 13 m. S.W. Montpellier. Pop. 1,931. PoD-TOHon, a city of China, prov. Shan-si, cap. dep., on an affluent of the Hoang-ho. Lat. 84° 64' N., Ion. 110° 5' E. PocTiTi, a town of Russia, gov. and 100 m. W.S.W. Koursk. Pop. 9,000. PouTBcrE, a comm. and market town of France, dep. H. Rhin, cap. cant., 13 m. W.N.W. Colmar. Pop. 2,630. PouzAUOEs, a town of France, dep. Vendfe, cap. cant., 20 m. N, Fontenay. Pop. 1,131. PoDziN (Le), a comm. and vlll. of France, dep. Ardfeche, on the Rhone, 7 m. E. Privas. P. 1,163. PoTENETZ, or PoTiEHETZ, a town of Russia, gOT. Olonetz, cap. circ, on the N. bank of L. Onega, 70 m. N. Petrozavodsk. Pop. 1,530. It has trade with St Petersburg in fish and tar. Pow, numerous sluggish streams in Scotl., the principal being the Pow of Cummertrees, co. Dumfries, traversing the W. side of the Howe of Annandale, through pas. Dalton, Ruthwell, & Cummertrees, to the Solway Firth, 3 m. W. of the Annan estuary. PowDEKHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 6 m. S.E. Exeter. Area 1,480 ac. Pop. 318. PowEBSoODRT, Or SiAGONit, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Wicklow, 3 m. W.S.W. Bray. Area 18,938 ac. Pop. 3,070. It gives the title of viscount to the Wingfield family, whose superb seat adjoins the village. Near it is a waterfall. PowioK, a pa. of Engl., co. and 2} m. S.W. Worcester. Area 6,430 ac. Pop. 1,704. Powis, the ancient British name of an eastern portion of Wales. It gives the title of earl to the Clive family, whose seat, Powis castle, is 1 m. from Welshpool. • PowNAL, two townships of the U. S., N. Amer. — I. Vermont, 107 m. S.W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,612.-11. Maine, 18 m. N.E. Portland. P. 1,210. Pownai-Fee, is a township of England, co. Chester, pa. Wilmslow. Pop. 1,895. PowNEE, a fortified town of India, Berar dom., 36 m. S.E. Nagpoor, & taken by the Brit, in 1818. PoxiM, a town of Brazil, prov. and 25 m. S.S.W. Alagoas, on r. b. of the Poxim. P. 3,000. PoxwELL, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 2 m. N. Weymouth Bay. Area 680 ac. Pop. 94. PoTAis, a river and dist. of Central America, Mosquito territory, with a settlement on the river. Lat. 16° 10' N., Ion. 85° 10' W. Po-Tano, a large lake of China, prov. Kiang- si, in Its N. part. Lat. 28° 50' to 30° N., Ion. 116° to 116° 40' E. Length 80 m. ; greatest breadth 40 m. It discharges its surplus waters N.ward ihto the Yang-tze-kiang. PoTNiNQS, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 5J m. N.W. Brighton. Area 2,120 ac. Pop. 283. PoTNTOK, a chapelry of Engl., co. Chester, pa. Prestbury, with a station on the Manchester and Macclesfield railw., 6 m. N. Manchester. P. 854. PovsDORP, a market town of Lower Austria, 26 m. N.N.E. Korneuburg. Pop. 2,500. PozA DE LA Sal, two towns of Spain. — I. prov. & 20 m. N.N.E. Burgos. Pop. 2,670 II. prov. Valladolid, 5 m. N.E. Medina^del-Campo. PozoBLANoo, a town of Spain, prov. and 32 m. N.E. Cordova, in the Sierra Morena. Pop. 6,748. It has manufs. of woollen cloths and dye-works. PozoHOJTDO, a market town of Spain, prov. & 20 m. S. Albacete. Pop. 2,820. Pozzo Bi Goto, a town of Sicily, intend. Mes- sina, 7 m. S. Milazzo. Pop. 3,500. Near it are the ruins of ancient Tyndaris. PozzoLo FoBMiGARO, a town of Sard, dom., div. and 28 m. N.W. Genoa. P. of comm. 3,721. Pozzo Maqgiobe, a vill. of the island Sardi- nia, 21 m. E.S.E. Alghero. Pop. of comm. 2,566. PozzooLi, Naples. [Puzzuoli.] Pbachelitz, or Pbachatitz, a town, Bohemia, circ. Prachin, on an affl. of the Banitz, 22 m, S.S.W. Pisek. Pop. 2,470. It has a castle. Pbaohik, a circ. in the S.W. part of Bohemia, named after the petty town and ruined castle of Prachno adjac. to Horazdiowitz. Ch. town Pisek, Pbadelles, a comm. & town of France, dep. H, Loire, cap. cant., 19 m. S. Le Puy. Pop. 1,600. Pbades, a comm. and town of France, dep. E. Pyrenees, cap. arrond. and cant, on the Tet, 24 m. W.S.W. Perpignan. Pop. 2,680. It has a very handsome church, an asylum, seminary, and manufs. of coarse cloth, woollen hosiery, & paper. Pbabo, a market town of Portugal, prov. Minho, on the Cavado, 3 m. N.W. Braga. Pop. 7,000 (?). It has a thriving salmon & trout fishery, a manuf. of earthen wares, and monthly fairs. — II. A town, Brazil, prov. Espiritu-Santo, dist. & 70 m. S. Porto Seguro, at the month of the river Jucurucu III. (^7), a mkt.-town, Spain, prov. and 28 m. N.W. Toledo. Pop. 3,000 IV. (del Rey), prov. Cadiz. Pop. 2,000. Fr^stoe, a small marit. town of Denmark, island Seeland, on Praestoe bay, Baltic, 13 m. E.S.E. Nyestad. Chief exports corn and lime. Pbaga, a town of Poland, gov. and opposite Warsaw, from which it is parted by the Vistula, here crossed by a bridge. -Pop. 4,000. In 1656, the Poles were defeated here by Gustavus of Sweden, and on the 29th Nov. 1830, the Grand Duke Constantino was forced to retreat hence with his forces, at the commencement of the un- successful resistance of the Poles to the Russians. Pbague (Germ. Profff anc. Praga)j a city of Europe, cap. of the Idngdom of Bohemia, near its centre, on the Moldau, 160 m. N.N.W. Vienna, and 76 m. S.S.E. Dresden. Lat. of observatory 50° 5' 19' N., Ion. 14° 25' 22' E. Pop. (1846) 68,695, exclusive of a garrison of 5,320 men, ele- vation above the sea 631 ft. Mean temp, of year 50° ; winter 31° .9, summer 68°, Fahr. It stands in a basin-shaped valley surrounded by five hills, on the slopes of which the houses rise in succes- sive tiers from the water's edge; it is about 12 m. in circumference, and is enclosed by forti- fications. The Moldau, which flows N. through the city, is crossed near the middle by the cele- brated stone bridge 1,865 ft. long, ornamented with groups of statuary, and having a lofty tower at each end, built in the 16th century ; and at the S. end of the Kleinseite crossed by a modern chain bridge which rests on the small island called " Little Venice." On rt. b. of the river is the Altstadt (old town), with the Jndenstadt (Jews' quarter), and the Neustadt (new town); and on 1. b. the Hradsohin and the Kle- inseite ; the vill. of Wissehrad, on the right, and that of Smichow, on the 1. b., are in- cluded in its bounds. Prague, peculiar in its architecture, and from its numerous domes, spires, and tunets, has quite an oriental aspect. The finest quarters are the Neustadt, the Kle- inseite, and the Hradschin ; the Altstadt is gloomy, & the Jndenstadt filthy. Principalljuild- ings : — I. In the Altstadt, the Theinkirche, with the tomb of Tycho Brahe, the town-house with a remarkable clock, the royal library, observatory, and many scientific establishments, the buildings of the old university, the church of St' Gallas, m which Huss preached. — II. In the Jndenstadt, the Jewish synagogue — III. In the Neustadt, the new town-house, the military hospital, and several churches with fine paintings. — IV. In the Kle- PRA 1053 PRE inseite, the church of St Nicholas, church of St Thomas, and the artillery barracks. — V. In the Hradschin, the former palace of the Bohemian kings, a massive and imposing structure. The cathedral church of St Vitus, a richly decorated Gothic building, containing the tomb of St John of Nepomuk, with a silver shrine weighing 37 cwt., and those of many Bohemian kings. — VI. In Wissehrad, tlie church of St Peter and St Paul, and the royal armoury. In the vill. Smichow, is the noble botanic garden. Prague has many learned and scientific societies; the university founded by Chas. iv. in 1348 is remarkable as the first school of learning established in Germany; in 1842 it had 71 profe. & 2,741 students. Prague has 3 gymnasia, a normal school, a school for the blind, cabinets of natural history, several large public libraries and many public hospitals. Mannfs. comprise printed cottons, linens, silks, & woollens. It is the centre of the commerce of Bo- hemia, its transit trade being facilitated by the navigation of the Moldau and by railways, which connect it with Olmiitz and Vienna on the E. and S., and with Pilsen on the S.W. Prague was taken by the French in 1741 and by the Prussians in 1744 ; it was bombarded, & was the scene of at- trocions cruelties, on 16th June 1848. It is the birth-place of Jerome of Prague. Fbaibie, several tnshps. of U. S., N. Amer L Arkansas, co. Washington. Pop. 2,182. — II. Illinois. Pop. 1,863 III Indiana, co. Henry. Pop. 1,724.— IV. (Bu Chien), a vill., Wisconsin territoiy, 125 m. W. Madison. P. 1,600. Near it are rich copper mines. Pbaszka, or Peattska, a town of Poland, prov. and 50 m. S.S.E. Kalicz, on the Prosna. Pop. 2,000. Pbato, a town of Central Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 10 m. N.W. Florence, on the Bisenzio. Pop. (1844) 1,207. It is enclosed by walls and ditches, has a noble square, a cathedral of marble, with a six-storied tower, hospitals, and asylums, the Cicognini college, an anc. praetorian palace, now a prison, two workhonses, a theatre, manufs. of straw plait, woollen cloth, silk-thread, hats, and soap, with tanneries and extensive copper- works for smelting and manufacturing the metal found in the dist., which has also some good marble quarries. — Prato Vecchio, is a vill. 24 m. E. Florence, on the Amo, enclosed by walls. P. 3,500. It is connected with Florence by railway. Pbatola, a vill. of Naples, prov. Abrazzo-Ult. n., 2i m. N.W. Sulmona. Pop. 3,700. PBATs-nE-Motio, a comm. and fortified town of France, dep. E. Pyrenees, cap. cant,, on the Tech, 14 m. S.W. Ceret. Pop. 1,66S. It is en- closed by a wall flanked with towers, and has manufs. of coarse woollen fabrics, hosiery, and blankets. In its neighbourhood at La Preste, are hot sulphur baths, hotels, and lodging houses. Pbattsedbo, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, 13 m. N.W. Bath. Pop. 2,466.— Pratts- ville, is a tnshp., 38 m. W. Catskill. Pop. 1,613. PBArtE-PoiNT, a headland of Engl., forming the extreme S. point of co. Devon, and pro- jecting on the Engl. Channel, 4 m. W.N.W. Start point, and E. Bolt-head. Pbahsnitz, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 18 m. W.N.W. Breslau. Pop. 2,450. Pbavadi, a town of European Turkey, Bul- garia, 28 m. S.E. Shumla, on the river Pravadi, which enters the Black sea at Varna. The Rus- sians here defeated the Turks in 1829. Pbavia, a mkt.-town of Spain, prov. and 14 m. N.W. Oviedo, on the Nalon, which is navigable to it from the sea. Pop. 1,163. Pbatssac, a comm. and market town of Franco, dep. Lot, 13 m. W.N.W. Cahors. Pop. 2,000. Pbatssas, a comm. and town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, 8 m. N.W. Agen. Pop. 1,803. Peeangeb, a Dutch residency of Java, in the S.W. part of the island. Pop. 700,000. Chief products coffee and indigo. Pbeble, a CO., U. S., N. Amer., in the S.W. part of Ohio. Area. 432 sq. m. Pop. 19,482 II. A tnshp.. New York, co Cortland. P. 1,247. Precheue (Le), a mkt.-town and pa. of the island Martinique, on its W. coast, 4^ m. N.W. St Pierre. Pop. 3,403. Pbecigne, a comm. and mkt.-town of France, dep. Sarthe, 12 m. W.N.W. La Flfeche. P. 1,266. Peeen-Choech, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 10 m. S.S.E. Shrewsbury. Area 1,460 ac. P. 101. Peees, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 14 m. N.N.E. Shrewsbury. Area 14,160 ac. Pop. 3,270. Peeesall, a tnshp. of Engl., co. and pa. Lan- caster. Pop. 947. Peeez, a mkt.-town of Denmark, duchy Hol- stein, cap. dist., on a small lake, 8 m. S.S.E. Kiel. Pop. 4,750. It has a seminary for noble ladies, a female orphan asylum, and a library. Pbegel, a river of E. Prussia, formed by the union of the Angerap and Pissa, flows W., and enters the Frische-Haff at its N.E. extremity, after a course of 120 m., for the last 46 of which it is navigable. Principal afiluents, the Dista from the N., and AUe from the S. Pkemeev, a comm. and town of France, dep. Nifevre, cap. cant., 15 m. N.E. Nevers. P. 1,113. It has iron foundries and mannfs. of machinery. Peemiti, a town of European Turkey, Epirus, sanj. and 55 m. E.S.E. Valona, on the Voyussa. Each house is separately enclosed by a high de- fensive wall, and here is also a Turkish citadel. Pbemnav, apa. of Scotl., co. and24 m. W.N.W Aberdeen. Pop. 691. Pbendeegast, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, adjoining Haverford, on the Cleddy. Pop. 1,531. Pbent, or Pkenn, a town of Poland, prov. Augustow, on the Memel, 27 m. E.N.E. Mariam- pol. Pop. 2,500. Peenzlow, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. and 71 m. N.N.E. Potsdam, cap. oirc, Ucker-Mark, on the Ucker. Pop. 11,600. It has a Calvinistand 6 Lutheran churches, schools, hospitals, a valuable public library ; manufs. of linens, woollens, and tobacco; breweries, tan- neries, and trade in com and cattle. In 1806, 20,000 Prussian troops, escaped from the battle of Jena, surrendered here to the French. Pbefabis Isles, a group in the Bay of Bengal, about midway between the Andaman isls. and Cape Negrais. Lat. 14° 50' N., Ion. 93° 25' E. Two are named the Cow and Calf. Peeeau, a town of Moravia, cap. circ, on the Betschwa, 15 m. S.E. Olmiitz. Pop. 3,400. Pbesba, a small town of European Tnrkey, 'Rumili, sanj. and 16 m. S.E. Ochrida, on the W. side of the Lake of Presba, which is 7 m. in length, and 3 m. in breadth. Peesbdeg (Hung. Posony, anc. Posonium), a town and the legislative cap. of Hungary, cap. CO., on the Danube, here crossed by a bridge of boats, 34 m. E.S.E. Vienna, with which city, and with Tymau, it communicates by railway. Pop, (1846) 38,000, excluding garrison and strangers. Principal structures, a ruined castle, on a height above the town, burnt by the French in 1811, but memorable as the scene of the appeal made, in 1741, by Maria Theresa to the Hungarian states ; the hall of the diet, Gotl^ic cathedral, in which the kings of Hungary are crowned, the PBE 1064 PRE CO. hall, German theatre, barracks, and arch- bishop's palace. It has a Roman Catholic aca- demy, and a Calvinist college, both with good libraries; a Roman Catholic high college and seminary, a college for poor stodents, & several hospitals, one supported by the Jews, who are numerous here, and have many charitable insti- tutions. Principal mannfs., silk and woollen goods, nitre, rosoglio, tobacco, and leather. It has a large transit trade in com, linen, and Hungarian wines. The treaty, giving Venice to the French, & Tyrol to Bavaria, was concluded here in 1805. Presoot, a market town and pa. of Engl., co. Lancaster, 8 m. E.N.E. Liverpool. Area of pa. 34,920 ac. Pop. 35,902, employed in watchmak- ing, cotton and flax mills, potteries, & collieries. Preservation Harbour, a fine bay of New Zealand, near the S.W. extremity of the Middle island. Lat. 46° S., Ion. 166° 30' E. Pbeshdte, a pa. of Engl., oo. Wilts, IJ m. S.W. Marlborough. Area 4,210 ac. Pop. 898. PRESNOQOBK.OVSKAIA, a fort of Asiatic Rus- sia, gov. Omsk, on the Upper Tobol, 146 m. W. Petropanlorsk, and forming a post of the mili- tary line of Ishim. — Preammskaia, is another fort of the same Une, 80 m. W. Petropaulovsk. Presqce-Isle, a co. of IT. S., N. America, Michigan, in the N.E. part of the peninsula, hav- ing N.E. Lake Huron. Area 720 sq. m. Pressath, a mkt. town of Bavaria, circ. tTpp. Franconiaf near the Forest of Pressath, 20 m. S.E. Bairenth. Pop. 1,756. It is enclosed by walls, and has manuis. of linen and earthenware. Pbestbubt, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. & 34 m. E.N.E. Chester, and with a station on the Man- chester and Macclesfield railway, 2 m. N. Mac- clesfield. Area 62,740 ac. Pop. 52,078, chiefly employed in cotton & silk mills. — II. co. Glo'ster, 2 m. N.E. Cheltenham. Ac. 2,860. Pop. 1,283. Pbesteign, a pari, bor., mkt. town, and pa. of Engl, and Wales, cos. Hereford and Radnor, on the Lugg, 12 m. W.N.W. Leominster. Pop. 2,228. The town, pleasantly situated & neatly built, hasanendowedschool, aco. sessions house, jail and house of correction, and at its N. end, a circular mound laid out in beautiful public walks, and surmounted by a pavilion. Malting is ex- tensively carried on. Mkt., Saturday. It unites with Radnor in sending 1 mem to H. of C. Reg. electors (1846) 108. Preston, a pari, and mnnic. bor., town, & pa. of Engl., CO. Lancaster, hund. Amonnderness, on the N. bank of the Ribble, 21 m. S.S.E. Lan- caster, and 30 m. N.N.E. Liverpool, on railway. Area of bor. 2,650 ac. Pop. (1847) 50,332. The town has a broad main street, and a large mkt. place, and is well built, drained, and lighted, and near it are good public walks. Public edifices, the court house, exchange, town hall, assembly rooms, theatre, and co. jail, the custom house, almshouses, house of recovery, and co. inflrmai-y, and numerous places of worship. In the pa. are 8 perpetual curacies, united value 62,8172., mostly in the gift of the vicar. Preston has a grammar school ; blue coat, national, & many other schools ; a provident society, workhouse, savings' bank, and 3 public libraries ; and it is the seat of an institution for diffusing useful knowledge, which has a library of 2,600 vols., and a good museum; also of an agricultural society. The inhabs. are chiefly engaged in linen and cotton weaving and cotton spinning ; and in 1838, there were in the bor. 35 cotton mills, besides 6 flax mills, iron works, tanneries, and fishery in the Ribble, &c. Reg. shipping 8,205 tons. Customs rev. (1848) 83,9632. It communicates by the Lancaster canal, and by railways, with Wyre, on Morccambe bay, and with Bolton and Manchester. Corp. revenue (1848) 7,9282. Mkts., Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. Every 20th year a jubilee, called "Preston guild," is held for a month, from the last week in Aug. Preston sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1848) 3,046. It is supposed to have risen on the decay of Ribchester, the anc. Rerigoniumf on the Ribble, about 11 m. dis- tant; & it derived its original name of "Priesfs- town," from its reUgions houses, some traces of which remain. Peeston, numerous pas., &c., of Engl. — I. co. Dorset, 3 m. N.N.E. Melcombe-Regis. Area 2,210 ac. Pop. 672 II. co. Glo'ster, near Cir- encester. Area 2,190 ac. Pop. 220. — III. same CO. Area 870 ac. Pop. 75. — IV. co. Kent, near Faversham. Area 960 ac. Pop. 935. — V. same CO., 6} m. E. Canterbury. Area 1,670 ac. Pop. 515. — ^VI. CO. Sussex, near Brighton. Area 1,120 ac. Pop. 756.— VII. co. Rutland, hund. Martins- ley. Area 980 ac. Pop. 371.— VLU. co. Somer- set, adjacent to Yeovil. Area 790 ac. Pop. 379. —IX. CO. Suffolk, 16 m. W.N.W. Ipswich. Area 1,640 ac. Pop. 406.— X. co. York, E. Ridmg, 6 m. E.N.E. Kingston-on-Hull. Area 5,110 ac. Pop. 1,082. Ann. rev. of charities, 122/.— XI. {Bagottj, CO. Warwick, near Henley. Area 1,230 ac. Pop. 238.— XIL {BUset), co. and 3^ m. S. Bucks. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 517.— XIIL (Capes), CO. Northampton, 5 m. S. Daventry. Area 2,280 ac. Pop. 364. Ann. rev. of charities, 622. — XIT. {Deanery), co. and 4 m. S.S.E. Northampton. Area 1,290 ac. Pop. 84 XV. {East), co. Sus- sex, 15 m. W. Brighton. Area 660 ac. Pop. 270. — XVI. (Gubials), co. Salop, 41 m. N.N.W. Shrewsbury. Area 2,200 ac. Pop. 388.— XVtI. {Long), CO. York, W. Riding, 4 m. S. Settle. Area 10,090 ac. Pop. 1,668.— XVHI. {On-Stour), CO. Glo'ster, hund. Deerhurst. Area 1,990 ac; Pop. 394.— XIX. {On-ihe-Wild-Moors), co. Sa- lop, 3 m. N. Wellington. Area 1,490 ac. Pop. 247. Income of hospital, 1,5892. per ann. — ^XX. {On-Wye), co. and 8i m. W. Hereford. Area 1,410 ac. Pop. 260. — X'XI. {Quarter), a tnshp., co. Cnmberiand, pa. St. Bees. Pop 4,547.— XXII. CO. Northumberland, pa. Tynemouth. Pop. 919. —XXIII. {On-the-Bill), co. Chester, pa. Bun- corn. Pop. 607. Preston, a decayed vill. of Scotl., co. Hadding- ton, pa. Prestonpans, 8 m. E. Edinburgh. Pop. 57. — II. a vill., CO. Edinburgh, pa. Cranston, 5 m, E.S.E. Dalkeith. Preston, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in N. part of Virginia. Area 601 sq. m. Pop. 6,866. — II. a tnshp., Connecticut, 46 m. S.E. Hartford. Pop. 1,727.-111. a township. New York, 118 m. S.W. Albany. Pop. 1,117. — Preston Cape is a head- land of N.W. Australia, Ivitt's Land. — Preston river, W. Australia, dist. Wellington, afleraN.W. course enters Leschenault bay, S.W. Australind. Prestoneibk, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 6} m, E.N.E. Haddington. Area 6,270 ac. Pop. 1,869. It has an old castle, formerly the property of the Earl of Bothwell. Prestonpans, a burgh of barony, seaport town, and pa. of Scotl., co. Haddington, on the firth of Forth, 8J m. E. Edinburgh. Area 760 ac. Pop. 2,234 ; do. of town, 1,669. It is straggling and ill built, but formerly was of some commercial importance. Its port, Morrison's haven, is ^ m. W. the town. Near itwas fought the battle between the royalist army and the Pretender's m 1745. Pbestwick, a pa. of Engl., co. Lancaster, com- prisingthe town of Oldham. Ac.21,160. P.78,546. PRE 1055 PRI Phestwodld, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 3 a. E.N.E. Loughborough. Ac. 4,720. P. 1,043. Pretsh, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 3 m. N.E. Merseburg, on the Elbe. Pop. 1,860. Peettih, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 5 m. E.N.E. Merseburg, on the Elbe. P. 1,636. Pbedillt, a comm. and town of France, dep. ndre-et-Loire.lSm.S.W. Loches. Pop. 2,068. Prevesa, a fortified town of European Turliey, ilpirus, on the N. side of tlie entrance to the Julf of Arta, IS m. S.W. Arta. Pop. about 4,000. ;t is defended by a few forts, meanly built, partly int of the ruins of Nicopolis, 3 m. N.ward The Say of Prevesa, between the sea and the Gulf of Irta, is about 4 miles in length. Pbez-en-Paii,, a comm. and market town of ?rance, dep. and 21 m. N.E. Mayenne, cap. ant. Pop. 3,495. It has a large mkt. for cattle. PRiiMAN, a marit. town of Sumatra, on its W. loast, 20 m. N. Padang. Pbibtlot Islands, a group in Behring sea, lat. >7° N., Ion. 170° W., and consisting of the islands it. Paul and St. George, with several islets. rhey were discovered by the Kussian navigator Mbylov in 1786, since which time, 3 millions of ;ea-bear skins are reported to have been taken in them, besides otter and seal skins. Pbiddt, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 4 m. J.N.W. Wells. Area 1,500 ac. Pop. 313.— Hnddy's Sard is an islet in Portsmouth harbour, iff the N. side of Gosport, and on which is a lowder magazine. Pbidboisk, a market town of Russian Poland, rov. Vitebsk, 19 m. W.N.W. Drissa. Pop. 1,600. Pbiebds, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and i7 m. W.N.W. Liegnitz, on the Neisse. Pop. ,062. It has maniS. of woollen & linen cloths. Pkiego, a town of Spain, prov. and 36 m. S.E. Jordova, in the Sierra di Algarrinejo. P. 13,464. t has 14 pnblic fountains, an old castle, and Ro- nan and Moorish remains. Hannfs. woollens nd silks. — II. a town, prov. and 24 m. N.N.W. Juenja. Pop. 1,290. Pbiepol, a town of European Turkey, Bosnia, am. & 50 m. W.N.W. Novi-Bazar. Pop. 2,000. FRiESTHOtM, an islet of N. Wales, co. and off tie N.E. coast of Anglesey, pa. Fenmon, about m. from the shore. It is frequented by nums. ea-birds, and has some rabbit warrens. Pbiestwick, a burgh of barony of Scotl., co. Lyr, 1 m. S.S.W. Monktown. Pop. 1,152. Pbildka, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. Kiev, 20 1. S. Mashnovka. Pop. 1,.550. Pbiluki, a town of Russia, gov. and 123 m. r.W. Poltava, cap. circ. Pop. 3,260. Pbinoe Chables Island, off the W. coast of pitzbergen, is in lat. 78° •30' N., ion. 11° E. Pbikce Edwabd Island, one of the British olonies of N. America, in the Gulf of St Law- snce, mostly between lat. 46° & 47° N., and Ion. 2° and 04° 30' W., separated S. & W. from Nova cotia and New Brunswick by Northumberland trait. Area 2,150 sq. m. Pop. (1841) 47,034 ; 1 1846, it was estimated at 56,000, nearlj^ half of hom were Rom. Catholics, and mostly Highland coteh, Irish, and Acadian French settlers. Sur- ice generally level, or undulating, and well wat- red. Shores indented by numerous inlets. The landis entirely composed of carboniferous sand- »ne, and coal is abundant. Climate milder than 1 the surrounding British colonies. Soil fertile ; 3ont 100,000 ac, or nearly l-14th of the area, are ider cultivation. Most of the grains & veget- jles raised in England come to perfection in lis colony ; timber is plentiful, and the pastures •e of a superior quality. The fisheries are im- portant, as is shijj-building. Trade principally with Great Britain, Ireland, and the adjacent colonies, with which its agricultural produce, timber, deals, shipping, and fish, are exchanged for colonial and manufactured products. Value of exports (1844) BdfiiSl. ; do. of imports, 94,090i. In the same year 636 vessels, aggregate burden 37,574 tons, entered, and 631 do., burden 40,263 tons, cleared out of its ports. Shipping owned in the colony, 237 vessels, aggregate burden 13,861 tons. Government vested in a lieutenant- governor, a council of 9 mems., and a house of assembly of 18 mems., elected by the inhabitants. Charlottetown is the cap. Principal vills. are George Town, St David's, and Dartmouth.— II. an island of Upper Canada, Midland dist., on the W. side of Lake Ontario, separated from the mainland by the bay of Quints. Length 36 m., breadth very irregular, and varies to 20 m. Prince Frederick Haebodk, an inlet on the N.W. coast of Australia, lat. 15° S., Ion. 125° E. Coasts steep, and it is full of islets. — Prince Frederick Sound, Russian America, is in lat. 57° 6' N., Ion. 133° 48' W. Prince Fredeeicktown, a vill. of U. S., N. America, Maryland, on Parker's creek, 31 m. S.S.W. Annapolis. Pop. about 500. Prince Henri (or Lostanob) Island, in the Pacific Oc, Low Archipelago, is in lat. 18° 43' S., Ion. 141° 42' W. Prince Leopold Island, British N. Amer., is at the W. end of Barrow Strait. Lat. 74° 6' N., Ion. 90° W. Prince of Wales Archipelago, Russian America, is mostly betw. lat. 64° 26' & 56° 30' N., and Ion. 132° & 134° W., 40 m. N. Queen Char- lotte island (Cape), the W. extremity of N. America, on Behring sea, lat. 66° N., and Ion. 167° 69' W. On its S. side the coast is bold, on the N. low and swampy {Island), Pacific Ocean, Low Archipelago, is in lat. 15° 16' 30*" S., Ion. 147° 22' W., and called also Dean, or Oanna isl. — II. an isl., Malay Archipelago, in the Strait of Sunda, between Java and Sumatra, lat. 6° 30' S., Ion. 105° 12' E. On it is a town named Sama- dang (Islands), a group, Torres Strait, off Cape York, at the N.E. extremity of the Gulf of Car- pentaria. — Prince of Wales Island, British India, is named Penano. Prince Resent Bat, W. coast of Greenland, is in lat. 76° N., Ion. 66° "W.— (Inlet), British N. America, between lat. 72° and 74° N., Ion. 88° & 95° W., leads from Barrow Strait into Boothia Gulf, and was discovered in 1819. — (River), N.W. Australia, enters the Indian O. in lat. 15° 17' S., Ion. 124° 60' E. Pbinoe Ropebt Bat, British W. Indies, is on the N.W. coast of the island Dominica, bounded N.ward by Prince Rupert's Head, and has the town Portsmouth on its E. coast. Prince's Island, an island belonging to Por- tugal, in the bight of Biafra, Gulf of Guinea, 140 m. S.S.W. Fernando Po. Length, N. to S., 10 m., breadth 6 m. Surface mountainous, and in the centre it rises to 3,000 feet in height. Good crops of coffee and provisions are raised ; but not many years ago the principal trade of the in- habitants was said to be in slaves. Chief fort and harbour St Antonio, on its E. coast. Princes' Islands (The), (Greek Daimormisoi), Sea of Marmora, 13 m. S. Constantinople, near the coast of Asia Minor, consist of 9 islands, the largest being Prinkipos and Chalki. Surface mountainous, with fertile valleys, in which corn, fruits, and wine, are raised, and cattle are reared for consumption in the 'Turkish capital. Nu- PRI lose PKU merous visiters resort to them, attracted by the beauty of their scenery & agreeable climate. Princess Ann, a vill. of the TJ. S., N. Amer., Maryland, on the Manolfiu, 70 m. S.S.E Anna- polis. Pop. 850. It is regularly laid out, and has several ehurohes, a court house, jail, and bank, and near it is Washington college. Princess Charlotte Bat,N.E. coast of Aus- tralia, is in lat. 14° 29' S., Ion. 144° E., and has a breadth of 30 m. Over its head is a level-topped hill, named by Capt. Cooke, Jones' Table Land. Princess Charlotte Bat, N.E. Australia, is in lat. 14° S., Ion. 144° E., and contains Clare- mont Islands, with numerous reefs. Princess Rotal Harbodb, W. Australia, dist. Plantagenet, is a bay of King George's Sound, capable of receiving the largest ships. On its N. side is the town Albany.— The Princess Royal Islands, British N. Amer., are in the Pacific Ocean, N. Vancouver Island. Princeton, a bor. of the U. S., N. Amer., New Jersey, 11 m. N.E. Trenton. Pop. 3,055. It is neatly built. The New Jersey coUege is located here. — II. a township, Massachusetts, 13 m. N.N.W. Worcester. Pop. 1,847. In it is Wa- chussett mountain, 3,000 ft. in height. — III. New York, CO. & 8 m. W. Schenectady. Pop. 1,201. Pbinoetovpn, a marit. town of Prince Edward Island, cap. Prince oo., on the N. coast, 36 m. N.W. Charlotte Town. Prince William Sounb, Russian Amer., is on its S. coast, between lat. 60° and 61° 20' N., & Ion. 146° and 148° W. It contains numerous islands, but is without a good harbour. — Prince William Island is in the Feejee group, Pacific Ocean, and Prince William Henry, or Matildas, also in the Pacific, is an island N.W. of New Ha- nover, in lat. 1° 28' S., Ion. 149° E., 60 m. in circ, mountainous and wooded. Pbincipato (Citba and Ultra), two contigu- ous provs. of the kingdom of Naples, the former extending along the Mediterranean, the latter inland, and together enclosed landward by the provs. Naples, Terra di Lavoro, Molise, Capita- nata, and Basilicata. United area 3,681 sq. m., and pop. (1845) 922,113. Surface mountainous, especially in P. Ultra ; the Volturno and Sele rivers, and their affls., water numerous fertile val- leys, and the vegetation of both provs. is most luxuriant. Rearing live stock is an important branch of industry. Chief cities Salerno, Nocera, Samo, Amalfi, & Diano, in P. Citra ; & Aveliino, Atribaldo, Ariano, Frigento, St Angelo, & Lace- dogna, in P. Ultra. Prinkipos, one of the Princes' Islands. Pbiocca, a vill., N. Italy, Piedmont, div. Cuneo, prov. Alba, 28 m. S.E. Turin. P. of comm. 1,933. — Priola is a comm. and vill., prov. and 14 m. S.S.E. Mondovi, on the Tanaro. Pop. 1,615. Prior, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, oo. Kerry, 7J m. S.W. Cahirciveen. Area 11,798 ac. P. 3,323. Prior's Lee, a chapelry of Engl., co. Salop, pa. and 3 m. W.N.W. Shiffnal. Pop. 2,470. Pripet, a river of Russian Poland, chiefly in the gov. Minsk, after a N. and E. course of 350 m., joins the Dnieper, on the W., 43 m. N. Kiev. It is navigable from its mouth to Pinsk. Pripbi, a town of Siam, on a small river, 80 m. S.W. Bangkok. Prisrend, or Pebserin, a town of European Turkey, Albania, cap. sanj., on the Rieka, 4 m. from its confl. with the Drin, and 80 m. E. Scutari. Pop. from 16,000 to 20,000. It is the see of Greek and R. Cath. bishops, and has a citadel, the resi- dence of a Turkish governor, large manufs. of fire arms, and an active trade with ai^acent towns. - Pbistenj a mkt. town of Russia, gov. Khark- hov, 9 m. S. Kupiansk, on the Oskol. Pop. 1,600. Pristina, a town of European Turkey, Rumili, 42 m. N.N.W. Uskup. Pop. from 10,000 to 12,000. It is enclosed by earth ramparts, towers, and palisades, and is said to contain handsome mosques, large bazaars, and some baths. Near it is the tomb of Sultan Amurath i. Priston, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 6 m. S.W.Bath. Area 1,010 ac. Pop. 322. a Prittlewell, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 17Jm. S.E. Chelmsford. Area 2,490 ac. Pop. 2,339. Pbitzeree, a town of Prussia, prov. and 8 m. N.W. Brandenburg, on the Havel. Pop. 1,005. Pritzwale, a walled town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. and 66 m. N.W. Potsdam, on the Domnitz. Pop. 3,900. Pbivas, a comm. and town of France, cap. dep. Ardfeche, 26 m. S.W. Valence. Pop. 3,203. It has manufs. of blankets & coarse woollen goods. Peivat (St), several comms. & vills. pf France. —I. dep. Correze, 17 m. E.S-E. Tnlle. Pop. 1,160. — II. {iTAllier), dep. H. Loire, near the AUier, 10 m. W.S.W. Le Puy. Pop. 1,460. Pbivett, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 6 m. E.N.E. Petersfield. Area 1,170 ac. Pop. 273. Privitz, or Prtvidia, a town of N. Hungary, CO. and 40 m. N.E. Neutra, with a Piarist college, and a trade in corn. Pop. 4,730. Priziac, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Morbihau, 20 m. W. Pontivy. Pop. 2,060. Probt Island, Pacific O., Friendly Islands. Pbocida, Prochyta, an island at the N.W. ex- tremity of the Bay of Naples, S. Italy, N.K Ischia, and separated from the mainland by a channel Ij m. across. Lat. 40° 45' 60'' N.,, Ion. 14° B. Length 3 m., breadth IJ m. It has on its S.E. side a bay, on which is the chief town of same name, having a royal palace, occasi»n^ly resorted to by the court, 8 chm-ches, a convent, and orphan asylum, with an active fi9hery, and a brisk coasting trade. Peodabo, Prote, one of the smaller Ionian islands, off the W. coast of the Morea, Greece, 12 m. N.W. Nayariu. Length 2m. ; breadth! m. Prohe, or Fri, a town of Burmese dom., on the E. bank of the Irrawadi, here 1 m. across, 240 m. N.N.W. Rangoon. Lat. 18° 60' N,, Ion. 96° 5' £. It is li m. in circ, and enclosed b^ a brick wall, stockade, and ditch, outside of which are some extensive suburbs, and immediately S.ward several steep hills crowned with pagodas. In 1825, the British lost here, in seven montiis, by disease, 405 men, out of a force of 3,02L Around it axe many gardens and rice grounds. Pbonse, a town of Russia, gov. and Sliflt S. Riasan, cap. dist., on the Pronia. Pop. (includ- ing suburbs) 6,700, chiefly agricultural. The town proper, founded in tiie 12th century,. and mostly built of wood, has 8 churches. Propiha, a market town of Brazil, prov. and 85 m. N.N.E. Sergipe, on the riv. San Francisco. Propoisk, a market town of Russia, gov. and 42 m. S.E. Moghilev. Pop. 1,800. Proponiis (Sea of). JMarmora.] Proskurov, a town of"Bussian Poland, gov. Podolia, on the Bug, 63 m. N. Kamenietz. ' Prosna, a river of Europe, which, after a N. course of 100 m. between Silesia & Poland, joms the Warta, 38 m. S.E. Posen. Prossnitz, a town of Moravia, eiro. and 13 m. S.W. Ohnutz, on the Rumza. Pop. (1845) 8,000, of whom 1,500 are Jews. It is enclosed by walls, has manufactures of woollen cloth, cashmeres, Imen, and cotton stnfis, extensive distilleries and breweries. PRO 1057 PRU Prospect, a toiTnship of the U. S., N. Amer., Maine, 54 m. E.N.E. Augusta. Pop. 3,492. Pbotopopotka, a town of Russia, gov. Khar- kov, on the Donetz, 17 m. W.N.W. Izium. Pop. 1,700. Pkovencal Isi., Mediterranean, is off the S. coast of Asia Minor. Lat, 36° 10' N., Ion. 33° 47' E. Provence, an old prov. of France, in the S.E., the cap. of which was Aix, now forming the deps. B.-du-Rhdne, Var, B. Alpes, and the E. part of Vaucluse. The country which the Romans called Provincia composed the whole of the Narbonnaise. In the 9th century it gave name to the kingdom of Burgundy, or Provence, afterwards called Aries. [BDRorNBY.] Pbovidence, an island in the Indian Ocean, 240 m. N.E. Madagascar. — II. (or Old Provi- dence), Caribbean Sea, 100 m. E. the Mosquito coast. Lat. 13° 21' N., Ion. 81° 22' W. Length 10 m., breadth 4 m. It is fertile but uninhabited. ProvWence is the name of a cape, Patagonia, of islands N.W. Mysory, E. Archipelago, and of a lake and fort, British N. Amer. ; and Providence Channels separate several of the Bahama inlands. [New Providence.] Providence, a city and seaport of the U. S., N. Amer., and the second in size in the New Eng- land states, cap. state Rhode Island, on both sides of Providence riv., here crossed by 2bridge3, at its influx into the head of Narragansett Bay, 30 m. from the Atlantic, 40 m. S.S.W. Boston, witti which, and with Stonington & Connecticut, it commimicates by railway, and witli Worcester (Massachusetts) by the Blackstone canal. Lat. 41° 49' 6' N., Ion. 71° 24' 7' W. Pop. (1850) 41,613. It is well built and thriving. Principal edifices, the arcade, the Brown university, the state house, a theatre, Friends' school, athenseum, and charitable institutions. Manufs. are flourishing, cotton factories and bleaching grounds extensive, with dye houses, iron works, manufs. of all kinds of domestic articles, breweries, distilleries, corn and falling mills, a large share in the fisheries, and a trade with China. Vessels of 900 tons reach its wharfs. It was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams, and presented the first instance of a community established on principles of per- fect religious toleration. Providence, a co. of the U. S , N. Amer,, in N. part of Rhode Island. Area 380 sq. m. Pop. 58,073.-11. a tnshp.. New York, 41 m. N.N.W. Albany. Pop. 1,507. — III. Pennsylvania, with the Till. Centreville. Pop. 1,169.— IV. (East & West), Pennsylvania, co. Bedford. Pop. 2,632. Provincetown, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Massachusetts, on the extreme N.W. point of Cape Cod, 51 m. E.S.E. Boston. Pop. 2,122, employed in fisheries. It has a good har- bour. Salt is extensively manufactured here. Province Welleslet, a British settlement on the W. coast of the Malay peninsula, immediately opposite Penang {Prince of Wales' Island). It consists of a strip of country 35 m. in length by 4 m. in breadth. Area 140 aq. m. Pop. (1836) 47j545, mostly Malays. Surface undulating. Climate healthy. Principal products, rice, pep- per, sugar, and cocoa nuts, with poultry & cattle, which it supplies to Penang. It is under the Bengal presidency, and governed by an assistant to the British resident in Penang. Pkovins, a comm. and town of France, cap. arrond., dep. Seine-et-Marne, 29 ra. E. Melun. Pop. (1846) 6,798. It is enclosed by high walls, and has a comm. college, a tribunal of com- merce, and trade in grain and wool. In its vici- nity roses are extensively cultivated for medicine and pevfamory. In the middle ages, Provins was rich from its commerce and manufs. Prudhoe, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Northumber- land, pa. Ovingham, with a station on the New- castle & Carlisle railway, 7 m. E.S.E. Corebridge. Peijm, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 33 m. N.N.W. Treves. Pop. 2,250. It had formerly a Benedictine abbey, founded by Pepin, and in which the emperor Lothaire died in a.d. 853. Prusa, a city of Asia Minor. [Brusa.I Prussia (Kinsdom of), or Prossian States (Germ. Konigreich von Preussen), a kingdom of Central Europe, situated between lat. 49° 12' and 55° 53' N., and Ion. 6° and 22° 60' E., cap. Berlin. Prussia is composed of two dis- tinct, and very unequal portions, separated by the territories of Brunswick, Hessen, Waldeck, Lippe, and Nassau. The E.most and largest portion, or Prussia E. of the Weser, is bound- ed E. by Russia, S. by Austria, Saxony, and Electoral Hessen, W. by Brunswick, Hanover, and Mecklenburg, and N. by the Baltic Sea. The W. portion, or Rhenish Prussia (Rhein Preussen), is bounded E, by H.-Darmstadt, Nas- sau, Electoral Hessen, Waldeck, Brunswick, Lip- pe, and part of Hanover ; S. by France, Rhenish Bavaria, and parts of Oldenburg and Hamburg ; W. by the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxem- burg; and N. by Hanover. Besides these great portions, Prussia possesses some small dists. in the duchies of Saxony & the princips. of Hessen. The distance between the E. and W. extremities of Prussia, is 715 m. ; the E. portion is 550 m. long, E. to W., and 185 to 435 m. broad, N. to S. ; and the W. portion 250 m. in length, N. to S., and 45 to 120 m. in breadth, E. to W. Divisions, area, and pop. as follows : — Provincea. Square m. Pop. (1846.) Chler Cities. E. Prusiia, W. Prussia, Posen (PrusH. Poland.) Pomerania, Silesia, Brandenburff, Saxony, Westphalia, Rllenish Prussia, 15,010 10,023 11,401 13,204 15,762 15,600 9,?SS ?,819 10,351 1,480,318 1,019,105 1,364,399 1,166,073 3,065,809 3,066,993 1,742,452 1,446,719 2,763,080 KoniRsberg. Posen. Stettin. ' Breslau. Potsdam. Magdeburg. Munster. Cologne. Total, 107,958 16,112,948 ■. In 1815 the population of Prussia was only 10.SCO,0()0. The surface of Prussia is in general flat, except in the W. (prov. Saxony), where it is traversed by parts of the Harz mntns. and the Thiiringerwald, and in the S. between Silesia & Bohemia, by the Riesen Gebirge, or Giant mntns. The E. provs. belong to the basin of the Baltic, in which the chief rivers are, the Memel, or Niemen, the Pre- gel, Vistula, and Oder, with its affluent the War- ta. The W. provs. belong to the basin of the North Sea, and are watered by the Elbe, and its affluents the Saale, Havel, and Spree, the Weser, Ems, and Rhine, with its afBuents the Moselle & Lippe. The canal of Bromberg connects the Vistula with the Warta, the canal of Finow unites the Oder with the Havel, an affluent of the Elbe; and the canal of Frederick William connects the Oder with the Spree. The Rhine, which is here navigable for large vessels, and is celebrated for its picturesque beauty, separates Rhenish Prussia into two nearly equal parts, each of which has an elevated table-land and a low plain ; the chief part of the table-land lies N. 3x PRU 1058 PRU of the Moselle, on 1. b. of the Rhine, and is called I the Eifel and the Hohe Veen, 1,600 feet in ele- vation. This region is of basaltic formation, in- termixed with tracts of lava ; it presents evident traces of volcanic action. On the rt. b. of the Rhine, the table-land forms the elevated ridge of the Taunus, mean elevation about 2,000 feet, cul- minating point the Feldberg 2,850 feet; tUs table-land extends N. between the rivers Lahn and Sieg, where it is called the Westerwald, mean elevation 1,600 feet. The coasts of the Baltic are covered with extensive lagoons, the princi- pal of which are the Curisohe-Haff at the mouth of the Niemen, the Frisohe-Haff at the mouths of the Vistula and Pregel, and the Stettiner-Haff at the month of the Oder. The E. provs. are remarkable for the great number of lakes they contain ; of these, Lake Spirding has an area of 20 sq. m., and Lake Mauer is nearly as large. The islands of Prussia are Rugen, Usedom, and WoUin, in the Baltic. The climate of Prussia, generally temperate and salubrious, is humid and cold in the N., but in Rhenish Prussia it is warm enough for the production of excellent wine. Mean temp, of year in E. Prussia {Prussia pro- per), lat. 50° 30', at an elevation of 40 feet, 4S' ; Central Prussia, lat. 52° 30', elevation 210 feet, 48° ; Rhenish Prussia, lat. 51°, elevation 250 feet, 49° .5 Fahr. Mean annual fall of rain, in the W. provs., 20 inches, decreasing towards the E. Prevailing winds W. and cold, often severe. The soil is fertile in many places, and grain is pro- duced in sufficient quantity for the dense popu- lation, and is even exported to a considerable extent. The most fertile dists. occur along the course of the Niemen and Vistula, on 1. b. of the Oder, and on the Elbe, where the vicinity of Magdeburg is so fertile that it is called "the granary of Berlin. The most barren region is the Tucheler Heide, in the prov.'W. Prussia, SO m. long & 25 m. broad, which is covered with sand, inter- spersed with stunted shrubs. The cap. is situated in an extensive sandy plain, which is interspersed with fertile tracts, and covered in some places with fine forests. Agriculture, which forms the chief source of national wealth, is carefully con- ducted ; the principal crops are wheat, rye, oats, barley, flax, hemp, hops, & tobacco ; fruit is not widely cultivated. The vine is cultivated in Khenish Prussia, on the banks of the Moselle & Rhine, and to a small extent in detached dis- tricts of Central and E. Prussia. The pastur- age is excellent ; sheep, cattle, & horses, of im- proved breeds, are extensively reared ; and wool is an important product. Goats are numerous in the mountain dists. of Silesia and Saxony; swine in Pomerania, Saxony, and Westphalia, which last is celebrated for its hams ; wild boars, stags, fallow deer, hares, and rabbits, are plenti- ful, as are wolves and foxes ; bears are seldom met with. The lynx, beaver, badger, otter, weasel, and marten, are common, but the ermine is rare. Wild geese are extremely numerous. Bees are extensively reared, and the breeding of the silk worm has recently assumed importance. Mines of iron, copper, and lead, are worked in the provs. of Rhenish Prussia and Westphalia, & in the Harz mountains ; the mountains are well wooded, and contain marble and some of the precious stones. Amber (a government mono- poly) is found on the shores of the Baltic. The manufactures of Prussia are very extensive, and have recently become important ; the chief branches are linens, in all the provs. ; woollen cloths, and cottons, in Rhenish Prussia, at Bar- men, Crefeld, and Elberfeld, silk stnfls, iron founding, carriage buildmg, saddlery, chemical products, sugar refining, and brewing. The por- celain of Saxony, called Dresden china, is much esteemed. Commerce is very active in Prussia, and has been greatly developed by the establish- ment of the commercial customs union (Zoll- verein), by the many navigable rivers, excellent roads, and canals ; and by railways, which extend from the capital in all directions [Bekhn], con- nected with which, are 5 great lines of telegraph extending to the chief pomts of the frontier. The chief exports are the productions of the soil & the manufs. of the country. Imports colonial produce, cotton, silk, tobacco, printed calicoes, silks, &c. The pop. of Prussia comprise two principal races, — L the Germans, who form the majority, — and II. the Slavonians in the grand duchy of Posen, in Prussia proper, and in a part of Upper Silesia. The government is a heredi- tary monarchy ; the authority of the king is ab- solute, but modified by provincial estates, and further by a constitution, granted 1847. Cal- vinism is the religion of the royal family, and of the majority of the people, but all sects are tole- rated. The proportion of Protestants to Ro- man Catholics is as 5 to 3 ; Jews amount to 206,600. Public instruction is more developed in Prussia than in any other country of Europe : except Saxony, it possesses the celebrated univer- sities of Berlin, Halle, and Bonn, besides those of Breslau, Griefswalde, and Konigsberg; and numerous literary and learned societies. The system of education established by the govern- ment, is of a thoroughly practical nature, and is considered the most complete and efficient in Europe. The different classes of schools are — I. the elementary school, at which the great majority of the people receive their education. — U. the city school, which is always attached to a gymnasium. — III. the gymnasium, in which Latin and Greek are taught. In most of the small towns are normal schools for the training of teachers. The universities are all under the control of the government. In 1843, there were in all 25,697 schools in Prussia, of which 23,646 were elementary schools. Attendance at school is compulsory. In the middle of the 13th cent., the Teutonic knights subjugated E. Prussia, and converted the people to Christianity. Albert of Brandenburg, grand master of the order, appro- priated the country in 1525, his family augmented these possessions ; and Frederick, one or his de- scendants obtained the title of King in 1701, he acquired the principality of Neuch^tel in Swit- zerland. By the treaty of Utrecht, William i. obtained a portion of the duchy of Gelders, he acquired the duchy of Limburg, and took from Sweden the greater part of Pomerania. Frede- rick II. (the Great) conquered Silesia, which was abandoned by Austria in 1742 ; this king and his successor took part in the dismemberment of Poland, and thus acquired the grand duchy of Posen. By the treaty of Tilsit in 1807, Prussia was deprived of all her possessions between the Rhine and the Elbe, and the greater part of Prussian Poland ; but in 1815, after the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna restored all these estates, except apart of Poland, and at the same time granted to Prussia a part of Saxony, and the duchy of the Lower Rhine. Military service for 3 years is imperative on all the male pop., who subsequently form the Zand- wehr, the 1st battalion of which is composed of men from 25 to 32, and the 2d, men from 32 to 39 years of age. The landsturm comprises all others capable of bearmg arms between the ages PRU 1050 PUE of 17 aiid SO. In 1849, the standing army was 137,000 : the men capable of bearing arms 837,000. Prussia has no navy, but the mercantile marine under the direction of the Seehandhing Institute is under the control of the government. Public rev. (1849) 88,566,380 dollars. Public debt with interest 1st Jan. 1849, 162,861,444 dollars. Prdssia (East), or DncAi, Prussia, a prov. of Prussia, now comprised in Prussia Proper. It long belonged to the knights of the Teutonic order. Albert of Brandenburg, grand master of the order, was created duke, under the sovereignty of Poland, in 1525 ; afterwards it gave its name to the kingdom of Prussia, in which it now forms the regencies of Konigsberg and Gumbinnen. Prussia (Western), or Rotal Prussia, a prov. of Prussia, now comprised in Prussia Pro- per, in which it forms the 2 regs. of Danzig and Marienwerder. It formerly belonged to Poland, vhen Dsinzig was its capital. Prussia Proper, a prov. of Prussia, formed by the union of East and West Pru.ssia, cap. Ko- nigsbei^. It is div. into the regs. Konigsberg, Gnmbinnen, Danzig, and Marienwerder. Prussia (Khenish), a prov. of Prussia, in the W., cap. Cologne. It was formed by the union of the 2 provs. of Cleve-Berg and Lower Rhine. Pruszant, or Pbushanz, a town of Russian Poland, gov. and 79 m. S.S.E. Grodno. P. 2,120. Pbuth, a riv. of E. Europe, rises in the Carpa- thian mntns., flows at iirst E., through Galicia & the Bukovina, and afterwards S.S.E. betw. Mol- davia and Bessarabia, and at Reni, 75 m. ft'om the Black sea, joins the Danube, of which it is the last great affl. on the left. Total course 360 m. Affls. numerous, but none considerable, Pbzasznic, a town of Poland, prov. and 59 m. N.E. Plock, cap. co., on the Wegierka. P. 3,500. Pbzelautsch, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 11 m. N.W. Chrudim, on the Elbe. Pop. 1,700. Przemtsi, or Pbemisua, a town of Austrian Galicia, cap. drc, on rt. b. of the San, 51 m. W. Lemberg. Pop. (1845) 4,000, of whom 2,464 are Jews. It is enclosed by walls, and has ruins of a castle, Rom. Catholic & Greek-United churches, a Benedictine monastery, an hospital, a gymna- sium, and manufs. of linens and leather. Pbzestitz, a town of Bohemia, circ. & 12 m, N. Elauttau, on the Bradawka. Fop. 1,623. Pbzeworsk, a town of Austrian Poland, Ga- licia, circ. and 22 m. E. Rzesczow. Pop. 2,950. Fbzibbam, a town of Bohemia, circ. & 21 m. S.S.W. Beraun. Pop. 4,100. It has a castle, manufs. of woollen cloth, potash works, and rich silver & lead mines. — Praschowitz is a vill., circ. and 28 m. N.E. Jung-Bunzlau. Pop. 1,910. Prztsucha, a town of Poland, prov. Sandomir, on the Radomka, 24 m. W.S.W. Radom. P. 3,000. PsiLioRiTi (Mount), Ida, the most lofty mntn. of Crete, near its centre, and 7,674 feet high. PsioL, a river of Russia, govs. Koursk, Khar- kov, and Poltava, after a S.S.W. course of 300 m.,joins the Dnieper, 10 m.E.S.E. Krementchug. Pskov, a gov. of Russia, betw. lat. 56° and 68° N., and Ion. 27° 15' and 32° E., enclosed by the govs. St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Tver, Smolensk, Vitebsk, & Livonia. Area 17,1.50 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 775,800. Surface mostly flat. Rivs. nums., but none large. At its N.W. extremity is the lake of Pskov, connected with that of Peipus. Marshes numerous. Soil infertile, but more corn is grown than is required for the consumption of the pop. Forests extensive. Cattle are not ex- tensively reared, and manufs. are unimportant. The gov. is subdiv. into 8 dists. Princip. towns, Pskov, the cap., Toropetz, and Veliki-Luki, — Pskov, or Pleskov, the cap., on the Velikaja, near its mouth in Lake Pskov, is 162 m. S.W. St Petersburg. Pop. 9,000, but it is said to have been formerly 60,000. It is partly built of stone, and comprises the kremliii, or citadel, the middle town and the great town, all enclosed by earthen ramparts. Principal buildings, the archbishop's residence & the consistory, cathedral, a Lutheran and 60 Greek churches, several convents, and several schools. It has manufs. of leather, a con- siderable export trade, and an annual fair, at which large quantities of woollen, silk, and cotton fabrics, leather, books, jewellery, &e., are sold. This town is mentioned in Russian history as early as a.d. 903. Pskov (Lake of), Russia, between the govs. Pskov and St Petersburg, is a S. limb of Lake Peipus, 22 m. in length ; greatest breadth 12 m. It receives the Velikaja river on the S.E. Ptitsh, a mkt. town of Russian Poland, gov. Volhynia, 8 m. S.S. W". Dubno. Pop. about 1,500. PuBLOw, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 8 m. W. Bath. Area 1,390 ac. Pop, 841. PuccuioE, a town of Brit. India, presid. Ben- gal, dist. Dacca-Jelalpoor, 37 m. N.W. Dacca. Puch6, a mkt. town of N. Hungary, co. & 19 m. N.E. Trentschin, on the Waag. Pop. 1,948. PucKiNOTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 3 m. N.N.E. Umiuster. Area 320 ac. Pop, 229. Puckle-Chubch, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 4 m. S.S.W. Chippiug-Sodbury. Ac. 2,110. P. 862. PuDDiNGTON, two pas. of Engl. — I. CO. & 11 m. N.N.W. Bedford. Area 2,770 ac. Pop, 602.— II. CO. Devon, 6J m. N. Crediton, vrith a station on the Great Western railw. Ac 1,700. P. 212. Puddlestone-with-White, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 4^ m. E. Leominster. Ac. 1,980. P. 277. PuDWiTZ (Pol. Pomedzisho), a town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 16 m, E,N,B, Posen. P. 1,900. PuDLEiN, a mkt. town of N. Hungary, co. Zips, on the Foprad, 9 m, N,N.E. Kesmark. Pop. 2,300. It has an anc. castle, Rom, Catholic and Piarist colleges, and near it is a chapel often re- sorted to in pilgrimage. PuDosH, or Pudoga, a town of Russia, gov. Olonetz, 65 m. E. Petrozavodsk. Fop. 1,500. PuDSET, a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, W. Rid- mg, pa. and 3 m. S.S.E. Calverley. Pop. 10,002, chiefly employed in the manufs, of woollens. It has a mechanics' institute, and branch bank. PunucOTTA, a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 57 m. N.E. Madura. It is regu- larly & well built, & has a Hindoo palace, having been the cap. of an independent r^ahship. FuEBLA (La), a dep, of the Mexican Confed., between lat. 16° 20' & 20° 16' N., and Ion. 97° & 99° 15' W., having S. the Pacific O., & landward the deps. Mexico, Vera Cruz, and Oaxaca. Area 18,440 sq. m. Pop, (1842) 661,902, Its central part belongs to the Anahuac table land, & within it is Popocatepetl mntn. The Nasca riv. traverses it nearly throughout. It contains the towns La Puebla, Cholula, Tlascala, and Teliuacan, — La Puehla, the cap., is situated on a declivity, 76 m. E.S.E. Mexico. Pop. 50,000. It is regularly built and well paved ; houses of stone, and many with iron balconies and painted fronts. It has a vast number of richly decorated religious edifices, an episcopal and 2 other colleges, manufs. of glass, earthenwares, and soap. Puebla (La), or Foblat, a small town of Ma- jorca, on a height, 27 m. N.E. Palmas, P. 3,012. Puebla (La), numerous small towns of Spain. — I. {P, d'Aleocer), at the foot of the sierra d'Al- cocer, prov. and 87 m. E. Badajos. Fop. 2,612. —II. {P. de Almuradiel), prov. and 50 m, S.E. PTJE 1060 PUL Toledo. Pop. 1,985.-111. (.P. de Arenoeo), prov. & 31 m. N.W. Castellonde la Plana. Pop. 2,168. —IV. (P. de Arganxon), prov. Alava, 9 m. N.E. Miraada. Near this the battle of Vitoria com- menced in 1813. — v. {P. de Cazdba), prov. & 35 m. S.E. Sevilla. Pop. 2,882.— VI. (P. de Bon Fa- drique), prov. and 77 m. N.E. Granada, at the foot of Mt. Calar. Pop. 6,565. It has 4 pa. churches, manufs. of woven fabrics, and an active trade in timber. — VII. (P. de Guzman), prov. and 30 m. N.W. Huelva. Pop. 3,855.— VIII. {P. de la Cal- zada), prov. and 16 m. E. Badajos. Pop. 2,160. —IX. (P. de la Reyna), prov. & 40 m. S.E. Ba- dajos. Pop. 2,200.— X. (P. del Dean), prov. Co- rdna, 29 m. S.W. Santiago. Pop. 1,840.— XI. (P. de los Infantes), prov. Sevilla, 19 m. N.W. Ecija. It has some Roman anticjuities. — XII. (P. de Montalvan), jjrov. and 17 m. W. Toledo, on the Tagus. Pop. 4,333. It has a picturesque castle, and a palace of the dukes of Uoeda. — XIII. (P. de Sanahria), prov. and 53 m. N.W. Zamora. Pop. 849.— XIV. (P. de Sancho Pe- rez), prov. and 36 m. S.E. Badajos. Pop. 1,892. —XV. (P. Nueea), prov. Toledo, 7 m. S. Talavera. Pop. 2,400— XVI. (P. de ffijar). [Hijar.] Pueblo Viejo (" old town "), a maritime town of the Mexican Confed., dep. Vera Cruz, 6 m. S.E. Tampico, on Lake Tanmico. Pop. 1,500, who export large quantities of^ salted prawns to the interior. The town is meanly built ; its har- bour is shallow, & it has now little foreign trade. Pdehta Gobda, a settlement of Caribs, British Honduras, 150 m. S. Bahze. PuENTE ("abridge"), numerous petty towns of Spain I. (P. del Arzobispo), prov. Toledo, near the Tagus, 18 m. S.W, Talavera. Pop. 979— II. (P. del Congosto), prov. and 43 m. W. Avila, on the Tormes. Pop. 2,000.-111. (P. de Eume), prov. and 13 m. E. Coruna, on the Eume, here crossed by a long ancient bridge. Pop. 2,170. — IV. (P. Genii), prov. & 27 m. S. Cordova, on the Genii. Pop. (1845) 6,408, engaged in woollen weaving, and in oil and earthenware factories. — V. (P. la Reyna), Navarra, prov. & 13 m. S.S.W. Pamplona, on the Arga, here crossed by 4 bridges. Pop. 3,700. — Puentes de Garcia Rodriguez is a town, prov. and 24 m. E.N.E. Coruna. P. 1,496. PuEEOo, a river of Texas, and the princip. affl. of the Rio Grande, which it joins near lat. 29° 15' N., Ion. 103° W., after a S. course of 500 miles. PuEES, a mkt. town of Belgium, prov. & 12 m. S.S.W. Antwerp. Pop. 4,000. PuEBTO, " a port," a prefix to the names of many places in Spain. — I. (P. de Santa Maria), a city in the prov. and 7 m. N.E. Cadiz, on r. b. bf the Gnadalete, near its mouth in the bay of Cadiz. Pop. (1845) 17,930. The town is unin- teresting. It is the principal place for the export of the wines of Xerez, 7 m. N.E. Ma,ny exten- sive English and Erench wine merchants are established here. It supplies Cadiz with water. — II. (P. Real), a seaport town of the same prov. on the bay, and 6 m. E. of Cadiz. Pop. 3,871. It has manufs. of leather. — III. (P. Llano), a town in the prov. & 21 m. S.S.W. Ciudad-Real. Pop. 2,812, who manuf. lace. — IV. (P. Marin), a town in the prov., and 12 m. S.W. Lugo, on the Minho, here crossed by a magnificent bridge. Pop. 663. Puerto Bello, a seaport town of S. America, New Granada, dep. & 40 m. N.N.W. Panama, on the N. side of its isthmus. It is surrounded hy ; inountains, and unhealthy, but the excellence of its harb. (whence its name) rendered it formerly of high commercial importanee. It was taken by Admiral Vernon in '1739, at which time it was Strongly fortified. ' It has lioW greatly declined. Puerto Cabello, a seaport town of S. Amer., Venezuela, prov. Caracas, in the Gulf of Triste, 20 m. N.W. Valencia, of which it is the port. The town stands on an island connected with the mainland by a bridge. It is unhealthy, but has a good harbour, and was formerly the seat of a considerable trade. In 1844, 32 British vessels entered and sailed from the port. Pherto-de-la-Mar, or Poht-la-Mab. [Co- BIJA.] Puerto Pbihcipe (Santa Maria be), an inland city of Cuba, cap. its central dep., 36 m. W.S.W. its port. Las Nuevitas, on the N. coast, betwe^p the rivulets Tinima and Jatibonico. Climate hot and humid. Pop. of its jurisdiction (1845) 32,996 whites ; 6,166 free blacks ; & 9,851 slaves, half of whom were on sugar and coffee estates. Puerto Viejo, a town of S. Amer., Ecuador, dep. & 85 m. N.N.W. Guayaquil, on a small riyer flowing into the Pacific Ocean. Puffin Island, a rocky islet of Irel., Munster, CO. Kerry, in St. Finnan's bay, 3 m. S.E. Brea- head, Valentia island. PuGLiA, a region of S. Italy. [Apulia] — n. a river, which joins the Tiber at Qrvieto. PuGMAN, or Pemghan, a town knd fort of Aif- ghanistan, 13 m. W. Cabool, on affl. of Cabool riv. PuiCELET, a comm. and town of France, dep. Tarn, 11 m. N.W. Gaillac. Pop. 2,153. PuiG, a town of Spain, prov. and 12 m. N.E. Valencia, on a hill close to the Mediterr. P. 2,0^0. Pdigoerda, a fortified frontier town of Spain, prov. and 62 m. N.W. Gerona, at the foot of the Pyrenees. Pop. 1,824. It is the residence of a military governor, and has manufs. of woollenl Puiseaux, a comm. and town of France, dep. Loiret, cap. cant., arrond. & 12 m. E. Pithiviers. Pop. 1,876. — Puisserguier is a comm. and vill., dep. Herault, 9 m. W.N.W. Beziers, Pop. 1,745. Pujols, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, 13 m. N.N.E. Agen. Pop. 1,570. PuKANTz (Hung. Bakabanya), a mining town of N. Hungary, co. Honth, 9 m. S.W. Schemuitz. Pop. 2,360. PuLA, a comm. and marit. town of Sardinia, div. and 15 m. S. W. Cagliari, cap. mand. P. 1,235. PuLAwr, a town of Poland, gov. & 30 m. N,W. Lublin, on rt. b. of the Vistula. Pop. 3,000.' , .' FuLBOBOUGH, apa. of Engl., co. Sussex, on the anc. Roman road. Stone street, 8 m. N.N.W. Ar- undel. Area 6,610 ao. Pop. 2,006. PuLFOED, a pa. of Engl., co. and 6 m. S.S.W. Chester, with a station on the Shrewsbury and Chester railw. Area 2,570 ac. P. 335. Twom. distant is Eaton haJl (Marquis of Westminster^. PuLHAM, a town of Engl., co. Norfolk, SJ m. N.W. Harleston, in the two pas. St. Mary and Sjt. Magdalen, the united area of which is 3,27.0 ac. Pop. 1,155. — II. (East), a pa., co. Dorset, 7 m. S.S.E. Sherborne. Area 1,860 ac. Pop. 323^ PuLiOAT (Hind. Yaliacuta), a marit. town jif India, formerly belonging to the Dutch, 20 in. N. Madras, at the S. entrance of the Pulicat lake, an inlet of the sea, 35 m. in length, .12 m.,in breadth, bounded seaward by a long narrow isl. PuLLOXHLLL, a pa. of Engl., co. Bedford, 1| m. S.W. Silsoe, Area 1,760 ac. Pop. 611. PuLLi-, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. 'Vaud, cap. circ, 1 m. E. Lausanne. Pop. 1,000. PuLO, " an island," the prefixed name of many islands of the Asiatic Archipelago, some of the principal being— I. (P. Baniach), off the S!W. coast of Sumatra, lat. 2° 20' N., Ion. 96° 50' E.—IL (P. Srasie), off, the N.W. extremity of Sumatra, 22; m., W.N:W.' Acheen. Circumf.,10 m — III. (P. Canton), Cbma sea, off the coast of PT3L 1061 PUN Anam, lat. 15° 20' N., Ion. 109° E.— IV. {P. «e- cer de Mer), China sea, 60 m. S. Cape Padarau, Cochin-CIuna, and yielding many edible birds' nests V. (P. Condor), a cluster of islands, China sea, 120 m. E. Point Camboja, the prin- cipal island, 12 m. in length, having a vill. and good anchorage.^VI. (P. Dattoo), ofif the W. coast of Borneo, lat. 0° 7' N., Ion. 108° 37' E. — VII. {P. Dammer), off the S. extremity of Gilolo. Circumf. about 30 m.— VIII. (P. La- iuan), off the N.W. coast of Borneo, 60 m. N. Borneo, and lately taken possession of by the English ^IX. (P. Lancavi), W. coast of the Ma- lay peninsula at the month of the river Quedah. Pop. 3,000.— X. {P. Lout), off the S.E. extremity of the island Borneo. Length 60 m., greatest breadth 35 m. — Little Pulo Lout is a group 66 m. S.W.ward.— XI. [P. Nancy), off the W. coast of Sumatra, W. Acheen.— XII. (P. Oby, or Ubi), China sea, 20 m. S. Point Camboja. [Penano.] For others not here mentioned, refer to addi- tional names. Pulo Anaphi, an islet, Grecian Archipelago, 16 m. S.E. Santorin. Pdlo Lontar, an isl. of the Indian O., off the S.W. coast of Lr. Siam, lat. 7° 45' N., Ion. 99° E. Pdi,o Penang, Prince of Wales isl. [Penang.] FDI.SN1TZ, a town of Saxony, circ. and 16 m. N.E. Dresden. Pop. 1,986. The Emperor Alex- ander of Russia and the King of Prussia had a conference here in 1813. PuLTNET, two tushps., U. S., N. Amer — I. New York, 12 m. N.E. Bath. Pop. 1,784.-11. Ohio, CO. Belmont. Pop. 1,747. Pm,TowA,atownandgov. Poland. [Poltava.] PuLTUSK, or Pdltowsk, a town of Poland, prov. and 60 m. E.N.E. Plock, cap. co., on an island formed by the Narew. Pop. 4,600. It is well built, and has a bishop's palace, a collegiate church, a nunnery, and a synagogue, with a brisk trade in com. Here, in 1703, Charles xii. con- quered the Saxons, in on the 26th Dec. 1806, the French gained a victory over the Russians. Pclvebbatch-Chuech, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 7^ m. S.S.W. Shrewsbury. Ac. 4,260. P. 643. PoNA, an island off the W. coast of S. Amer., Ecuador, dep. and 40 m. S.W. Guayaquil, in the Gulf of Guayaquil. Length N. to S. 30 m., breadth 10 m. Surrace well wooded. On its N. side is the vill. Puna, with a tolerable harbour. Punch, a small town of the Punjab, in lat. 33° 51' N., long. 73° 63° E., near the frontier of Cashmere, where crossed by the Punch pass 8,500 feet in elevation. PuNCKNOLL, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 6J m. E.S.E. Bridport. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 425. Pdndekpook (Bind. Puny-ad-hara-pura), a town of India, dom. and 89 m. E. Sattarah, on the Beemah. It is regularly and well built, and has several palaces. Pop. 25,000 (?). PuNGANOOK, a fortified town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 60 m. NtW. Arcot. Pokhexe, a mkt.-town and military post of Portugal, prov. Estremadura, on the Tagus, at the head of its navigation, 9 m. W.N. W. Abrantes. Pop. 1,100. It exports raisins and other fruits. PoNiTZ (Pol. Powiee), a town of Prussian Po- land, reg. and 44 m. S. Posen. Pop. 1,620, partly employed in linen weaving and in brewing. Punjab, an extensive territory of N.W. Hin- dostan, emhracing the country watered by the "five great waters," of which the Indus is the most westerly and the Sutleje the most easterly. The outline of the district is angular, the apex being at the point where the Indus and the Pnnjnud meet, in lat. 28° 55' N., Ion. 70° 28' E. The N. is an elevated region, formed by the Bolor, Tibet, and W. Himalaya mntns., and from whence issue six rivers which flow S. wards through a level and low lying region. The rivers are the Indus, Jhylum, Chenab, Ravee, Beas, and Sutleje. Length from N.E. to S.W., from Nobra in Ladakh to the confluence of the Indus and Punjuud, about 600 m. Breadth from Ram- pur to Derbcnd, 350 m. Pop. estimated at 4,740,000, consisting of Sikhs, Cashmerians, and Afghans. The N. part of the state is a range of mntns., with elevation from 20,000 to 27,000 ft. The W. range, enclosing the valley of the Indus, is of granite and primary rocks. The Bupshu Spiti and adjacent part of Ladakh, are of second- ary strata, with organic remains ; the E. Cash- merian are volcanic and basaltic, with limestones. S. of lat. 34°, the country rapidly slopes to the alluvial plain of the Punjab, which extends for several hundred m. without any considerable em- inence except the salt ranges at the base of the Himalaya, which contain immense beds of rock- salt, as also alum, sulphur, nitre, coal, and gyp- sum. The great plain is divided by the inter- sections of its rivers into 5 dodbs. The soil in general is sandy and barren, but with many fer- tile spots intermixed, and there are abundant means of irrigation. Summer temp, of the plains excessively hot and dry ; winter cool, and not unfrequently frost. Temp, at Lahore in Junp, in the shade, 112° Fahr. The vegetation of the Punjab resembles that of E. India. The sugar- cane, palm, orange, and other fruit-trees flourish, and all kinds of grain crops are raised, as also opium, indigo, tobacco. Camels, buffaloes, horses, are reared in the extensive pasture lands, but rural industry is by no means generally prac- tised. Sillz and cotton fabrics are manufactured in the towns, as also carpets, shawls, and warlike arms. A considerable transit trade is carried on in goods imported from eastern India and carried westward ; bullion, silk, drugs, and dyes being received in return. The population is of a mixed kind. In the N. are Tibetan Mongolians, and the remains of former Afghan conquerors are scattered over the whole coun- try ; the great majority of the people are Punjab Jats, descendants of Hindoo Rajpoot Jats ; the Khalsa Sikh pop. may amount to 600,000. Their religion, originally supposed ,/to have been a pure deism, is now a modification of Hindooism ; they have no castes, and the military profession is open to all. Their morals are de- praved and sensual. In person the Sikhs resem- ble the Hindoos, but are of more robust and ac- tive habits than the natives of Middle India, and they excel in warlike enterprise. The Sikh gov., a military despotism, extended over the whole of the Punjab, Kashmir, Ladakh, and Bulh, Peshawer W. of the Indus, and the Derajat as far S. as the frontier of Scinde. The rev. was formerly esti- mated at about 2^ millions ster. annually. Run- jeet Singh had an army of 76,000 men. Principal towns, Lahore the cap., Amritzir, Serinagur, Mooltan, Peshawer, Jullinder, Jelalpoor. The Punjab was the scene of Alexander the Great's oriental conquests. At the beginning of the 10th century, it was overrun by Mahommed of Ghuznee"the destroyer;" subsequently it was conquered by the Afghans, and in 1626 by Baber the Mogul conqueror. Under the late Bunjeet Singh, the power and boundaries of the kingdom were greatly extended ; on his death in 1839 and the subsequent massacres of his nearest heirs, the country became the scene of anarchy. An unprovoked invasion of the British territories E. PUN 1062 PUT of the Sutleje by a powerful army of the Sikhs in 1846, led to a series of British victories at Moodkee, Ferozeshah, Aliwal, and Sabraon, and their submission by treaty in 1816. This treaty was again broken by Shere Singh in 1848, and the Sikh force was fiinally defeated and dispersed at Goojerat, 21st Feb. 1849. The Punjab was then formally annexed to the Brit, possess, in India. PuNJGOOR, atownof Beloochistan, prov. Mek- ran, on the Dnstee, 74 m. N.N.E. Kecye. It is the cap. of an independent and very fertile dist., comprising about a dozen vills,, and yielding an annual rev. of about 2,0001. Pdnjkud, a name applied to the conjoined stream of the Ghara and Chenab rivers, which unites with the Indus near Mittun-Kote after a S."W. course of about 60 m. At Oooh it is J m. in width at its lowest period, with a depth of from 16 to 20 feet. PuNNAH, or Pannah, a rajahship of Hindos- tan, prov. Allahabad, subsidiary to the British, and having an area af 688 sq. m. Pop. 67,600. It pays to the Bengal government a tribute of 11,000 rupees annually, and maintains a force of 200 cavalry and 700 infantry. It contains the famous diamond mines of Fannah. Pdnnaib, a river of S. India, rises in Mysore, traverses the British dists., Salem and S. Arcot, and enters the sea at Cuddalore, 93 m. S.S.W. Madras, after an E.ward course of 220 m. The towns Kyacotta & Kistnaghur are on its banks. Pdho, a dep. of S. Peru, mostly between lat. 14° and 18° S., and Ion. 69° and 72° W., having E. Bolivia, and on other sides the deps. Cuzco and Arequipa. Estimated area 21,640 sq. m., and pop. 166,000. It is nearly enclosed by cordilleras of the Andes, comprises the greater part of the Lake Titicaca, and was formerly famous tor the number and wealth of its silver mines. Cattle, potatoes, and barley, are chief products. Chief towns, Phino, Chucuito, Asangaro, and Lampa. — II. a city of S. Peru, cap. dep. and prov., on the Bay of Puno, W. shore of Lake Titicaca, 130 m. E.N.E. Arequipa, and 12,870 feet above the sea. Fop. 9,000. It is built mostly of stone, and has a cathedral and a high school. PusTA DE FiEDRA, a marit. town of S. Amer., Venezuela, dep. and 70 m. E. Cumana, at the head of the Gulf of Paria. It stands on a fine elevated plain, and has risen into importance wholly within the present century. FuNTAS Arenas, the principal port of Costa Bica, Central America, on the Gulf of Niooya. It has a good harbour, and a rapidly increasing trade, as it commnnicates by an excellent road with a great part of the interior. In 1845, it ex- ported 60,000 quintals of coffee, Funhkka, or PooNAKA, a town and the second cap. of Bootan, N. Hlndostan, in the great chain of the Himalaya, 17 m. N.E, Tassisudon. It is a miserable place ; the winter residence of the Deb-K^ah is its only building of consequence. PuRAcfi, a vill. of S. Amer., New Granada, 12 m. E.S.B. Popayan, on the volcano of Furacd, by an eruption of which, in 1827, it was tem- porarily destroyed. Ptiratin, a town of Russia, gov. and 103 m. TS.yf. Poltava, cap. dist., with 1,600 inhabitants. PuHEBCK (ISI.E or), a peninsular district of Engl., 00. Dorset, betw. the river Fvome, enter- ing Poole harbour, N., and the English Channel on the S. ; terminating in StAlban'shead. Length 10 m., breadth about 7 m. It has excellent quar- ries of stone, slate, & marble. Corfe castle is in this district. Purohena, a town of Spain, prov. and 30 m. N.N.E. Almeira, on r. b. of the Almanzor. Pop. 1,596. Fdbdv Island, off the S. coast of Australia, belongs to the Nuyts Archipelago.— Pardy Isls., Pacific Ocean, form a part of the Admiralty group. PuRFLBET, a township of Engl., co. Essex, pa. W. Thurrock, picturesquely situated on an emi- nence beside the Thames, 15 m. E. London. Pop. 704. It has a small pier for steamers, and a large government bomb-proof powder magazine. PmiincAcioN,atown, S. Amer., New Granada, dep. Cundinamarca, on the Magdalena, 72 m. S.W. Bogota. — II. a town of the Mexican con- federation, dist. and 95 m. W.N.W. Colima. PuRiTOH, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 3J m. N.E. Bridgewater. Area 1,790 ao. Pop. 462. POBKASSA, a town of British India, presid. Bombay, dist. Candeish, on the Taptee, 84 m. E.N.E. Surat. It is now in decay, but numerous ruined temples attest its former importance. PnRLEiQH, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 3} m. S. Maldon. Area 2,540 ac. Pop. 1,213. FuRLEY, a pa. of Engl., co. Berks, 3} m. N.W. Reading. Area 1,020 ac. Pop. 198. PuRMERENB, a towu of the Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, cap. cant., on the N. Holland canal, 10 m. N. Amsterdam. Fop. 3372. It has large markets for cattle and cheese. PtTKNEAH, a dist. of British India, presid. and prov. Bengal, having N. Nepaul and Sikkim, and on other sides the dists. Rungpoor, Dinage- poor, Eajeshaye, Bhaugulpoor, and Tirhoot. Area 7,460 sq. m. Pop. 1,362,166. Surface hilly in the N.,elsewliere mostly level; the Ganges bounds it S.W.ward. Principal products, rice, oil-seeds, indigo, cattle, and timber, floated down to Calcutta, Land rev. (1839-40) 131,972/., total rev. 146,170/.— II. a town and cap., above dist., 230 m. N.W. Calcutta. Fop. estimated at 40,000. It is said to occupy 9 sq. m., being rather an assemblage of villages than a compact town. A good deal of indigo is raised in its vicinity. PuRKCAH, two towns of British India, presid. Bengal. — I. dist. and 45 m. S.S.W. Dinagepoor, with extensive ruins of mosques, & other build- ings.— II. dist. Burdwan, 32 m. N.N.W. Calcutta, with a noble mosque, and a lofty tower. PuRTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, with a sta- tion on the Great Western railw., 4^ m. W.N.W. Swindon. Area 7,670 ac. Fop. 2,141. FuRDS, or CnOHivARA, a river of S. Amer., one of tile principal tributaries of the Amazon, which it joins in lat, 4° S., Ion. 61° W. Its sources are unknown, and it traverses the least known part of the American continent. Its course is N.E., and at its junction with the Amazon, it is scarcely inferior in size to that river. FusET, a pa. of England, co. Berlcs, 4i m. E. Great Farringdon. Area 1,070 ac. Pop. 108. PusiANO, a vjU. of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 10 m. E. Como, on the Lake of Pusiano, which is about 3 m long by 1 m. in breadth, 160 feet deep and 840 feet above the Adriatic. FiJspoKT (Gci-m. Bischdorf), a market town of W. Hungary, co. and 6 m. S.E. Fresburg, with , R. Catholic & Reformed churches. Pop. 1,218. Pdst-Ozersk (Samoyede Yongorie), the most N. town of the Samoyede country, in European Russia, gov. Archangel, on the Petchora, near its mouth in the N. Ocean. Pop. 600, who Hve chiefly by hunting and fishing. FnsTEETHAL, a dist. in the E. part of the Tyrol, watered by liead streams of the Drave and Adige. Chief town Brunecken. PuTBUs, a market town of Prussia, in the PUT 10G3 PWL island Riigren, 5 m. S.E. Bergen. Pop. 1,840. It has sea baths, and near it is a castle. PuiEAux, a comra. and vill. of France, dep. Seine, 11 m. \V. Paris, on 1. b. of the Seine, and on the Paris and Versailles railway. Pop. 3,625. PnTEOLi, a town of Naples. [Pozzuoli.] Pdtfobd, two pas. of England, co. Devon.— I. (East), 8 J m. S.W. Great Torrington. Area 8,230 ac. Pop. 197.— II. (West), 9 m. ^V. Great Torrington. Area 1,910 ao. Pop. 490. Pdtignano, a town of Naples, prov. and 23 m. S.E. Bari. Pop. 9,000. PuTiL.tM, a marit. vill. of Ceylon, on the W. coast, 74 m. N. Colombo. An extensive manuf. of bay salt is here carried on. Pdtivl, orPoTTVL, a town of Russia, gov. and 100 m. W.S.W. Koursk, cap. dist., on the Sem. Pop. 9,000. It is well built, and though mostly of wood, it has some good public edifices, nearly 20 churches, 2 extensive charitable institutions, vitriol factories, brick kilns, and a brisk trade in the rural produce of the vicinity. Pdtlet, a pa, of Engl., co. Hereford, 4 m. "W. Ledbury. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 158. PuTMAi[-VAii.Er, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, 9 m. W. Carmel. Pop. 1,659. Phtsey, a pa, and vill. of Engl., co. Surrey, on the Thames, opposite Fulham, with which it is connected by a wooden bridge, and with a station on the London and Bichmond railwa}', Gh m. W.S. W. St Paul's, London. Area of pa. 2,280 ac. Pop. 4,684. The vill., large and well built, has many good residences, a conspicuous church, & various inns facing the river ; rowing and sail- ing matches are here often held. Steamers ply constantly between it and London. Crom- well, Earl of Essex, and principal agent of Henry VIII. in the spoliation of the monasteries, and Gibbon, the historian, were natives of Putney. Pdtkid Sea, Russia. [Sivach Gulf.] PoTTEE, a town of the Punjab, 12 m. W. of the Beas, and 38 m. S.E. of Lahore. Pop. about 5,000. It is well built, & has a government stud. PuTTELANGE, a comm. and town of France, dep. Moselle, 9 m. S.W. Sarreguemines. P. 2,032. PnTTEN, an island of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, formed by the Maas, 8 ra. S.W. Rotter- dam. — IL a vin., prov. Gelderland, 6 m. S. Har- derwyk. Pop. .3,233 Puttershoek is a vill., prov. S. Holland, 4 m. W. Dort. Pop. 1,476. Pdttenham, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Herts, 3i m. N.N. W. Tring. Area 690 ac. Pop. 136.— II. CO. Surrey, 4J m. W.S.W. Guildford. Area 1,780 ac. Pop. 884. PoTLiTZ, a town, Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. Potsdam, 9 m. N.W. Pritzwalk. Pop. 1,520. PUTTUN SOMNACTH, EUndoStaU. [SOMNAUTH.] PuTUMAYo, or IgA, a riv. of S. Amer., Ecuador, rises by many heads near Pasto, flows generally E., anci joins the Amazon at Iga, 70 m. E.N.E. OUvenza. Total course 700 m. PnizALO, a small island of Finland, in the N. part of Lake Ladoga. Near a harbour on its E. side are some curious caverns. Pdtzig, a town of W. Prussia, reg. and 26 m. N.N.W. Danzig, on the Gulf of Danzig. Pop. 2,180. It has manufs. of woollen cloth, and se- veral iron forges.— The Bay qfPutzig is the W. arm of the Gulf of Danzig, and separated from the Baltic by a long and narrow tongue of land. Length of bay, S.E. to N.W,, 20 miles. PuxTON, a pa. of Engl,, co. Somerset, 6 m. N. Axbridge. Area 760 ac. Pop. 162. Put (Lb), a comm. and town of France, cap. dep. H. Loire,' 68 m. S.W. Lyon, near !. b. of the Loire. Pop. (1846) 13,552. It is built on the S. slope of Mount Anis, crowned by the basaltic roclc of Corneille, and has on its highest point a picturesque gothic cathedral. The remains of Du Guesclin were deposited in the church of St Laurent. It has a national college, a normal school, a library of 8,000 vols., and some manufs. of lace. It was cap. of the old dist. of Velay, & is the birth place of Cardinal Polignac. — II. (P. Guillaume), a comm. and market town, dep. Puy- de-D6me, 8 m. N.N.W. Thiers. Pop. 1,673.— III. (P. la Roque), a comm. & market town, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, 19 m. N.E. Montauban. Pop. 2,341. — V. (P. TEvique), a comm. and town, dep. Lot, 15 m. N.W. Cahors, on r. b. of the Lot. Pop. 1,125. PuYOEKDA, a town of Spain. [Puigcekda.] PuYLADEENS, a comm. & town of France, dep. Tarn, 13 m. S.E. Lavaur. Pop. 1,959. It was formerly fortified by the Protestants, but dis- mantled by Louis xiii. PuYMiBOL, a comm. & town of France, dep. Lot- et-Garonne, 8 m. E. Agen. P. 1,635. It has ruins of a fortress, formerly an important stronghold. Pnr-DE-DoME, a mntn. of France, near the centre of the dep. to which it gives name. Height above the sea 4,806 ft. It is the chief peak of a volcanic group of mntns. covering about 80 sq. m., and attached S.ward by a series of basaltic peaks or puys to the great mass of Mont-Dor. It is almost bare of trees ; but has good pastur- age on its sides, and corn land at its base. Its geology has been fully described in Scroop's work on the Auvergne. PuY-DE-DoME, a dep. of France in the S.E., formed of part of the old prov. Auvergne, and surrounded by the deps. Loire, H. Loire, Cantal, Correze, Creuse, and Allier. Area 2,263 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 601,594. Cap. Clermont-Ferrand. Surface mntnous. and contains a great number of puys or peaks, the chief of which are the Mont- Dor, and the Puy-de-D6me. These mntns. are of volcanic origin, and contain numerous extinct craters, the lava, formerly emitted from which, is used for building and' paving. Between the mntns. extend rich valleys, and that of Limagne is celebrated for its fine vegetation. The prin- cipal rivers are the Allier and its affl. the Dore. Chief mineral products, coal, antimony, silver, alum, lead, iron, and marble. There are numer- ous mineral springs in the dep., the most cele^ brated of which is that of Mont-Dor. Soil rich in the valleys, and produces grain more than re- quisite for the pop., lint, hemp, wine, and fi'uits ; chesnuts are in some cantons the principal food of the inhabitants. Cattle and sheep are exten- sively reared, and the cheese of the dep. is in repute. The principal manufs. are linens, wool- lens, and paper. Many of the pop. of the sterile dists. emigrate every year. The dep. is divided into the arronds. Ambert, Clermont, Issoire, Riom, and Thiers. PnzzuoLi, Puteoli, an episcopal town of Naples, on the Gulf of, and 7 m. S. W., Naples. Pop. 8,400. In ancient times it was an important city ; its environs were crowned with villas of the wealthy Romans. Near it are Lake Averno, the Solfa- tara, from which sulphur is extensively obtained, and the celebrated grotto del Cane. Its vicinity is interesting to geologists. Pwllheli, a pari, and munio. bor. and small seaport town of N. Wales, on Cardigan bay, co. and 19 m. S.S.W. Carnarvon, pa. Denis. Pop. 2,367. It is well built, & has a union workhouse, a branch bank, a good harbour for vessels of 60 tons, and is frequented by sea-bathers. The port is subordinate to Beaumaris. The bor. was PWL 1064 FYR incorporated by Edward the Black Piince. It unites with Carnarvon, Bangor, Conway, Crio- oieth, and Nevin, in sending 1 member to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 113. Pwll-t-Croohan, a pa. of S. Wales, co. and 6 m. W. Pembroke. Pop. 212. Pyecombe, a pa. of England, co, Sussex, 6 m. N. Brighton. Area 2,320 ao. Pop. 864. Pyked-Stanb, or Hell's Cleubh, a mntn. of Seotl., CO. Peebles, pa. Kirkurd, elev. 2,100 feet. Pile and Kenfio, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, 6 m. W.N.W. Bridgend. Pop. 803. Ptle-Rudbar, a town of Persia, prov. Ghilan, in a pass of the Elburz mntns., 35 m. S.W. Reshd. PvLLE, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 3i m. S. Shepton-Mallet. Area 1,570 ac. Pop. 216. Ptlstaart, or Sola, an island of the Pacific Ocean, S.S.W. the Friendly Islands. Lat. 22° 0' S., Ion. 176° 4' W. Pymatuning, a tnsh., U. S., N. Amer., Penn- sylvania, CO. Mercer. Pop. 1,793. Pynackek, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, 3 m. E. Delft. Pop. 1,298. Pyramus, a riv. of Asia Minor. [Jyhoon.] Py(ienees, Pyreneei Mantes, an extensive mntn. chain of Europe, forming the limit between France and Spain, and extending in a direction S.S.E. to N.N.W. from Cape Creux on the Medi- terranean in the E. to near Fnenterrabia on the W., a distance of 270 m., with a breadth of from SO to 100 m. ; they are joined on the W. by the Cantabrian mntns., which may be considered a prolongation of the chain. Next to the Alps, the Pyrenees are in general the highest mntns. of Europe ; the summit of the chain forms a curved line with a mean altitude of 7,990 ft. The slope is much more gentle on the N. than on the S. side. On the N. side they send off numerous off- sets which cover parts of the French deps., & the descent is more gradual at the W. than at the E. extremity. The primary formation is less extensive than in the AI{)S ; it consists of granite, micaceous schist, and primitive limestone^ which form a continuous band stretching three-fourths across the isthmus. The bulk of the system is composed of secondary rocks which are arranged in vertical bands flanking the older rocks, and consist of clay-slate, grauwack^, and blue lime- stone. The oolite and chalk formations oc- cur on the lower part of the chain. Snow lies deep in the mountains during a great paxt of the year, and is perpetual on the higher points. The elevation of the snow line is 8,000 ft. From the Marbore to Maladetta, the summits are covered with broad bands of ice, yet no true glaciers have been discovered. Corn grows in some of the upper viilleys, maize is cultivated at the vill. of Lescar (Lower Pyrenees) at an eleva- tion of 3,280 ft., and the pine tree grows at 10,870 ft. above the sea. The bear is found in the high desert regions near the snow line, and the lynx ascends to 8,300 feet. The principal summits are Pic Nethou (Maladetta), 11,168 ft.; Mont Perdu, 10,950 ft. ; the Vignemale, 10,820 ft. ; Pic du Midi, 9,640 ft. ; and Ze Canigaa, 9,137 ft. The principal passes of the Pyrenees are, from E. to W., Port aOo, 9,843 ft. ; the Breche de Roland, 9,600 ft. ; Estaube, 8,i02ft.; Tourtricdet, 7, liStt.; Gavamie, , 7,654 ft., above the level of the sea ; there are about 50 in all, of which the following are fit for carriages :— I. The Col de Pertus, between Per- pignan and Jonquera, passable at all seasons II. The pass of Puymoriens between the vallfey of Segre and that of the Arifege. — III. The Port de Confrano, between Zaragoza and Pau.— IV. The Port of Konoeva-nx, between Pamplona and St Jeati —V. The pass of the Bidassao, between Vitoria and Bayonne. The chief nvers nsmgm the Pyrenees, are the Adour, Garonne, and Aude, flowing N., and the Llobregat and numerous affls. of the Bbro flowing S. The Pyrenees contain iron-ores; copper and argentiferous lead-ore were formerly worked, but are now abandoned. Several of the streams are auriferous, but no gold or silver mines are worked. The valley of Cardona contains a remarkable deposit of rock- salt, one of the beds measuring 390 by 750 feet. The Pyrenees give their name to 3 deps. of France I. Basses (or lower) Pyrenees, a frontier prov. formed of part of the old prov. Beam, bounded E. by the dep. H. Pwenees, S. by the Pyrenees, W. by the Bay of Biscay, on which are the ports of Bayonne and St Jean-de- Luz, and N. by the deps. Landes and Gers. Area 2,928 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 467,832.— Cap. Pau. — Ifearly half the surface is covered with pastures and marshes, one-sixth part is oc- cupied by fine forests and the rest is fertile. Numerous torrents descend from the mountains, the chief of which are the Gave-de-Pau, Gave d'Oleron, and the Nive. Minerals comprise iron, copper, and marble. The mineral springs of Eaux-Bonnes and Eaux-Chaudes are well fre- quented, and the salt from the springs of S^lies is in repute. Among vegetable products are the oak, gall-nut, lint, and wine ; and among animals, the bear, isard, a species of chamois. Manufs. unimportant ; the chief are iron forging, manufs. of linen and paper. The dep. is divided into the arronds. Bayonne, Mauleon, Oloron, Orthes, andPau. — W.Hautes (or upper) PyrSmes, a frontier dep. S.E. of the former, composed of part of the old prov. Gascogne, having E. the dep. H. Garonne, and N. Gers. Area 1,800 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 251,285. Surface covered by the ramifications of the Pyrenees enclosing, the fine valleys of Adour, Campan, Barrages, Cau- terets, and Aznn. The Adour, and its affls. the Arros and Gave-de-Pau, rise in the dep., the soil contains numerous minerals, but only marble is quarried. The mineral springs of Bagneres, Barrages, and Cautertes are much frequented. Soil fertile in the valleys, but grain is insufficient for the wants of the population. Wine is abund- ant and of good quality. Cattle are extensively reared, horses are excellent, and the sheep are protected from the wolves by the powerful dogs of the Pyrenees. The chief manufs. are those of woollen stnfis called Barreges. The dep; is divided into the arronds. Argeles, Bagneres, and Tarbes III. Pyrenees Orientales, is separated from the former by the dep. Arifege, and hounded E. by the Mediterranean, N. by the dep. Aude, and comprised in the old prov. RoussiUon and part of Languedoc. Area 1,593 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 180,794. The Pyrenees on the S. separate the dep. from Spain and connect it with their centremrts ; the highest point in the dep. is Canigou 9,137 ft. Chief rivers the Tet, Gly, and Aude, flowing E. to the Mediterranean, the Ari6ge affl. of the Garonne, and the Segre affl. of the Ebro. On the coast are the marshes ol Leucate and St Nazaire, and the ports ColHoure, Port Vendres, Bagnols, and Nonvelle, The soil contains iron, antimony, fine marble, and mineral springs. Climate cold in the mntns., but suffici- ently mild in the valleys for the culture of the pomegranate and the mulberry. The? orange grows here on espahers. The wines of Rous- siUon are esteemed. Manufs. are unimportant. The dep. is divided into the arronds. CeretitFer- pignan, and Prades — The Australian Pyrenees is PYR 1065 QUA a name given to a range in tlie colony of Vic- toria, between the Austrian Alps and Grampians, their principal summits being Mts. Cole, Byng, and Campbell. Pybgo, a rill, of Greece, Morea, gov. Elis, 17 m. S.S.E. Gastnni, near the coast. It has a good bazaar, and some export trade in rural produce, and imports of European manufactured goods. PraiTz, a town of Pruss. Pomerania, reg. and 24 m. S.E. Stettin, cap. circ. Pop. 4,650. It has manufs. of woollen cloth and leather. Near it is the Ottobrun spring, so called from Otto, bishop of Bamberg, who here christeued the first Pomei-- anian converts in 1124. Pybmont, a town of Central Germany, Wal- deck-Pyrmont, cap. the detached principality Pyrmont, in a valley, 34 m. S. W. Hanover. Pop. 1,205. It has mineral baths. Pywortht, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 2^ m. "W.S.W. Holsworthy. Area 3,850 ac, P. 758. Pyzdrv, or Peisern, a town of Poland, prov. & 33 m. N.N. W. Kalisz, on the Warta. P. 3,100. Q For names not foimd under Q, see C or K. Qua, a mountain of Guinea, E. of the Came- roons estuary, 64 m. N. W. the peak of Cameroon. Lat. 6° 12' N., Ion. 8° 50' E. Height 6,000 feet. On its S.W. side, the Qua river descends to join the Cameroons. QcAco, a marit. vill. and headland of British N. America, on the S. coast of New Brunswick, 25 m. E.N.E. St. John. Quadra and Vancouver Isl. [yANCOuvEH.] QuADRiNS, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 7i m. N.N.W. Spalding. Area 4,210 ae. Pop. 971. QuADKELLE, a vijl. of Naples, prov. T. di La- voro, dist. and 6 m. E.N.E. Nola. Pop. 1,600. QoAESANGEK FioED, Norway, Finmark, is 30 m. S.W. Altengaard. QuAiNTOH, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, 6| m. N.W. Aylesbury. Area 6,770 ac. Pop. 1,081. QuAKENBBiJCK, a town of Hanover, landr., principality, and 29 m. N. Osnabruck. P. 2,191. QuALfjui, a small town of Chile, S. Amer., dep. and 20 m. E.S.E. Concepcion, on the Biobio. QuAKG, a prefixed name of numerous provs. of E. Asia. — Q.-BirUi, Q.-Ai, & Q.-Nan, are provs. of the empire Anam, Cochin-China. QuAKG-PiKG, a city of China, prov. Chi-li, cap. dep., 240 m. S.S.W. Peking. It has numerous temples. — Il.acity oftliirdrank,prov. Kwi-choo, 80 m. E.N.E. Kwi-yang. QuANG-81, one of the S. provs. of China, betw. lat. 22° and 26" N., and Ion. 106° and 112° 30' E., having S.W. Tonquin, and on other sides the provs. Quang-tong, How-nan, Kwi-tchou, and Tun-nan. Pop. (1825) 7,313,895. Surface mostly mntnous., densely wooded, and uncultivated, and it is one of the least peopled of the Chinese provs. Nearly all its rivers join the Choo-kiang, which has an E. course, and ultimately becomes the Canton river. Principal products, cassia, grain, metals, and gems. Chief city, Khing-ynen. — II. a city of China, prov. Ton-nan, cap. dep., 76 m. S.E. Tun-nan. QoANo-TONG, the most S. prov. of China, betw. lat. 20° and 2-5° 30' N., and Ion. 108° and 117° E., having landward the provs. Quang-si, Hou-nan, Kiang-si, and Fo-kien, & E, & S. the China sea, and Gulf of Tonquin, which are separated by its peninsula of Houi-tchon,stretchingtowards Hai- nan. Pop. (1825)19,174,030. Surface very varied. Soil generally fertile ; and it has excellent water communication. Next to rice, its principal pro- ducts are sugar, inferior green tea, cassia, betel nnt, iron, cheap silks, cottons, and grass cloths, glass, stone, and lacquered wares, with a great variety of other goods made in Canton, the cap., and chief seat of the trade. QuAHO, a marit. town of Japan, on the E. coast of lie island Niphon, 56 m. E. Miako. — Quanta is one of the 5 divisions of Niphon. QuANTooK Hills, a range in En!>;laiid, co. So- merset, extending from the Bristol channel, near Watchet, S.E. to between Bridgewater & Taun- ton. Greatest height 1,428 feet. QuANXocKSHEAO, two pas. of Engl., CO. Somer- set.— I. (Bast), 11 m.W^.N.W. Bridgewater. Area 2,250 ae. Pop. 282.— II. (West), 12 m. W.N.W. Bridgewater. Area 1,400 ac. Pop. 232. QuARANTE, a mkt. town and comm. of France, dep. Herault, 13 m. W. Beziers. Pop. 1,266. . QoAREGNON, a vill. of Belgium, prov. Haiuault, 4 m. W.S. W. Mons, with co3 mines. Pop. 2,300. QuARFF, a quoad sacra pa. of Scotl., Shetland^ comprising pai-t of Mainland, with Burra, Papa, House & Halvery isls., off its W. coast. Pop. 790. QuARiTZ, a mkt. town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 31 m. N.N.W. Liegnitz. Pop. 1,790. QuARLEY, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 6 m. W.S.W. Andover. Area 3,070 ac. Pop. 191. , QuARNDON, a pa. of Engl., co. & 3 m. N.N.W Derby. Area 960 ac. Pop. 557. QuARNERO (Gulf of), Adriatic Sea, between Istria and the Hungarian Littorale, is 16 m. in length and breadth. It is nearly enclosed sea- ward by the islands Cherso and Veglia, and com- municates with the Adriatic by 3 channels. It is exposed to violent winds. QuARNFORO, a chapelry of Engl., co, Stafford, pa. Alstonfield, 6J m. N.N.E. Leek. Pop. 709. QuABRE-LES-TOMBES, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Tonne, 9 m. S.S.E. Avallon. Pop. 2,323. QuABKELTON, a viU. of Scotl., CO. Renirew, 1 jp, S. Johnstone. Pop. 271. It has a profitable coal seam, 16 feet thick. QuABBENDON, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, IJ m. N.N.W. Aylesbury. Area 2,080 ac. Pop. 64. QuARRi, a town of Central Africa, Houssa, 96 m. E. Saccatoo. Pop. 6,000 (?). It is enclosed by an earth rampart. QuARRiNGTOs, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 1} m. W.S.W. Sleaford. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 236. — II. a tnshp., CO. Durham, pa. Kelloe. Pop. 732. Quarto, a riv. of the Plata Confed., S. Amer., dep. Cordova, flows S.E.ward, and loses itself in a marsh, after a course of at least 280 miles. Quarto, a town of Sardinia, div., prov., and 4 m. E.N.E. Cagliai'i, in an unhealthy salt-marsh of its own name. Pop. of comm. 6,748. — Quar- tuccio is a vill. 1 m. N. Quarto. Pop. 1,801. QuATFOBD, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 2J m. S.S.E. Bridgenorth. Area 1,200 ac. Pop. 553.; QuATRE Bbas, a vill. of Belgium, prov. S. Bra- bant, 3 m. S.S.E. Genappe, and 10 m. from the vill. of Waterloo, at the intersection of routes from Brussels to Charleroi, & Namur to Nivelles (whence its name). On 16th June, 1816, it was the theatre of an indecisive action between the QUA 1066 QUE French aud the English, with their allies, in which the Duke of Brunswick fell. QtTATRETONDA, a market town of Spain, prov. Valencia, 8 m. E.N.E. San Felipe. QnATT, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 4J m. S.S.E. Bridgenorth. Area 2,100 ac. Pop. 365. Quay (St.), a comm. and marit. vill. of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, on the English Channel, 11 m. N.N.W. St. Brieuo. Pop. 2,383. Qdebec, the cap. city of British N. Amer., & of Lower Canada, on the N. bank of the St Law- rence, at the influx of the St Charles river, here crossed by a bridge, about 340 m. from the Gulf of St Lawrence. Lat. 46° 49' 1' N., Ion. 71° 13' W. Pop. between 30,000 and 40,000, mostly of French extraction. Pop. of oo. (1848) 66,805. Mean temp, of year 41°.8; winter 14°.2; summer 6° .8 Fahr. It covers a promontory betw. the two rivs. terminating in Cape Diamond ; it is divided into the fortified town having a circuit of 2^ m., and the old town and some new quarters, together occupying a much larger extent than the forti- fied quarter, and on its N.W. side. The fortifi- cations are strong, and at their S. extremity is a citadel comprising 40 ac, having on the W. the heights of Abraham, on which, in 1759, was fought the action memorable by the deaths of Wolfe & Montcalm. Both towns are built chiefly of stone and roofed vrith tin plates or with shingles; streets generally well paved. Public edifices principally in the fortified town, aud comprise Koman Catholic and Protestant cathedrals, and other churches ; the Canadian house of legisla- ture, barracks formerly the Jesuits' college, several large conventual establishments, the ex- change, reading room, government warehouses, and hotel-Dieu. The French college, royal grammar school, royal institution, literary and historical society, medical school, mechanics' institute, city hbrary, and many benevolent asso- ciations, are amongst its chief public institutions. It has distilleries, breweries, soap, candle, and tobacco factories, and yards in which many fine ships have been built. Its harbour, between the city and the isl. Orleans, is accessible for ships of the line, and merchantmen lie close to its wharfs. It is the great entrepflt for the trade of Canada with Britain, the W. Indies, &c. ; and in 1842, 714 ships, aggregate burden 262,400 tons, cleared at its custom-house. A railway, 375 m. in length, has been projected to connect it with Hali- fax (Nova-Scotia). Quebec was founded by the French in 1608, taken by the English in 1629 and 1759, and finally ceded to Great Britain in 1763. A large part of the town outside of the fortifications was destroyed by fire in 1845. QuEDA, or QcEDAH (pron. Keddah), a state of Malay peninsula, chiefly between lat. 5° 40' and 7° N., aud 99° 40' to 101° E., having W. the Strait of Malacca, and on other sides the states Ligor, Patany, Perak, &c. Area about 4,500 sq. m. ; estimated pop. 21,000, its inhabitants having greatly diminished since it was conquered by the Siamese in 1821. It comprises numerous grassy plains, and is well wooded. Products comprise tin, gold, rice, rattans, dammar, tortoise shells, hides, and skins ; and formerly large quantities of cattle and poultry were exported to Penang, which isl., witli prov. Wellesley, was ceded to the British by the chief of Qnedah. The cap. town, Quedah, is on the mouth of a river in lat. 6° 6' 8., Ion. 100° 20^ E. ; and about 16 m. further S.ward is Quedah peak, 6,000 feet in height. Qhedglet, a pa. of England, co. and 3J m. S.S.W. Gloucester. Area 1,630 ac. Pop. 276. QuEDLiNsuBO, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 31 m. S.W. Magdeburg, cap. circ. As. chersleben, on the Bode, a tributary of the Saale. Pop. (1846) 13,410. It is enclosed by turretted walls, and its ancient castle was formerly the re- sidence of the abbesses of Quedlinburg. It has manufs. of woollen stuffi, distilleries, and sugar refineries, and a brisk trade in cattle and hogs, reared in the vicinity. Klopstock was born here 2d July 1724, and Karl Ritter 7th August 1779. QuEEHBOEOUGH, a decayed bor. and pa. of Engl., CO. Kent, on the Medway, near its mouth, 2 m. S. Sheerness. Area of pa. 380 ac. Pop. 634, mostly employed in oyster, shrimp, and lobster fisheries. It is neatly built, and has an anc. church, and a guildhall. Market disused. Queen Charlotte Islands, an isl. & numer- ous islets of British N. Amer., in the Pacific O., mostly between lat. 52° and 64° N., and Ion. 131° and 133° W., 50 m. from the mainland. Length of principal isl. 165 m., breadth varies to 60 m. Coasts low ; surface inland mntnous., & wooded. — Queen Charlotte Islands, S. Pacific, are a group between the MalicoIIo and Solomon isls. ; and an isl., lat. 19° 17' S., Ion. 138° 42' W.—Quem Char- lotte Sound is the N. portion of the strait which separates Vancouver isl. from the mainland. Lat. of entrance 51° 5.5' N., Ion. 131° 2' W. QuEENSBEUBT, a mouutalu of Scotland, co. & 14 miles N. Dumfries, pa. Closeburn, 2,140 feet above the sea. It formerly gave title of Earl, Marquis, and Duke, to the Douglas family. QcEENSEUKT, a tushp. of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, 46 m. N. Albany. Pop. 3,798. Queen's County, an inland co. of Ireland, Leinster, having N. King's co., £. Kildare, S. Kil- kenny, and W. Tipperary. Area 664 sq. m., or 424,854 ac, of which 342,422 are arable, 69,289 uncultivated, and 11,630 in plantations. Inha- bited houses 25,438. Pop. 153,930. Surface mostly flat, rising in the N.W. into the Slie- bhloom mountains. Principal rivers, the Barrow and Nore. Soil fertile, interspersed with large tracts of bog. Agriculture has improved, dairy and other stock plentiful. Estates mostly large. Average rent oi^land 14s. per ac. Annual value of land (1848) 260,015^ Coal, iron, copper, and manganese, marl and Fuller's earth, are met with. Here are some manufs. of woollen, linen, and cotton stufis, but the prmcipal exports are farm produce, and cattle to Dublin & England. The Grand canal and Great South and Western rail- way, pass through the co. It is subdivided into 11 baronies and 63 pas. Principal towns, Mary- borough, Mountmellick, and Mountrath. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1849) 456. Queen's County, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer., in W. of Long Island, New York. Area 396 sq. m. Pop. 30,324. Queensfekby (South), a pari. & munic bor., seaport town and pa. of Scotland, co. Linlithgow, on the S. shore of the Firth of Forth, 9 m. W.N.W. Edinburgh. Pop. of pa. and town 721, do. of pari. bor. 1,233. It has now little trade, and is dependent on the ferry established here across the Forth, yet this belongs not to the burgh, but to the little village Newhall, imme- diately E. of the town, and within the pari, boun- dary. Principal edifices the pa. church and town haJl. Excepting a soap factory and brewery, there are no manuis. Corp. rev. (1843-4) 1692. The harbour is formed by two piers, enclosing a pentagonal basin. The bor. unites with Dun- fermline, Inverkeithing, Culross, aud Stirling, in sendmg 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1847) 64. On its W. side stands Hopetoun-house, the mansion of the Earl of Hopetoun II. (Ifortji), QUE 10C7 QUK the opposite side of the firth, here 2 m. across, Fife, pa. Danfermiine. Pop. 461. Theprinci- , ferry business across the Forth is now carried betvr. Newhaven & Burntisland & Kirkcaldy. Jcebn's Fobeland, am island of British N. ner. Lat. 62° SV N., Ion. 65° W. JuEENSTOwN, Ireland, now name of Cote op KK. JoEBNSTOwn, a vlll. of Upper Canada, on the . bank of the Niagai-a riv., about 6 in. N. its falls. Jtjeqdat, a river of Uruguay, S. Amer., after IV.ward course of 100 m., joins the Uruguay er, 26 m. N. Concepcion de la China. Prin- lal affl. the Quebracho. JuEicH, a river of Rhenish Bavaria, after an course of 30 m., joins the Rhine near Geimers- m. — II. Two rivers of Scotland, co. Kinross. ^uEiMACA IsiiANUS, 2 islets of Brazil, prov. a Paulo, off the coast, 40 m. S.W. Santos. JnEisTos, a pa. of £ngl., co. Glo'ster, 5J m. N.E. Chipping-Campden. Ac. 4,800. P. 666. JuEiss, a river of Prussian Silesia, reg. Leig- z, after a X. coui*se of 65 m. joins the Bober 6 'W. Sprottau. It passes Greifenberg & Lauban. ^TTEL, a town of Spain, prov. and 23 m. S.E. grono. Pop. 1,792, partly employed in dis- ing brandy, in which it has an active trade. JuELAiNES, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. lyenne, 8 m. N.W. Chateau-Gontier. P. 2,000. }iXBi.pAEBT, an island at the entrance of the Uow Sea, 60 m. S. Corea. Lat. of Beaufort and 33° 9' 7' N., Ion. 126° 56' 6' E. Length m., breadth varies to 12 m. Elevation of :hest peak 6,544 feet — ^well-wooded, but soil It, of volcanic formation, and necessaries of scantily raised. A good many cattle are red. The isl. is subordinate to the Corean remment, and is used as a penal settlement. — elpaert is a royal palace of Portugal, prov. i-emadura, 7 m. N.W. Lisbon. iuELDz, a town of Brazil, prov. ^Minas Geraes, m. S.S. W. Ouro Preto. Pop. of dist. 6,000. ^UEHADA, a mined city of the Mexican cou- eration, state Zacatecas, where are some mas- ; remains, covering about 6 acres. ii7EMiNES,an islet off the N.W. coast of France, I. Finistfere, 17 m. "W. Brest. — Quemenevenis a am. & vill., 8 m. N. Qmmper. Pop. 1,266. ioEND, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. ame, 17 m. N.N.W. Abbeville. Pop. 1,750. iuENBON, a pa. of England, eo. Essex, 6J m. f E. Bishop-Stortford, & 2 m. from Elsenham , on the Eastern cos. railw. Ac. 800. Pop. 213. {uENiBOKonGH, a pa. of Engl., co. and 6 m. !. Leicester. Area 1,390 ac. Pop. 530. !nENNiNGTO>f, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 2 N. Fabford. Area 1,630 ae. Pop. 713. [DENSTADT, a vUl. of Prussia, reg. Magdeburg, !. N.N.E. Halberstadt. Pop. 1,195. tuESTiN (St), Augusta Veromamluorum, a im. and manufacturing town of France, dep. ne, cap. arrond., on the Somme, on the canal it Quentin, and at the terminus of the railway n Creil, 24 m. N.W. Laon. Pop. (1846; 23,218. las a noble cathedral, town-hsdl, court-house, pitals, public library of 14,000 vols., chamber lanufs., theatre, and concert hall, with exten- ! manufs. of striped and spotted muslins, I and cotton yam, table linens, leather, soap, sulphuric acid. The canal of St Queutin •8 m. in length, and forms a communication pfeen the Oise, the Somme, and the Scheldt, e the French were defeated by the Spaniards 1 August 1567. — II. a mkt. town, dep. Gard, fc. and near Uzes. Pop. 1,994. luEBASco, a town of Piedmont. [Cherasco.] | QuERCY, an old dist. of France, comprised in Guienne, tlie oap. of which was Cahors. It now forms most part of the dep. Lot, and a portion of Tai-n-et-Garonne. Queretaro, a dep. of the Mexican confeilera- tion, enclosed by the deps. Mexico, Mechoacan, Guanaxuato, San Luis Potosi, and Vera Cruz, Area 7,600 sq. m. Pop. 120,560. It is wholly on the Auahuac tible-land, and the mountain Cal- pulalpau rises to upwards of 8,000 feet in height. Products maize and cotton, with most European grains and fruits ; and it has mines of silver, cop- per, lead, and iron, with manufs. of woollen cloth, soap, pottery, and iron wares. Chief towns, Queretaro and Cadereita. — II. Qtteretaro, the cap., above dep., is in a fine valley, 110 m. N.W. Mexico. Lat. 20° 36' 39' N., Ion. 100° 10' 15' W. Pop. 40,000. It is well built, and supplied with water by a fine aqueduct 10 m. in length. Principal buildings are mostly of a religious character, and eompi'ise a large convent, and a Franciscan monastery, with extensive gardens. Queretaro has the appearance of a busy manu- facturing city ; it possesses numerous factories of coarse woollens, for army clothing, &c., in some of which from 10 to 30 looms are employed. The wool used in the factories is brought chiefly firom the deps. San Luis Potosi and Zacatecas. Qherfurt, or Quebnfdbt, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 18 m. W. Merseburg, cap. circ, on the Quern, an affl. of the Saale. Pop. 8,660. It is enclosed by walls, and has an anc. castle. QuEKZOLA, a Till, of N. Italy, duchy and 15 m. W.S.W. Modena. Pop. 2,400. Near it are some petroleum springs. QuERiMBA Islands, a chain of islands extend- ing along the E. coast of Africa, between lat. 10° 30' and 11° 30' S., in Ion. 40° 30' E., comprised in the Portuguese territory of Mozambique. They are all low, and formed of coral, with long flat reefs extending E.ward. The principal are Aswa- tada, Ibo, on which are a town & fort, Matemmo, Favno, and Querimba, the most S. of the group, with some scattered houses and a church. QtTEBO, a market town of Spain, prov. and 47 m. E.S.E. Toledo.— II. a vill. of N. Italy, deleg. Belluno, on the Piave, 7 m. S. Feltre. — III. a small river of Central Amer., state Honduras. QuERQCETiLLE, a conuu.. Till., and fort of France, dep. Manche, on its N. coast, 4 m. N.W. Cherbourg. Pop. of comm. 918. QuEBRiEN, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Finistfere, 6 m. N.N.E. Quimperl^. Pop. 3,103. Qdesajda, a town of Spain, on the Sierra de Cazorla, prov. and 40 m. E. Jaen. Pop. 4,603. QoESALTENANao, Amer. [Qdbzaltenango.] Quesnot (Le), a comm. and fortified town of France, dep. Nord, cap. cant., between the Ecail- lon and the Ronelle, 9 m. S.E. Valenciennes. Pop. 3,106. It has an arsenal, large barracks, military and civil hospitals, and manufs. of iron wares, cotton thread, and leather. Quesnot-sur-Deuie, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Nord, cap. cant.,6 m. N.W. Lille, on the Deule. Pop. 1,837. It has manufs. of bolts, screws, and chain work. QDE.SS0Y, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, 8 m. S.E. St Brieuc. Pop. 2,810. Questembebt, a comm. and town of France, dep. Morbihan, 13 m. E.S.E. Vannes. P. 1,020. QnETHiocK, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, i m. E. Liskeard. Area 4,220 ac. Pop. 657. QuETTA, a town of Beloochistan. [Shawl.] Qdettbhou, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Manche, cap. cant., near the Eng- lish Channel, 9 m. N.E. Valognes. Pop. 1,810. QUE 1068 QUI QuEVEN, a comtn. and vill. of France, dep. Morbihan, 4 m. N.W. Lorient. Pop. 1,700. QuEviLLT (Grand), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine-Inf., arrond. Bouen. Pop. 1,585. — II. IQ. le Petit), a comm. and vill., same cant. Pop. 2,544. QuETRAO, a comm. and Till, of France, dep. Gironde, 4 m. N. Lesparre. Pop. 1,990. QuEZALTENANQO.a city of Central Amer., state and 115 m. W.N.W. Guatemala, cap. dep. of same name. Pop. 14,000, who manuf. cotton and woollen fabrics, and carry on an active trade. It is handsomely built, well paved, and has a richly decorated cathed., several other churches, and a noble city hall. In its vicinity are numer- ous interesting antiquities, and remarkable vol- canic appearances. QciA CoDNTRT, a territory of W. Africa, im- mediately E. the peninsula Sierra Leone, between the Rokell and Casamanza rivers, and compris- ing about 1,300 sq. m. of rich alluvial land, which yields large crops of rice, maize, and yams. QtjiBDO, a town of S. America. [Citara.] QciBERON, a peninsula of Brittany, France, dep. Morbihan, S.S.E. Lorient & N.N.E. Belle- isle. Lat. 47° 26' 30' N., Ion. 2° 4' 15' W., 7 m. in length, N. to S., by 2 m. in width, and united to the continent by a low isthmus, de- fended by Fort Penthievre. Suriace sandy and bare, and it is remarkable chiefly as having been the last resort, in the revolutionary period of 1796, of about 7,000 royalists, who were sur- rbiihded, and after an obstinftte resistance, ob- ' liged to surrender to the republican troops under ■general Hoche. The town of Quiberon, at its extreme S. end, has a small port, and 3,013 in- habitants, mostly'engaged in fishing. Qdieo, an island of Colombia, New Granada, dep. Isthmus, prov. Veragua, in the Pacific, at the entrance of Montijo Bay. Lat. 7° 25' N., Ion. 81° 64' W. Length and breadth 20 m. each. QtTigAMAO, a market town of Brazil, prov. Kio- de-Janeiro, 21 m. S.W. Campos. Pop. 2,600. QoicatlIn, a town of the Mexican confedera- tion, dep. and 44 m. N. Oaxaca. — Quicara is an island, Paeifio Ocean, 8 m. S. Quibo island. QnicH£ (Santa Crdz del), a ruined city of Central America, state Guatemala, E.N.E. of Quezaltenango, the principal remaining struc- ture of which is described in Stephen's Central America. Near it is a Vill. of same name. QniDDENiiAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 2^ m. E.N.E. East Harling. Area 1,040 ac. P. 83. QuiEPPE, an island and fort of Brazil, prov. and 70 m. S.S.W. Bahia, at the entrance of the bay of Camamu. ' QuiERZT, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Aisne, on 1. b. of the Oise, 20 m. W. Laon. It was formerly an important city & had a palace of the Carlovingian Mngs, where Charles Martel died, and where Charlemagne and his successor held numerous councils. QuifivBAiN, a mkt. town of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on the French frontier, 12 m. W.S.W. Mons, at the junction of the Belgian and French railway. Pop. 2,000. Qoi-Foo, a town of Anam. [Phu-ten.] QniLiMANE, a marit. town of E. Africa, cap. a gov. of the Portuguese colony of Mozambique, on left bank of the Quilimane river, the N. branch of the Zambezi, 35 m. from its mouth 12 m. from the sea. Lat. 17° 51' 8' S., Ion. 37° 1' E. In 1842, besides a company of soldiers, its free population amounted to 130, 12 of whom were Europeans. It is stated to be most un- healthy; principal edifices the fort, a church, and some brick houses. It has a trade in .gold and ivory, but its principal traffic is in slaves, and it is said that a few years ago no less than 5,000 slaves were annually exported to Rio Janeiro froto this mart. Coal of good quality is reported to be plentiful at Quilimane, but it is at present un- wrought. Qoi-HN, a city of China, prov. Quang-si, cap. dep., in lat. 26° 13' 12' N., Ion. 110° 15' E., and reported to be fortified after an anc. European style, but greatly inferior to most of the Chinese provincial cities. QuiLOA, or K.EELWA, a town of E. Africa, Zanguebar, on an island off the coast, 6 m. in length, and between which and the mainland, is a secure harbour. Lat. of fort 8° 57' S., Ion. 89° 34' 2' E. ; climate very unhealthy. The fort, which is strong and enclosed by a moat, is the residence of a governor under the Imam of Muscat. It was held by the Portuguese for a short period early in the 16th century, previous to which it was an important town ; it is now a mere vill., but its for- mer extent is indicated by numerous ruins. QuiLON, a seaport town of S. India, Travan- core dom., on the Malabar coast, 37 m. N.N.W. Trivanderum, with an active export trade In pepper, cotton, cardamoms, &c. It has several Roman Catholic churches, and an ancient temple of Siva. '■ QniLLAN, a comm. and town of France; dep. Aude, 13 m. S. Limoux. Pop. 2,152. ! QuiLLEBffiOF, a comm., town and river-port of France, dep. Euro, cap, cant.) on I. b: of the Seine, at commencement of its estuary, with alighth'onde, 7 m. N. Pont-Andemer. Pop. 1,447. Opposite Quillebceuf, the navigation of the Seine is im- peded, and there is a pilot station and salvage depot here, with a staff of about 110 pilots. Qbillota, a town of Chile, prov. and 50 m. N.W. SantiEigo, on the Aconcagua, 20 m. from the Pacific, in a plain bounded S.W. by a peak, which is a conspicuous sea-mark for the harbour of Valparaiso. Estimated pop. 10,000. It is re- ported to be 3 leagues in circuit, and has a main street upwards of a league in length. Houses of sun-dried brick only one story in height. To almost every one is attached a vineyard, but the inhabs. are ignorant of the art of making wine. QOIMPBB, or QuiMPER-CORENTIN, a COmTOi & town of France, cap. dep. Finistfere, on the Odet, 10 m. from the Atlantic, and 32 m. S.S.E. Brest. Pop. (1846) 9,639. It is divided into an old and new town, the former on the river-side is forti- fied, and has quays flanked by ancient houses, the latter extends over some gentle eminences, the whole being overlooked by precipitous and wooded heights. Public buildings a town-hall, hospital, & barracks. It has a comm. college, a seminary, public library of 7,000 vols>, theatre, & baths. Chief industry, manuis. of hats and por- celain, ship-building, and a trade in wheat, was, linen, and hempen fabrics, butter, horses, and pil- chards, of which last it has an extensive finery. Its port is small, and not accessible to vessels of more than 160 tons burden. QniMPEEifi, a comm. and town of France, dep. Finist^re, cap. cant., at the confl. of the EIW and Issole, which here form a small port for vessels of 50 tpns, 27 m. E.S.E. Quimper. Pop. 3,981. Qdin, a pa. of Irel., Munster, co. & 5 m, E. Glare. Area9,585ao. Pop. 3,634, of whom 173areinthe vill.jWliere are remains of an abbey. — Quince, or Squince, is a small island off the S.W. coast of Irel., Munster, co. Cork, about 5 furlongs S.W. the entrance to Glandore harbour. It has good pasturage. QUJ 1069 KAA QoiNCETio, a vill. of Piedmout, div. Turin, prov. & 8 m. N.W. Ivrea. Pop. of comm. 1,460. QuiNCY, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Seiue-et-Marne, 4 m. S. Meaux. Pop. 2,040. QuiNOY, several tnslips., U. S., N. Amer. — I. Massachusetts, 9 m. S.E. Boston. Pop. 3,486. Granite is exported lience from quarries in tiie • Tioinity 11. Pennsylvania, 57 m. S.W. Harris- I bnrg. Pop. 2,503.-111. A vill., Illinois, on the Mississippi, cap. co. Adams, 104 m. S. Springfield. Pop. 1,600. It has large exports of pork, and is visited by numerous steamei*s. •QoiNDiu, a portion of the E. Cordillera of the Andes, S. Amer., New Granada, sepai'ating the basins of the Magdalena & Cauca rivs. In it is a volcano about 100 m.W.S.W. Bogota; near which is the dangerous pass of Quindiu, betw. Cartago and Ibagua, elevation of its summit 11,500 feet. QuiNQET, a comm. and town of France, dep. Doubs, cap. cant., on the Loue, 11 m. S.W. Bes- angon. Pop. 1,000. Near it is a curious stalacti- tie grotto. QmNHON, a town and fine harbour of Anam, the town a cap. prov. on a river entering the harbour, about 10 m. further E. Lat. 13° 44' N., Ion. 109° 11' E. QoismcBAx Isi..v!n)s, a group in the Asiatic Archipelago, Philippines, between Panay and Palawan, lat. 11° 30' N., long. 120° 47' E. QniHTANA, a town of Spain, prov. and 45 m. E.S.E. Badajoz. Pop. 3,290. Qdintanak de la Orden, a town of Spain, prov. Toledo, 17 m. W. Bebnonte. Pop. (1845) S,974, who manuf. blankets and other woollen . goods, and trade in merino sheep at large weekly markets. — Quintanar del Rey is a mkt. town, prov. and 50 m. S.S.E. Cuenga. Pop. 1,440. QuiNTiN, a comm. and town of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord cap. cant., on the Gouet, 9 m. S.W. St Brieuc. Pop. 3,814. It has a large castle, mineral springs, & manu&. of fine linens and cambrics. QuiNTO, a river of the Plata Confed., S. Amer, deps. San Luis and Cordova, after a S.E. course of 250 m., loses itself in a marsh near lat. 34° S., Ion. 63° W. — IL a vill. of Austrian Italy, prov. & 4 m. N.E. Verona, with 1,800 inhabs., and the sanctuary of Sta. Maria della Stella. — III. a town ,of Spain, prov. and 27 m. S.E. Zaragoza, on the Ebro. Pop. 1,873. It is frequented for its mineral baths. QniNTON, a pa. of England, 00. & 4^ m. S.S.E. Northampton. Area 1,170 ao. Pop. 143. QuiNZANO, a town of Austrian Italy, deleg. & 19 m. S.S.W. Brescia. Pop. 3,200. Qui-PHU, or Qni-Foo, Anam. [Phd-vbk.] QniEiGDA, a ruined city of Central America, state Guatemala, on the Motagna river, and with sculptured idols and monumental remains simi- lar to those of Copan. Near it is a small hamlet of same name. QoiBiquiNA, a small i.sl. of Chile, dep. and 10 m. N. Concepcion, at the entrance of its bay. QoiBos IsLB., a group of. [Hebeides (New).] QuiEPON, an isl. off the N. extremity of New- foundland, British , N. America, at the entrance of Belleisle Strait, lat. 61° 40' N., Ion. 66° 16' W. QuissAO, a comm. and town of France, dep. Gard, on the Vidourle, 19 m. W.N.W. Nimes. Pop. 1,660. QuisTELLO, a vill. of Lpmbardy, 14 m. S.E. Mantua. The Austriaas defeated the French here in 1734. Quito, the cap. city of the republic Ecuador, S. America, in a ravine E. of the volcano Pichiij- cha, 150 m. N.N.E. Guayaquil ; elevation 9,543 feet. Lat. 0° 13' 27' S., Ipn. 78° 50' W. Pop. loosely estimated at 50,000. It is well built, and has several handsome squares, in one of which are the cathedral, town-hall, palaces of the arch- bishop and President of the republic, and a fine bronze fountain. The ex-Jesuits' college con- tains a public library and halls, now appropriated to the university. Other principal structures are the churches and convents, a workhouse, orphan asylum, and large hospital. Quito has manufs. of coarse cotton and woollen goods, lace, hosiery, jewellery, and confectionery, and a large trade in corn and other agi'icultural produce ; which with some of its manufactured goods are sent by way of Guayaquil into Central America, in return for indigo, iron, and steel, and to Peru in return for brandy, wine, oil, and the precious metal?. Imports comprise all kinds of European manu- factured goods, and those of the finest quality find a ready sale, many inhabitants of this city being wealthy. The markets are well supplied with provisions, and large quantities of cheese are made in the vicinity. Eleven snow-capped mntns. are in view from Quito, and about, 10, m. N.E.ward is a plain chosen in 1736 by thg French and Spanish astronomers for measuring a degree of the meridian. QoiTTA, a Danish settlement on the Guinea coast, 87 m. E.N.E. Accra. Pop. 5,000 (?). It has been recommended to establish a British fort near it in order to checlc the slave trade, whicA is carried on without the cognizance of theXliau- ish authorities. Qcivox (Sx), a pa. of Scotland, oo. Ayr, dist. Kyle, on the river, and 3 m. N.E. the town of Ayr. Area about 4,000 ao. Pop. 6,055., It stands on a coal field, in which three, mines are wrought; and it contains the vills. WJiitele'ts, Contat, and Wallace-town, suburbs of Ayr, aiid some excellent sandstone quarries. QuizAMA, a dist. of Lower Guinea, S.W. Africa, between the rivers Coanza and Longa. Surface mntnous. Products, wax, honey, and salt. Quoin (Great and Little), two rocky islets in the entrance of the Persian gulf, 12 m. N.E. Cape Mussendom. — Quoin is also the name, of islands off the N.E. coast of Australia, and. the E. coast of Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land)., QuoBNnoN, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Leicester, pa. Barrow-on-Soar, 2J m. W.N.W. Sileby sta., piithe Leeds branch of the Midland cos. railw. P. 1,311. Qhoeba, a river of Africa. [Nigee.] > R Raab, Arabo, a navigable river of Hungary, rises in Styria, circ. Gratz, flows N.E., traverses the W. part of Hungary, and enters the Danube near Baab. Length 180 miles. Baab, or Nagy-gtoe, Arabona, a town of Hungary, cap. co., 67 m. W.N.W. Buda, on the Raab, at its confl. with an arm of the Danube. Pop. (1846) 18,000. It was formerly fortified, and has a cathedral, and several other churches, a royal academy, gymnasium, & has manufs. of tobacco, and an extensive trade. It is a steam-packet station. In June 1809, the French conquered the Auatrians under its walls. Raalte, a town of the Netherlands, prov. RAA 1070 RAD Overyssel, cap. cant., 11 m. S.S.E. Zwolle. Pop. of comm. 5,005. — Raamsdonh is a vill., prov. N. Brabant, 9 m. N.E. Breda. Raas&t, one of the Hebrides, Scotl. [Rasat.] Rabaoh (El), a town of Arabia, Hedjaz, 110 m. N.N.W. Mecca, on the route to Medina, near the Red Sea, and where pilgrims to Mecca per- form ablations. Rababtens, two oomms. and towns of S.W. France. — I. dep. H. Pyrenees, arrond. and 12 m. N.E. Tarbes. Pop. 1,682. It suffered greatly during the religious wars. — ^11. dep. Tarn, cap. cant., 23 m. W.S.W. Albi, on the Tarn. P. 3,420. RABATT,a fortified maritime town of Marooco, kingdom Fez, on the south side of the Bu-Regreb at its mouth, immediately opposite Sallee, 20 m. S.S.W. Mehediah. Pop. 27,000, of whom 7,a00 are Jews. It has pretty strong walls and batte- ries, a citadel, numerous mosques and loinarets, stone mausoleums, and well supplied markets. The water near it is deep enough for a irigate to come almost close to its walls. It has manufs. of superior carpets, an export trade in wool and corn, and considerable traffic. It was formerly the centre of the European trade with Marocco. Outside of the city are numerous walled orchards and gardens, beyond which on the S.E. are the conspicuous tower Sma-Hassan, and the remains of Sola or Sheila, a frontier Roman station. Rabba, a large and populous town of Central Africa, Nigritia, on the Niger, lat. 9° 15' N., Ion. 6° 26' E. It has a large trade in slaves, ivory, & goods of both native and foreign manufacture. Rabba, a collection of ruins in Syria, pash. Damascus, E. the Dead Sea, and 9 m. N. Kerek. Here are the remains of a temple, several Corin- thian columns, &c., considered to mark the site of Rabbath Moab, the Areopolis of the Greeks, and the Ar of Moab mentioned in Scripture. (Numb. xxi. 28. Isaiah xv. 1.) — Rabbath Amman (anc. Philadelphia) is represented by the vill. Amman, 25 m. E.N.E. the Dead Sea. Rabbit Islands, a small group in the .^Bgean sea, at the mouth of the Dardanelles. Raeenatj, a town of Saxony, circ. and 7 m. S.W. Dresden. Pop. 701 Sabemtein, a town of Bohemia, circ. Pilsen. Pop. 513. Rabil, a town of the isl. Boavista, Cape Verd Isls., on its W. side, i m. E. Porto Sal Rey. Pop. (1845) 1,043. It stands on a terrace 45 feet above the sea, on a height above which are the hamlets Moradinha and Estacia de Baixo. Rabt, a tnshp. of England, co. Durham, pa. Staindrop, 5 m. N.N.E. Barnard-Castle. Pop. 284. The magnificent baronial castle of Baby covers an acre of ground ; it was one of the earliest seats of the Neville family, and in its great hall, 90 feet in length, 700 knights, all re- tainers of that powerful family, are said to have been feasted at one time. It has belonged to the family of Vane since the reign of Charles i., and is now the seat of the Duke of Cleveland. Racavah, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Antrim, including the town of Broughshane. Area 17,563 ac. Pop. 6,356. Bacoa, a town on the Euphrates. [Rakka.] Racoano, a vill. of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 7J S.W. Rovigo. Pop. 1,600. Racconigi, or Raconigi, a town of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. Coni, prov. Salnzzo, cap. maud., on the Maira, 21 m. S. Turin. Pop. of comm. 10,102. It has a royal park & chateau, & manufs. of silk fabrics and twist, and woollen cloths. Race, a name applied to a heavy-running sea. — The Race of Aldemey is chiefly in the Strait between the isl. Aldemey and Cape la Hogue, | France, but the tide often sets up the Channel furiously on both the N. and S. sides of Aldemey. —The Race of Portland on the English coast nearly opposite, lies off the peninsula of Portland bill.— Bace Point, headlands of the V. S., Massa- chusetts, and S.E. extremity of Newfoundland. Rachova, or Ahachova, a large vill. of Greece, gov. Boeotia, 10 m. E.S.E. Salona, on the slope of Parnassus, celebrated for the excellence of its wine, and the longevity of its inhabitants. Near it is the Coryciau cave. Rackenford, a pa. of England, oo. Devon, 7J m. W.N.W. Tiverton. Area 5,940 ac. P. 562. Racket Riveh, U. S., N. Amer., New York, after a N.ward course of 75 m. enters the St Lawrence, opposite Cornwall isl., Canada. Rackheath, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 4J m. N.N.E. Norwich. Area 2,200 ac. Pop. 276. Racton, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 6 m. W.N.W. Chichester. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 101. Racz, or Begsb, a market town of Hungary, CO. and 43 m. E.N.E. Bacs, with Roman Catholic and Greek churches, on rt. b. of the Theiss. Pop. (1845) 11,132. Racz-Keve, a market town of Hungary, co. and 22 m. S.S.W. Pesth, on an isl. of same name in the Danube. Pop. 4,200. — Raez-Keve isl. is 28 m. long and 1 to 2 m. broad, its N, point is immediately S. of Pesth. Raczki, a town of Poland, gov. and 12 m. N.N.W. Augustow. Raback, a group of isls. in the Pacific Ocean, lat. 7° to 12° N., Ion. 170° to 175° E. Radaotz, a market town of Austrian Poland, Bukovina, 10 m. S.W. Sereth. Pop. 1,900. Radbgubne, a pa. of England, co. and 4J m. W. Derby. Area 1,970 ac. Pop. 239. Badcliffe, a pa. of England, co. Lancaster, 3 m. S.S.W. Bury. Area 2,880 ac. Pop. 5,099, partly employ ed in cotton manufs. & in coal mines. Radcliffe Bbidoe is a station on the E. Lancashire railway, between Manchester & Bury. Raddingion, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 4m.W.S.W.Wiveliscombe. Ac. 1,250. Pop. 126. Rade, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 25 m. E. Diisseldorf. Pop. 1,092, who manuf. iron and steel wares, and woollen and cotton cloths. Radebeeg, a town of Saxony, circ. and 9 m. N.E. Dresden, on the Roeder. Pop. 2,311. It has important manufs. of ribbons and gloves. — Radeburg is a town in the circ, and 11 m. N. Dresden, on the Roeder. Pop. 2,071. Radfobd, two pas. of England. — I. co. and 1\ m. W.N.W. Nottingham. Area 1,000 ac. Pop, 10,817. It has a union work-house, and a station on the Peterborough and Leicester railway, 2} m. W. Nottingham II. (Semele), a pa., co. and 4 m. E. Warwick. Area 1,340 ac. Pop. 487. Radicena, a market town of Naples, prov. Calab. Bit. I., 11 m. E. Palmi. Pop. 2,700. liADicoFAHi, a market town of Tuscany, prov. and 36 m. S.S.E. Siena, on the slope of a volcanic mntn. of same name. Pop. 2,300. Radicondoli, a vill. of Central Italy, Tuscany, prov. Siena, in the maremma, 13 m. S.E. Vol- terra, with a castle and 2,000 inhabitants. Rabipole, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 2 m. N.N.W. Meloombe-Regis. Area 810 ac. P. 487. Radreksbdbg, a town of Styria, circ. and 37 m. S.E. Gratz, on an isl. in the Muhr. P. 2,400. Radlet, a pa. of England, oo. Berks, 2i m. N.E. Abingdon. Area 3,650 ac. Pop. 476. ' Radmansdoef, or Radodlza, a town of lUyria, circ. and 26 m. N.W. Laybach, on the Save, with 600 inhabitants, and manufactures of wooUeria and muslins. EAt> 1071 RAG Badsaog, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, C m. W.N.W. High 'Wycombe. Area 1,150 ac. Pop. 401. Radnitz, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 14 m. H.E. Pilsen. Pop. 2,218. Radnor (New), a pai-l. bor., mkt. town and pa. of S. Wales, co. Radnor, 13m. N.N.E. Breclcnook. Pop. of pa. 478. Do. of pari, bor., which has an area of about 30 m. in circ, 6,419. The town consists chiefly of one irregularly built street. Market, Saturday. Assessed taxes (1847) ],04S{. The bor. with Presteisrn, Knighton, Cefn.Llys, Knucklas, and Rhayader, sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors for Radnor (1848) 515. Radnor (Old), a pa. of S. Wales, co. and 3 m. E.S.E. New Radnor. Pop. 1,603. Radnor, two tnshps., U. S., N. Amer. — I. Ohio, 82 m. N. Columbus. Pop. 1,174.-11. Pennsyl- vania, 13 m. N.W. Philadelphia. Pop. 1,205. Eadnokshire, a co. of S. Wales, having N. COS. Montgomeiy and Salop, E. Hereford, S. Brecknock, and W. Cardigan. Area 426 sq. m., or 272,640 ac, of which more than one-half is said to be moorland and bog. Inhab. houses 4,716. Pop. 25,356. Surface, except in the S.E., bleak and mountainous. Principal rivers the Wye, Arrow, Lugg, and Tthon. Tillage mostly confined to the fertile and comparatively level S.E. districts. Sheep, of the small hardy breed, and cattle are the staple product of the CO. ; woods numerous ; estates rather large ; iarms in the low grounds from 20 to 200 ac. Leases not usual. Average rent of land (1810) 6i.3d. an acre. Encroachments, i. e. illegal en- closures of the wastes of the co. have been exten- sivelv effected. Annual value of land (1842-3) 107,647 1, ofall assessed property, 128,986/. Rad- nor comprises 6 hunds. and 52 pa£., in diocese of St David's, and S.E. circuit. Chief towns Presteign, New Radnor, and Knighton. The co. sends one mem. to H. of C. Reg. co. electors (1848), 1,943. It gives the title of Earl to the Bouverie family. Radoch KoviTSCHi, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. and 24 m. N.W. Minsk. Pop. 1,550. Raoolfszell, a walled town of Baden, circ. lake, on the Dnter-see, 17 m. N.W. Constance. Pop. 1,220. — Radolin is a town of Pruss. Poland, reg. Bromberg, 3 m. S.E. Schonlanke. Pop. 627. Radom, a town of Poland, cap. woiwode, on the Radomka, 57 m. S. Warsaw. Pop. 5,700. — Ra- donuko is a town, prov. and 78 m. S.E. Kalisz, on railway to Warsaw. Pop. 1,816. Radomir, a town of European Turkey, Rumili, 20 m. N.N.E. Ghinstendil. Radoutsi., several towns of E. Europe I. Russia, gov. and 59 m. W.N.W. Kiev, cap, circ, on the Teterev. Pop. 3,300.-11. Russ. Poland, gov. Volhynia, 20 m. N.W. Dubno. Pop. 2,000. — ni. Austr. Poland, Galicia, circ. and 18 m. N.E. Tamow. Pop. 1,500. Kadovitz, a town of Europ. Turkey, Mace- donia, sanj. and 50 m. S.W. Ghinstendil, on the Radovitz river, an afB. of the Kara-su (anc. Strymon), and on the great route from Rumili into Albania. It has a trade in corn and wine. Radstadt, a town of Upper Austria, circ, and 35 m. S.E. Salzburg, on the Enns. Pop, 2,000. Radstoke, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 7 m. N.W. Frome. Area 970 ac. Pop. 1,447. A railway connects it with Mitford. Radston, a pa. of Engl, co. Northampton, 2^ m. N. Brackley. Area 810 ac. Pop. 189. Eadwan (Hung. Radvany), a mkt. town of Hungary, co. Sohl, on the Gran, 2 m. S.W. Neusohf. Pop. 2,000. It has man nfs. of woollens. Radwav, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 3 m. S.E. Kineton. Area 1,S30 ac. Pop. 374. Eadwell, apa. ofEngl.,co.Herts,2m. N.N.W. Baldock. Area 740 ac Pop. 98. Radwinter, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 4J m. N.N.W. Thaxted. Area 3,070 ac Pop. 915. R.ADZiviLov, a frontier town of Russian Po- land, gov. Volhynia, 116 m. W.N.W. Kamenetz. Radzvn, a town of Poland, prov. and 30 m. S.S.E. Siedlec, cap. co. Pop. 2,000. Rafael (San), the upper part of the river Col- orado, Upper California. Raffles Bat, an inlet on the N. coast of Coburg peninsula, N. Australia, 13 m. E. Port Essington. A British settlement named Port Raffles, estab. here in 1827,was abandoned in 1829. .Rafford, a pa. of Scotl., co. Elgin, 2 m. S.E. Forres. Pop. 987, of whom 67 are in the vill. Here are the superb mansion of Altyre, the resi- dence of Sir W. C. Gordon, and Burgle castle, a structure of the 17th century. Rafz, a pa. of Switzerland, cant. Ziirich, 2J m. N. Eglisau. Pop. 1,150. Ragdale, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 6 m. W. Melton Mowbray. Area 1,980 ac Pop. 121. Rasendorf, a mkt. town of W. Hungary, CO. and 11 m. N.N.W. Wieselburg, on the Danube. Pop. 3,300. Eaghib, a vill. of Arabia, on its S.E. coast, 12 m. N.E. Ras Makallah. It has an anc mosque. Eaghlet, or AnoHLET, a peninsula and fishing vill. of Irel., Connaught, on its N.W. coast, co. and 9 m. N.W. Sligo. Po^. of vill. 170. Surface of peninsula desolate, & often encroached on by the sea. Here are the ruins of Artarmon castle. EAGHOOGHnR, two towus of Central Hindos- taa, the principal being cap. of a large dist., dom. and 133 m, S,S.W. Gwahor. Eagian, or Rhugian, a tnship. of Persia, prov. Fars, 3 m. W. Bebehan. Ragland, a pa. of Engl., co. and 7 m. W.S. W. Monmouth. Area 3,670 ac. Pop. 766. About 1 m. from the vill. are the ruins of Eagland castle, the ancient seat of the Somerset family. Eagnit, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 30 m. N. Gumbinnen, on the Niemen. Pop. 2,850. Eagov, a mkt. town of Russian Poland, gov. Vilna, 26 m. N.N.W. Vilkomir. Pop. 1,620. Eaguhn, a town of Germany, Anhalt-Dessau, on the Mulde, 8 m. S. Dessau. Pop. 1,589. Eagu.sa, a town of Sicily, intend. Syracuse, co. and 3 m. W. Modica, on the W. bank of the river Ragusa. Pop. 17,000. Its inhabs. are industri- ous, and have manufs. of woollens and silks, with a trade in corn, oil, wine, and cheese. Near it stood the anc. ffybla Heraa. — The river Ragusa, after a S.ward course of 25 m., enters the Medi- terranean 12 m. S.S.W. Modica. Ragusa (Slav. Dubrovnih, Tark. Paprovnih), a seaport city of Dalmatia, cap, circ, on a penin- sula in the Adriatic, 38 m. W.N.W. Cattiro. Lat. of mole fort, 42° 38° 9' N., Ion. 18° 7' 0" E. Pop. 6,000. It is partly enclosed by old walls, flanked by massive round towers, and has a most imposing appearance; houses chiefly in the Italian style. It has a cathedral, with fine works of art; a large Gothiu custom house, a palace of the former rectors of the republic, guard-house, with a conspicuous belfry ; barracks for 1,200 troops, a lyceum, & various other public schools, a lazaretto, theatre, and in its vicinity numerous elegant villas. The port, immediately S. the city, is fitted only for small vessels ; but the harbour of Gravosa, N. the peninsula, will receive ships of the line ; both are defended by forts. Its trade, once important, has greatly dc- RAH 1072 RAJ dined. It is visited every year by earthqualces, and suffered severely from that of 1667, by wliich a fifth part of the pop. lost their lives. Manufs. of silks, leather, and rosoglio, which with oil, an- chovies, and the products of Herzegovina, con- stitute the chief exports. Ragusa, founded about the middle of the 7th century, continued to be a republic under the successive protection of the Greeks, Venetians, and Turks, until 1806, when it was erected by Napoleon into a duchy for Mar- shal Marmont. — Ragusa Vecchia, a vill. on the Adriatic ; 7 m. S.E. was the anc. Epidaurus, de- stroyed by the Croats in 666. It has many ves- tiges of antiquity. R/iHABEH, a castle of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic Bagdad, on W. bank of the Euphrates, between Rakkah and Anah, near the site of an ancient city conjectured to have been the Rehoboth of Genesis x. 11. Rahad, a river of Abyssinia and Nubia, joins the Bahr-el-Azrek, or Blue Nile, 67 m. N. Sen- naar, after a N.W. course of 260 miles. Rahan, or Raghan, two pas. of Ir61 I. Mun- ster, CO. Cork, with the vill. Ballymagooley. Area 10,083 ac. Pop. 4,061.-11. Leinster, King's co., on the Grand canal, S m. W. Tullamore. Area 14,985 ac. Pop. 4,311. It has numerous ruined ecclesiastical edifices. Rahden, a mkt. town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 16 m. N.W. Minden, cap. circ, on the Au. Pop. 1,200. RAHDnNPOOB, a town of W. Hindostan, dom. and 136 m. N.W. Baroda, cap. rajahship, in a wide plain close to the Ruun. Lat. 23° 52' N., Ion. 71° 38' E. It is enclosed by a brick wall with towers, and in 1820 comprised 4,000 houses. Raheia, a town of Hindostan, Bundelcund, 14 miles S.E. Jaloun, Rahent, or Rathent, a vill. and pa. of Irel., Leinster, co. & 4 m. N.E. Dublin, on the N. side of its bay, and with a station on the Dublin and Drogheda railway. Pop. of its vill. 295. Rahmanieh, a town of Lower Egypt, prov. Bahari, cap. dist., 25 m. S.S E. Rosetta, on the Rosetta branch of the Nile. It was taken by the English from the French in 1801. Raho, a vill. of Hungary, circ. and 18 m. N.E. Szigeth. Pop. 2,407. Rahoon, a vill. and pa. of Irel., Connaught, CO. and containing a part of the town Galway. Area of pa. 15,168 ac. Pop. 14,433. Rahoon, or Rhan, a town of the Punjab, Bri- tish India, between the Sutleje and Beas, 13 m. N.E. Loodianah. It has manufs. of cotton goods. Rahodrt, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bom- bay, dist. and 18 m. N. Ahmednuggur. Raho vA, a town of European Turkey, Bulgaria, sanj. and 66 m. E.S.E. Widin, on the Danube, here crossed by a ferry. Pop. 2,000. Rahwat, a township, U. S., N. America, New Jersey, 10 m. S.S.W. Newark. Pop. 2,533. Rai. For names of Indian towns thus com- mencing, and not here inserted, see Rt. Raiatea (the Ulitea of Cook), one of the So- ciety isls.. Pacific O., 130 m. N.W. Tahiti. Circ. about 40 m. ; surface mountainous, abundantly watered, and covered with yegetation. It has many good anchorages, sheltered by a coral reef, that encloses this and the neighbouring island Fula. Prineip. products, arrow root and cocoa nuts. Here is a missionary station. J Raichor, or RAiciioon, a town of India, Ni- zam's dom., cap. a dist., between the Kistnah and Toomboddry rivs., 110 m. S.W. Hyderabad. Lat. 16° 12' N., Ion. 77° 26' E. It is large, irregularly built, & has the strongest fort in this part of India. Raidah, a seaport town of Arabi^ cap. a small territory, on Its S.E. coast, lat. 16° N., Ion. 50° 30' E. Pop. 700. Principal exports, frankmcense, aloes, ambergris, and shark-fins. Raidkooo, a town of British India, presid. Ma- dras, dist. and 31 m. S. Bellary. ^ ^ „ Bai-kok-E, or Baoh-koke, one of the Kunle isls.. Pacific O., belonging to Russia, and near the centre of the group. Length and breadth about 15 m. each. Surface rocky and mntnons., and it contains an active volcano. . Rain, or Rhain, a town of Upper Bavaria, on the Lech, 23 m. N. Augsburg. Pop. 1,050. Be- fore it the Austrian general Tilly was mortally wounded in 1632. Baine, a pa. of England, co. Essex, Ij m. W. Braintree. Area 1,460 ac. Pop. 355. Bainfobd, a chapelry of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. & 5} m. N.N.E.Prescot,with a station on the Lancashire & Yorkshire railway. Pop. 1,855. Rainham, several pas. of Engl.^ — I. co. Kent, 4 m. E.S.E. Chatham. Area 3,200 ac. Pop. 1,173. —II. {East), CO. Norfolk, 3^ m. S.S.W. Faken- ham. Area 2,010 ac. Pop. 124.— III. {South), same co., 11 m. N.N.E. Swaffham. Area 1,040 ac. Pop. 124.— IV. ( West), same co., 4 m. S.S.W, Fakenham. Area 1,450 ac. Pop. 380. Rainhill, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. and 2J m. E.S.E. Prescot, with a station on the Manchester railw., 9 m. N.E. Liverpool. P. 1,164. Rainow, a tnshp. of England, co. Chester, pa. Prestbury, 3 m. E.N.E. Macclesfield. Pop. 1,767. Rainscliff, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Stafford, pa. Wolstantou, 4 m. N.E. Newcastle-under-Lyne. Pop. 967. Kainton, two tnshps. of Engl., co. Durham I. {Bast), pa. Houghton-le -Spring, 5 m. N.E. Durham. Pop. 1,414. — II. {West), same co. and pa. 4J m. N.E. Durham. Pop. 1,064. Rainy Lake, N. Amer., 160 m.W. L. Superior, forms part of the boundary between the Britisn and U. States' territories, and has on its S. side a fort of the American fur company. It dis- charges its surplus waters W.ward into the Lake of the Woods, by Rainy river, 100 m. in length, and having banks covered with pine forests. Raisen (Market), a pa. & mkt. town of Engl., CO. and 14 m. N.N.E. Lincoln. Area 1,220 ac Pop. 2,022. Mkt., Thursday.— n. {Middle), a pa., same co., IJ m. W. Market-Raisen. Area 3,470 ac. Pop. 374. — III. ( West), a pa., same co., 21 m. W. Market-Raisen. Area 2,720 ac. Pop. 286. Raismes, a town of France, dep. Nord, with a station on the N. railw., 3 m. N.W.Valenciennes. Pop. 3,433. It has coal mines, and iron works. Raisseen, a decayed town & hill fort of India, Gwalior dom., cap. dist., 22m. N.E. Bhopaul. Raithbt, two pas. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 12 m. W.N.W. Spilsby. Area 680 ac. Pop. 167.— IL 2 m. S.W. Louth. Area 1,930 ac. Pop. 167. Raiva, a town of Poland, on the Bawka, gov. and 46 m. S.W. Warsaw. Pop. 1,800. It was formerly a strong fortress, and has an anc. castle, Rajasbiha, a town of Brit. India, presid. Ben- gal, prov., dist., and 16 m. S. Bahar, on the lofty site of an old fortress. It is a place of pilgrim- age, where 60,000 Hindoos sometunes assemble. Rajakeba, a town of Cent. Hindostan, Bhurt- poor dom., 24 m. S. Agra. Rajamahal, Rajemahai, or Rajmithai. (" the royal residence "), a city of Brit. India, presid. and prov. Bengal, dist. Bhaugulpoor, on the Ganges, 65 m; N.W. Moorshedabad. Estitn^ted pop. 80,000. It consists of i long street Of stone and mud houses, with about a dozen mkt. places. A trade is carried on with the people of the Ra- K A J 1073 KAM jamahal hills, an adjacent and densely wooded region S.W. of tlxe town. Rajahmdndbt. a marit. dist. of British India, presid. Madras, having E. the Bay of Bengal, and on the other sides the dists. Ellore and Vizaga- patam, and the Nizam's dom. Area 4,690 so. m. Pop. (1847) 578,5i'9. The Godavery has its delta in this dist.; the interior is mountainous, and the only territory near the Coromandel coast producing teak. Other products are sugar, cot- ton, tobacco, and bay salt ; piece goods are ex- tensively manufactured. IPrincip. towns, Rajah- mundry, Coringa, and Samulcotta Rtyahmun- dry, the cap. dist., is on the Godavery, about 43 m. from its mouth, and 73 m. N.E. Masulipatam. It stands on a height, & has a fort & a terraced bazaar, with numerous mosques, and other indi- cations of Mohammedan ascendancy. Rajanagub {Hind, iicyanayra), a town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, on the Ganges, dist. & 23 m. W.S.W. Dacca.— II. a vill., presid. Madras, ^t. and 11 m. N.N.W. Rajahmundry. Rajawub, a town of the Punjab, British India, cap. rajahship, on the Chenab, 120 m. N. Lahore, mostly built of earth, and unhealthy from ad- jacent rice grounds. Rajecz, a mkt. town of Hungary, co. Trent- schin, "ak, and Rathrennt, 2 pas. of Irel. —1. Munster, eo. Tipperary, 4 m. W.S.W. Holy- cross. Area 787 ac. Pop. 277. — 11. Leinster, co. Meath, 5 m. N.W. Slane. Ac. 5,496. Pop. 2,177. EATHini, Rachiin, or Raghekt, an island off the N. coast of Irel., Ulster, forming a pa. of co. Antrim, in the N. channel, 3 m. N.W. Fairhead. Lat. of church, 65° 17' 6' N., Ion. 6° 11' W. Area 3,398 ac. Pop. 1,010. Like the Giant's Cause- way, on the opposite coast, it is of basaltic for- mation. Amongst its antiquities is a rnined castle, which, in 1306, afforded a refuge to Robt. Bruce. — Rathlin O'Sime is a group of islets off Teelen-head, Ulster, at the N. side of the en- trance to Donegal bay. Rathmelton, a town of Ireland. [Ramelton.] Eathmines, a suburb of Dublin, on its S. side, 1^ m. S. Dublin castle. Pop. 2,429. It has a modem residence on the site of a battle 6eld, where the republicans totally defeated the forces of the Marquis of Ormonde in 1649. Rathmolton, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Meath, 2J m. W.N.W. Summerhill. Area 9,783 ac. Pop. 2,953, of whom 176 are in the village. Rathmore, several pas. of Ireland, prov. Lein- ster.— I. CO. Carlow, ^ m. N. Tullow. Area 815 ac. Pop. 323.— II. CO. Kildare, 4J m. E.N.E. Naas. Area 7,756 ac Pop. 1,495.-111. co. Meath, 4 m. N.N.E. Athboy. Area 6,345 ac. Pop. 1,780. — A bog, Munster, co. Kerry, with an area of 1,371 ac, has the same name. Rathmulien, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, co. Down, bordering Dundrum bay, and containing the town Killongh. Area 3,369 ac. Pop. 2,603. Rathkew, a raarit. pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Wicklow, compri-sing a part of the town of Wick- low. Area 8,641 ac. Pop. 3,754, of whom 118 are in the village Rathnew. Ratho, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 8 m. S.W. Ed- inburgh, on the Union canal, and with a station on the Edinburgh and Glasgow railway. Area about 5,800 ac. Pop. 1,815, of whom 689 are in the neat and well-built village. Rathowen, a vill. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Westmeath, on the route from Dublin to Sligo, 12 m. N.N.W. Mullingar, with 650 inhabitants, a church, school, court house, and two annual fairs. Rathreagh, two pas. of Irel. — I. Leinster, co Longford, 4 m. S. Edgeworthstown. Area 4,023 ac. Pop. 1,123. — II. Connaught, co. Mayo, 3J m. N.W. KillaJa. Area 4,164 ac. Pop. 1,664. Rathronan, two pas. of Ireland, Munster. — I. 00. Limerick, with the vill. Athea. Area 18,117 ao. Pop. 3,245. — II. CO. Tipperary, 3 m. N. Clonmel. Area 2,641 ac. Pop. 1,112. Rathsallah, & Rathsaban, two pas. of Irel., Leinster. — I. co. Wicklow. Area 1,776 ac. Pop. 226.— II. Queen's co., 2 m. W. Kathdowney. Area 2,291 ac. Pop. 965. Rathven, a marit. pa. of Scotl., co. Banff, on Morav Firth, 10 m. N. Keith. Area estimated at 27,000 ac. Scots. Pop. 6,728. Rathvillt, a vill., pa., and barony of Ireland, Leinster, co. and 10 m. E.N.E. Carlow. Area of pa. 9,212 ac Pop. 3,493 ; do. of vill. 449. Ratibor, a walled town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 44 m. S.S.E. Oppeln, cap. circ, onl.b. of the Oder, and on railway from Breslau to Vienna. Pop. (1846) 7,810. It has a castle, and manufe. of woollen and linen stuffs, porcelain, tobacco, hosiery, and leather. It gives its name to a prin- cipality, of which it is the capital. Ratingen, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 6 m. N.E. Diisseldorf, with 3,900 inhabs., mostly employed in cotton spinning. Ratisbon (Germ. Regensburg, anc. Meginum), a town of Bavaria, 67 m. N.N.E. Munich, on r. b. of the Danube, opposite the coufl. of the Regen, and at the head of a railway to Nurnberg, cap. circ. Regen. Pop. (1845) 23,000, including 2,671 military. Mean temp, of year, 47° .5 ; winter, 31° .7 ; summer, 64° .3 Fahr. It is walled, and entered by 6 gates. Chief edifices, a cathedral, built 1376 ; a fine town house, in which the diet of the empire was held from 1662 to 1806 ; the old episcopal palace, in which is a monument to Kep- pler, and a fine stone bridj^e over the Danube, 1,100 feet long. It has a steam-packet station, a considerable commerce on the Danube, and manufs. of porcelain, tobacco, leather, and steel goods. Regensburg was long the dap. of Ba- varia, & afterwards a free imperial city till 1806. The Rom. Catholieshere formed a leag"ue against the Protestants in 1524. Near it, in 1809, Napo- leon was wounded in a battle in which he forced the Austrians to retreat. A Roman wall extended from Reginum to Colonia Agrippina (Cologne). Ratlet, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 4 m. S E. Kineton. Area 1,500 ac. Pop. 397. Ratlinghope, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 7 m. N.N.E. Bishop's Castle. Area 1,580 ac P. 315. Ratmanoff Island, one of the Diomedeisls., Behring Sea, lat. 65° 51' N., Ion. 169° 63' W. Ratnafoora " the city of gems," a town of Ceylon, on a river navigable for boats, 45 m. S.E. Colombo. It has barracks, and has been found more healthy for British troops than any other station in Ceylon, except Point de Galle. Ratno, a market town of Russian Poland, gov. Volhynia, 30 m. N.N.W. Kovel. Pop. 1,800. Ratoath, a vill., pa., and formerly pari. bor. of Irel., Leinster, co. Meath, 14 m. N.N.W. Dublin. Area of pa. 9,331 ao. P. 1,697 ; do. of vill. 543. Ratoneau, a fortified island off the S. coast of France, dep. Bouches-du-Rhone, N. the isl. Po- megue, & 2 m. W .S. W. Marseille, the roadstead of which city it defends. Length, 2 m., breadth J m. Rattenberg, a walled town of the Tyrol, circ. Lower Innthal, on rt, b. of the Inn, 28 m. E.N.E. Innsbriick. Pop. 1,060. It has a ruined ciistle, and copper mines in its vicinity. RAT 1078 KAV Rattebv, a pa. of Etigl., co. Devon, 4 m. W.N.W. Totness. Area2,T30ac. Pop. 485. Battlbsdbn, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 41 m. W. Market-Stow. Area 3,270 ao. Pop. 1,141. Rattoo, a pa. of Irel., Munster, co. Kerry, e| m. W.S.'W. Llstowel. Area 8,230 ao. P. 3,860. RiTTRAT, a pa. of Scotl., co. Perth, 3| m. N.N.W. Cupar-Angus. Pop. 1,918, of whom 447 are in Old Rattray, and 018 in New Rattray, mostly employed in flax mills, & in weaving coarse linen fabrics for the Dundee manufacturers. — Rattray Head is a dangerous promontory of Scotl., 00. Aberdeen, 7 m. E. Kinnaird's Bead. Ratz-Boszobment, a town of S.E. Hungary, CO. Bihar, cap. dist. of the Haiducks, 11 m, W.N.W. Grosswardein. Pop. (1836) 17,000 Ratz-Almas is a vill. co. Stuhlweissenburg, near Adony. Pop. 2,190. Ratzebuhr, a town of Prussian Pomerania, reg. and 61 m. S.S.E. Koslin, with 1,690 inhabs., partly employed in woollen cloth weaving. Ratzebubo, a town of Denmark, duchy Lau- enburg, 12 m. S.E. Lubeck, on a small island of the lake of Ratzeburg. Pop. 3,088. Although the seat of administration of the Danish duchy of Lauenburg, the northern quarter belongs to the principality of Ratzeburg, a dependency of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, which possesses the cathe- dral. The lake ofBatzeburg is 6 m. long and IJ m. broad ; its surplus waters are carried by the Wakenitz, a navigable river, to the Trave ; the principality of Ratzeburg has an area of 130 sq. m., and a pop. of 14,896. Raooebt, two pas. of Engl., co. Lincoln. — 1. (North) 3i m. W.N.W. Sleaford. Area 3,460 ao. Pop. 270.-11. {South), 2J m. W. Sleaford. Area 2,430 ao. Pop. 351. BAtrootrRT, a comm. and vill. of France, dep Ardennes, cap. cant., 16 m. S.E. Mezieres, with J,606 inhabs., engaged in ironworks. RAtrnRANi, a mkt. town of Russian Poland, gov. and 138 m. N.W. Vilna. Pop. 1,500. Baddniiz, a town of Bohemia, circ. Rakonitz, cap, principality, on the Elbe, 9 m. S.E. Leit meritz. Pop. 3,200. It has a fine castle. Raudten, or Rauden, a town of Pruss. Silesia, reg. and 43 m. N.W. Breslau, on the Schwarz wasser. Pop. 1,225, Radenstein, two vills. of Central Germany.— I, Duchy Saxe-Meningen, 3 m. N.E, Sehalkau, with an ancient castle and a porcelain factory II. Saxony, circ, Leipzig, in the Erzgebirge. Radmo, a seaport town of Finland, on a bay of the gulf of Bothnia, Isen and 66 m. N.W. Abo. Pop. 1,700. It has an export trade in timber. Baunoes, a pa. ofEngl.,co. Northampton, 4m. N,N,E, Higham-Ferrers. Ac. 3,680'. Pop. 1,653. Rahbis, a mkt. town of Upper Austria, circ. & 40 m. S, Salzburg, on an affl. of the Salza. Pop, 1,610, partly employed in gold and silver mines, Racsoha, a vill, of Prussian Silesia, with a station on the Berlin and Glogau railway, 16 m, N,W, Bunzlau. Pop. 1,054. Radschenbebq, a town of Hessen-Cassel, prov, Upper-Hessen, cap, circ, on the Wohra, 9 m. E.N.E. Marburg. Pop. 1,628. Ravakosa, a mkt. town of Sicily, intend, and 21 m. E.S.E. Girgenti. Pop. 6,400. It has a trade in oil, almonds, and pistachio nuts. Ravee (Hind. Iraotee, anc. Hydaotes), one of the "iive rivers" of the Punjab, rises near Chumba, lat. 32° 30' N., Ion. 76° E., flows S.W. and joins the Chenab, 35 m. N. Mooltan. Esti- mated length 370 m. ; course tortuous, and banks steep. The city Lahore, and towns Chumba, Meanee, and Chowchuok, are on its banks. RiVBLKT, two pas. of Engl., co Huntingdon — L {Great), 3^ m, S.W. Ramsey. Area 2,040 ao. Pop. 312.— II. {Little), 4 mw S.W. Ramsey. Area 760 ac. Pop. 66. Ravello, a town of Naples, prov. Princip. Citra, 11 m. E.N.E. Salerno. Pop. 1,400. Ravendale, two pas. of Engl., co. Lincoln I. {East), 8^ m. S.S.W. Great Grimsby. Ac. 1,430. Pop. 112.— II. {Wea), 6| m. S.S.W. Great Grims- by. Area 560 ac. Pop. 51. There is no church. RAVENOI.ASS, a small mkt. town and seaport of Engl., CO. Cumberland, pa. Muncaster, 42 m. S.S.W. Carlisle, with a station on the White- haven and Fumess Tailway. It is well built, and has a good harbour aad valuable oyster fisheries. Market, Saturday. Raveninqham, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 101 m. W.S.W. Great Yarmouth. Ac. 1,730. P. 28l! Ravenna, a city of Central Itijy, Pontif. Sta., cap. of one of the N. legations and of the Ro- magna, in a marshy plain, on the Montone, 5 m. from its port on the Adriatic, and 16 m. N.E. Forli. Pop. (1845) 12,000. It is enclosed by walls about 3 m. in circuit, and entered by 6 handsome gates; and it is richer in antiquities of the early middle-ages than any other Italkn city, having been the residence of the Emperors of the West from the time of Honorhis, and the cap. of Italy under Odoacer, Theodoric, and the succeeding Gothic kings, the Byzantine mo- narchs, and the Lombards. Its anc. monuments are nearly all Christian. The catbedi'al, founded in the 4th century, has fine paintings by Guide, & remarkable antiquities. The other churches, the baptistery, the mausoleum of Placidia, contain- ing the tombs of that empress, of Honorius, and Yalentinian iii., axe all richly ornamented with mosaics. The other objects of interest are the archbishop's palace, communal hall, a rich library witli 40,000 vols., the museum, academy of fine arts, hospital, theatre, the leaning-tower, fortress, remains of the palace of Theodoric, and the tomb of Dante. About 1 m. N. the city is the tomb of Thedoric, now the church of Santa Maria Rotondo ; a pillar, also outside of the city, com- memorates the death of Gaston de Foix, and the victory of Louis xii. of France, and the Duke of Ferrara, over Pope Julius ii. and the Spaniards in 1512. Ravenna has some manufs. of silks, and a trade in wine and agricultural produce, facili- tated by a large canal connecting it with tiie Ad- riatic. Along the coast of that sea extends for 26 m. a fine forest which supplied a great deal of timber for ship-building in the time of the anc. Romans, under whom Ravenna was the chief port of the empire on the Adriatic. The legation oi Ravenna comprises 903 sq. m. P. (1843) 202,315. Ravenna, a vill. and tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Ohio, near the branch of the Cuyahoga, and on the Pennsylvania and Ohio canal, 128 m. N.E. Columbus. Pop. 1,642. It has several churches and schools, a female seminary, an elegant court- house, a jail, and many handsome dwellings. Ravensbdbs, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Danube, cap. dist., on the Schussen, 22 m. E.N.E. Constance. Pop. 4,439. It has manufs. of cot- ton and wooUen stuffs, paper, and sealing wax, and a considerable transit trade. Bavensden, a pa. of Engl., co. & 4 m. N.N.E. Bedford. Area 2,160 ac. Pop. 327. Ravensfibld, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Rid- ing, 4 m. E.N.E. Rotherham, and 13 m. E. of the North Midland railway. Ac. 1,170. Pop. 24J. Ravenstein, a town of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, on the Maas, 6 m. N.W. Grave, with 812 inhabitants, an old fort, and a Latm school. RAV 1079 RE A. Kavbnsthorpk, a pa. of Engl., co. and 9 m. N.N.W. Northampton. Area 2,190 ao. Pop. 712. Kavbnstone, two pas. of Gnel. — 1. cos. JDerby and Leicester, 3J m. E.S.E. Asnby-de-la-Zoach. Area 1,131 ac. Pop. 394. — II. co. Bucks, 3 m. W.S.W. Olney. Area 2,230 ac. Pop. 416. Katebstonedalk, a pa. of Engl., co. West- moreland, 4 m. S.W. Kirkby-Stephen. Area 18,450 ac. Pop. 973. Kavenswobth, a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, N. Biding, pa. Kirkby-Ravensworth, 4i m. N.N.W. Richmond. Fop. 332. It gives the title of baron to the Liddel family, whose seat is in the vicinity. Ratibbes, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Tonne, 13 m. S.E. Tonoerre. Pop. 1,226. Rawa, a town of Poland, gov. and 45 m. S.W. Warsaw, cap. dist., on the Rawka. Pop. 2,000. It was formerly fortified II. a market town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, circ. Zolkiew, 32 m. N.N.W. Lemberg. Rawak, an island of the E. Archipelago, off the N. side of the island Waygiou. Lat. 0° 1' 14' S., Ion. 131° E. Rawcliffe, a chapelry of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, pa. and 3} m. E.N.E. Snaith, and with a station on the Lancaster and Yorkshire railway, W. Goole. Pop. 1,523 IL {Nether), a town- ship, CO. Lancaster, pa. St Michael, 4 m. E.N.E. Ponlton. Pop. 728. — III. (Upper), a township, same co. & pa., 6^ m. E.N.E. Ponlton. Pop. 671. Rawsen, a township of Engl., co. York, W. Biding, psu Gniseley, 6 m. N.N.E. Bradford. Fop. 2,531, employed in woollen manufe. Rawil-Pimde, a large fortified town of the Panjab, 47 m. E.S.E. Attock. It consists of flat- roofed earthen houses, with a palace built by Shah Soojah, a bazaar, and a brisk transit trade. Bavtitsch or RAvyicz, a walled town of Prus- sian Poland, reg. and 55 m. S. Posen. Pop. (1846) 8,790. It has mannfs. of woollen cloth, linens, leather, tobacco, and salt. Rawmabsh, apa. of Engl., co. York, W. Biding, 2 m. N.N.E. Rotherham. Ac. 2,470. P. 2,068. Rawbeth, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 2^ m. N.W. Bayleigh. Area 2,470 ac. Pop. 387. Bawxonstai,i,-Booth, a chapelry of Engl., co. Lancaster, near Hastingdon, with a station on the Rosendale branch of the East Lancashire railway. Batgern, a market town of Moravia, circ. and 8 m. S. Briinn, on the Schwarza. Pop. 786. Baygeod, a town of Poland, gov. and 14 m. S.W. Augustow, on Lake Raygrod. Pop. 1,950. An engagement between the Poles and Russians took place here on the 28th May 1831. RATeuKGE, a town of British India, presid. & prov, Bengal, dist. Dinangepoor. Though mo- dem, it is ill built ; but it is a place of much bustle, and is said to comprise 1,000 dwellings. Rayleigh, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 12 m. S.S.E. Chelmsford. Area 3,180 ac. Pop. 1,651. Raimochy, a pa. of Ireland, UlstSr, co. Done- gal, bordering Lough Swilly, and containing the vill. Manor-Conyngham. Ac. 15,286. P. 5,733. Bayuord, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Maine, 45 m. S.W. Augusta. Pop. 2,032. Raymond Teeeace, a town of New S. Wales, CO. Gloucester, on the E. bank of the Hunter river, near the confl. of the William, 20 m. from Newcastle. Pop. 263. Baymuntudony, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Donegal, ^ m. S.W. Dunfanaghy. Area 12,163 ac. Pop. 2,238. Bayne, a pa. of Scotl., co. Aberdeen, on the Urie, 8 m. N.W. Inverury. Area about 11 sq. m. Pop. 1,642. In thevicinity of the vill. are a supposed Roman road, and Druidic antiquities. Baynham, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 3 m. N.W. Purfleet. Area 2,060 ac. Pop. 777. Baz (Le), a headland of France, Brittany, dep. Finistire, on the Atlantic, opposite the island Sein, 25 m. S.S.W. Brest. Lat. of lighthouse, 259 feet above the sea, 48° 2' N., Ion. 4° 44' W. Razo, one of the Cape Verd islands, Atlantic, S.E. Branco. It is barren and uninhabited. Re, an island off the W. coast of France, dep. Charente-Inf., in the Gulf of Gasoony, separated on N, from the dep. Vendee by the strait called Pertuis Breton, and on S. from the He d'Oleron by that of Pertuis d'Antioche. Length 18 m., breadth 4 m. It has valuable ealine.s, and its vines are excellent. The He de Rd forms two cants, of the arrond. Rochelle, of which towns the chief are Ars and St Martin. The best ports are St Martin, Ars, and La Flotte. It was inef- fectually attacked by the English in 1627. Readfield, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Maine, 12 m. W. Augusta. Pop. 2,037. Reading, a pari., munic. bor., and mkt. town of Engl, cap. co. Berks, on the Kennet, near its junction with the Thames, and on the Great W. railway, 38 m. W.S.W. London. Area of bor., including 3 pas., 2,080 ac. Pop. 18,499. It has spacious main streets, well paved and lighted, and many handsome residences, several bridges across diflFerent branches of the Kennet, 3 ane. pa. churches ; a grammar school, founded in the reign of Henry vii., of which Dr Valpy was for- merly master, a blue coat school, founded in 1646 for 47 boys, rev. about l,000i. per annum ; a national school, almshouses, and other charities, rev. near 3,000Z. per annum : a co. hospital, and spacious CO. jail and house of correction, -a to'.ni hall, small bor. jail, originally a priory, excellent library and news room, a museum, mechanics' institute, several learned societies, a small theatre, baths, anid some remains of a magnificent abbey, founded by Henry i., a part of the close of which contains the Forbery, a beautiful public walk. Reading has some manufs. of silk and velvets, large flour mills and breweries, iron foundries, and very extensive exports of corn, malt, timber, wool, cheese, &c., by the Thames, and by the Kennet and Avon canal, which connects it with Bristol. Market, Wednesday and Saturday. It is also connected with Guildford, Dorking, and Beigate, by a branch of the S.E. railway. Corp. rev. (1848) 4,731 1. It is head of a poor-law union, a polling place for the co., and sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Beg. elects. (1848) 1,296. Parliamfpts were held here in the 13th and 15th centurie^. Archbishop Laud was bom here in 1573. Beading, a bor. & several tnshps. of the II. S., N. Amer I. Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill^ here crossed by two handsome covered bridges, at the union of the Schuylkill and Union canals, and on the Reading and Philadelphia railway, 49 m. N.W. Philadelphia. Pop. 8,410. Streets di- verge from a handsome square in its centre, and are well built. Principal edifices, numeroys churches, an academy, a female seminary, the court house, and other public offices, jail, &e. Of 7 weekly newspapers, two were lately pub- lished in German. About 66,000 dozen of hats are made here annually ; and there are several tanneries, and an iron rolling mill, manufactur- ing annually 3,500 tons of iron. In the vicinity are iron mines and limestone quarries.— II. Mas- sachusetts, on the Ipswich, 12 m. N. Boston. Pop. 2,193.-111. Connecticut, 60 m. S.W. Hart- ford. Pop. 1,674.— IV. Vermont, 61 m. S. Mont- pelier. Pop. 1,336. — V. New Yorls, on Seneca Lake, 21 m. N.E. Bath. Pop. 1.641.— VI. Penn- REA 1080 RED sylvania, 13 m. N. Gettysburg. Pop. 1,826.— Meadington is a township, New Jersey, 5 m. N.E. Flemington. Pop. 2,373. Realgjo, a seaport town of Central Amer., state Nicaragua, on a bay of the Pacific Ocean, 20 m. N.W. Leon, with which city it communi- cates by a good road. Pop. 2,000 (?). The harbour is capacious and safe, and vessels can come to within 1 m. from the town, which is mean, straggling, and bacl^ed by a forest. Ex- ports mahogany, cedar, and other timber, raw sugar, cotton to Costa Rica, about 1,000 tons of Brazil-wood to Great Britain and the XI. S., and 1,000 bales of indigo annually, but its trade is re- ported to be declining. Bealmont, a comm. and town of France, dep. Tarn, cap. cant., 10 m. S. Albi. Pop. 2,238. REAiTiLLE, a comm. and town of France, dep. Tam-et-Garonne, 8 m. N.N.E. Montauban, on the Aveyron. Pop. 3,029 Reauville is a vill., dep. DrSme, arrond. Montelimar, with 1,114 in- habitants, a ruined castle, and chalk pits. Reagsbt, a pa. of England, co. and 7^ m. N.N.E. Leicester, with a station on the Peter- borough & Leicester railway. Ac. 1,890. P. 471. Reat, a maritime pa. of Scotland, cos. Caith- ness and Sutherland, 9 m. W.S.W. Thurso. Pop. 2,811. — " Lord Reay's Country " comprising the pas. Durness, Tongue, Eddrachillis, in the N.W. of Sutherland, is a wild tract of 800 sq. m. Rebais, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-et-Mame, cap. cant., 6 m. E.N.E. Coulom- miers. Pop. 1,793. It was formerly fortified, & had a military school suppressed in 1793. Beoanat:, a town of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. Macerata, ontheMusone,4m. S W. Loreto. Fop. 4,500. It has a cathedral, a town-hall rich in works of art, and an aqueduct by which water is supplied to Loreto. In the middle ages it was an important military post. Recco, a market town of N. Italy, Sardinian dom., div., prov. and 11 m. E.S.E. Genoa, on the Mediterranean. Pop. of comm. (1838) 4,657, who export oil and iruits, & build small vessels. Becet-sur-Ociice, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. C6te-d'Or, cap. cant., on the Ource, 14 m. E.S.E. ChatiUon-sur-Seine. Pop. 1,067. Recherche Archipelago, off the S.W. coast of Australia, is mostly between lat. 34° and 36° S., Ion. 122° E. —Recherche bay is near the S. ex- tremity of Tasmania (Van Dieman's land) ; and Recherche isl. in the Pacific Ocean, lat. 11° 40' 3" S., Ion. 166° 46' E. Rechioourt, le Ch&teau, a comm. and vill. of France, cap. cant., dep. Meurthe, arrond. and 11 m. S.W. Sarrebourg, on railway from Paris to Strasbourg. Pop. 1,000. Bechnitz, a market town of W. Hungary, co. Eisenburg, 8 m. S.W. Giins. Pop. 6,000. It has a noble residence, "with a library & picture gallery. Beoife (erroneously called Pernambuco), a city of Brazil, cap. prov. Pernambuco, on the Atlantic, lat. 8° 3' 6' N., Ion. 84° 61' T W. It consists of 3 distinct quarters, — I. the town of S.-Pedro-Gongalves, on a sandy peninsula. — II. the vill. of S. Sacramento, on the isl. Santo- An- tonio between the rivs. Biberibe and Capibaribe, and connected with the continent by 2 bridges. — III. the vill, of Sacramento or Boa-vista. Pop. (1845) 12,000 free and 6,000 slaves. In 1810 it was only 5,391. The port is defended by 4 forts, and the harbour is protected by an extensive reef of rocks, it is only fit for vessels drawing less than 12 feet water. The chief buildings are the Go- vernor's palace, the episcopal palace, and the new hospital ; it has two latin and "several other schools. It is unprovided with potable water, but in 1842, the first stone of an aqueduct was laid to convey water from the Bio Prata, a distance of 5 m. It has a considerable trade with Euro- pean ports. Chief exports cotton, sugar, and dye-wood. Pop. of dist. of Recife 38,000. Olinda 4 m. N. of Recife, was formerly cap. of the prov. Pernambuco. Rbcighano, a market town of Naples, prov. Princip. Citra, on a height, 20 m. E. Campagna. Reckem, or Beckhetm, a town of Belgian Limbourg, 6 m. N.ILE. Maestricht, near 'tiii Maese. Pop. 1,100,-^11, a frontier vill., prov. W. Flanders, on the Lys, 5 m. S.W. Courtrai. BECKENnoRF, a vill. of Bavaria, circ. Lowei Franconia, 8 m. N.N.W. Bamberg. Pop. 1,154 EECKi-iNGHAnSEN, a town of Prussian West< phalia, reg. and 31 m. S.W. Miinster, cap. circ. and principalitjr. Pop. 3,010. Reooabo, a vill, of N, Italy, gov. Venice, delog. and 19 m. N.W. Vicenza. Pop. 4,000. It has chalybeate springs, the waters of which are bottled and exported in large quantities. BEcnr.ET, the loftiest point of the Jura mntns. in France, dep. Ain, 10 m. W.N.W. Geneva. Eeculver, a maritime pa. of England, co. Kent, 9 m. N.N.E. Canterbury. Area 1,400 ac. Pop , 286. The Eeculver cliff is a noted sea mark. Redako, an island in the Gulf of Siam, E. the Malay peninsula. Lat. 5° 60' N., Ion. 103° E. Reu Bank, a tnshp., TJ. S., N. America,Penn- sylvania, 190 m. W.N.W. Harrisburg. P. 3,078 Redbert, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 4 m. W.N.W. Tenby. Pop. 117. REnBODBK, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. & 16 m. W. Hertford. Area 4,260 ac. Pop. 2,024.-11. CO. Lincoln, 5j m. S.S.W. Glandford-Bridge. Area 4,150 ac. Pop. 377. — Redbridge is a vill., CO. and 3 m. N.W. Southampton, on the Anton, and with a station on the Dorchester line of the South Western railway. EEncAB, a watering-place of Engl., co. York, N. Riding, pa. Maske, 6 m, N. Guisborough; with a station on the Stockton and Darlington rail- way. Pop. 674. The coast here is rocky, but bordered by fine sands, and the vill. has numer- ous good lodging houses. Redding, a pa. of Scotl., co. Stirling, pa, Pol- mont,2J m,E,S,E, Falkirk, P. 694, mostly colliers. Reddish, a tnshp, of Engl,, co, Lancaster, pa. and 4^ m. S.E. Manchester, Pop. 1,188. Eedditch, a large vill. of Engl,, co, Worces- ter, pa. Tardebigg, 12 m. S.S.W. Birmingham. Pop. 3,314, mostly employed in the manuf. of needles, for which this is the chief seat in Erigl. Upwards of 70,000,000 are said to be made weekly, and the trade is generally prosperous. The villi is situated in a fine district, and is remarkably well built. It has episcopal and Bom. Catholic chapels, an^ 2 branch banks. In the vicinity is Hewell, a beautiful seat of the Clive family. BedenS, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Fi- nistfere, 3i m. E.S.E. Quimperl^. Pop. 1,289. Redenhali, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, IJm. E.N.E. Harleston. Area 1,610 ao. Pop. Ii662. Redgoetoh, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 8J m. N.N.W. Perth. Area 12 sq. m. Pop. 1,929. Redgrave, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 7 nu W.N.W. Eye. Area 2,310 ac. Pop. 1,352. Eedgwell, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 6J m. E.S,E, Haverhill. Area 1,570 ac. Pop. 763. Red Hook, a tnshp., TJ, S,, N. America, New York, on the Hudson river, 22 m. N. Poughkeep- sie. Pop. 2,829, Eedinha, a vill, of Portugal, prov. Estrema- dura, in a plain, 8 in, N.N.E, Pombal, P. 2,000. RED 1081 RE E Redisham (Gke4t), a pa. of Engl., oo. SuJFoIk, 6 m. N.N.E. Halesworth. Ac. 1,600. Pop. 165. Redlinch, a chapelr; of Engl., co. Somerset, pa. and 1{ m. S.S.E. Brutou. Pop. 69. Redlinqfikld, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 3 m. S.E. Eye. Area 1,700 ac. Pop. 240. Red Lion, a vill., TJ. S., N. America, Delaware, 35 m. N. Dover. Pop. 1,401. Red-Makshali,, a pa. of Engl., co. Durham, 4 m. W.N. W. Stockton-on-Tees. Ac. 4,260. P. 272. Redmile, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 12 m. N.N.E. Melton-Mowbray. Area 1,170 ao. P. 518. Redness, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Yorlt, W. Rid- ing, pa. Whltgift, 5 m. S.S.E. Howden. Pop. 633. Redkitz, a riv. of Bavaria, circ. Middle Fran- conia, after a N. course of 50 m., past Weissen- burg and Roth, joins the Pegnitz at Fiirth, to form the Regnitz. Affls., the Rezat from the W., and Roth from the E. It communicates with the Altmiihl by the canal of the Main and Da- nube. [ALTMiJHL.] Redon, a comm. and town of France, dep. llle- et-Vil^e, cap. arrond. on the rt. b. of the Vi- laine, on which it has a port for vessels of 200 tons, 38 m. N.W. Nantes. Pop. 3,454. It has manufe. of serge, docks for building small vessels, and an active trade in timber and iron, by the canal between Nantes and Brest. Redon^a, two islets of the Brit. West Indies. — I. between Nevis and Montserrat. — II. off the N. extremity of Grenada. RED0NDE1.A, a town of Spain, prov. Ponteve- dra, at the mth. of theRedondela, in bay of Vigo, on which it has a port, 7 m. N.E. Vigo. P. 2,790. Redondo, a town of Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, 22 m. E. Evora, with 3,000 inhabs — Novo-Re- (Jondo is a Portuguese fort. Lower Guinea, on the Atlantic, 65 m. N.N.E. Benguela. Redout Kai.£, afort of the Russian dom.,Trans- caucasia,in a marshy position, at the mouth of the Kal^, or Kalla, in the Black sea, 20 m. N. Poti. Red Riveb (or Natchitoches), a large river of the United States territory, N. America, in its upper part called the Sscaravedra, rises at the base of the Rocky Mntns., near Santa F^ Mexico ; flows at first E., forming the limit between Texas and the Ozark, and Arkansas territories, & then S.E. through Louisiana, and joins the Mississippi 128 m. NiW. New Orleans. Total course estim. at 1,500 m. On it are the towns Alexandria and Natchitoches. About 100 m. above the latter commences the rafl, where, by vast collections of fallen timber, the river is expanded to a breadth of 20 or 30 m., for 60 or 70 m. of its course, and divided into numerous channels. The U. States government have, at a great expense, removed the timber in various places, & rendered the riv. navigable for steam-boats for 400 m. from its mouth. Affls., the Washita & False- Washita. — Hed River Settlement, British North America, Hudson Bay territory, on the confines of the United States, between Lakes Superior and Win- nipeg, was founded by the Earl of Selkirk in 1813. Pop. (1845) 5,143. Soil well cultivated, and produces barley. Live stock extensively reared. Rkdbcth, amkt. town & pa. of Engl., co. Corn- wall, 9 m. W.N.W. Falmouth. Area 3,770 ac. Pop, 9,306, extensively employed in the rich copper & tin mines of the vicinity, the ore of which is trans- ported by railways connecting with the Fal, and with St Ives' bay. The town, though anc, is pretty well built. It has 2 churches, a modern grammar school, union workhouse, elegant clock tower, reading room, branch bank, and a small theatre. It is connected with Hayle by the West Cornwall railway. Red Sea, or Arabian Gulf, an hilaiid sea between Africa and Asia (Arabia), lat. 12° 40' to 30° N., Ion. 32° 30' to 43° 30' E. Length, N.W. to S.E., upwards of 1,400 m. ; breadth varies to nearly 200 m. At its S. extremity it communi- cates with the Indian Ocean by the Strait Bab- el-Mandeb. In its N. part it bifurcates into the Gulfs of Suez and Akabah, which enclose the pe- ninsula of Sinai. Depth varies, average about 100 fathoms. It abounds with islands & coral reefsj. and is supposed by some to have derived its name from the large quantities of red coral & pink-co- loured fuci which it yields ; while it is more proba+' bly derived from the anc. Idumts, " sea of Edomy^ or "red sea." The country almost everywhere i around it is mntnous. The S.E. monsoon blows constantly for 8 months of the year, and during the remainder, the N.W. monsoon. From Oct. to May, when S. winds prevail, the water rises in the N. part of the sea, which then attains an elevi much higher than the Mediterranean. The na- vigation is difiBcult owing to sudden changes of wind and heavy gales. Principal ports are Mo- cha, Hodeida, Loheia, Jiddah, and Yembo on th©" Arabian side, and Suez, Kosseir, Suakin, and Massowah on the Egyptian, Nubian, & Danaliil coasts. The Jews and Plioenieians appear to have carried on an extensive trade upon this sea, and after the destruction of the Persian empire, it resumed importance as the principal route of traffic between Europe and the East, which dis- tinction it retained until the discovery of the passage round the Cape of Good Hope. It has again recovered some of its anc. consequence, as part of the direct route between Europe & India. [Aden,^ Bab-el-Mandeb .] Redwitz, a mkt. town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Franconia, 23 m. E. Baireuth. Pop. 1,680. Ree (Lough), a lake of Irel., near its centre, between Leinster and Connaught, and formed by an expansion of the Shannon at Laneshorough, 15 m. in length, N. to S., by 8 m. in greatest, breadth, having W. the co. Roscommon, and E. COS. Longford and Westmeath. Outline very irregular. Estimated area 42 sq. m. ; height above the sea in summer, 122 feet ; in winter, 129 feet ; greatest depth, 75 feet. It contains many islets, , & receives the river Inny from the E. No towns are on its shores, and the chief traffic on it is be- tween Laneshorough, and Athloue on the Shan- non, near its S. extremity. Reed, a pa. of Engl., co. Herts, 3} m. S. Roy- ston. Area 1,460 ac. Pop. 260. Reed, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 6} m. S.S.W. Bury-St-Edmunds. Area 1,310 ac. Pop. 241. Reedham, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 5 m. S.S.E. Acle, & with a station on the Eastern Cos. railway. Hi m. E.S.E. Norwich. Area 4,090 ac. Pop. 614. Reepham, a pa. of Engl., co. and 5 m. E.N.E. Lincoln, with a station on the Manchester, Shef- field, and Lincoln railway. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 341.— II. a pa. & mkt. town, co. Norfolk, 13 m N.N.W. Norwich. Area 570 ac. Pop, 389. Mkt, Saturday, chiefly for malt. Fair, 29th June. Rees, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 41 m. N.N.W. Diisseldorf, cap! circ, on the Rhine. Pop. 3,842. It has manufs, of cotton stuffs. It was taken by the Dutch in 1614, and by the French in 1678. Reeth, a mkt. town of England, co. York, N, Riding, pa, Grinton, 8 ra, W,S.W, Richmond, Pop, of tnshp, 1,343, employed in lead mines and manuf, of stockings. It has 2 endowed schools. Reetz, a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. FrankfUrt, on the Ihna, 42 m. E.S.E. Stettin BEE 1082 II EI Pop. 2,400 II. a vUl., reg. Potsdam, 9 m. W.S.W. Belzig. Reevesbt IsLAKt), S. Australia, Spencer's gulf, is 20m. N.E. Port Lincoln. Length, N. to S., 4 m. BEaALBnto, a town of Sicily, intend, and 25 m. W.N.W. Catania. Pop. 6,200. It is the seat of a royal college, — RegcUmuto is a town, intend, and 10 m. N. E. Girgenti. Regan, a small fortified town of Persia, prov. Kerman, near the Belooch frontier, lat. 28° 50' N., Ion. 59° 8' E. Res EN, a river of Bavaria, rises in the Bohmer- Wald, flows generally W. and S., and enters the Danube on right at Stadt-am-Hof, opposite lle- gensburg, length 68 m. — II. A market town of Bavaria, cap. dist., on the Regen, 32 m. N.N.W. Passau. Pop. 1,220. — Segemtauf is a marltet town of Bavaria, oirc. Upper Palat., cap. dist., on the Regen, 8 m. N.N.E. Ratisbon. Pop. 1,570. Regensbubq, a town of Bavaria. [Ratisbon.] Reoenspebo and REOENSTOBF,two contiguous vills. of Switzerland, cant. & 10 m. N.W. Zurich. Resent's Swobd, a remarUable promontory of China, prov. Leao-tong, which divides the Gulf of Pe-che-le from the Yellow Sea. Lat. 39° N. Reoenwalde, a town of Prussian Pomerania, reg. and 42 m. N.E. Stettin, cap. cu'c, on the Rega. Pop. 2,130. Reqsio {Rhegium Julii), the most S. city and seaport of Italy, Naples, cap. prov. Calab. TJlt. II., 8 m. S.E. Messina, on the £. side of its strait. Pop. 7,300. It is fortified, well supplied with water, & surrounded hy a fine country. It is the see of an archbishop, and has a cathedral, several convents, a royal college, hospital, foundling asylum, theatre, a -civil and criminal court, manufs. of silks, gloves, hosiery, and articles Irom the thread of the shell-fish pinna maritima, an annual fair, lasting from 1st to 15th September, and an export trade in wine, oil, citron, and olives, the produce of its vicinity In ancient times this was one of the most renowned cities of Magna Grsecia, and was celebrated for its wines. It is the birth-place of Agathocles, the philoso- phers Hippias & Hipparchus, of several poets & sculptors. It was ruined by the earthquake of 1783. REasio (Rhegium Zepidi), a fortified city of N. Italy, duchy and 14 m. W.N.W. Modena, cap. dist., on the JSmilian Way, and connected wiUi the Po by the river Crostolo and navigable canal of Tassone. Pop. 17,000. It is well built and handsome; streets bordered with arcades. It has a cathedral with numerous convents, a cita- del, city hall, theatre, college, public library with 30,000 vols., a museum of antiquities, manufs. of silks, hempen fabrics, horn, wooden, and ivory articles, a trade in cattle and agricultural pro- duce, and a fair during the entire month of May. It is the birth-place of Ariosto and of Correggio. Under Napoleon it gave the title of duke to Marshal Oudmot Reggiolo is a vill. of N. Italy, duchy and 6 m. E. Guastalla. Regis (St), a tnshp. of Lower Canada, on the S. side of the St Lawrence, and the State of New York frontier, at the S. extremity of Lake St Francis, 63 m. S.W. Montreal. Regis, a small town of Saxony, circ. and 18 m. S.S.B. Leipzig, on the Pleisse. Pop. 623. Reola, a fortified suburb of Havana, Cuba, on the opposite side of its bay. It is well built, has large gov. warehouses, and a spacious hospital, it is the principal seat of the Havana slave trade. Regnitz, a river of Bavaria, circ. Upper Franconia, formed by the union of the Rednitz & Pegnitz at Fiirth, flows N. past Forchheim, Erlangen, and Bamberg, and joins the Main, 8 m. N.W. Bamberg, after anavigable course of 3Sm. Chief affl. the Aisch from the W. Regwt, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Loire, 6 m. E.S.E. Roanne. Pop. 1,392, partly engaged in cotton weaving, and in quarrying marble. Regoa, a vill. of Portugal, prov. Beira, on the Douro, 3 m. N. Lamego. It is increasing in un- portance, & has large wine stores, it being the place of an annual fair for the purchase of port wines. Requint and Beguisheim, two comms. and vills. of France. — I. in dep. Morbihan, 16 m W.N.W. Ploermel, with 1,135 mhabs.— U. dep. H. Rhin, on the 111, arrond. Colmar. Pop. 2,201. Beha, a town of Asiatic Turkey. [Oefah.] Rehait, a mkt. town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Franconia, cap. dist., on the Griinebach, 17 m. N.W. Egcr. Pop. 1,600. Rehbdeg, a town of Hanover, landr. and 22 m. W.N.W. Hanover. Pop. 1,325. — Rehden is a town of W. Prussia, 24 m. S. Marienwerder. Pop. 1,300. Rehhe, a vill. of Prussian Westphalia, re|^, and 6 m. S.W. Minden, on the Weser, with a station on the Berlin and Cologne railway. Pop. 1,590, Rehna, a town of Mecklenhurg-Sohwerin, dist, Wismar, 17 m. E.S.E. LUbeck. Pop. 2,579. Rehoboth, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Massa- chusetts, 38 m. S.W. Boston. Pop. 3,169. Reichelsheim, two mkt. towns of Germany. — I. grand duchy H.Darmstadt, prov. Starkenburg, 14 m. S.E. Darmstadt, at the foot of a height, surmounted by the castle of Reichenberg. Pop. 1,210. — II. duchy Nassau, cap. a detached dist, on the Horlof, 19 m. N.N.E. Frankfiirt. P. 751. Reichenau, several towns, &c., of Germany. — I. (Bobm. Saukemczky), Bohemia, circ. and 19 m. E.S.E. Koniggratz, on an affl. of the Wilde- Adler. Pop. 3,900. It has a fine castle, manufe. of linen and woollen fabrics.— II. Saxony, circ. Bautzen, 7 m. E. Zittau. Pop. 3,663, mostly em- ployed in manufs. of linen, and ribbons. Reichenau, a hamlet of Switzerland, Grisons, at the junction of the two heads of the Rhine (Vorder and Hinter Rhein), 6 m. W.S.W. Chur, having a chateau formerly used for a school, in which Louis Philippe, then Duke de Chartres, found an asylum as an usher in 1793. — II. An island of the grand duchy of Baden, circ. Lake, in the Untersee, 3i in. N.W. Constance. Length 3 m., breadth Im. Pop. 1,460. Surface fertile, & on it is abenedietine abbey, in the church of which the Emperor Charles the Fat was buried, in 888. Reiohenbaoh, a river of Switzerland, cant. Bern, joins the Aar oppbsite Meyringen. It de- scends nearly 2,000 ft. in a succession of falls, near the last of which are baths & a large hotel. Reichenbach, several towns and vills. of Ger- many I. Saxony, circ. Zwickau, 11 m. N.N.E. Plauen. Pop. (1845) 6,699. It has manufs. of woollen cloth, cashmeres, cotton and linen stufis. —II. Prussian Silesia, reg. and 31 m. S.W. Bres- lau, cap. circ, on the Peilau. Pop. (1846) 6,310. It is enclosed by strong walls, and has several Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, a syna- gogue, and manufe. of woollen cloth, muslins, cotton stufis, canvas, and gloves. — III. Bavaiia, circ. Upper Palatinate, on the Regen, 7 m. W. Roding. Pop. 1,358. Reiohenbebg, orLiBEBK, a town of Bohemia, circ. Bunzlau, on the Neisse, 58 m. N.E. Prague. Pop. (1845) 13,600. It has 3 castles, several churches, a royal and a normal school, a new theatre, and a large brewery, with important manufs. of woollen, cotton, and linen stuife, and yarn, & numerous dymg houses, in its vicinity. RE10HENHAI.L, a town of Upper Bavaria, cap. dist., on the Saal, 8 m. S.W. Salzburg." Pop. EEI 1083 R E SI )60. In its viciuity are salt works, which fur- sh annually 240,000 cwt. of salt. It was nearly stroyed by fire in 1834. ♦ Seichensachsen, a Till, of Hessen Cassel, •ov. Lower Hessen, on the Sunter, i m. S.W. sohwege. Pop. 1,689. EEicHENSTEWf, two towns of Germany. — I. russian Silesia, reg. and 4S m. S.S.W. Breslau. jp. 2,000. — II. (l/rUer), Bohemia, ciro. Pracliin, I the Wotawa, 21 m. S.S.E. Klatou. Reichshofen, a comm. and town of France, }p. Bas-Rhin, arrond., and 14 m. S.W. Wissem- rarg. Pop. 2,626. Reichstaot, a town of Bohemia, circ. Bunzlau, i m. N.N.E. Prague. Pop. 1,900. It has a le castle and a capuchin convent. In 1818 it IS erected into a duchy for the son of Napoleon nd nephew of the Emperor Francis of Austria), ho was bom in 1811, and died in 1832. Reiden, or Rbtden, a Till, of Switzerland, mt. Lucerne, 7 m. N. W. Sursee. Pop. 1,490. Eeigate, a pari, bor., market town, and pa. of ngl., CO. Surrey, on a branch of the Mole, 6 m. . Dorking, 21 m. S.S.W. London, and about IJ 1. from the Redbill station, on the London and righton, & S.E. railways. Area of pa. 5,900 ac. op. 4,584. Pop. of pari. bor. 4,415. It is si- lated on a rock of white sand, in the beautiful strict of Holmsdale, and is remarkably neat and ean,havingan unusual number ofhandsome re- dences, a church, containing a library and any costly monnments, a small grammar school, large national do., a town hall, market house, ock-tower, & some groundworks of a castle, in- uding a cave in which the barons are said to ive met and arranged the articles of Magna ^arta. At the S. end of the town, on the site : an old priory, is the elegant mansion of Earl [)mers. Rev. of charities about 20f'?. per ann. nller's earth, and fine sand used in tae raaniif. of lass, are articles of commerce. Mkts. Tuesday, he town is the head of a poor law union, and is Dvemed by a manor bailiff. It sends 1 mem. to '. of C. Reg. elects. (1848) 198. Reighto:?, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Riding, im.N.N.W. Bridlington. Ac. 1,680. Pop. 224. Reignac, several viHs. and comms. of France. -I. dep. Charente, arrond. and 3 m. S.S.W. arbezieux. Pop. 1,272. — II. dep. Gironde, Tond. Blaye. Pop. 2,021.-111. dep. Indre-et- pire, near the Indre, 15 m. S.E. Tours. — Reii/- «r is a vill. of Sard, dom., Savoy, cap. mand., iar the Arve, 7 m. S.E. Geneva. Pop. with imm. (1838) 1,709. Reiklatik, the cap. town of Iceland, near its W. coast. Lat. 64° 8' 40^ N., Ion. 21° 50^ W. 9p. 900. It is a bishop's see, the seat of the Ice- ndic society, and has an observatory & library. Beillane, a comm. and small town of France, !p. B. Alpes, cap. cant., 8 m. S.W. Forcalquier. jp. 1,379. — ReiUo is a market town of Spain, ov. and 18 m. S.E. Cuenga, with a ruined stle and a noble residence. Reius, or Rheihs, Durocortorum, a city of ■ance, cap. arrond., dep. Mame, 25 m. N.W. Ii^lons, on the Vesle, and in the canal of the isne and Mame. Pop. (1846) 42,481. The reets are wide and straight, but the houses .ve little elevation. The town is ornamented th numerous fountains, and many fine edifices, long which is the magnificent cathedral, the nrch of St Remy, the hotel de ville, and the 1 gate of Mars, closed since 1545. It has nu- srous manufs. of cloth, cassimeres, flannels, irinos, and confections, and trade in the ex- Iteot wine of its vicinity. It is the birth place of Colbert, Gobelin, & Linguet. Clovis was bap- tized at Reims a.d. 496, after the battle of ToU biac. Philip Augustus was consecrated here in 1179, and all his succe.ssors have been also con- secrated at Reims till the revolution of 1830, with the exception ofHenryiv., Napoleon, and Louis xviii. It is renowned in the history of the middle ages for the maintenance of its liberties against the bishops. Before the revolution of 1793, it had a celebrated university, and many councils have been held here. Reinach, two vills. of Switzerland.— I. cant. Aargau, cap. cii'c, 12 m. S.S.E. Aarau. Pop. 2,6U0. It has corn warehouses, and cotton print- ing works. — II. cant, and 6 m. S. Basle. Reinf.kz (Boh. Durmh), a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 58 m. S.S.W. Breslau, on the Weistritz. Pop, 2,360. It has mauufe. of wool- lens and linens. In its vicinity are several springs, which attract many visitors. Reisj^ (Pol. Mydzyna), a town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 44 m. S.S.W. Posen. Pop. 1,340. It has a castle, and manufs. of linens. Relleo, a town of Spain, prov. and 20 m. N.E. Alicante, with a ruined castle. Pop. 2,435. Remagen, Rhenish Prussia. [Rheinmagen.] Remalabd, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Orne, cap. cant., on the Huine, 13 m. S.E. Mortagne. Pop. 1,845. RE.MBANG, a Dutch residency of the isl. Java. Pop. 460,000. Cap. Rembang, a marit. town on the N. coast, 38 m. E.N.E. Samarang. Remda, a small town of Germany, duchy and 16 m. S.S.W. Weimar, on the Rinne. Pop. 935. REMEnios, a town of S. Amer., New Granada, dep. Cundinamarca, prov. and 83 m. N.E. An- tioquia. — II. a small town of Cuba, a fort & Cape of Central America, and a church near Mexico, have the same name, and adjacent to the last are the reputed remains of the palace of Montezuma. Remenham, a pa. of Engl., co. Berks, 8 m. W.N.W. Maidenhead. Area 1,710 ac. Pop. 485. Rehich, a town of the Netherlands, prov. & 11 m. S.E. Luxembourg, on the Moselle. Pop. 1,860. Remigolt, a market town of Russian Poland, gov. and 75 m. N.W. Vilna. Pop. 1,600. Remibe, an island group of French Guiana, 4 m. E. from Cayenne. A vill. of same name is on the opposite mainland. Remiremont, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vosges, cap. arrond., on 1. b. of the Moselle, 13 m. S.E. E^inal. Pop. (1846) 4,623. It has a fine abbey, originally founded about a.d. 620, a comm. college, public librai'y, and manufs. of cot- ton goods, velvet, and iron wares. Remlingen, a town of Bavaria, circ. Lower Franc, 11 m. W. Wurtzburg, with two noble re- sidences. Pop. 1,088. Remo (San), a marit. vill. of N. Italy, Sard, dom., div. Nice, cap. prov., on the Mediterranean, 14 m. S.W, Oneglia. Pop. (1838) with comm. 9,854. It is well built, and has a small harbour, where coasting vessels load with oil, dried fruits, oranges, and fish. Remodlins, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Gard, cap. cant., on the Gard, here crossed by a suspension bridge, 12 m. N.E. Nlmes. Pop. 1,870. Here commences tlie Roman aqueduct, anciently carried across the river by the famous Pont-de-Gard, 1 m. W.N.W. the town. Remfston, a pa, of England, co. and 10 m. S. Nottingham. Area 1,660 ac. Pop. 409. Eemscheid, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 18 m. E.S.E. Dusseldorf. Pop. (1846) 11,902. It has extensive manufs, of all kinds of iron wares, which arc sent to Russia and America. REM 1084 KEO Remsen, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, on Black riv., 18 m. N. Utica. P. 1 ,688. Rehusat, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Dr6me, cap. cant., 11 m. E.N.E. Nions. Pop. 681. Beuy (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. Bouches-du-Rh6ne, cap. cant., 13 m. N.E. Aries. Pop. 3,123. It is enclosed by ramparts, now formed into boulevards. Chief industry, woollen weaving and silk throwing. About 1 m. distant are remains of the ancient Glaman, eomprising a fine Corinthian monument, and an arch II. a comm. and town, dep. Puy-de-D6me, cap. cant., 25 m. E.N.E. Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. 4,030. R£NAC*and Renaoe, two comms. and vills. of France. — I. dep. lUe-et-Vilaine, arrond. and 7 m. N.E. Redon, with 1,368 inhabitants II. dep. Isere, arrond. and l4 m. N.N.E. St Marcellin. Pop. 1,494. — Menaison is a comm. and market town, dep. Loire, 7 m. W. Boanne. Pop. 1,973. Rbnaix, a town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, cap. cant., 21 m. S.S.W. Ghent. Pop. (1842) 12,590. It has a ruined castle. Manufe. of linen, cotton, and woollen fabrics, yarn, tobacco, and chicory, with breweries, dye works, and a large trade iu linens. Renan (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. Finistfere, cap. cant., 6 m. N.W. Brest. P. 1,027. Rbnchen, a town of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, on the Rench, 9 m, N.N.E. OfiFenburg, with a station on the Basle and Mannheim railway. Pop. 2,573. On 28th June 1796, Moreau here defeated the Anstrians, and entered Swabia. Rendcombe, a pa. of Engl., co. Gloucester, 5 m. N. Cirencester. Area 2,650 ac. Pop. 248. Rendb, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Citra, cap. cant., 6 m. N.W. Cpsenza. Pop. 3,800. — Rendinara is a vill., prov. Abruzzo Ult. II., 14 m. S. Avezzano. Rendezvous Island is off the S.W. coast of Borneo, N.W. Point Sambar. Lat. 2° 40' S. Bbndham, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 3 m. W.N.W. Saxmundham. Area 1,730 ac. P. 412. Rendiesham, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 8 m. S.S.W. Saxmundham. Area 2,280 ac. P. 326. Rendsburg, a strongly fortified town of Den- mark, prov. Holstein, cap. amt., on an isl. in the Eyder, at the commencement of the Kiel canal, and with a station on the Kiel and Altona rail- way, 18 m. W. Kiel. Pop. (1847) 10,400. It has extensive fortifications, and is divided into an old and a new town, well and regularly built. Prin- cipal public edifices, the church of St Mary, ar- senal, military provision dep6t, & large barracks ; it has garrison and numerous other schools, seve- ral houses of charity, a house of correction, work- house, manufs. of stockings, earthenware, and to- bacco, & a brisk trade in timber. It was taken by the Imperialists in 1627, by the Swedes in 1643, & by the Prussian and Confederate troops in 1848. Renfrew, a royal, pari, and munic. bor., and pa. of Scotland, cap. co., on 1. b. of the Clyde, 8 m. N.E. Paisley, and 5 m. W.N.W. Glasgow. Area of pa., 3,776 acres. Pop. 3,079 ; of pari, borough, 2,013 ; of town 2,027. It is small, well lighted and paved. Principal edifices, the pa. church, town-hall, and jail. It was connected with the Clyde by a canal in 1786 ; and, in 1835, a commodious quay was built on the river op- posite the town. Inhabitants chiefly employed in weaving silks and muslins for Glasgow manu- facturers, and in a bleachfi^ld, starch manuf., distillery, and a considerable dairy establishment. Market Saturday. Corp. rev. (1843-4) 2,038Z. The bor. unites with Port Glasgow, Dumbarton, Rutherglen, and Kilmainock, in sending 1 mem- ber to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 107. Renfrewshire (formerly Siraihgnjfe), a small maritime co. of Scotland, having N. and W. the riv. and firth of Clyde, S. Ayrshire, and E. Lanarkshire. Area 227 sq. m., or 144,000 ac, of which about 100,000 are arable, and 20,000 in grass. Inhabited houses 24,664. Pop. 156,072,, Surface mostly flat, except in the W., where there , is a large extent of hill and moor. Principal rivs.j the White-Cart, Black-Cart, & Gryfe. Estates considerably subdivided ; farms of medium size; Average rent of land (1810) 17*. Id. per ao. Coal, limestone, and freestone, abound. Manufs. im- portant, chiefly of cotton stuffs and shawls at Paisley, Pollockshaws, Neilston, &c. Total value of assessed property (1843) 447,8837. The co. is subdivided into 30 pas. Principal towns, Ren- frew, the cap., Paisley, Greenock, and Port Glas- gow. The CO. sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 2,397. In the 12th century, this CO. was the seat of the Stewart or Stuart fiimily, so called from their office of Stewards of Soot- land, and afterwards possessors of the crown. Renhold, a pa. of England, co. and 3^ m, N.N.E. Bedford. Area 2,360 ac. Pop. 468. Reni, a market town of Russia, prov. Bessa- rabia, at the confl. of the Pruth and Danube, 106 m. S.S.W. Kishenau. Pop. 6,000. Reningelst, and Reninghe, two mkt. towns of Belgium, W. Flanders.— I. 5 m. S.W.— II. 8 m. N.W., Ypres. — Renkum is a vill., Netherlands, 7 m. W. Arnhem. Rennel Island, Pacific Ocean, S. the Solomon isls., is in lat. 11° 30' S., Ion. 160° 30' E. Rennes, Condaie, a city of France, cap. dep. lUe-et-Vilaine, 186 m. W.S.W. Paris, and 61 m. N.W. Nantes, on the Vilaine and on the llle, which joins it in the vicinity. Pop (1846) 28,987. It consists of an upper & a lower town ; the for- mer destroyed by fire in 1720, is rebuilt on a regular plan. It has a cathedral, university academy for the deps. Ille-et- Vilaine, C6tes-du- Nord, Finistfere, Moi-bihaii, and Loire-Inf., a school of artillery, an arsenal, a seminary, schools of law and medicine, a national college, and a provincial normal school, with a library of 30,000 volumes. It has a tribunal of commerce, and an extensive trade in butter, honey, wax, and linen goods. Du Guescliu, Sainte Foix, Ginguen^ and Laujuinais were born here. The Duke of Lan- caster beseiged it unsuccessfully in 1357. Henri II. held a parliament here in 1556. Reno, a river of Italy, in the N. part of the Pontif. Sta., legations of Bologna and Ferrara, rises in the Apennines of Tuscany, and after a N. course of about 76 m. past Poretta, Vergato and Cento, joins the Po-di-Primaro, 14 m. S. Ferrara. It is navigable only for about 26 m. in winter. A canal from it traverses the city of Bologna. Rensselaervij.le, a tnshp., V. S., N. Amer., New York, 23 m. W.S.W. Albany. Pop. 3,705. Renton, two vills. of Scotland.^-!, co. and 2 m. N. Dumbarton, pa. Cardross, on the Leven. Pop. 2,472, actively engaged in calico & bleaching establishments. It was founded in 1782, has various schools, and a large subscription library. —II. CO. Berwick, pa. CoTdingham, on the Eya Renit, & Renwez, two comms. & mkt. towns of France.— I. dep. Pas-de-Calais, 12 m. S.S.W. St Omer, and where Henri ii. . defeated the Spaniards iu • 1564.— II. dep. Ardennes, cap. cant., 7 m. N.W. Mezieres - Pop. 1,650. , Renwick, a pa. of England, co. Cumberland, 9i m. N.N.E. Penrith. Area 4,500 ac. P. 319. Reolb (La), a commiand town of France, dep. Gironde, cap. aiTond., on the 1. b. of the Garonne, & on railw.to Cette,30m. S.E.Bordeaux. Ebp, REP loss REU 054. It lias a communal college, and manufs. F hats, leather, and cuUery. Repki, a market town of Russia, gov. and 26 I. N.N.W. Tchernigov. Pop. about 2,000. Reppen, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- urg, reg. and 12 m. £. Frankfiirt. Pop. .3,200. Kefps, two pas. of England, co. Norfolk L S m. N.N.E. Acle. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 314. "II. {South), 4i m. N.N.W. North Walsham. jea 2,170 ac. Pop. 813. Reps, a market town of Transylvania, Saxon- md, cap. Stuhl, on the Rossbach, 19 m. S.S.W. Idvarhely. Pop. 2,200. It has saline springs. Repiox, apa. of England, co. and 7 m. S.S.W. lerby. Area 6,440 ac. Pop. 2,241. It has a andsome church, and an endowed grammar 3hool, originally a priory founded soon after the !onquest. Repton is supposed to be the Roman tepandunum. Repuelicaw, a township of the U. S,, N. Amer., adiana. Pop. 1,548. — Republican Fork is a iver of N. America, U. S., Missouri territory, )ms other streams, to form the Kansas, after D E. course of 400 miles. Repuxse Bat, British N. Amer., is on the S. ide of Melville peninsula, lat. 66° N., Ion. 86° to r W.— n. E. Australia, lat. 20° 36' S., Ion. 148° y E. At its mouth are Repulse islands. Reqcbna, Loreium, a town of Spain, on the )liana, prov. and 64 m. S.E. Cuensa. Pop. 1845) 11,020. It is pleasantly situated, and has Gothic churches, a college, convents, manufs. f silks, and ruins of the anc. town Roquena. Requista, a comm. and town of France, dep. Lveyron, cap. cant., 21 m. S. Ehodez. P. 4,185. Sebbick, or Rebwick, a marit. pa. of Seot- tnd, stewartry, and 5 m. E.S.E. Kirkcudbright, n Solway Firth. Area about 32 sq. m. Pop. ,692. In it are the villages Auchencairn, Dun- rennan, and Port Mary. Rebtmore, a pa. of Irel., Leinster, Queen's 0., 6 m. W.N.W. Mountmellick. Area 13,943 B. Pop. 2,916. Its S. part comprises a part of ic Slievebhloom mntns. Highest point 1,676 ft. Rescobie, a pa. of Scotl., co, and 3 m. E.N.E. brfar. Area 12 sq. m. Pop. 788. Rescobie tcfa is an expansion of Lunan water. Reshitza, or Rejitza, a town of Russian Po- ind, gov. and 43 m. N.W. Vitebsk. Pop. 1,770. Resht, or Reshd, a town of Persia, cap. prov. rhUan, between two small rivers, 16 m. S.E. its Drt Enzelli, on the Caspian Sea. Though in a ;ry unhealthy situation, it is stated to be well ailt, flourishing, and peopled by at least 50,000 jrsons. It imports large quantities of Russian anufactured goods for consumption in Ghilau, id exports sUks, fruits, and gall nuts Resht- iad is a vill. on the Sefid-rood, 16 m. E.ward. Resika, a mkt. town of Naples, prov. and 6 m. E.Naples. Pop. 8,900. It is situated at the W. iQt of Mt. Vesuvius, and built over the ruins of CTculaneum. It has 2 churches, an Augustine invent, many villas, & some remains of antiquity. Resinab, or RossiNAE (Germ. Sfddterdorf), vill. of Transylvania, Saxon land, on the Stebes, I. and 8 m. S.W. Hermannstadt. Pop. 6,056. is the see of a Greek- Wallachian bishop. Resolis, a pa., Scotl. [Ki rkm ecu ael, p. 729.] Resolution Island, Brit. N. Amer,, is at the itrance of Hudson Strait, lat. 61° 30'N., Ion. 65° '. Length and breadth nearly 40 m. each. On > E. side is Cape Resolution. — II. an isl., Paci- ! Ocean, Dangerous Archip., lat. 17° 22' S., Ion, H° 85' W.— Resolution Bay is on the W. side ' Santa Christina, Marquesas islands ; and Part esolution, in Tanna island, New Hebrides. Ressant, a vill. of Maroeoo, E. Mount Atlas, and in the vicinity of the town Tafilet. Ressoks (sob Mats), a comm, and vill, of France, dep. Oise, cap. cant., 9 m. N,N,'W, Com- peigne. Pop, 1,014. — Restigny is a vill., dep. Indre-et-Loire, 7 m. N. Chinon, Pop, 1,979. Restalbio, a vill, of Scotland, co, and 1} m, E,N.E, Edinburgh, pa. South Leith, where an- ciently stood the pa, church, part of which is now converted into a place of worship. Pop. 92, Reston, two pas, of Engl., co. Lincoln. — I, {North), 4 m. S.E. Louth. Area 970 ac. Pop, 32.— II, (South), 5i m. N.N.W. Alford, Area 710 ac. Pop. 182 III. a station on the North British Railway, Scotl., 11^ m. N.W. Berwick. Restoeation Island, Pacific Ocean, off the E. coast of Australia, lat. 12° 37' 30" S., Ion. 143° 27' E., is a granitic rock, first visited by Captain Bligh in the Bounty in 1789. Restormel Castle, Engl. [Lostwithiel.J Resultana, a mkt. town of Sicily, intend, and 14 m. N. Caltanisetta. Pop. 2,500. Retford (East), a pari, and munic. bor., mkt. town, and pa, of Engl,, co, Notts, on the Idle, here crossed by a bridge of 5 arches, connecting it with the suburb of W. Retford, 18 m, N,N.W. Newark, and with a station on the Hull, Sheffield, and Manchester Railway. Area of pa. 130 ac. Pop. 2,680 ; pop. of pari. bor. 44,132. It is well built, and has a handsome Gothic church ; a free grammar school, founded by Edward vi., annual rev. 5001. ; a poor's hospital, union workhouse, town-hall, news rooms, two branch banks, and a small theatre. Market, for bops chiefly, Satur- day. Corp. rev. (1847) 9,894?. The bor. which sends 2 mems, to H, of C, was convicted of gross bribery in 182G, when the franchise was extended to the whole hund. of Bassetlaw, Reg. electors (1848) 2,666.-11, (West), a pa,, same co,, i m. W, East Retford, Area 1,080 ac. Pop, 618. Rev. of endowed hospital and other charities, 1,190Z. Rbthel, a comm, and town of France, dep. Ardennes, cap, arrond., on rt, b. of the Aisne, 23 m, S.W. Mezieres,' Pop. (1846)5,707. Itwasforr merly fortified, and has a comm. college, and ex- tensive manufs. of merinos and cashniercs. Its trade is facilitated by the canal of Ardennes. Retht, a vill. of Belgium, prov, Antwerp, 7 m, S.E, Turnhout. Pop. of pa, 2,300. Retimo (Rithymnd),a, seaport town of Crete, on its N, coast, 38 m, W, Candia, Pop. 3,000, mostly Turks. Its bazaars, streets, and fort have wholly a Turkish appearance. Its harbour is now very shallow, and in 1841 only 34 vessels, aggregate burden 1,199 tons, entered the port, Retouenac, a market town of France, dep. H, Loire, arrond, Yssengeaux, on 1. b. of the Loire. Pop. 3,772. Retschitza (Pol, Rzeczyca), a town of Russia, gov. and 158 m, S,E, Minsk, cap, circ, on the Dnieper, Pop, 2,600, Rettendon, a pa, of Engl,, co, Essex, i\ m. N,N.W, Rayleigh, Area 4,480 ac. Pop, 807. Retz, an old dist, of France, in Brittany, now comprised in the dep. Loire-Inferieure. Retz, a walled town of Lower Austria, 43 m. N.E. Vienna, near the borders of Moravia. Pop. 2,777. It was formerly fortified ; excellent wine is produced in its vicinity. BEnoN'r, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, 10 m. N.E. Tours. Pop. 1,217. Redlmake (Nagy-Aranyos), a vill, of Transyl- vania, CO, Lower Weissenburg, on a small river, 12 m, N,N,W. Abrudbanya, Pop, about 3,000. Reuillv, a comm, and town of France, dep. REU 1086 REZ Indre, arrond. and 10 m. N.E. Issoudun, on rail- way to Bourges. Pop. 2,201. REnNioN (iLE DE la), a name given to the island Bourbon in 1793, and resumed since the French revolution of 1848. Reus, a manuf. town of Spain, prov. and 9 m. W. Tarragona. Pop. (1846) 25,043. It consists of an older portion founded in the 12th century, and a new and regularly built quarter which rose up a.bont the end of the last century, on the settlement there of some enterprising EngUsh merchants. It has good inns and coffee-houses, numerous churches, hospitals, barracks, a theatre, manufs. of silk, cotton, and hnen fabrics, and twist, soap, leather, glass, spirits, &c. A canal connects it with its port Salon, 5 m. distant. Reusch (Alt & Ned), two contiguous mkt. towns of Moravia, ciro. & Id & 18 m. S. Iglau. United pop. 1,510. The former has an abbey. Redss, two principalities of Central Germany, between lat. 50° 28' & 51° 3' N., and Ion. 11° 28' and 12° 20' E., enclosed by Bavaria, Saxony, Prussia, and the Saxon duchies Coburg, Gotha, and Weimar, which last separates the territory into two unequal portions. United area 592 sq, m. Pop. (1846) 112,175, nearly all Lutherans. Surface mostly hilly ; principal rivers the Elster in N. and Saale in S. Cattle and sheep rearing, and the weaving of woollen, linen, and cotton fabrics form the principal occupations. — Reuss- Greiiz belongs to the older branch of the reign- ing family, and is the E. part of the territory ; area 144 sq. m. ; pop. 35,159 ; cap. Greitz on the Elster ; public rev. 68,000 dollars yearly. — Reuss- Schleitz, the patrimony of the younger branch, consists of the dists. Schleitz, Lobenstein, and Ebersdorf in the S., and of Gera ST. of Weimar. Area 448 sq. m. Pop. 77,016. Principal towns Schleitz, Lobenstein, Saalburg, and Gera. Pub- lic rev. 113,000 dollars annually. Each of the princips. had, till 1848, a vote in the German confederation. Reuss, a river of Switzerland, cant. Uri, nearly the whole of which it drains, rises on the S. side of Mount St Gothard, and enters the S. extrem- ity of the lake of Lucerne after a N. course of 30 m., during which it descends 4,500 ft. Reutisen, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Bern, 4 m. S. Thun. Pop. 1,200. Bedtlingen, a fortified town of Wiirtemberg, cap. circ. Black forest, on the Eschatz, 20 m. S. Stuttgart. Pop. (1845) 11,131. It is enclosed by old walls, has several churches, one with a tower 320 ft. high, a town-hall, a well endowed hospital, an orphan asylum, manufs. of leather, lace, net, paper, clocks, & watches. It was the first town in Swabia which embraced the Reformation. Revei, or Bevai, (Esth. Talline, Russ. Kolyvan), a strongly fortified seaport town of Russia, gov. Esthonia, on a small bay on the S. side of the Gulf of Finland, 200 m. W.S.W. St Petersburg. Lat. of cathedral, 69° 26' 6" N., Ion. 24° 45' 2' E. Pop. 18,000. The city-proper, enclosed by an- cient bastioned walls, and defended by a strong castle, on a height, is irregularly built and small ; but the suburbs extend for some distance along the shore. Principal edifices, a small imperial palace, the admiralty, a town hall, Lutheran, R. Catholic, and Greek churches, a theatre, club houses, collegiate episcopal seminary, &c. It has numerous schools, & 3 or 4 public libraries ; and it is much resorted to as a watering place, having good warm baths. The hsirbour has been ma- terially improved, and its roadstead is well shel- tered by isls. Large quantities of corn, spirits, hemp, flax, timber, and other Baltic goods, are exported, in exchange for colonial produce, salt, cheese, wine, tobacco, fruits, dye-stuffs, cotton yarn, & other manufactured goods, with herrhigs, from Holland and Norway. The town and castle were founded by Valdemar ii., king of Denmark, in 1218, and afterwards sold to the Teutonic knights. The Russians took it from the Swedes in 1710. It was formerly the great emporium of the Hanseatic league for the trade with Novgorod. Revel, a coram, and town of France, dep. H. Garonne, cap. cant., 29 m. E.S.E. Toulouse. Pop. 3,299. It has manufs. of linens, leather, cotton thread, and hosiery and dye-works. Revello, a town of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. and 20 m. N.N.W. Coni, cap. mand., on a Mil near the head of the Po. Pop. of comm. 6,210, Bevelstock, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 6 m. S.S.E. Earl's-Plympton. Area 1,460 ac. P. 612. Revere, a mkt. town of Lombardy, deleg.and 17 m. E.S.E. Mantua, on the Po. Revesbt, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 6 m. S.S.E. Homcastle. Area 4,660 ac. Pop. 693. Revionv, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Meuse, cap. cant., 9 m. W.N. W. Bar-le-Duc, between the Ornain and the canal of Bevigny, which unites that river with the Chee. P. 1,140. REviLLA-eiGEDO, an island of Russian Amer., between lat. 65° and 56° N., Ion. 131° W. Length 60 m., breadth 26 m. — II. a rocky island-group, Pacific O., 260 m. S. California, lat. 19° N., loa. 110° W., and consisting of the island Socorro, with some islets. Reville, a comm. and town of France, dep. Manche, 13 m. N.E. Valognes. Pop. 1,900. Revin, a comm. and town of France, dep. Ar- dennes, on the Meuse, 6 m. E. Bocroy. P. 2,493. Bewah, a state of Hindostan, comprising a part of Bogilcund, mostly between lat. 24° and 42° 30' N., and Ion. 81° and 82° E., enclosed by the territory of the Bengal presid., to which it is subsidiary. Area 10,310 sq. m. Surface a table land, much of which is cultivated. Principal rivers, the Sone and Tonse, tributaries of the Gauges. Principal towns, Rewah and Bandoo- goor. — Rewah, the cap., is 70 m. S.W. Allahabad, with a large stone fort, and extensive suburbs. Bewary, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, Upper provs., dist. and 47 m. S.W. Delhi. Rewe, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 6 m. N.N.E. Exeter. Area 1,360 ac. Pop. 301. Betden, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 20 m. N.W. Lucerne, on the Wigger. Pop. 1,600. Revbon, a pa. of Engl., co.Suffolk,2m. N.N.W. Southwold. Area 2,440 ac. Pop. 433. Reyes (Los), two towns of S. Amer. — I. New Granada, dep. Magdalena, prov. and 100 m. S.E. Santa Martha. Near it are silver, lead, & copper mines. — II. (San Sebastian de los), Venezuela, prov. and 60 m. S.S.W. Caracas. Reymebston, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 51 m. S.S.E. East Dereham. Area 1,700 ac. P. 274. Reynagh, a pa. of Irel., Leinster, King's co., comprising the town of Banagher. Area 8,827 ac. Pop. 5,106. Here are the ruins of several old barohial castles and ecclesiastical edifices. Reynoldston, two pas. of S. Wales. — I. co. Glamorgan, 12 m. W.S.W. Swansea. Pop. 258. Here is a lai-ge cavern, and the Di'uidical remain called Arthur's stone. — II. co. Pembroke, 6 va. N.W. Tenby. Pop. 103. Eeynosa, a mntn. range of Spain, extends from the Cantabrian mntns. to near Burgos. — II. a town, prov. and 36 m. S.S.W. Santander. P. 1,641. Rezat, two small streams of Bavaria, affls. of the Rednitz, which give name to the circle of Re- zat, or Middle Franconia. REZ 1087 RHl Bez£, a comm. and lukt. town of France, dep. oire-Inf., near 1. b. of the Loire, 1 m. S.W. antes. Pop. 5,277. Eeeense, a town of Brazil, cap. comarca, prov. ad 92 m. W.N.W. Kio de Janeiro, with an eleo- )ral college. Pop. of dist. 5,000. EuAGEs, a mined city of Persia, the remains of hich are a little S. Teheran. Rhatadab, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, m. W.N.W. Cardiff. Pop. 279. Rhayader, or Rhaidb, a pari. bor. and mkt. )wn of S. Wales, co. Radnor, pa. Nantmel, on le Wye, here crossed by a bridge, 14m. W.N. W. [ew Radnor. Pop. 742. It has a handsome )wn-hall, chapel, & small grammar school, with ame mannfs. of flannel and coarse grey cloth. Drt., Wednesday. It joins with Radnor, Cefn- Jys, Knighton, Knucklas, & Presteign, in seud- ig 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 99. Rheda, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. nd 40 m. S. W. Mindeu, cap. principality, on the ins. Pop. 2,320. Rheede, & RHEEXEN,two vills. of the Nether- inds. — I. prov. Guelderland, 6 m. E.N.E. Arn- em. — IL proT. Utrecht, on the Rhine, 15 m. W. Lrnhem. Rbeidt, or Rheydt, a town of Rhenish Pruss., Bg. Diisseldorf, 10 m. S.S.E. Cologne. Pop. ,420, employed in mannfs. of silks and yelvets. Rhbuis, a city of France. [Reims.] Rhein, a rirer of Europe. [Rhine.] Rhein, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 51 m. .S.W. Gumbinnen, on lake Khein. Pop. 1,370. Rheisau, a Tin. of Switz., cant. Ziirich, on a eninsnla formed by the Rhine, 4 m. S. Schauff- ausen, on an isl., on which there is a rich Bene- ictine abbey, with a library, and a fine church. Rheikbach, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. ad 21 m. S. Cologne. Pop. 1,700. Rheinbebg, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. nd 24 m. N.N.W. Diisseldorf, circ. Gledern, on le Rhine. Pop. 2,400. It was strongly fortiiSed Dtil 1703, and has sustained numerous sieges. Rheise, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. I 23 m. N.N.W. Miinster, cap. princip. Rheuie- Tolbeck, on the Ems. Pop. 2,400. It has lanofs. of woollens, linens, and leather. Rheiiveck, or Rheinegg, a small town of witzerland, cant. St GaU, on the Rhine, near 9 entrance into the L. of Constance. P. 1,400. Rheisfeldem, a town of Switzerland, cant, argau, cap. circ, 10 m. B. Basle, on the Rhine, ere forming several rapids. Pop. 1,400. Near is the mined castle of Stein, on an isl. in the ver The BhdnfeU is a ruined fortress of henish Prussia, on an isl. in the Rhine, near St oar, founded in 1245, and dismantled in 1795. Rheikgau, a valley in the S. of Nassau, betw. le Rhine and Mount Taunus, chief town Elfeld. he district is celebrated for its rich vineyards. Rheinhaoen, or Rem ages, a town of Rhenish nissia, reg. and 28 m. N.W. Coblenz, on the hine. Pop. 1,500. Rheinsbekg, a town of Prussia, prov. Bran- ■nbnrg, reg. and 48 m. N. Potsdam, on lake Rhin. op. 2,168. It has a royal castle, with a vast park, ere Frederick the Great spent his youth. Rheinzabbbv, a market town of Rhenish Ba- iria,ontheErlbach,9m, S.E. Landau. P. 1,985. Rheken, or Rheenen, a town of the Nether- uds, prov. Utrecht, cap. cant,, on 1. b. of the hine, 9 m. E. Wyk-by-Dunrstede. Pop. 3,044. has a Gothic church, and an active trade in bacco. Rhenish Bavabia, or Palatinate. [Bavaeia.] Rhenish Hessen, H. Darmstadt. [Hessek.] Rhenish Prussia, Germany. [Prussia.] Rhin, a river of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, joins the Havel, 26 m. N.N.W. Brandenburg, after a S.W. course of 60 m., through numerous small lakes. [Rhine.] Rhin (Haut, or Upper Rhine), a frontier dep. of France in the N.E., formed of the old prov. of Upper Alsace, cap. Colmar, bounded E. by the Rhine, which separates it from Baden, S. by Swit- zerland and the dep. Doubs, W. by tiie Vosges mntns., and the deps. H. Sadne and Vosges, and N. by Bas Rhin. Area 1,502 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 487,208. One-third of the surface is covered with forests, it has rich mines of iron, lead, silver, asphalte, granite, and coal, & numerous mineral springs ; it is fertile in grain, and produces ex- cellent wine, beet^root, tobacco, madder, linseed, and hemp. It has numerous manuis., among which printed cottons and silks of Mulhausen are celebrated. The dep. is traversed S. to N. by the 111, a tributary of the Rhine, by the canal of the Rhine and Rhone, and by the railway ft-om Strasburg to Basle. — Bas Rhin {Lower Rhine), is a dep. contiguous to the former on the N. Area 1,635 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 680,373. It is situated between the Vosges mntns. on the W. and the Rhine on the E., which separates it from Baden, and which here receives the 111, Moder, and Lanter; the last separates it on the N. from Rhenish Bavaria. The soil is rich in mines of iron and coal, is well cultivated, and fertile in com, wine, tobacco, beet-root, linseed, & hemp. One-third of its surface is covered with forests. It has numerous and various flourishing mannfs., and its commerce is facilitated by the canal of the Rhine and Rhone, and several other canals, and by the Strasbourg and Basle railway. The dep. is divided into the arronds, Strasbourg, Saverne, Schelestadt, and Weissembourg. Khinau, a comm. and vUl. of France, dep. Bas-Rhin, 13 m. N.E. Schelestadt. Pop. 1,438. Rhine (German Rhein, anc. Rhenus), an im- portant and celebrated riv. of Europe, is formed in Switzerland by the union of two small streams, the ffinter and Vorder Rhein ; the first springs from the glacier of Rheinwald, and the second rises on the N. side of Mount St Gothard at a height of 7,650 ft. ; these meet at Reichenau in the cant. Grisons. The united stream fiows generally N. past Meyenfeld, and enters the lake of Constance on the S.E. near Rheineck; at Stein it quits the lake at its W. extremity, flows W. past Schaffhausen, and Laufenburg, separating Switzerland irom Bavaria. At Basle, where the Upper Rhine terminates with an elevation of 755 feet and a breadth of 550 feet, it turns to the N., and flows past Breisach and Stras- bourg, Speyer, and Mannheim, where its bed is 300 feet above the sea, between the territories of Baden on the E., and France and Rhenish Ba- varia on the W. From Worms to Mayence, it traverses the Hessen territories. At Mayence it receives the Main, & flows W. to Bingen, where it turns to the N.W., passing Coblenz, Bonn, Cologne, and Diisseldorf (near which it attains its greatest breadth 2,300 feet), Wesel & Emmerich, where its course is again westerly, till entering the Netherlands it reaches the N. sea by several branches, having a delta larger than that of any other European river. [Netheblands.] The principal aflls. of the Rhine are on right, the Kinzig, Neckar, Main, Lahn, Ruhr, Lippe; and on left, the Thur, Aar, Hie, and Moselle. From Chur to Basle, the Rhine is only partially navig- able, on account of the rapidity of its current, the numerous rocks which impede it, and its KHI 1088 KHO waterfalla, the greatest of which is at Laufen near Schaff hausen, where it falls 80 feet. From Basle to the sea, the navigation for steamers and large barges is continuous. In the Netherlands it is connected by canals with Its several branches & with the sea. The great N. canal unites it to the Meuse and the N6the, affls. of the Scheldt ; & the canal of the Rh6ne and Rhine in France connects it with the Khone by the Sa6ne. In Bavaria it communicates with the Danube by means of the Main, and the Altmuhl and Ludwigs canal. The direct distance of the Rhine from its source to its mouth is 360 m. ; following its windings it is about 600 m., and its basin comprises an area of 66,280 sq. m. The Rhine gives name to 3 circles of Baden, to a prov. of Hessen Darmstadt, a prov. of Bavaria, 2 deps. of France, and a prov. of Prussia, tlhme Confederation, [Gebmanv.] Rhine (Lower and Uppee), two old circs, of Germany. — I. on 1. b. of the Rhine, now com- prised mostly in H. Darmstadt, Rhenish Bavaria and Rhenish Prussia II. on r. b. of the Rhine, enclosed by the circs. Lower Rhine, Westphaha, Lower and Dpper Saxony, and Franconia, now mostly included in the doms. of H. Darmstadt and Electoral Hessen. The grand duchy of the Lower Rhine is a name sometimes applied to the provs. of Prussia W. of the Weser, forming the provs. of Westphalia and Rhenish Prussia. Rhinebeck, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New Tork, on the Hudson, 32 m. S. Albany. P. 2,659. Rhinns, Rhvns, or Rinns of Gailowat, Chersoneimm Novantum, a peninsula of theS.W. coast of Scotland, co. Wigtown, mostly separated from the rest of the co. by Loch Ryan and Luce bay, but connected in its centre by a low isthmus 7 m. across. Length N.N. W. to S.S.E. 28 m.; breadth varies from 2 to 5 m. Area 116 sq. m. It terminates on the S. in the Mull of Galloway, and comprises 5 pas., a part of Inch, and the towns or vills. Portpatrick, Kirkmaiden, Stoney- Mrk, Kirkcolm, and Stranraer. Rhinow, a town of Prussia, prov, Branden- burg, reg, and 39 m. N, W. Potsdam, on the Rhin, near its junction with the Havel. Pop. 525. Rhio, a town and Dutch settlement in the Malay Archipelago, on S,W. coast of the isl. Bintang, in the Strait of Malacca, 45 m. S,£. Singapore. It was originally obtained by the Dutch in 1785, and after many vicissitudes was re-purehased by them in .1818, with the isl. of Bin- tang. Pop. about 24,000, Chinese and Malays. Rnrw, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Carnarvon, 10 m. W.S.W. Pwllheli. Pop. 378. Rhiwabon, or Ruabom, a pa., N. Wales, co. Denbigh, 5 m. S.S.W. Wrexham. Pop. 657. Rho, or Ro, a mkt. town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 8 m. W,N.W. Milan. Pop. 2,000. Rhooa, an island of Egypt, in the Nile, immed. opposite Cairo, 2 m. in length. It contains the Pacha's gardens, in which the teak and other timber trees are acclimated, pleasure-grounds open to the public, a powder magazine, and the famous ancient Nilometer. Rhode Island, the smallest of the TJ. S. of N. Amer., in the N. part of the Union, between lat. 41° 18' & 42° V N., and Ion, 71° 6' & 71° 65' W., having S. the Atlantic, W. Connecticut, and on other sides Ma.ssachusetts. Area 1,360 sq. m. Pop. 108,830. It derives its name from Rhode island in Narraganset bay, 17 m. in length by 3 m. in width, besides which it comprises some other islands in the Atlantic. Surface hilly in N., elsewhere level or undulating. Principal riv. the Pawtucket. Soil better adapted for grazmg than tillage. Scarcely sufficient com is raised for home consumption. Principal exports are flax, seed, cattle, beef, pork, and cotton goods. Manufs. of cottons, woollens, iron goods, leather, & paper, are Important. Total length of railways 47i m. Value of imports (1844) 269,437 dollars, do. of exports 260,777 dollars. Public rev. (1848) 78,200 dollars. It has no public debt. iDntil lately, it was governed by an anc. royal charter ; but a constitution was formed in 1842. It sends 2 representatives to Congress. Principal towns Providence and Newport, alternately the caps., Bristol, Warwick, and Coventry. Rhoden, a town of Central Germany, Princip. Waldeck, 24 m. W.N.W. Cassel. Pop. 1,839. Rhodes, an island of Asiatic Turkey, in the Mediterranean, off the S. W. coast of Asia Minor, between lat. 35° 63' and 36° 28' N., and Ion. 27° 40' & 28° 12' E. Length 46 m. ; greatest breadth 18 m. Area 420 sq. m. Pop. estim. at 30,000, of whom about 8,000 are Turks, 3,000 Jews, and the remainder Greeks, with a few Franks. It is traversed by a mntn. chain, covered with forests, which have long supplied good timber for ship- building. Its valleys are well-watered, and of high fertility. Principal exports — wax, honey, figs, oranges, lemons, pomegranates, wine, valo- nea bark, onions, and manufactured silk; in addition to which, sponge, timber, shoes, and red-leather, are among its products. Principal imports — colonial produce, American cotton, German woollens, iron, nails, shot, tin, paper, soap, salt-fish, cordage, glass and earthenwares, hardware and cutlery, and French fancy articles, principally by way of Smyrna and Syra, & coals direct from England, for the supply of the Me- diterranean steam-packets, and horses, mules, cattle, sheep, poultry, hides, skins, wool, carpets, and corn, from the opposite coast of Asia Minor. In the year from July 1840 to July 1841, 1,360 vessels are registered as having arrived in the island for commercial purposes. Rhodes is go- verned by a pasha, immediately subordinate to the capitan pasha, & whose jurisdiction extends over the Turkish Sporades, and the naval station Marmorice. Rhodes, a strongly fortified city and seaport of Asiatic Turkey, cap. of the island Rhodes, at its N.E. extremity, 13 m. S.E. the nearest pro- montory of Asia Minor. Lat. of mole 36° 26' 9' N., Ion. 28° 13' E. Pop. about 15,000, of whom 8,000 are Turks, and 3,000 Jews. It is enclosed by walls, built by the knights of St John, and on the land side it is strengthened by ravelins and a moat. On the N.E, side two piers project to enclose a harbour, having in its centre from 16 to 18 feet water, and on its N, side is another port of nearly equal depth. The city has 9 large and 24 small mosques, a Jews' quarter, and se- veral synagogues, the ancient hospital of the knights, now used as a barrack, an armoury, and upwards of 10,000 houses, many of which are un- tenanted. Outside of the walls, on the N., are the pasha's palace, the dockyard, and a Roman Catholic quarter, with a chapel and school. S. oT the city Are the Greek suburbs, with about 3,000 inhabitants, and 9 or 10 churches. On the ad- jacent heights are many scattered villas. Rhodes has 3 Mohammedan colleges, a Turkish library of 1,000 vols., various Turkish & Greek schools, and some brisk manufs. of red leather, and shoes for exportation. It is the residence of a Greek consul, and French vice-consul, and several vice- consular agents. In antiquity it was one of the most celebrated of Greek cities, and it boasted of the famous brazen Colossus — one of the seven wonders of the world — ^which stood at the en- RHO 1089 RIA trance of its harbour. After the destruction of its republic, it belonged successively to the Ro- mans, the Greek emperors, the Genoese, and the knights of St John of Jerusalem ; which last held it from 1308 to 1522, when after a heroic resis- tance, it capitulated to the Turks under Soly- mau the Magnificent. Rhodes (Inner and Outer), two divisions of tiie Swiss cant. App£nzell. Rhodez, a town of France. [Rodez.] Rhodope Mountain. [Despoto-Dagh.] Rhob, or RooE (Mickle), one of the Shetland islands, Scotland, near the head of St Magnus Bay. Length about 2J m. by 2 m. broad. Pop. 214. — iiule Rhoe is an islet in its vicinity, with 11 inhabitants. Rhone, a dep. of France, in the S.E., formed of the old prov. Lyonnais, cap. Lyon, bounded £ by the Rhone and Saone, and the deps. Aiue and Isere, S. and W. by the dep. Loire, and N. by Sa6ne-et-Loire. Area 1,047 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 540,635. It is partly covered by the moont^uus which unite the Vosges and the Ce- vennes, and contains the summits Mont d'Or & Pilat. Soil rich in mines of copper, iron, and coal. It produces excellent wine, the most es- teemed of which is that of C6te-Rotie, Con- drienx, and Beaigolais. The goat milk cheese of Mont d'Or is in high repute. This is one of the most industrious deps. of France. The silks of Lyou are sent to all parts of the world, and an iinmense quantity of muslins are manufactured at Tarare. The other branches of industry comprise cotton and linen spinning and weaving, hat making, glass and paper making. The rail- way from Lyon to St Etienne was one of the first constructed in France. The dep. is divided into the arronds. Lyon and VUlefranche. Rhone (Booches Dc). [Bouches-du-Rhone.] Rhone, Shodanus, an important river of Eu- rope, rises in Switzerland, in the Rhone Glacier, on the W. of Monnt S. Gothard, betw. mnts. Forka and Grimsel, at an elevation of 5,500 feet, flows S.W. past Brieg and Sion to Martigny, where it turns sharply to the N.W., and enters the Lake of Geneva near its S.E. extremity. At Geneva, it leaves the S.W. part of the lake. It enters France through the Jura mountains, and flows S. past Seyssel, where it becomes navigable ; its course is now tortuously W. to Lyon, where it receives the Sadne, and it then flows nearly dne 8. past St Genis, where its bed is 640 feet above the sea, Vienne, Tournon, Valence, Avig- non, Beancaire, to Aries, where it separates into several branches, forming a delta called the lie dela Camwgue, and enters the Gulf of Lion, Me- diterranean. Principal af3s., on right, the Ain, Badne, Ardeche, and Gard, on left, the Isere, Drome, and Durance. Its fall is much greater than that of the Rhine, and consequently its navi- gation is difficult and dangerous. It is con- nected with the Loire by means of the Sa6ne and the canal du Centre ; the canal of Burgundy unites it to the Tonne and Seine, and that of the Rhone and Rhine connects it with the Rhine. 'Distance from source to mouth 285 m., following windings 645 m., extent of basin 30,000 sq. m. The Rhone formerly disappeared at a place called the Perte da RMne, on tlie frontier of France, but the rock which covered it has been removed. Rhon-oebibqe, a mountain chain of Central Germany, N.W. Bavaria, and Hessen-Cassel, separates the basins of the rivers Fulda feWerra from those of the Kinzig and Main. In it are the traces of many extinct volcanoes. Rnos, several pas. of Wales.— I. (Colyn), N. Wales, CO. Anglesey, 5 m. S.S.E. Holyhead. Pop. 498.— II. {Z>a), S. Wales, co. Cardigan, 6* ni. S.E. Aberystwith. Pup. 120.— III. (Glydiwr), S. Wales, CO. and 6 m. W.N. W. Pembroke. Pop. 209.— IV. (Market), S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 3J m. N.E. MUford. Pop. 473.— V. (Peino), N. Wales, CO. Anglesey, 3* m. S.W. Amlwch. Pop. 32._VL (Sill), S. Wales, co, Glamorgan, 16 m. W.S.W. Swansea. Pop. 339. Rhotas, or RoTAS-OHDB, a town and fort of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. Shahabad, 110 m. S.E. Patna, with some Hindoo temples, and many Mohammedan remains. Rhudd-Dre, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, 7 m. N.N.E. Cardiff. Pop. 325. Rhuddlan, or Rhyddlan, a contrib. pari, bor. and pa. of N. Wales, co. Flint, in the beau- tiful vale of Clwyd, 3 m. N.N.W. St Asaph. Pop. 2,415. It has few remains of its ancient import- ance, except the ruins of a noble castle, built by Edward i., who made the town a bor., & held in it the parliament of 1283. It unites with Flint, St Asaph, Holywell, Mold, &c., in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1846) 66. Rhulbn, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Radnor, 6J m. E.S.E. Builth. Pop. 129. Rhuthin, a pari, bor., N. Wales. [Ruthin.] Rhvd (T-Bkew), a pa. of S. Wales, co. and 8 m. W. Brecon. Pop. 356.-11. (Y-Boithan), a hamletjCO. Glamorgan, pa. Eglwys-Llan,W. Caer- philly. Pop. 1,313. Rhtl, a chapelry of N. Wales, co. Flint, pa. Rhuddlan, 6 m. N.N.W. St Asaph, at the mouth of the Clwyd. Pop. 974. It has a station on the Chester & Holyhead railway, 13 m. E.N.E. CoiL- way, and steamers from Liverpool to Holyhead usually touch here. Rhtnd, a pa. of Scotl., co. & 51 m. S.W. Perth, immediately S. the Tay. Ac. 1,900. Pop. 402. Rhyndaous (mod. Edrenos), a river of Asia Minor, Anatolia, rises about 40 m. S.W. Kutaiah, flows mostly N.W., and after having traversed the lake Abullionte, on its W. side, enters the Sea of Marmora, 20 m. W. Moudania. Total course about 150 m. On it are the towns Mohi- mul and Ulubad, near which last it receives the Macestus (mod. Susugherli-su), and probably the waters of the lake of Maniyas, or Miletopoli. Rhynie and Essie, a united pa. of Scotl., co. Aberdeen, E. Cabrach. Area 5 sq. m. P. 1,035. RiaillI, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Loire-Inf., cap. cant., 24 m. N.E.Nantes. P. 1,892. RiAJsK, a town of Russia, gov. & 52 m. S.S.E. Riazan, cap. dist., on the Rasa. Pop. 3,000. RiANs, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Var, cap. cant., 20 m. N.W. Biignolle. Pop. 2,659. RiARDO, a market town of Naples, prov. T.-di- Lavoro, on a hill, 11 m. N.N.W. Capua. P. 1,800. RiATOvo, a mkt. town of Russian Poland, gov. Vilna, 60 m. W.N.W. Rossiena. Pop. 1,530. RiAuJ0,a mkt. town of Spain, prov. Coruna, on the bay of Arosa, 27 m. S.W. Santiago. P. 1,790. RiAZA, a town of Spain, prov. and 33 m. E.N.E. Segovia, on the small river Rlaza. Pop. 3,736. RiAZAN, a gov. of Russia, between lat. 53° and 65° 36' N., and Ion. 38° and 41° 20' E., enclosed by the govs. Moscow, Vladimir, Tambov, & Tula. Area 16,227 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,366,900. Sur- face generally level. Principal river, the Oka, which divides it into two unequal & widely differ- ing portions, the S.ward and larger fertile arid healthy, the N.ward low, marshy, and mostly un- cultivated. Chief products, hops, tobacco, gar- den produce, rye, and fruits. Pasture lands ex- tensive, and the graziers of the Ukraine bring liither large herds to feed ; the gov. has a .superior 3z RIB 1090 KIC breed of horses. Manufs. are of glass and hard- wares, wooUeu, cotton, & linen stuffs, & cordage. It has numerous distilleries. Principal exports, corn, cattle, honey, lead, iron, and timber. The gov. is subdivided into 12 dists. Principal towns, Kiazan, Zaraisk, & Kasimov. — Riazan, the cap., is situated on the Trubesh, a tributary of the Oka, 110 m. S.E. Moscow. Pop. 9,000. It has greatly increased in size and importance within the last 50 years, and consists of 2 distinct portions ; first a fortress, enclosed by an earthen rampart and having the cathedrals, episcopal palace, formerly the residence of the princes of Kiazan, and the consistory : and the town- proper, with numerous churches, gov. offices, convents, a seminary, with a public library, hospital, college, to which a so- ciety of arts was attached in 1820 ; school of draw- ing & architecture, founded in 1824 ; & some other schools and charities. — Old Riazan, destroyed by the Tartars in lfi68, is a vill. about 30 m. S.E. ward. KiBADAViA, a town of Spain, prov. and IS m. S."W. Orense, on rt. b. of the Avia. Pop. 2,211. It has a celebrated monthly fair. — Rihadeo is a town in the prov. and 19 m. N.N.E. Lugo, at the mouth of the Eo, in the bay of Biscay. Pop. 2,789. KiBBESFOBD, a pa. of Engl., co.Worcester, J m. S. Bewdley. Area 4,330 ac. Pop. 3,465. BiBBLE, a river of England, rises in the dist. Craven, in the W. part of the co. Tork, flows S. and W. through the central part of the co. Lan- caster, and joins the Irish sea 15 m. W. Preston, by an estuary 7 m. across. Principal affl., the Calder, in Lancashire, from the S.E. RiBCHESTEB, a pa. of Engl., co. Lancaster, 7J m. E.N.E. Preston. Area 7,660 ac. Pop. 4,111. Bere are Boman Catholic and Independent cha- pels, and 7 daily schools. BiBE, or KiPEN, a town of Denmark, N. Jut- land, cap. stift and amt., near the N. sea, 29 m. ■W.N.W. Hadersleben. Pop. 2,600. It is the residence of a bishop, and has a cathedral, built at the beginning of the 12th century. BibeautillS (Germ, Rappoltsweiler), a comm. and town of Prance, dep. H.-Bhin, eap. cant., on the Strasbourg railway; 5} m. S.S.W. Schelestadt. Pop. 6,525. It has manufs. of calicoes. — Ribecourt is a village, dep. Oise, cap. can);., 8 m. N.E. Com- peigne, on railway to Creil. Pop. 582. Kibeiba Gbahde, a town on the N. coast of the isl. StMichael, Azores, 16 m. N.E. Ponte Delgada. P. 3,000. — II. Cape Verde islands. [Sahtiago.] Bibehont, a comm, and town of France, dep. Aisne, cap. cant., near the Oise, 17 m. N.N.W. Laon. Pop. 2,430. It has manufs. of linen and cotton fabrics. Condoreet was born here in 1743. Bibeba, a town of Sicily, intend, and 22 m. W.N.W. Girgenti, on the Calatabellota. P. 4,800, Bibebac, a comm. and town of France, dep. Dordogne, cap. arrond., near 1. b. of the Dronne, 18 ra. W.N.W. Perigueux. Pop. 1,416. BiBiEBES, a coram. & market town of France, dep. H. Alpes, cap. cant., on the Buech, 26 m. S.S.W. Gap. Pop. 1,397. BiBLEH (the Riblah of Scripture), a village of Syria, pashalic Damascus, on the Orontes, S.S.W. Iloms. BiBNiTZ, a town of N. Germany, Mecklenburg- Schwerin, duchy and 34 m. N.N.E. Gustrow, at the mouth of the Becknitz, in a bay of the Baltic. Pop. 2,684. It has manufs. of coarse woollens. BiBSioNE, a township of Engl., co. York, W. Biding, pa. Spofforth, on the Nidd, 4 m. N.N.W. Wetherby. Pop. 246. At Kibstone hall, the fa- mous Ribstone pippin was first cultivated. BiBT, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 6J m. 'W.S.W. Great Grhnsby. Area 2,880 ac. Pop. 184. KicoALi,, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Riding, 31 m. N. Selby. Area 2,470 ac. Pop. 718. BiccAETON, a pa. of Scotl., co. Ayr, dist. Kyle, on the Irvine, which separates it from Kilmar- nock, of which the vill. is a suburb. Pop. 3,226, engaged in woollen and cotton weaving, and in coS mines, brick works, &c. EiooiA, a town of Naples, prov. Molise, cap. cant., 13 m. S.E. Campobasso. Pop. 5,800. It has a collegiate and many other churches, & near it are some sulphur springs. BiOE Lake, Upper Canada, dist. Newcastle, is 20 m. in length, by 3 m. in average breadth, re- ceives from the N. the surplus waters of several lakes, and pours its own by the Trent into Quints bay. Lake Ontario. BiCETS (Lbs), three contiguous comms. & vills. of France, forming together a town, in the dep. Aube, cap. cant., on the Laignes, sarrounded by vine-clad hills, 7^ m. S. Bar-sur- Seine. Pop. 3,519, engaged in distilling, tanning, and a trade in wine of superior quality. Bichaed's-Castle, a pa., Engl., cos. Hereford & Salop, 7 m. N. Leominster. Ac. 4,320. P. 656. Biohakdson's Eiveb, British N. Amer., enters Back's inlet, Arctic Ocean, in lat. 67° 54' N., Ion. 115° 66' W. EiCHBOBOtiGH, a decayed vill., Engl,, co. Kent, on the Stour, 2 m. N.N.W. Sandwich, with vesti- ges of a castle on site of the Boman station Rka- tupium. It was ruined by the Danes in 1010. BiCHE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Indre- et-Loire, adjacent to Tours, and having the re- mains of the castle Plessis-le- Tours, where the gloomy Louis xi. spent the latter part of his life. BiCHE, an island. Pacific O., off the E. end of Papua, lat. 8° 2' S., Ion. 147° 57' E. BiCHELiEU, a comm. and town of France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, cap. cant., 11 m. S.S.E. CMnon. Pop. 2,467. It was formerly important, and is the birth-place of Cardinal de Bichelieu. Richfield, several tnshps., U. S., N, Amer I. New Tork, on Canaderaga lake, 72 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 1,680.-11. Ohio, 334 m. N.N.E. Columbus. Pop. 1,108. — III. Ohio, co. Huron. Pop. 1,600. > Rich-hill, a market town of Irel., Ulster, co. and 4 m. E.N.E. Armagh, on the road to Belfast. Fop. 752. It has some linen trade, and a station on the Belfast and Armagh railway. BiOHiAMi), a CO., U. S., N. Amer., in N. of Ohio. Area 900 sq. m. Pop. 44,632. — II. a dist. in centre of S. Carolina. Area 660 sq. m. Pop. 16,397.— Also several townships. — I. New Tork, co. and semi-cap. of Oswego. Pop. 4,050.-11. Pennsyl- vania, CO. Venango. Pop. 1,386 III. Pennsyl- vania, 37 m. N.W. Philadelphia. Pop. 1,781.— IV. Ohio, CO. Belmont. Pop. 3,748. Richlieu, Sobel, St John, or Chamblt, a river of Lr. Canada, dist. Montreal, leaves Lake Champlain at its N. extremity, and after a N. course, estimated at 76 m., enters the river St Lawrence at Lake St Pierre. It is broader and more rapid in the former than in the latter part of its course. Near its centre it expands into the basin of Chambly, besides which vill., St John, Sorel, &c., are on its banks. — Richlieu islands are in Lake St Pierre. Richmond, a pari, and munic. bor., town, and Ea. of Engl., CO. Tork, N. Biding, on the Swale, ere crossed by a handsome stone bridge, 42 m. N.W. York, with which it is connected by the Great North of England railway, and a short branch. Area of pa. 2,310 ac. Pop. of pari. bor. 4,300. It is picturesquely situated on a bold eminence, half-encircled by the Swale, irregularly. RIC 1091 RID t well built. Chief buildings, the fine old urch, a large Rom. Catholic chapel, an excel- it free grammar school, ann. rev. 300?. ; a large tel, and imposing ruins of a castle, built, to- ther with the town, at the Conquest, by Alan, u'l of Bretagne. It covers 6 ac, and has a keep out 100 feet in height. It now belongs to the nke of Richmond, on whose ancestors it was nferred by Charles ii. Near it are also fine mains of a monastery. Richmond has a scien- ic society, mechanics' institute, and banking mpany, with large mkts. for com on Saturday. a ecclesiastical and a civil court, for the exten- re dist. of Richmondshire, are held here. Corp. V. (1848) 1,6381. The bor. sends 2 mems. to H. C. Reg. electors (1848) 265. It is a polling use for the N. Riding, and the head of a poor- ir union. BiCHHOHD, a town & pa. of Engl., co. Surrey, on e rt. b. of the Thames, here crossed by a hand- me stone bridge of 4 arches, 10 m. W.S. W. St lul's, London, with which it is connected by a anch of the South Western railway. Area of 1. 1,230 ac. Pop. 7,760. Much of the town is feriorly and irregularly built ; but on the sides id summit of a ridge facing the river are many Lsdsome villas, and several superior hotels, re- rted to in summer by numerous visitors from e metropolis; and here also Richmond com- ands one of the fiuest prospects in the vicinity London, and has beauties which have earned r it the designation of the JBnglwh Tivoli. In i church are the tombs of the poet Thomson id the tragedian Kean. It has a national school, veral amply endowed sets of almshouses (ann. v., with other charities, about 2,400Z.), a very indsome Wesleyan college, and some remains a royal palace, rebuilt by Henry vii., who inied tile place after his paternal earldom in arkshire, and who, as well as Queen Elizabeth, ed here. Richmond park, adjoining the town I the S., is 8 m. in circuit, well wooded, stocked th deer, and open to the public. RicHHOHu, a dist. of Tasmania (Van Diemen's ind), separated W. from the dists. New Norfolk id Hobart Town by the Derwent river and estu- y, and having N. those of Oatlands and Oyster iy,aiid on other sides Storm bay and the ocean, rea 1,060 sq. m. Shores very irregular. It mprises Forestiei's and Tasman's peninsulas, id Marion island, with Ralph, Frederick-Henry, Jrfolk, and Marion bays, and Pittwater. Sur- ce mostly mntnous. — Richmond, its principal ttlement, is on the coal river, 11 m. N.E. Ho- rton. It has a court house, jail, and some inns. ther settlements are Sorell, Brighton, and Bag- d — IL a town of New S. Wales, co. Cumber- id, 39 m. N.W. Sydney. Pop. 746. It is rapidly n-easing ; has a neat church, many ornamental ttages, and good land in its vicinity Rich- md River, E. Australia, enters the Pacific O., oat 60 m. S. Moreton bay, & is navigable for lall vessels for 70 m. from its mouth. Its valley said to be well suited for the culture of wheat. Richmond, several cos., U. S., N. America. — in S. part of New York, containing the whole Staten island. Area 63 sq. m. Pop. 10,965. II. in E. of Virginia. Area 200 sq. m. Pop. 165. — III. in S. part of North Carolina. Area 9 sq. m. Pop. 8,909 IV. in E. of Georgia. •ea 384 sq. m. Pop. 11,932. KiCHMONB, a city and river port of the U. S., America, cap. state Virginia, on James river, its lower falls, 150 m. above its mouth, opposite mchester, with which it is connected by two idges, and on the Richmond and Aquia Creek, and the Petersburg railway. Lat. 37° 32' N., and Ion. 77° 23' W. Pop. (1850) 27,483. Its situation is highly picturesque and healthy ; streets wide, and houses mostly of brick, with slated roofs. Prin- cipal edifices, numerous large & elegant churches, a college, the capitol, in a spacious square, with a statue of Washington ; the government house, CO. court house, state penitentiary, city jail, Vir- ginian armoury, a large almshouse, an orphan asyhim, a theatre, museum, masonic hall, various schools, some public libraries, &c. Vessels draw- ing 10 feet water come up to Rockets, 1 m. below the city ; and the river above, by the aid of a canal, is navigable for boats for 220 m. It has extensive manufs. of machinery, cotton stuffs, tobacco, and paper; various forges, a cannon foundry, and corn and saw mills. Its commerce is considerable, it being the natural depot of a considerable extent of country. Principal ex- ports, wheat, fiour, hemp, tobacco, and other agricultural products. Reg. shipping (1840) 6,911 tons. — II. a township, Pennsylvania, Berks, CO. on Moslem Creek. Pop. 1.997. — III. New York, 14 m. W. Canandaigua. Pop. 1,937.— IV. Maine, on the Kennebec, 13 m. S. Augusta. Pop. 1,604.— V. Missouri, co. Howard. Pop. 2,642.— VI. New Hampshire, 61 m. S.W. Concord. Pop. 1,166.— VII. Vermont, 26 m. W.N.W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,054.— Vm. Rhode Island, 32 m. S.S.W. Providence. Pop. 1,361. RicHTENBEKG, a town of Prussia, reg. and 12 m. S.W. Stralsund, on a small lake. Pop. 1,379. RiCHTEKSWEIl, or RiCHTEESWEIL, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 13 m. S.E. Ziirich, on the S. shore of its lake. Pop. 3,080. RiCKiNGHALL, two pas. of Engl., CO. Suffolk. — . I. (Inferior), 13} m. N.E. Bury St Edmund's. Area 1,510 ac. P. 432. — II. {Superior), a pa., same CO., 7 ra. W.N.W. Eye. Area 1,680 ac. P. 768. RiCKLiKQ, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 7 m. N. Stortford. Area 2,180 ac. Pop. 445. RioKMANSwoKTH, a mkt. town & pa. of Engl., CO. Herts, on the Colne and the Grand Junction canal, 10 m. S.W. St Albans. Area of pa. 9,740 ac. Pop. 6,026, employed in manufs. of silk and straw plait, paper & flour mills. It is neat & glean. RiCLA (Nertobriga), a town of Spain, prov. Zara- goza, 15 m. N.E. Calatayud. Pop. 1,303. RiDDEEKEEK, a vlll. of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, in the island Ysselmond, cap. cant., 6 m. S.E. Rotterdam. Pop. 4,277. RiDDLESWORXH, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 44 m. S.W. Harling. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 70. RroEAr River, and Canal, Upper Canada, connects Kingston on Lake Ontario with the Ottawa river, immed. below Chaudiere falls. The canal is partly formed by the Cataraqui river which flows to Kirigston from Lake Rideau, in lat. 44°40'N., Ion. 76° 16' W. RiBGE, a pa. of Engl., co. Herts, 3} m. N.N.W. Chipping-Barnet. Area 3,620 ac. Pop. 409. RiDGEFiELD, a tushp., U. S., N. Amer., Con- necticut, 31 m. W. Newhaven. Pop. 2,474. RiDGEMONT, a pa. of Engl., co. Bedford, 2J m. N.E. Woburn, with a station on a branch of the London & N.W. railway. Area 2,248 ac. P. 964. RiDGEWAT, several tnshps., U. S., N. Amer. — , I. New York, 11 m. W.N.W. Albion. Pop. 3,664. — II. Pennsylvania, co. Bradford. Pop. l,214.-p:| III. A hamlet of Engl., co Devon, pa. Plymptori. Ridley, a pa. of Engl, co. Kent, 8 ra. W.S.W. . Rochester. Area 660 ac. Pop. 95. RiDLiNGTON, two DOS. of Engl.— I. 00. Norfollc, 4J m. E.N.E. North Walsham. Area 560 ac. Pop. 212.— II. 00. Rutland, 2J m. N.N.W. Cp- pingham. Area 1,960 ac. Pop. 299. KID 1092 RIM Ridmariet-d'-Abitot, a pa. of Etiofland, co. Worcester, 9 m. S. \V. Upton-ou-SeverD. Area 3,580 ac. Pop. 981. RiDWAKE, two pas. of Engl., co. Stafford. — 1. (Mavesyn), 2 J m. E.S.E. Rudgeley. Area 2,450 ac. Pop. 531.-11. (Pipe), 31 m. E. Rudgeley. Area 710 ac. Pop. 100. RiED, a mkt. town of Upper Austria, cap. circ. Inn, 25 m. S. Passau. Pop. 2,600. It has manufs. of linens and woollens, and a brisk transit trade. RiEDLiNOEN, atown of Wiirtemberg, circ. & on the Danube, cap. dist., 28 m. S.W. TTlm. P. 1,779. RiEOEL, a mkt. town of Baden, circ. Upper Rhine, on the Elz, & on the Mannheim and Basle railway, 11 m. N.N.W. Freiburg. Pop. 1,841. RiEQBN, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 3 m. N.E. Basle. Pop. 1,100. RiENECK, or Rheineck, a town of Bavaria, circ. Lower Franconia, on the Sinn, 25m. N.N.W. Wiirtzburg. Pop. 1,542. Riesa, a town of Saxony, circ. Dresden, on the Jahna, at its junction with the Elbe, and on Dres- den railway, 12 m. N.W. Meissen. Pop. 2,267. RiESENBURQ (Pol. Probutlid), a walled town of W. Prussia, reg. and 11 m. E. Marienwerder, Pop. 3,100. It has manufs. of woollen cloth. RiESENGEBiEGE (" Giant Mountains "), a mntn. range separating Bohemia from Prussian Silesia, continuous E.ward with the Sudeten-gebirge, & W. with the Erz-gebirge. Length N.W. to S.E. .50 m. Principal height, the Schneekoppe, is 5,275 feet in elevation. The Elbe rises on its S. side. RiESi, a mkt. town of Sicily, intend, and 14 m. S. Caltanisetta. Pop. 6,000. Near it are some sulphur mines. RtETBERG, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 40 m. S.S.W. Minden, on the Ems. Pop. 2,060. It is enclosed by walls, and has a castle. RiETCHKr, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. Minsk, 10 m. N.N.E. Vileika. Pop. 1,800. RiETi {Reate), a town of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., cap. deleg., on the Velino, 42 m. N.N.E. Rome. Pop. 10,920. It was erected into a bishopric in the 5th century, and its princii)al edifices are ecclesiastical. RiEUHES, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. H. Garonne, 10 m. W.S.W. Muret. P. 1,801. RiErPEVROux, a coram, and mkt. town of France, dep. Aveyron, cap. cant., 16 m. W.S.W. Rodez. Pop. 2,709. RiEDX, several comms. and towns of France. — I. dep. H. Garonne, cap. cant,, 26 m. S.S.W. Toulouse. Pop. 1,631. — II. A market town, dep. Morbihan, on the Vilaine, 30 m. E. Vannes. Pop. 2,794. — III. A vill., dep. Nord, arrond. Cambrai. Pop. 1,888. BiEz {AlHieee), a comm. and town of France, dep. B. Alpes, 20 m. S.S.W. Digne. Pop. 2,617. Under the Romans, it had the rank of a colony ; it has some remains of antiquity, and was the seat of councils in A.n. 439 and 1285. RiQA, an important fortified city, & the second commercial portof Europ. Russia, cap. of Livonia, on the Diina, here crossed in summer by a tem- porary bridge of boats, 2,400 ft. in length, about 7 ra. from its mouth, and 25 m. N.E. Mitau. Lat. 66° 67' N., Ion. 24° 6' 6' B. Pop. (1838), inclnd- inggarri3on,71,228. The town-proper is enclosed, except on the river side, by a double line of forti- fications, and has narrow though clean streets ; the suburbs are more regularly laid out, but built, chiefly of wood. Principal structures the cathedral, rebuilt in 1647, church of St Peter, with a tower 440 ft. in height, the castle, with a chancery and residence of the general and civil governors ; hall of the provinc. states, town-house. exchange, arsenal, and a magnificent coluinr with a colossal bronze statue of victory, erecte in 1817. It has several colleges, a school of navi gation, and various other schools, a public librar; with 16,000 vols., and numerous scarce MSS a cabinet of natural history, an observator; & a society of Lithuanian literature. In 1835 : had 25 manu&. of cotton cloth, and rugs, suga refineries, tobacco factories, and breweries. Som quays stretch for 1 m. along the river, but th inner harbour does not admit vessels drawin more than 12 to 15 ft. water, and ships, of large burden load and unload at Bolder-aa, a sma port outside of the bar, at the mouth of th Duna, where is the custora-honse. Its principi merchants are of German descent. Com used t be the principal article of export, but it is no superseded by flax and flax seed, besides whic hemp and linseed, wool, hides, tallow, timbe; tobacco, spars, and feathers are chief exporb It was founded a.d. 1200, and was one of the chii Hanseatic towns. — II. a tnshp., U. S., N. Anier New York, on Black Creek, in the W. of tli state. Pop. 1,984. RiUHi Culm, a mntn. of Switzerland, cant, i 8 m. W. Sehwytz, between the lakes of Zug an Lucerne, 5,905 ft. above the sea. It commanc magnificent views ; on its summit is an inn, & o its E. side a chapel, resorted to by num. pilgrimi RiGNAC, a comm. and town of France, dej Aveyron, 14 m. W.N.W. Rodez. Pop. 1,6C6. RiONANO, sevl. vills. of Itlay. — I. Naples, pre Capitanata, 3 m. S. San Marco in Lamia. Po| 2,000.-11. Pontif. Sta., deleg. Civita-Vecchia, 5 m. N. Rome. — III. Tuscany, prov. & 11 m. E.S.I Florence, on the Arno. Pop. 3,500. RiGNT LE Feeon, a comm. and vill. of Franc dep. Aube, 21 m. W.S.W. Troyes. Pop. 1,246. RiGOLATO, a mkt. town of Austr. Italy, deleg. i 38 ra. N.N.W. Udine, at foot of the Carnio Alp — Rigutino is a vill. of Tuscany, S.E. Arezzo. RiGSBT, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, IJ i W.S.W. Alford. Area 1,040 ac. Pop. 103. RiGTON, a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, W. Rii ing, pa. Kirkby-Overblow, 6 m. E.N.E. Otle Pop. 542. Rigton-Crag is a lofty rooky emii ence commanding a fine view of Wharfd^e. RiHUBSi, a town of the Punjab, on the Chena 90 m. N.N.E. Lahore. RijANOVKA, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. ai 91 m. S. Kiev. Pop. 1,600. RiLLE, a riv. of France, deps. Ome and Eur joins the estuary of the Seine on left after a ] course of 76 m. It is navigable for barges, in U last 8 m., from Pont Audemer. RiLLiNGTON, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Ri( ing, 4J ra. E.N.E. New Malton, on the WhitI and Scarboro' branch of N. Midland rsdlwa Area 6,300 ac. Pop. 1,051. RiLSK, a town of Russia. [Rvlsk.] Run, a small town of the E. Punjab, 108 i N.E. Lahore, with a fort and a neat bazaar. Rtmac, a river of N. Peru, enters the Pad) at Callao, 4 m. W. Lima, past which city it flon Total course about 75 m. Rimchant, a mkt. town of Russian Polan gov. and 72 m. N.N.E. Vilna. Pop. 1,600. RiMiNOTON, a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, 1 Riding, pa. Gisburn, 12J m. W.S.W. Skipto Pop. 722. RiHiNi (Ariminum), a city of Central Ita Pontif. Sta., leg. and 28 m. E.S.E. Forli, on i Marecchia, 2 m. from its mouth in the Adriat and at the junction of the Flaminian and Mm ian ways. Pop. (1833) 9,539, but includihg '■ vicinity, 27,000. It is enclosed by walls, and w KIM 1093 K lO ilt; principal edifices a cathedral and other arches, with good paintings, town-hall, gov. lace in the principal square, in which is a itue of Pope Paul v., Uieatre, Gambalunga lace, with a library of 30,000 vols, open to the blic, a decaying castie of the Malatesta, and tersi remains of antiquity, including a tri- iphal arch, and a bridge over the Marecchia, th built under Augustus, and portions of an iphitheatre. Its port, though shallow, is fre- lented by numerous fishing vessels, and it has 1 active trade in fish, manuis. of silk, glass, id earthenwares. It was the seat of a great clesiastical council in a.d. 859. RiuiTABA, an island in the Pacific Ocean, S. B Society islands. Lat 22° 37' S., Ion. 115° ' W. RuiMON, Rummon, a vlll. of Palestine, pash. iza, on a steep conical height, 13 m. N.N.E. ru^em. — The Rimmon of Zebulon (modern tmnumeh) is a vill., pash. Acre, 6 m. N. Nazareth. RiMKiK, two towns of Wallachia. — I. on the mnik, 75 m. N.E. Bucharest, and where the Btrians and Russians under Suwarrow defeated e Tnrks in 1789.— II. on the Aluta, 100 m. W. Bucharest, and 48 m. N. Slatiua. RiMOST, a comm. and town of France, dep. iege, on a height, 16 m. M'. Foix. Pop. 2,246. BiMFTON, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 5\ N.N.E. Yeovil. Area 670 ac. Pop. 223. BixccKBAN, or RiNCOBAN, a maritime pa. of eland, Mnnster, eo. Cork, comprising a part of B town of Eansale. Area 5,417 ac. P. 8,506. EixoAGOHAcn, a pa. of Ireland, Mnnster, co. aterford, 4 m. S.S.E. Dnngarvan. Area 8,246 . Pop. 2,591. KntGEBO, a pa. of Norway, stifl. and 115 m. N.W. Chiistiania, on the Loogen. Pop. 3,100. BiKGFiELD, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 2 m. Vr. Beccjes. Area 1,920 ac. Pop. 311. RiN6RidBiN&, a seaport town of Denmark, on e W. coast of Jiitland, stift. and 56 m. N.W. be, cap. amt., on the E. side of Rinkiobing rd. Pop. 1,200. It has manufs. of tobacco, ither, and lacquered wares. — RingkioMTig-Jlord a lagoon, 28 m. in length N. to S., greatest eadOi 9 m., and separated &om the N. sea by a ip of land 1 m. across. RiKGLAND, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 8 m. .N.W. Norwich. Area 1,310 ac. Pop. 386. RiRGHEB, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 2^ m. N.E. Lewes. Area 6,100 ac. Pop. 1,839. RiNouoBE, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 4 m. Modbnry. Area 1,420 ac. Pop. 362. RiNGBOvE, a maritime pa. of Ireland, Munster, Cork, 2 m. S. Einsale. Area 9,240 ac. Pop. 55. Here are the ruins of Bingrove castle, ich gives the title of Baron to Lord Kinsale. RiNGSEHC, a suburb of Dublin, Ireland, IJ m. Dublin castle. It adjoins Irishtown, & forms e of the lowest quarters of the Irish metropolis, t it has a good bridge across the Dodder, and rious wet and other docks. [{iBOSHALL, a pa. of England, co, Suffolk, 3^ W.S.W. Needham. Area 2,220 ac. P. 866. SiNGSTEAD, several pas. of England. — I. co. rthampton, on the London and N.W. railway, m. N.N.E. Higham Ferrers. Area 2,140 ac. p. 640.— IL (Great), co. Norfolk, 8 m. W. mham Westgate. Area 3,080 ac. Pop. 526. [II. {Liule), same co., 10 m. N.N.E. Castle- >iug. Contains 1 farm house. iiNosTEn, a town of Denmark, stift. and isl. jland, amt. Soroe, 36 m. W.S.W. Copenhagen, p. 1,200. It is very ancient, and was of con- erablc importance in the 12th & 13th centuries. RiNowoLD, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 3} m. S.S.W. Deal. Area l,6-'0 ac. Pop. 637. BiNowooD, a market town and pa. of England, CO. and 18 miles W.S.W. Southampton, on the Dorchester branch of the S.W. railway, on the Avon, and on the W. border of the New Forest. Area of pa. 10,550 ac. Pop. 3,700, partly em- ployed in manufs. of woollens and hosiery, and in brewing ale for export. The town is ancient. RiNKENis, a vill. of Denmark, duchy Schleswig, on the N. side of Flensburg fiord, 9 m. N.E. Flensburg. Pop. of pa. 1,200. RiNTELN, a fortified town of H. Cassel, prov. Lower Hessen, cap. circ, Sohaumburg, on the Wescr, here joined by the Exeter and crossed by a bridge of boats, 10 m. S.E. Minden. P. 3,161. RioBAMBA (NcEvo), atowu of S. Amer., Ecu^^ dor, 84 ra. N.E. Guayaquil, and 9 m. from the ruins of Old Riobamba, which is at the foot of Chimborazo, & was destr. by an earthquake 1797. Rio (River), for names with this prefix not found below, see the following word. Rio is a prefix to the names of numerous towns of Brazil.— I. (R. Bonito), prov. and 23 m. E.N.E. Rio-de-Janeiro. Pop. of dist. 8,000.-11. (R. de, Contas), a small town, prov. and 230 m. S.S.W. Bahia, near the head of the river Contas, or Jus- siape, which flows E. 220 m. to the Atlantic Ocean ; near its mouth is the vill. of Contas. — ■, III. (iJ Pardo), a town of the prov. S. Pedro-do- , Rio-Grande, on riv. Pardo, near its junction with the Jacuhi, 80 m. W. Porto Alegre. Pop. of dist. 10,445. — IV. (i2. Vermelho), a market town, prov. Minas-Geraes, 80 m. E.N.E. Serro, on the Bar- reiro, an affl. of the Vermelho. Pop. 4,000. Rio Bbanco, or Pabima, a river of Brazil, prov. Pard, rises near the source of the Orinoco, lat. 3° N., Ion. 64° W. ; runs at first E. to its junction with the Takutu, & thence flows mostly S.S.W. to the Rio Negro, which it joins as its principal affluent by several mouths, 70 m. S.E. Barcellos. Total course 700 m. Principal tri- butaries, the Itacutu or Takutu, Macajahi, and Catremani. In lat. 1° 45' N. its navigation is impeded by a series of falls and rapids, formed by ledges of granite rock. The aggregate per- pendicular descent of these throughout 7 m. is. estimated at 60 feet, and at the largest — the Ca- ruwanna — canoes must be unloaded. Its waters are opaque and whitish (whence its name). On it are fort St Joaquim, and the towns Carmo and Santa Maria Nova. — The upper part of the riv. San Miguel, Brazil, has the same name. Rio das Mortes, a riv. of Brazil, prov. Matto Grosso, joins the Araguay : course N. & E, 500 m. Rio Bbavo dei, Noete. [Bio Grande.] Rio-de-Janeiro, the metropolitan prov. of Brazil, between lat. 21° 23' and 23° 20' S., and Ion. , 40° 53° and 44° 40' W., having E. and S. the At- lantic, and landward the provs. San Paulo, Minas Geraes, and Espiritu-Santo. Estimated area 16,960 sq. m. Pop. exclusive of the cap. (1840) 430,000, of whom 224,850 were slaves. Surface low along the coast, but the interior is mostly mntnous., consisting of the Serra do Mar, Organ mntns. and their ramifications. Principal river, the Paraiba, which forms a part of the N. frontier. Soil extremely fertile ; products comprise sugar, coffee, cacao, cotton, maize, rice, indigo, and fine woods. After the cap. Rio, the principal towns are Villa-do-Cabo, Cantagallo, St Joao-da- Praia, and Lorena. Rio-DE-jANniRO, the cap. of the Empire of Brazil, and of the piov. Eio, the most miport- ant commercial city of S. Amer., is situated on an elevated tongue of land, on the W. side of RIO 1094 KIO a vast bay. Lat. of fort Vilagagnan, 22° 54' T S., Ion. 43° W W. Pop. (1843) 170,000, comprising Brazilians 60,000, foreigners 25,000, slaves 85,000. Mean temp, of year 73° .7 ; winter 68° .5 ; summer 79°, Fahr. Its port, which is large and deep, is defended by a castle. Rio consists of an old and a new town, the latter of which dates from 1808, and is separated from the former by an open space called the Campo do Honra : it extends on uneven ground, along the side of the bay. Streets generally straight, but narrow and ill-paved. Many of the bouses are built of granite, and it has some handsome squares and monuments. Its general aspect is that of an European city, but it is unfortunately so placed as to be deprived of the benefit of the land breeze, by a range of mntns., and is exposed to suffocating heat, relieved only by the sea breeze in the middle of the day. The city is supplied with water by means of a magni- ficent aqueduct, which traverses a deep valley 7 m. in length, and has numerous public fountains. The environs of Eio are celebrated for pictu- resque beauty, and are provided with excellent promenades. The churches, of which there are upwards of SO, have no external elegance, but are mostly richly decorated in the interior. The chief public edifices are the Imperial palace, a plain brick building, the old palace on the shore, used for pubUc offices, the naval and military ar- senal greatly extended in 1843, and a vast public hospital, erected in 1841. Its educational estab- lishments are the Imperial college of Don Pedro II., the college of St 3os4, schools of medicine & surgery, military and naval academy, and many public schools, The national library has 80,000 printed vols., and valuable MSS. Rio is the see of a bishop, the residence of a governor, and the seat of an electoral college, which had, in 1844, 256 electors; it has many scientific establish- ments, a museum of natural history rich in orni- thology and mineralogy, a magnificent alcala or theatre, and a fine public botanic garden. From its position, Rio is natorally the great mart of Brazil, and especially of the provs. Minas Geraes, St Paul and Goyaz, and its advantages are such as to fit it for concentrating the commerce of the globe. Its imports comprise the products of every country; its chief exports are cotton, sugar, coffee, rum, building timber, leather, tallow, gold, diamonds, topazes, amethysts, and aqua- marine. From official documente it appears that in 1843, there were in Rio 4,734 mercantile houses, of which 328 were French, 96 English, 7 Belgian, and the rest Portuguese. — The hay, or inlet of Rio, 17 m. in length and 11 m. in extreme width, forms one of the noblest harbours in the world. Its entrance, 2 m. S. of the citj', is IJ m. wide between fort Sta. Cruz on the E., & a fort on the sugar loaf rock on the W. The bay contains many small isls., the largest of which is Uha do Gover- nador, 6 m. in length. Upwards of 60,000 slaves are calculated to have been imp. into Rio in 1847. Rio de la Pasion, a river of Central Amer., rises in the Lake Lacandon, British Honduras, flows W., and in 72 m. N. W. Cobau (Guatemala), having been joined by the rivers Santa, Isabel, Mataquece, and Sacapulas, acquires the name of Usumasinta (which see). During the rains it is often half a league across. Rio de la Plata, S. America. [Plata Riveb and Confederation.] Bio de las Casas Gbabdas, a river of the Mexican confederation, dep. Chihuahua, after a N. course of 100 m. enters the Lake Guzman. On it, toward its source, is the ruined Azteck town called Las Ca';as Grandas. Rio (del) Haoha, a marit. town of S. Amer.; New Granada, dep. Magdalena, cap. prov., at the mouth of the Hacha, in the Caribbean Sea 90 m. E.N.E. Santa Martha. Rio del Bey, a large shallow bay in the Bight of Biafi-a, Guinea, E. the Old Calabar riv., & op- posite the isl. Fernando Po. It receives several creeks, and is skirted by populous villages. Rio Dulce, the outlet of the Golfo Dnlce, Central America, state Honduras, enters the Caribbean Sea in lat. 15° 50' N., Ion, 88° 46' 20' W., after a winding course of 23 m., during which it expands into El Golfcte, or the Little Gulf, 9 m. in length by 2 m. across. At its mouth is a bar with less than 6 feet water. Banks sldrted by abrupt wooded heights, rising to 300 feet in height. The Upper Rio Diilce enters the Gulf from the W. Rio Grande, a river of W. Africa, Senegam- bia, rises in Futa Jallon, near Laby, lat. 11° 20' N., Ion. 11° W., flows W. and enters the Atlantic by an estuary 10 m. across, between the Nniiez and Casamanza rivers. On it are the towns Kade, Jeba, and Bissao, and opposite its mouth are the Bissagos islands. The whole country between it and the Nunez is supposed to be a collection of islands, divided by its branches, many of which remain unexplored. Its banks are densely wooded, and studded with immense ant hills, tiie country watered by it is populous, and produces gold, ivory, wax, hides, & horses. — II. a riv. of S. Amer., Bolivia, rises by sev. heads near Cochabamba, flows E. & N., separating the deps. Cochabamba and Santa Cruz from those of Oruro and Sucr^, &c., and near lat. 15° 10' S. receives the Chapare, after which it is called the Mamore. Affls. the Chaolani, Piray, and Yapa- cani III. a river. New Granada, dep. Isthmus, rises N.W. Panama, about 2 m. from which city it enters the Pacific Ocean. It receives several streams, is navigable for the last 5 m. of its course, and admits the entrance of large vessels at high water. Its head is near the Obispo, an affl. of the Cruces.— IV. a riv., Mexican confed., deps. Queretaro, Guanaxuato, Mechoacan, and Xalisco, enters the Pacific at San Bias, after a N.W. course of 400 m. across the Anahuac table land. It is greatly interrupted by cataracts, and is very rapid. Affls. the Lerma, &c. It traverses a part of the Lake of Chapala Y. a river of the Mosquito territory. Central Amer., enters the Caribbean Sea, 30 m. N. Pearl Key lagoon, and is said to be navigable for boats for 200 m. — ^VI. a name of the river Motagua. Rio Gbande (or Rio Bbavo) del Nobte, a riv. of N. Amer., rises in the mountainous region, lat. 41° N., Ion. 110° W., flows mostly S.S.E., forming the boundary between the U. S. Mexi- can territory and Texas, and enters the Gulf of Mexico at El Refugio. Lat. 25° 56' N., Ion. 97° 12' W. Total course 1,600 to 1,800 m. Prin- cipal affls. the Puerco and Conches. Its naviga- tion is impeded by rapids and by shoals for more than 100 m. below Santa F^ ; at its mouth is a bar which has often not more than 3 feet water. Rio Grande do Norte, a marit. prov. of Brazil, between lat. 4° 32' and 7° 18' S., and Ion. 35° and 38° 40' W., having N. and E. the Atlan- tic, W. the provs. Ceara, and S. Parahiba. Area 31,230 sq. m. Pop. 100,000. Its name is derived from a river which, after an E. course, enters the Atlantic at Natal. Other rivers are the Serido and Appody. Surface level near the coast, uneven inland. Products the best Brazil wood, cotton, sugar, rice, drugs, salt, and large numbers of cattle. Besides Natal, the cap., it RIO 1095 RIP contains the towns Villa Flor, Arez, Anacu, Por- tale^e, ViHa Nova de Princeza, and Villa Nova do Principe. Daring five years the number of slaves has risen in this prov. from 5,000 to 15,000. Kio Gkande do Sul, a town of Brazil, prov. S. Pedro do Bio Grande, on a loir peninsula at the S. extremitv of Lake Patos, with a light house in laL 32° 7' 00' S., Ion. 52° S' 00' W. Pop. 3,690, or including dist. 12,000. From its low eitnation it is subjected to inundation. It has a considerable trade on the lake, iu which 300 or 400 small vessels are engaged. Rio Hacha, a town of S. Amer., New Granada, 200 m. E.N.E. Carthagena, with a small port at the mouth of the Hacha in the Caribbean sea. Rio HosDA and Rio Hondo, two small rivers of Amer. — I. in Texas, dist. Bexar. — II. fonning the N. limit of British Honduras. Rio Matob, a market town of Portugal, Es- tremadnra, at the E. foot of Mount Junto, 43 m. E.N.E. Lisbon. Rio Negbo, or Parana, a river of Colombia & Brazil, is the principal tributary of the Amazon, on the N. side, and under the name of the Gnai- nia, rises in New Granada, near lat. 2° N., Ion. 72' W. It flows generally E.S.E., enters the prov. Para, and joins me Amazon. Lat. 3° lO' S., Ion. 59° W. Total course has been estimated at 1,000 m. Principal affls., the Ubaapes, Caba- bnri, Padaviii,and Rio Branco. At its mouth it is scarcely 1^ m in breadth, but a little higher np it is nearly 9 m., and opposite Barcellos, 15 m. across. It contains numerous islands, and has a remarkable conununicatiou with the Orinoco by the navigable Cassiquiare. [Cassiqdiabe.] Rio Negbo (or SaucesX a river of S. Ainer., forming the whole boundary between the terri- tory of the Plata confederation and Patagonia. It appears to rise in a lake at the foot of the Chilian Andes, and after an E. course of 600 or 700 DL, enters the Atlantic Ocean in lat. 41° 4' S., Ion. 62° 50' W., 90 m. S.W. the mouth of the river Colorado. At its month it is 2 m. across, bnt at Carmen, 1^ m. inland, its breadth is less than 300 yards, & 4 m. highef it becomes wholly unfit to be navigated by the smallest merchant vessels. Its bed abounds with shoals and isls., coarse rapid, and 4| m. from its mouth is a dan- gerous bar. Soil of its banks, in the lower part of its conrse, is fertile, and around Carmen wheat and barley are raised, and many sheep and ex- cellent horses are reared; near its head also there is reported to be a country abounding in 6ne timber, but the intermediate region is fre- quently sterile. The predatory Indians of the Bio Negro receive yerba, tobacco, wool, and spirits, at Carmen, in exchange for woollen ponchos, horse rugs, bolas, lassos, and skins, which with horses, sheep, salt, and ostrich fea^ thers, form exports from that settlement. — II. a river of Uruguay, the central part of which it draja'i, enters the tTrugnay riv., 80 m. N. Buenos Ayres, after a W. conrse of 250 m. Principal affl., the Tic— III. a river of the Plata confe- deration, dep. Salta, tributary to the Vermejo. — rV. a town, Colombia, New Granada, dep. Mag- dalena, prov. Antioqnia, 20 m. E.S.E. Medellin. Kio Tinto, a river of Spain, prov. Huelva, rises near Aracena, and flows S. to the Mediter- ranean, which it enters in the Bay of Huelva. Length 60 m. Near its mouth is the port of Palos whence Columbus sailed on his voyage of discovery II. a river of Central Amer., Mos- quito territory, after a N. course of 120 m., enters the Sea E. Cape'Cameron. Lat. 15° 54' N., Ion. 84° 55' W. RiOJA (La), a dep. of the Plata confederation, S. Amer., between fat. 27° 60' and 31° S., and ex- tending from Ion. 66° 20' westward to the Andes, and on other sides having the deps. Catamarca, Cordova, and San Juan. Estimated pop. 19,000. Its central part consists of two valleys, enclosed by mountain chains extending N. and S. Pro- ducts copper and silver. Wheat is raised, aud wine and brandy exported, but its remote inland sitnation places many obstacles in the way of its trade. Principal towns, Rioja, Chilecito, aud Gnandacol. — Riqja, the cap. town, is situated in a wide plain, 118 m. S.S.W. Catamarca. Lat. 29° S., Ion. 67° 50' W. Pop. from 3,000 to 4,000. — La Rioja, Spain, is a region comprising most part of the prov. Logrouo and part of Soria. It is not a political division,^ and is named from the Oja, an affl. of the Ebro. RioLS, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Her- ault, arrond. St Pons. Pop. 2,121. RiOM, a comm. and town of France, dep. Puy- de-D6me, cap. arrond., on a hill, 8 m. N.N.E. CWrmont. Pop. (1846) 9,688. It is well built, and paved mostly with basalt and lava, from the quan'ies of Volvic. It has a communal college, a library of 10,000 vols., and manufs. of linen and cotton fabrics, brandy and leather. It is the birth place of Gregory of Tours, and of Anne Dubourg. — II. (Riom-es-Montagne)i a comm. and mkt. town, dep. Cantal, cap. cant., 16 m. E.N.E. Mauriac. Pop. 2,370. RiON or EioHi, river. [PnAsis.] BiONEBo, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, cap. cant., 5 m. S. Melfi. Pop. 9,600, who manuf. wooden tobacco boxes, and trade in oil & wine. It has a collegiate and several other churches. — II. a market town, prov. Molise, cap. cant., 9 m. N.W. Isernia. Pop. 1,400. BiONS, a comm. and town of France, dep. Gir- onde, on r. b. of the Garonne, 15 m. S.S.E. Bor- deaux. Pop. 1,169. It has some remains of ancient fortifications. — Rion is a comm. and vill., dep. Landes, 18 m. N.W. St Sever. Pop. 1,587. UiOFAB, a town of Spain, prov. and 46 m, S.W. Albacete, at the foot of the Sta. Calar. Pop. 964, mostly employed in mining. Eion, an islet oflf the S. coast of France, dep. Benches du Rhone, 7 m. S. Marseilles. — St Rioit is an islet of Brittany, dep. Cotes-du-Nord, S.E. the island Brebat. Bioz, a comm. & mkt, town of France, dep. H.- Saone, cap. cant., 14 m. S.S.W. Vesoul. P. 1,027. RiPA, a prefixed name of several market towns of Italy. — I. (B. Bottom), Naples, prov. Molise, 12 m. N.N.E. Campobasso. Pop. 3,200.— IL {R. Candida), prov. BasiUcata, 6 m. S.S.E. Melfi. Pop. 3,000.-111. {R. di Chieti), prov. Abruzzo Citra, 3 m. E. Chieti.— IV. (R.-Fratta), a vill, of Tuscany, prov. and 6 m. N. Pisa, with a fine feu- dal fortress. RiPAGLiA, or RiFAiLj.E, a vill. of Savoy, prov. Chablais, 20 m. E.N.E. Geneva, on the S. shore of its lake, with a farm house, formerly a convent, to which Amadeus vni., duke of Savoy, subse- quently Pope Felix v., retired after his renuncia- tion of both the dignities he had held. BiPALiMosANO, a town of Naples, prov. Mo- lise, 2 m. N.W. Campobasso. Pop. 3,890. BiPATBANsoNE, a walled town of Cent. Italy, Pontif. sta., on a hill, deleg. and 12 m. S.S.E. Fermo. Pop. 6,120. BiPE, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 5 m. W.N.W. Hailsham. Area 1,120 ac. Pop. 375. Ripley, a market town and pa. of Engl., co. York, W, Riding, on the Nidd, here crossed by a bridge, 5 ra. W.N^W. Knarcsborough, and with RIP 1096 KIV a station on the Leeds and Thirsk railway, 3 m. from Harrogate. Area 7,080 ac. Pop. 1,235. Town small, but neatly built ; it has a venerable church, an endowed school, and a fine antique castle, seat of the Ingilby family. — II. a chapelry, CO. Surrey, pa. Send, 6 m. N.E. Guildford, with a vill. on the old Portsmouth road. Pop. 851. — III. a chapelry, co. Derby, pa. Pentrich, 31 m. S.S.W. Alireton. Pop. 2,615, chiefly engaged in coal and iron works. KiPLEY, a CO. of the U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. of Indiana. Area 400 sq. m. Pop. 10,392. — II. a CO. in S.E. of Missouri. Area 1,080 sq. m. Pop. 2,866.-111. a township, New York, 10 m. W. Mayville. Pop. 2,197. RiPOLL, a town, Spain, prov. and 32 m.W.N.W. Gerona, on the Ter. Pop. 3,000. Its Benedic- tine convent contains many curious tombs, Ripow, a city, pari, and municipal borough and pa. of England, co. York, W. Riding, on the Ure, here crossed by a bridge of 17 arches, 23 m. "W.N.W. York, and with a. station on the Leeds and Thirsk branch of the North British railway, 10 m. S. W. Thirsk. Area of pa. 48,980 ae. Pop. 15,024 ; do, of pari, bor., 5,927. The town, plea- santly situated, is handsomely, though irregu- larly built. Its spacious market place has in its centre a lofty obelisk. The cathedral, built in the 14th and 15th centuries, is esteemed one of the best proportioned churches in England. Length 266 feet ; length of transepts, 132 feet. Here are an episcopal palace, elegant modern Gothic pa. church, a free grammar school, large national endowed blue- coat schools, several ano. poor's hospitals and money charities, a very handsome town hall, with assembly rooms ; a council house, jail, and house of correction, public rooms, with a library; a mechanics' institute, and several branch banks, with some manuis. of flax, a manuf. of saddle-trees, and large markets for wool, corn, and butter. Market, Thursday. Corp. revenue (1848) 2i8l. Ripon sends 2 mems. to H, of C. Reg. electors (1848) 361. The new diocese of Ripon was founded in 1836, and comprises most of the W. Riding of co. York, formerly in dioceses of York and Chester, and a part of the N. Riding. The minster, now a cathedral, was founded be- fore 661, when the celebrated St Wilfred was ab- bot. In 1405, Henry iv. held his court at Ripon. Bishop Porteus was born here in 1731. In the vicinity is Fonntaines abbey, and Newby hall (Earl de Grey). RiPOSTO, a mod. town of Sicily, on its E. coast, 10 m. S.W. Taormma. Pop. 3,000. It has risen wholly within the present century, and has a har- bour protected by a fort. Rtppingale, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 5 m. N. Bourne. Area 2,740 ac. Pop. 694. Ripple, two pas. of Engl I. co. Worcester, 2J m. S.S.E. Upton-on-Severn. Area 4,140 ac. Pop. 1,089.— IL CO. Kent, 2} m. S.W. Deal. Area 1,120 ac. Pop. 189. RippoNDEN, a chapelry of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, pa. and 5 m. S.W. Halirax. Population employed in manufs. of coarse woollens. RiPTON, two pas. of Engl., co Huntingdon. — I. (Abbofs), 4 m. N. Huntingdon. Area 5,400 ac. Pop. 344.— II. (King's), Si m. N.E. Huntingdon. Area 1,210 ac. Pop. 229. RiQUEVfiHK, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. H.-Rhin, 6 m. N.N.W. Colmar. Pop. 1,836, RiQuiER (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. Somme, 5 m. N.E. Abbeville. Pop. 1,513. In the middle ages it had a celebrated Benedict, alibey. — R.-es-Plains, is a comm. and vill., dep. Seine-Inf., 3 m. S.S.W. StValery. ' '- Kis, a comm. and small town of France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 10 m. N. Thiers. Pop. 1,612. BisAuo, a vill. of Dalmatia, circ. M m. N.N.W. Cattaro, on the Gulf of Cattaro. Pop. 1,100. RiSBOBOUGH (MoHKs), a pa. of England, co. Bucks, 6 m. S.S.W. Aylesbury. Area 3,220 ao. Pop. 1,083. — II. (Princes), a mkt. town and pal, same co., 7 m. S.S.W. Aylesbunr. Pop. 2,206. • Risnr, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 4 m.W.N.W, Bury-St-Edmonds. Area 2,620 ao. Pop. 360, RiscA, a pa. of England, co. Monmouth, 5 m, W,N,W. Newport. Area 1,690 ac. Pop. 1,072. Here are large iron works. RisoLE, a comm. & town of France, dep. Gers, cap. cant., 26 m. W.N.W. Mirande. Pop. 716. Rise, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Riding, 8 m. E.N.E. Beverley. Area 1,920 ac. Pop. 181. RisEHOLME, a pa. of Engl., co. and 3 m. N,N,E, Lincoln, Area 1,370 ao. Pop. 98. RiSELET, a pa. of Engl., co. and 9 m. N. Bed- ford. Area 2,980 ac. Pop. 971. RisHANGLES, a pa. of Engl., co, Suffolk, 4 m. S.S.E. Eye. Area 1,150 ac. Pop. 261. RisHTON, a township of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. and 3^ m. E.N.E. Blackburn. Pop. 917. BisHwoBTH, a township of England, co.York, W. Riding, pa. Halifax, 7 J m. W.N.W. Hndders- fleld. Pop. 1,710. BissiNGTOH,- three pas. of Engl., co. Glo'ster. —I. (Great), 16 m. E.S.E. Cheltenham. Area 2,420 ac. Pop. 483.— II. (Little), 4 m. S. Stow- on-the-Wold. Ac. 1,650. P.318.— III. (IFicA), 2J m. S. Stow-on-the-Wold. Ac. 1,140. P. 207. RisTON,two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Norfolk, 1} m. S.S.E. Market-Downham. Area 330 ao. Pop. 40. —II. (Long), 00. York, E. Riding, 6J m. E.N.E. Beverley. Area 3,490 ao. Pop. 403. RiTZEBiJTTEt, a free town of N.W. Germany, territory of Hamburg, at the mouth of the Elbe, in the N. sea, 2 m. S. Cuxhaven. Pop. 1,745. It is well built, & has a light-house, quarantine and bathing establishments. RiunoMs, a town of Spain, prov. and 10 m. W.N.W. Tarragona. Pop. 3,247. It has a cele- brated fair in August. RivA, or Reif, a town of the Tyrol, cu-c. & 10 m. W.S.W. Roveredo, pleasantly situated at the N. extremity of Lake Garda. Pop. 2,000. It has a castle, a fine church, resorted to in pilgrimage, and some monasteries. Its port is firequented by a considerable number of vessels. Its fisheries are productive, and its vicinity furnishes in abun- dance, olives, oranges, and lemons. — II. a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Ticino, 8 m. S. Lugano, and on S. extremity of its lake. Pop. 1,000. RivA, several vills., &c., of N. Italy, Sardinian dom. — I. Piedmont, div. Novara, on the Sesia, 16 m. W.N.W. Varallo. — II. (di Chien), div., prov., and 10 m. E.S.E. Turin, cap. mand.- Pop. (with comm.) 2,697. — III. (di Mazzano), div. and 20 m. E. Alessandria, on an afil. of the Po. Pop. 2,062. -^IV. a vill. at the N. extremity of the L. of Como. Riva-de-Sella, a marit. town of Spain, prov. and 35 m. E.N.E. Oviedo, on the Sella, near its mouth in the Bay of Biscay. Rivapbecha, a town of Spain, prov. and 7 m. S.S.E. Logrorio, on the Leza. Pop. 1,485. RivALTA, several vills. of N. Italy. — I. Lom- bardy, deleg. and 6 m. W.N.W. Mantaa, near the Mincio. — II. (di Acqui), Piedmont, div. Alessan- dria, prov. and 4 m. N.E. Acqui, cap. mand., on the Bormida, Pop, with comm. 1,885 III. (di Torino), div. prov. and 8 m. W.S.W. Turin. Pop. 1,774 — Rivara is a vill., cap. mand., 20 m. N.N.W. Turin. Pop. (with comm.) 1,624. RivAKOLu, a town of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. RIV 1097 ROB prov. and 10 m. N. Turin, cap. mand., oil an afB. of the Po. Pop. (1838) with comm. 6,032. RivE-DE-GiER, a town and comm. of France, dep. Loire, cap. cant., on the Gier, an affl. of tlie Rhone, at the head of the canal of Givors, and on the St Etienne and Lyon railway, 12} m. N.E. St Etienne. Pop. (1846) 11,694. It has extensive manufe. of glass-wares, steel, hardwares, steam- engine factories. Near it are silk-mills, distille- ries, and extensive coal fields. RivENH.\i.L, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 2} m. N.N.E. Witham. Area 3,240 ac. Pop. 722. RivEB, a pa. of England, co, Kent, 2J m. N.W. Dover. Area 1,110 ac. Pop. 616. BiTEBHEAD, a liberty of England, co. Kent, pa. and 2 m. N.W. Seveuoaks. Area 1,910 ac. Pop. 1,563. Near it is the seat of the Marquis Camden. RivERHEAD, a township, TJ. S., N. Amer., New York, cap. CO. Sufiblk, and Long Island Sound. Pop. 2,449, who export wood to New Tork. Rites, and Rivesaltes, two comms. and mkt. towns of France. — I. dep. Isere, cap. cant., 16 m. N.W. Grenoble. Pop. 2,270, who mannf. linens, paper, steel, and hardwares. — ^U. dep. E. Pyre- nees, cap. cant., 5 m. N. Perpignan. Pop. 3,702. Riviera ni Genoa, a name given to 2 portions of the coast of the Mediterranean, in the midst of which Genoa is sitnated. The £. part is called Riviera de Levante, and the W. part Riviera de Ponente Riviera is a dist. of Switzerland, cant. Ticino, chief town Osogna. Rrvil:RE Pilots, a comm. and mkt. town on the S. coast of Martinique. Pop. 3,841. — Riviere Salie is a comm. and market town on the S.W. coast of Martinique. Pop. 2,.371. — ^11. the Strait which separates Guadeloupe into two islands. RivisGTON, a chapelry of Engl., co. Lancaster, 4 m. S.E. Choriey. Area 2,630 ac. Pop. 471. It has a free grammar school, annual rev. 300Z. RivoLi, a town of N. Italy, Piedmont, cap. mand., S. the Dora-Ripaira, div. prov. and 8 m. W. Turin, with which it communicates by a con- thinoas avenue. Pop. (1838) with comm. 5,195. It has a palace, numerous villas, & a fine botanic garden, withmannfs. of silks and woollen fabrics. — II. a vill. of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 12 m. N.W. Verona, on the Adige. Here the French defe3,ted the Austrians, 14th Jan., 1797, on which occasion Massena received the title of Duke of Rivoli. — Rivolta is a vill., Lombardy, deleg. Lodi, near the Adda, 15 m. E. Milan. RixHEiM, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H. Rhin, with a station on the Strasbourg and Basle railway, 3J m. E. Miilhausen. Pop. 2,984. RixTow, a township of Engl., co. Lanca.ster, pa. and 6i m. E.N.E. Warrington. Pop. 843. RiZAH, or RizEH, a marit. vill. of Asiatic Tur- key, pash. and 35 m E. Trebizond, with bazaar, and a manuf. of fine hempen fabrics. RjRv, or Rshev, a town of Russia, gov. & 74 m. S.W. Tver, cap. dist., on the Volga, which divides it into two parts. Pop. 9,000. It has numerous churches, salt and corn magazines, large exports of com, and two great annual fairs. It was formerly governed by its own princes. RoA, a town of Spain, prov. and 49 m. S.S.W. Burgos, on the Douro. Pop. 2,000. It has re- mains of a palace in which Ximenes died in 1517. RoADE, two pas. of England — I. co. and 6J m. S.S.E. Northampton, with a station on the North Western railway. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 716.— II. CO. Somerset, 4 m. N.E. Frome. Area J ,010 ac. Pop. 861. Fair, Monday after 29th August. RoAQ (Loch), a large and intricate inlet of the sea, on the W. coa.st of Lewis island, Hebrides, Scotland, about 12 m. in length, & 8 m. in breadth. It contains Bernera, and several small islands. RoANNE, Rodumna, acomm. & town of France, cap. arrond., dep. Loire, 40 m. N.W. Lyon, on 1. b. of the Loire, which here becomes navigable. Pop. (1846) 11,870. It has a chamber of arts and manufs., & a comm. college. Situated at the ter- minus of the railw. from St Etienne & Lyon, & at the head of the canal of the Loire, Roanne is the entrepdt of an extensive commerce, & has manufs, of cottons, muslins, paper, & jewellery. A great part of it was destroyed by an inundation in 1846. Roanoke, a river of the U. S., N. Amer., Vir- ginia, and North Carolina, formed by the confi. of the Staunton and Dan, flows mostly S.E. and enters Albemarle Sound, after a course of at least 300 m. ; for the last 75 of which, to the great falls at Halifax, it is navigable for vessels of 46 tons. A canal around the falls opens a boat navigation to its head streams, both of which are navigable for some distance for boats of 5 tons ; and another canal connects it with Washington, on a branch of Pamlico Sound. RoAPOA, one of the Marquesas, or Mendana islands. Pacific, 68 m.W. Santa Christina. Length 10 m. Surface rises to upwards of 2,600 feet, and in it are many fertile valleys. On its W. side is the excellent anchorage Port Jarvis. Roaring Water Bay, Irel., Munster, co. Cork, extends inland for 9 m. behind Cape Clear. RoAsio, a market town and comm. of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. Novara, prov. and 18 m. N.N. W. Vercelli. Pop. 2,547. RoATAS, a Brit. W. India island. [Ruatan.] RoATH, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, 1^ m. N.E. Cardiff. Pop. 298. RoBBEN Island, an islet off the Cape of Good Hope, at the entrance of False bay, lat. 33' 48' S., Ion. 18° 22' E. It is used as a penal statiim. RoBBio, a market town of N. Italy, Piedmont, cap. mand., div. and 11 m. S.W. Novara. Pop. (1838) with comm. 3,350. Robe, a river of Ireland, Connaught, co. Mayo, rises near Clare, and after a W.ward course of 26 m. enters Lough Mask, 2 m. W. Ballinrobe. RoBECco, a mkt. town of Lombardy, cap. dist., on the Oglio, 7 m. N. Cremona. RoBECQ, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Pas de Calais, 5 m. N.W. Bethune. Pop. 1,434. RoBEEN, a pa. of Irel., Connaught, co. Mayo, 2 m. N.W. HoUymount. Area 10,907 ac' P. 3,544: RoBEL, a town of Mecklenb.-Schwerin, duchy and 34 m. S.E. Gustrow, on the Lake Miiritz. Pop. 3,210. It has manufs. of woollen cloth, dis- tilleries, breweries, and 4 annual fairs. RoBEET Islands, Pacific O. [MAitquESAS.] Robert (Le), a town on the E. coast of the island Martinique. Pop. 4,444. RoBERTON, a pa. of Scotland, cos. Selkirk and Roxburgh, 6 m. W. Hawick. Pop. 757. Here are remains of several Roman camps. Robertson, a co., II. S., N. America, in N. of Tennessee. Area 300 sq. m. Pop. 13,801.-11. a township, in S. part of North Carolina. Area 700 sq. m. Pop. 10,370. Robertstovpn, two pas. of Irel. — I. (or. Castle Robert), Munster, co. Limerick, 4^ m. W. Askea- ton. Area 5,906 ac. Pop. 2,314.-11. Leuister, CO. Meath, 4 m. W. Drumconrath. Robeson, a co., U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, CO. Berks, on the Schuylkill. Pop. 2,616. RoBiLANTE, a market town of N. Italy, Pied- mont, div., prov. & 7 m. S.S.W. Coni. Pop. 2,278. Robin Hood's Bat, a fine inlet of the N. sea, E. coast of England, co. York, N. Riding, 6 mj S.S.E. Whitby, with a fishing village. ROB 1098 ROC Robinson, atnshp.,U.S.,N. Amer., Pennsylva- nia, on the Ohio, 6 m. N.W. Petersburg. P. 1,691. KoBORonoH, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 5J m. E.S.E. Great Torrington. Area 4,830 ac. P. 588. RocALBENQA, a town of Tuscany, prov. and 18 m, E.N.E. Grosseto, on the Albenga. Pop. 3,500. RooAMABOUR, a comm. & mkt. tovra of France, dep. Lot, 13 m. E.N.E. Gourdon. Pop. 1,482. RocAs, an isl. of the Atlantic, 125 m. N.E. Cape St Roqne, Brazil. Lat. 3° 55' S., & Ion. 33° 43' W. RoccA, numerous small towns and vills. of Italy and Sicily. — I. Sicily, intend, and 10 m. W. Messina. — II. (R.-Biajica), duchy Parma, and 16 m. N.N.W. Parma. Pop. 1,800.-111. (M.-Bigliera), Sard, dom., div. prov. and 23 m. N. Nice. Pop. (with comm.) 1,862 IV. {R.- Bruna), Piedmont, div. prov. and 13 m.W.N.W. Coni. Pop. 2,615. — V. (R.-Casale), Naples, prov. Abruzzo Ult. II., 6 m. N.N.W. Sulmona.— VI. (n.-C(mtrada),'eoxAit Sta.,deleg. &28m.W.S.W. Ancona. Pop. 2,600. — VII. (R.-d'Amfisa), Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. I., cap. cant., 4 m. N.W. Monte- leone. Pop. 4,000.— VIII. [cC Arazzo), Sard, dom.. Piedmont, div. and 20 m. W. Alessandria, cap. maud., near the Tanaro. Pop. 1,703, — IX. (de JBaldi), Piedmont, div. Coni, prov. and 4 m. N.W. Mondovi. Pop. 2,290 X. (d" Aspide), Naples, prov. Princip. Citra, cap. cant., 16 m. S. Campagna. P. 4,000, — XI. {di Corio), Sard, dom.. Piedmont, div. prov. and 18 m. N.N.W. Turin. Pop. 2,692 XII. (di Neto), Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. I., 13 m. N.W. Cotrone. Pop. 3,000 XIII. {di Papa), a vill., Pontif. Sta., comarca, and 16 m. S.E. Rome,onthesiteoftheanc.Fabia. Pop. 2,100. It belongs to the Colonna family. — XIV; (fi.-Forte), a vill.. Piedmont, div. Coni, 7 m. S.W. Mondovi. Pop. 2,984.— XV. (Chrimolda), div. and 18 m. S. Alessandria. Pop. 2,140— XVI. (Guglielma), Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, cap. cant., 13 m. E.N.E. Fondi. It has a collegiate and a fine Carmelite church. — XVII. (Imperiale), prov. Calab. Citra, beside the gulf of Taranto, 7 m. N. Roseto. Pop. 2,000 XVIII. {Mandolft), prov. Molif^e, 6 m. W. Boiano. Pop. 8,400. — XIX. {Manjini), prov. T. di Lavoro, cap. cant., 23 m. N.W. Caserta, with numerous churches, & 3,000 inhabs XX. (Piemonte), prov. Princip. Citra, 7 m. N.N.W. Salerno.— XXI. {Palomha), Sicily, intend, and 27 m. S.E. Palermo. Pop. 1,400. — XXII. {San Felice), kingdom Naples, prov. Princip. Ult., 2 m. N. St Angelo-dei-Lom- bardi. Near it is the lake Amsanctus of Virgil. —XXIII. (JJ.-Sccca), prov. T. di Lavoro, 12 m. S. Sora. Pop. 2,300. It has numerous ecclesi- astical edifices, and is the residence of the bishop of Aquino. — XXIV. (R.-Yerano), Sard, dom., Piedmont, div. and 29 m. S.S.W. Alessandria, cap. maud. Pop., with comm., 1,790. — XXV. (R.-Tiane), div. prov. and 6 m. S.W. Coni, cap. mand. Pop. 2,674. — Rocca Partida is the most W. of the Revilla-gigedo islands, N. Pacific. RoccEiLA, two mkt. towns of Sicily. — I. intend, and 37 m. S.W. Messina, at the foot of Mount Etna.— II, intend. Palermo, 8 m. W.S.W. Cefalu, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 2,000. RocoELLA (La), a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ultra I., on the Mediterranean, 9 m. N.E. Gerace. Pop. 4,000. RoccHETTA, a town of Naples, prov. Princip. Ul- tra, 18 m. N.E. St Angelo de Lombardi. P. 4,500. RocESTEB, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, 4 m. N.N.E. Uttoxeter, on the banks of the Dove, over which an elegant stone bridge is built, and with a station on the Churnet- Valley branch of the N. Stafford railway, 4 m. N. Uttoxeter. Area 2,630 ac. Pop. 1,146. Rochdale, a pari. bor. and manuf. town ai pa. of Engl., CO. Lancaster, on the Roche, trib tary of the Irwell, and on the Manchester ai Leeds railway, 11 m. N.N.E. Manchester. Ar of pa. 68,620 ac. P. 84,718 ; do. of pari. bor. 24,0i It is pretty well built ; has an anc. pa. church oi steep eminence, numerous chapels and schools, town hall, assembly rooms, a theatre, litera society, andimportant manufs. of flannels, baiz( kerseys, coarse calicoes and fustians, hats, ai machinery. In 1839 the pa. contained 56 wool] mills and 95 cotton do., employing 10,000 han< Coal is plentiful, and commerce is facilitated 1 the Rochdale canal, connected W.ward with t Bridgewater canal and E.ward with the d der navigation. Markets, Monday and Satnrds The bor. is under the jurisdiction of the co. m gistrates. It is head of a poor-law union, and polling place for the S. division of co. Sends mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 1,04 Rochdale gives title of baron to the Byron fami who long held the manor. Roche, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 6J ] E.S.E. Columb-Major. Area 4,930 ac. Pc 2,040. — II. a pa., S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 6 1 W.N.W. Haverford-West. Pop. 835. Roche (La), a prefix to names of numero comms., towns, & \ills. of France. — I. (Beaucmtr dep. Dordogne, 13 m. W.S.W. Nontron. Pc 1,088 II. {Chalais), dep. Dordogne, 17 i W.S.W. Riberac, on railway from Tours to Bo deaux. Pop. 1,030.-111. (de Glun), dep. Dr6n arrond. Valence. Pop. 2,103.— IV. {en Brem dep. Cote-d'Or, arrond. Semur. Pop. 2,489. IV. {Gnyon), dep. Seine-et-Oise, on rt. b. of t Seme, 8 m. N.N.W. Mantes. Pop. 867. It h an old castle. — V. {lAbeille), dtep. H. Vienne, m. N.N.E. St Yrieix. Pop. 1,367. RocKECROUABT, a comm. and town of Franc dep H. Vienne, cap. aiTond., on an affl. of t Vienne, 20 m. W. Limoges. Pop. 1,693. It h ironworks & manufs. of glass. — Rochecorbon is vill., dep. Indre-et-Loire, 8 m. E. Tours. P.1,7! RocHEFOKT, a comm. and marit. town France, near its W. coast, dep. Charente-Ii 18 m. S.S.E. La Rochelle, on the Charente, 7 : from its mouth. Lat. of the hospital, 45° 66' N., Ion. 0° 67' 7' W. Pop. (1846) 15,941. Roc fort is fortified and forms the third military pc of France. It is situated in a marshy dist. st rounded by ramparts planted with trees, and h a tribunal of commerce, a school of hydrograpl a national college, one library of 14,000 and a other of 10,000 vols., a botanic garden, and maritime museum. In the military port t largest vessels float at all times. Attached to are a prison for 1,000 convicts, and a naval he pital. The commercial port admits vessels 800 tons close to the quays. The arsenal, one the largest in France, has immense maga^in cannon foundries, and ship-building docl Rochefort was only a small town when Louis x: commenced its extension in 1666. — II. a com and vill., dep. Jura, on the railway from Miilha sen to Dijon, 4 m. N.E. Dole. — III. {R. Samso a comm. and mkt. town, dep. Drome, arroi Valence. Pop. 1,073 — IV. {R. Sur Zoire), comm. and town, dep. Maine-et-Loir, 6 m. S.' Angers. Pop. 1,039. RooHEFOKT, a town of Belgium, prov. and m. S.E. Namur. Pop. 1,300. It has an i castle and marble quarries in its vicinity. — II vill. of Switzerl., cant, and 6 m. S.W. Neuchal RooHEFOccAULD (La), a comm. and town France, dep. Charente, on the Tardoujre, 13 N.E. Angouleme, and at the foot of a heig HOC 1099 ROC crowned by the chateau in which La Rochefou- cauld was bora in 1613. Pop. 2,660. RocHELLE (La), a comm. and fortified seaport town of France,- cap. dep. Charente-lnf., on the Atlantic, nearly midway between Nantes and Bordeaux ; lat. of tower, 46° 9' -'4' N., Ion. 1° 9' 16' W. Pop. (1846) 14,136. It is entered by 7 gates ; streets mostly bordered by arcades ; prin- cipal edifices the cathedral, town hall, exchange, courts of justice, hospital, ai'senal, docks, and a good batMng establishment. A new inner har- bour opens from an outer port capable of receiv- ing vessels of from 400 to 500 tons ; the road- stead is protected by the islands K^ and Oleron. La Rochelle is a bishop's see, and the cap. of a military division. It has a diocesan seminary, schools of navigation and drawing, a public library of 20,000 vols., a botanic garden, cabinet of natural history, manujs. of glass and earthen- wares, and cotton twist, sugar refineries, building docks, and an extensive trade in wines, brandies, and colonial produce. In the religions wars it was long a stronghold of the Protestants, but it was finally taken by Louis xiii. in 1G28. It is the birth-place of Reaumur, bom here in 1683. RocHEMAUfiE, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Ai^d^che, near rt. b. of the Rhone, 12 m. S.E. Privas. Pop. 1,473. RocHE-PosAv (La), a comm. and town of France, dep. Vienne, at the confluence of the Gartempe with the Crense, 13 m. E.S.E. Cbatel- leranlt, with 1,416 inhabs., and mineral haths. HocHESTKB, a city, pari. & munic. bor., & riv. port of Engl., co. Kent, 28 m. E.S.E. St Paul's, London, & 7 m. S.E. Gravesend, with which it is connected by railway. Area, with Chatham, 6,150 ae. Pop. of pa. 4^908 ; of pari. bor. 11,943. It is finely situated on a bend of the Medway, here crossed by a noble bridge of 11 arches, erected in the reign of king John ; and with Chatham on the £. and Stroud on the W., it picturesquely surrounds Chatham harbour. Its long, narrow, and winding main street contains many antique houses. The cathedral, mostly constructed by Gnndulph, the first bishop after the Conquest, presents in its recently repaired interior one of the finest specimens of Norman and early Eng- lish architecture ; length 383 ft. The pa, church of St Nicholas is also very ancient. The gram- mar school, founded in 1542, is supported by the dean and chapter, & has 6 exhibitions to the uni- versities. Kev. of free mathematical school, 6502. per annum. Principal charities ; St Catherine's hospital for poor women, founded in 1315 ; "Watt's hospital for the nightly entertainment of 6 poor travellers, rev. (1837) 2,303?. ; Hayward's house of industry. Rev. of other charities about 6001. per. ann. The town hall is a handsome brick edifice, bniltin 1687. Here are also a custom ho., theatre, assembly room, baths, two modern forts, several remains of ancient walls, gateways, and monastic structures, and on a rock rising from the river, majestic ruins of a Norman castle, built by Bishop Gnndulph. The trade of the city is comprised with that of Chatham. Coal is extensively im- rrted for the supply of the interior of the co., hops are exported. Vessels of heavy burden come up to the bridge. Customs' rev. (1847-8) 16,922?. Keg. shippmg 17,626 tons. Market Friday. Corp. rev. (1848) 4,300?. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 1,277. The bishopric is, next to Canterbury, the most ancient in England, having been founded by St Augustine in MM, but it is also the smallest. Rochester, a city of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, on both sides of the Genesee, here crossed by 3 bridges, on the Erie canal, at the terminus of the Genesee valley canal, and on the Great Western railway, 7 m. S. Lake Ontario, & 203 m. N.W. Albany. Pop. (1850) 36,661. It has risen into consequence since 1812, when it con- sisted of only 2 wooden frame buildings. It now has numerous elegant houses, with fine gardens, a collegiate institute, 2 female seminaries, se- veral academies, and other schools, two orphan asylums, museum, arcade, athenaeum, and me- chanics' institute. It principally owes its rise to the vast water power created here by the falls in the river, and it has manufs. of machinery, cotton and woollen stuffs, leather, ropes, and earthenware, besides distilleries, breweries, and numerous saw, oil, fulling, and flour mills. — Several townships. — 1. Massachusetts, on Buz- zard's Bay, 48 m. S.S.E. Boston. Pop. 3,864.— II. New York, on Roundout creek, 16 m. S.W. Kingston. Pop. 2,674. — III. New Hampshire, on the Cocheco, 30 m. E. Concord. Pop. 2,431. —IV. Vermont, 32 m. S.S.W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,396. — Numerous vills. are so named. RocHESTOWH, two pas. of Ireland, Munster. — I. CO. Tipperary, 3 m. E.S.E. Cahir. Area 1,063 ac. Pop. 488 II. (or £aUey William), CO. Limerick, 2 m. N.N.W. Six-inile-Bridge. Area 1,166 ac. Pop. 273 III. a hamlet, Lein- ster, CO. Dublin, 4^ m. E.S.E. Dundrum. RocHETTA (del Takabo), a market town of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. Alessandria, prov. and 9 m. E.S.E. Asti. Pop. (1838) with comm. 3,028. RocHFORi>, a market town and pa. of England, CO. Essex, 15^ m. S.E. Chelmsford. Area of pa. 1,240 ae. Pop. 1,722. The town, indififerently built, has a large ancient church, and a union workhouse. Mkt., Thurs. — II. a pa., co. Here- ford, 2J m. E. Tenbnry. Area 1,370 ac. P. 227. R0CHI.1TZ, two towns of Germany. — I. Saxony, circ. Leipzig, cap. dist., on the Mulde, 16 m. N.N.W. Chemnitz. Pop. 4,104, employed in manufs. of woollen and cotton stuffs. It has a royal castle on a height above the town. — II. Bohemia, circ. and 34 m. N. Bidschow. P. 2,067. Rock, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, 4^ m. W.S.W. Bewdley. Area 8,240 ac. Pop. 1,397. — ^11. a chapelry and township, co. Northumber- land, pa. Embleton. Pop. 291. RocKAWAY Beach, a peninsula of the V. S., N. Amer., New York, between Jamaica Bay & the Atlantic, has on its banks one of the most fashion- able watering places in the vicinity of New York. RocKBEARE, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 5 m. W. Ottery-St-Mary. Area 2,290 ac. Pop. 513. EocKBOUHHE, a pa. of Engl., 00. Hants, 3^ m. N.W. Fordingbridge. Area 3,800 ac. Pop. 469. RoCKCLiFFE, a pa. of Engl., co. Cumberland, with a station on the Caledonian railway, 4^ m. N.W. Carlisle. Area 3,880 ac. Pop. 824. RocKENHAUSEN, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, cap. CO., on the Alsenz, 13 m. N. Kaiserslautern. Pop. 1,783. It has R. Cath. and Luth. churches. RocKFiELD, a pa. of Engl., co. & 2 m. N.W. Monmouth. Area 2,390 ac. Pop. 270. RocKHAMPTON, a pa. of Engl, co. Glo'ster, 2} m. N.N.E. Thornbury. Area 1,100 ac. Pop. 208. RooKiNOHAM, a market town & pa. of Engl., CO. and 22 m. N.N.E. Nortliamptou, in Rocking- ham forest. Area of pa. 890 ac. Pop. 291. Market, Thursday. Here are the remains of a castle, witliin the court of which is the mansion of Lord Sondes. The forest, formerly of great extent, is now enclosed. Rockingham, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. of New Hampshire. Area 695 sq.m. Pop. 46,771. — II. a CO. in centre of Virginia. Area HOC 1100 KOE 833 sq. m. Pop. 17,344.-111. a co. iu N. of North Carolina. Area 475 sp. m. Pop. 13,433. — IV. a township, Vermont, on the Connecticut river, here crossed by a bridge, 80 m. S. Mont- pelier. Pop. 2,330. RocK-IsLAND-CiTT, U. S., N. Amer., Illinois, is cap. of CO. at the confl. of Rock river with the Mississippi, ISO m. N.N.W. Springfield. Pop. about 800, of oo. 2,610. — Roch Island, elevation 20 feet above the highest flood, and Roch rapids are opposite the village. KooKLAND, several pas. of Engl., co. Norfolk. —1. 6 m. E.S.E. Norwich. Area 1 ,250 ac. Pop. 473.— II. {All Saints), 3J m. W.N.W. Attleburgh. Area 1,690 ae. Pop. 352 III. (St Andrew), 3J m. W.N.W. Attleburgh. Pop. 124.— IV. (St Peter), SJ m. W.N.W. Attleburgh. Area 1,010 ac. Pop. 392. Rockland, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer., in S. of New York. Area 172 sq. m. Pop. 11,975. — II. a township, Pennsylvania, co. Bucks. Pop. 1,649. — Mockport is a township of Massachusetts, 32 m. N.E. Boston. Pop. 2,650. RooKTiLLE, a Till, of the TJ. S., N. Amer., Indiana, 62 m. W.S.W. Indianapolis. Pop. 650. • — Rocky Fork is a tnshp. of Missouri, co. Boone. Pop. 1,697. RoOKT Mountains, an extensive mntn. system of N. America, which stretches from near the mouth of the Mackenzie river, Arctic Ocean, S.ward to the Anahuac mountains of Mexico. Mt. Browne, lat. 53° N., is estimated to be 16,990 feet in height. Many other summits vary in ele- vation from 10,000 feet to 16,000 feet Ou their E. is mostly a sandy and sterile country, with salt lakes, and here are the sources of the rivers Athabasca, Saskatchewan, Missouri, and Rio Grande del Norte ; on the W. are several fer- tile valleys, watered in the Oregon territory by the Columbia river and its numerous affls., & the Sacramento, Colorado, &c., in California Rocky Mountain House is a station of the Hud- son Bay Company, on the St John or Peace riv. Lat. 56' N., Ion. 120° W. RocEor, a comm. and frontier fortified town of France, dep. Ardennes, cap. arrond., in the forest of Ardennes, 16 m. N.W. Mezieres. Pop. 1,164. It has a military hosp. & a custom house. The Duke of Enghien, afterwards " the Grande Cond^ here defeated the Spaniards in 1643. RoDA, two towns of Spain. — I. prov. and 38 m. N.E. Barcelona, on the Ter. — II, prov. and 66 m. S. Cuenja. Pop. 2,400. RoD.i, a town of Germany, duchy Saxe-Alten- burg, circ. Eisenberg, cap. dist., on an affl. of the Saale, 8 ra. E.S.E. Jena. Pop. 2,357. RoDACH, a town of Saxe Coburg, princip. and 10 m. W.N.W. Coburg, cap. dist., on the Ro- dach, with a ducal hunting seat. Pop. 1,672. RoDAH, or RoDDA, a town of Arabia, Yemen, 8 m. N.N.W. Sana, & a residence of many of its merchants. It has fine gardens and vineyards, and is governed by an Ameer, who occupies its citadel. [Rhoda.J RoDAUR, a town of Central Asia, Little Tibet, about 120 m. S.E. Leh, and having an active trade in shawl wool, and salt from ac^acentlakes. Rodbobne-Chbnet, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 2J m. N.N.W. Swindon. Area 2,770 ac. Pop. 838. RoDBOBOUQH, a chapclry & tything of Engl., CO. Glo'ster, 1 m. S.W. Stroud. Pop. 2,147, em- ployed in woollen manufs. RoDBVE, or RoDBT, a marit. town of Den- mark, on the S. coast of the island Laaland, 7 m. S.S. W. Marieboe, with 1,200 inhabitants, and a harbour sheltered by the Hillekrog islands. RoDDEN, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, IJ i E.S.E. Frome. Area 990 ac. Pop. 270. Rode (North), a tnshp. of Engl., co. Che ter, pa. Prestbury, 3 m. N.N.E. Congleto with a station on the North Stafford railway, • m. S.W. Macclesfield. Area 1,620 ae. Pop. 28 RoDELHEiM, a market town of Germany, B Darmstadt, prov. Upper Hessen, on the Nidd 4 m. W.N.W. Frankfiirt. Pop. 1,588. RoDBMAOK, a comm. & mkt. town of Franc dep. Moselle, 8 m. N.N.E. Thionville. Pop. 1,08 RoDEWALD, a vill. of Hanover, princip. Kalei berg, 11 m. N. Neustadt-am-Riibenberge. Po 1,600. RoDEZ, or Rhodez, a town of France, cap. de Aveyron, 85 m. N.W. Montpeher, on r. b of tl Aveyron. Pop. (1846) 8,801. It has a nation college, with a library of 16,000 vols., a Gotli cathedral, and trade in wool & cheese. It is tl ancient Segodunum. RoDi, a marit. town of Naples, prov. Cap tanata, on the N. coast of the Garganian pr( montory, Adriatic Sea. Pop. 3,200. — Rodigo a vill. of Lombardy, deleg. & 7 m. N.W. Mantu RoDisG, a river of Engl., co. Essex, rises ne; Danmow, flows mostly S.S.W. past Chippir Ongar, and between Epping & Hainault forest and near Barking joins the Thames, whence is navigable to Uford. RoDiNo, a vill. of Bavaria, circ. Upp. Palatinat on the Regen,23 m. N.E. Regensburg. Pop. 1,19 partly engaged in a pearl fishery RSdingen a vill., Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 18 m. N.E. Aachc RoDiNGTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 4j i W.N.W. Wellington. Area 2,590 ac. Pop. 46 Rodman, a township of the U. S., N. Ame) New York, 11 m. S. Watertown. Pop. 1,702. RoDMABTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'stier, 6 1 W.S.W. Cirencester. Area 4,010 ac. Pop. 43 Rodmell, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 3 m. Lewes. Area 1,650 ae. Pop. 360. RoDMEBSHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 2 1 S.S.E. Sittingbourne. Area 1,190 ac. Pop. 32 RoDKA, or Radna (Germ. Roden), a viU. Transylvania, Saxon land, circ. and 26 m. N.] Bistritz. Pop. 2,000, mostly employed in gol silver, and iron mines. RoDOSTO, or Rhodosto (Turk. Tekir-Dag anc. Bisantke, & Rkadesium), a fortified mar: town of European Turkey, Rumili, sanj. and I ra. N.E. Gallipoli, on the Sea of Marmora, ai the great route W. from Constantinople. It h large caravanserais, khans, & public baths, wi 5 Greek and 2 Armenian churches, but it hi latterly declined in importance. It partly su] plies the Turkish capital with fish. RoDRiGUES, an island of the Indian Ocea 380 m. E.N.E. the Mauritius, of which it is ad pendency. Lat. 19° 4' S., Ion., 63° 25' E. Lengi 12 m., breadth 3 to 6 m. Surface mostly moui tainous, but it has about 9,000 ac. of cultivab land, producing rice & maize, which, with turti and some other products, are exported in smi quantities to the Mauritius. Pop. (1843) 250. R SoHers is a comm. and market town, dep. Maine-et-Loire, on rt. b. of the Loire, and on the Nantes and Toms railway, 18 m. S.E. Angers. Pop. 1,080. BosiGKAHO, a market town of N. Italy, Pied- mont, div. and 16 m. N.W. Alessandria, cap. maud. Fop. (1838) with comm. 2,310. BosLiu, a town of Germany, duchy Anhalt- Eothen, on the Elbe, at the influx of the Boslau, 4 m. N. Dessau. Pop. 1,600. BosLAvi., or B0S1.OVI., a town of Bnssia, gov. & 69 m. S.S.E. SmolensI^ cap. circ. Fop. 3,965. BosLEA, or B0TSI.E1, a vill. of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Fermanagh, on the Finn, 4 m. N.N.E. Clones, with 414 inhabitants, and 12 annual fairs. BosLESTOH, a pa. of England, co. and 15 m. S.S. W.Derby. Area 1,340 ac. Fop. 327. BosLnr, a quoad sacra pa. and small vill. of Scotland, co. and 7 m. S.E. Edinburgh, near the N. Esk, & having ruins of a castle destroyed by the English in 15^ with the celebrated Boslin chapel, bmlt in 1445, and containing the tombs of many of the Earls of Orkney and Boslin. BosuANiNHAi., a small fortified town of Portu- gal, prov. Beira, 65 m. S.S.E. Guards, near the Tagns and the Spanish frontier. BosHAU, or BiozNow, a market town of Mo- ravia, circ. Prerau, on the Betschwa, 20 m. E.S.E. ■Weisskirchen. Pop. 2,275. Bosbt-sub-Seine, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 4 m. W. Mantes, on 1. b. of the Seine, and on railway from Paris to Bouen, Pop. 674. Near it is the fine chateau in which Sully, minister of Henri iv., was born. — Rosny is a comm. and vill., dep. Seine, cant. Montreuii, with one of the detached forts near Paris. Bobs, a market town and pa. of England, co. and 12 m. S.S.E. Hereford. Area of pa. 3,540 ac. Pop. 3,773. The town, picturesquely situ- ated on a rocky eminence above the Wye, has steep and narrow, but clean streets, many good houses and a church, in which was buried the benevolent Kyrle, Pope's celebrated " man of Boss," who died in 1724, and whose portrait is still preserved in his house, now an inn. Here are severed hospitals and money charities, one of which is a munificent endovnnent ; a union work- house, market-house, branch bank, mechanics' institute, &c. Market, Thursday. It is a poll- ing-place for CO. The cider of the vicinity is in high repute. Boss, numerous localities in Ireland. — I. the largest island in the lower Lake of Killarney, Munster, 2 m. S. Killarney. Area 100 ac. On it are the remains of a strong castle. — II. a bog, Leinster, Queen's co., 3 m. W.N.W. Maryboro'. Area3,007 ac. — III. apa., Connaught, co. Galway, 12J m. N.W. Oughterard. Area 69,651 ac. Fop. 4,804. Surface mntnous., and the " devil's moun- tain " rises to 2,131 feet in height. The pa. com- prises parts of Loughs Mask and Corrib. — IV. a harbour, co. Mayo, on the E. side of Broadbaven. — A barony, co. Galway, a vill., co. Clare, a small lake, &c., have the same name. Boss, or BoscABBEBT, a market town, pa., and episcopal see of Ireland, Munster, co. Cork, the town on an eminence, near its shallow harbour, 7 m. W.S.W. Clonakilty. Area 13,350 ac. Pop. 8,839 ; do. of town, 1,530. It is indifferently built ; it has a cathedral, B. Catholic chapel, bridewell, mkt. and .court houses, corn stores, and the ruins of a monastery on an adjacent rocky height. The see, comprising 32 pas. in the same co., is united to the diocese of Cork and Cloyne. Boss, a CO., n. S., N. America, in S. part of Ohio. Area 650 sq. m. Fop. 2,746. — II. a tnshp., Pennsylvania, on Pine Creek, 4 m. N. Pittsburgh. Pop. 1,676. — III. a township, Ohio, co. Greene. Pop. 1,337. Boss (New), a pari. & mimic, bor., river port, town, and pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Wexford, on the 1. b. of the Barrow, across which it com- municates with its suburb Bosbercon, by awooden bridge 610 feet in length, 13 m. N.N.E. Water- ford, and 17 m. W.S.W. Enniscorthy. Area of pa. 4,922 ac. Pop. 9,131. Area of pari. bor. 544 ac. Pop. 7,644 ; do. of town, 7,133. It is mostly well built, and enclosed by old walls ; has a quay 650 yards in length, which vessels of 600 tons cau reach at high tides. Princip. edifices, the churches and chapels, monastic establishments, an infirm- ary, and various hospitals ; several mkt. bouses, the sessions house, barracks, jail, custom house, and some traces of an anc. abbey. Trade exten- sive, and increasing. Exports com, flour, wool, butter, cattle, and bacon. Chief imports, fish from Newfoundland, and timber from the Baltic. Customs rev. augmented from 14,2912. in 1846, to 31,282i in 1848. Beg. shipping, 9,574 tons. Corp. rev. (1848) 6222. It sends 1 member to H. of C. Beg. electors (1849) 207. It gives the title of Earl to the Parsons family. Boss and Cbomaett, a co., extending across the N. part of Scotl., from sea to sea, betw. the Minsh on the W., and Moray firth on the E., and including, in detached portions, Cromarty, & the isls. Skye, Lewis, &c., in the Hebrides, its main- land portion having N. Sutherland, and S. Inver- ness shire. Area estim. at 2,953 sq. m., of which 560 sq. m. are in the Hebrides, 344 belong to Cromarty, and 9} to Nairn. Pop. of mainland portion, including Cromarty, 61,648 ; of Lewis, &c., 17,037 ; total 78,685. According to another estimate, the mainland comprises 2,774 sq. m., or 1,775,830 ac, of which 301,000 are arable, 545,000 in pasture, & 929,830 waste. Cromarty, Beauly, and Dornoch firths indent it on the E., & Lochs Broom, Greinord, Ewe, Gairloch, Torridon, and Alsh on the W. Granite and primary schists form the N. and middle parts of the co. The sea coasts, and a considerable way inland, are com- posed of old red sandstone. Mean ann. temp. 46°. Clunate on the W. coast is moist, and subject to heavy rains, but drier and colder in the E. It is in the centre a wild region of mountains, moors, and lakes, traversed by the Conon, Orin, Beauly, and other small rivers, along which are extensive ROS 1108 ROT tracts of fertile soil. Agriculture has greatly improved of late years ; in some parts much good wheat is raised, and many plantations of trees have been made ; but the greater part of the co. is appropriated to sheep and cattle farming. Estates and farms mostly large, but several are of little value. Average rent of land (1810) 1». Id. per ac. Total ann. rev. of land (1842) 76,043?. ; of all real property, 140,688/. No manufs. of im- portance are carried on ; few mines, or qnarries, are wrought; and the pop. is in general very poor. The CO. is subdivid. into 33 pas. Princip. to?ras, Dingwall, Tain, & Cromarty. It sends 1 mem. to H.ofC. Reg. electors (1849) 760. [Cbomakti.] RossA, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. and 35 m. S.E. Grodno. Pop. about 1,500. RossANA, a vill. of Piedmont, prov. and 8 m. S.S.'W. Saluzzo. Pop. with comm. 2,079. RossANo, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Citra, on a hill near the Gulf of Taranto, 17 m, W.N.W. Cariati. Pop. 8,000. It has a cathedral, and is the see of an archbishop. It is the birth-place of Popes John vn. and xvii. RossBACH, several vills. of Germany. — I. Bo- hemia, circ. and 27 m. W.N.W. Elnbogen. Pop. 2,954. — II. H. Darmstadt, prov. Upper Hessen, on the Rossbach, at the foot of the Tannus mntn., 13 m. N. Frankfiirt. Pop. 230.— III. Prussian Saxony, reg. Merseberg, 17 m. S. Halle. Here, on the 5th November 1757, Frederick the Great defeated the French and Imperialists. RossBEBG, a mntn. of Switzerland. [Goldau.] RossDROiT, and Rossdcff, two pas. of Irel. — I. Leinster, co. Wexford, 4 m. W.S.W. Enniscor- thy. Ac. 8,166. P. 2,258.— II. Munster, co. Water- ford, 2 j m. N.W. Dunmore. Ac. 197. Pop. 111. RossEL, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 52 m. S.SJ;. Konigsberg, cap. circ. P. 2,900. It has a college, and manufs. of linens and woollens. RossiE, a tnshp., XJ. S., N. Amer., New York, on Indian river, 25 m. S.TV. Canton. Pop. 800, mostly employed in lead mines, iron foundries, and manufs. of machinery. RossiENA (Pol. Rossiane), a town of Russia, gov. and 100 m. W.N.W. Vilna, cap. circ, on the Dubissa. Pop. 5,770. It is the see of the Roman CathoUc bishop of Samogitia, and has several churches and a Fiarist college. RossiGNOi. Lake, Nova Scotia, Queen's co., 30 m. S.S.E. Annapolis, is about 11 m. in length. From it flows the Mersey river, at the mouth of which is the vill. Rossignol, or Liverpool. RossiNGTON, a pa. of England., co. York, W. Riding,4m. N.W. Bawtry. Ac. 2,930. Pop. 344. RossiNVBB, a pa. of Irel., Connaught, cos. Sligo and Leitrim, and comprising the vill. Kin- lough. Area 48,843 ac. Pop. 28,130. RossKEEX, a marit. pa. of Scotl., co. Ross, on Cromarty Firth, 13 m. N.E. Dingwall. P. 3,222. RossLA, atown of Prussian Saxony, reg. Merse- burg, cap. co., 10 m. W. Sangershansen. P. 1,660. RossLEBEN, a mkt. town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 25 m. W. Merseburg, on the TJnstrut, with 1,815 inhabs., and a public school. RossMERE, or RosMiBE, a pa. of Irel., Mun- ster, CO. Waterford, comprising a part of the town of Kilmacthomas. Area 8,161 ac. P. 2,866. RossoRT, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, co. Fermanagh, comprising a part of the town of Enniskillen. 7,654 ac. Pop. 3,846. RosswEiN, a town of Saxony, circ. Leipzig, on the Mulde, 5 m. W.N.W. Nossen. Pop. 4,972, who manuf. woollen and other stuffe. RosTAK, an inland town of S. Arabia, dom. and 68 m. W. Muscat, and stated to be large aiid well bnilt. RosTAEZEwo, a town of Prussian Poland, i and 35 m. S.W. Posen. Pop. 674. RosTHEBN, a pa. of Engl., co. Chester, SJ N.N.W. Nether -Knutsford. Ac. 20,430. P. .3,! RcsTOCK, a commercial city and seaport of Germany, Mccklenburg-Schwerin, on the W now, 9 m. from its month in the Baltic, and at termination of a branch of the Hamburg Berlin railway, 44 m. N.E. Schwerin. Pop. (1( 20,266. It is enclosed by ancient walls, and c sists of an old, a middle, and a new town, y several suburbs. Princip. edifices, a palace, : quently the resid. of the grand dukes, numer .churches, several hospitals, a town-hall, & thea In one of the principal squares is a statue Blucher, a native of Rostock. It has a nnv sity, founded in 1419, with a librjiry of 86, vols., theological and other schools, an auato cal theatre, laboratory, botanic garden, and v: ous scientific collections. Here are also a soc: of natural history, and other associations, ai commercial institute. It has numerous man of woollen cloth, soap, chicory, with extern breweries, distilleries, vinegar, colour, and che cal factories, and sugar refineries. Trade ext sive ; exports principally consist of supe: red wheat, barley, pease, rape seed, oats, w rags, oil-cake, rape oil, bones, flax, horses, cal and provisions. Imports consist of colonial j dace, wines, and mannf. goods. In 1845, vessels and 32 lighters belonged to the port. ' depth of the water in the river is from 8 to 9 and vessels above that draught load and unl at Wamemiinde, its ontport. Rostock is ra tioned in history as early as 1161, and was nexed to Mecklenburg in 1323. It was long of the Hanse towns, and retained, until lat some exclusive privileges. Rostov, two towns of Russia. — I. (Dmitt Sostofihago), gov. and 225 m. E.S.E. Ekat noslav, on rt. b. of the Don, 22m above its mo in the sea of Azov. Pop. 8,000. It is well bi and defended by a strong fortress, the reside of the commandant. It has numerous depot! provisions for the army, the fortresses of Caucasus, and the E. coast of the Black Sea, is a principal enterpot for the trade of the 1 countries traversed by the Don ; it has a la annual fair II. gov. and 37 m. S.S.W. Jai lavl, cap. circ, on Lake Nero. Pop. 6,( It .is enclosed by earthen ramparts, aud is see of a Greek archbishop. Principal edifl an anc. cathedra], with numerous tombs of archbishops, several convents, episcopal pala and a seminary. It has various manufs. of lin( vitriol, and colours, and an active commerce, annual fair is often frequented by about 45, persons ; and at it goods to the amount 8,600,000 rubles are sometimes sold. This t( is mentioned in history as early as a.d. 991. Rost-Raveb, a tnshp., Pennsylvania, on Monongahela. Pop. 1,880. BosTBENEw, a comm. and vill. of France, t C6tes-du-Nord, cap. cant., 25 m. S.S.W. Gi gamp. Pop. 1,168. RosTREVOB, a small marit. town of Irel., 1 ter, CO. Down, on the N. side of Carlingford I 8 m. E.S.E. Newry, with which it is connected railway. Stationary pop. (1843) 683. Its p tion is highly beautiful ; it is resort«d to by m visiters in summer ; and it has some trade coals and fish, with 7 annual fairs. EoTA, a marit. town of Spain, prov. and 6 N.N.W. Cadiz. Pop. (1845) 7,987. It ha castle and a small harbour for coasting vese Chief industry, agriculture and fishing. KOT 1109 ROT KoTiS, a large fort of the Punjab, near the Ihylum, 104 m. N.N.W. Lahore, but lately stated to "be in an inefficient state of defence. KoTASGira, a town & fort of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, on the Sone, 110 m. S.W. Fatna. EoTGEX, a vill. of Khenish Prussia, reg. and 10 in. S.S.E. Aix-la-Chapelle, on the Vesdre. Pop. 1,560, who manuf. cassimeres. KoTH, a walled town of Bavaria, circ. Jfiddle Franconia, on the Rednitz, 15 m. S. Niirnberg. Pop. 2,136. It has a castle, a high school, and aiann&. of cutlery, gold and silver lace, and glass. KoTEBHRT, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. Northumberland, on the Coquet, 11 m. W.S.W. Alnwick. Area of pa. 33,170 ao. Pop. 2,555; do. of tnshp. 881. It is picturesquely situated in a. deep glen, and has a very ancient church, with curious font ; and an old tower uow forming part oftheparsouage. KoTHENBUBG, Or RoTEN-BURG, Several towns of Germany. — I. H.Cassel,proT. Lower Hessen, cap. circ.& dist.,on the Fulda, 24 m. S.S.E. Cassel. Pop. 3,650. It consists of an old & a new town, connect- ed by a bridge. & has the castle of the Landgi'ave of Hessen, and several educational estabs. — II, Hanover, landr. Stade, princip. & 15 m. N.E. Ver- den, cap. dist., on the Wiimme. Pop. 1,500. It has a considerable transit trade between Hamburg & Bremen. — III. Prussian Saxony, reg. and 23 m. N.N.W. Merseburg, with 1,130 inhabs., employed in copper and other mines and nitre works. — IV. a viU. of Switz., cant, and 3 m. N. W. Lucerne. Kothesbdbg-an-dke-Taubeb, a walled town of Bavaria, circ. Middle Franconia, cap. dist. on the Tanber, 31 m. S.S.E. Wiirtzburg. Pop. 5,2.31. It has a high school, and manufs. of woollen cloth. It was formerly a free city of the empire. [Rottexbcbg.] KoTHEirFEi.s, a market tovm of Baden, eirc. Middle Rhine, on the Murg, 6 m. E.S.E. Bastadt. Pop. 1,357. — IL a mkt. town of Bavaria, circ. Lower Franconia, 17 m. W.N.W. Wiirtzburg. Pop. 908. KOTHESKIRCHEN, Or HODENK.IBCHEN, a viU. of N.W. Germany, Oldenburg, circ. and 5 m. N.E. Ovelgonne, cap. dist., on the "Weser. Pop. 2,100. RoTHENTHUBU, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. & 6 m. N. Schwytz. Near it is Morgarten, the scene of a total defeat of the Austrians by the Swiss, 15th Nov. 1315. — IL a pass between Tran- sylvania and Wallacbia, 17 m. S.S.E. Hermann- stadt, and deriving its name from a conspicuous red tower, amongst " whitewashed modem fortifi- cations." KoTHEB, a small river of Engl., co. Sussex, enters the English channel at Bye, the harbour of which town it forms. — II. a rivulet, co. Surrey, enters the Thames at Kotherhithe. EoTHEBBv, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 5 m. W.S.W. Melton- Mowbray. Ac. 1,280. P. 142. RoTHEBFiELD, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Sussex, 5i m W.S.W. Wadhurst. Area 14,710 ic. Pop. 3,036.-11. (Greys), co. Oxford, 2^ m. W.S.W. Henley on Thames. Area 3,460 ac. Pop. 1,535. — HI. (Peppard), same co., 3 m. W.S.W. Henley-on-Thames. Area 2,300 ae. Pop. 439. RoTHEBHAM, a mauuf. town, pa.,and tnshp. of Engl., CO. York, W. Riding, on the right bank of ie Don, across which it communicates by a i arched bridge with its suburb Masborough, & m the N. Midland railway, 6 m. N.E. Sheffield, irea of pa. 12,810 ac. Pop. 13,439 ; do. of tnshp. ),505. The streets are narrow and irregular. It las a fine church with a lofty spire, erected and nade collegiate by Archbishop Rotherham in the reign of Edward iv., various other churches, many chapels of dissenters, a court house, mkt. house, and public library, a college of the Inde- pendents, grammar school, with exhibitions to the universities, other endowed schools, alms- houses, a workhouse, and on its old bridge is an anc. chapel now used for a prison. Rotherham has manufs. of all kinds of iron goods, including cannons, machinery, bridge works ; and the ma- terials of South wark and Sunderland bridges were cast here. It has also manufs. of starch, rope, twine, glass, and soap, large breweries, and flax mills, — its industry and trade being facilitated by abundant supplies of coal in the vicinity, and the navigation of the Don. Market for corn and cattle, Monday. It is governed by a body of the inhabs., and has weekly and midsummer sessions. Near it is Weutworth castle, the seat of Earl FitzwilUam. EoTHEKHiTHE, or Eedrii'f, a pa. of Engl., forming a S.E. suburb of the metropolis, co. Surrey, on the Thames, 2J m. S.E: St Paul's, Lon- don. Area 690 ac. Pop. 13,917. It lies betw. Bermoudsey and Deptford ; consists mostly of in- ferior streets, & of dock-yards for the shipbuild- ing, &c., in which, and in ship chandlery, its pop. is chiefly employed. Here is the S. entrance to the Thames tunnel. EoTHEBSTHOBPE, a pa. of Engl., CO. and 4 m. S.W. Northampton. Area 1,207 ac. Pop. 274. EoTHERwicK, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 5 m. E.N.E. Basingstoke. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 416. Rothes, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 9 m. S.S.E. Elgin, near the Spey. Pop. 1,843, of whom 946 inhabs. are in the vill. In the vicinity is Rothes castle, the anc. seat of the Leslie family. KoTHESAT, a royal bor., seaport town, and pa. of Scotl., cap. co. Bute, at the head of a beantiftd bay on the E. side of the island, 30 m. W. Glasgow. Area 45 sq. m. Pop. 7,147 ; do. of town, 5,789. It is modernly built, and being protected by hills on the land side, and having a mild soft atmosphere, is much resorted to by sea- bathers and invalids. Principal public edifices, two churches and numerous chapels, a ruined castle of the 11th century, excellent schools, co. and town-halls, and custom and excise offices. It has public libraries, reading-rooms, banks, and insurance companies, large cotton mills, some ship-building docks, and important herring, sal- mon, haddock, whiting, and sole fisheries. Mkt. Wednesday. It is the seat of oo. sheriff and commissary courts. John, Earl of Bute, the fa- vourite of George in., and Mathew Stewart, the mathematician, were bom here. BoTHiEMAT, a pa. of Scotl., CO. Banff, 6 m. N.N.E. Huntly. Pop. 1,227. Here are a Druid temple, & Bothiemay house, aseatof Earl ofFife. RoTHLET, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, IJ m. S. Mount Sorrell. Area 2,170 ac. Pop. 2,179. RoTHWASSEB, aviU. of Moravia, circ. and 35 m. N.W. Olmiitz. Pop. 2,433.-11. a vill. of Bo- hemia, circ. Chrudim, 10 m. N.N.E. Landskron. Pop. 2,964. KoTHWELL, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 4 m. W.N.W. Kettering. Area 4,430 ac. Pop. 2,939, partly employed in a manuf. of silk plush for hats. It has a church under which is an immense charnal house, full of bones of unknown antiquity, an old market house, now disused, and a poor's hospital, rev. 460Z. — II. a pa., co. Lin- cohi, 2| m. E.S.E. Caistor. Area 2,690 ac. Pop. 290 III. CO. York, W. Riding, 6 m. N.N.E. Wakefield. Area 8,210 ac. Pop. 7,462, employed in woollen manufs. and coal mines. RoTONBA, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, EOT 1110 EOU cap. cant., 19 in. S.E. Lagonegro. Pop. 8,400. — Rotondella is a Till, a^acent. — Monte Rotondo is the most lofty mountain of Corsica, in its cen- tre, 8,760 feet in height. EoTTEE, an island, Malay Archip. [Eotti.] EoTTENBUKo, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Black forest, on the Neckar, 12 m. W. Beutlin- fen. Pop. 6,000. It is the see of a R. Catholic ishop, and has manufs. of leather and paper. RoTTENMANN, a town of Styria, on an affl. of the Enns, 6 m. S.W. Lietsch. Pop. 757, engaged in mines yielding a large amount of iron & steel. EoTTEBDAM, an important commercial city of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, at the confl. of the Eotte, with the rt. b. of the Mouse, or Maas, 40 m. S.S.W. Amsterdam. Lat. 61° 65' 3' N., Ion. 4° 29' 5' E. Pop. 80,000. Mean temp, of year 61° ; winter 36° .9 ; summer 65°, Fahr. The city is huUt in the form of a triangle, one side of which is parallel with the Maas. The Boompjes is a handsome long quay along the river ; the houses are substantial and well built, and the city has a remarkably cleafl and striking appearance. The Hoog Straat (High Street) is built on the dam which embanks the Maas, & separates the old from the outer or new town ; the principal streets are intersected by canals, which are lined with trees, and crossed by drawbridges. The public edlKces are the cathedral church of St Lawrence, built 1450, with a magnificent organ, and the tombs of Admirals de Witte, Kortenaar, and Van Brakel ; the exchange, with a library, and a collection of philosophical instruments, custom house, new stadthouse, or town hall, the palace of justice, and the admiralty and dock yard. Rotterdam has numerous charitable institutions, the central pri- son of the Netherlands, & many superior schools. Erasmus was born here in 1467 ; the house of his birth is still preserved, & there is a bronze statue of the reformer in the market place. There are more English residents at Rotterdamthan in any other town in the Netherlands, and for their ac- commodation there are three places of worship : one belonging to the, Church of England, an- other to the Scottish Establishment, and a third under the pastorship of an Independent. [See Dr Steven's British Churches in the Netherlands,'] Rotterdam is more favourably situated for trade than Amsterdam ; its canals admit the largest E. and W. Indian vessels ; a ship canal has been cut across the isle of Voorn; and it communicates by canals with Delft and the Hague, by railway with the Hague and Amsterdam, and with Germany by steamers on the Rhine. Since 1830 its com- merce has increased more rapidly than that of any other town in the Netherlands ; its exports and imports resemble those of Amsterdam. RoTTi, an isl. of the Malay archipelago, off the S.W. extremity of Timor. Lat. 10° 40' S., Ion. 123° E. Length 60 m., breadth 20 m. Surface mountainous. Products, rice, maize, millet, sweet potatoes, cotton, and ebony. The Dutch have an establishment on the island, at the N.E. extremity of which is the vill. Rangong, with a harbour perfectly secure. RoTTiNGDEAN, a pa. of Engl., CO. Sussex, 4 m. E.S.E. Brighton. Area 4,040 ac. Pop. 983. RoTTNEST (Rat-Nbst) ISLAND, W. Australia, CO. Perth, is opposite the mouth of Swan river. Lat. 31° 57' S., Ion. 115° 26' E. Length, W. to E. 10 m., breadth varies to 4 m. RoTTUM, an island of the Netherlands, prov. Groningen, in the N. Sea, 4 m. S.W. Borkum. Pop. 1,726, mostly engaged in fishing. RoTTWEii,, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Black Forest, on a height beside the Neckar, 14 m. S. Snlz. Pop. 3,710. It is enclosed by walls, and built in an antique style, and has a gymnasium, hospital, an exchange, schools, and a considerable trade in linen, flax, com, cattle, and horses. BoTuMA, an island of the Pacific Ocean, N.W. the Friendly Islands. Lat. 12° 30' S., Ion. 177° 30' E. Circumference 18 m. Surface mntnous.; soil volcanic, and in many parts carefully culti- vated, the inhabitants appearing to be more ad- vanced in social arts than those of most other parts of Polynesia. RoTz, or Retza, two towns of Germany.— L Lower Austria, on the Thaya, 43 m. N.N.W. Vienna. Pop. 1,900. It has a castle and a Do- minic, convent. — U. Bavaria, circ. Upper Falat., on the Schwarzach, 30 m. N.E. Ratisbon. P. 1,253. RoxjANS, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Loire Inf., 10 m. S.E. Paimboeuf. Pop. 4,499. RoDBAix, a comm. and flourishing manufac- turing town of France, dep. Nord., cap. cant., on the canal of Roubaix, and on the Northern rail- way, 6 m. N.E. Lille. Pop. (1846) 22,142. It has a chamber of manufs., & is one of the most indus- trious and thriving towns in France. It is abun- dantly supplied with water by Artesian wells. Its manufs. comprise woollen and cotton fabrics, for- uiture-cloth, carpets, & twist. Roubaix has also many dye-works and tanneries. Its work-people are in better circumstances than those ot most other manufacturing towns in the country. RonBioH, ariv. of France, dep. Drome, joins the Rhone at Montelimart, after a W. course of 30 m, Rouen, Sotomagus, a city of France, cap. dep. Seine-Inf., on r. b. of the Seine, here crossed by a stone bridge, connecting it with its suburb St Sever, and by a new iron bridge, 68 m. N.W. Paris, & 44 m. E.S.E. Havre. Pop. (1846) 91,046. The old streets are generally narrow, and the houses built of wood ; but the new part of the city, especially near the quay, is very handsome, and it has many public fountains. Chief edifices, the cathedral, a splendid monument of Gothic ar- chitecture, containing many fine sculptures, and the tomb of Rich. i. of England, the vast church of St Ouen, with alofty octagonal tower, the palace of justice, the Gothic belfrey, & the town hall. The other chief buildings are an exchange, arch- bishop's palace, mint, custom house, & 2 theatres. It is tile see of an archbishop, & the seat of a, na- tional court; it has a university academy for the deps. Seine-Inf. and Eure, a seminary, raculty of theology, secondary school of medicine, national college, and a primary normal school, with a lib- rary of 32,000 vols. Rouen has a chamber of com- merce, and is one of the most industrious and commercial cities of France ; it is especially cele- brated for the spinning & dyeing of woollen and cotton stuffs, and the manuf. of printed cottons, broad cloths, and velvets. Its confectionery is renowned. It is the birth place of Comeille and of Fontenelle. William the Conqueror died here in 1087. It was taken by Henry v. of England in 1418. Joan of Arc was burned at Rouen by the English in 1431, and a statue of the heroine has been erected on the spot. RouEZ, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Sarthe, 17 m. N.W. Lemans. Pop. 2,371. RouFFACH, a comm. & walled town of France, dep. H.-Rhin, cap. cant., on the Strasbourg and Basle railway, 9 m. S. Colmar. Pop. 3,782. It stands around a height, on which is the castle of Iseubourg, a residence of several of the Mero- vingian kings. It has manufs. of cotton goods. RodgS, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Loire-Inf., cap. cant., 6 m. N.W. Chateau- briant. Pop. 2,272. ROU IIU ROW BouGEMONT, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Ooubs, cap. cant., 22 m. N.E. Be- sanson. Pop. 1,872. — II. a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Yaad, on the Saane, 2S m. E. Lausanne. Fop. 1,100. KoHOHAM, two pas. of Engl.— I. co. Norfolk, 8 m. N.N.E. Swaffham. Area 2,580 ac. Pop. 367 II. CO. Suffolk, 3J m. E.S.E. Bury-St-Ed- mund's. Area 3,840 ac. Pop. 969. — Rough-Lee is a township, co. Lancaster, pa. WhaUey, 3J m. W. Colne. Pop. 782. KoDGHTOS, two pas. of Engl I. co. Lincoln, 3^m. S.W. Hornoastle. Area 1,020 ac. Pop. 146.— II. CO. Norfolk, 3{ miles S.S.W. Cromer. Area 1,620 ac Pop. 404. RoDGNAT, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Creuse, 7 m. E.N.E. Aubusson. Pop. 2,228. KoDiLtAC, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Charente, cap. cant., 13 m. N.N.W. Angou- ISme. Pop. 1654. — RouUU is a comm. and vill., dep. Vienne, 17 m. S.W. Poitiers. Pop. 2,537. RouJAN, a comra. and mkt. town of France, dep. Heranlt, cap. cant., 13 m. N.N.E. Beziers, with coal mines. Pop. 1,627. RouLERS (Flem. Mousselaer), a town, Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, cap. cant., on an affluent of the Lys, 11 miles N.W. Conrtrai. Pop. (1842) 10,277. It has a gymnasium, & manufs. of linens. RocLSTONE, a pa. of Engl., co. and llj miles S.W. Hereford. Area 1,550 ac. Pop. 133. RouMEiiA, Turkey in Europe. [Rumili.] RnuNCTON (West), a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Riding, 5J m. S.S.W. Tarm. Ac. 1,840. P. 169. RouNDHAT, a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, pa. Berwick-in-Elmet, 3 m. N.E. Leeds. Pop. 66. It has a picturesque church & alms- houses, and consists almost entirely of handsome mansions with gardens and spacious grounds. RouPHiA, Alpheui, a river of Greece, Morea, is formed by the junction of the Carbonaro, Ladon, and Dogana rivers, drains the whole table-land of Arcadia, and enters the Mediter- ranean on the W. coast of the Morea near Cape Katacolo. Total course from the head of the Carbonaro upwards of 100 miles. RoosAT, one of the Orkney Islands, Scotland, 5^ m. S. the headland of Skea in Westray . Length from E. to W. 4 m. ; breadth 3 m. Shores on the W. rocky and precipitous, elsewhere low and sloping; and on its S. side is a tolerable inn. WithEglishay, Weir, and Enhallow isls. it forms a pa. Pop. 1,294. RousHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, 6 miles N.N.E. Woodstock. Area 920 ac. Pop. 123. RonssEs (Les), a comm. and frontier vill. of France, dep. and the most lofty in the Jura, 20 m. N. Geneva, with a custom-house and manufs. of watches. Pop. 1,645. RorssiLtoN, an old prov. of S. France, sepa- rated from Spain by the Pyrenees. Perpignan was its cap., as it is of the modern dep. Pyrenees Orientales (E. Pyrenees), with which Boussillon is nearly identical II. a comm. and mkt. town, dep. Isere, cap. cant., 11 m. S. Vienne. P. 1,594. RouTH, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Riding, 4 m. E.N.E. Beverley. Area 2,290 ac. Pop. 178. RoDTOT, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Euro, 10 m. E. Pont-Audemer. Pop. 1,101. RonvEAT, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. C6te-d'or, 12 m. W.S.W. Semur. Pop. 1,165. Root, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Nievre, 17 m. E. Nevers, with 1,447 inhabitants. RovATO, a mkt. town of Lombardy, deleg. and 11 m. W.N.W. Brescia. ROVEKBELIA & EoVERCillABA, tWO mkt.tOWUS of Lombardy.— I. deleg. and 8 m. N. Mantua.— II. deleg. and 16 m. S.E. Verona, on the Adige. — Severe is a mkt. town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo Ult. II., 15 miles S.E. Aqaila. RovEEEDO (Germ. Sovereith), a town of the Tyrol, on the frontiers of Austrian Italy, cap. circ, on the Lens, near Its junction with the Adige, 13 m. S.W. Trent. Pop. (1846) 8,000. It is well built, and commanded by a strong castle. It has a gymnasium, an English conven- tual establishment, and a seminary, with a public library, silk mills, and manufs. of leather and tobacco — II. a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Grisons, S. the Alps, on the Moesa, 6'm. E.N.E. Belinzona, RoviQNO, or Teevigno, a seaport town of Ill^ia, on the W. coast of Istria, 39 m. S.S.W. Trieste. It is situated on a rocky promontory, on the Adriatic, and has two harbours, ship build- ing yards for vessels of 300 tons, manufs. of sail cloth, an extensive tunny fishery, and trade in wine and olives. It has a cathedral, a normal school, and two hospitals. In 1845, 168 ships and 60 fishing boats belonged to the port. Rovioo, a town of Austrian Italy, gov. Venice, cap. deleg., on the Adigetto, here crossed by 4 stone bridges, 38 in. S.W. Venice. Pop. (1845) 9,600. Its walls, in part destroyed, are pierced by 6 gateways, and it has a castle, numerous churches, convents, and charitable institutions, 2 theatres, an academy of arts, and a commission of works for the Polesine district, of which it is the cap. It is the residence of the bishop of Adria. Its trade is unimportant, but it has a large fair in October. Under Napoleon it gave the title of duke to General Savary. RoviLLE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Meurthe, near the Moselle, 15 m. S.S.E. Nancy. It has a model farm established in 1822. Row, a marit. pa. of Scot!., co. Dumbarton, on Loch Gare, a branch of the Clyde, and com- prising Helensburgh. Area about 64 sq.m. Pop. 3,717, of whom 226 are in the hamlet of Row. Here are remains of several old baronial castles, and some stone quarries. [Helensbobgh.] BowANDiz, a fortified town of Turkish Kurdis- tan, pash. and 75 m. N.E. Mosul, cap. beylik, on an affl. of the Greater Zab. It comprises from 1,000 to 1,300 houses, with a crowded pop., and is encircled everywhere, except on the river side, with a wall flanked by round towers, besides which it has a castle, the residence of its bey. The Rowandiz riv. flows through a deep limestone ravine to the Zab, 10 m. distant. The peak of Rowandiz, Eendilan chain, is 30 m. E.N.E.ward. RoTVBEEEOw, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 3 m. N.E. Axbridge. Area 960 ac. Pop. 369. RowDB, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 2i m. W.N.W. Devizes. Area 2,760 ac. Pop. 1,095. RowBHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 21 m. W. East Harling. Area 1,730 ac. Pop. 85. RowENSKo, a mkt. town of Bohemia, circ. and 18 m. N.E. Jung-Bunzlau. Pop. 1,564. RovfBK, a vill. and pa. of Irel., Leinster, co. Kilkenny, on the Barrow, 4 m. N. New Ross. Area of pa. 10,768 ac. Pop. 3,776. RowiNGTON, a pa. of Engl., co. and 6 m„ W.N.W. Warwick. Area 3,660 ac. Pop. 1,046. Rowley, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. York, East Riding, 4 m. E. South Cave. Area 7,440 ac. Pop. 603 II. (Regis), co. Stafford, 8 m. S.E. Dudley. Area. 3,670 ac. Pop. 11,111. RowNER, a pa. and vill. of Engl., co. Hants, 3 m. S. Fareham. Area 660 ao. Pop. 134. BowNO, a town of Russian Poland, gov, Vol- hynia, cap. circ, near several lakes, 115 m. W.N.W. Jitomir. Pop. 9,240. RowsiiEi (Great), a chapelry and tnshp. of ROW 1112 RUB Engl., CO. Derby, pa. and 81 m. S E. Bakewell. Pop. 243. It has a station on the Midland Junc- tion railway. RowsTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 6i m. N.E. Sleaford. Area 1,520 ao. Pop. 206. RowzAH, a town of India, Deooan, Nizam's dom., N.W. Aurnngabad,near the caves of Elora, and having fine remains of Mohammedan and other edifices, includ. the tomb of Aurungzebe. RoxBORO, atnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Pennsyl- vania, Tim. N.W. Philadelphia. Pop. 6,797. BoxBUBGHSHiitii {Teviotdale, ^c), an inland and frontier co. of Scotl., having E. and S. the Engl. cos. Northumberland and Cumberland, N. CO. Berwick, and W. the cos. Dumfries and Sel- kirk ; on the N.W. it touches the co. Edinburgh. Area 715 sq. m., or 437,600 ac, of which 200,000 are arable, 100,000 in grass, and 167,600 waste. Inhabited houses 8,661. Pop. 46,025. Surface hilly in the S. and W., elsewhere mostly a toler- ably fertile plain. Principal rivers the Teviot, which intersects it throughout, and the Tweed in the N. Agriculture has greatly improved within the -present century, and large quantities of wheat and green crops are raised. On the hills great numbers of Cheviot sheep are fed. Estates and farms mostly large. Average rent of land (1810) 10s. per acre. Coal, lime, marl, and freestone are chief mineral products. Principal manufs. are of woollens. Total annual value of assessed property (1843) 254,180i. Its N. part is inter- sected by the N. British railway and branches. The CO. is subdivided into 31 pas. Principal towns Jedburgh, the cap., Kelso, Hawick, & Mel- rose. The CO. sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 2,037. Under the Romans it formed a part of Valentia, and afterwards it was a part of the Saxon kingdom of Northumbria. Roxburgh, a oo. of New S. Wales, enclosed by the cos. Wellington, Philip, Hunter, Cook, Westmoreland, and Bathurst. Area 1,620 sq. m. Pop. 2,353. Surface mntnous., but interspersed with fertile tracts. Rivers are afBs. of the Mac- quarrie. Chief towns Kelso and Rydal. With the CO. Wellington it sends one mem. to the ,. legislative assembly. RoxBDKV, several tnshps., V. S., N. Amer. — I. Massachusetts, 2 m. S. Boston. Pop. 9,089. An aqueduct from this tnshp. supplies Boston with water.-^II. New Jersey, 14 m, N.W. Morris- town. Pop. 2,231. RoxBT, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 8 m. W.S.W. Barton-on-Humber. Area 5,100 ac. Pop. 339. RoxHAM, a pa. of Engl., co Norfolk, 3 m. S.S.E. Downham Market. Area 870 ac. Pop. 45. RoxTON, a pa. of Engl., co. and 7} m. E.N.E. Bedford. Area 2,880. Pop. 694. RoxwEiL, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 4^ m. W.N.W. Chelmsford. Area5,240 ae. Pop. 827. Roy, a small river of Scotland, co. Inverness, £a. Kilmanivaig, rises 5 m. E. of the S. end of lOch Oich, flows S.W.ward, and joins the Spean after a course of 16 m. It traverses the vale of Glenroy, famous for its " parallel roads." RoTALSTON, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Massa- chusetts, 56 m. W.N.W. Boston. Pop. 1,667. RoTALTON, several tnshps., V. S., N. Amer — I. New York, 8 m. E. Loekport. Pop. 3,549 II. Vermont, 3 m. S. Montpelier. Pop. 1,917.— III. Ohio, CO. Cuyahoga. Pop. 1,061. RoTAN, a comm. and maritime town of France, dep. Charente-Inf., cap. cant., at the mouth of the Gironde, 20 m. S.W. Saintes. Pop. 1,961. It has a small harbour defended by a fort, pilchard and other fisheries, and bathing estab- lishments. — Royaumont is a vill, dcp. Seine-et- Oise, arrond. Pontoise, with a cotton factory es- tablished in an abbey founded by Louis ix. RoTBON, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Isfere, cap. cant., 22 m. W. Grenoble. Pop. 2,668, partly engaged in steel works. RoYDOK, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Essex, H m. W.S.W. Harlow, and with a station on the Eastern cos. railway, 3 m. E. Broxbourne. Area 2,530 sq. m. Pop. 976.— II. co. Norfolk, 1} m. W. Diss. Area 1,600 ao. Pop. 686.-111. same co., 2i m. E.S.E. Castle-Rising. Area 820 ac. Pop. 174.— IV. CO. Suffolk, 3 m. S.S.E. Hadleigh. Area 1,420 ao. Pop. 692. Rote, a comm. & town of France, dep. Somme, cap. cant., on the Arve, 23 m. E.S.E. Amiens. Pop. 3,764. It has manufs. of beet-root sugar, and woollen hosiery. It was formerly fortified, and has sustained 11 sieges. — Royere is a comm. and vill., dep. Creuse,23 m. S. Gueret. P. 2,541. RozEHBDRO, a fertile isl. of the Netherlands, §rov. S. Holland, in the Maas, 8 m. S.W. Rotter- am. Length 6 m., breadth IJ m. RozoT, or RosAT, several comms. and small towns of France. — I. (en Brie), dep. Seine-et- Marne, cap. cant., 17 m. N.E. Melun. P. 1,613. It is enclosed by walls, and planted with trees.— II. (mr Serre), dep. Aiane, cap. cant., 26 m. N.E. Laou. Pop. 1,695. BoTsxoN, a market town and pa. of England, COS. Cambridge and Herts, 13 m. S.S.W. Cam- bridge. Area 320 ac. Pop. 2,002. The town, situated among chalk downs, is built of brick ; it has a venerable church, originally part of a priory; a union workhouse, and market-house, under which a curious ancient cave has been dis- covered. Mkt. (for com and malt) Wednesday. — II. a pa., CO. York, W. riding, 4 m. N.N.E. Barnsley, and with a station on a branch of the N. Midland railway, 16^ m. N.N.W. Rotherham. Area 12,710 ac. Pop. 4^341. It has an endowed school, and other charities. RoiTON, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Oldham, i\ m. S.E. Rochdale. Pop. 6,730, employ- ed in cotton manufs. Coal is raised in the vicinity. RsHET-WoLODiMiEOT, a towu of Russia, gov. and 74 m. W.S.W. Tver, cap. circ, on the Volga. Pop. 16,197. It is very ancient, and has 13 churches, almshouses, salt and corn magazines, RuABON, a town of N. Wales. [RhiwabonI. RuAD, Aradus, a small fortified isl. off the coast of Syria, S.W. Tortosa. Rdan, several pas. of England, co. Cornwall. — I. {Zanghome), 2} m. S.W. Tregoney. Area 3,120 ac. Pop. 444.— II. (.Mcyor), 8 m. S.S.E. Helstone. Area 2,620 ac. P. 163 III. (Mnor), 9 m. S.S.E. Helstone. Area 890 ac. Pop. 302. RuABDiNE, a pa. of England, co. Gloucester, 6i m. N.W. Newnham. Area 1,670 ao. P. 868. RuATAN, or RoATAN, au isl. in the bay of Hon- duras, formerly belonging to the English, off the N. coast of Central America, lat. 16° 24' N., Ion. 86° 19' W. Length 30 m., breadth 8 m. Pop. 4,000 (?). Surface moderately elevated, well wooded, but in the W. consisting of grassy plains ; shores abound with turtles and fish. Near its S. extremity is a good harbour, with batteries erected by the English before abandoning the island. RoBiANA, a market town of Piedmont, div. Turin, prov. & 18 m. E. Snsa. P. of comm. 3,179. Rdbicow, (Ital. Jl Rubicone), a riv. of Central Italy, rises on the borders of Tuscany, between Mounts Tiffi and Sarsina, and flows E. to the Adriatic, which it enters 9 m. N.W. Rimini. Length 20 m. On crossing this celebrated stream with his army, Caesar commenced the civil war which overturned the Roman republic. KUB 1113 RUG BoBiELOs, a market town of Spain, proT. and 19 m. S-E. Teruel. P. 2,476, who mannf. woollens. BuBiEBA, a town of N. Italy, duchy and 7 m. ■W.N.W. Modena, on the Seccma, here crossed by a Roman bridge. Rdbikszow, or Hkobieszow, a town of Poland, gov. and fiS m. S.E. Lublin, cap. co., on an isl. formed by the Hulzwa, affl. of the Bug. P. 1,700. RcBiNSK, or Rteixsk, a large town of Russia, gov. and 52 m. N. W. Jaroslarl, cap. circ, on r. b. of the Volga, opposite the coufl. of the Sheksna. Pop. 30,000. It is a great centre of the inter- nal commerce of the empire. Principal edifices are a fine exchange, two cathedrals, numerous other churches and chapels, a large conventual building, a covered exercising ground, an arsenal, the courts of justice, several extensive bazaars, and noble residences, a theatre, orphan & other asylums, several hospitals, almshouses, a house of correction, and various schools. It has brewe- ries, dislalleries, salt works, oil and other mills, soap and candle factories, potteries, &c. The chief article of commerce is com, sent to St Petersburg, Riga, Danzic, Konigsberg, &c. Two large annual fws are held here. 20,000 barges arrive annnaJly with goods to the value of 250 million rubles. It was destroyed by fire in 1S06. Ruble VKA, a market town of Russia, gov. and 56 m. "V7.S.W. Kharkov, on the Merlo. P. 1,500. RuBTSEKA, a market town of Russia, gov. Kharkov, on the Oskol, 10 m. E.Izium. P. 1,500. Rgck-INGE, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 6 m. S.S.E. Ashford. Area 3,440 ac. Pop. 432. RncKLANS, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 6 m. S.S.E. Louth. Area 610 ac. Pop. 32. RoDBAB, or RooDBAB, a town of Persia, prov. Gbilan, near the strong defile of same name, 35 m. S. Resht, on the Sefid-Rood, by which it ex- ports a good deal of oil, olives, and soap to Asiatic Russia. — II. a vill. and dist. of Russian Transcaucasia, prov. Shirvan. RuDBAXTOi), a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 3 m. N. Haverford-West. Pop. 649. : BimBT-iir-Ci.ETELAin>, a pa. of England, co. York, N. ridmg, 3 m. W.S.W. Stokesley. Area 6,930 ac. Pob. 1,256. BunniNGTON, a pa. of England, co. and 4^ m. S. Nottingham. Area 2,190 ac. Pop. 1,835. Ruddle, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Arkansas, Independence co. Pop. 3,669. RuDELSTADT 3 town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 24 m. S. Leignitz, on the Bober. P. 1,200. There are copper & arsenic mines in its vicinity. KuDEEswiL, a pa. and vill. of Switzerl., cant. & 13 m. E.N.E. Bern, on the Emme. Pop. 2,256. RiTDESHEiH, a town of Germany, Nassau, cap. dist, on r. b. of the Rhine, in the Rheingau, opposite Bingen, 15 m. S.W. Wiesbaden. Pop. 2,609. The wine of Rudesheim, especially that called Rwtesheim Berg is nearly equal in quaUty to Johannisberg. There are 4 anc. feudal castles in the vicinity. Rddfobd, a pa. of England, co. Gloucester, 4| m. S.E. Newent. Area 540 ac. Pop. 225. Rddoelev, a market town and pa. of England, CO. and 8 m. E.S.E. Stafford, on the S.W. bank of the Trent, here crossed by an aqueduct of the Trunk canal, and on the Trent valley branch of the London and N.W. railway. Area of pa. 7,126ac. Pop. 2,174. The town, in a vale bounded W. by Cannock chase, is well built, and has an ancient church, a Roman Cathohc chapel, a grammar school, annual rev. 3d0{., almshouses, and other charities, mann&. of felt and hats, chemical works, iron forges, and near it some extensive collieries. Market Tuesday. RoDQWicE, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 6 m. W.N.W. Horsham. Area 6,960 ac. Pop. 1,097. RuDHAM, two pas of England, co. Norfolk. — I. (East), 6J m. W.S.W. Fakenham. Area3,150ao. Pop. 1,004.-11. (West), 6 m. W.S.W. Fakenham. Area 4,300 ac. Pop. 490. RuDKioBiNG, a seaport town of Denmark, on the W. coast of the island Langeland, 9 m. S.E. Sveodborg. Pop. 2,200. It is enclosed by walls, and has some ship-building docks. RuDNiA, a market town of Russia, gov. and 76 m. N.N.E. Moghilev,oo the Berezina. Pop. 1,600. RuDNiKi, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. & 15 m, S. Vilua, on the Merechanka. Pop. 1,550. RuDOLSTADT, a town of Germany, cap. princi- pality Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, on the Saale, here crossed by a handsome stone bridge, IS m. S.Weimar. Pop. (1845) 5,743. It is enclosed by walls, and has a castle, the usual residence of the prince ; a library of 40,000 vols., a gymnasium, a cathedral, and picture gallery. It has manufe, of woollen cloth and porcelain. Rddomin, a market town of Russian Poland, gov. and 7 m. S.E. Vilna, with 1,650 inhabitants. Rddston, a pa. of Engl., co. Ifork, E. Riding, 5 m. W. Bridlington. Area 5,060 ac. Pop. 541. Rue, a comm. & town of France, dep. Somme, cap. cant., with a station on the Paris & Boulogne railway, 14 m. N.W. Abbeville. Pop. 1,124.-11. a river, dep. Cantal, joins the Dordogne, near Bort, after a N.W. course of 25 m. — III. a vill., Switzerland, cant, and 20 m. S.W. Fribourg.^ The Ruecas, a river of Spain, Estremadnra, joins the Guadiana, near MedelUn, after a S.W. course of 40 miles. BuEDA, two small towns of Spain. — I. (del Al- mirante), prov. & 15 m. E.S.E. Leon, on the Esla. —II. (de Medina), prov. & 25 m. S.W. Valladolid. Pop. 2,601. It has a large trade in wine, raised in its vicinity. Rdeil, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine- et-Oise, at the foot of the vine-clad Mont Va- lerien, near the Seine, 5 m. W. Paris, on the rail- way to St Germains. Pop. 3,937. Here is the chitean of Malmaison, the residence of the Em- press Josephine. — Ruelle is a vill., dep. Charente, 5 m. N.E. Angouleme, with a large cannon foun- dry. Pop. 1,508. Ruffec, a comm. and town of France, dep. Charente, on railway from Tours to Bordeaux, cap. arrond., 26 m. N. Angoultoe. Pop. 2,734. It has an active trade in cheese, truffles, corn, and chesnuts, and 12 annual fairs. ' Several councils have been held here — Ruffey is a village, in dep. Jura, arrond. Lons-le-Saulnier. Pop. 1,452. Bdffiac, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Morbihan, 7 m. S.S.E. Ploermel. Pop. 1,721.— Ruffigne is a vill. of France, dep. Loire-Inf , arrond. and 5 m. N.W. Chateaubriant. RuFFOBD, a pa. of Engl., co. Lancaster, 5J m. N.N.E. Ormskirk, with a station on the E. Lan- cashire railway. Area 2,840 ac. Pop. 866. RuFFOETH, a pa. of England, co. and 5 m. W. York, Ainsty. Area 2,420 ac. Pop. 276. RuFisQDE, a maritime town of W. Africa, a little E. Cape Verd, and stated to have an active trade with the adjacent fort Goree. RuGBT, amkt. town& pa. in centre of Engl., CO. Warwick, on the London & N.W. railw., at the divergence of the Trent valley branch, & S. ter- minus of the Midland railway, & terminus of a branch of the Gt.W. railway, 80 m. N.N.W. Lon- don, 29 m. E.S.E. Bbmingham, and 43 m. S.S.E. Derby. Area of pa. 2,190 ac. Pop. 4,008. The town, on an eminence S. of the Avon, consists partly of brick, & partly of old timber dwellings. RUG 1114 RUN It has some vestiges of a. castle built in the reign of Stephen, an ancient church, and a celebrated public school, founded in the time of Queen Elizabeth. This was rebuilt in 1808 in the Tudor style, and consists mostly of a fine quadrangle with cloisters, an elegant detached chapel ; it tuis about 300 scholars, 50 of whom are on the foun- dation, an endowment no# producing about 5,000^. per annum, 14 valuable exhibitions to the universities, and a dependent almshouse. The town has little trade beyond that caused by rail- way traffic & supply of the school. Mkt. Saturday. RiJGEN, an isl. in the Baltic, belonging to Prussia, prov. Fomerania, reg. Stralsund, of which it rorms a circ, separated &om the main- land only by a strait from J to 2 m. broad. Lat. of lighthouse at its N. extremity 53° 41' 12' N. Ion. 13°31' 27' E. Area 361 sq. m. Pop. 35,000. Coasts abrupt, and deeply indented with arms of the sea. Soil very fertile, and large qnantities of corn and cattle are exported to Stralsund. The isl. is well wooded. Fisheries are important. Biigen has no good harbour, but it is a favourite resort for sea bathing. Cap. Bergen. Amongst its antiqs. are moun£ termed the Hunnergraber, or tombs of the Huns. The isl,, formerly belong- ing to Sweden, was transferred to Prussia in 1815. RiiQENWALDE, a town of Prussia, prov. Pome- rania, reg. and 19 m. N.N.E. Kiislin, on theWip- per, near its mouth in the Baltic. Pop. 4,250. It has a castle, two hospitals, and sea-bathing establishments, with manufs. of linen, woollen and sail cloths, distilleries, and docks for build- ing coasting vessels. Its port is small. RoQLES, a comm. and town of France, dep. Eure, cap. cant., on the Rille, 24 m, S. W. Evreux. Fop. 1,661. It has manufs. of pins and needles. RuHLA, a vill. of Germany, Saxe-Weimar, 7 m. S.S.E. Eisenach. Pop. 3,600, on the Buhe, which separates it into 2 parts, the E. of which belongs to Saxe Coburg, and has 2,120 of the above pop. It has manufs. of iron & steel wares. RuHLASD, a tOYTO of Prussian Silesia, reg. Leignitz, on the Elster, 18 m. W.N.W. Hoyers- werda. Pop. 1,430. Ruhr, a river of Prussian Westphalia, after a very tortuous W. course of nearly 130 m. past Amsberg, Neheim, and Hattingen, joins the Rhine at Buhrort, 15 m. S. Wesel. [Roeb.] RcHKOBT, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 16 m. N. Diisseldorf, on railway to Minden, and at the conll. of the Ruhr with the Rhine. Pop. 3,352. It has manufs. of cotton fabrics, steam-ship building docks, and a transit trade. Rnii.i.£, numerous comms. and vills. of France, the principal R.-eur-Zoir, dep. Sarthe, 13 m. S.S.W. St Calais. Pop. 1,455. RuiNES, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Cantal, 6 m. E.S.E. St Flour. Pop. 944. RuisHTOir, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 2^ m. E.N.E. Taunton. Area 1,070 ac. Pop. 482. RnisLiF, a pa. of England, co. Middlesex, 3^ m. N.E. Tlxbridge. Area 6,260 ac. Pop. 1,413. The vill. has an ancient and picturesque chnrch. RnjANA, a market town of Russian Poland, gov. and 68 m. S.E. Grodno. Pop. 1,500. RuKom, a market town of Russian Poland, gov. and 8 m. E.S.E. Vilua. Pop. 1,800. Rni.SK, or Rtlse., a town of Russia, gov. and 63 m. W.8.W. Koursk, cap. circ, on the Sem, here joined by the Ryls. Pop. 7,000. It has 12 churches, a dist. school, and two annual fairs. RuH, a mntnons. isl. of the Inner Hebrides, Scotland, CO. Argyle, pa. Small Islands, 16 m. N.N.W. Ardnamurchan Point. Length 8 m., breadth 7 m. Area 22,000 ac. Pop. 124. Ele- vation of Ben-More, 2,300 feet. Soil, moorland, and unprofitable. RDM, a town of W. Hungary, co. Eisenbnrg, on 1. b. of the Baab, 10 m. S.S.W. Sarvar. Roma, a town of Civil Slavonia, co. Syrmia, on an affl. of the Save, 35 m. N.W. Belgr^e. P. 6,170. It has Roman Cath. & Greek chnrches. RuMBOLDSwvKE, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, Im. E.S.E. Chichester. Area 710 ac. P. 824. Rdmbowe, an inland state of the Malay penin- sula, lat. 2° 49' N., Ion. 102° 30' E., enclosed by Naning, Johole, Salangore. Area nearly 400 sq. m. Estimated pop. 9,000. RnuBUBS, or Raunebubo, a town of Bohemia, circ. & 42 m. N.N.W. Jung-Bunzlan, cap. a prin- cipality belonging to the Princes Leichtenstein. Fop. 4,900. It has a castle, manuis. of woollen, inen, dam ask, and cotton fabrics, & pipe-sticks. RuHBDBQH, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 4 m. N.N.W. Halesworth. Area 960 ac. Pop. 435. RnMiLi, or RonHELiA, Thrada, the metro- politan prov. of the Turkish Empire, at the S.E. extremity of Europe, between lat. Vf & 43° N., and Ion. 20° 40' and 29° E., divided from Asia- Minor on the S.E. by the sea of Marmora, and the straits of the Bosporus and Dardanelles, having W. Macedonia, N. the Balkan separating it from Bulgaria, S. the JEgean, & E. the Black Sea. Estimated area 28,W)9 sq. m., and pop. 2,200,000. Two mntn. chains, offsets from the Balkan, traverse its surface from N.W. to S.E., bounding the basin of the Maritza, which river drains most part of its centre ; these chains ter- minate in the peninsulas of Gallipoli and Con- stantinople. It is subivided into the sanjaks of Yiza, Kirk-kilissia, Tchirmen, Gallipoli, and be- sides the towns of those names, it comprises Constantinople, Adrianople,Philippopoli, Tartar- Bazardjik, Kasanlik, Selimnia, Eski-saghra, De- motica, and £nos. RuMiLi-HissAB (or the Castle of Europe), a fortress of European Turkey, on the Bosporus, 6 m. N.E. Constantinople, immediately opposite Anatoli-Hissar, or the Castle of Asia, & founded' by Mohammed ii. in 1451. The Run^-Kawa£ is a fort 5 m. further N.ward. RnHE, a vill. of Belgium, prov. Eainault, 5 m. S.W. Toumay, on the French frontier. P. 2,000. RuHEQiES, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, arrond. Valenciennes. Pop. 1,730. RnuFOBD, a flourishing township, U. S., N. America, Maine, on the Androscoggin, 46 m. W.N.W. Augusta. Pop. 1,444. RuHiemr, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Ardennes, cap. cant., on the Aube, 14 m. S.W. Rocroy. Fop. 766. The astronomer La CaiUe was bom here in 1713. RuHiLLY, a town of Savoy, prov. Genevese, cap. mand., on an affi. of the Rhone, 9 m. W.S.W. Annecy. Pop. of comm. (1838) 4,118.— IL a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, 3 m. S. Cambrai. Pop. 1,818. — Rutninghem is a comm. & vill., dep Pas-de-CaIais,arr. StOmer. P. 1,110. Rummelsbubo, a toim of Prussian Pomerania, reg. and 35 m. E.S.E. Koslin, cap. circ, on the Stiednitz. Pop. 3,120. RuMNET, a pa. of England, co. Monmouth, 3 m. N.E. Cardiff. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 305. RuMSET,a town of England. [Romsev.] BnusziszKi, a mkt. town of Bussian Poland, gov. VUna, on the Niemen, 14 m. E.S.E. Kovno. Pop. 1,600. BmiwoBTH, a tnshp. of England, co. Lancas- ter, pa. Dean, 3J m. W.S.W. Bolton. Pop. 1,298. RnHCOBS, a town & pa. of England, co. & 13 ra. N.E. Chester, near the head of the Mersey RUN 1116 KTJS ituary, and with a siation on a branch of the ondon and N.W. railway. Area of pa. 21,390 B. Pop. 12,698. The town has docks, valnable ione qnarries in the vicinity, and considerable ■ade arising from its position at the termini of le Bridgewater, Trent & Mersey, & Mersey and rwell canals. Re", shipping (1846) 1,372 tons. b is also frequented for Sca-bathing. Rev. of harities, including schools, about 2302. per ann. RcNCTON, two pas. of England, co. Norfolk. — . (North), 3i m. S.S.E. Lynn-Rigis. Area 2,060 e. Pop. 289.— II. (SmUh), 4 m. N.N.E. Market townham. Area 790 ac. Pop. 144. Rdnghes, a vill. of Rnssia, gov. Livonia, on ikeWirzero, 29 m. S.W. Dorpat. Birthplace f Catherine i., wife of Peter the Great. Rukgpoob, a dist. of British India, presid. & rov. Beng^, in N.£. part, having N. Sikkim & tootan, £. Assam, and elsewhere the dists. My- lonsingb, Rsgeshaye, Sinagepoor, and Fumeah. Lrea ^12 sq. m. Pop. 1,214,300. Principal ivers, tiie Brahamapootra, Teesta, & their afils. Itaple products comprise indigo, tobacco, wheat, amboos, cocoa nuts, silk, and cotton goods, and ere are many carpet factories, & upwards of 450 idigo factories. Land rev. (1839-40) 112,473i. ; otal rev. 120,3732. — Also, two towns of British adia. — ^I. cap. of above dist., 125 m. N.E. Moor- hedabad. Many years ago composed of several istinct villages with about 3,000 houses. — II. lie cap. town of Upper Assam, in lat. 26° 55' N., )n. 94° 30' E., on the Dikho river, enclosed by rails, and having a palace and several mosques. BcHHux, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 5 L N.W. Wymondham. Area 740 ac. Pop. 248. Rdsruc, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 4^ m. r.S.W. Caistor. Area 1,330 ac. Pop. 290. Ross, a remarkable tract of India. [Cdtch.] Rdhbie-Ka-Kote, a large fort of Scinde, near ie Indus, 45 m. N.N.W. Hyderabad. RDssraGTON, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, m. W.N.W. Wemngton. Area 310 ac. P. 107. RnxNTHEDE, a beautiful meadow on the S. ank of the Thames, England, co. Surrey, pa. & f. of the town of Egham,and memorable as the lace where the barons, in 1215, compelled King ohn to grant Magna Charta. RuKswicK, a hamlet of England, co. York, N. iding, 6i m. N.W. Whitby, on the margmof the r. sea, which here forms an inlet called Buns- iek Bay, capable of admitting some hundred til of the line, and calculated to be made a har- onr of refuge. Pop. chiefly fishermen. Bdhtos, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 2J m. r.N.W. Cromer. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 424. Rdnwell, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 4 m. r.W. Eayleigh. Area 1,760 ac. Pop. 324. KnoTi, a market town of Naples, prov. Basili- ata, 11 m. N.N.W. Potenza. Pop. 3,000. RoPEt, a river of Belgium, prov. Antwerp, )rmed by the union of the Nethe and Dyle at nmpst, has a N.E. course of 6 m., and joins le Scheldt, 8 m. S.W. Antwerp. BnPELMOslBE, a town of Belgium, prov. E. landers, on the Scheldt, opposite the influx of le Rupel, 9 m. S.W. Antwerp. Pop. 2,600, em- loyed in bleaching, tanning, and a transit trade. Rdpebt Riveb, Brit. N. Amer., enters James' jy, Hudson sea, near its S. extremity, after a ^ward course of 260 m. BuppiN (New and Quo), two contiguous towns ' Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. Potsdam. — cap. circ, on the W. side of lake Ruppin, 39 . N.W. Berlin. Pop. 9,941. It has a castle, a rge & fine church, a council hall, a gymnasium, )spital, prison, barracks, and manufs, of woollen stnffe, gloves, leather, tobacco, and chicory. Its trade is greatly facilitated by the Ruppin canal between flie Havel and the Rhine II. circ. and 2 m. N.E. New Ruppin, with 1,763 inhabitants, mostly employed in fishing. RopuHDNT, or RiPONUNT, a river of British Guiana, and the principal tributary of the Esse- quibo, which it joins about 200 m. from the coast, in lat. 3° N., Ion. 58° 12' W., after a N. course of 250 m. It forms several falls over granite ledges ; its waters are turbid, and the veget. on its banks is far less luxuriant than that on the Essequibo. RuBEE, a town of Scinde, on the route between Luckput and Hyderabad, with a magnificent mosque, and about 1,000 inhabitants. RuBEUOND, a town, Netherl'ds. [Boebmonb.] RuBic Isles, a group in the Pacific Ocean, Palliser isls., between lat. 15° 10' and 15° 3^ S., Ion. about 151° E. They are wooded, surrounded by coral reels, & were discov. by Kotzebue in 1816. Rns, a town of Spain, prov. and 26 m. N.E. Jaen, with remains of a Moorish castle. P. 1,917. Rdsa, a town of Russia, gov. and &(i m. W. Moscow, cap. circ, on an af8. of the Moskwa. Pop. 2,600. It is defended by a strong citadel, & has a large salt magazine, and two annual fairs. Rdscombe, a pa. of England, co. Berks, 5^ m. E.N.E. Reading. Area 1,240 ac. Pop. 202. Rush, a seaport and market town of Ireland, Leinster, co. Dublin, pa. Lusk, on a headland projecting into the Irish sea, and with a station on the Dublin and Drogheda railway, 14 m. N.E. Dublin. Pop. 1,603. It consists of a main street extending for about 1 m. inland, and of a suburb ; and it has a small harbour with a pier and coast- guard station. Chief exports, potatoes. Rush, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in E. Indiana. Area 410 sq. m. Pop. 16,464. — Also several town- ships. — I. New York, on the Genesee, 12 m. S. Rochester. Pop. 1,929. — II. Pennsylvania, Sus- quehanna CO. Pop. 1,039. — ^III. Pennsylvania, Northumberland co. Pop. 1,028. — Rush-crede is a township, Ohio, co. Fairfield. Pop. 2,424. RnsHALL, several pas. of England. — I. co. Norfolk, 3 m. W. Harleston. Area 1,370 ac. Pop. 267. — II. CO. Stafford, with a station on the N. Stafford railway, Ij m. N.E. Walsall. Area 1,850 ac. Pop. 1,609.-111. co. Wilts, 3i m. S.W. Pusey. Area 2,410 ac. Pop. 283. RosHBBOoK,apa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 3m. S.E. St-Edmnnd's-Bury. Area 1,200 ac. Pop. 175. RnsHBCBV, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 8 m. W.S.W. Much-Wenlock. Area 5,620 ac. P. 602. RusHDEN, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Herts, 6 m. W.N.W. Buntingford. Area 1,670 ac. Pop. 318. — ^11. CO. Northampton, IJ m. S. Hlgham- Ferrers. Area 2,770 ac. Pop. 1,311. RusHFOBD, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 4 m. E.S.E. Thetford. Area 4,260 ac. Pop. 172. RusHFOBD, a township, XJ. S., N. America, New York, 00. Alleghany. Pop. 1,512. Rdshmeee, two pas. of Engl., co. Suffolk. — I. 2im. E.N.E. Ipswich. Area 2,720 ac. Pop. 664.— II. 6 m. S.W. Lowestoft. Area 1,080 ac. Pop. 134. Rdshock, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, 5 m. W.N.W. Bromsgrove. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 155. Rdshtor, 2 pas. of Engl. — I. co. Northampton, 3J m. N.N.W. Kettering. Area 2,960 ac. Pop. 497.— XL (Tarrant), co. Dorset, 3i m. E.S.E. Blandford-Forum. Area 2,110 ac. Pop 134. Rushulme, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. and 2i m. S.E. Manchester. Pop. 1,868. RusnviLLE, a tnshp,, U. S,, N. Amer., Indiana, 40 m. E.S.E. Indianapolis. Pop. 2,146.-11. a vlll. of Illinois, 62 m. W.N.W. Springfield. P. 1,000. RDS 1116 BUS KosKiNGTON, a pa. of Engl., oo. Lincoln, 8J m. E.N.E. Sleaford. Area 4,760 ac. Pop. 957. Kdskoi, or Keshan, a town of Europ. Turkey, Rumili, sanj. and 25 m. N. Gallipoli. It is en- closed by a nail, & said to contain 1,000 houses. RnsPBB, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 5} m. N.N.E. Horsham. Area 6,750 ac. Pop. 664. Knss, a mkt. town of E. Prussia, reg. Gumbin- nen, near the mouth of the Niemen, in the Curis- che-Haff, 26 m. N.W. Tilsit. Pop. 2,159. RussA (Staroi), a town of Russia, gov. and 38 m. S. Novgorod, cap. circ, on the Polista. Pop. 6,000. It is enclosed by an earthen rampart, and has 17 churches, a convent, tanneries, distilleries, and salt-works, producing annually about 160,000 puds of salt. RussELHEiM, a mkt. town of Germany, Hessen- Darmstadt, on the Main, 13 m. W.S.W. Darm- stadt. Pop. 1,422. RussEL, a CO., U. S., N. America, in S.W. of Virginia. Area 1,370 sq. ra. Pop. 7,878 II. a CO. in S. of Alabama. Area 885 sq. m. Pop. 13,513. — III. a CO. in S.E. of Kentucky. Area 260 sq. m. Pop. 4,238.— IV. a tnshp.. New York, 192 m. N.N.W. Albany. Pop. 1,372. RnssELViiLE, numerous vills. of the United States, the principal in Kentucky, between Green and Cumberland rivers, 140 m. S.W. Frankfort. Pop. about 1,300. Russia (Empibe op), is the largest state in the world, extending in Europe, Asia, and Ameiica, betw. lat. 47° 30' & 78° 20' N., Ion. 18° E. to 130° W. Its surface is estimated to comprise l-30th of the whole superficies of the globe, l-7th of its land, & more than double the extent of Europe ; but it is thinly peopled, the proportion being about one- half of the relative pop. of the globe. The cap. of the whole is St Petersburg. The Russian em- pire contains a greater number of distinct races than any other country ; comprising Slavonians, Lettons, Germans, Caucasians, Jews, Walachians, Greeks, Persians, Indians, Samoyedes, Tartars, Tunguses, and Turks. The established religion of the empire is that of the Greek church, which is estimated to comprise 47,000,000 of the pop., the remainder being Roman Catholics, Luther- ans, Reformed Churchmen, Moravians, Moham- medans, Jews, Budbists, &c., or 9-lOths profess- ing Christians, and 1-lOth heathens. It is usual to treat of the empire as divided into European, Asiatic, and American Russia, although these divisions are not officially recognised, and several of the govs., as Perm and Orenburg, are partly in Europe and partly in Asia. The relative area and population of the empire, according to the latest estimate, is given in the table at the end. European Russia extends from the N. slope of the Caucasus mntns., lat. 40° 20', to Lapland, lat. 70° 16' N. ; and, including the kingdom of Poland, from Ion. 18° to the W. slope of the Ural mntns., gov. Perm, Ion. 60° 45' E. It is bounded E. by Siberia and the Caspian Sea, S. by Asiatic Russia, the Black Sea, and the Ottoman and Austrian empires, W. by Moldavia, Austria, Prussia, the Baltic, and Sweden, and N. by the Arctic Ocean. The surface of Russia may be considered as one vast plain, enclosed by the Ural mntns. on the E., the Caucasus on the S., and partly by the Carpathians on the W. ; it opens to the Caspian Sea on the S.E. and the level countries of N. Germany on the W. ; throughout its vast extent, it does not contain a single mntn. ; the highest point betw. the Baltic and the Black Sea near Kremenetz, is 1,328 ft. in height ; the Baltic provs. have a mean elevation of 1,000 It. above the Baltic. The centre of the country is occupied by a dome-shaped elevation traversed by the Valdai hills, the average height of which is 800 to 900 ft., and the summit 1,100 ft. above the sea ; these sink rapidly to the S.E., where they are lost in marshes. Russia is tra- versed by the largest rivers in Europe ; these form the great N. and S. basins, the water-shed between which is not marked by mountains, but by slightly undulating ground ; the BaUic re- ceives the Tomea, Kemi, Ulea, Kumo, Neva, Narva, Duna, Niemen, and Vistula ; the Arctic Ocean receives the Paswig, Kola, Petchora ; and, bythe White Sea, the Vigo, Onega, Dwina, Mezen; the Black Sea receives the Danube, Dniester, Dnieper, Don, and Kuban ; the Caspian Sea, the Oural, Volga, Kuma, and Terek. In the N. of Russia, there are numerons and extensive lakes; the chief are lake Ladoga, the largest in Europe : lake Onega, in the gov. Olonetz; lakes Saima, Payama, and Kolgis in Finland ; PtXpus between the govs. Revel, Riga, Pskov, and Petersburg; llmen in the gov. Novgorod, and Enara in Lap- land. The smaller lakes Bielo, in Novgorod, Koubinshoe or Koubensh in Vologda, are impor- tant for the internal navig. of the empire. The most valuable of the salt lakes is EUmi in Sara- tov. Among the numerous islands belonging to the empire, the chief are the group of Novaia Zemlia (new land), in the Arctic Ocean, the archipelago of Spitsbergen which is claimed by Russia, Kalguef, and Waigatz islands. Geologi- cal phenomena, confirmed by history and tradi- tion, warrant the conclusion that a great portion of Central Russia was under the sea at a very recent period. The soil comprises every variety, much of which is unfit for cultivation. Thevast region of the tundras extending irom lat. 64° N. to the N. coast, is a swamp in summer, and is covered with ice for nine months in the year ; it only produces moss. S.W. of this, the country for a space of 150,000 sq. m., is covered with forests of pine, larch, and birch. The isthmus of Finland, between the White Sea and the Gulfs of Finland and Bothnia, a space occupying 600 m. in length, & 400 in breadth, is covered with lakes interspersed with rocks and sand hills ; while in the S.E. an immense desert, called a steppe, exr tends between the Ural and the Volga, estimated to contain 330,000 sq. m. ; a portion of it affords tolerable pastures. W. of Ion. 46°, a series of salt lakes occupy a hollow space, which pro- bably once formed a portion of the Caspian Sea. This steppe is exposed to the greatest extremes of climate ; in winter the thermometer is generally 16° and sometimes 35° below zero, while in sum- mer the heat is upwards of 100° Fahr. From its vast extent, Russia has a great diversity of climate; the plains of the N. exposed to the winds of the Arctic Ocean, are much colder than the other countries of Europe in corresponding latitudes. The whole of the N. coast from lat 6B° on the White Sea, S.E. to lat. 62° N., Ion. 69° E., has a temp, below the freezing point, & the surface is constantly frozen. Betw. this frozen space & lat. 58° N., the mean temperature varies from 32° to 40° ; at St Petersburg, which is within this spacer the thermometer in December and. January smks to 22° below zero, while in summer it rises to 85° or 90°. S. of lat. 58°, the mean temperature is between 40° and 55° ; the winters are short and severe, sunamers long and hot. In the interior, S.S.E. and S. winds prevail, while W. and N.W. winds are most common on the coasts. Rain is most abundant in the Baltic provs., where the average annual fall is IS to 20 in. The amount and frequency decrease in proceeding from KCS 1117 RUS r. to E., aud during the long summer of the S. rovs., rain very seldom fells. Snow falls early I winter, — the average number of days in the year n which snow falls at St Petersburg, is 70. Russia produces all the plants common to the est countries of Europe. Corn is raised more lan necessary for consumption, and is exten- vely exported, although agriculture is in its adest state. Rye is the chief crop, and is very idely raised; the cultivation of barley ex- mds to lat. 67°, and oats to lat. 62° N. ; wheat i grown chiefly in the Ukraine. The countries f central Russia, in the upper basin of the Vol- a, are the most fertile in the empire ; and its liddle portion, comprising the govs, of Niinii- rovgorod, Penza, Kasan, & Simbirsk, is called the ranary of Russia. Hemp & flax are extensively aised chiefly on the Upper Volga; tobacco J cultivated principally in the Ukraine ; excel- !nt grapes are grown in the Crimea, and on the )wer course of the Don and Volga, and the ma- nf. of wine from them has been recently much [nproved. The forests yield valuable produce, nd building timber, tar, pitch, and potash, are ridely exported. Black cattle and sheep are xtensively reared ; tallow and hides are export- d in great quantities ; sheep-skins form the brss of many of the peasantry, but the wool is f inferior quality. The horses of the S. and entral provs. are large, in the N. they are mall, those of the Cossack tribes are capable of nduring great fatigue. Camels are kept in irge herds by the nomadic tribes in the steppes. [Tie bison is found near the sources of the Na- ew ; the reindeer is confined to the region N. of at. 66° N. ; the elk, wild hog, deer, and hare, are oimd in the forests of the N. ; and the fur-bear- Qg animals are actively hunted. In addition to he birds common to other countries of Europe, he capercailzie is found in the N., and the peli- an in the S., on the shores of the Black and Caspian Seas; geese and dncks abound in the akes. Fish is plenty in the rivers, especially in he Volga and the Ural, and in the White Sea nd the Sea of Azov. In the Arctic Ocean, on he shores of Novaia Zemlia, the whale and seal re fished. The E. part of Russia is rich in dinerals ; the two govs, of Orenburg and Perm, nd especially the latter, have numerous mines f gold, platinum, and copper ; silver does not ccur in European Rnssia ; iron abounds in the I. provs. In the mining dists. of the Ural, the op. is flonrishing and indnstrions ; the utmost ctivity is manifested, forests have been cleared, larshes drained, and the gorges of mountains ave been filled with artificial ^kes, water being lie chief moving power. The mining establish- lente, whether imperial or private, resemble the lanufacturing towns of Europe, and the manufs. f damasked steel equals that of Sheffield or lirmingham. Salt is extensively made in the CVS. Perm and Viatka, and in the W., south of ■ake Umen. Lignite and brown coal occur in S. Lussia, in the Crimea, & on the W. of the Ural lonntains ; the coal field on the Donetz is estim. t 100 m. long, and several feet deep. Coa! beds f immense extent were discovered in the gov. loscow in 1844. Since the time of Peter the ireat, the progress of manufs. in Russia has been lost rapid. In 1812, there were only 2,.')32 fac- iries and 119,093 workmen in the empire ; in 328, the number of factories was 6,244, and of orkmen 29.5,414 ; and in 1839, there were 6,855 ictories with '412,931 workmen : they are still ipidly on the increase, and the improvements 'their products have been commensurate with their progress. The gov. of Moscow is the centre of manufacturing industry, and next to it are the govs. Vladimir, Tula, Nijnii-Novgorod, Tambov, Kaluga, and Oloiietz. The staple manufs. are woollens, sill m. N. Guatemala. Pop. d.OOO. SaIiAHavca (So/anontica), a, city of Spain, cap. roT., extending up rocky heights on rt. b. of the 'ormes, here crossed by a magnificent bridge of J arches on Roman foundations, 45 m. N.E. indad Rodrigo. Pop. (1845) 12,870. Great part f the city within the walls is in ruins, and its xeets are mostly narrow, steep, crooked, and frty ; but it has some fine large residences, ven- rf^le edifices in all styles of architecture, the jgest public square in Spain, surrounded with rcades, and serving for a bull-ring, accommo- iting 16,000 to 20,000 spectators, and several pen spaces adorned with fountains. It has a cj^d Gothic caUiedral of the 16th century, with Tiehly decorated interior, 25 other churches, & foundling asylnm. Salamanca is the Oxford of pain, and previously to the French occupation I 1812, it bad 35 colleges, of which 20 are said >'have been mined by the French. Since len the suppression of the convents has struck t the root of the prosperity of its university (hich m the 15th century had 12,000 students). lot it has stm 4 major colleges, founded in the ?th century, and occupying fine buildings, be- ides other colleges; and the university is now lid to have 600 students and a library of 25,000 dIs. Here are also an immense Jesuit college, ow used as a clerical seminary and Irish mission Aool, and manufe. of hats, woollen cloths, shoes, ather, earthenware, starch, and glue. The attte of Salamanca, in which the English, under l^eOington, totally defeated the French under larmont and Clnsel, 22d July 1812, was fought a the heights of Arapiles, 4 m. S.E. of the city. SiiAMASCA, a town of the Mexican confed., ep. and 20 m. S.Gnanaxnato, in a plain 5,500 ft. !>ove the sea. — ^IL a long and narrow island, f New Granada, dep. & off the mouth of theMag- alena, 20 m. S.W. Santa Martha III. (de Bck- Har), a seaport town of Tucatan. [Bacaiab.] Salamis (obsolete Koluri), an island of Greece, 8v. Attica, in the Gulf of JEgina, 10 m. "W. ttens. Area 30 sq. m. Pop. 5,000. Shape ery irregular; surfece mntnons., wooded in raie parts, and on the coast small quantities of }^an, wine, and olives are raised. It has iveral vills. and convents. In the channel be- reen it and the mainland, the Greeks under hemistocles gained a memorable naval victory rer the Persians, B.C. 480. Solon and Euripides ere natives of Salamis. Saxaitdba, a mkt. town of Naples, prov. Basil- ata, 12 m. S.E. Tricarico. Pop. 1,900. The i^tOidreBa, a contiguous river, flows S.E. and Mersthe Gnlf of Taranto, 6 m. S.W. the Basi- ito. Course 60 m. S/lakoa, a point and isl. off the W. coast of S. iner., Ecuador, dep. and 80 m. N.W. Guayaquil, -n. aliame of the island Jukksetlon. Baiahgoee, a petty state of the Malaypenin- ila, stretching for about 120 m. along its W . side, t. 2* aC to 4° N., Ion. between 101° and 102° E., iving N. Perak & S. Bumbowe. Pop. estunated ; 12,000. Products comprise dammer wood, oil, rattans. — The cap. town Salangore is on a river !ar the sea, has a fort and a shallow harbour. Salawkement, a vill. of Austria, Slavonia, on b. of the Danube, opposite the influx of the heis.'i, 21 m. E.S.E. Peterwardein. Here in 191, the first decisive check was gi^fen to tWe process of the Turks in Europe, by the defeat of their army under Kiaperli. Salantt, a mkt. townof Russian Poland, gov. Vilna, 26 m. W.N.W. Telsh. Pop. about 1,200. Salabes, a town of Spain, prov. & 24 m. E.N.E. Malaga. Pop. 1,530 Solas is a town in the prov. and 46 m, N.N.E. Lerida. Pop. 992. Salas-y-Gohez, a small island of the Pacific Ocean, lat. 26° 28' S., Ion. 105° 26' W. It was discovered by the Portuguese in 1793. i. Salat, a river of S. France, dep. Arifege, rises in the Pyrenees, and after a N.N.W. course of 62 m., for the last 20 of which it is navigable, joins the Garonne a little below St Martory. Salatv, a mkt. town of Russian Poland, gov. Vilna, on the Micha, 37 m. S.E. Mitau. P. 1,000. Sai;awattv, an island of the E. Archipelago,' off the W. extremity of Papua, lat. 1° S., loni 131° E. Length 35 m., breadth 25 m. It pro- duces sago of excellent quality. Salateb, an island of the £. Archipelago,^off the S. extremity of Celebes, lat. 6° S., Ion: 120° 30' E. Length 40 m. by 8 m. in average breadth. Products cotton and millet. SAI.AZAB DE I.AS Fai^has, a Small town of S. Amer., New Granada, dep. Boyaca, prov. and 40 m. N. Pamplona, on the Venezuelan frontier. ■ Saxbbis, a conmi. and mkt. town of France, dep. Loir-et-Oher, cap. cant., on the Saudre and on railw. to Bourges, 14 m. N. Vierzon. P. 1,676. Saicito, a town of Naples, prov. Molise, on the Trigno, 14 m. N.N.'W. Campobasso. Pop. 3,009'. Salgombe-Regis, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon^ 2 m. E.N.E. Sidmouth. Area 1,900 ac. Pop.i525. Saloasj, a town of Spain, prov. and 37 m. N.N.'W. Palencia, on the Carrion, here crossedby a bridge of 23 arches. Fop. 1,015. It has manufs, of woollen stuffe and earthenwares. SAI.DAMHA Bat, S. Africa, Cape Colony and dist., 60 m. N.N.W. Cape Town. Length N. to S. 15 m. ; entrance 3 m. in breadth. At all seasons it affords good anchorage ; and on' its W. side is a station of the Dutch E. I. Company. SAi.nAO, or Sadao, a river of Portugal, provs. Alemtejo and Estremadura, rises in the Sierra Monchique, 19 m. S. Ourique, flows N. and N.W. past Albalade and Alcacer do Sal, and enters the bayof Setubal,9m. E.S.E. Setubal. Length 110 m., for the last 40 of which it is navigable. SAi.nrNSK (NiJNTi and Vebkhnii), two conti- guous mkt. towns of European Russia, gov. Perm, on an affl. of the Tura, 15 m. S.S.E. Ver- khoturia. United pop. 2,000, mostly employed in mining, and in iron works. Sale, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Chester, pa. & 2 m, S.S.'W. Ashton-on-Mersey. Area 2,060 ac. Pop. 1,309.— SoZc Jtfoor is a station 2{ m. N.E. Al- tringham, on the Manchester railway. Salebt, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, IJ m. N. Alford. Area 1,770 ac. Pop. 233. Sale di Tobtona, a mkt. town of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. Alessandria, cap. mand., 6 m. N.N.'W. Tortona. Pop. of comm. 5,094. Saxehuest, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 6\ m. N.N.'W. Battle. Area 5,940 ac. P05. 2,099. Salem, a dist. of British India, presid. Madras, having S. W. and 'W. the Cavery river, separating it from Coimbatoor, N. the Mysore dom., and on other sides the dists. Arcot and Triohinopoly. . Area 6,618 sq. m. Pop. (1887) 905,190. Suri. face upland ; in 1836 upwards of l-4th of the land was tinder culture, & 661,500 ac. more fitted for cultivation. Maize, rice, cotton, teak, sandal, glue, tamarinds, turmeric, oil seeds, iron, and cotton cloths form staple commodities, and the last are exported to the W. Indies and America. SAL 1126 SAL Land mostly assessed on the ryotwar system. [Habeas.] Land rev. (1836) 164,4712. ; total rev. 195,0S6?. — Salem, the chief town, and resld. of the Brit, authorities, is 114 m. G.S.E. Seriuga- patam. It has a trade in cotton cloths and nitre. Saleh, a seaport city of the U. S., N. Amer., Massachusetts, on a low tongue of land between two inlets of the Atlantic, termed N. and S. rivs., the former crossed by abridge 1,500 ft. in length, 15 m. N.E. Boston and S. Newbnry-Port, and connected with both towns by railways. Lat. 42' 31° N., Ion. 70° 54' W. Pop. (1850) 18,846. It is now pretty well built, and has a large planted open space, numerous churches, an academy, and various other schools, a court-house, jail, athen- seum with a library of 10,000 vols., E. Indian society with a valuable museum, mechanics' li- brary, several newspapers, numerous bank & in- surance companies ; two harbours, the S. having 2 lighthouses, and defended by two forts ; tan- neries, com and saw mills. Its E. India trade, formerly very important, is still considerable, and it has an active coasting trade, ajid share in the whale fisheries. Beg. shipping (1840) 37,020 tons. Its inhabs. took a spirited part in the revolution, and during that period it was distinguished for the number and success of its privateers. Salem, a co., U. S., N. America, in S.'W. of N. Jersey. Area 320 sq. m. Pop. 16,024 ; also numerous tnshps., N. Amer. — I. New York, 40 m. H.N.E. Albany. Pop. 2,855.— U. New Jersey, on Salem Creek, 68 m. S.W. Trenton. Pop. 2,007. It has a good court-house, jail, academy, & several churches, steam-boats ply to Philadel- phia, &c.— m. a vill., N. Carolina, 109 m. N.W. Baleigh. Fop. 1,000. It has a large Moravian academy. — IV. a tnshp., Ohio, co. Highland. Pop. 2,004.— V. Ohio, co. Jefferson. Pop. 2,044. —VI. Ohio, CO. Warren. Pop. 2,968.— VII. a vill., Indiana, 82 m. S. Indianopolis. Pop. 1,083. It has a court-house, jail, mkt.-honse, co. academy, and various factories. — ^VIII. Iowa, co. Henry. Pop. about 1,000. Salehbbia, a river of Thessaly. [Saltupbia.] Salemi, Halyciaf a town of Sicily, intend. Trapani, cap. cant., 15 m.- N.E. Mazzara. Pop. 11,000. It IS finely situated, enclosed by walls, and has several churches, but no trade. SAJ.EMOW, a town of India, dom. and 70 m. E. Bhopanl. Saleh, a town of Burmah, Further India, on the W. side of the Irrawadi, 55 m. N. "W. Patanago. Saxebhes, a comm. and town of France, dep. Var, cap. cant., at the confluence of the Braqae and Bresque, 11 m.W. Draguignan. Pop. 2,287. Salebho, Salenmm, a seaport city of Naples, cap. prov. Princip. Citra, on the N. shore of the Gulf of Salerno, 30 m. E.S.E. Naples. Pop. 11,000. The anc. city stood on a height, and amongst its remains is a mined citadel ; the modem city close to the sea, is ill built, but has a fine esplanade, several Gothic edifices, including the intendency, theatre, and cathedral, bishop's palace, hospitals, a lyceum, and a university, which in the middle ages had a famous school of medicine.- — The Gvlf of Salerno (anc. Paestanus Sinus) is an inlet of the Mediterranean, separated from the Bay of Naples by Cape Campanella. Breadth 36 m. It receives the riv. Sale, & on its shores are Salerno, the town Amalfi, and the remains of Fsestnm. Salebs, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cantal, cap. cant., on a volcanic height, 15 m. N.N.E. Aurillac. Pop. 1,243. Saletto, a vill. of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 21 m. S.W. Padua. Pop. 2,040. Salford, a pari, and munic. bor., town, and pa. of England, co. Lancaster, hnnd. Salfoi immediately W. Manchester, with which city communicates by 6 bridges across the Irwe Area of town 1,220 ac. Pop. 63,200; ditto bor. 66,624. Its chief characteristics have be noticed in conjunction with those of Manchesh witih which it unites to form the most popnlo place in England after the metropolis, and i chief seat of the British cotton manufacture. 1838, of the steam machinery employed in t mannfs. of the two bors., that in Salford was e timated to amount to 2,000 horse power, or 1-5 of the whole. The bor. has but recently receiv municipal rank ; it is the seat of co. quart sessions, and other courts. Corp. rev. (184 3,6962. It sends 1 member to H. of C. Be electors (1848) 2,602. SAI.70BD, several pas. of England. — I. co. O ford, 2 m. W.N.W. Chipping-Norton. Ai 1,670 ae. Pop. 330.— IL co. Bedford, 4 i N.N.W. Wobnra. Area 900 ac. Pop. 325.— U (Priors), co. Warwick, 4 m. S.S.W. Alcesti Area ^730 ac. Pop. 865. It has a Rom; Catholic nunnery, and boarding school. Salgado, a town of Brazil, prov. Minas-Gerai on the San Francisco, lat. 16° 20" S. Pop. 4,0( Salghib, or Salgib, the principal river of t Crimea, rises at the foot of Mount Ella, 12 i S.E. Simferopol, flows successively N.W. ai N.E., and enters the Gulf of Sivach (Putrid se 40 m. N.N.W. Kaffa, after a course of 100 m. Salhocse, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, m. E.N.E. Norwich. Area 1,970 ac. Pop. 64 Salian, a small town of Asiatic Russia, Trac Caucasia, prov. Talish, on an island in the Ei 15 m. above its mouth in the Caspian sea. Salianah, a town of N. Hindostan, cap. rajahsp. betw. Onde & Nepan], 120m. N. Luckno Salibabo, or ToLons Islands, a cluster in t Asiatic Archipelago, about lat. 4° N., and bet Ion. 126° and 127° E., midway between Giloloai Mindanao. They are well cultivated & populoi Salicetto, a market town of N. Italy, Pie mont, div. Coni, on the Bormida, 18 m. E.N. Mondovi. Pop. of comm. 1,674. SaIiIes, two comms. and towns of France.— dep. B. Pyrenees, on an affl. of the Gave d'Ol ron. Pop. 3,673. It is noted for its springs brine ^11. dep. H. Garonne, cap. cant., near tl Salat, 12 m. E. St Gaudens. Fop. 863. Salignac, a comm. & market town of Franc dep. Dordogne, cap. cant., 34 m. E.S.E. P&ii ueux. Pop. 1,286 ^11. a comm. and vill., de Gironde, 16 m. N.N.E. Bordeaux. Pop. 986. Saliki Sbbai, a considerable town of the Pa jab, near tlie E. bank of the Indus, 40 m. N. Attock, on the route into Cashmere. Saliha, or Salini, Didyme, one of the Lips isls. in the Mediterranean, N.W. Lipaii. Leng 6 m., breadth 6 m. Fop. 4,000. It is volcanic. Saijka, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New Toi on the E. side of Lake Onondaga. Fop. 11,01 It has celebrated salt springs, whence its nan and from which in 1840, upwards of 2,622,0 bushels of salt were procured. Salinas de Anaha, a market town of Spaj prov. Alava, 10 m. N.E. Vitoria. Pop. 1,078. Salihb, a pa. of Scotland, co. Fife, 6 m. N.'^ DunfermUne. Fop. 1,067, of whom 358 are the neat and respectable village. Salihes, a maritime vill. of Cyprus, on t Gulf of Salines, E. coast of isl., 3 m. S. Larni( with a citadel, bazaar, and salt vorks. SAiiNG (Gbeat), a pa. of England, co. Esse Bi m. W.N.W. Braintree. Area 1,740 ac. Pc 349. SAL 1127 SAL Salino, a riv. of Naples, prov. Abruzzo-Ult. I., dist. Civita di Penne, rises near Baeuooo, and after an E. course of 32 m. enters the Adriatic, S m. N.W. Pescara. Salins, a comm. and town of France, dep. Jura, on the Furiense, here crossed by 4 bridges, cap. cant., 21 m. S.S.W. Besanson. Pop. (1846) 6,337. It is enclosed by walls, defended by two forts, and has a communal college, extensive salt magazines, iron-works, soda factories, and tan- neries. Tbe brine-springs of its vicinity yield ]aTge quantities of salt. Salins was nearly destr. by fire in 1825, & rebuilt by national subscription. Saus, and Sai.isbuk(j, two vills. of Bussia, gov. Livonia, on the river Salis, which flows into the Gulf of Kiga, after a course of 90 m. SAiiSBnBT, or New Sarum, a city, and pari, and munic. bor. of England, cap. co. Wilts, on the Avon, here crossed by 3 bridges, 21 m. W. Winchester, and 96 m. W.S.W. London, on the S.W. r^lway. Area of city 480 ae. Pop. of bor. comprising with the city, parts of the pas. Fisherton-Anger, and Milford, 11,626. It stands in a fertile plain, partially enclosed by widls, regularly bnilt, and drained "by running brooks, which flow down most of its streets, and it has a respectable and venerable appearance. In its centre is a spacious market-place, in which are the council-house, the public library and news-room, and the butter-cross, an edifice apparently of the time of Edward ill. The cathedral is a splendid structure, in the " close," a green area of nearly ^ sq. m., shnt off from the rest of the city by a lofty wall. It was fin- ished in 1238, wholly in the early English style, and is in the form of a double cross ; length 474 feet, width of larger transepts 210 feet, height of spire 404 feet. It has a fine altar-piece of the Resurrection, executed with some other subjects, in stained glass, and it contains many ancient and some curious monuments. Its W. front is richly adorned, and many parts of its exterior are ornamented with statues. Attached to it are spacious cloisters, a chapter-honse, library, &c. ; and in the close are the bishop's palace, deanery house, and residences of the canons and other dignitaries. The see comprises the cos, Wilts aiS Dorset. Besides 3 pa. churches, here are chapels of Boman Catholics, Independents, Baptists, Swedenborgians, Wesleyans, and Unita- rians, a grammar school, co. jsul in Fisherton- Anger, theatre, assembly and concert rooms, & a CO. infirmai^. Charities amount to nearly 5,000?. annually. Woollen and cutlery manufs. have long declined, and the city has now little trade except in agricultural produce, and the retail supply of its inhabitants. It communicates by a branch of the S. Western railway with South- ampton 20 m. distant. It is the seat of co. assi- zes, and spring quarter and petty sessions, and a court-leet for the manor. Corp. revenue (1848) 1,481/. Markets, Tuesday & Saturday. Baces in August. The city sends 2 members to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 701. It is the place of election for the S. division of the co. It rose on the removal of the see from Old Sarum 2 m. N.ward in 1217 ; and parliaments were occasion- ally held in it in the 13th and 14th centuries. , Saiisbcbt, several tnshps., U. S., N. Amer — I. New Hampshire, 16 m. N.N. W. Concord. P.1,329. Birthplace of the Hon. D. Webster.— II. Massa- chusetts, on the Atlantic, 36 m. N.N.E. Boston. Pop. 2,739 III. Connecticut, 63 m. W. Hart- ford. Pop. 2,561.— IV. New York, 66 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 1,859.— V. Pennsylvania, 16 m. E. Lancaster. Pop. 8,959. Salisbubt Island, Hudson Strait, British N. America, is in lat. 63° 27' N., Ion. 76° 40' W. Salishukv Plain, an elevated nndulating tract of open downs, co. Wilts, extending both N. and S. of that city, but the term is now gener- allji held to apply mainly to that portion between Salisbury and Devizes, from which, as a common centre, most of the hill chains of S. and Central England proceed. Large portions of it are oc- cupied solely as sheep walks. On it, about 6 m. N. Salisbury, is Stonehenge (which see); and many traces of British and Roman camps are scattered over its surface. Salreld (Great), a pa. of Engl., co. Cumber- land, on the river Eden, here crossed by a curious bridge, 3 m. S.S.W. Kirk-Oswald. Area 3,410 ao. Pop. 441. It has beautiful scenery. Sall, a pa. of Engl, co. Norfollc, 13 m. N.N.W. Norwich. Area 1,470 ac. Pop. 267. Sallanches, or Sallenches, a town of Savoy, prov. Faucigny, cap. mand., on the Arve, 42 m- N.E. Chambery. Pop. 2,085. It has been re- peatedly destroyed by fire, and totally so on Good Friday 1840. The fall of the Sallenche is a fine cascade, in the Valais, 10 m. S. Martigny. Sallee, or Sla, a fortified seaport town of Marocco, kingdom and 106 m. W. Fez, on the Mediterranean, at the mouth of the Bu-Regreb, opposite Rabatt. Lat. 34° 2' N., Ion. 6° 46' W. Pop. estimated from 10,000 to 14,000. It stands on a low sandy point, enclosed by walls, & having a long battery guarding the entrance to the river, It has a manuf. of fine carpets, & an export trade in wool. It was formerly noted both for piracy & commercial activity ; at present it is in decay. Salles, numerous comms. and vills. of France chiefly in the S. and W. deps. — I. {CurcM), dep. Aveyron, cap. cant., 15 m. W.N.W. Milhau. Pop. 2,489. — II. (la Source), dep. Aveyron, 7 m. N.N.W. Rodez, with 1,102 inhabs., a castle, and a stalactitic cavern. — HI. [sur rJBers), dep. Aude, cap. cant., 8 m. W. Castelnaudary. Pop. 1,189. Sallieb, a town of British India, presid. Bom- bay, 78 m. E.N.E. Damaun. Sallins, a Till, of Ireland, Leinster, co. Kildare, on the Grand canal, with a station on the Great S. & W. railw., 7i m. N.E. Newbridge. Pop. 392. Salm (Alt), a town of Belgium, prov. & 31 m. S.E. Liege, formerly cap. of the Comt^ of Salm- en-Ardennes, now comprised in the prov. Liege, on the Sairo, an affl. of the Ambleve. Pop. 2,600. Salmonbt, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 5 m. E.N.E. Horncastle. Area 1,030 ac. Pop. 116. Salmon River, U. S., N. Amer., New York, en- ters Lake Ontario near its E. end, after a W. course of 35 m. At its mouth is a pretty good harbour, and it is navigable thence for 14 m. to Orwell, where it is 260 feet in width, and has a perpendicular fall of 107 feet. SALHiJNSTEB, Or Saalmijnsteb, a walled town of Germany, H.-Cassel, prov. Hanau, cap. circ, at the confl. of the Salza and EJnzig, 24 m. S.W. Fulda. Pop. 1,600. It has a Francis, monastery. Salo, a town of Austrian Italy, cap. dist., on the W. side of the Lago di Garda, deleg. and 14 m. E.N.E. Brescia. Pop. 5,600. It stands at the foot of Monte San Bartolomeo, is chiefly built on piles, and has a cathedral and 8 other churches. — II. a pass in the Pyrenees, between Conflans in France, and Izabare in Spain. Salobbena, a small town of Spain, prov. and 34 m. S.S.E. Granada, near the month of the Motril, in the Mediterranean, with 1,460 inhabs., and a Moorish castle. Salomon Islands, Pacific O. [Solomon Isls.] Salon, Salo, or Salonum, a comm. and town of SAL 1128 gAL Franoe,jdep. B.-du-Rhdne, cap. cant., near the canal of Craponne, 28 ta. N.N.W. Marseilles. Pop. 4,290. It has several squares with fountains, a mndsome town hall^ and manufs. of silk twist, hats, and soap, and a brisk general trade. Saxona, a ruined city of Dalmatia, circ. & 3 m. I^.N.£. Spalato, on the E. side of the bay of Sa- lona, an inlet of the Adriatic. It was greatly en- larged and fortified by Diocletian, a native of Salona, but destroyed by the Avars in 639.— II. (Amphusa), a town of Greece, Hellas, cap. gov. Phocis, 81 m. W.N.W. Athens, on an inlet of the Corinthian gulf, & at the S. foot of Mount Parnassus. Pop. 4,000. On its acropolis are picturesque ruins of its ancient citadel. Salonica, or Saloniki, ThessaXoniea, a large seaport city, and next to the cap., the principal seat of, commerce iu European Turkey, Rumili, caj). saiij., at the N.E. extremity of the Gulf of Salonica. La.t. 40° 38' 8' N., Ion. 22° 57' 22* E. Pop. estimated at from 70,000 to 75,000,' of whoiii from 25,000 to 30,000 are Jews, 6,000 Turks, and the remainder Greeks and Franks. It has ex- ternally an imposing appearance, standing on a Mil slope, enclosed hy whitewashed or painted trails, 5 m. in circuit, its numerous minarets and domes interspersed with gardens of cypress, and eommanded by a large citadel, termed the " Seven Towers." It has numerous antiquities in good preservation. The lower portions of its walls are "iCyclopean, & one of its gates was built in honour pi Augustus, after the battle of Philippi. Within the citadel is another triumphal arch, erected under Marcus Aurelius. Several of the mosques have been originally pagan temples ; one has been instructed on the model of the Pantheon at Some ; another, with portions wholly unin- jured, was formerly a temple of Venus. In the centre of the city is the hippodrome, a noble area, entered by a magnificent colonnade of 6 Coriur thian pillars. The mosque of St Sophia is a hand- some model of that at Constantinople. Bazaars ^extensive, and well supplied, and here are some flourishing silkTdrawing lactones. During the prevalence of Napoleon's continental system, Salonica was an important depot for English goods. It has still a large trade in British pro- dace. Exports consist of wheat, barley, maize, tim - ber, wool, sponges, raw silk, wine, sesamum seed, tobacco, and staves. This city was the residence of Cicero during a part of his exile ; it was raised to the rank of a Roman colony by Valerian. Salonica (Gui.f or), ThermtBus Simts, an arm of the ^gean sea, between the coast of Thessaly and the peninsulas of Chalcidice and Cassandras. Length 70 m., breadth at entrance 30 m. It receives the Salympria(anc.l'eiieiw),Inc(je-Eara- ,^u, and Vardar rivers. SkiMP, a CO. of England. [Shbopshibb.] V Salobino, a village of Spain, prov. & 51 m. W. Caceres, near the Salor. Pop. 1,918. Salpee, a town of British India, presid. Bom- bay, 21 m. N.E. Sattarah. Salpebton, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 4 m. N.N.W. Northleach. Area 1,210 ae. Pop. 206. Salsexte, an island of British India, presid. Bombay, immediately N. Bombay isl., with which it is connected by a narrow causeway. Length 18 m., average breadth 13 m. Pop. upwards of fiO,000, including many of Portuguese descent. , Salso, Himera Maidionale, the largest river of Sicily, rising in the Madonian mntns,, intend. Palermo, flowing S., and entering the Mediter- ranean at Alicata, after a course of 70 miles. Salt, .and Ensoh, a tnshp. of Engl., co. & 3^ m. N.E. Staflbrd, pa. St JHary Iticbfield. Pop. 580. 'SictiA, the most N. dep. of the Plata Coafed extending N. df lat. 26° S., and between Ion. 6i and 68° W., having S. the deps. Catamarca an Tucuman, E. the Gran-Chaooj W. & N. Bolivii Area about 70,000 sq. m. Pop. loosely estimate at 65,000. Surface very much diversified, cor sisting alternately of ramifications of the Ande fertile valleys, and wooded or pasture land Principal rivers, the Salado and Upper Vermej( on the banks of which rice, maize, tropical fruit sugar, cotton, tobacco, and indigo are raisei Along the Vermejo cochineal is collected, an cocoa is produced. The yerha-mati, or Far: guay tea, grows wild. In this dep. are tli silver mines of San Antonio and Acay. — Sciti the cap. town, is situated on an affl. of tiie Saladi 180 m. N. Tncnman. Lat 24° 16' S., Ion. 64° 5( W. Pop. from 8,000 to 9,000. It is regidSrl built, and has numerous reli^ons edifices, audi coU^e^ formerly belonging to the Jesuits, d occasionally suffers injury from inundations,. I Saxtash, a decayed bor., mkt. town, & cfa^peh of England co. Cornwall, on a steep acclivity a the W. bank of the Tamar, SJ m. N.W. Devoi port. Area 228 ac. Pop. 1,541, mostly engage in fishing and sea&ring pursuits. It has also trade in malt and beer, & is famous for its biscuit Saltbv, a pa. of England, co. Leicestei^ Sjrii N.E. Melton Mowbray. Area, 2,680 ac. Pop. 29! ' ^ALTCOA'CB, a seaport town of Scotland, coi Ay pas. Ardrossan and Stevenston, on the Bay t Ayr, 24 m., S.W. Glasgow. Pop. 4,238. It mostly ill built, but it has a neat Gotiilc p church, a handsome town house, free and othi schools, a subscription library, reading room large ship building docks, and rope walksl L habitants chiefly employed in weaving and sewii muslins, shawls, & silks for Glasgow houses. '. has also salt works, and exports coal to Ireland Saltcoit, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 8^1 S.W. Colchester. Area 1,700 ao. Popi 181. Salt-Cbeek, several townships of the U. i N. Amer., Ohio.-;-L co. Pickaway. Pop. 1,81 — II. CO. Muskingum. Pop. 1,252.-111. c Hohnes. Pop. 1,739.— IV. co. Wayne. Po 1,461. — Salt-Liek is the name of townships. Oh and Pennsylvania. Saltbe Islands, two small islands and a groi of rocks off the coast bf Ireland, Leinster, c Wexford; the larger of the twojlsls. lies aba 15 m. E. Hook-head, and extendsl m: S.S.W. vessel, showing a fixed double light, is station) 3i m. W.S.W. this island. Saltbns-elf, a river bt Norway, dfet Nor land, after a N.W. course of 70 m. enters tl Arctic Ocean by a wide fiord, in lat. 67° 12' N Saltbbfobth, a township of Engl., co. Toi W. Riding, pa. Bamoldwick, 8 m. W.S.W. Ski ton. Pop. 675. Saltbbsfobd, or Jeneib Chapel, a towssfa of Engl., CO. Chester, with a station on the Mi land railway, 2 m, W.Cromford. Saltflbexby, several pas. of Engl., co. Li coin.— I. (East), 8J m. E.N.E. Louth; Ar 1,110 ao. Pop. 109.— II. {Middle),! m. E.N. Louth. Area 1,530 ae. Pop. 181.— III. (W%i 7 m. E.N.E. Looth. Area 1,550 ao. Pop. 24( Saltfleet-Haven, England. [Skisbbook: Saltfobd, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, witl station on the Great Western railway, 5 W.N.W. Bath. Area 1,160 ac. Pop. 427. Salt Hill, a hamlet of Engl.,'co. Bncksi pi Farnham Royal and Upton, 3i m. N. Windsi and until lately noted as the, place to which t Eton boys made the triennial ;"montem' pi cession, abolished in 1847. > - ' SAL 1129 SAL iSnveBDUt, auisl. of Denmarii,in the Sound, 6 a; £.S^. Copenhagren, aud W.N.W. Malmo Sweden). Length 5 m. It is often covered by he sea, and is not permanently inhabited. SuiTHonsE, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 25 m. S^.N.W. Norwich. Area 1,960 ac. Pop. 266. SiixiKovA-DEWiTZA, a town of Russia, gov. & 13 m. E.S.E. Tchernigov, on the Desna. P. 1,000. SaithJiO, a town of the Mexican confedera- km, dep. and 110 m. S. Coahuila, on the river Bgre. Pop. 6,000. At Buena Vista, 6 m, dis- ant, Feb. 1847, the Mexican president Santa Lnna, with 15,000 troops, was routed by 5,000 U. States' troops ouder general Taylor. Salt 1SI.AKD, one of the British W. India isls., Virgin group, SJ!. Tortola. — Salt-keys, some slets, Bahamas, and off the N. coast of Cuba. Salt Lake (Gbeat), a lake of Upper Califomia, at. ■11° N., Ion. 113° IC to 113° 40' W., between he basins «f the Colorado and Columbia rivers. Ihape very irregular. Length 60 m. by 35 m. in ire^dth. Shores elevated, and it receives the iear riv. from the N., and the saperfluous waters if tile fresh lake Utah from the S., besides many treams from the E. It contains several large jlands, and on its banks is now seated the Mor- aon colony, emigrated from Nauvoo. Salthet, a township of N. Wale^ co. Flintj on he Dee^ pa. Hawarden, with a station on the Chester and Shrewsbury railway, 2J m. S.S.W. }bester. Pop. 554. Saltoit, a pa. of England, co. York, N. Riding, IJni. W.S.W. Pickering. Area 2,810 ac. Pop. 71. — IL (or Saltoun), a pa. of Scotiand, co. Had- lington, 14 m. E.S.E. Edinburgh. Area 8 sq. m. 'op. 770. The vilLW. Salton, ontheTyne, has , pop. of 190. Here are Salton Ball, the resi- lence of the Fletcher family ; and Heimandston, ndently the property of the St Clairs. Bishop himet was once rector of this parish. Salt Rfvee, U. 8., N. America. — I. Kentucky, ReraN. few. course joins the Ohio at W. Point, m. below Louisville. It is 200 yards in width t its iuonth, and for 150 m. available for boats. -n. loira and Missouri, joins the Mississippi rom ihe W., 63 m. N.N.W. the confl. with the Missouri. — Salt Sulphur Springs is a vill. and spa f Virginia, co. Monroe. Saltwood, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 1 m. f. Hythe. Area 2,480 ac. Pop. 620. Salt- rood Castle, a noble structure of the reign of ticbard ii., is partly in ruins. Salden, or Thah-lwehg, a large river of 'ortber India, rises in Tibet, flows S. throngh the Jhinese prov. Tun-nan, and between the Bur- i^e dom. on the W., and the Laos, Siamese, and Iritish territory (Tenasserim provs) on the E., pd'-enteiB the Gulf of Martaban by a broad iouth, on opposite sides of which are the towns lartaban and Manlmain. Its course has been td£ emlored, but it is known to be a noble tream flowing through a richly wooded country, i generally navigable to a considerable distance 'om the sea. SiiuGoiA, a mkt. tovra of Piedmont, div. No- ira, prov. & 20 m. W.S.W. Vercelli. Pop. 3,991. Sai.dbn, or Salobno, a market town of the 'yrol, oirc. and 19 m. S.S.W. Botzen, on the ipperAdige, with an old castle. Pop. 1,100. Saluzzo {French Sdlucet), a city of N. Italy, iedmont, div. Coni, cap. prov., on an affl. of the 0, 17 m. N.W. Coni. Pop. of comm. (1848) M2& It consists of an upper and walled town, Hi a height crowned by a magnificent castle, ow used as a prison, and a lower, open town, ith a handsome cathedral. It has manufs. of silk, leather, hats, and hardwares. Under the French it was the cap, dep. Stura. Saluzzola, a town of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. and 32 m. N.E. Turin, cap. mand., on the Elvo. Pop. of comm. 2,161. Salvadob(San), Amer. [S.Salvadob,;). 1134.] Salvagi;s, a group of rocky islands in the At- lantic Ocean, between the Canary and Madeira islands, about lat. 30° N., Ion. 16° w . The Great Piton yields a large quantity of orchill Salvage Island, Falkland group, S. Amer., is in lat. 51° 1' S., Ion. 61° 6' W. Salvaonac, two comms. and towns of France. — I. a market town, dep. Tarn, cap. cant., 23 m. W. Alby. Pop. 1,828.-11. (Cajarc), dep. Avey- ron, 12 m. N.W. Villefranche. Pop. 1,440. Salvaleon, Interamm, a town of Spain, prov. and 20 m. S.S.E. Badajos, on the Erja. P. 2,540. Salvatiebka (de Magos), a town of Portugal, prov. Estremadnra, near 1. b. of the Tagus, 31m. N.E. Lisbon. Pop. 2,000. In its royal residenob the Marquis de Loul^ was assassinated February 1824. — II. {do Extremo), a town, prov. Beira, on the Spanish frontier, 28 m. E. Castello-Branco. Salvatiebba, two small towns of Spain. — I. prov. Pontevedra, 20 m. S.E. Vigo, on r. b. of the Minho, which separates it from Portugal.^— II. prov. Vascongadas (Biscay), 16 m. E. Vitoria, for- tified & well built. Pop. 1,693.-111. (de los Bar- ros), prov. & 23 m. S.S.E. Badajos. Pop. 2,555. Salvetat (La), two comms. and towns ctf France — I. dep. Herault, cap. cant., on the Agout, N. the Cevennes, and 8 m. N. St Pons. Pop. 4,009. — n. dep. Aveyron, cap. cant., 18 m. S.W. Rodez. Pop. 3,128. — Salmac is a comm. and vill., dep. Lot, cap. cant., 9 m. S.W. Gour- don. Pop. 1,189. Salwaep, a pa. of Engl., co. and 4J m. N.N.W. Worcester, intersected by a canal which runs parallel with the river Salwarp from Droitwich to the Severn. Area 1,850 ac. Pop. 482. Salymprla, or Salembbia, Peneus, the prin- cipal river of Thessaly, European Turkey, rises at the N.W. extremity of that prov., nearly the whole of which it drains, flows S. and E., and enters the Gulf of Salonica, 13 m. N.W. Cape Kissovo. Total course 110 m., for about half of which it is navigable. Principal affls., the Pbanari, Satalg^, and Saranta-Poros. Salza, or Salzach, a river of Austria, rises in the Alps, 18 m. W. the Gross-Glockner, flows E. through the centre of the circ. Salzburg to St Johann, where it turns N. and joins the Inn, 6 m. N.E. Burghausen. Total course, 130 m., for the last 80 of which, to Hallein, it is navigable. Salzbbunn (New, Loweb, and Uppeb), three contiguous vills. of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 35 m. S.W. Breslau, with 2,767 inhabitants, two churches, and mineral baths. SaIiZbubg, Juvavia, a city of Upper Austria, cap. circ, situated on both sides of the Salzach, here crossed by a bridge 370 feet long, 72 m. E.S.E. Munich. Pop. (1846) 11,300. It is situated in the most picturesque spot in Ger. many, is surrounded by walls, entered by 8 gates, and consists of the town proper and 3 suburbs. The most conspicuous object is the castle of Ho- hensalzburg, perched on a steep rock, formerly the residence of the prince bishops, now used as a prison and barracks. On opposite side of the river is the Monchberg, surmounted by a Capu- chin convent. It has a cathedral of the 17th century, built in the style of the Vatican ; the church of St Peter contains the tomb of Haydn, who, as well as Mozart, was a native of Salzburg. The house in which the latter was born is stul SAL 1130 SAM preserved. Salzburg has a lycenm, with alibrary of 36,000 vols., a botanic garden and zoological musenm, a gymnasinm, and an Vrsuline female school. St Peter's convent has a library of 40,000 vols. & a collection of coins. Here are a military and three civil hospitals, and a theatre. Chief manufe. leather, iron wire, tobacco, and starch. Salzderheloen, a market town of Hanover, laadrost Hildesheim, princip. Grubenhagen, on the Leine, 2 m. S.E. Eimbeck. Pop. 1,200. Salzdettfdbth, a vill. of Hanover, landrost and 7 m. S.S.E. Hildesheim, on the Lamme. SAI.ZA (Gbobs), a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 10 m. S.S.E. Magdeburg. Pop. 2,563. Salzoitteb, a vill. of Hanover, landrost and 20 m. E.S.E. Hildesheim. Pop. 1,500. In the vicinity are valuable salt mines. SAXzKAMMEBatjT, a dist. of Upper Austria, comprising the S.W. part of the circ. Traun, on the borders of Styria. Area 336 sq. m. Pop. 16,000. Surface almost wholly mountainous, & soil unprofitable, but valuable salt mines are wrought here on account of the government. SALZKOTTEif, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 45 m. S.S.W. Minden. Pop. 1,830. SAi.znFi.EN, a town of Germany, Lippe-Det- mold, at the confluence of the Salze and Werre, 11 m. N.W. Detmold, with salt-works. P. 1,364. Salzungen, a town of Central Germany, Saxe- Meiningen, circ. TTnterland, cap. bailiwick, on the Werra, 19 m. N.N.W. Meiningen. P. 3,077. It has important salt-works, manufs. of woollen cloth, linens, and leather, and 5 annual fairs. Salzwedei., or Saltwedel, a town of Prus- sian Saxony, reg. and 54 m. N.N.W. Magdeburg, cap. circ, on the Jetzel. Pop. (1846) 7,810. It is enclosed by walls, and has a gymnasium, and mannfs. of woollen, cotton, and linen fabrics. SAMABANa, a town of Java, on the route from Buitenzorg to Sheribon, 125 m. S.E. Batavia. Samaeil, a town of Arabia, Oman, dom. & 45 m. W. Muscat. Samakot, a town of European Turkey, Bul- garia, sanj. and 30m. S.S.E. Sophia. Pop. 7,000. It is enclosed by substantial walls, & has extens. works for the production of heavy iron goods. Samalood, or Samelood, a town of Egypt, prov. Benisonef, on 1. b. of the Nile, 15 m. N. Mi- nieh. Samana, a town on an island of same name, se- parated by a narrow channel from the N. coast of Hayti, cap. arrond., 15 m. N. Savannah la Mar. Cape Samana, the £. point of the island, is in lat. 19° 18' N., Ion. 69° 8' W II. a name of Atwood's Key, Bahamas. — Samana Bay, or Channel, betweeen Samana island and the N. coast of Hayti, is 40 m. in length, E. to W., and 12 m. in breadth at its mouth. Samanah, a town of Hindostan, in the protect- ed Sikh territ., prov. Delhi, 35 m. S.W. Umballah. Sahab, one of the Philippine Islands, Asiatic Archipelago, S.E. Luzon, n-om which it is sepa- rated by a strait, 20 m. across. Length 150 m. ; greatest breadth 80 m. Area 5,470 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 99,635. Soil highly fertile ; principal pro- ducts are rice, wheat, pepper, honey, wax, fine irnits, especially figs, & timber of various kinds. Samaba, two rivers of Russia I. joins the Dnieper in gov. and 4 m. S.E. Ekaterinoslav, after a W. course of 150 m. — II. govs. Orenburg and Simbirsk, after a W. course of 280 m., joins the Yolga at Samara. Affluents, the Tok & Einil. Sahaba, a town of Bussia, gov. & 100 m. S.E. Simbirsk, cap. circ, on a height at the confluence of the Samara with the Volga. Pop. 11,019. It was founded in 1591, wid formerly enclosed by a ditch and ramparts. It has a cathedral, sever other churches, and an extensive trade in catt & sheep, salt-fish, caviar, skins, leather, & tallo Sauabakq, a fortified seaport town of Jav cap. prov., on its N. coast, near the mouth the Samarang river, 210 m. E.S.E. Batavi Lat. of fiag-staff 6° 57' S., Ion. 110° 27' E. Po 20,000 (?), including many Chinese. It is pret well built, and has a large church, tow: hall, military school, hospital, theatre, and o servatory. Its harbour is not good, and tl town is unhealthy &om contiguous morasses, ai owes importance solely to the carefnl cultivatii of the adjacent country, which yields largeqna titles of coffee, pepper, and rice. Samarang the residence of a Dutch governor, and the se of one of the tliree principsd law-courts in Jav Pop. of residency 550,000. Samabcano, a city of independent Turkesta dom. and 130 m. £. Bokhara, on the Zer-afcha Lat. 39° 50' N., Ion. 66° 50' E. Pop. about lO.OC It has greatly declined in importance ; the ar within its walls is mostly occupied with gardei and of 40 colleges it formerly had, only thr are said to remain perfect, one of which h great beauty. This city is, however, regard with great veneration in Central Asia; and possesses the tomb of Timour, under whom was the cap. of one of the largest empires ev known, and the centre of Asiatic learning ai extensive commerce. It has also several h zaars and large khans, many elegant, thougb d cayed, public edifices ; and it is still an entrep for some caravan trade. Its temperate climai abundance of fruit and water, and the beauty its vicinity, have caused it to be generally eul gised as a residence by Asiatic poets. Samabia, an ancient prov. of Palestiue, b tween the river Jordan and the Mediterranea having N. Galilee and S. Judea. It comprisi the towns Sebaste, Neapolis, Ginaca, Scythop lis, with Mounts Gilboa & Little Hermon. Ti ancient city of Samaria, built by Omri, king Israel, about 925 B.C., was the cap. of the t tribes. After its destruction by John Hyrcam it was rebuilt by Herod, and called Sebasi which see. — II. a vill. of Crete, near SfsJda. Samabova, a town of Siberia, gov. and 170 1 N.N.E. Tobolsk, between the Obe and Irtish. Samabbah, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. 65 m. N.N.W. Bagdad, on a height beside the b. of the Tigris, & consisting of about 250 hous( nearly enclosed by a strong wall. It has ti handsome Mohammedan tombs with cupolas, oi particularly venerated by the Shiah or Persi; sect, and visited annually by at least 10,000 M hammedan pilgrims. About \ m. N. are a cui ous spiral tower 163 feet in height, the remai of a college built of fine brick, and traces ol palace. The whole neighbourhood is cover with ruins. The town yields the pasha an anm revenue of 660?. Samassi, a comm. and vill. of Sardinia, div. ai 22 m. N.N.W. Cagliari. Pop. 1,995. Samatan, a comm. and town of France, dc Gers, on the Save, 1 m. N.E. Lombes. Pop. 1,25 Samava, a town of Asiatic TurkCT, pash. Ba dad, on the Euphrates, 38 m. S.E. Lemlum. Sahbas, a state, river, and town of the islaj Borneo ; the town, cap. state, on 1. b. of the rivi about 40 m. from its moutli, on the W. coast, m. N. Pontiana. Lat. 1° 50' N., Ion. 109° 20' Pop. 9,400, of whom 8,600 are Malaya. At t month of the riv. is the Chinese vill. ^amangk SAHBATIKJI.A, a wallcd town of W. Afrii Mandingo country, near lat. 10° N., Ion. 6° SO''' SAM 1131 SAM Sambeb, Sahbhaha, or Sacambrari, a town r Hindostan, R^pootaua, 44 m. N.N.E. Ajmeer. In its N.E. side is a large salt lake. Sahbiulm, or Sahbu-aso, a gronp of islands in leStrait of Malacca, lat. 4° 5' N., Ion. 100° 35' E. Samboanoaj;, a Spanish settlement in the Asi- iic Archipelago, on the S.W. extremity of the land Mindanao, lat. 6° 50' N., Ion. 122° 10' E. Sambob, two towns of Austrian Poland, Galicia. -L cap. circ, on the Dniester, 40 m. S.W. Lem- txg. Pop. 6,600. It has a tribunal, mining in- tndency, and gymnasium, with manni^. of linens, leachfields, and extensive salt works. — 11. Story ^zmAorisatown on the Dniester, 10 m. S.W. the iregoing, with 2,080 inhabitants. SAHBorBK, a hamlet of Engl., co. Warwick, pa. k)oghton, 3i m. N.N.W. Alcester. Pop. 662. Sambbs, Sabis, a river of Prance & Belgium, ses in the Frendi dep. Aisne, S.W. Avesnes, ows E.N.E. between the basins of the Scheldt □d Oise, and through the Belgian provs. Hain- Dt and Namnr, and joins the Maese at Namur. 'otal course 100 m. Afi9s., the Helpe, Heure, DdOmeau. It is navigable, for the greater part fits course, for barges. In Belgium, the Sam- re communicates by canals with the Senne and cbeldt, and the canal of the Sambre, France, Dnnects it with the canal of St Quentin. Under le French, Sambre-et-Mense was a dep. watered y those rivers, and now forming the prov. Na- iDr, with a part of Belgian Luxembonrg. Sambccca, a vill. of Central Italy, Tuscany, rm. N.N.W. Florence. Pop. 2,500. Saueb, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. as-de-Calais, cap. cant., 8 m. S.E. Boulogne, op. 1,687. It has remains of an abbey of the bh centory. SAiimBD, several pas. of Engl L {Great), co. 'ssex, 3| m. N.N.E. Thaxted. Area 2,840 ac. op. 877.— II. (Little), same CO., SJ m. E.N.E. 'haxted. Area 1,990 ac. Pop. 470.— III. (Arun- d), CO. Somerset, 2J m. S.W. Wellington, jea 1,280 ac. Pop. 448.— IV. (Brett), same co., m. N.W. Bridgewater. Area 810 ac. Pop. 238. -V. (Cimrtenay), co. Devon, 5 m. N.E. Oke- ampton. Area 7,820 ac. Pop. 1,239. — VI. Peeerel), same co., 6 m. E.N.E. Tiverton. Area 110 ac. Pop. 857. — VII. (Spiney), same CO., 4 L E.S.E. Tavistock. Area 1,990 ac. Pop. 443. Sahgacm, a town of British India, presid. Ma- ras, dist and 20 m. N.W. Nellore. Sahgobodok, a market town of Russia, gov. id 95 m. S.W. Kiev. Pop. 1,000. Sauhodd, a town of Upper Egypt, prov. and 5 m. S.E. Girgeh. Sami, a town of W. Africa, Senegambia, Bam- nra, on the Joliba, 22 m. W.S.W. Sego. Samlesbcet, a chapelry of Engl., co. Lancas- T, pa. Blackburn, 3 m. E. Preston. Area 4,270 :. Pop. 1,728. Samminiato, or San Mikiato, a town of Tus- my, prov. & 21 m. W.S.W. Florence. P. 3,500. Sahoas (or Natioatob's) IsnAiiDS, a group in le Pacific O., betw. lat. 13° 30' and 14° SC S., & n. 168° and 173° W., comprising 8 small islands, timated to have an area of 2,650 sq. m., with a )p. of upwards of 50,000. Soil rich, and surface Jnsely wooded. Products comprise cocoa nut 1, arrow root, caoutchouc, castor-bean, ginger, iffee, tortoise-shell, and plentifiil supplies of getables, &c., for shipping. The inhabs. are ated to be superior in bodily and mental en- iwments to those of many other parts of Poly- sia, and to seek for articles of utility rather an trinkets, in their traffic with Europeans, iere are Brit, missionary stations at Upoln, &c. Sauochvalovitshi, a market town of Russia, gov. and 10 m. S. Minsk. Pop. 1,000. Sauoczin, Prussian Poland. [Samotschau.] Samoens, a vill. of Savoy, prov. Faucigny, 7 m. E.S.E. Fanninges, cap. maud. Pop. of comm. 3,911. It has 6 important annual fairs for cattle. Sahogitia, an old prov. of Poland, now form- ing most part of the Russian gov. Vilna. Samos, an island off the W. coast of Asia Minor, on the S. side of the Gulf of Scala-Nuova, 42 m. S.W. Smyrna. Length, E. to W., 27 m., breadth varies to 10 m. Estimated area 165 sq. m. Pop. 50,000. Two ranges of rocky limestone mntns. traverse the island, their slopes partly covered with pine-woods, vineyards, and olive-groves. The valleys are fertile, and this is one of the most productive islands of the Archipelago, exporting a good deal of com, and excellent muscadine wines. Mineral products comprise marble, iron, lead, silver, and emery. Principal towns, Vathi, on its N. side, with a good harbour, and Khora, the cap., near the S. coast, on a portion of the site of the anc. Samos. The island had in anti- quity a famous temple of Juno, of which few, if any, vestiges remain. It was the native country of Pythagoras, and the sculptor Theodorus. The Samiotes were among the first to join the late Greek war of independence, throughout which they successfully held the isl. against the Turks. In the Little Boghaz, a narrow strait between Samos and the mainland, the fleet and army of Xerxes were defeated the same day that his troops in Greece, under Mardonius, were dis- persed and destroyed at Plataea, B.C. 479. — 11 an anc. city of Cephalonia, on the bay of Samos, an inlet of its E. coast, now a vill., cap. dist., around which are various remains of antiquity. Samothbaki, or Samothbacb (Turk. Semens drdi), an island belonging to European Tui'key, in the JCgean sea, 14m. N.N.W. Imbros. Area 30sq. m. Pop. 1,500, a poor and hardy race. Surface mntnons., and rises to 6,248 feet above the sea. Principal products, com, oil, honey, wax, goat- skins, and leather. On its N. side are the ruins of the anc. town of Samothrace Samotraki is one of the smaller Ionian islands, 5 m. W. Corfii. Samotschad (Pol. Samoezin, or Szumazin), a town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 38 m. W.S.W. Bromberg. Pop. 1,960, who manuf. woollens. Samoyede Coontbv comprises all the N. parts of Russia and Siberia, between the White sea, and Ion. 110° E., with the great estuaries of the Pet- chora, Obe, and Yenisei. Its inhabs. are mostly wandering tribes. Sauozebo (Lake), a lake of Russia, gov. Olo- netz, 40 m. W.N.W. Petrosavodsk, about 20 m. in length, from W. to E., and 8 m. in breadth. Its superfluous waters are carried S. & E. by the river Shuya into Lake Onega. Samper de Caianba, a town of Spain, prov. Terael, 44 m. S.S.E. Zaragoza. Pop. 2,720. Sampetbe, a market town of the Sardinian sta., N. Italy, Piedmont, div. & 15 m. W.S.W. Saluzzo, cap. mand., on theVaraita. Pop. of comm. 4,985. Sampson (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 3i m. S.E. Losthwithiel. Area 1,180 ac. Pop. 311. Samsoe, an island of Denmark, in the Great Belt, between Seeland and Jutland. Length 15 m., greatest breadth 6 m. Area 40 sq. m. Pop. 5,660. Surface undulating and fertile. Samson, the largest village of Hungary, next to Csaba, co. Bihar, 8 m. N.E. Debreczin. P. 22,247. Samsoon, Samsoon, or Samson, Amisus, a sea.; port town of Asia Minor, pash. Sivas, lat. 41° 18 N,, Ion. 36° 22' E. Pop. wholly Turkish, & com- prises about 450 families ; in the neighbfiurbood SAM 1133 SAN is a Till, with 150 families of Christiana. Bazaars, tliougli small, are well supplied with goods, and the town is a busy entrepot for the copper, tim- ber, tobacco, and agricultural produce of the in- terior, exported hence in large quantities to Constantinople; and itis a station for the Aus- trian Dantbe Steam Navigation Co.'s packets plying between this city and Trpbizond. Samteb, a town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 20 m. N.W. Posen, cap. eiro., on railway to Stet- tin. Pop. 2,180. It has manxifs. of woollen and linen fabrics. Samdlcottah, a town and fort of Brit. India, presid. Madras, dist. and 29 m E.N.E. Rajah- niundry, having two singular Hindoo temples. San, a large river of Austrian Poland, Galicia, rises in the Carpathians, flows N.N.W., and joins the Vistula, 4 m. N.B. Sandomir. Total course 260 m. Affls. the Wislok, Lubaczov, and Tanev. ^4.11. a river of Styria, after an E. and S. course qf.60 m., joins the Save,' 11 m. S. Cilly. t Sam ( Tank), aruined town,!Lower Egypt, on an arm of the Nile, 15 m. S.S.W. Menzaleh. San, Santa, Sac.iSaintj, prefixes to numerous places, which are arranged below under the heads, America, Brazil, Spain, Portugal, and Italy. San, numerous towns, &c., of Amebica, with this prefix. San Antonio, several towns in America. — I. Colombia, Venezuela, dep. and' on an affluent of the Apure, prov. and 110 m. E. Varinas IL Upper California, 65 m. S.E. Monterey.— III. {de Laguna), Colombia, Ecuador, dep. Assuay, on the Hnallaga, near its junction with the Amazon. — IV. (de los Cues), a town, Mexican Confed., dep. and 70 m. N. Oaxaca, and having some Aztec remains. [Bexab, Pebnambuco, &G.] — Antonio, a river of Texas, which, after a S.E. course of nearly 200 m., enters the bay of Espiritu Santo, 25 m. N.E. Befugio. In its latter p.art it is navigable, and the towns Bexar and 6oliad are on its banks.^ — {Sta Barbara), a small town, Chile, dep. and 136 m. E.S.E. Concepcion, on an island in the Biobio, near the Andes. — II. a town, Venezuela, dep. and on the S. bank of the Orinoco, opposite the influx of the Ven- tuari III. a maritime town or vill.; Upper Cali- fornia, on the channel of Santa Barbara. — A strait of the Pacific O., 16 m. across, between the mainland and the island Santa Cruz, 190 m. S.E. Monterey. — {San Bartholomi), a vill. of New Granada, dep. Magdalena, & on the river at the influx of the San Bartholomi, 60 m. S.E. Reme- dies. — II. a vili. & fort, Mexican Confed.^ dep. & 216 m. N. Dnrango, — Also, one of the Caroline islands. Pacific O., lat. 15° 10' N., Ion. 163° 52' "Eit^Bemardo), a group of islets. New Granada, near the entrance of the Gulf of Morrosqnillo, and off the Point of San Bernardo, 60 ta. S. Car- tagena. — (Bias), a seaport town, Mexican Con- fed., dep. XaJisco, on the Pacific, 36 m. W.S.W. Tepic. Its harbour is bad. Pop. formerly large, now 3,000, and its trade chiefly transferred to Mazatlan. — Point San Bias, New Granada, is a headland on the N. coast of the isthmus of Panamd, 48 m. E. Puerto Bello. — (Sta Cruz-de-la- Sierra), the most E. and largest dep. of Bolivia, extending between lat. 15° and 21° S., and Ion. 68° and 65° W., having E. Brazil, and on other sides the deps. Beni, Cocbabamba, and Tarija. Surface mostly level or undulating, watered by the Ubahy, Kio Grande, or Guapey, and covered with unexplored forests. Products comprise sugar, coffee, cacao, rice, cotton, iioney, and- in- digo, and it is supposed to be rich in minerals ; but civilized settlements are- scantily sprinkled over its surface. Principal towns, 'San lioreni de Irontera, Santa Cruz, Santiago, San Juan Bai tista, and Condepcion. The town Santa Cruz a decayed place near the cap. San Lorenzo.^ 'u SANl'ELiPE,atown of Venezuela, dep^ Cai^cs 60 m.W.N.W. Valencia.. Pop.i7,000. Itwasoi ginally settled by Canary islanders ; its vicini is very productive of cocoa, coffee, maize, ai rice. — II. a fort, Central Amer., state Hondur: on the Golfo Dulce, lat. 16° 38' N., Ion. 89° 1' 4 W III. a town, Mexican Confed:, dep. &Mii N. Guanaxuato IV. (Felipe-de-Aconeagtta'X town, Chile, cap. dep. Aconcagua, in afinevaAIe about 16 m. from the Andes, 40 m. N. Sanfia^ Pop. recently estimated from 12,000 to 18,000,' is regularly built, and has handsome public wall a central square, in which are the chief pub) buildings ; houses of one storey, and mostly fu nished with gardens. Near it are copper^mine San Febnando, a small town of S. Americ Venezuela, dep. Caracas, 30 m. N. the Oririoc and on one of its affls. — II. a town, Chile^ ca dep. Colchi^ua, 80 m. S. Santiago. — III. (ife A ure), Venezuela, dep. & on rt. b. of the Apure, the influx of the Portuguesa, 70 m. S. Calaboz Pop. 6,000. — Several villages, Mexican Confti vilfe. and forts in New Granaida/ & Cent.; Ame &e.,havethi8DaiBe. — The Serrd deSdnFimdm or Doirddes, S. Amer., separates the Brazilii prov. Matto-Grosso from the Bolivian territo of the Ghiquitos, lat. 18° S., Ion. 69° to 60° W. San Feanoisoo, bay, town, and port, of tl Pacific O., on the W. coast of N. Americi, Up California, in lat. 37° 48' &' N., Ion. 122° 24' Y forming a noble land-locked harbour, in whii the fleets of all the naval powers in Europe ai America might moor. It extends inland for ■ m., with very variable breadth, and at its E. e tremity it receivfes -the conjoint streams of tl Sacramento & San Joachim, besides other ^inall rivers. The port and town have now becor places of great importance since the discovery the gold mines in this quarter^ and the pop. h rapidly increased to many thousands. [Califo NiA.] — II. a port, W. coast of Lower Califorii lat. 30° 45' N., Ion. 113° 40' 'W .—(Frdw^sto), vill., N. Pern, 55 m. S.V. Panes, on theUcaya — III. (de laMontana), a town, New Granada, de and on the Isthmus, prov. Veragua, N.E. San ago. Pop. (1825) 6,344. San Jos£, one of the Pearl islands, in the-Gi of Panania, New Granada, dep. Isthmus, 8 i S.W. the island del Rey. — II. an island in the B Negro, formingapart of the bonndaiybetw. Bra & Venezuela. — III.' a town, Brazil; prov. Paraj the Rio Negro, 30 m. S. this island. ■ Pop. 800^ IV. an island in the G. of California, lOOin. S, Loreto. Length, 25 m:.^V. an island, TeSSs, dt and IS m. S.E. Refngict, and separa'^g^the B: of Aransas from the Gulf of Mexifetf.'^VI. town of the U. States, N. Amer., cap. Califorii near S. extremity of Bay of San FrancisCoj 30 ; N.N.W. Monterey. — Also, a prefixed name^ the following towns. — I. (de Buenavista); Phili pines, on the W. coast of the Island of Panay; which it is the cap. Pop. 7,000.-11. (del Iriterio Central America, cap. state Costa Rica, 16 W.N.W. Cartage. Pop. 18,000. Has groWn since the independence of this region, and has buildings of note ; has succeeded tbiheimportai! and commercial activity of Cartagoj the fom cap. state.^-III. (del Parral), Mexican Coiife dep. and 200 m. N.W. Durango. Pop; 6,0 partly employed in the mines of San Firarioiso San Juan, sevl. rivs. of Amer. — I. Cent. ABi< state Nicaragua, forming the outlet for the si SAN 1133 SAN B waters of the Lake of Nicarag^oa, into the ribbean sea, which it enters at the port of San an, 80 m. S. the month of the Blewnelds river. areeE.ward. Len^h variously estimated from to 101 m. Its cm-rent is gentle, and although some places impeded by short rapids, it is ted to be always navigable throughout by Its of from 8 to 10 tons, and vessels of a much ger burden for a considerable distance from : sea. In its lower part it sends off several mches, the chief being the Colorado, of im^ort- ce in connection with the scheme for uniting ; Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by a ship canal. [L New Granada, dep. Canca, enters the Pacific by several mouths, 35 m. N.W. Buenaventura, ler aS.W. course, estim. at 160 m. — III. Bolivia, liqnitos territory, tributary to the Aguapehjr. IV. Bolivia, joins the Pilcomayo, S.W. Zinti, ;er a NJE.ward course, estimated at 300 m. — V. exican Confed., deps. Coahnila, Nuevo Leon, d Tamai^pas, joins the Rio Grande del Norte ler an E. course of about 130 m.— VI. Plata isfed., flows from the Andes through the dep. n Joan, E.ward into the Lake Guauacache. Sah Jdah, a town of HaytJ, near the centre the island, 80 m. N.W. San Domingo. — Also, imerous viOs., &c., of America. — ^I. Venezuela, :p. Zulia, 2i m. W. Merida. Near it is a lake onnding in carbonate of soda — II. Central Dwica, state and 20 m. W. Nicaragua, on the icifii: O., and near where the projected canal Hn tiie Lake of Nicaragoa woiOd terminate. — I. Mexican Confed, dep. and 105 m. W. Chi- lahna^ — IV. Texas, near the Bio Grande del !>TtB,30 m. N.N.W. Santa F6.—V. (Baptista, or vOitta del Pao\ a town, Tenezuela, dep. & 110 . S.W. Caracas, on the Pao, an affl. of the Por- gnesa. — VL (B. del Sio Grande), Mexican jnfed, dep. & 85 m. N.N.E. Coahuila.— VII. ^'Opistrano), Upper California, on the Pacific last, 55 m. N.W. Smi Diego.— VIII. {China^ tea). Central America, state San Salvador, dep. 4 15 m. N. San Miguel. — Cape San Juan is the .E. extremis of the island Porto Bico, and the point of Vancouver's island, Brit. N. America, )miding N.ward the Strait of San Juan de Fuca. ■IX. (Juan Baptuia, formerly Yilla Hervwsa), a wu, Mexican Confed., cap. state Tabasco, on e Tner Tabasco, about 70 m. from its mouth, the Caribbean sea. It is irregularly built on height, and has filthy streets, but many sub- antul stone houses. Its markets are well sup- ied with fi in- rspersed with nums. villas. It is one of the oldest nes in Brazil, having been founded in 1554. San, or Sao Pedbo do Rio Grande, a marit. ov. of Brazil, between lat. 25° 30' and 33° 30' , and Ion. 50° and 57° 20' W., having E. the tlantic and the prov. Santa Catharina, and on her sides the prov. San Paolo, the Plata Mis- >nes, Umgnay, and a neutral ten-itory. Area 1,120 sq. m. Pop. 160,000. Surface mostly rel. The coast is bordered by numerous lagoons, id it contains the large Lake of Fatos. Chief fers the Uruguay, and the Iguassu or Curytiba rming its N. boundary. Products comprise leat and numerous other grains, manioc, sugar ne, coffee, olives, Paraguay tea, and excellent nber; most of the land is, however, in pastur- :e, on which large herds of cattle feed; and des, horns, bones, and other animal products rm the principal exports. Santa (Anna), a mkt. town, prov. Matto-Grosso, m. E.N.E. Cniaba. Pop. of dist. 4,000 II. (or lUa Nova), a mkt. town, prov. Santa Catharina, 'm.N.B. Laguna. Pop.2,000. — III. a mkt. town, ov. S. Pedro-do-Rio-Grande, on the Sino, N. Hto Alegre. Pop. 1,400.— IV. a small island, ov. & 40 m. E.N.E. Maranhao, near the coast ; d an island in the prov. Goyaz, formed by two anches of the river Araguay, 210 m. long, & 40 hroad.— Barbara, is a town in the prov. Mi- 8 Geraes, 30 m. N.N.E. Ouro Preto. Pop. of it. 4,000. — Catliarina, [Catharina (Santa).] Cruz, a town in the prov. and 120 m. S.E. )yaz, cap. comarca, on the Pari. Pop. 3,000. — t&no, a town in the prov. Maranhao, W.S.W. limaraes. — Isabel, a town in the province and E. of San Paulo. — Luzia, a town in the prov. d 120 m. E.S.E. Goyaz. Pop. of dist. 3,000.— la, a market town, prov. Minas Geraes, S.E. n Joao d'el Eel. Pop. of dist. 5,800 Se, own in prov. Babia, cap. comarca, on rt. b. of i San Francisco. Lat. 10° 30' S. Sakto (Amaba), a city in the prov. and 40 m. N.W. Bahia, on the Serigi. — II. a town in the 3v. San Pedro-do-Kio-Grande, on 1. b. of s Jacnhi. Pop. 2,600. — Atdonio d'Amaran- I, a market town, prov. Mato-Grosso, near ! river, and below the town Cuiaba. Pop. 00 — A. da Barra, Bahia. [Babba.] — A. da Urulha, is a town, prov. San Pedro-do-Ilio- ande, E.N.E. Porto Alegre. Pop. 3,103.— de Sd or Maeacu, a town in the prov. and m. N.E. Rio de Janeiro, on 1. b. of the Maca- Pop. with dist. 7,000. — A. dot Chiarulhos, a rket town, prov. Rio de Janeiro, on 1. b. of the rahiba, opposite Campos. Pop. 6,000. Sao (Bento), a market town, Brazil, prov. A!a- goas, dist. Porto Calvo. Pop. 3,000 Bernardo, a city of the prov. Ceara, on the Russas, 70 m. S.S.E. Ciara. P. 6,000. — Christovao or Sergipe, cap. city of the prov. Sergipe, on the Pai'omapama, 20 m. from its mouth in the Atlantic ; it is the re- sidence of the civil & military authorities, and has a governor's palace, an hospital, & 2 schools. Pop. 2,000. — Felis, a town in the prov. and 290 m. N.N.E. Goyaz, on a tributary of the Maranhao. Sao Francisco, a large and an important river which rises in the prov. Minas Geraes. Lat. 20* S., Ion. 45° W., flows N., N.E., and E., separat- ing the provs. of Babia and Pernambuco, and enters the Atlantic by two mouths, in lat. 10° 24' S., Ion. 36° 20' W. Length 1,250 m. Its navigation is impeded by the falls of Paulo Affonzo, a series of magniflcent cataracts, 160 m. irom its mouth, but above this it is navigable to the influx of the Rio das Velhas, 900 m. — II. a small river of the prov. Santa Catharina, which enters the Atlantic opposite the isl. S. Francisco. Length 100 m III. an isl. in the Atlantic, separated from the prov. Santa Catharina by a narrow channel. Length 20 m. ; breadth 10 m. Its cap. of same name is m lat. 26° 12' S., Ion. 48° 43' W. Sao (Goncaio), a market town in the prov. & 75 m. N.E. Rio de Janeiro, cap. of a dist. with numerous vills., & 10,000 inhabitants. — Joao-da- Barra, a town in the prov. Rio de Janeiro, 18 m. E.N.E. Campos, on rt. b. of the Parahiba, near its mouth in the Atlantic. Pop. 2,000. — II. (da» Duos Barras), prov. Goyaz, at the confluence of the Araguay and Tocantins III. {d'el Eei), a city in the prov. Minas Geraes, 80 m. S.W. Ouro Preto. Pop. 5,000. — IV. (do Principe or Mar- cos), a town in the prov. and 60 m. W.N.W. Rio de Janeiro. Pop. 6,000. — ^V. {do Principe), prov. Ceara, 180 m. S.S.W. Fortaleza. Pop. of dist. 9,604. — Jorge, Bahia. [Ilheos.] — Jose, a town in the prov. Minas Geraes, on rt. b. of the Mor- tes, 9 m. E.N.E. S. Joao d'el Rei. Pop. of dist. 12,000.-11. a town, prov. and 65 m. N.E. S. Paulo. Pop. 4,000. — III. a town, prov. Santa Catharina, 5 m. N. Desterro. Pop. of dist. 6,000. — IV. (do Norte), prov. and 5 m. N. San Pedro- do-Rio-Grande, between the Atlantic and Lake Patos. Pop. of dist. 3,000. — Leopoldo, a town, prov. San Pedro-do-Eio-Grande, 38 m. N. Porto Alegre. Pop. of dist. 4,000. — Luiz, cap. prov. Maranhao. [Maeanhao.] — Matheos, a town, prov. Espiritu Santo, on river of same name, 20 m. from its mouth in the Atlantic, lat. 18° 40' S. — Miguel, a town, prov. Santa Catharina, 10 m. N.W. Desterro, on the Atlantic. Pop. 3,000. [Paulo, see above.] — Pedro d'Alcantara, a, town of the prov. Goyaz, on the rt. b. of the Tocantins, 80 m. S.S.E. S. Joao dos Duas Barras. — Pedro, prov. [See above.] — Bomao, a town of the prov. Minas Geraes, on 1. b. of the S. Francisco, lat. 15° 22' S. Pop. 3,000 Itoque, sl town, prov. & 32 m.W.S.W. San Paulo. Pop. 4,000 *. Rogue (Cape), on the E. coast of the prov. Rio-Grande-do-Norte, is in lat. 37° 5' 28" S., Ion. 35° 16' 0' W Sebastido, a maritime town, prov. S. Paulo, opposite island of same name, in lat. 23° 48' 20' S., Ion. 45° 29' 6" W. Pop. of dist. 6,000. The island is separ- ated from a peninsula on the coast by a narrow channel ; it is 12 m. long, and 6 m. broad. Pop. 3,000. On its W. coast is the vill. Princeza. — Vicente, a to?ni, prov. & 40 m. S.S.E. San Paulo. This was the first city founded by the Portuguese in S. Amer., and was long the cap. of S. Brazil ; it is now in decay, and has only 600 inhabitants. San, Santa, Sahto, Saint, a prefix to the names of numerous islands of the Atlantto, and SAN •1136 SAN places in Spais, Italy, Pobtdgal, &o. For those not found following, see second word. San Antonio, the most N.W. of the Cape Verd islands, lat. (Tarrafal Bay) 16° 66' 2' N., Ion. 25° 21' 7' W. Surface elevated and well watered, and produces a good deal of com, cotton, and orcbill. — Pedro, a town of Portu- guese India, 2 m. W. Old Goa Pietro, a small island in the Mediterranean, off the S.W. coast of Sardinia. Pop. 2,200 II. an island off the S.W. coast of Sardinia, 5 m. N. W. San Antioco. Length 7 m., breadth 5 m. Fop. 3,235. Sur- face mostly mountainous and stony; products wine, a little corn, and salt. — Sebtutian, the cap. town of the island Gomera, Canaries, on its E. coast. Pop. 1,594. It is well bmlt, and has a harbour, defended by several forts. — Tadeo, a river, Patagonia, enters the Gnlf of St Esteven, Pacific Ocean, &.though navigable for only 11 m., is the largest stream S. the Chiloe Archipelago. San, Santa, towns in Spain, as follow : — San (Clementb), a town of Spain, prov. and 40 m. W.N.W. Cuenca. Pop. 3,120. — San Fernando, Spain. [IsLA de Leon.] — Felipe de Javita (Sa- tabis), a city of Spain, near the confluence of the Albayda and the Guadamar, prov. & 43 m. S.S.W. Valencia. Pop. (1845) 13,235. It has manufs. of woollens and linens, and is the birth-place of the painter, Jose Ribera, known as Espanoleto. It has Roman ruins, and very extensive and mag- nificent remains of Moorish architecture. The modern town was founded by Philip v., who con- ferred on it his name. — S. Feliu de Guixols, a town, prov. and 18 m. N.N.E. Gerona. Pop. 6,679. — Lucar, several towns of Spain. — I. (de Barremeda), prov. and 17 m. N.W. Cadiz, on the Guadalquivir, at its mouth. Pop. (184S) 16,816. It has a trade in wine, salt, and oil, and a harbour defended by two forts. It was once the residence of the captain-general of Andalncia, the birth-place of Velasquez, the founder of Havanah, and the place whence Ma- galhaens sailed for the circumnavigation of the world. — II. [de Gaudiana), prov. and 32 m. N.W. Hnelva, on the Guadiana, opposite Alcou- tun (Portugal). Pop. 2,800 III. (.La Mayor), prov. and 10 m. W. Sevilla. Pop. 2,480.— JHfar- tiTi, a river of Spain, Aragon, after a N.E.ward course of 70 m., joins the Ebro 10 m. E.N.E. Ixar, which town and Moatalvan are on its banks. — Cape San Martin, Valencia, is a headland on the Mediterranean, 10 m. S.E. Denia. — MartiTi, seve- ral market towns of Spain. — I. (de Oscos), prov. & 58 m. W. Oviedo. Pop. 1,472 II. (de Tre- vejo), prov. and 37 m. S.W. Salamanca. It has several oil mills and some woollen manufs. — III. (de Vnx), Navarra, prov. and 14 m. S.E. Pampe- luSa, with remains of old fortifications. — IV. (de Valdeigleaias), prov. Madrid, near Prado. Pop. 3,375. — Sail Martin de Montalban, a small town, 24 m. W.S.W. Toledo ; having an ancient shrine and a celebrated castle. — Rogue, a fortified town of Spain, prov. Cadiz, 6 m. N.N.W. Gib- raltar. Pop. (1845) 7,691. It was founded by the Spaniards in 1704, after their loss of Gib- raltar, and has partly a Spanish, and partly a British appearance, for as provisions are much cheaper there than in Gibraltar, it is resorted to by many Eiigl. families. — Pedro, 2 small towns of Spain. — J. (del Romeral), prov. and 26 m. S. San- tander, in the Cantabrian mntns. Pop. 2,696. — II. (Maurigiie), prov. & 18 m. N.E. Soria. Pop. 627. It has remains of fortifs., 4 pa. churches, & manufs. of woollen stuffs. — Salvatorde Caniamuda,ama.T- ket town, prov. Palencia, 10 m. W.N.W. Cervera. San Sebastian, a strongly fortified city and seaport of Spain, prov. Guipuzcoa, on small peninsula in the Bay of Biscay, insula! at high water by the Urumea, here crossed b; long wooden bridge, 10 m. W. Fuenterrabia, the frontier of France. Lat. 43° 19' 2' N., 1, 2° 0' 6" W. Pop. 13,000. It is enclosed walls, and commanded by its citadel of Mota, the adjacent height. Mount UrguU. Since destruction by fire, and siege in 1813, it hasbt mostly rebuilt on an uniform plan. It has hai some squares, several churches & convents, c and military hospitals, and is, with its cita< abundantly supplied with water. Its harbo protected by a mole and well defended, is sm but the city has a large import trade in Engl & French goods, &c., an export trade in com, i It was taken by the French in 1719, 1794^ a 1808, from which year they held it till 31st A 1813, when it was stormed and taken by \ British after great loss. — S. Vicente, a town, pr and 33 m. N. Badajos. Pop. 6,888. San, Santa, Santo, towns, &c., in Italy, as folk San (Lokenzo), several small towns & vills, Italy. — I. Pontif. Sta., deleg. Viterbo, on a heig 5 m. S. E. Acquapendente, near the site of £ Lorenzo Rovinato. — II. Naples, prov. Calab. I IL, 12 m. E.S.E.Reggio III. a town of Istrii m.W.S. W. Pisino. — IV. a seaport vill. of Istria, the Mediterr., 22 m. S.S.W. Triest.— V. Cent Italy, deleg. & 19 m. E.S.E. Urbmo.— VI. (Mi giore), Naples, prov. T. di. Lavoro, 36 m. S Piedimonte Zuca, a small town m Napl prov. Calab. Ult. II., 13 ra. S.S.W. Gerace.— i surgiu, a mkt. town of the island Sardii div. Sassari, cap. dist., 22 m. N.N.E. Orista Pop. of comm. 4,460. — Marco, a town Naples, prov. Calab. Citra, cap. cant., 20 N.N.W. Cosenza. Pop. 1,200. It is a bisho see. — II. (de Gavotti), prov. Princip. Dlt 16 m. N.E. Benevento. — III. (in Catola), pr Capitanata, N.E. Ascoli. Pop. 3,000.— IV. Lamis), prov. Capitanata, on the peninsnla Gargano, cap. cant., 18 m. W. Monte E Angelo. Pop. 9,000. — V. a vill. of Sicily, inte: Messina, near the N. coast, 16 m.W. Pattl. P 2,600. Near it are the remains of a Rom. brid — Martina, a town of Lombardy, deleg. and 14 W.S.W. Mantua, near the Oglio.— n. Napl prov. Molise, 7 m. N.E. Larino III. Piedmo div. & 6 m. S.W. Ivrea. Pop. 2,416.--IV. lllyi gov. Triest, 6 m. N.N.W. Goritz.— V. (dAlbai prov. and 2 m. E. Genoa, cap. maud. Pop. w comm. 3,003. — VI. (di Lantoscd) Sard. Sta., c prov. and 26 m. N. Nice, cap. mand., on i Vesubia. Pop. of comm. 1,691. — VII. (di Tenezi Lombardy, gov. Venice, deleg. and 5 m. N.N Rovigo, on rt. b. of the Adige. — Martina, a vill Sicily, intend, and 6 m. W. Palermo, has a bei diet abbey with a rich library, and museums natural history, coins, and antiquities. — Padn mkt. town of Naples, prov. T. di. Lavoro, on Melfa, 8 m. S. Sora Pier d' Arena, a mkt. to of Sardinia, div. & 2 m. W. Genoa. Pop. 7,7 It has iron foundries, sugar refineries, and an i tensive trade. — Piero-a-Sieee, a mkt. town Tuscany, prov. and 14 m. N.E. Florence. P 2,500. — Pietra I. Lombardy, gov. Venice, del and 12 m. E.N.E. Udine. Pop. 2,600.-11. T cany, prov. Pisa, on the coast opposite El Pop. 2,000, who trade in wine and olive oil. — 1 Naples, prov. Princip. Citra, 6 m. S. La Po Pop. 3,600. — IV. (ad SepMm), prov. Prin( Citra, 3 m. N.W. Salerno. Pop. 2,000.— V. Galatina), prov. Otranto, cap. cant., 13 m. Lecce. Pop. 2,300. It has a college and ot churches. — A small isl. in the Mediterr., off SAN 1137 SAN W. coast of Sardinia. Pop. 2,200.— Ponte San 'etro is a vill. of Lombardy, deleg. and 3 m. W. ^rgamp, on the Brembo. P. 1,500.— Salvatore, a rt. town of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. proT. & 6 N.\r. Alessandria, cap. mand. Pop. of comm. )29. — - Secondo, a comm. and wikb. town of Italy, Piedmont, div. Turin, prov. and 2 , S.S.W. Pinerolo, cap. mand. Pop. 2,050. thers are in Lombardy and dnchy Parma. Secerino, a town of the Pontif. Sta., deleg. id 15 m. W.S.W. Macerata, on the Potenza. )p. 3,000. It is a bishop!s see, and has 10 con- nts. — n. Naples, pror. Basilicata, 22 m. E.S.E. igonegro. — III. prov. Princip. Cit., 8 m. N. Jerno. — Severo, a town of Naples, prov. Capi- oata, 17 m. N.TT. Foggia. Pop. 17,000. It large, and has a cathedral, several pa. churches, liocesan seminary, and a trade in cattle. — Sosio, mkt town of Naples, prov. Princip. Citra, 4 m. .S.'W. Trevico. P. 2,000. -iSte/izno, Sardinian fltes. — I. (a{ Mare), div. Nice, prov. and 6 m. Jl.^ San Kemo, cap. mand., on the Gulf of enoa. Pop. of comm. 918. — II. {Belbo), Pied- ont, div. Coni, prov. and 13 m. E.S.E. Alba, ip. mand., on the Belbo. Pop. 2,666.-111. ioero), 7 m. N.W. Alba. Pop. 2,060.— IV. {di Jria), div. and prov. Nice, 11 m. N.N.E. Guil- nm^ cap. mand. Pop. 2,338. Sah Habino, or Sauhabino, a town and public of Italy, forming one of the smallest id most ancient states in Europe, enclosed 1 all sides by the Pontif. Sta., in lat. 43° 68' , Ion. 12° 21' 24' E. Area 22 sq. m. Pop. 846) 7,000. It consists of a craggy mntn. lont 2,200ft. in height^ on which is the town ; & me circumjacent .teiritoiies, with 4 or 5 vilJs. be town, boilt around a hermitage founded H,4^ 1^ Marinus a native of Dahnatia, is ac- fiableby pnlyone road, surrounded by walls, & IS 3 forts; .principal edifices the town haU, 6 Lurches, one having the tomb and statue of annus (or San Slanno), a theatre, 2 convents, vast eums. The more !althy citizens reside in the suburb called the »rgo. Climate severe in wintvr, but healthy. Pop. liefly occupied in rural industry & silk manurs. be l^islature of the republic is a senate of 60 ems, elected for life equally &om the ranks of >bles, citizens, and peasants. Since 1847, the :ecntive council of 12 mems. has been popularly ictei. Two cajntom r«^^eiirted to as a watering place. It has a castle, nd some shipbuilding trade. Here commences tie Royal Military Canal, which terminates at ;iiffend in Snssex. Sandgate is included in the arl. bor. of Hythe. Sakoho£, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Northumber- md, 3 m. E.N.E. Hexham, on the Newcastle & Jarlisle railway. Pop. 273. Sakdhobst, a pa. of England, co. Berks, 5 m. I.S.E. Wokingham. Area 4,680 ac. Pop. 662. iandhurst royal military college is a plain edifice, which are attached a chapel, riding-school, and bservatory. — ^11. a pa., co. and 3 m. N. Glo'ster. Lrea 2,010 ac. Pop. 540.— III. a pa., co. Kent, n the river Rother, 7 m. W.S.W. Tenterden. Lrea 4,600 ac. Pop. 1,402. Sanoiacbe, a pa. of England, co. and 8 m. E. )erby. Area 1,420 ac. Pop. 996. Sakdiao (Pclo), two islands off the S.W. coast if Sumatra, near the S.E. extremity of the k'assan or Poggy islands, in which group they re sometimes included. SAimisFrELD, a tnshp., U. S.,N. Amer., Massa- hnsetts, co. Berkshire. Pop. 1,464. SiMB Lake, a tnshp., V. S., N. Amer., New fork, 17 m. E. Albany. Pop. 4,303. Sandoe, one of the Faroe isls. [Faroeb.] Sandohib (Pol. Sandomierz), a walled town of Poland, cap. prov., at the confl. of the San and Tistnla, 51 m. S.W. Lublin. Pop. 4,500. Itwas brmerty the residence of the kings of Poland. Saxhoh, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Essex, on he liver of same name, an affl. of the Chelmer, ^ m. S.E. Chehnsford. Area 980 ac. Pop. 131.— IL CO. Herts, 4^ m. N.N.W. Buntingford. lrea 3,790 ac. Pop. 804.— III. co. and 4^ m. f.N.E. Stafford, with a station on the N. Staf- ordshire railway. Area 3,.300 ac. Pop. 586. rhe elegant seat Harrowby Hal], is in this pa. — T. {Fee), a tything, co. Berks, and If m. S.S.W. iongerford. Pop. 702. Sahbowat, a town of British India, presid. Jengal, prov. Aracan, cap. its most S. dist., 40 0. S.E. the island Chednba. Sajtdowk, a hamlet and fort of Engl., Isle of Fight, on its S.E. coast, pa. and 2 m. S. Brad- ng. The fine sands and beauty of the bay at- raet summer visitors, Si.\T)BiDGE, a pa. of England, po. Herts, 3 m. J.N.E. St Albans. Area 5,680 ac. Pop. 861. SAiTDSTHfo, and Aithstino, a united pa. of Icotl., CO. and comprising a part of the mainland f Shetland, and the islands Little Papa and Ve- lentry. Pop. %478. Sanddkli, a small town of Asia Minor, Ana- olia, 67 m. S. Kutayah, and 8 m. S. of which are xtensive ruins of an ancient city. SAirDT;SKV,aco.,XI.S.,N.Amer.,inN.W.ofOhio, iraiaed by Sandusky river, which flows into bay f same name. Areaof co.320 sq. m. P. 10,182. -II. a port, & cap. of above co., on Sandusky bay, i. Erie, 95 m. N. Columbus. Pop. 1,200, partly mployed in ship-building. The town is beauti- allj situated, and is built mostly of fine stone rom the vicinity. It has a busy lake tradej mostly arried on by steamers. Sahdwich, a pari. & munic. bor., cinque port, nd town of Engl., co. Kent, on the S. bank of the tonr, 2 m. from its mouth, in Pegwell bay, with station on the South Eastern railway, 4 m. N. teal. Area of town 1,960 ac. Pop. 2,913. Area f pari, bor., including Deal and Walmcr, 3,810 ac. Pop. 11,194. It is mostly enclosed by the remains of fortifications ; streets irregular, houses antique. It has 3 pa. churches, St Clement's be- ing a spacious edifice, with a massive Norman tower ; a guildhall, jail, two hospitals, and several dissenting chapels, are the other princip. edifices. A free grammar school has 4 scholarships in Lin- coln college, Oxford, and alternate nomination to i in Caius college, Cambridge. The town was formerly of importance as the seaport of London ; at present it has little trade, the chief exports being agricultural produce, wool, malt, bark, leather, and ashes, and principal import, coal. The Stour is at spring tides about 11 feet in depth, and 160 feet across. Corp. rev. Sfi5Sl. It returns 2 raems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 943. Near it is Richborough, the ancient Rkutupium, on the decline of which Sandwich arose in the 6th century. It was for along period the outport of the metropolis. Sandwich, two tnshps. of the U. S., N. Amer. — I. New Hampshire, 42 m. N. Concord. Pop. 2,625. — II. Massachusetts, on Cape Cod bay, 61 m. S.S.E. Boston. Pop. 3,719. Sandwich Bay, the name of inlets of E. La- brador, and island Mallicollo, Pacific Ocean. — Sandwich Cape, E. Australia, is on Hinchinbrook island, lat. 18° 13' 00' S., Ion. 146° 19' E. ; and Sandwich Island is the name of 2 isls.. Pacific C, respectively in the Hebrides group, and S.W. New Ireland. Sandv? ICH Islands, a group, N. Pacific Ocean, mostly between lat. 18° 50' & 22° 20' N., and Ion. 165° and 160° W. Principal islands, Hawaii (or Owyhee), Mowee, Woahoo, Kauai, Molokoi, and some of less size. Aggregate area estimated at 6,090 sq. m., & pop. of group variously estimated from 100,000 to 185,000. Surface rises to a great elevation, and in Hawaii are several active vol- canoes. Climate very salubrious ; mean temp. 75°, range of thermometer 60° to 88° Fahr., with sea breezes and moderate rains. Soil in the up- lands better adapted for grazing than agriculture ; fine wheat is, however, raised there, and the val- leys produce cofi'ee, sugar, cotton, tobacco, cocoa, arrow root, the mulberry, yams, sweet potatoes) and taro. Sandal wood was formerly an import- ant product, but the forests have been too rapidly thinned, and little is now produced. Poultry and hogs are very numerous. Honolulu, the cap., on the island Woahoo, is an important entrepot for trade between all commercialnations. On Cook's discovery of the group, each island had a separate ruler ; but afterwards, the whole of the islands were consolidated under one government by Ta- mehamaha. His son, who succeeded him in 1819, at once abolished idolatry. Missionary stations were established in 1820, and a large proportion of the natives are now converted to Christianity. In 1846, there were 24 American missionaries, 357 schools, and 18,000 pupils, with several print- ing presses and newspapers. The islands are frequented by whaling vessels, and are in the great line of commerce now being established betw. California, China, & Australasia. [Hawaii.] Sandwick, a pa. of Scotl., co. and comprising a part of Orkney mainland. ArealSsq m. P. 1,033. Sandy, a pa. of Engl., co. Bedford, on the Ivel, 3 m. N.W. Biggleswade. Area 4,010 ac. Pop. 1,906.-11. a township, U. S., N. America, Ohio, CO. Tuscarawas. Pop. 1,444. — III. another tnshp., CO. Starke. Pop. 1,266.— Sandy Bay, New Zetu land, is near the N. extremity of the If. island. Sandy Cbbek, a township, U. S,, N. America, New York, co. Oswego, on Lake Ontario. Pop. 2,420. — II. a township, Pennsylvania, co. Mercer. SAN 1140 SAN Pop. 1,965. — Sandy Hill, a vill., New York, on the Hudson, 46 m. N. Albany, has 1,000 inhabs. Sandt Mount, a vill. of Ireland, Leinster, co. and 2^ m. S.S.E. Dublin, on Dublin bay. It is frequented for sea-bathing. Sandy Riveb, TJ. S., N. America, rises in Vir- ginia, flows mostly N. along the boundary betw. that state and Kentucky, and joins the Ohio at Catletsburg, Kentucky, after a course of 130 m., for SO of which it is navigated by boats. Sanford, a township, D. S., N. Amer., Maine, 79 m. S.W. Augusta. Pop. 2,233. SanfrS, a town of Piedmont, div. Coni, prov. and 10 m. W. Alba. Pop. 1,718. Sanfkont, a vill. of Piedmont, div. Coni, prov. and 8 m. W. Saluzzo. Pop. of comm. 4,113. Sang A, a considerable fortified town of Japan, island Kiusiu, cap. dist., on Simbara bay, 65 m. N.E. Nangasaki. It is well and regularly built, and intersected by canals ; it has a fine palace, and a famous manuf. of porcelain. Sangebfielb, a township, U. S., N. America, New York, 20 m. S.S.W. Utica. Pop. 2,251.— Sangerville is a township, Maine, 77 m. N.W. Augusta. Pop. 1,197. Sangeehausen, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 31 ra. W.N.W. Merseburg, cap. circ, at the foot of the Harz mntns. Pop. (1846) 5,720. It has 2 castles, & manufs. of woollens & linens. Sanoib, an island of the Asiatic Archipelago, midway between Celebes and Mindanao, lat. 3° 28' N., and Ion. 125° 44' E. Length 30 m., average breadth 10 m. Surface mountainous, and in its centre is a volcano. Provisions abundant. Sang-koi, Song~ea, or Tonquin River, Fur- ther India, rises in the Chinese prov. Yun-nan, flows S.W., and enters the Gulf of Tonquin by many mouths, betw. lat. 20° and 21° N., and Ion. 106° and 107° E. Total course estim. at 600 m. In its upper part it is called the Ho-ti-Mang. Sangora, a marit. town of Lr. Siam, on a bay of theW. side of the G. of Siam, 90 m. S.E. Ligor, lat. 7° IS' N., Ion. 101° E. It is div. into Siamese, Chi- nese, and Malay quarters, is partly built of brick, and on the heights around it are numerous pa^ godas. Exports iron, dried prawns, and pepper. Sanqro, Sagrus, a river of Naples, provs. Ab- ruzzo-Cit. & Ult. II., rises S.E. Lake Fucino, and after an E. and N.E. course of 65 m., enters the Adriatic 12 m. S.E. Ortona. Sanguesa, a town of Spain, prov. and 23 m. S.E. Pamplona, on the Aragon. Pop. 3,449. Sanguinetto, a vill. of Austrian Italy, fleleg. and 18 m. S.S.E. Verona, between Legnago and Mantua. Pop. 3,000. — II. a rivulet of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., flows into the Lake of Perugia on its N. side. Its hanks are supposed to have been the chief scene of slaughter in the battle of Thrasymene, whence its name. Sangwin, ariver of Guinea, Grain coast, enters the Atlantic about 120 m. N.W. Cape Palmas. At its mouth is a vill. of the same name, formerly cap. a petty state, and where the Dutch and English had factories. Sawjobe, or Sachore, a town of TV. Hindos- tan, dom. and 130 m. W. Odeypoor, on the route from Rajpootana to the Gulf of Cutch. Sankaseer, a town of S. India, dom. & 102 m. S.S.E. Sattarah, on the Gutpurba. Sankev (Great), a chapelry of England, co. Lancaster, pa. Prescot, 4 m. W.N.W. Warring- ton. Pop. 667. The Manchester and Liverpool railway is here carried across the Sankey canal ^nd valley by a viaduct of 9 arches, each of 60 ft. span, and 70 feet high. The Sankey canal is the first for which an act of pari, was obtained, 17SS. Sannio, Sammum, a prov. of Naples. [Molise Sannois, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Seine et-Oise, 12 m. N.N.E. Versailles. Pop. 1,603. Sahok, a town of Austrian Poland, Galicu cap. circ, on the San, 38 m. S.W. Jaroslav Pop. 1,800. It has a citadel, and a high school San-po, a large river of Tibet, rises near la 30° 40' N., Ion. 82° E., contiguous to the source of the Sutleje and Goggra, flows E.ward, paf Shigatze and Shigatzoungar, receiving numeroi affls., and has been traced as far as Ion. 93° E beyond which point it is believed to be contini ous with the Dihong, a chief arm of the Brahma putra. [Brahmaputra.] Sanquhar, a pari. & mnnic. bor., inland towi and pa. of Scotl., co. & 24 m. N.N.W. Dumfrie on the road thence to Ayr, & on the Nith. Arc of pa. 611 sq. m. Pop. 3,577 ; do. of pari, boi 1,700 ; do. of town, 1,638. It chiefly consists < one long street, and has a handsome pa. churcl town hall, several schools, and a subscriptio library ; considerable manufs. of woollen & cotto fabrics, hosiery, and carpets, with muslin sewin and embroidery for the Glasgow manufs. Tli bor. unites with Dumfries, Annan, Lochmabei and Kirkcudbright, in sending 1 mem. to H. ( C. Reg. electors (1848) 48. Coal mines ai wrought in the vicinity. Immediately S.E. th town, on a steep bank overlooking the Nith, is tli picturesque castle of Sanquhar, now the pro perty of the Duke of Buccleuch. San Salvador, or Banza, a town of Africa, i Guinea, cap. of Congo, 160 m. S.E. Loangi Pop. 20,000. [San, Santa, &c., p. 1134.] Sansan, a town of Central Africa, Houssa, o the Bedee frontier, lat. 12° 20' N., Ion. 12° E. Sansanding, two towns of Central Africa. — '. state Bamharra, on the Joliba, 20 m. N.E. Segi It is stated to be a place of extensive trade, an to have from 10,000 to 11,000 inhabs. Hei Mungo Park embarked in his schooner to de scend the river in 1805. — II. state Wulli, on a affl. of the Senegal, lat. 13° 40' N., Ion. 13° 16' I Sansaria, a market town of Central Americi state and £. Guatemala, dist. Sansaria, of whic Guastaloya is the chief town. Sansego, an island of the Adriatic, Ulyria, 6 n S.W. the island Lossini. Sansellas, a town of the island Majorca, Bale aric isles, 15 m. E.N.E. Palma. Pop. 3,213. Sans-Souci, a palace of Prussia. [Potsdam. Santa, for places with this prefix, see Sai Santa, &c., p. 1132, and following. San-ta, a fortified city of China. [Tsahta.] Santa, or Parilla, a town of N. Pern, dep. i 65 m. S.E. Truxillo, cap. prov., on the riv. Santi near its month in the Pacific. — The River Sunt has a N.W. course of 200 m., and opposite il mouth are the islets of Santa. Santandeb, a prov. of Spain, having N. tl Bay of Biscay, and on other sides the prov Biscay, Burgos, Palencia, and Oviedo. Po] (1833) 169,057. Its S. part is traversed by tl Cantabrian mntns., whence the Besaya, Paz, &c descend into the sea. On the coast are the harb of Santander & Santona, which with Santillana < Reynosa, are its chief towns. — Santander (Pot tus Blendium), the cap., is picturesquely situate on a headland extending into the Bay of Bisca S3 m. W.N.W. Bilbao. Pop. (1845) 15,286. stands facing the S., on a hill-side, & has a cath< dral, two other churches, three hospitals, a pr son, college, theatre, and baths ; it is a thrivii commercial place. Harbour spacious and we sheltered, has a handsome quay, and it is one - the principal marts for the supply of Madri SAN 1141 SAN : exports Ca^tilian wheat and flour to Cuba, & .rge qaautities of wool. In the neighbouring luuntains are productive iron mines, and the icinit; abounds in corn, firuit, and cattle. It as sacked by the French in 1808. Saktahder, a river of the Mexican eonfedera- on, dep. Tamaulipas, enters the Gulf of Mexico, 10 m. N. Tampico. On It are the towns Nuevo antander and Soto-la- Marina, near which latter , receives a large affluent from the N. It is of onsiderable size, but its navigation is much im- eded at its mouth. [Nuevo-Sastasdeb.] SANTAyiLLA, Or SwAN ISLAND, two islands of »e Caribbean Sea, at the entrance of the Bay of [onduras, 150 m. N. the Mosquito coast. Santabem, PrtEsidium Julium, a river -port & )wn of Portugal, prov. Estremadura, cap. co- larca, on the Tagus, 50 m. N.N.E. Lisbon, 'op. 8,000. It stands on a hill, and is divided ito three parts or barrios; the Maravilla at the nmmit, ttie Eibera on the E. slope, and the Al- iDge close to the river. It has two Latin chools, with several palaces, now almost in ruins, lUt testifying its former grandeur, when the onrt was held here in the 15th century. Its en- irons are highly productive, and it enjoys a irisk trade wiSi Lisbon. Santakem, a town of Brazil, prov, Pard,on r. b. f the Tapajos, at its confluence with the Amazon, m. S.W. Montalegre. Pop. 10,000, Princi- lal edifices, a fort and the pa. church. Its chief rade is in cocoa and medicinal plants. — The lantaretaChannel, W. Indies, between the Great iahama and Salt-key banks, lat. 24° N., Ion. 9° W., is 40 m. across. SiXTA Rosa, town of Chile, prov. Aconcagua, .8 m. E.S.E. San Felipe. P. 6,000. See p. 1134. Sastee, ariv.,U. S., N. Amer. [Caholina (S.).] Sastekno, a river of Central Italy, Tuscany, nd Fontif. Sta., joins the Po-di-Primaro, 12 m. f .W. Bavenna. Total course 55 m. Sahtekbe, an old subdivision of France, now i>nmng the E. part of the dep. Sonmie. Santhia, a town of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. Jovara, prov. and 12 m. N.W. Vercelli, cap. land., on the canal extending thence to Ivrea. 'op. of comm. 4,174. Here Charlemagne re- eived presents from Haroun-al-Kaschid, and Lmara^ an African Moorish chief. Under the 'rench empire it was cap. dep. Sesia. Sastiago, two rivers of S. America, Ecuador. -I. dep. A^ssnay, after an E. course of 180 m., nns the Amazon at Santiago a little W. San- loija. — IL dep. Ecuador, prov. Imbabura, enters aldinas Bay, 50 m. N.E. Esmeraldas, after a f.W. course of 75 m. — A small river of same ame, Central America, state San Salvador, aters the Pacific Ocean, 20 m. W. Sonsonate. -Cape Santiago is a headland, W. coast of lUzon, Fhilippmes. Santiago, flie largest and most S. of the Cape 'erd Islands, Atlantic Ocean, off the W. ex- •emity of Africa, lat. 15° N., Ion. 23° 40' W. ength 35 m.; breadth 12 m. Pop. 10,000. urface elevated, and Mount St Antonio, in its sntre, rises to 7,400 feet in height. More com ' raised than is required for home consumption ; ther principal products are coffee, sugar, indi- 0, cotton, tropical fruits, and poultry. Cotton ;uffs manufactured in the island, mules, salt, and rehill, are among the chief exports. Chief town, orto Praya, on the S. coast. — Santiaao or Ri- lira Grande, is a town with a small harbour, 7 1. "W. Porto Praya. Sahiiago, a dep. of Chile, between lat. 33° & i° S., and Ion. 70° and 72° W., having N the prov. Aconcagua, & S. Colchagua. Area 8,480 sq. m. Pop. 180,000. Principal river, the May- pu. It contains the cities Santiago & Valparaiso. In the Andes, on its E. frontier, is the volcano of Santiago, 50 m. N.E. the city of same name. Santiago, the cap. city of Chile, and cap. dep. Santiago, on the Maypocho, an affluent of the JIaypu, 60 m. E.S.E. Valparaiso. Estimated pop. in 1830, 65,000. It stands on an elevated slope, and is surrounded by a high wall. In its pubhc buildings it is inferior to Lima and Buenos Ayres, but it greatly surpasses those cities in cleanliness ; and it is one of the most healthy & agreeable capitals in America. It is laid out with great regularity. Houses mostly of one storey, whitewashed, covered with red tiles, and built around court-yards. In the central square are the cathedral, the palace of government, mayor's residence, prison, court-house, and a large fountain, whence the city is mostly supplied with water. . Elsewhere are a large mint, the con- sulado, in which the senate, national congress, & commercial tribunal, are held ; the custom-house, and a handsome theatre. Nearly all the public buildings bear marks of injury from repeated earthquakes. Convents are numerous & splen- did ; but one Jesuits' college has been converted into a national college, and another is used for the pubUc printing office and library, the latter comprising many thousand vols. & curious MSS. Santiago has three well supplied markets. Its immediate vicinity is fertile, well cultivated, and sprinkled with villas, vineyards, and orchards, beyond which are extensive pasture grounds. This city was founded by Valdivia in 1541. Santiago, numerous small towns or vills. of America. — I. Ecuador, dep. Assuay, on the Amazon, at the influx of the river Santiago, W. San-Borja. — II. Bolivia, dep. Santa Cruz, near the Brazil frontier, 190 m. S.E. Chiquitos. — III. Para- guay, near the Parana, 60 m. W.N.W. Itapua. — IV. Mexican confederation, dep. Xalisco, near the Kio Grande de Santiago, 58 m. S.E. Acapo- neta. — V. {de Alanje), New Granda, dep. Isthmus, prov. and 90 m. W. Veragua, — VI. (de les Ata- layas), New Granda, dep. Boyaca, 70 m. E.N.E. Bogota. — VII. {Aiitlan), Central America, state and 90 m. W. Guatemala, between two volcanoes, from 8,000 to 10,000 feet in elevation. Santiago de Caoem, a town of Portugal, prov. Estremadura, at the ft. of a castle-crowned height, near the coast, 34 m. S.S.E. Setubal. Pop. 2,000. Santiago de Compostela, Campus Stella, a city of Spaiu, formerly cap. of Galicla, prov. and 33 m. S.S.W. CoruSa, on the Sar. Pop. (1845) 28,970. It is built around its celebrated cathe- dral ; has numerous arcades, fountains, and scal- lop shells. The cathedral, with a modern front, noble cloisters, and a portion of the original edi- fice of the 9th century, has a very striking interior, and each of its sides faces a public square ; in one of which squares is the diocesan seminary, and a large hospital, founded by Fer- dinand and Isabella in 1504, for the numerous pilgrims who used to resort to the city ; the area of the square serving for a bull-ring. Santiago has numerous other hospitals and convents, two collegiate and 15 pa. churches, an university, into which all its colleges have been incorpo- rated ; some manufs. of hosiery, cottons, hats, and leather: but its chief resources are in its ecclesiastical establishments, and the resort to it of numerous devotees ; the roads around it being so bad as scarcely to admit of commercial traffic. It is the see of an archbishop, and the metropolis of the knightly order of St James of Compostella. SAN 1142 SAP Santiaoo de Cuba, a maritime city, and for- merly the cap. of Cuba, now the second in rank and pop. in the island, and cap. its £. division, on the TiTer Santiago, 6 m. from its mouth on the S. coast, lat. 19° 55'^9' N., Ion. 75° 60' W. Pop. (1845) 26,738. It is well built; streets wide, and houses chieSy of stone ; but being hemmed in by moun- tains, it is unhealthy. Principal edifices, the cathedral, several other churches, a college, a hospital, and numerous convents and schools. It is an archbishop's see, and the residence of a governor, who, in civil and political authority, is independent of the captain-general of Cuba. Its port, 4 m. in length, is weU sheltered, defended by several forts, and deep enough for ships of the line. In commercial importance, Santiago ranks immediately after Havana and Matanzas. Santiago de i,670. It has a citadel, and well attended fairs. SABARrao, an islet of the Grecian archipelago, iporades, immediately E. Kilidromi, 6 m. long. Sabauaca, a river of Dutch Guiana, S. Amer., ifter a N. course of 200 ra. enters the Atlantic, 10 m. W. the month of the Surinam. Saramon, a comm. and town of France, dep. Jers, cap. cant., 12 m. S.E. Auch. Pop. 1,276. Sarasac, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, 5 m. W. Plattsburg. Pop. 1,462. — Saranacla&e, » m. in length, gives e£9ux to Sarariac Hver, which ateis lake Cbamplain at Plattsburg, after a (.E.ward course of o5 m. Sabansk, a town of Russia, gov. and 70 m. N. 'enza, cap. circ, at the confl. of the Saranga & nsara. Pop. 8,780. It is built mostly of wood, ad has two cathedrals, salt magazines, manufs. of oap and leather, and several annual fairs. Sabapillt, a town of British India, presid. iladras, dist. and 10 m. S. Nellore. Sarapkjdi, a riv. of Central Amer., tributary the San Juan de Nicaragua, and a principal bannel of communication between the interior f Costa- Kica and the Caribbean sea. Saeapdl, a town of Russia, gov. and 196 m. I.E. Viatka, on the Kama. Pop. 6,000. The own, commanded by a fort on an aJJjacent height as a cathedral, a large salt magazine, & manufs. f soap and leather. It is the centre of a large rade in timber and masts. Upwards of 20,000 ersons annually attend its large fair. Saeaswati, a riv. of W. Hindostan, rises near Lboo, Joudpoor dom., flows S.W. past Puttun & Uiadunpoor,& enters the head of the G. of Cutch. t is held sacred by Hindoos. Length 100 miles. Saratoga, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, in E. part of the state, between Hudson & Mohawk rivers; cap. Ballston>spa. Area 800 sq. m. Pop. 40,553. — II. a tnshp., same state and CO., 30 m. N. Albany. Pop. 2,624.— Saratoga Lake, 6 m. £. Ballston Spa is 7 m. in length. Saratoga Spbings, a tnshp.. New York, con- taining the most celebrated spa in the U. States, 32 m. N. Albany. Pop. 3,384. Here are 7 prin- cipal springs, strongly impregnated with saline matters and iron ; and the vill. has many large hotels and boarding houses, churches, academies, and in 1840, it had 2,500 permanent inhabitants. Near it the British troops under Burgoyne sur- rendered to the American General Gates, 1777. Saratov, a gov. of Russia, between lat. 48° 10' and 63° 18' N., and Ion. 42° 30' and 51° 20' E. Area 74,730 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,718,000. Sur- face in the W. hilly, and in many parts fertile ; but the E. is a wide desert steppe. Principal rivers, the Volga which intersects its centre, & its tributaries the Tereshka, Saratovka, & Jeruslau; besides the Choper, Medvieditza, tributaries of the Don. Principal lakes, the Elton andYorkoje- osero, from the former of which about 17,850 tons of salt are said to be annually obtained. Large quantities of rye, wheat, oats," millet, and pease are raised, and partly exported. Potatoes, flax, hemp, tobacco, hops, melons, and grapes, are also produced. Sheep and cattle breeding are conducted on a large scale, and the rearing of bees and sUk-worms are increasing. The fisheries in the Volga are very valuable, and large quantities of saltfish and caviar are ex- ported. Principal minerals, salt, mill-stones, and iron. Manufs. of linen, cotton, and woollen fab- rics, hosiery, iron-wares, leather, and earthen- wares are carried on, and here are numerous flour mills and distilleries. The inliabs. com- prise Tartars, Kalmucks, Ejirghiz, and Germans ; the latter being colonized in great numbers on the Volga, having had grants of land and privi- leges conferred on them by the empress Cather- ine, in 1763. The gov. is subdivided into 10 circs. Principal towns Saratov, the cap., Pet- rovsk, Kamuschin, and Tzaritzin. — Saratov, the fortified cap. is situated on rt. b. of the Volga, 290 m. E. Voroniej. Pop. (1846) 45,000. It consists of an upper and a lower town, built chiefly of wood, & h^ Lutheran, Roman Catholic, & many Greek united churches ; a mosque, some monasteries, a new and handsome archbishop's palace ; large gov. edifices ; a large bazaar, several hospitals, a college & other schools ; an ecclesiastical semin- ary, having about 600 students, manufs. of cotton cloths, cotton and silk hosiery, clocks, watches, leather, tobacco, rope, and earthenwares ; a bell foundry, breweries, distilleries, vinegar factories. From its position on the Volga, and between Astrakhan, Moscow, and Nijnii-Novgorod, it is the seat of an extensive trade, importing colonial goods and foreign manufs,, and exporting corn, salted fish, hides, and cattle ; it has also three im- portant annual fairs. Sarawah, or Sabwa, a town of the Burmese dom., Further India, Pegu, on 1. b. of the Irra- wadi, cap. dist. Sarawadi, 80 m. N.W. Rangoon. Sabawak, a country of Borneo, on theN. coast of the island, near its W. side, extending between lat. 1° and 2° N., and Ion. 109° 40' and 111° 40' E., bounded W. and S. by the mntn. Erimbang, and watered by the river Sarawak and its tributaries ; cap. Sarawak, formerly Kuchin. Pop. 12,000, including 160 Chinese; before Sir J. Brooke's ap- pointment as Rajah, it had only 1,600 inhabs. An English church-mission has been organized, and native schools built. SAB 1144 SAB Sabawan, a prov. of Beloochistan, mostly between lat. 28° and 30° ZC N., and Ion. 64° and 67° 40' E., having N. Afghanistan, E. the prov. Gutch-Gnndava, and S. Jbalawan, and Muliran. Estimated area 15,000 sq. m. Fop. 60,00Q, Sur- face mostly mntnouB. and rugged ; Tukatoo in the N. rises to upwards of 11,000 ft. in height, & the Erov. comprises the high table-land of Kelat ; but as some fertile valleys, as those of Shawl and Mustung, which produce com, pulse, madder, tobacco, and excellent fruits. Principal towns Sarawan, Quetta, and Mustung. — Sarawan the cap., 98 m. W. Kelat, consists of about 500 houses in a barren dist., enclosed by a mud wall. Sarblingstein, a mkt. town of Upper Austria, circ. Miihl, on the Danube, 28 m. S.E. Freistadt. Sabd, two market towns of the Austrian dom. — I. Transylvania, co. Lower Weissenburg, 6 m. N.N.W. Karlsburg. — II. W. Hungary, co. Schumeg, 10 m. VT.N.W. Kaposvar. Sabvam, a town of the Netherl'ds. [Zaandam.] Saedaba, a vill. of the island Sardinia, div. Cagliari, 23 m. S.E. Oristano. P. ofcomm. 2,127. Sardinia, a large island of the Mediterranean, S. of Coi-sica, from which it is separated by the Strait of Bonifacio, 115 m. S.W. the nearest point of the ItaUan peninsula, betw. lat. 38° 51' SO' and 41° 15' 42' N., and Ion. 8° 3' 39' & 9° 50' 30' E. Area 9,167 sq. m. Pop. (1839) 624,633, cap. Cagliari. Surface generally mntnous. Mount Genargentu, near its centre, is 7,000 feet in elevation. On the W. are extensive plains, that of Buddnso is 3,000 feet above the sea. The Tirso, the largest river in the island, rises in this plain and flows W. to the Mediter- ranean ; the other rivers, the Coghinas, Flumen- dosa and Mannu are all small ; the finest and most fertile valley is that of Campidano, between the gulfs of Cagliari and Oristano ; there are no lakes in Sardinia, but numerous ponds and marshes. Coast much indented and forms ex- cellent harbours ; that of Cagliari is one of the best in the Mediterranean. The principal gulfs are Cagliari in the S., Orosei in the E., and Oristano in the W. There are numerous small islands near its shores ; the chief are Asinara off the N.W., S. Pietro and S. Antioco off S.W., Maddalena, Caprera, and Tavolara off the N.E. points. Climate very variable ; snow lies on the highest mntns. for 6 or 7 months in the year ; long droughts frequently occur in summer, when many districts are rendered extremely unhealthy on account of malaria. One-third of the superfices is occupied by barren and stony deserts ; forests are extensive, and afford excellent timber, and wheat, barley, and pease, are exported, although agricultural operations are conducted in the rudest manner, and there are no good roads. The cultivation of the vine is increasing in im- portance ; oUve oil is of inferior quality ; tobacco is a royal monopoly ; silk is produced in small quantity. Domestic animals are small and of in- ferior breeds. Cheese from the milk of sheep & goats is extensively made, and forms a valuable export. Deer, wild boars, and foxes abound, and the skins of hares, rabbits, martens, and foxes, are exported. Salt is a royal monopoly. Tunny and coral fisheries are important, but con- ducted chiefly by foreigners. The island affords valuable lead and other minerals, but they are rendered useless for want of means of conveyance. Manufs. are unimportant. Since 1838, the isl. has been div. into 3 administrative portions, Caglisu'i & Nuoro in the S., & Sassari in the N. These are subdivided into 11 provs. named from their chief towns — Cagliari, Busachi, Iglesias, Isili, Lanusei, Nuoro, Sassari, Alghero, Cuglien, Ozieri, ai Gallura (chief town Tempio). The isl. is govern by a viceroy, resident at Cagliari, who is Lie tenant and Captain-general . The religion is e clusively Eoman Catholic. There are two ui versities, one at CagUari with 402, and another Sassari with 318, students in 1838. There is primary school in each village. Sardinia w colonised by the Carthaginians, from whom was taken by the Eomans in the 3d Punic w: On the fall of the Western Empire, it came su cessively under the power of the Yandals, Gotl & Moors. At the end of the 12th century, it w held by the Genoese, and afterwards by the kin of Aragon till 1713. In 1720 it was acquired Savoy in exchange for Sicily. It was the or portion of the Sardinian dominions which w left in the power of the sovereign during t usurpation of the French from 1798 to 1814. Sardinia (Kinodom of), or The Saediki Dominions, a kingdom of S. Europe, in the N. Italy, consisting of two parts — I. the Contineni States; and II. the Island of Sardinia, fr( wliich the state has its name. The contine tal portion is situated between lat. 43° 40' a 46° 47' N., and Ion. 6° 38' and 10° 7' E., bound N. and E. by Switzerland, Austrian-Italy, Vi ma, and Modena, S. by the Mediterranean, a W. by France, cap. Turin. Area and pop. follow : — TenitoTJes. Area in sq. m. Foi. ae38.) CliiefCiUes Savoy, Fiedmont, - Nice & Oenoli, Sardinia (isL), 4,2f0 11,867 3,7M 9,S41 564,137 2,6.55,883 005,706 524,633 Chambeiy Turin. Genoa. Cagliari. Total, 29,103 4,650,868 '• Of thejo 8,799 Jews and 81,360 Protentants, mostly Waldemei Surface mntnous., covered by ramifications off Alps ; the culminating points of which are M( Blanc, Monte Eosa, and Mont Cervin. It watered by the Khone, Var, Magra, which fl to the Mediterranean, and by the Po and its af the Maina, Tanaro, Stura, Dora, Sesia, a Tessin. Temperature cold in the mountaiiK districts, but warm in the valleys, many of wh: are rendered unhealthy from rice fields. Pr cipal crops rice, maize, wheat, chesnuts, vin olives, figs, oranges, and citrons. Mules i extensively reared. The silk of Piedmont is c( sidered the best in Italy. Chief exports cati iron, silk fabrics, olive oil, and flax. The kingdom of Sardinia, the origin of wh: was Savoy, was successively enlarged by the i nexation of Piedmont, the co. of Nice, and S dinia; its present limits date from the commen ment of the 18th cent. From 1798 to 1814, its c( tinental portion formed part of the French empi In 1816, it was augmented by the addition Genoa and the island of Capraja. [See artit Italy, Piedmont, Sardinia (Island), Savov Saedis, or Sardes, a ruined city of Asia Min Anatolia, in antiquity the cap. of Lydia, at N. foot of Mount Tmolus, 60 m. N.E. Smyr Its acropolis has, by the effects of runn streams or earthquakes, been wrought into most fantastic shapes. On its summit are ext sive remains of a castle, called the Gernsia house of Croesus), and about 1 m. distant ai few traces of a vast temple of Cybele. Sareila, a fortified town of British In SAR 1145 SA R «sid. Bengal, prov. Allahabad, 25 m. S.W. alpee. SiBEPTA, a fortified town of Russia, ^or. Sar- ov, in its S. part, on the Sarpa, near its influx to the Volga, 15 m. S. Tzaritzin. Pop. 4,000, Dstly Moravian christians. It was founded in 65 hj a colony of German Hermhuters, is the ntre of numerous colonies of Moravians, and IS several schools, a custom house, and manujs. 'cotton, silk, & woollen stuffs, hosiery, tobacco, snuff. — II. an anc. city of Syria. [Subafenb. ] S-tBBS-KEND, a vill. of N. Persia, prov. Azerbi- n, cap. dist. Hushlerood, S.W. Miana. Near it e two mined fortresses, termed Ealah-Zohak, id formerly supposed to indicate the site of the ic. Canzaca, which has, however, been since entified with Takhti-Soleiman, 60 m. S. SiBSANS, a town of Switzerland, cant. St Gall, ip. circ., 7J m. S.E. Wallenstatt. Pop. 723. Sa£HAUT, a town of British India, presid. and w. Bengal, dist. and 5 m. W. Moorshedabad. SiBi, or Sakee, the cap. town of the Persian •or. Mazanderan, 20 m. E. Balfrush. Pop. in !22was estimated at from 30,000 to 40,000; but 1830 it had been so depopulated by the cholera, I to have scarcely 300 inhabs. It is enclosed by ditch and a mud wall, flanked by pentagonal ick towers, but kept in very bad repair. SiBiNE, a river of Switzerland. [Saane.] SaegteSa, a town of Spain, prov. and 26 m. E. Huesca, in a fertile plain. Pop. 2,560. Sasixghob, a town of India, Berar dom., 62 m. '. Smnbhulpoor. Sabk, one of the islands in the Engl, channel. lEitCQ.] — ^IL a small river of Scotl., co. Dumfries, ith a S.W. course of 10 or 11 m. past Spring- ild, forms, for several m., the boundary between »tland and England, and enters the Solway ■th near its E. extremity. Sabsad, a mkt. town of E. Hungary, co. Bihar, I m. S.W. Gross- Wardein. Pop. 3,324. Sabkholm, a small island in the Gulf of Kiga. SiBLAT, a comm. & town of France, dep. Dor- igne, cap. arrond., on the Sariat, 32 m. S.E. erigueux. Pop. 4,157. It has a comm. college, iper mills, and a trade in walnut oil and cattle. Bnelon was bom here in 1651. SiBLO (Nagy), a market town of W. Hungary, I. and 10 m. S. Bars, on an affl. of the Gran. Saematta, one of the Serwatty islands, Asiatic rehipelago, between Timor and Timor Laut, in t. 8° 10' S., Ion. 128° 45' E., 30 m. in circuit. Saesano, a walled town of Central Italy, Pon- '. Sta., 20 m. 8.S.W. Macerata. Pop, 4,000. S.1EXE, Saenac, or Sabnowa, a town of Pruss. Jand, reg. and 53 m. S. Posen, near the Dom- ozna. Pop. 1,820, who manuf. linens. Sabkeji, a vill. of Switzerland, cap. cant., Un- rwalden, on the Aa, at its emergence from the ike of Samen, and at the foot of Landenberg, m. 8. Lucerne. Pop. 3,000. In its council use are some paintings, and an alto-relievo Jdel of Switzerland. — The Zake of Samen, 8. e vill., is 3 m. in length by 1 m. in breadth, and iversed by the Aa from the Lake of Lungern. SABSESFiELn, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 2 m. .S.W. Weobly. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 108. Sabnico, a town of Lombardy, deleg. and 15. E.S.E. Bergamo, cap. dist., at the S.W. ex- ;mity of Lake Iseo. Pop. 1,740. Saeso, a town of Naples, prov. Princip.-Citra, p. cant., near the source of the Samo (anc. i™»), 13 m. N.W. Salerno. Pop. 7,000. It s a cathedral, an old castle, and some sulphur tbs, & manufs. of paper & copper wares. Here « fought a battle betw. the troops of Justinian and the Goths, which ended in the defeat of the latter and the fall of the Gothic sway in Italy. S-ARONio Gulf, Greece. fjEoiNA, Gclf of.] Sabonno, a town of Austrian Italy, Lombardy, deleg. and 14 m. N.W. Milan. Pop. 3,000. Saeos (Nagv-Patak), a market town of N. Hungary, eo. and 15 m. S.W. Zeraplin, on r. b. of the Bodrog. Pop. 5,100. It has a Protestant college, a library, and a ruined castle. Sabos (Golf of), an inlet of the .ffigean Sea, Europ. Turkey, separated from the Hellespont by the peninsula of Gallipoli. Length 40 m., breadth 20 m. Near its head are the islets of Saros. Sabowy, or Sekoki, a town of N.W. Hindos- tan, dom. and 62 m. W. Odeypoor. Sabfa, a river of Russia, rises in gov. of As- trakhan, flows N. and joins the Volga, 15 m. S. Tzaritzin, after a course of 200 m. Sabbalbe, a comm. and town of France, dep. Moselle, cap. cant., at the confl. of the Sarre and Albe, 9 m. S.S. W. Sarreguemines. Pop. 2,352 Sarrance is a comm. and vill., dep. B. Pyrenees, 10 m. S. Oleron. Pop. 1,271. Sakbancolin, a comm. and town of France, dep. H.-Pyrenees, on the Neste, 13 m. E.S.E. Bagneres. Pop. 1,079. It has remains of fortifi- cations, and a church built by the Templars. Sabbat, a pa. of Engl., co. Herts, 3 m. N.N.W. Riekmansworth. Area 1,660 ac. Pop. 542. Sabbe (Germ. Saar, anc. Saravus), a river of France and N.W. Germany, rises in the Vosges mntns., flows through the French deps. Menrthe and Moselle, and a part of Rhen. Prussia, & joins the Moselle 5 m. S.W. Treves, after a N. course of 120 m., for 50 m. of which it is navigable. Sabeeal, a town of Spain, prov. Lerida, 7 m. N.E. Montblanch, near the Francoli. Pop. 2,124. Sarbebocbg, a comm. and town of France, dep. Meurthe, cap. arrond., on r. b. of the SaiTC, and on railway from Paris to Strasbourg, 40 m. E. Nancy. Pop. 2,443. It has manuS. of cotton goods, steel wares, paper, poroelaiu, and woollen stuffs. [Saarbcbg.] SABBEBEiJCK, Rhen. Prussia. [Saabbeijck.] Sabreguemines (Germ. Saargemiind, formerly Guemtmd), a comm. and town of France, dep. Moselle, cap. arrond., on 1. b. of the Sarre, near the influx of the Blise, 9 m. S. Saarbriiok. Pop. 4,418. It has manufs. of fine earthenware, leather, velvets, silks, and gauzes, and an active trade in papier mach^ snuff boxes made at Sarralbe. Saeee-Lofis, Rhen. Prussia. [Saae-Louis.I Sabbe-Union, town of France. [Saab Union.] Sabbia, a town of Spain, prov. and 13 m. S.S.E. Lugo. Pop. 650 II. a vill. near Barcelona. Pop. 3,673. Sarbians, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vaucluse, 4 m. W.N.W. Carpentras. Pop. 1,250. Sabrion, a mkt. town of Spain, prov. and 16 m. S.E. Teruel, on rt b. of the Martin. P. 2,070. Sabbowly, a town of Hindostan, Oude, 51 m. N.W. Goruckpoor. Sarsden, a pa. of England, eo. Oxford, 2| m. S.W. Chipping-Norton. Area 1,770 ac. Pop, 179. Sabsina, a town of Central Italy, Pontif Sta., leg. Forli, on the Tuscan frontier, 4 m. S.W. Mer- cato-Saraceno. Pop. 3,000. It has a cathedral, and was formerly the see of a bishop. Sabskoe-Selo, Russia. [Zarskoe Selo.] Saestedt, a town of Germany, Hanover, landr. & 6 m. N.W. Hildesheim, on the Leine. P. 1,462. Sabt, the modem name of Sabdis. Sarteano, a town of Tuscany, prov. Siena, 5 m. W.S. W. Chiusi. Pop. 3,000. It has a castle and mineral baths. A vast number of Etruscan tomba have been opened here since 1825, SAR 1146 SAS Sabteha (Fren. Sartene), a comm. aud town of Coraica, cap. arroud., 23 m. S.S.E. Aiacolo. Pop. 2,658. Sabthe, a river of France, rises in dep. Ome, passes Alenjon and Mans, where it becomes na- vigable, and joins the Mayenne on the left, IJ m. above Angers. Length 145 miles. Sabthe, a dep. of France in the N.W,, formed of part of the old prov. Maine et Perche, between the deps. Loir-et-Cher, Indre-et-Loire, Maine-et- Loire, Mayenne, and Orne, cap. Le Mans. Area 2,476 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 474,876. Surface flat, and a considerable portion is covered with forests. It is watered by the Sarthe, Loire, and several smaller streams ; is fertile in the vaileys, & yields sufficient corn for the pop. Wine is mside in small quantity, cider and peiTy extensively. Ma- nufs. comprise woollens, calicoes, and paper. The dep. is divided into the comms. St Calais, La Fl^che, Mamers, and Le Mans. Sabtillt, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Manche, 7 m. N. W . Avranches. Pop. 1,444. Sabtibana, a mkt. town of Piedmont, div. Novara, 11 m. S.W. Mortara. P. of comm. 2,881. Sabtob-oe, an island off the W. coast of Nor- way, stift and 5 m. W. Bergen. Shape very ir- regular. Length, N. to S., 20 m., breadth 7 miles. ■ Sabdle, a vUl. of the isl. Sardinia, 2 m. S.S.W. Orani. Pop. of comm. 1,409. Sabum (Old), an extinct city & bor. of Engl., the Sorbiodunumof the Romans, co. Wilts, the site of which was on a hill 2 m. N. Salisbury. Under the Saxons it remained of importance; in the time of "William the Conqueror the bishop's see was transferred to it from Sherborne in Dorset, but removed to Salisbury in the time of Henry m. A few traces of waJls, ramparts, and of its castle and cathedral, remain ; but Old Sarum has been almost wholly deserted since the time of Henry vii. ; although it sent two mems. to H. of C, until disli-anchised by the Reform Act. Sarun, with Chump ABDN, a dist. of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, its centre about lat. 26° N., Ion. 85° E., having N. Nepaul, W. the dist. Goruck- poor, E. Tirboot, and S. the rivers Goggra and Ganges, which separate it from Ghazipore, Sha^ Iiabad,andPatna. Area6,116sq. m. Pop. 923,872. The Gunduck river traverses its centre. Soil fertile. In the N. are many marshy jungles, and not more than l-3d of Chumparun is cultivated ; but Sarun, S. the Gunduck, is one of the most prosperous dists. in India. Products, rice, wheat, maize, millet, and other grains, poppy, cotton, hemp, indigo, oil seed, sugar cane, tobacco, and numerous fruits & other vegetables, with catechu, & nitre. Manufs. coarse cloths, crockery, silks, and salt. At Hajeepore and Revelgunge, large annual fairs are held. Land rev. (1830) 156,056/. Chief towns, Chuprah, Bettiah, and Maissy. Sabungpoob, a town of Cent. India, Gwalior dom., on the Kali-Sinde, 64 m. N.E. Oojein. Sabvab, a mkt. town, W. Hungary, co. Eisen- bnrg, on the Sarvar, 20 m. E.S.E. Giins. Pop. 1,167. It has a castle, and potash factories. Sabviz, a river of Hungary, rises in the Bakony forest, flows S. and joins an arm of the Danube at Baja. Length 60 m. In its upper part it forms a part of the Sarviz canal, 37 m. in length. Sabzana, a town of N. Italy, near the S.E. ex- tremity of the Sardinian dom., div. Genoa, prov. Levante, cap. mand., between the river Magra & the Modenese frontier, 8 m. E. Spezia. Pop. of comm. 8,432. Its old fortifications now form public w:ilks, and it has a castle, a cathedral of Carrara marble, built in the 14th & 15th cents. ; a college, and a theatre. It had formerly its own parliament, and pope Nicholas v. was bom h( — Sarzanetta is an adjacent fortress. Sabzeau, a comm. and town of France, d Morbihan, S. coast, cap. cant., on a penins between the sea and Lake Morbihan, 9 m Vannes. Pop. 6,901, mostly seafaring people, has 8 annual fairs, many Druidic remains, & n it the largest ancient tumulus in France. Sabzedas, a market town of Portugal, pr Beira, 11 m. W. Castello-Branco. Pop. 2,60(1 Sasbach, a vill. of Baden, circ. Middle Rhi 17 m. E.N.E. Strasbourg. Pop. 1,370. Mai« Turenne was killed in its vicinity by a rand shot, 27th July 1676. Sasie, a lake of S. Russia, pror. Bessaral circ. and 35 m. S.W. Akermann, 16 m. inleng and 6 m. in breadth. It receives the Eogil: and some other rivers, and communicates v the Black sea, throngh the N. arm of theDanu Saskatchewan ("swift current"), a river British N. America, N.W. territory, rises the Rocky Mountains, near Ion. 115° W., by ( principal beads, one in lat. 49°, the other in ] 63° 30' N. These branches flow generally E., their junction about lat. 63° 20' N., Ion. 105° ^ whence the river has a tortuous course to mouth in Lake Winnipeg. It is navigable then and along its N. branch, for about 1,000 m., Acton, or Rocky mntn. house. It gives nam* a wide dist. supposed to be peopled by nea 17,000 Indians. Sasnee, a town of British India, presid. Ben{ Upper provs., dist. and 35 m. N.N.E. Agra. Sassano, two mkt. towns of Naples. — I. pr Princip.-Citra, 3 m. S.E. Diano. — IL prov. IV lise, 8 m. E.N.E. Isemia. Sassabt, a city of the island Sardinia, cap. N. div., on its N.W. side, and on the Turrita 10 m. irom its mouth, in the Gulf of Sassari, m. N.N.W. Cagliari. Lat. 40° 43' 33' N., Ion. 36' E. Pop. (including comm. & port, in 18i 24,408. It is enclosed by walls and toners, i tered by 6 gates, and has a cathedral, 23 otl churches, & several convents, a large govemmi house, and other public editices ; a universi with about 180 students, and having a small n seum & public library ; clerical seminary, pul hospital, shops & inns equal to those of Caglii and a brisk trade in tobacco, oil, fruits, &e. port, Porto Torres, can only accommodate sm vessels, those of larger size being obliged to i chor in the roads, 1 m. distant. Adjacent to ( city is the fountain of Rosello, an abnndi source, and highly ornamented with carvin &c. The div. consists of the provs. Sassari, i ghero, Ozieri, and Cagliari. — The Gulf of & sari, 20 m. in length, by 35 m. in breadth, recei' the rivers Turritano and Selema. Sassekage, a comm. & market town of Fran dep. Isere, cap. cant., 3 m. W. Grenoble. P^ 1,460. It is a mart for cheese Sasamay ii comm. and vill., dep. Saone-et-Loire, arroi Chalons. Pop. 1,000. Sassenberq, a town of Prussian Westpha reg. and 18 m. N.E. Miinster. Pop. MOO Sassendorjl is a vill., reg, and 14 m. N.N Arensberg, with salt works. Pop. 760. Sasseno, an island of the Adriatic, off the i trance to the Bay of Avlona, Albania. Sasbebam, a town of British India, pres Bengal, dist. Shahabad, 38 m. S. Buxar. It i large place, partly built of stone, & contains mausoleum of Shere Shah, who expelled the e peror Humayoon from Hindostan. In its ueij bonrhood is the sacred waterfall of Deocoond Sassin, a market town of N.W. Hungary, SAS 1147 SA.U lUtra, circ. Skalocz. Pop. 2,690. It has ex- isire cotton fectories, and bleach fields. 3ASSLAT, a town of Russian Poland, gov. Vol- Dla, cap. circ, on the Gorin, 85 m. W.S.W. nmir. Pop. 8,200. Sasso, a market town of Naples, prov. Basili- ta, 12 m. S.S.W. Potenza. Pop. 2,400. Sassofebbato, a market town of Central Italy, Dtif. Sta., deleg. Macerata, in the Apennines, a. N.W. Fabbriano. Pop. 6,000. Sassuolo, a town of N. Italy, duchy and 10 m. W. Modena, on rt. b. of the Secchio. P. 3,000. Sastaoo, a town of Spain, pror. and 39 m. S.E. lagosa, on the Ebro. Pop. 1,920. Sas-van-Gent (French Sas-de-Gand), aforti- i town of the Netherlands, prov. Zeeland, on s Belgian frontier, 13 m. N.N.E. Ghent. Pop. 100. It was founded by the Spaniards in 1570. Sata, or Satta, the main stream of the Indus 'er, at its delta in Scinde, enters the Ocean by 3 Kookeewaree month, 15 m. S. Bander- Yik- r. Width about 1,000 yards. Satadc, a state of W. Africa, Senegamhia, oat lat. 13" N., Ion. 12° W., enclosed by Bam- ok, Bondon, Konkodu, and Dentilla. The p. town, Satado, is near its S. extremity. Satahung, a town of Nepaul, N. Hindostan, p. ngahship, 100 m. W.N.W. Khatmandoo. SATAI.GE, Pharsaliaj a town of Thessaly, on a ipe feeing the N., 20 m. S. Larissa. On some linences E.ward, the Bomans, under Quintus uninins, defeated the Macedonians, under lilip. The femons battle of Pharsalia, in which s forces of CsBsar iinally defeated those of impey, was fought on the plain immediately ad- ning the town.— The river Satalge is an afflu- t of the Salympria. Sataliah, or Aoalia, a maritime town, of Asia mor, Anatolia, cap. sanj., on the Gulf of Sata- h (Mediterranean), 50 m. N.E. Cape Kheli- nia. Lat. 36° .52' 2' N., Ion. 30° 45' ah, a river of the U. S., N. Amer., :»een Georgia and S. Carolina, is formed by ! conflnence of the Tugalo and Kiciwee, 100 m. }ve Angosta, flows S.E.ward, and enters the lantic at Tybee sound, in lat. 33" N., after a Kse of about 490 m. It is navigable to Savan- h for large brigs ; & to Augusta, for steamers. s'avassah, a city and seaport, U. S., N. Amer., ior?ia, on the Savannah, about 12 m. from its luth, 85 m. S.^X'. Charlestowu. Pop. (1850) 811. Its situation, on a bluff sandy point, 40 m. ove high tide, has been greatly improved in nbrity bythe removal of adjoining rice swamps, is well and regularly built of brick, and oma- >Qted by numerous handsome squares lined th trees. It has numerous churches, a syna- gne, several academies and schools, a city-hall, art-hoose, hospitals, theatre, exchange, and 2 nks. Its harbour, defended by two forts, is cellent ; it is the entrepot of much of the pro- ,ce of the state, and exports large quantities of tton and rice. Keg. shipping (1840) 17,930 DS II. a tnshp.. New York, 11 m. E. Lyons. )p. 1,718. — Savamlla is a marit. vill., S. Amer., sw Granada, dep. and near the month of the agdalena, CO m. y.E. Cartagena. Save (Germ. SaUj anc. Savus), a river of the ostrian empire, and one of the principal tribu- nes of the Danube, rises in the N. part of Car- ols, flows E. through Austrian Croatia, and tween Slavonia and European Turkey, & joins e Danube at Belgrade. Course estimated at m. Chief aiBs. all from the S., are the Kulpa, ana, Verbas, Bosna, and Drin ; it is navigable )m its mouth to the inflny of the former for ssels of from 150 to 200 tons. On the N. a anch of the Alps separates its basin from that the Drave. — ^11. ariver, S.W. France, deps. H. aronne and Gers, joins the Garonne, 15 m. N.W. Toulouse, after a N.E. course of 65 m. Save^at, a comm. and town of France, dep. )ire-Inf,, cap. arrond., on a declivity 20 m. N.W. mtes. Pop. 1,150. — j&wennicresisacomm. and wket town, dep. Maine-et-Loire, on rt. b. of e Loire, 8 m. S.W. Angers. Pop. 2,747. Sa^'ebdc.v, a comm. and town of France, dep. riege, cap. cant., 18 m. N. Foix. Pop. 2,077. It s remains of anc. fortifications, and it is the rth-place of Pope Benedict xii. Savke}5e, TabenuB, a comm. & town of France, p. B. Rhin, cap. arrond, on the navigable Zorn, affl. of the Bbine, 20 m. N.W. Strasbourg, "p. 5,084. It has manufs. of woollen cloth, siery, hardwares, &c., and some trade in timber )m the Vosges mountains. Saviaso, a market town of Naples, prov. T. di ivoro, 2 m. S.W. Nola. Pop 3,700. Savigliano (French Savillian), a fortified town N. Italy, Piedmont, div. Com, prov. and 9 m. Salnzzo, cap. mand., between the rivers llaira d Grana. Pop. of comm. (1838) 15,546. It is iD built, & has a square surrounded with arcades, Benedictine abbey and several convents, with mufe. of woollens, silks and linens, & an active ide in cattle. The French defeated the Aus- ans here on 18th September, 1799. Savigkao, several comms., &c., of France ; the incipal S. leg EglUes, dep. Dordogne, cap. cant., the Isle, 11 m. N.E. Perigneux. Pop. 1,037. Satigbano, two mkt. towns of Italy.— I. Pontif. »., deleg. Forii, on the .ffimilian way, 8 m. S.E. 'sena. Pop. 4,035. It has a public library.— II. Xaples, prov. Capitanata, 9 m. W.S.W. Bovino. Pop. 2,400. SavignS, numerous comms. of France; the principal S. VEvique, dep. Sarthe, 7 m. N.E. Le Mans. Pop. 2,614. S.ivTQNT, numerous comms., &c., of France. — I dep. Loir-et-Cher, cap. cant, 13 m. W.N.W. Venddme. Pop. 3,065 II. (en Revermont), dep. Sa6ne-et-Loire, an'ond. Louhans. Pop. 2,322. — HI. (en Sancene). dep. Cher, 6 m. N. Sancerre. Pop. 1,665. — rV. (sous Beaune), dep. Cote-d'Or, 3 m. N. Beaune. Pop. 1,703 ; who raise wines of superior quality. — V. {sur Orge), Seine-et-Oise, arrond. Corbeil, with a station on the Paris and Orleans railway. Pop. 955. Savin (St), several comms., &c., of France I. a market town, dep. Gironde, cap. cant, on a height, 10 m. E. Blaye. Pop. 1,926.-11. a town, dep. Vienne, cap. cant., 24 m. E.S.E. Poitiers. Pop. 1,447. — III. dep. Isere, with a vill. 8 m. N.W. La Tour-du-Pin. Pop. 2,359.— IV. dep. H. Pyrenees, 2 m. S.S.E. Argeles, with remains of a Roman fort, and a Benedictine convent. Saviitdroog, a strong hill fortress of S. India, Mysore dom., 20 m. W.S.W. Bangalore. The rock upon which it is formed rises half a mile in perpendicular height, from a base of 8 or 10 m. in circumference, & is surrounded by impenetrable jungle. Though previously deemed impregnable, Savindroog was captured by the British troops in 1791, without the loss of a man. Savinien (St), a comm. and market town of France, dep. Charente-Inf., cap. cant., on r. b. of the Charente, 9 m. N. Saintes. Pop. 3,507. Savio, a riv. of Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. Forli, after a N.ward course of 50 m. enters the Adri- atic, 10 m. S.E. Kavenna. On it, about 6 m. from its mouth, is the vill. Savio. Savoca, a vill. of Sicily, intend. Messina, near the E. coast, 8 m. N.N.E. Taormina. Pop. 3,000. Savona, a town and seaport of N. Italy, Sar- dinian dom., div. Genoa, cap. prov., on the Medi- terranean, 25 m. S.W. Genoa. Pop. with comm. 16,200. It is enclosed by walls, and has a cathe- dral, & many other good buildings. Its harbour is formed by a mole projecting into the sea, and not easy of access, from accumulation of mud and sand at its mouth. Manufs. comprise silk goods, hardware, earthenware, and soap ; and it has a brisk trade in oranges and lemons grown in its vicinity. Savona is the birth-place of the popes Sextus IV. and Julius ii. Savov, a dnchy and one of the continental divisions of the Sardinian states, separated by the Alps from Italy on the E., and Piedmont on the S., by the Khone from France on the W., and partly by the lake of Geneva from Switzerland on the N. Area 4,270 sq. m. Pop. (1838) 564,107. It is situated in the basin of the Rhone, besides which river it is watered by the Dranse, Arve, Isere and its affl. the Arc. Mont Blanc is on its S.E. frontier, and it contains little St Bernard, Mont Iseran, Mont Cenis, and many of the other principal mntns. of the Alps. The valleys are narrow, and great destruction is often caused by avalanches. The chief lakes are those of Annecy and Bourget. Soil infertile, & the corn raised is scarcely sufiicient for consumption. Cattle rearing is the principal branch of industry ; the vine is cultivatecf in the more sheltered spots. Minerals comprise iron, copper, silver, lead, and coal ; the mineral springs of Aix, near Chambery, are celebrated, and salt is there made exten- sively. Many Savoyards quit their mntns. in early youth, m order to exercise in France and other countries the professions of petty traders SAV 1150 SAX and domestic serrants. Savoy is divided into 8 provs., — Savoy proper, Upper Savoy, Tarantaise, Maurienne, Carouge, Faucigny and Genevese. The duchy of Savoy was the nucleus of the king- dom of Sardinia. Under the French empire it formed the dep. Mount Blanc, and part of that of Leman. Savran, a mkt. town of Russian Poland, gov, Podolia, on the Bug, 25 m. N.E. Batta. Pop. 1,000. Savu, an isl. of the Asiatic Archipelago, 90 m. W. the S. extremity of Timor, and subordinate to the authority of the Dutch. Lat. of W. point 10° Sr S., Ion. 121° 35' E. Length N. to S. 25 m., breadth 8 m. Surface rugged, bat some maize, cotton, &c., are raised. Principal exports wax, sandal wood, and edible birds' nests. Sawa, a town of N.W. Hindostan, Odeypoor dom., & 10 m. S. Chitoor. It is enclosed by walls. Sawbeidseworth, Engl. [Sabeidgewobth.] SAVfLET, a pa. of Engl., co. and SJ m. E.S.E. Derby, on the Trent, and on the N. Midland rail- way. Area 8,500 ac. Pop. 1,933. — II. a chapelry, CO. York, W. Riding, pa. & 5 m. W.S.W. Ripon. Pop. 527. Sawstoh, a pa. of Eogl., co. Cambridge, 6 m. "W.N.W. Linton. Area 1,856 ac. Pop. 992. Sawston-hall is a large structure built in 1557. Sawtry, two pas. of Engl., co. Huntingdon I. {All Saints), 3J m. S. Stilton. Pop. 638.— II. (St Andrew), 3^ m. S.S.E. StUton. Pop. 371. United area of these pas., and extra paroch. dist. Sawtry St Judith, 5,730 sq. m. Sawdn, a town of N.W. Hindostan, Odeypoor dom., 6 m. S.W. from Munassa. Sawustwaeee, a town of India, Sattarah dom., near the Malabar coast, 30 m. N. Goa. Sax, Salaria, a town of Spain, prov. and 27 ra. N.W. Alicante. Pop. 2,195. It has numerous distilleries and flour mills. Saxbt, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Leicester, 4| m. E.N.E. Melton-Mowbray. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 163.— II. CO. Lincohi, 7 m. W.S.W. Market- Raisen. Area 1,160 ac. Pop. 140. — ^III. same CO., 4^ m. S.S.W. Barton-ou-Humber. Ai'ea 2,660 ac. Pop. 287. Saxe (Germ. Sacksen), a prefix to the names of the following German states. Saxe-Aitenbtteg, a duchy of Central Ger- many, in the old dist. of Saxony, separated into 2 nearly equal portions by the lordship of Gera, and enclosed by the territories of Prussian Sax- ony, Weimar, S. Meiningen, and Schwarzbwg Rudolstadt. Area510sq.m. Pop. (1846) 129,589, mostly Lutherans. Surface covered by ramifica- tions of the Erzgebirge in the W., and watered by the Saale, Roda, and Orla. Chief industry, agriculture and cattle rearing. Saxe-Cobheg-Gotha, a duchy of Central Germany, in the old dist. of Saxony ; cap. Gotha. It is composed of two principal portions. — I. the principalities of Gotha and Coburg. — II. several detached districts enclosed by the territories of Bavaria, Prussia, Saxony, Saxe-Meiningen, and Weimar. Area 799 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 147,195, mostly Lutherans. Surface mntnous., with fertile valleys. Chief rivers the Nessa, Gera, Saale, and Itz. Chief industry, agriculture and cattle rear- ing. The manufe. of Gotha are very varied. Education is in an advanced state. Public rev. 264,620 florins; debt 2,934,384 dollars. Saxe-Meiningen-Hildbubghausen, a duchy of Central Germany, cap. Meiningen, consisting of two chief portions, the princip. of Meiningen & that of Hildburghansen, to wMch is united the princip. of Saalfeld, having S, Bavaria ; elsewhere surrounded by the doms. of Weimar, Cob Cassel, Prussia, and Reuss, except some deta( dists. amongst the other Saxon duchies. J. 971 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 160,515, mostly 1 testants. Surface covered with the Thurinj forest mntns. The river Werra traverses duchy, which is fertile ; but the com raise insufficient for home consumption. Minin: pretty actively pursued ; iron, copper, coal, aj vitriol, marble, and salt are obtained. Mai compiise hardwares, linen, and woollen fabi Public schools are numerous. Public 1,208,200 florins ; debt (1848) 469,430 do. late Queen Adelaide was a princess of £ Meiningen. Saxe-Weimae-Eisenach, a grand dnch; Central Germany, and the largest of the Sa principalities, consisting of three principal tached portions of territory. — I. the princij Weimar ; IL that of Eisenach ; III. the circ Neustadt, and several small territories inclu in other states, enclosed by the doms. of Prussi£ Cassel, Bavaria, the other Saxon duchies. Re and Scbwartzburg Rudolstadt. Area 1,418 m. Pop. 257,673 Lutherans, except about 18 Calvinists, Roman Catholics, and Jews. Sur mntnous. in the W., watered by the Werra its affls. ; more level in the centre & E., & versed by the Urn, Saale, and affls. of the EU Com, flax, hemp, hops, wine, timber, iron, coal, and fullers' earth, are principal prodt with fine wool exported to England. Cattle hogs are numerous, and in the W. especially, f the principal sources of wealth. Manufs. c prise linen and woollen fabrics, glass and ea enwares, and the transit trade is import Jena is the seat of a university, and pc schools are numerous ; Weimar is celebrated its literary and scientific institutions. Princ toYras Weimar, Eisenach, Jena, Neustadt, Wt Krenzburg, and Geysa. Estimated public for the three years 1848-50, 2,345,193 dollars 748,715 do. annually. Publ. debt (1844) 3,795 dollars. Saxelbt, two pas. of EngL — ^I. co. and ( N.W. Lincoln. Area 4,270 ac. Pop. 1,05 11. CO. Leicester, 4 m. W.N.W. Melton-Mowb Area 2,000 ac. Pop. 112. Saxham, two pas. of Engl., co. Suffolk. {Great), 5 m. W. Bury-St-Edmunds. Area 1 ac. Pop. 271 II. (Little), 3J m. W. Bury Edmunds. Area 1,300 ac. Pop. 230. Saxkiobing, a seaport town of Denm stift and on the island Laaland, at the head i bay, which forms a good harbour. Pop. 900. Saxlinoham, several pas. of Engl., co. I folk.— I. 4 m. W.N.W. Holt. Area 1,760 Pop. 147.— II. (Nethergate), 7J m. S. Norw Area 1,250 ac. Pop. 650.— III. (Thotpe), 8i W.S.W. Norwich. Area 870 ac. Pop. 131. Saxmundeam, a mkt. town and pa. of Ei CO. Snfi^olk, 20 m. N.E. Ipswich. Area 1,460 Pop. 1,097. The town is pleasantly situated Saxony (Germ. Sachten), an old division o Germany, which extended between the Bi and the N. Sea in the N., and Bohemia and varia in the S. In the old divs. of Germany, circle of Upper Saxony composed the gre part of the present kingdoms of Prussia Saxony, and that of Lower Saxony, Banc Brunswick, Mecklenburg, and Holstein. Saxoky (Germ. &cA«en), a kingdom of Cer Europe, in the middle of Germany, between 50° IC and 51° 28' N., and Ion. 11° 65' and H E., bounded E. and S. by Austria, W. and N Bavaria, Saxe Weimar, Saxe Altenbnrg SAX llSl SCA rassia; cap. Dresden. Extreme length 133 m., reatest breadth 56 m. Area & pop. as follow : — Cinles. Sq, m. Pop. 1848. Dresden, leipiig, Zwiclcaa, Bwuen, 1,674 1,34a 1,790 971 461,107 417,041 668,114 888,171 Total, 6,777 1.836,433 urface mntnous. ; traversed on S. and S.E. •ontier by the Erzgebirge and Riesengebhge intns., which rise to 4,000 ft. in height; the lean elevation of the country is about 1,100 ft. lie climate of Saxony, except in the mntnous. ists., is mild and salubrious; mean temp, of ear at Dresden, 49° .1 ; winter 32° .7 ; summer 6° Fahr. Soil fertile in grain, and cultivated rith the greatest care ; the chief crop is rye ; rheat and barley are grown in the valleys, oats nd potatoes in the higher dists. Fruit is exten- ively cultivated, and good wine is produced from he vineyards of the Elbe. The forests, which over l-4th of the surface, fiimish excellent tim- er. The breed of merino sheep is celebrated & ields valuable wool, much of which is exported to ingland. Cattle are of a superior description ; lOrses are not extensively reared. The country i watered by the Elbe and its afSs., the Black ^ter, the Mulde, and the Saale. Saxony is rich 1 mines of iron, lead, copper, silver, cobalt, bis- mth, andmony & coad. Mining occupies a great roportion of the pop. TJpwards of 500 mines re in active operation ; the centre of the mining- ist is at Freiberg. Porcelain clay, marble, and nilding stones are abundant. The chief mannf. of axony is that of cotton, in the spinning of which Teat improvements have recently been made, nd there are many cotton printing works. The ther chief branches of industry are linen and 'oollen weaving, stocking-making, and the fine orcelain of Meissen, called Dresden China. !ommerce very extensive, especially in books and lanufactured goods at Leipzig. The religion of ie majority is Lutheranism. Public instruction 1 more developed than in any other country of lorope, the proportion being 1 pupil for every 6 ( the pop. ; and the university of Leipzig is one f the principal in Germany. The electorate of axony, created in 1422, was erected into a king- om by Napoleon in 1806, who united to it the rand dnchy of Warsaw, which, along with some Drtions of the Saxon territories, was detached ;om it in 1815. Previous to 1835, Saxony was ivided into the 6 circles of Meissen, Leipzig, rzgebirge, Voigtland, and Lusatia. The gov. a hereditary lunited monarchy ; a representa- ve system was organised in 1836. Public rev. 847) 6,798,648 dollars; debt (1849) 22,628,389 >. Army25,077men,ofwhom4,300arecavalry. Saxon Ljutd, the S. part of Transylvania, water- Iby the Alnta riv. & its affls. Area about 4,243 1- m, and pop. (1842) 446,700. It is subdivided to 7 jurisdictions or ttuhls, named from their ips. Herrmannstadt, KJausenburg, Mediasch, :nhlenbach, Schenerstadt, Reusmarkt, & Broos ■ Szasvaros (whence Transylvania derives its erman name of Siebenburgen, or the " seven wns "), to which Kronstadt and Bistritz were terwards added. The present inhabs. preserve most unmixed their German language and ireditaiy usages, and are the most industrious id thriving race in Transylvania. Agriculture is carefully conducted; manufs. of woollen, cotton, and other goods, are carried on in the towns, the principal of which are Herrmannstadt and Kronstadt. Saxon Switzerland is a name applied to the mntnous. part of the kingdom of Saxony, S.E. Dresden. It is highly picturesque, but none of its mntns. rise to above 2,000 feet in elevation. Saxoni (Pbussian), a prov. of Prussia, nearly in its centre, between lat. 60° 27' and 53° 6' N., and Ion. 9° SC & 15° 15' E., having N.E. & E. the provs. Brandenburg, W. Hanover, Bininswick, and H. Cassel, and S. the duchies and kingdom of Saxony, enclosing Anhalt Dessau, Schwartzbnrg Budolstadt, and having many outlying detached dists. Area 9,788 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,742,462, all Lutherans, except about 116,000 Roman Cath- olics, Jews, &c. The Haiz at the W. extremity, is a mntnous. dist. ; elsewhere the surface is level and watered by the Elbe, with its tributaries the Saale, Mulde, and Unstrut. Climate mild and healthy, and the soil is amongst the most fertile in the Prussian dom. Corn, flax, hemp, hops, tobacco, madder, and chicory, are principal pro- ducts ; vines are grown on the banks of the Saale and Elbe. Merino sheep breeding is exten- sively canied on, and wool is a principal article of export. The prov. has coal, iron, salt, and copper mines. Principal manufs. fine woollens, linen fabrics, earthenwares, paper, beer, and spirits. It is divided into the three regencies of Magdeburg the cap., Erfurt, and Merseburg. Saxtead, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 2 m. N.W. Framlington. Area 2,050 ac. Pop. 447. Saxthobpe, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, on the riv. Bure,5} m. N.W.Aylesham. .Ac. 2,030. P. 342. Saxton, a pa. of Engl., co.Tork, W. Riding, 4 J m. S.S.W. Tadcaster. Area 3,710 ae. P. 673. Satbbook, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. America, Connecticut, at the mouth of the Connecticut, 42 m. S.S.E. Hartford. Pop. 3,417. Savmbbumbaodm, a town of British India, presid. and 17 m. W. Madras. Satnt, a town of Poland, gov. Augustowo, on the Merael, here joined by the Seyneczka, 18 m. E. Suwalki. Pop. 3,100. It has a cathedral, and manufs. of woollen cloth and leather. Saypan, or Seypan, one of the Marianne islands. Pacific Ocean, lat. 15° 19' 45'*' N., Ion. 146° E,, 12 m. in length, and having a good harbour on its W. side. Sazawa, a river of Bohemia, after a W.N.W, course of 95 m., joins the Moldau, 12 m. S. Prague. Sazka, or Sabska, a town of Bohemia, circ. Bidschow, 27 m. E. Prague. Pop. 2,210. ScAEE, a comra. and mkt. town of France, dep. Finistfere, 13 m. N.N.W. Quiniperie. Pop. 4,006. SCAFATI, a mkt. town of Naples, prov. Princip. Cit., on the Sarno, 6 m. W. Nocera. Pop. 3,600. • ScAFELL, a mountain of Engl., co. Cumberland, near the borders of Westmoreland, 10 m. N.E. Ravenglass, and having two summits respectively 3,166 and 3,092 feet in height. The river Esk rises on its E. side. SoALA, two market towns of Naples. — I. prov. Princip.- Cit., cap. cant., on the promontory, and 8 m. W. Salerno. Pop. 1,400.-11. prov. Calab.- Cit., on a height, 5 m. S.W. Cariati. Pop. 1,200 — III. a town of Tuscany, prov. and 20 m. W.S.W. Florence. Pop. 1,400. ScALA Nova, Neapolis, a seaport town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, at the head of the Gulf of Scala- Nova, 40 m. S. Smyrna. Pop. 20,000. It stands on a slope rising from the sea. Principal edifices, mosques, khans, and public baths. It had for- merly an active trade with Egypt and Salonica. SCA 1152 SCA SoAiA Nova (The Gulf of), is 45 m. in length E. to W., average breadth 20 m. The island Samos forms most part of its S. coast. ScALBT, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Kiding, 3 m. N.W. Scarborough. Ac. 11,060. Pop. 1,886. ScAiDWELL, a pa. of Engl., co. & 8 m. N.N.E. Northampton. Area 1,060 ac. Pop. 416. ScALEA, a Till, of Naples, prov. Calab. Cit., cap. cant., 28 m. W. Cassano. Pop. 1,600. ScALEBT, a pa. of Engl., co. Cumberland, 6 m. N.N.E. Carlisle. Area 3,590 ac. Pop. 684. 8CAI.ENSHE, a town and comm. of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. Turin, prov. and 7 m. E. Pinerolo. Pop. 3,961. — Scaletta is a vill. of Sicily, on its E. coast, intend. & 13 m. S. Messina. Fop. 1,000. ScALFOKD, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 3J m. N.N.E. Melton-Mowbray. Ac. 2,520. Pop. 517. SoALLOWAT, a Till. Of Scotl., CO. and on the mainland of Shetland, pa. Tingwall, at the head of Scalloway Bay, 6 m. W.S.W. Lerwick. Pop. 405. It is neatly bull t, and was formerly a burgh, and cap. of Shetland. It has a good harbour. SoALPA, two islands of the Hebrides, Scotland, CO. Inverness. — I. off the E. side of the island Skye, separated from it by a Sound i m. across. Length 4 m., breadth 3 m. Surface a grassy mountain. Pop. 90. — II. pa. Haj-ris, at the en- trance of E. Loch Tarbet. Length 3 m., breadth IJ m. Pop. 31. — Scalpa flow is a sea basin amongst the Orkneys, nearly enclosed by Pomona, Burray, S. Ronaldshay, WaUs, and Hoy, and con- taining many smaller islands. Length 15 m., breadth 8 m. ScAMANDEB, or Xanxhos (mod. Bunarbashi-su), a river of the plain of Troy, Asia Minor, rises at the vill. Bunarbashi, immediately beneath the site of old Troy, flows N.W., expanding into nu- merous marshes, and enters the .^Egean Sea, and the Simois or Mendere river by several channels, cut in very remote antiquity. Its source is in some springs, having a temp, of 63° or 64° Fahr. (a circumstance which has given rise to the de- scription by Homer, Iliad xxii. 149-52). ScAMBLESBT, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 6 m. N.N.E. Homcastle. Area 2,150 ae. Pop. 600. ScAMMONDEN, a chapclry of Engl., co. York, E. Riding, pa. Billington, 6 m. E.N.E. New Malton. Pop. 972. ScAMPTON, a pa. of Engl., co. & 6 m. N.N.W. Lincoln. Area 2,190 ac. Pop. 224. SOANDEBOON, IsKEHBEBUN, Or AlEXANDBEXTA, a seaport town of N. Syria, on the E. coast of the Bay of Iskenderun, 23 m. N. Antiooh. Lat. 36° 35' 3' N., Ion. 36° E. It was until lately un- healthy and depopulated, hut has recently im- proved in appearance, and also in salubrity by the drainage of an adjacent marsh. It is the port of Aleppo, and has the best harbour on the Syrian coast, with an import trade in corn, rice, salt, and European goods, and exports of galls, silk, cotton, and syrup. — The Say or Gulf of Scanderoon (auc. Sinus Issicus) extends inland for 45 m. at the angle between Syria and Asia Minor, and on its shores are the Amanian gates of the ancients, the ruins of Baise and Mgee, and the plain of Issus, where Darius was defeated by Alexander the Great. Soanmano, a market town of N. Italy, duchy & 12 m. S.W. Modena, on the Secchia. Pop. 2,400. ScAHDiNAviA, the classic name of the great peninsula of N. Europe, consisting of Sweden and Norway. [Nobwat — Sweden.] — Scania was an old prov. of Sweden, at its S. extremity, now sub- divided into the Isens Malmo & Christianstad. ScAHFs, a populous vill. of the Upper Engadine, Switzerland, cant. Grisons, 29 m. S.E. Chur. ScAHNO, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo " Pop. 3,000.-11. a vill., 12 m. S.E. Lake Fuel SoANSAHO, a market town of Tuscany, pi and 12 m. S.E. Grosseto. Pop. 3,000 Searu is a Till, of Naples, near Castel-a-Mare. Scab, a mountain of Irel., Leinster, co. Wi low, 3 m. N. Laragh. Height 2,105 feet. ScABBA, one of the Hebrides, Scotl., co. Arg off the N. end of the island Jura. Length ; breadth 3 m. each. Height above the sea 1,50( ScABBOBOuoH, 3, pari, and munic. bor., s port town and pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Ridi on the S. slope of a headland extending into N. Sea, lat, of light house 64° 17' N., Ion. 0° 5" W., on N. Midland railway, 37 m. N.E. Y( Area of bor. and pa. 2,160 ac. Pop. 9,963. has a striking appearance, its streets ris steeply from the sea toward a ruined ca on an abrupt cliff. It is well built and ha some. The town hall, trinity house, ah hosp for seamen in the merchant service, a r theatre, the cliff bridge leading over a rai tu the Spa, and the elegant Roman Doric i seirai of a philosophical society, are amor the public structures. The large pa. church 1 merly belonged to a Cistercian monastery, H are chapels for Roman Catholics, Method! Independents, a Friends' meeting house, all houses, and various other endowed charities, ; a grammar school, founded in the 9th centi The harbour is protected by a stone pier, i the town has a considerable coasting trade, ports of timber, a iishery, and some ship buildi and in summer is greatly resorted to by visit Reg. shipping (1847) 191 vessels, aggregate 1 den 32,221 tons. Customs' rev. (1846) 4,0 Corp. rev. (1848) 1,7322. It sends 2 mems. tc of C. Keg. elects. (1848) 537.— II. the princi town of the British W. India island Tobago, its E. coast, 7 m. N.E. Milford. Lat. 11° 6' Ion. 60° 30' W.— III. a township of the V. S., Amer., Maine, on the Atlantic, 10 m. S.W. Pi land. Pop. 2,172. — Scarborough, or Gik Islands, Pacific Ocean, between lat. 1° and 3° and Ion. 172° and 174° E., comprise Marsl: Matthews, Gilbert, and Charlotte Islands. ScABCLiFF, a pa. of England, co. Derby, 6 N.N.W. Mansfield. Area 3,910 ac. Pop. 58 ScABDA and Scabdizza, two small islands Dalmatia, circ. Zara. — I. between the isla Premuda and Isto. — II. 3 m. W. Pago. ScABDOHA, a decayed town of Dalmatia, c Zara, 6 m. N.N.E. Sebenico, on r. b. of Kerka. Pop. 1,200. It is a bishop's see, ; was formerly an important place. Under Romans it was the cap. prov. Libumla. SoAEiFF, a mkt. town of Ireland, co. Clare, the Scariff, 8 m. N.N.W. Killaloe. Pop. 6S6. ScARisBEioK, a township of Engl., co. L caster, pa. & 3 m. N.W. Ormskirk. Pop. 1,! ScABLE, two pas. of Engl. — I. (North), and 9 m. W.S.W. Lincoln. Area 2,190 ac. I 490 II. (South), CO. Notts, 7 m. N.N.E. News Area 2,050 ac. Pop. 525. ScABNAFiGi, a market town of Piedmont, pj and 5 m. N.E. Saluzzo. Pop. of comm. 2,85! ScABNiNo, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, t a station on the £. AngUan railw., 2 m W.S East Dereham. Area 3,510 ac. Pop. 613. SoABP, or SoABPA, an island oi^the Oi Hebrides, Scotland, co. Inverness, pa. and J N.W. Harris. It is a rocky mountain of gn 1,000 feet high, and 3 m. long. Pop. 129. ScABPAMTO, Carpathos, an island of the Mi terranean, belonging to Turkey, 28 m. S Rhodes. Length 30 m. ; breadth 8 m. Surl SCA 1153 SCH monntainous ; iron and marble are principal nrodacts. It has several harbours, the largest, Fortio-Grando, being on its W. side. At its N. extf^nity is the nil. Sceirpanto. SoJAPEi a navigable riv. of France, rises in the dep. Fas-de-Calais, flows E. past Arras, Douai, Harchiennes, & St Amand, and joins the Scheldt at Mortagne on the frontier of Belgium. Length 35 m. — Secaperia is a small town of Ttiscany, proT. and 16 m. NJS. Florence. SciBBiNQTON, a pa. of England, co. and 11m. E. Nottingham. Area 910 ac. Pop. 230. ScABTBO, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 2 m. S.S.W. Great Grimsby. Area 1,390 ac. P. 199. ScATABT, an islet of British N. America, off the E. coast of die isl. Cape Breton, lat. 43° N., Ion. 59° 41' W. Length, E. to W., 6 m. ; breadth 2 m. SciWBT, a pa. of £ng;land, co. Lincoln, with a. station on the Lincolnshire railway, 2^ m. W.S.'W. Glandford Brigg. Area 3,930 ac. Pop. 1,050. SciwTON, a pa of England, co. York, N. Rid- iBg, 4 m. W. Helmsley. Area 3,610 ac. P. 139. ScEADX, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine, cap. arrond., 4 m. S. Paris, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. 1,051. Colbert erected here a chateau, which was destroyed doling the first reTolution. ScET (Sob Saone), a comm. and market town of France, dep. H. Sadne, on the Saune, 9 m. W.N.'ff. VesouL Pop. 1,897. ScHAAf HEiM, a market town of Hessen-Darm- stadt,proy. Stsu'kenbnrg, circ. and 8 m. E.N.E. Diebnig. Pop. 1,338. SoHAAFSTADT, a town of Fmsslan Saxony, reg. and 10 m. W.S.'W. Merseburg. Pop. 1,900. ScHAFi, or ScuAFFEBN, a market town of Horam, circ. & 14 m. W.N. W. Znaym. P. 1,243, ScHAPFHAcsEN, the most N. cant, of Switzer- land, wholly N. the Rhine, which separates it &om the cants, of Zurich and Thnrgau, and enclosed by the grand duchy of Baden. Area 116 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 32,582, nearly all Protestants. Snr- &ce undulating. Soil fertile, and frequently more com is raised than is required for home cousmnption. Transit trade important, and the cap. town is a principal entrepdt for goods pass- ing between S. Germany and Switzerland. Prin- (npal towns, Schaffhansen and Neukirchen. This cant, joined the Swiss confederation in 1501. —Sehq^haiaea, the cap., is situated on rt. b. of the Rhine, 23 m. N.E. Zurich. Pop. 7,500. It is enclosed by old walls, and defended by a citadel on an adjacent height, on the site of an ancient Roman fortress. Houses antiquated and of curious architecture; principal edifice, the minster, a large cathedral founded in 1052. It has a college and a town library containing the collection of books which belonged to the historian MuUer, a native of Schaffhansen; manufs. of ijotton stnfis, files, and cutlery ; it com- municates daily by diligences with Zurich, Bern, Freiburg, Stuttgart, and Ulm, and by steamers with Constance. — The Falls of Schaffhausen, a cataract of the Rhine, 3 m. S.S.W. the town, has a total descent of about 100 feet, and is one of the most imposing phenomena of its kind in Europe. SoHAGEK, a town of the Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, cap. cant., 11 m. N. Alkmaar. Pop. 1,886, who trade in butter, flax, cattle, & leather, ScHAOHTIcoKE, a township, U. S., N. Amer., New York, 20 m. N.N.E. Albany. Pop. 3,389. ScHALE, a vill. of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 33 m. N. Munster, on the Ane. Pop. 1,570. ScHALKAU, a town of Central Germany, Saxe- Memuigen, cap. dist. on the Itz, 7 m. N.W. Neustaat(Coburg). Pop. 1, 0S7.— Alt Schalhowitz is a vill. of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 11m. N.W. Oppeln. Pop. 1,740. ScHALL, a lake of N. Germany, partly in the Danish duchy Lauenburg, and partly in the grand duchy Mecklenburg Schwerin, about 9 m. in length from N. to S., by 2 m. in breadth. SoHANCK (Mount), a conspicuous table shaped hill of S. Australia, near the coast, in lat. 37° 55' S., Ion. 139° 49' E. It rises from a compar- atively level country at an abrupt angle to 800 or 900 feet in height, and has on its summit three distinct craters. Basalt, lava, and other volcanic products are scattered on and around it. ScHANDAtr, a town of Saxony, circ. and 21 m. S.E. Dresden on the Elbe. Pop. 1,638. It has well frequented baths. Schank's Islanp, Pacific Ocean, is in lat. 0° 25' S., Ion. 163° E. ScEABiiiNO, a town of Upper Austria, circ. Inn, 8 m. S.S.W. Fassau, on the Inn. Pop. 3,500. It is defended by a strong castle, and was bombarded by the French in 1809. ScHAKNiTz, Porta Claudia, a vill. & pass in the Tyro], 10 m. N.W. Innsbriick, and the scene of combats between the French & Tyrolese in 1809. SoHASSBUBe, a town of Transylvania, Saxon- land, cap. CO., on the Great Kiikel, 24 m. E.S.E. Neumarkt. Fop. 6,230, mostly Saxons. It con- sists of an upper and a lower town, the former fortified. It has a gymnasium, manuft. of woollens and linens, and an extensive trade. ScHATTAu, a market town of Moravia, circ. & 5 m. S.S.W. Znaim. Pop. 1,716. ScHATZLEB, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 32 m. N. Koniggratz. Pop. 1,073. ScHAUMBUBe-LiFPE, a principality of N.W. Germany, enclosed by the territories of Hesse- Schaumburg, Hanover, and Prussian Westphalia, exclusive of some detached lordships within the territory of Lippe-Detmold. Area 207 sq. m. Pop. (1845) 31,870. Surface hilly and well wood- ed in the S., flat in the N., where the Lake Stein- huder-meer occupies about 22,000 acres. Prin- cipal river the Weser. Inhabitants mostly Lutherans, & employed in agricultural industry, coal mines, and the manuS. of linens. Princi- pal towns, Biickeburg, the cap., and Stadthagen. Public revenue 130,000 Prussian dollars. The state is free from debt. ScHEEMDEB, 3, vill. of the Netherlands, prov. and 16 m. E.S.E. Groningen. Pop. of pa. 3,439. SciiGEB, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Danube, 4 m. E.S.E. Sigmaringen. Pop. 962. ScHEiBENBEBG, a vill. of Saxouy, circ. Zwickau, dist. and 5 m. E. Schwarzenberg. Pop. 1,886. It has manufactures of lace; and valuable silver, cobalt, tin, and iron mines in its vicinity. ScuEiDECH, a mountain of Switzerland, cant. Bern, in the Oberland, 8 m. S. Brienz. Height above the sea 6,473 feet. — The Lesser Scheideck, or Wengem Alp, is a mntn. S.W. the foregoing, between Lauterbruunen and Grindelwald. Scheldt, orScHELDE (French .E^cauf, ancient Sealdis), ariver of France and the Netherlands, rises in the French dep. Aisne, flows mostly N.E. through the dep. Nord, and the Belgian provs. Hainaut and E. Flanders, to Antwerp, where it turns N.W. and enters the North Sea, in the Dutch prov. Zeeland, by two mouths — the E. and W. Scheldt — which enclose the two isls. Beveland and Walcheren. Total course 200 m. j at its mouths it is from 2J to 3} leagues across. In its lower part it traverses a flat country, and its banks are fenced by dykes. Affluents, the Scarpe, Lys, and Darme, from the W., Dender & Rupel from the E. It is navigable nearly 4d SCH 1154 SCH throughout, and connected by canals with the Somme, Seine, Loire, and the principal cities and towns of Belgium, and it is of high commercial importance. SoHELESTABT, a comm. and fortified town of France, dep. Bas Rhin, cap. arrond., on 1. b. of the 111, & on the Strasbourg & Basle railway, 26 m. S.W. Strasbourg. Pop. (1846) 8,603. It was fortified by Vauban, & is naturally strong from being surrounded by marshes. It has manufs. of woollen hosiery, calicoes, brass and iron wire, paper, and earthenwares. ScHELKLiNGEN, a wallcd towii of Wijrtemberg, eirc. Danube, 12 m. W. TJlm. Pop. 1,069. ScHELLENBEBO, 3 town of SaxoDy, circ. Zwickau, on the declivity of a height, crowned by the castle of Augustusberg, 8 m. E. Chem- nitz. Pop. 1,406, who manuf. linens II. a mar- ket town of Bavaria, 8 m. S.S.W. Salzburg, on the Achen. — Schellmdorf'm a vill. of Prussian Si- lesia, reg. Leignitz, and the scene of an engage- ment betw. the French & Prussian cavalry in 1813. SoHELLENBEBG, a vill. of Bavai'ia, 6 m. S.W. Salzburg. Here, in 1764, Marlborough defeated the Duke of Bavaria. ScBELLiHS, an island of the Netherlands. [Tebschellinq.] SoHEMACHi, Asiatic Bussia. [Shamaka.] ScHEMNiTZ, a mining town of N. Hungary, cap. dist., CO. Honth, on the Schemnitz, 2,300 feet above the sea, 45 m. N.N.E. Gran. Pop. (1845), including 6 suburbs, 19,000. It has a school of mining, founded in 1760 fay Maria Theresa, and having 200 students. The mines of Schemnitz, partly belonging to the crown, extend under the town, and furnish considerable quan- tities of gold, silver, lead, copper, iron, sulphur, and arsenic. All the imperial mines are con- nected with each other, offering in their whole extent a subterranean passage of nearly S\ m. long. Below the mines is the adit of Joseph u., a magnificent work, 12 feet in height by 10 feet in breadth, extending from Schemnitz to the valley of Gran, 10 m., and so constructed that it may be used eithei as a canal or railway. Schenectady, a cb. of the U. S., N. America, New York, in its £. part. Area 200 sq. m. Pop. 17,387 II. a city, New York, cap. above CO., on the Mohawk, a tributary of the Hudson, and on the Erie canal, 16 m. N.W. Albany, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. 6,784. It was originally settled by the Dutch in 1620, and has numerous churches. Union college, founded in 1785, various other superior public schools, a city hall, co. offices, jail, and several banks, with manufs. of cotton stuffs, tobacco, carpets, machinery, leather, and paper, iron and brass foundries, and steam flour mills. Schebmbeck, and Scuebueisej., two market towns of Prussia. — I. Rhenish Prussia, reg. Diis- seldorf, 10 m. N.N.E. Dinslaken. Pop. 833.— II. prov. Brandenburg, reg. Frankfiirt-on-the Oder, 12 m. N.N.E. Sternberg. Pop. 784. SoHEBVLLLEB, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. B. Khm, 3 m. N.W. Schelestadt. P. 2,823. SoHESSLiTZ, or SoHossLiTz, a town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Franconia, cap. dist., 9 m. N.E. Bam- berg. Pop. 1,034. ScHKETTDiTZ, a towu of Prussian Saxony, reg. Merseburg, on the Elster, 12 m. S.E. Halle, on Magdeburg railway. Pop. 2,700. SoHEVENiNQEN, a fashionable watering place of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, on the N. sea, 3 m. N.W. the Hague. Pop. 3,000. SoHiAvi, two small towns of Naples. — I. prov. Abruzzo Cit., on a mntn. near the Trigno, 24 m. S.S.W. U Vasto.— II. prov. T. di Lavoro, 4 m. S.S.E. Sora. ScHiHAiLioN, a mntn. of Scotland, co. Perth, 4 m. S.E. Kinloch-Rannoch. Elev. 3,664 feet. Schiedam, a town and riv. port of the Nether- lands, prov. S. Holland, cap. cant., on the Schie, an affl. of the Maas, 4 m. W. Rotterdam, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. (1840) 12,05] . It is well built, & has numerous churches, a latin school, a chamber of commerce & manufs., a branch of the Society of public good, manufs. of white lead, rope-walks, building-docks on the Schie, and upwards of a 100 distilleries, it being the chief seat of the manuf. of Dutch gin, or " hoUands." Large numbers of hogs are fattened in the town on the refiise of the distilleries Schiedam Islands are a group, Asiatic Archipe- lago, in the sea of Flores, 90 m. N. Flores. ScHiEBLiHG, a market town of Lower Bavaria, on an isl. formed by the Gross-Laber, 6 m. N.W. Pfaffenberg. Near it, on 20th April 1809, the Austrians were defeated by the French. ScHiEBMONNjK-ooe, an isl. in the N. sea, be- longing to the Netherlands, prov. Friesland, 10 m. E. Ameland. Length 8 m., breadth 2 m. Pop. 862, engaged in fishing. ScHiEBSTEiN, a vill. of Germany, duchy Nassau, on the Rhine, 3 m. S.S.W. Wiesbaden. P. 1,000. SCHIEVELBEIN, Or SCHIEFELBEZN', a tOWn of Prussia, prov. Pomerania, reg. and 36 m. S.W. Koslin, cap. circ, on the Rega. Pop. 3,050. ScHiFFEBSTADT, a vill. of Rheuish Bavaria, 6 m. N.N.W. Spires. Pop. 2,994. The Austrians were defeated here by the French in 1794, ScHiLDA, or ScHiLDAr, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. & 40 m. E.N.E. Merseburg. P. 1,035. ScHiLDBEBG (Polish Ostrzeszow), a town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 83 m. S.E. Posen, cap. circ. Pop. 1,975. [Schimbebg.] ScHiLDESCHE, a viU. of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 23 m. S.W. Minden, on the Aa. Pop. 2,530. SCHILLEBSDOBF, and SCHILLEBSLAGE,tWO vills. of N. Germany. — I. Mecklenburg Strelitz, 9 m. W. Neu-Strehtz. — ^11. Hanover, landrost Lnne- burg, S. Celle Schilling lake, E. Prussia, reg. Konigsberg, 4 m. E. Osterode, is 8 m. in length by 1 m. in width. ScHiLTACH, a town of Baden, circ. Upper Rhine, in the Black forest, on the Einzig, here joined by the Schiltach, 13 m. S.S.W. Freudenstadt, Pop. 1,526. — Schiltem is a market town of Moravia, circ. and 11 m. N.W. Znaym. ScHiL-rjGHEiH, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Bas Rhin, 1 m. N. Strasbourg. Pop. 2,993. ScHiMBEBS, or ScHiLDBEBG, a market town of Moravia, circ. & 34 m. N.W. Ohnutz. Pop. 1,790. ScHiNTZNACH, a viU. of Switzerland, cant. Aargau, on the Aar, 4 m. S.W. Brugg. Pop. 1,430. The Schintznach or Hapsburg baths are the most frequented in Switzerland, and the great bath house contains 160 baths, 360 beds & saloons, in which 600 perGons frequently dine together. The visitors are mostly French. The waters are saline, and have a temp, of 60° Fahv. SoHio, a town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and IS m. N.W. Vicenza, cap. dist., on the Timanjo. Pop. 6,600. It has manufs. of woollens ; and near it are lead and iron mines. ScHippENBEii, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 36 m. S.S.E Konigsberg. Pop. 2,600. ScHiEMEOK, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Vosges, cap. cant., 18 m. N.E. St Di#. Pop. 1,490. SoHiEwiNDT, a frontier town of E. Prussia, reg. and 19 m. E.N.E. Gumbinnen. Pop. 1,400. ScHROLEH, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. & SCH 1135 SCH 83m.S.S.W. Merseburg. Pop. 1,610. — Schkopau is a Till., reg. and N. Merseburg, on the Saale. ScHiiCKENWALi), a town of Bohemia, ciro. & 5 m. S.E. Ehibogen. Pop. 3,500. ScHLAOKBirwBBTH, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 11 m. N.E. Elnbogen. Pop. 1,276. ScHLWEN, a Till, of Hanover, landrost and 27 m. E.S.E. Hildesheim, on the Oker, and on the Brunswick railway. Pop. 800. ScHLADMiBO, a mining vill. of Styria, 34 m. W.S.W. Kottenmann. Pop. 900. • ScBiAN, or SI.ANT, 3, Walled town of Bohemia, cap. circ. Eakonitz, 20 m. N.W. Prague. P. 4,180. ScHLAXOENBAn, a Spa of Germany, duchy Nas- san,6m. W.N.W. Wiesbaden. It has warm saline baths, with good accommodation for visitors. ScHLAssENBEKe, a mining town of Siberia, gov. Tomsk, enclosed by ramifications of the Altai, 170 m. S.S.W. Barnaul. Pop. 4,500. ScHLAssTADT, a vill. of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 23 m. W.S.W. Slagdeburg. Pop. 1,420.— ScUapaiatz, or Zopenitz, is a mkt. town of Mor- avia, cue. and 6 m. E.S.E. Brunn. Pop. 1,273. ScHLAwE, a town of Prussian Pomerania, reg. and 23 m. E.N.E. Koslin, cap. circ, on the Wipper. Pop. 3,450, who manuf. woollens. ScHLEGEL, a Till, of Prussiau Silesia, reg. and 47 m. S.S.W. Breslau. Pop. 1,795. ScHiiEisEN, a town of Khenish Prussia, reg. & 21 m. S.E. Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. GOO.— Schleis- tham is a royal castle of the king of Bavaria, 9 m. N. Munich. ScHLEiTBAL, a comm. and viU. of France, dep. B. Ehin, arrond. Wissembourg. Pop. 2,213. ScBiiEiTz, or ScHXEiz, a town of Central Ger- many, cap. princip. Keuss-Schleitz, on the Wies- cntlia], 24 m. S.W. Gera. Pop. 4,860. Principal edifices, the palace, a college, and normal school. It has mani%. of woollen and cotton fabrics, leather and beer. Near it are Luisentbal and Heinriclismhe, summer residences of the prince. ScHLEswiG (Danish Slesmq), a duchy of the kingdom of Denmark, comprising the S. part of the peninsnla Jutland separated on the N. by the Ronge river from Jutland-proper, and on the S. by the Eyder and the Boistein canal &om the duchy Holstein, having E. the Baltic and the Little Belt, in which it comprises the isl. Alsen, and W. the TS. Sea in which are the isls. Bomoe, Sylt, Fohr, Pelworm, Nordstrand, &c. Area 3,450 sq. m. Pop. (1845) 362,900. Surface low and flat ; the whole of the W. coast is protected by large dykes agamet irruptions of^the sea. Climate very humid. Soil not generally fertile, except in the E. Eye, barley, and other grains are raised more than sufficient for home consump- tion. Timber is scarce, but turf abundant. The breeding of cattle and horses is important; live stock, butter, and cheese, are the principal exports. The fisheries are active, chiefly in the N. Sea, Mauufs, are nearly confined to the towns, the principal of which are Sehleswig, Plensburg, Husum, Apenrade, Hadersleben, and Christiansfeld. Tlie duchy has some peculiar privileges; its annexation to Germany formed the pretext for its invasion by the Prussians and Germans in 1848-9. — Schlesmg, or Slesvig, a seaport town, cap. duchy, at the "W. end of the Schlei, a narrow inlet of the Baltic, 21 m. from the sea, and 70 m. N.N.W. Hamburg. Lat. 64° 31' 11' N., Ion. 9° 34' 46' E. Pop. (1847) 11,600. It comprises a town-proper and several suburbs; is neatly bnilt in the style of a Dutch town, and has a cathedral and two other churches, one on the site of a heathen temple; lunatic, deaf-dumb, and other asylums and insti- tutions ; a patriotic union and other associations ; manuis. of lace, woollen stuffs, earthenwares, leather, and su^ar ; and 9 annual fairs. Its har- bour, though unproved, is accessible only to small vessels. The town is the oldest in the duchy, and existed early in the 9th century; it was afterwards a member of the Banseatic league. Ac^acent to it is the castle of Gottorp, formerly the residence of the dukes of Holstein-Gottorp. ScHLETTAU, a towu of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, 6 m. E.S.E. Grunhain. Pop. 1,838. SoHLEusiNGEN, a wallcd town of Prussian Sax- ony, reg. and 35 m. W.S.W. Erfurt, cap. circ, on the Schleuse. Pop. 3,250. It has a castle, and manufs. of woollens, hosiery, white-lead, & paper. ScHLiEBEN, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. Merseburg, 20 m. N.E. Torgau. Pop. 1,381. ScnLiENGEif, a mkt. town of Baden, circ. Upper Rhine, 4 m. S.S.W. Mullheim. Pop. 1,121. In 1796, the French were defeated here by Archduke Charles. ScHLiTz, a town of Germany, H. Darmstadt, proT. Upper Hessen, cap. dist., on an affl. of the Fulda, 40 m. E.N.E. Giessen, with a castle and park, and 3,217 inhabs., who manuf. linens. SoHLOCHAu, or ScHiooHow, a town of W. Prussia, reg. & 66 m. W. Marienwerder. P. 2,200. SoHLOPPE, or SczLOPPA, a town of W. Prussia, reg. Marienwerder, 18 m. S.W. Deutsch-Erone, with a Jewish school, and 1,693 inhabs., who manuf woollen cloths. SoHLOTBEiM, a market town of Germany, prin- cipality Schwarzbnrg-Kudolstadt, on the Rotter, 13 m. S.W. Sondershausen. Pop. 1,287. SoHLTJCHTERN, a towu of Germany, H. Cassel, proT. and 31 m. E.N.E. Hanau. Pop. 2,220. SoHLncKENAu, Or SoHiOTTEKAr, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 37 m. N.N.E. Leitmeritz. Pop. 3,103, who manuf. linens and hpsiery. ScHLESSELBDRG, a fortificd town of Russia, gov. and 21 m. E. St Petersburg, cap. circ, on an island in the Neva, at its efflux from Lake Ladoga. Pop. 3,100. It is mostly built of wood, but has a strong castle, an imperial palace, and an important trade with the capital II. a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 15 m. N.N.E. Minden, on the Weser. Pop. 1,230. — Schlussel- feld is a town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Franconia, 15 m. S.W. Bamberg. Pop. 662. ScHMAnRiBAcH,awaterfall of Switzerland, cant. Bern, in the Oberland, 7 m. S. Lauterbrunneu. ScHMALLENBEBG, a towu of Prussian West- phalia, reg. & 20 m. S.S.E. Arnsberg. Pop. 950. ScHHALKALDEN, a town of Germany, H. Cassel, prov. Fulda, cap. a detached dist. between Saxe- Gotha and Meiningen, at the confluence of the Schmalkalde & Stille, 11 m. N. Meiningen. Pop, 5,478. It is enclosed by double walls, and has 3 suburbs, 2 castles, reformed and Lutheran churches, a gymnasium and numerous other schools, and manufs. of hosiery, white lead, and paper, and in the vicinity are iron & steel forges, & salt works. A famous league of the Protestant sovereigns of Germany was formed here in 1531, — Klein (or Little) Schmalkalden is a vill., N.E. the foregoing, partly belonging to Saxe-Gotha. ScHMiEDEBEBG, two towns of Germany. — I. Prussian Silesia, reg. and 31 m. S.S.W. Liegnitz. Pop. 8,700. It has a Lutheran high school, and manufe. of silk, cotton, woollen, and linen fabrics, ribbons, cutlery, and tobacco. — II. Prussian Sax- ony, reg. and 40 m. N.E. Merseburg, with 2,940 inhabs., who manuf. woollen cloth and Unens. — III. a mkt. town of Saxony, circ. Dresden, 14 m, S.W, Pima, Pop. 440.— IV. a vill. of Bohemia, circ. and 23 m. W.N.W. Saatz. Pop. 2,712. SCH 1156 SCH SoHMiEDEFELD, two vills. of GeTtuaoy. — I. Prussian Saxony, reg. and 27 m. S.S.W. Erfurt, in the Thuringian forest. Pop. 1,560, who manuf. iron wares, porcelain, and musical instruments. — II. Saxony, circ. Bautzen, N. Stolpen. ScHMiESEL, or SzMYQiEL, a towu of Prussian Poland, reg. & 34 m. S.S.W, Posen. Pop. 2,845. SOHMOLiN, a town of Central Germany, Saxe- Altenbnrg, on the Sprotta, 7 m. S.W. Altenburg. Pop. 3,616, who manuf. woollen cloth & leather. ScHMOLNiTz (Hung. Szomolnoh), ajmningtoyra of N. Hungary, co. Zips, 21 m. S.S.E. Leutscban. Pop. 4,139, mostly Germans. It has mines of gold, silyer, copper, iron, and sulphur In its vicinity. SCHMOTTSEIEEN, Or SOHMUCKSEIEEH, a vill. Of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 23 m. S.W. Liegnltz. Pop. 3,020, who manuf. woollen stockings & gloves. ScHNEEBEBO, " SHOW mountain," several mntns. of Germany.— I. Kiesengebirge, between Prus- sian Silesia and Bohemia, 19 m. S.S.E. Glatz. — II. Lower Austria, 40 m. S.W. Vienna III. Bavaria, circ. Upper Franeonia, in the Fiohtelge- birge, 14 m. m. N.E. Baireuth. — The Sehneetoppe, the loftiest peak of the Kiesengebirge, 13 m. W. Landshut, is 5,275 feet in elevation. ScHNEEBEBG, a towu of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, 20 m. S.S.W. Chemnitz. Pop. 7,170. It has ma- nn&ctures of gold and silver lace, cotton fabrics, and chemical apparatus, and in its vicinity, valu- able mines of silver, cobalt, iron, &c., in which many of its pop. are engaged. — II. a vill. of Ba- varia, circ. Upper Palatinate, near Schonsee. ScHNEiDEMDHL, or PUa, a town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 64 m. W. Bromberg, on the Kiiddow. Pop. 4,150. It has a castle & manufs. of woollen cloth, lace, hosiery, and leather. ScHNELLEWALDE, 3, viU. of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 29 m. S.W. Oppeln. Pop. 2,525 Schney is a vill. of Bavaria, circ. Upper Fran- eonia, near the Main, with 1,000 inhabs. SoHOBAO, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York. Fop. 4,125. In it is the vill. Schodae Landing, 12 m. S. E. Albany, with 350 inhabs., and regular sloop communication with New York. ScHOFTLAHD, a vUI. of Switzerland, cant. Aar- gan, on the Suren, 6 m. S. Aarau. Its inhabs. manuf. ribands and other silk goods. ScHOHABTE, a CO., V. S., N. Amer., New York, in its E. part. Area 621 sq. m. Pop. 32,358. In it is Sconarie tnshp ; pop. 5,534; with a vill., cap. CO. on Scoharie Creek, an afS. of the Mohawk, 30 m. W. Albany. Pop. 450. SoHOKKEN (Pol. ShoM), a town of Prussian Poland, reg. Bromberg, 21 m. N.N.E. Posen. ScHOKLASD, an island of the Netherlands, prov. Overyssel, in the Znyder-Zee, opposite the mouth of the Tssel. Length 4 m. Pop. 695. SoHOMBEBO, three towns of Germany I. (or Schoriberg), Moravia, circ. and 23 m. N.N.W. Olmiitz. Pop. 4,648, who manuf. cotton and linen fabrics. — 11. Prussian Silesia, reg. and 34 m. W.S.W. Liepiitz. Pop. 200, mostly employed in linen weavmg. — III. Wiirtemberg, circ. Black Forest, 6 m. N.E. Kottweil. Pop. 1,661. ■ SoHONACH and Sohonaioh, two vills. of S.W. Germany — I. Baden, circ. Upper Rhine, in the Black Forest, 2 m. N. W. Tryberg. Pop. 910 II. Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, 4 m. S.E. Boblingen. Schonau, several towns, &c., of Germany. — I. Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, on the Steinach, 5 m. EN.E. Heidelberg. Pop. 1,700.-11. circ. Upper Rhine, cap. dist., in the Black Forest, on the Wiesen, 15 m. S. Freiburg. Pop. 947.— III. Prussian Silesia, reg. & 17 m. S.W. Liegnitz, cap. circ. on the KatzbacB, with 2,050 inhabs.— IV. a vill. of Saxony, circ. Bautzen, 6 m. W.N.W. Zittau. SoHosBACH, a vill. of Bohemia, circ. and 27 m. W. Elnbogen, with 2,488 inhabitants, who manuf. woollen fabrics. — II. a vill. of Baden, circ. Lake, N.W. Urach. ScHONBEBCr, sevl. towns, &c., of Germany. — ^I, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, cap. dist., on the Manrin, 11 m. S.E. Liibeck. Pop. 1,826.-11 Prussian Silesia, reg. and 48 m. W.S.W. Liegnitz, on the Roth-Wasser. Pop. 1,310, who manuf. woollen, cotton, and linen fabrics. — III. a mkt. totm of Deiltnark, duchy Holstein, 10 m. E.N.E. Kiel. ScHONBBUNN, au imperial palace in Lower Austria, 1} m. S.W. Vienna, and having attached to It a menagerie, and the finest botanic garden in Germany. It is the usual summer residence of the imperial family. Adjacent to It is a village. ScHONEBECK, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 10 m. S.S.E. Magdeburg, with which it is connected by railway on the Elbe. Pop. 2,040. It has manufs. of chemical products, tobacco, and leather. — II. a vill., prov. Brandenburg, reg. Potsdam, 13 m. E. Berlin. ScHONECK, two towns of Germany. — I. (or Skansewo), W. Prussia, reg. and 20 m. S.S.W. Danzig. Pop. 2,000. — II. Saxony, circ. Zwickau, 11 m. S.E. Plauen. Pop. 1,866 Schojteeken is a mkt. town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 29 m. N.N.W. Treves. ScHONEWALDB, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. Merseburg, on the Kolk canal, 9 m. E.N.E. Schweidnitz. Pop. 2,360. ScHONFELD, a towu of Bohcmia, circ. and 5 m. S.S.E. Elnbogen. Pop. 2,660. ScHOMFLiES, a town of Prussia, prov. Bran- denburg, reg. Frankfurt, on the Borike, 11 m. W.N.W. Soldm. Pop. 2,430. ScHONGAu.a town of Upper Bavaria, cap. dist, on the Lech, 40 m. S.W. Munich. Pop. 1,440. It is enclosed by walls, and has a royal castle. ScHOHHAUSEN, two vllls. of Prussia. — I. prov. Saxony, reg. and 36 m. N.N.E. Magdeburg, near the Elbe. Fop. 1,420. — II. prov. Brandenburg, reg. Potsdam, 4 m. N. Berlin, with which it is connected by a road lined with lime trees. Here is a summer residence of the king of Prussia. ScHONHEiDE, a vill. of Saxouy, circ. Zwickau, 12 m. W. Schwarzenberg. Pop. 4,567, who ma- nufacture iron and tin wares. ScHONHOF, two vills. of the Austrian empire. — I. Austrian Silesia, circ. and 14 m. W.N.W. Teschen— II. Bohemia, circ. and 9 m. S.W. Saatz. — Schonhofen is a vill. of Bavaria, circ. Upper Palatinate, on the Saber, 6 m. W. Regensbnrg., ScHONiNHEN, a towu of Germany, duchy and 20 m. S.E. Brunswick, cap. dist. Eap. 3,454. SoHONiANKE, Or Trzciank A, atown of Prussian Poland, reg. and 66 m. S.W. Bromberg. Pop. 3,715. It has manufs. of woollen cloth. ScRONLiHDE, a mkt. town of Bohemia, circ. & 33 m. N.N.E. Leitmeritz. Pop. 6,000, whQ manuf. linen, woollen, and cotton fabrics, and yarn. Schonsee, atown of Bavaria, circ. Upper Pala - tinate, on the Bohemian frontier, 14 m. N.E. Neubnrg-vor-dem-Walde. Pop. 1,254, who manu- facture linens. — Schonstadt is a vill. of Prussian Saxony, reg. Erfurt, 3 m. N.W. Langensalza. Sohokstein, a market town of Styria, circ. & 10 m. N.W. Cilly. Pop. 3,277. SoBOHTHAL, Several vills. of Germany,— I. Bohemia, circ. and 32 m. N.W. Filsen. — II. Ba- varia, circ. Upper Palatinate, 10m. N.N.W. Cham. — III. Wiirtemberg, eirc. Jaxt, 8 m. W.N.W. Kiinzelsau, on the Jaxt, with an old abbey. ScHOONHovEN, a fortified town of the Nether- lands, prov. S. Holland, cap. cant., on the Leek, at the influx of the Vlist, 16 m. E. Rotterdam. SCH 1157 SCU Pop. 2,643, who manuf. paper and jewellery. It had formerly a flourishing salmon fishery. SoHOPFHEiu, a town of Baden, circ. Upper Rhine, cap. dist., 25 m. S. Freiburg. Pop. 1,250. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufs. of paper, chains, wire, leather, and tobacco II. a vill., ciic IVCddle Khine, 5 m. S. Offenburg. SCOHPPENSTEDT, Or SCHEPPENSTEDT, a tOWH Of Germany, Brunswick, cap. circ, on I'ailway to Magdeburg, 10 m. E. Wolfenbiittel. Pop. 2,630. Ithasmanufs. of linen & woollen fiibrics.—-&Aojo- vingen is a Till, of Prussian Westphalia, reg. & 18 m.N.W. Miinster. SoHOBNBOKF, a towD of Wiirtemberg, circ. Jaxt, cap. dist., on the Kerns, 16 m. E. Stuttgart. Fop. 3,815. It is enclosed by walls, and has a royal castle, and manufs. of tobacco and carpets. ScBOTTEN, a town of Germany, H.-Darmstadt, prov. Upper Hessen, cap. dist., on the Nidda, 22 m. E.S.E. Giessen,_with a castle, & 2,055 inhabs. ScHOUTEN (Isuind), Tasmania, oS the E. coast of Van Dieman's Land, immediately S. Frey- cinefs peninsula, is comprised in the district of Oyster bay, which it helps to bound on the E. Length & breadth i m. each. — {Iibmds), Pacific O; off the N.E. coast of Papua, lat. 4° S., Ion. 144° 50' E. Stirface mntnons. They were dis- coTered by the Dutch navigator Schouten in 1616. ScHOirwEN,themostN.islandof theproT. Zee- bnd, Netherlands, betw. the E. Scheldt & S. arm of the Maas. Length 15 m., average breadth 5 m. Snrfece low, and protected on most sides by dykes. — Brouwershaven is on its N.W. coast. ScHBiMBEBO, 3 market town of Wiirtemberg, circ Black Forest, 12 m. W.N.W. Kottweil. Pop. 1,848. It has iron forges and paper miUs. SOHKAPLAU, & SCHRATTENTHAI., tWO tOWUS of Germany I. Prussian Saxony, reg. and 15 m. N.W. Mersebntg. Pop. 1,170.— IL Lr. Austria, U m S.P.W. Znaym. Pop. 560. ScEBECKHOB?! (the "peak of terror"), one of the loftiest of the Swiss Alps, Bernese Oberland, betw. the Finsteraarhoru & Wetterhom, lat. 46° 35' 26' N, Ion. 7° 21' E. Height 13,492 ft. It was first ascended in 1842, by Agassiz and Desor. ScHBEiBEBSCHAcr, a vill. of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 36 m. S.W. Leignitz, on the Zacken. Pop. 2,780. It has manufe. of glass and vitriol. ScHBiESHEiM, a market town of Baden, circ. Lower Shine, 5 m. N.N.W. Heidelberg. Pop. ^94. It has manufs. of paper and tobacco. ScHBiuH (Pol. Szrem), a town of Prussian Po- land, reg. and 22 m. S.S.E. Posen, cap. circ, on an island formed by the Warta. Pop. 3,450. ScHBOBENHADSEN, a town of Upper Bavaria, on the Paar, 16 m. S.S.W. Ingolstadt. P. 1,695. ScHBODA, or SzBODA, a town of Prussia, reg. and 20 m. 8.E. Posen, cap. circ, with four yearly fairs. Pop. 2,210. ScHBOEPPEL, and Schboon, two tnshps., U.S., N. America, New Tort— I. 16 ra. S.E. Oswego. Pop. 2,098.— IL 86 m. H. Albany, on Schroon Lake, 10 m. in length. Pop. 1,660. ScHDBra, or SzcBiN, a town of Prussian Po- land, reg. and 14 m. S.W. Bromberg. P. 1,836. SoHDiSTAmro, a vill. of Finland, Isen Wiborg, 18m.N.N.E. Serdopol. Pop. 3,482. ScHUMBEBG, two market towns of the Austrian dom.— I. Bohemia, circ. and 7 m. S.S.E. Chru- din.— II. Istria, 22 m. S.W. Ymme-Schuola, or Sckulz, is the most populous village of the Lower Engadine, Switzerland cant. Grisons, on the Inn, 10 ra. S.W. Martmsbruck. Pop. 1,143. ScHDPFEK, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 15 m. S.W. Lucerne, on the Emmen. Pop. 2,950. ScitiJTT (Hung. CsaUokoz), two islands formed by arms of the Danube in W. Hungary The Ureai Schutt, N.E. the main stream, extending from Presburg to Comom, is 53 m. in length, breadth 16 m. — The Little Schutt, W. the main stream, extends from below Presburg to Baab. Length 28 m., breadth 7 m. Surface marshy, but abounding with vills. and cultivated tracts. ScHiJTTDonF, a town of N. Germany, Hano- ver, landr. Osnabruok, on the Vechte, 2J m. N.E. Bentheim. Pop. 1,406. ScHCTTENHOFEN (Boh. Sussicze), a town of Bo- hemia, circ. Prachin, on the Wottowa, 15 m. S.E. Klattan. Pop. 2,893. Ithasmanufs. of woollens. SOHUTTEBTHAL, and SCHUTTEEWALD, tWO villS. of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine. — I. on the Schutter, 2 m. S.W. Offenburg. Pop. 607.— II. 4 m. S.S.W. Hohengeroldzeck, with 1,400 inhabitants. ScHUYLEK, a township, U. S., N. America, New York, 7 m. W. Herkimer. Pop. 1,798 Schuyl- ersville is a village on the Hudson river, 34 m. N. Albany. Pop. 600. ScHnYLKiLi., a river of the U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, breaks through the Bine mntns., flows S.S.E., and joins Delaware river 7 m. below Philadelphia. Total course, 110 m., for 108 of which, or to Port Carbon, it is made navigable by canals ; vessels of 300 or 400 tons ascend it to Philadelphia, and a large coal trade is carried on upon its waters. It is connected by a canal with the Susquehanna. — II. a co., Pennsylvania, con- taining Port Carbon, cap. Orwigsburg. Area' 660 sq. m. Pop. 29,063.-111. a township, co. Chester, 78 m. S.S.E. Harrisburg. Pop. 2,079.— IT. a township, co. Schuylkill. Pop. 1,334. — Schuylkill Haven is a vill. on the Schuylkill, 58 m. N.E. Harrisburg. Pop. 990. ScHWAAN, a walled town of N. Germany, Meck- lenburg-Schwerin, duchy Giistrow, cap. dist., on the Wamow, 11 m. S. Kostock. Pop. 2,030. SoHWABACH, a town of Bavaria, circ. Middle Franconia, cap. dist., 9 m. S.S.W. Niirnberg. Pop. (1846) 9,981. It is enclosed by walls, and has considerable manufs. of pins, cotton and woollen fabrics, hosiery, gold and silver lace, soap, paper, printing types, and tobacco. ScHWABEN is the German name for Swabia. SoHWABENiTz, Or SzwABENiczE, a mkt. town of Moravia, circ. and 25 m. E.N.E. Brunn, on an a«a. of the Hanna. Pop. 1,343: ScnwABMiJNOHEN, a mkt. town of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, on railway, S.S.W. Augsburg. Pop. 2,423, who manuf. woollens and cottons. ScHWAOHAT, or ScHWECHAT, a market town of Lower Austria, 7 m. S.E. Vienna. Pop. 2,290. It has a monument to John Sobieski, king of Poland, and iron and cotton-printing works. ScHWAiOEBN, two market towns of S. Germany. — I. Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, on the Schwai- gem, 4 m. N.N.E. Brackenheim, with a fine castle & park, & 1,901 inhabs. — II. Baden, circ Lower Bhine, 4 m. W. Mergentheim. ScHWALBACH, Gcrm. [Lawgenschwalbach.] ScHWANDEN, 3, viU. of Switzerland, cant, and 3 m. S. Glarus, on the Linth. Pop. 1,950. ScHVfAMDOBF, a town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Palatinate, on the Nab, 14 m. S.E. Amberg, with 1,759 inhabs., several churches, and hospitals. SoHviTANEBECK, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 25 m. S.W. Magdeburg, on the Limbach. Pop. 2,040. ScHWANENSiADT, a towu of Upper Austria, on the Agger, 80 m. S.W. Linz. Pop. 1,600. ScHWABTAC, a market town of N. Germany, Oldenburg, principality and 4 m. N. Liibeck, on the Trave, with 1,353 inhabs., and several im- portant annual fairs. SCH 1168 SCH SoHWARZA, a market town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 34 m. S.W. Erfurt. Pop. 1,401. ScHWABZA, several rivers of Germany. — I Lr. Austria, joins the Pitten to form the Leytha, 6 m. S. 'Weiner-Neustadt, after an E. course of 40 m. — II. Moravia, after an S. course of 80 m. joins the Thaya, 10 ra. S. Selowitz. Affls., the ^lavra, from the W., Zwittawa and liittawa N. and E. ScHWAKzAU, a marl^et town of Lower Austria, on the Schwarza, 26 m. W. Wiener-Neustadt. Pop. 339. — II. a river of Bavaria, circ. Upper Palatinate, after a W. course of 45 m. joins the Nab, 6 m. S. Naburg. Sohwabzbdeg-Kddolstadt, a principality of Germany, near its centre, enclosed by the terri- tories of Saxe-TVeimar, Coburg, Meiningen, and Bildburghausen, with a detached part surrounded by Schwarzburg-Sondershansen and Prussian Saxony. Area 331 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 68,891, mostly Lutherans. The N. declivity of the Thu- ringian Forest mntns. covers the surface, which 13 watered by the Schwartza, Ilm, & Saale. Corn is insufficient for home consumption. Timber and salt are the principal prodTucts; iron and other metals are found; and woollen cloths, earthenware, glass, and other goods, are manu- factured. Principal towns, Budolstadt and Pran- kenhausen. Public rev. 250,000 florins ; expend. 230,000 do. Public debt (1845) 99,928 florins. ScHWABzBcitG-SoirDEBSHAUSEN, a principality of Germany, near its centre, enclosed everywhere by the Prussian territories, except on the W., where it joins a detached district of Saxe-Gotha, and on the E. a detached district of Schwarzburg- Rudolstadt. Area 327 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 58,628, mostly Lutherans. Surface undulating, and wat- tered by affls. of the TJnstrut. Inhabs. mostly employed in agricultural industry, in mannfs. of linen and woollen cloths, and hardwares, iron forges, and potash works. Principal towns, Son- dershausen and Amstadt. Public rev. 185,700 dolls, annually ; expend. 182,350 dollars. FubUc debt (1848) 251,424 dollars. ScHWAEZENB ACH, two market towns of Bavaria, circ. Upper Frauconia. — I. on the Saale, 6 m. S.S.E. Hof, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. 1,860. It has a castle of Prince Schiinburg- Waldenburg, manufs. of woollen, cotton, & linen fabrics, iron forges, & breweries.- — II. (amWalde), 5 m. S.W. Naila, with 1,036 inhabitants. ScHWABZENBEBO, a towB of Saxony, circ. and 18 m. S.E. Zwickau, cap. dist., with 2,133 inhabs., a castle, iron foundries, nail and wire factories, and iron mines in its vicinity. ScHWABZENEGG, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Bern, 5 m. N.E. Thun. Pop of pa. 2,600. ScHWABZENFELD, a vill. of Bavaria, circ. Upp. Palatinate, on the Nab, 14 m. E.S.E. Amberg. Pop. 1,020. It has a manuf. of mirrors. ScHTVABZKOSTELETZ, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 6 m. W. Kaurzim, on the Dobrawa. Pop. 2,526. The splendid seat of Prince Liechten- stein is in the vicinity. ScHWABZWALB, Germany. [Black Forest.] ScHWABzwASSEB, a town of Austrian Silesia, 13 m. N.N.E. Teschen, on the Vistula. Pop. 1,300. ScHWAT, a walled town of Central Asia, dom. and 16 m. N.E. Khiva, and inhab. by Uzbeks. ScHWATZ, or ScHWAZ, a town of the Tyrol, eirc. Lower Innthal, on the r. b. of the Inn, 16 m. E.N.E. Innsbruck. P. (1845) 8,000. It has manufe. of cotton fabrics, worsted, tobacco, and wire. In its vicinity are sUver, copper, and iron mines. It suffered seriously from an earthquake in 1820. SCHWEDELDOBF (ObEB andNlEDER), tWO COU- tiguous vills. of Prussian Silesia, reg. Breslan, 3 m. W.S.W. Glatz. United pop. 1,550. SoHWEDT, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. Potsdam, cap. circ, on the Oder, 28 m.S.S.W. Stettin. P. (1846) 6,500. It has a royal palace, Lutheran and Reformed churches, and manufs. of leather, tobacco, & starch. Near it is the royal summer palace Montplaisir. — Schweieh, or Schweig, is a vill. of Khenish Prussia, reg. and 7 m. N.N.E. Treves, on the Moselle. Pop. 2,080. ScHWEiDitiTZ, a fortified town of Prussian Si- lesia, reg. and 31 m. S.W. Breslau, on railway to Freiberg, cap. circ, at the foot of the Rieseno'e- birge. Pop. (1846) 12,700. It is well built, and ornamented with spacious squares. It has Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, a castle, for- merly a ducal residence, but now a workhouse ; a Protestant college, house of correction, large barracks, hospitals, and manufs. of woven fabrics. ScHWEiGEBN, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, 8 m. W. Heilbronn. 'Pop. 1,886. ScHWEiGHAUSEN, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. B.-Rhin, cant. Baguenau. Pop. 1,486. ScHWEiNFDBT, a towu of Bavaria, circ Lower Franconia, cap. dist., on the Main, 22 m. N.N.E. Wurzbnrg. Pop. 7,847. It is enclosed by old walls, and has several Lutheran churches, a gym- nasium, a high school, founded by Gustavus Adolphns, king of Sweden ; various other schools, and manufs. of leather, linen, and woollen cloths. ScHWEiNiTz, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 54 m. N.E. Mersebra-g, cap. circ, on the El- ster. Pop. 1,250. — II. a market town of Bohe- mia, circ. and 12 m. S.E. Budweis. Fop. 238. SoHWEiz, the German name of Switzeelakd. SoHTVELM, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 35 m. W.S.W. Arensberg, on the Elberfeld and Dortmund railway. Pop. 2,325. It has a gymnasium, and manufs. of steel wares & woven &brics, breweries, and bleaching grounds. ScH WENNiNGEN, a market town of Wiirtemberg, circ Black Forest, on the Neckar, near its source, 18 ra. W.N.W. TuttUngen. Pop. 3,771, who manuf. wooden clocks, ScHWERiN, a town of N. Germany, cap. the grand duchy, Meeklenburg-Schwerin, on the W. side of the Lake of Schwerin, and on railway from Hamburg to Wismar, 35 m. S.E. Liiheck. Pop. (1842) 17,336. It is enclosed by walls, en- tered by 7 gates, and divided into an old town, new town, and suburb. Since 1837, it has again been the residence of the grand duke, and it has a ducal castle, on a peninsula in the lake ; a ca- thedral, Lutheran & Roman Catholic churches, a synagogue, several asylums, a mint, and govern- ment offices, a gymnasium, a veterinary school, and manufs. of woollen cloths, tobacco, and vine- gar, stone works, foundries, &c. Old Schwerin was mentioned in records of 1018, as a town and strong fortress. — The Lake of Schwerin, 14 m. in length, by 3 m. in average breadth, receives the Elde on the S., and at its N. extremit;? gives ef- flux to the Stor, which enters the Baltic at Wis- mar. — II. a town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 60 m. W.N.W. Posen, on 1. b. of the Warta, at the influx of the Obra. Pop. 5,120. It has Lutheran and Rom. Catholic churches, mannfs. of woollen cloths, tanneries, and breweries. ScnwERSENz, or Swebzendz, a town of Prus- sian Poland, reg. and 6 m. E. Posen. Pop. 2,975. Sohwerte, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 22 m. W. Arensberg, on the Ruhr, with 2,200 inhabitants, and manufactures of woollen cloth. SoHWETZ, a town of W. Prussia, reg. and 31 ni. S.W. Marienwerder, cap. circ, on the Vistula. SCH 1159 SCI Pop. 3,100. It has an old castle, and manufe. of woollen clotli, damasks, hosiery, & earthenware. ScHWETjiNGEN, a town of Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, cap. dist., on the Leunbach, 6 m. "W.S.W. Heidelberg. Pop. 2,868. SoHWETZBLAC, a town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 43 m. S.S.W. Posen. Pop. 1,500. ScHWiEBEBDiNGEN, a Till, of Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, 8 m. N.N.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 1,344. ScHwiEBUs, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. and 41 m. E.8.E. Frankfurt, on the Schwemme, with 4^800 inhabs., a royal castle, and important manufe. of woollen cloths Schwieloch, or Sehmidung, is a lake, prov. Brandenburg, reg. Frankffirt, 15 m. N.E. Lnbben, & 7 m. in length. Its N. part is traversed by the Spree. ScKWiTZ, one of the four forest-cantons of Switzerland, nearly in the centre of the confed., to which it gave name, enclosed by Lucerne, Zng, Zurich, St Gall, Glarus, TJri, and the Lake of Lucerne, which last separates it from Unter- walden. Area 339 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 40,650, all Soman Catholics. Surface mostly mntnous ; the Rosstock rises to 8,081, and the Righi to SJ905 feet in height. Prmcip. rivs. the Sihl and Hnotta. The Lake of Ziirich forms a part of its N., and that of Zng a portion of its W. boun- daries. Some wine and irnits are raised, but cattle rearing is the chief branch of industry, and cattle, cheese, and timber are the principal exports. Maan&. nearly confined to cotton twist and domestic fobrics. Gov. a pure demo- cracy; and all the male inhabitants above 16 years of age assemble biennially at Schwytz to exercise l^islative power. The executive duties are performed by a council of 90 members. Pablic education is very baekward, and the cant, has no public library. Princip. towns Schwytz, Art, Kussnacht,&Einsiede1n. Schwytz, with Uri and TJnterwalden, formed, in 1307, the nucleus of the Swiss confed., in which Schwytz now holds the 4th place. Contributes to confed. army 602 men. — Schwytz, a vUl., cap. cant., is at. in the Muotta vaJley, at the foot of the Mythen mntn., 17 miles E. Lucerne. Pop. of pa., which includes many other viUs., 5,225. Princip. edifices, a modem church, in the ceme- tery of which Aloyse Keding was buried ; the council house, with a collection of historical paintings, the arsenal, containing national tro- phies, the record office, a large new Jesuits' col- lege. Capuchin convent, & Dominican nunnery. ScuccA, ThernuB SelimmtiruB, a seaport town of Sicily, on its S. coast, intend, and 30 m. W.N.W. Girgenti. Pop. (1831) 12,670. It stands on a steep acclivity, is enclosed by walls, & defended by bastions toward the sea, and by the castle of Lnna on its E. side. It has many large chnrches, convents, & magazines, and is one of the princip. depots in the isl. for com, which is laid up m subterranean caricatore, but the toira is wretched and poverty-stricken. It has a manuf. of vases of antique shape, and an export trade in fruit, anchovies, sulphur, and barilla. Immediately adjacent on the E. are sulphur and saline baths, temp. 126° and 60° Fahr., with sudorific grottoes cut m the rock, the excavation of which is attri- buted to Dsedalus ; near these are the hermitage aod hospital of St Calogero. Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse, bom B.C. 369, was the son of a pot- ter of Sciacca, which also gave birth to the his- torian Fazzello. Scici,i, a town of Sicily, intend. Syracuse, cap. cant., on the Scicli, co. and 6 m. S.W. Modica. Pop. 10,000, partly engaged in manufs. of woollens. SoiGLiANO, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Citra, cap. cant., 17 m. S. Cosenza. Pop. 1,800. SoiLLA, or SoiOLio, a marit. town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. II., cap. cant., nearly opposite the rock of Scylla, at the N. entrance of the Strait of Messina. Pop. 4,700, mostly seafaring people. It has a strong fort. It suffered greatly in the earthquake of 1783. [Sovlla.] ScitLV Islands, a group off the S.W. coast of Engl., included in the co. Cornwall, 30 m. W.S.W. the Land's-end. Lat. of lighthouse on St Agnes 49° 63' N., Ion. 6° 20' W. They consist of about 140 islets and rocks, the princip. of the former being St Mary's, Tresco, St Martin's, Brechar, St Agnes, and Sampson. Aggregate area 6,770 ac. Pop. 2,682, employed in fishing, agriculture, and manufacturing kelp. Reg. burden of ship- ping (1847-8) 5,082 tons. Climate mild, and soil m many parts fertile, producing good barley, rye, oats, & potatoes. Trees are few. Horses & cattle small ; sheep plentiful, as are wild fowl. Hugh- Town, the cap., on the isl. St Mary, is the seat of a judicial, court of 12 persons, who undertake the civil government of the isls., and it has a pier, fort, & custom-house. Customs rev. (1848) 612. These isls. communicate by packets with Pen- zance, between them and which port is a dangerous rocky ledge termed the Wolf. They have several secure roadsteads ; but numerous shipwrecks have occurred on them,-in one of which 3 line-of-battle ships, under Sir Cloudesley Shovel, were totally lost Oct. 22, 1707. They nave been considered the Cassiterides or tin-islands of the ancients, and there is a tradition that a tract of land con- nected them with Cornwall, but they have no mines of tin or any other metal. — II. a group in the Pacific Ocean, lat. 16° 28' S., Ion. 156° K/ W. — Scilly is a fishing vill. of Irel., Munster, co. Cork, forming a marit. suburb of Kinsale. P. 776. SciHDB, or SiNDB, 3, country of N.W. India, now annexed to the British presid. Bombay, watered by the lower Indus, and comprising its delta, extending from the Indian Ocean in lat. 23° 32' N. northward to the junction of the Chenab with the Indus, in lat. 28° 50' N., and between Ion. 66° 37' and 71° 16' E., having S.E. Cntch, E. the Indian desert and Bhawlpoor, and W. Afghanistan and Beloochistan. Length N. to S. about 380 m., greatest breadth, 300 m. Area 60,000 sq. m. Pop. 1,000,000. It pre- sents in some respects, a remarkable similarity to Egypt, being a plain divided by a large river, and bounded on one side by mntns., and on the other by a desert ; but though fertile on the river banks, it is far inferior in productive- ness, population, and civilization to the valley of the NUe. The delta is encumbered with jungle and tall grass ; and the lands bordering it are poor, destitute of fresh water, and after the in- undation of a dry clay, incmstedwith salt. Upper Scinde is the most fertile part of the country, being irrigated by canals, and yielding rice, wheat, barley, oil-seeds, millet, opium, indigo, maize, sugar.cane, cotton, pulse, and esculent vegetables, with dates, mangoes, plantains, and the fruits common to S. Europe. Much of the country has, however, been depopulated by the Ameers, and laid waste for hunting grounds. Mimosas, banyans, palms, and mangroves are amongst the principal trees. Camels, buffaloes, sheep, goats, horses, and asses are the domestic animals; wool is an important product, and is manufactured into bags, ropes, and strong cloths. Climate extremely sultry and dry ; at Hyderabad the thermometer has been found to stand in the shade at 98° .6, during a part of the day for six SCI 1160 SCO months of the year, and epidemic diseases are frequent, & destructive. Tigers, hyenas, wolves, and other formidable animals are numerous, and alligators swarm in the pools of the delta. Coarse cloths, felt, mats, arms, leather, & horse furniture, earthenwares, cotton, silk, and em- broidered fabrics, are made in the towns, but few manufoctured goods are fitted for exporta- tion ; the exports consisting chiefly of the natural produce, rice and other grains, ghee, hides, fish, wool, salt, and nitre from the soil, oil and oil seeds, bark, alkalies, firewood, opium, tobacco, camels and horses. Imports are chiefly manuf. goods, madder and other dyes, groceries, metals, gems, timber, cordage, bamboos, and dried fruits. Kurrachee, at the mouth of the Indus, is the chief port and seat of foreign trade. The inhabitants are partly Hindoos, partly Beloochees, and Mo- hammedans, the lower classes of the latter being of the soonee, & the upper or ameers of the shiah sect. Until lately the country was governed by the ameers, who exercised an aristocratic military despotism ; but after open hostilities had been evinced by them against the British, their power was completely broken by the forces under Sir C. Napier in 184i, and Scinde became a British dependency. Chief towns, Hyderabad the cap., Shlkarpoor, lUiyerpoor, Kurrachee, Tattah, Meerpoor, Halla, Larkhana, and Boree. Scindia's Dominiok, India. [Gwauoe Do- MiNion.] Soio, Chio, or Khio, Chios, an isl. belonging to Turkey, off the W. coast of Asia Minor, 4 m. W. Cape Bianco, from which it is separated by the Strait of Scio. Lat. of chief town on its E. coast, 38° S3' 7' N., Ion. 26° 1' E. Length N. to S., 32 m. ; greatest breadth, 18 m. Area 608 sq. m. Surface very much diversified ; it is naturally one of the richest and most beautiful isls. of the Levant ; and it is recovering from the desolation to which it was reduced by the Turks during the Greek revolution. Frincipal products, wine of superior quality, mastic, silk, wool, cheese, figs, lemons, oranges, and other fruits ; less corn has usually been raised than is required for home consumption. Previously to 1822, this isl. was the best governed, and most prosperous in the Grecian archip., and had thriving silk manufs. and a considerable trade with Constantinople, Syria, and Egypt ; but in the above year, some of its inhabitants having joined the Samians in their revolt, nearly all the population, comprising from 120,000 to 130,000 persons, were massacred or sold into slavery, and the buildings and plan- tations were for the most part destroyed. Prin- cipal town Kastro, on its E. coast. The tragic poet Ion, the historian Theopompus, the sophist Theocritus, and the philosopher Metrodorus were natives of this isl., which also claims, in opposi- tion to Smyrna, to have been the birth-place of Homer. SciOLzE, and Soionzieb, two comms. & vilJs. of the Sardinian territories. — I. N. Italy, Pied- mont, div. prov. & 11 m. E.N.E. Turin, cap. maud. Pop. 1,124. — II. Savoy, prov. Faucigny. Pop. 2,436. Scioto, a river of the U. S., Ohio, flows S.ward past Columbus, Washington, and Chillicothe, & joins the Ohio at Portsmouth, after a course of about 176 m., for 130 of which, or to the mouth of the Little Scioto, it is navigable. Frincipal affl. the Whetstone from the N. It gives name to a CO, with 600 sq. m., and 11,192 inhabitants, and to several vills. in Ohio. Soipio, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, 11 m. S. Auburn. Pop. 2,265. SciTUATE, two townships of the U. S., N. America. — I. Massachusetts, on the Atlantic, 21 m. S.S.E. Boston. Pop. 3,886.-11. Rhode Island, 13 m. W.S.W. Providence, on Pawtuxet river. Pop. 4,090. SoLAvONiA, a prov. of Austria. [SLAvomA.] Soogmo-Gbande, the largest of the Brioni isls., Adriatic, off the W. coast of Istria, 4 m. N.W. Pola. On its E. side is the vill. Brioni II. one of the Ponza isls., Mediterranean, off the W. coast of Naples. ScoiB, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 20 m. S.S.W. Norwich. Area 1,070 ac. Pop. 685. ScoMBi, a river of European Turkey, Albania, rises on the border of Macedonia, and after a W. course of 130 m. enters the Adriatic, 15 m. S. Durazzo. Scone, or Scoow, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 2J m. N. Perth Area about 6,000 ac. Pop. 2,422, of whom 1,364 are in the vill. of New-Soone, which is substantially built. At ancient Scone, of which almost the only remnant is a market cross, the kings of Scotland were formerly crowned, on a famous stone now preserved in Westminster abbey. Here was an abbey and royal palace of the Scottish kings ; on the site of which now stands a modern palace, the residence of Lord Mansfield. ScooNiE, a pa. of Scotl., co. Fife, comprising the town of Leven. Pop. 2,836. SoopBLO, isl., Grecian archip. [Skopelo.] ScopiA, a town of Enrop. Turkey. [Uskdp.] SoopwicK, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 8 m. N. Sleaford. Area 3,190 ac. Pop. 388. ScOBBOBOUGH, a pa. of England, co. York, E. Biding, 4 m. N.N.W. Beverley. Area 1,310 ac. Pop. 81. SooKPF, a river of France, dep. Morbihan, after a S. course of 30 m., enters the harbour of L'Orient. It is navigable to Font Scorff, a dis- tance of 7 miles. SooBTON, atnshp. of England, co. Cumberland; pa. Catterick, on the Swale, with a station on the Preston and Carlisle railway, 8} m. S-E. Lancas- ter. Area 2,610 ac. Fop. 477. ScoiBV, a tnshp. of England, co. Cumberland, with a station on the Newcastle and Carlisle rail- way, 21 m. E. Carlisle. Pop. 383.— Sco«/or(A is a township, co., pa. & 1^ m. S. Lancaster. Pop. 643. ScoTHEBN, a pa. of England, co. & 6,J m. N.E. Lincoln. Area 2,500 ac. Fop. 611. SooTiAHD, the northern portion of Great Bri- tain, extends in its mainland from lat. 54° 38' to 58° 41' N., and Ion. 1° 46' to 6° 14' W., and in- cluding its islands, to lat. 60° 50' N., and Ion. 8° 36' W. It is separated from England by a wa- ving line of the Cheviot hills in the centre, by the Tweed, which enters the sea at Berwick, on the E., and by the Solway Firth on the W. Its eastern shores are washed by the North Sea, ^id its western by the Atlantic. It is of an oblong irregular form, extending longitudinally due N. and S. 280 m., and varying in breadth from 176 to 100, 50, and 30 m. Estimated area, including islands, 28,896 sq. m., or 18,944,000 ac, of which 5,043,450 ac. are cultivated, 13,900,660 unculti- vated, and 638 sq. m. are occupied by lakes and rivers. Pop. (1801) 1,599,068, (1841) 2,620,184. The greater part of the surface is irregularly distributed into mountain and valley, a very small proportion extending into level plains. The eastern side is bounded by a well defined con- tinuous waving line of coast, indented by the 4 estuaries of the Forth, Tay, Moray, and Dornoch Firths. The W. line again is exceedingly ir- SCO 1161 SCO regolar, being broken np by innomerable head- lands and bays, and thickly studded with islands of railous magnitudes. The Solway Firth, the Firth of Clyde, Loch Fine, Loch Linnhe, Loch Carron, & Loch Broom, are here among the most conspicnons estuaries and bays. Scotland is di- vided into the Lowlands, comprehending that portion S. of the Tay, and the low country aU along the E. and N.E. coasts, and the Highlands comprehending the Central and Western and N.Westem portions. The middle or Alpine region is the most elevated portion, and in ge- neral the greatest elevation of land exists towards the W. and N. coasts, while the country slopes gradually towards the E. The Grampian ranges of mountains, commencing with Ben Nevis, S.W. comer of Inverness-shire, extend in a N.E. di- rection, intersecting the whole breadth of Scot- land to neartlie E. shores in Aberdeenshire, and forming, with their offeets, an extensive moun- tain chain, with elevations varying from 4,375 to 3,000 and 2,000 feet. This Central Alpine region extends S. to the Tay, and N. and N. W. to the borders of the Moray Firth. The great valley of the Caledonian canal separates this middle region into two, but a continuation of the same Alpine umtns. extends also throughout Suther- landsMre, terminating at Cape Wrath. Granite, porphyry, primary schists, marble, and quartz rock, with occasionally metallic veins, form the strata of the district, while the old red sandstone formation fills up the valleys and the coast line on each side N. and S. of the Grampian mountains, extending, with the exception of the E. part of Aberdeenshire, along the whole coasts of Scot- land, both £. and W. sides, Irom the Tay and Clyde N.wards. The middle portion of Scotland, from St Andrews to St Abb's head, and in cor- leaponding lines westward to Dumbarton, com- prehends the great coalfield of Scotland, inter- sected by the greenstone ranges of the Ochil monntains on the N., and the Lanarkshire hills, Fentlands, and Fife Lomonds, in the centre. Another coal district extends also into Berwick- shire, and part of Roxburgh, while the whole region fi:om the Lammermoor range S. and W. into Peebles, Dumfriesshire, and Wigtonshire, is composed of the lower Silnrian or grey wacke formation. Limestone and ironstone are found in the coal districts, lead ore in the Greywacke districts of Leadhills, silver in the Ochil moun- tains, and lead and antimony and manganese in the primary range of the Grampians. Traces of oolitic strata are found in the North and in the Western islands. The Cheviot mountains (which see) separate Scotland from England. The principal rivs. in Scotland are the Tweed, Forth, Tay, N. and S. Esks, Dee, Don, Spey, Deveron, Lossie, Fiudhom, Ness, Conon, Brora, Wick, and Helmsdale, on the eastern side ; the Nith, Annan, Dee, Cree, Ayr, Doone, Clyde, on the S. and W. ; while no conspicuous rivers flow into the ocean on the Western or N. Western coasts. Lakes are numerous, and many of them famed for picturesque beauty. Loch Lomond, Loch Awe, Loch Tay, Loch Ness, Loch Maree, are the most extensive, and all these, and several otliers, are noticed under separate heads. The islands consist of the Orkney, Hebrides, and Shetland groups, ^o separately noticed. The climate of Scotland varies according to the lo- cality. The W.&S. parts are mild, but humid; the central elevated regions chill and humid, the eastern plains and Lowlands more genial, though exposed in spring to chill E. winds. In the Low- lands the summer is not so hot, but the winter is, on the whole, milder than that of England, and the climate is reckoned salubrious, and favour- able to longevity. The following table exhibits the mean annual temperature of several locali- ties: — Mean of winter. MeMlof Bummer. Mean of Year. aUnln inches. Edinburgh, 8t Andrews, Aberdeen, . . Elgin, . . Inverness, . PmTJkinfikurs). 89.2 39.0 38.4 35.0 39.6 37.6 Deg. 57:2 S8.B 59.5 57.0 67.0 60.1 67.3 ^1- 48.6 49.9 47.7 46 49.8 46.9 24. S7 6 25. 27 29. 6 30. 8 Mean annual temp, of mainland 47° .9 Fahr. Prevailing winds W. and S.W. ; in spring N. and N.E. Most rain falls on the W. coasts. The central W. and N.W. districts of Scotland are chiefly grazing and pastoral, the valleys and plains of the E. and S. districts agricultural. The alluvial, or carse lands of Stirling, Falkirk, and Gowrie, the plains of the Lothians & Clydes- dale, portions of Fife, Berwick, and Roxburgh- shires, in the S., and Moray and Ross-shires in the N., are the most fertile and most highly cul- tivated soils in Britain, where all the usual agri- cultural products are raised. Landed property is in fewer hands than in England. Farms almost universally on leases, varying in extent from 50 to 1,000 ac, and pasture farms extend to 3,000 and 5,000 ac. Farming, since the middle of last century, has arrived at a high degree of perfec- tion. Supposed annual rental of Scotland (1845) 6,000,0002. Total annual value of agricultural and pastoral land produce 29,327,1442. The rent of arable land ranges from 7s. to SI. and 51. per acre. Except in the greater preponderance of Alpine plants, the flora of Scotland resembles very much that of England. There are about 3,230 indigenous plants. Extensive pine forests, both natural and artificially planted, abound, & the usual fruit trees thrive well. The wild ani- mals are the same as those in England. Grouse and ptarmigan abound in the moors, but the capercailzie (Tetrao UrogaIlus\ formerly abun^ dant, was exterminated about 1760. The Eng- lish nightingale is unknown in Scotland. Salmon and trout abound in the rivers, and herrings, cod, haddocks, and other fish, in the surround- ing seas. Manufactures of cotton, linen, and woollen goods are extensively carried on in Scot- land. In 1839, there were 676 mills or factories in operation, employing 59,124 persons. Value of cotton goods annually produced estimated at 5,000,0002. Coal & iron working, ship-building, coach-building, glass & stone ware manufactures and whisky distilling, are among the other bran- ches extensively pursued. About 6 million galls, whisky, duty upwards of 1,080,0002., are annually produced. Total quantity of herrings cured in 1840, 543,946 barrels, of cod and ling 93,660 bar- rels. Total number of persons employed in fisheries 88,718. Annual value of salmon fish- eries 150,0002. Nett revenue of customs, excise stamps, post-office, and property tax of Scotland for 1844, 5,829,6682. There are excellent roads through all parts of the country, & railway com- munication to all the leading towns S. of Aber- deen. In 1849, 760 m. of railway were opened. The principal canals are the Forth and Clyde and Union Canal, the Crinan and Caledonian canals. Scotland is divided into 32 cos., the area and population of which are as follows : the SCO 1162 SCU estimated areas are, however, in many cases, nncertain — GouiitleB. Area in sq. m. Popula- tion 1841. Co. or chief towns. Aberdeen, 1,970 192,387 Abenleen. Argyle and lales. 3.180 97,871 Inverary, Ayr, 1,045 164,356 Ayr. iXak 647 49,879 Bans Benilck, 449 34,438 Greenlaw. Bute, 2117 15,740 Eothsay. Csithneas, 616 36,343 Wick. Clackmannan, 48 19,155 Dumbarton, 239 44,296 Dumbarton. Dumfries, 1,006 72,830 Dumfiies. Edinburgh. 358 225,454 Edinburgh. Elgin, or Moray, 840 35,012 Elgin. For&r (Angus), 470 140,140 Cupar. 893 170,520 Forfar. Haddington, 273 35,886 Haddington. 4,186 97.799 XDvemess. Kincardine, 382 83,075 StoneliaTcn. Kinross, 70 8,763 Kinross. Kirkcudbright (Ste- 1 wartry), S 8S9 41,119 Kirkcud- bright. Lanark, 945 426,972 Lanark. Linlithgow, ISO 28,872 Linlithgow. Nairn, 200 9,217 17aim. 1,826 61,065 Kirkwall. Peebles, 319 10,499 Peebles. Perth, 2,638 137,390 Perth. Renfrew, ^ Soss and Gromarfy, ) and laics, j "227 155,073 Renfrew. 2,955 78,685 Tain. BoxbuT^h, 715 46,035 Jedburgh. Selkirk. 265 7,990 Selkirk. Stirling, Sutherland, 502 82,057 Stirling. 1,801 24,783 Dornoch. WIgton, 459 39,195 TVigton. Total, 28,896 3,620,184 Chief towns, Edinburgh the capital, Glasgow, Perth, Dundee, Aberdeen, Dumfries, and Inver- ness. In each of the cos. are a lord-lieutenant, a sheriff-depute and substitute, & local justices. The courts of session and justiciary exercise the supreme jurisdiction. [Edinburgih.] The Roman Catholic religion was abolished in Scotland in 1560, when the Calvinistic Presbyterian form of church government was establ&hcd by John Knox, consistmg of local presbyteries and synods, and a general assembly, which meets annually in Edinburgh. Since 1712 the right of appointing to livings is vested in the crown or in private patrons. A secession, on account of patronage, took place in 1741. In 1834 the Veto Act passed the General Assembly, modifying the right of patronage ; but this act having been overthrown by Parliament, a disruption took place in 1843 of 470 clergymen, and the Free Church was formed. The older seceders, now called United Presbyterians, form a numerous body ; and there are Koman Catholics, & a smail proportion of Episcopalians ; dissenters forming altogether about 2-3ds of the whole population. There are 1,023 parishes in Scotland and its islands, and 1,050 clergymen of the establishment. There is an endowed school in each pa., besides nu- merous other schools and academies, 5 universi- ties, and several theological colleges and schools of medicine. From l-8th to 1-lOth of the pop. are calculated to be receiving education. Cale- donia was the ancient name of Scotland, and the earliest inhabitants were Celtic, but at various periods colonies of Teutonic origin made descents upon and settled in the lowlands and central highlands of Scotland. Such probably were the Picts about the third century, and the Attacotti or Scoti from Ireland several centuries later. These latter gave their name to the whole country. The N.W. parts of Scotland and the Hebrides are still peopled by the Celtic race. That part S. of the Tay and Clyde, and the whole eastern coasts, including Caithness, are Saxon and Scandinavian. The central parts are a mixture of Saxon and Celtic. Erse or Gaelic, the language of the aboriginal Celts, is still spoken in the highlands. The old Scottish language is a cognate Teutonic dialect ; it is now generaSy superseded by the modern English; though it will live in the works of Ramsay, Bums, and Scott. Scotland, previously an independent king- dom, was joined to England in 1603, on the accession of James vi., and a legislative union of the two kingdoms took place in 1707. By this treaty 16 peers, elected from the whole body of Scottish peers, represented the country in the House of Lords ; and the cos. returned 80 and the bors. 15 members to the House of Commons. In 1832 the bor. members were increased to 23. The elective franchise nearly corresponds to that of England. [Britain.] ScoTTEB, a pa. of Engl., co- Lincoln, on the Eau, 8 J m. N.E. Gainsborough. Ac. 4,630. P.1,172. SooTTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 8 miles N.E. Gainsborough. Area 4,920 ac. Pop. 490. SooTTOw, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, lO miles N.N.E. Norwich. Area 2,000 ac. Pop. 639. ScoDLTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 4 m. E. Watton. Area 2,230 ac. Pop. 360. ScouKiE, or ScoTJBT, a seaport vill. of Scotl., CO. Sutherland, on its W. coast, pa. Eddrachillii, 21 m. S.S.W. Cape Wrath. Pop. 108. The vill. has a pa. school, reading-club, and savings' bank. ScBABBY, or Balltmacallent, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, CO. Cavan, between 2 loughs, 3^ m. S.S.E. Arvagh. Area of pa. 6,661 ac. Pop. 2,836; of whom 170 are in the village.. ScBAPE, a mntn. of Scotl., co. Peebles, on the bonndary between pas. Drummelzier and Manor. Height above the sea 2,800 feet. ScBAPTOFT, a pa. of Engl., co. and 4 m. E.N.E. Leicester. Area 1,460 ac. Pop. 89. ScBATBT, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 5J miles N.N.W. Yarmouth. Pop. 131. ScBAYFiELD, a pa. of Eugl., CO. Lincoln, 2| m. E. Homcastle. Area 620 ac Pop. 33. ScBATiNGHAM, a pa. of Engl., CO. York, E. Riding, on the Derwent, 9 m. N.N.W. Pockling- ton. Area 4,780 ac. Pop. 515. ScREDiHaTosf, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 4 m. S.E. Sleaford. Area 1,850 ac. Pop. 364. ScBEMBT, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 3 miles E.N.E. Spilsby. Area 970 ac. Pop. 217. SoEEVETON, a pa. of Engl., co. Notts, 8 miles S.W. Newark. Area 1,160 ac. Pop. 316. ScBiBA, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, on the Oswego river, and containing a part of the vill. Oswego. Pop. 4,051. ScBivELSBT, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 2J m. S. Homcastle. Area 1,270 ac. Pop. 130. Pa- tron of rectory the Hon. H. Dymoke, whose family hold the manor, on the tenure of acting as champion at the coronation of the sovereign. ScBivEN, tnshp. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, pa. and 1 m. N. Knaresborough. Pop. 1,435. Near it is the ancient camp of King's Garth. SCROOBY, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 1% m. S.S.E. Bawtry. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 297. SoBOPTON, a pa. of Engl., co. & 11 m. W.S.W. Derby, on the riv. Dove. Ac. 2,750. Pop. 633. Scrub Island, one of the Virgin Islands, Bri- tish W. Indies, 3J m. N.E. Tortola. ScBCTON, a pa. of England, co. York, N. Rid- ing, 6 m. N.N.E. Bedale. Area 1,940 ac. P, 410 SouLCOATS, a pa. of England, co. York, E. Riding, immediately N. Hull, and included within the municipal boundary. Area 1,010 ac. Pop. scu 1163 SEA 16,346. Most of the wealthy classes of Hull re- side in this pa., a part of which is laid out in haDdsome streets. ScDLTROBFE, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 2 m. N.W. Fakenham. Area 2,140 ac. Pop. 591. SccKCOLLA, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo Ult. II., 22 m. S.S.W. Aquila. Near this, in 1268, Charles of Anjou ganed the battle of Tagliacozzo. SccBE OF Eio, a vast basaltic mountain of the island of Eig, Inner Hebrides, co. Inverness, on the W. side of the island, and rising to 1,340 feet above the sea. In its perpendicnleir side, facing the sea, is a cavern termed the " bone cave," from 400 of the inhabs. of Eig having been smothered here by the clansmen of Skye. ScDXiBi, ChryiopoUs, a town of Asia Minor, on the Bosporus, immediately opposite Constanti- nople, of which it is nsnally considered a suburb. Pop. variously estimated from 30,000 to 60,000. It is built on several hills, and has, both extem- afly and internally, a great resemblance to the Turkish capital. It has numerous mosques and imarets or kitchens for the poor, a palace and extens. gardens belonging to the Sultan, a noted college of howling dervishes, barracks construct- ed by the late Sultan, some fine cemeteries, vari- ous pnbhc baths and bazaars, large com waie- houses, and manuis. of silks and cotton fabrics. It is lie great rendezvous for caravans from Asia trading to Constantinople, and between it and Ghalcedon ; 1^ m. S.ward is the plain where the Turkish forces nsnally assemble for Asiatic campaigns. Here, in 325, the troops of Constan- tine the Great finally defeated those of Licinius. ScuTiBi, or Skctabi, Scodra, a town of Euro- pean Turkey, Albania, cap. sanj., on the Boyana, at the S. extremity of the Lake of Scutari, 45 m. S.E. Cattaro (Austrian Albania). Fop. upwards of M,000, abont a half of whom are Roman Ca- tholics. Immediately adjacent is a lofty height crowned by a citadel, and containing the residence of the governor, with an arsenal & barracks. Scu- tari has a large bazaar, many mosques, Greek and Roman Catholic churches, several bridges, some yards for building coasting vessels, and manufs. of cotton goods and fire arms. Its merchants are reported to be wealthy, and are the principal traders in W. Turkey ; they export wool, wax, hides, skins, tobacco, and dried fish, to Triest, Venice, and Avlona ; and import in return colo- nial produce, with silk fabrics and other manufd. goo^ for sale at the large fairs of Turkey. Sea- going vessels only ascend the Boyana to Hobotti some miles from Scutari, and where are exten- sive warehouses, and a custom-house II. (or Shuta-ri), a vill. of Greece, Morea, gov. Mistra. ScDT,iKi (Lake of), Palus Zaieatis, European Turkej-, Albania, sanj. and kadilik Scutari, is 20 m. in length from N. to S. ; average breadth 6 m. Besides several other rivers, it receives the Moratshaat its N. extremity. Scutari is on S. b. ScYLLA, a town of Naples, prov. Calabria Ult. I., 11 m. N.N.E. Begglo, at the entrance of the Straits of Messina, in lat. 38° 14' 5" N., Ion. 15° 45' E. Near it are the rock of Scylla, and the whirlpool of Charybdis. [Galofabo.] ScYKos IsL., Grecian Archipelago. [Sktbos.] SoTTHOPOLis, an ancient name of Beth-Shah. Smli, two islets of the Grecian Archip. ; the larger, anc. Rhenea, 4 m. S.W. Myconi, between which is the smaller, anc. Ddoi. [Deios.] Se, a prefixed name of many cities in China. — I. {Se-Ling), prov. Quajig-si, on the Tonquin frontier, 12m. S.W. Sc-Ming,— II. (S. Ming), cap. dep., on a river 116 m. from its mouth in the Gulf of Tonquin III. (Ngan), prov. Quang-sl, cap. dep., 46 m. N.N.W. Nan-ngin. — IV. (Nan), prov. Kwi-choo, cap. dep., on the Ou-kiang, a tribu- tary of the Yang-tze-kiang, lat. 28° N., Ion. 108° 25' E. — V.(7'cAtnj), prov. Quang-si, cap. dep., in its W. part, lat. 24° 20' N., Ion. 106° 15* E.— VL (Tchou), same prov., cap. dep., on the border of Hou-nan. Near it are mines of quicksilver. SEABOBonGH, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 2J m. W.S.W. Crewkerne. Area 610 ac. P. 84. Seaford, a pa., cinque port, and disfranchised bor. of England, co. Sussex, rape Pevensey, 12 m. E.S.E. Brighton, and about midway between it & BeacheyHead. Areaof pa. 1,870 ae. Pop. 963. Seafobth (Loch), an arm of the sea in the He- brides, Scotl., partially divides Lewis from Harris. Seasoe, or Segoe, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Armagh, comprising a part of the town of Portadown. Area 10,982 ac. Pop. 11,094. Seagbave, a pa. of England, co. Leicester, 3 m. N.E. Mount Sorrel. Area 2,470 ac. P. 451. Seaoby, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, on the Avon, 4 m. S.S.E. Malmesbury. Ac. 1,060. P. 231. Seaham, a pa. of England, co. Durham, on the North Sea, 5 m. S. Sunderland. Area 2,830 ac. Pop. 328. It gives the title of viscount to the Londonderry family. Sea Hobse Islands, a chain of islets, Arctic Ocean, off the coast of Russian America, in lat. 61° N., Ion. 159° W.—Sea-Horse Point, Bri- tish N. America, is the E. extremity of South- ampton Island, lat. 63° 40' N., Ion. 80° 10' W. Seal, several pas. of England.— I. co. Kent, 2J m. N.N.E. Seven oaks. Area 4,530 ac. Pop. 1,618. — II. CO. Surrey, 4 m. E. Famham. Area 2,990 ac. Pop. 428.— III. {Nether and Over), co. Leicester, 5| m. W.S.W. Ashby-de-la-Zouch. Area 4,530 ac. Pop. 1,281. Seal Island, British N. America, is in the Atlantic, 18 m. W. Cape Sable, the S. extremity of Nova Scotia. — II. a granite rock off the S. coast of Australia, lat. 34° 6' S., Ion. 120° 28' E. — Ill, S.W. Africa, off the Hottentot coast, about midway between the Orange and Kousi rivers. — Seal Siver, British N. America, enters Hudson Bay on its W. side, 40 m. N.W. the Churchill river, after a N.E. course of 200 m. Sealeb's Cove, an inlet of the S. coast of Australia, 13 m. E. Wilson promontory. Sealkote, or Sbalkote, a town of the Pun- jab, 65 m. E.N.E. Lahore. It has a manuf. of paper. The vicinity is well cultivated. Sbameb, two pas. of Engl., co. York, N. Kiding. —I. 2 m. N.W. Stokesley. Area 3,650 ac. P. 247 II. on the Scarboro and Bridlington rail- way, 4 m. S.W. Scarboro'. Ac. 7,760. P. 1,121. BEAPATBiCK, 3 pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Down, comprising the town of Banbridge. Area 7,683 ac. Pop. 9,528. Seaba, a province of Brazil. [Ceaea.] Seabby, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 4J m. W.N.W. Caistor. Area 1,860 ac. Pop. 234. Seasalteb, a pa. of England, co. Rent, 6 m. N.N.W. Canterbury. Area 1,460 ac. Pop. 1,064. Season-Cote, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 14 m. E.N.E. Cheltenham. Area 1,530 ac. Pop. 67. Seaton, or Seton, a pa. of Scotland, co. Had- dington, annexed to Tranent. Here are the ruins of a noble edifice of the Seatons. Seaton, several pas. of England — I. co. De- von, on the English Channel, 2i m. S. Colyton. Area 4,120 ac. Pop. 1,996. In summer it is much resorted to for sea-bathing. — II. co. Knt- laud, 2J m. E.S.E. Uppingham. Area 1,310 ae. Pop. 446.— III. (Sots), CO. York, E. Riding,6 m. W. Market- Weighton. Area 3,380 ac. Pop. SEA 1161 SED 640. —IV. a tovrnship, co. Cumberland, pa. Lam- merton, 2 m. N.E. Workington. Pop. 787. Seaton-Cabew, a maritime township and chapelry of England, co. Durham, pa. Stranton, on the C3arence and Hartlepool railway, 2^ m. S.S.W. Hartlepool. Pop. 688. It has several good inns, lodging houses, baths, public libraries ; and is resorted to for sea-bathing. N. the vill. are two light-houses. — Seaton Delcaial is a town- ship, CO. Northumberland, pa. Earsdon, 5 m. N.N.W. North Shields. P. 1,568. Here are ruins of a splendid mansion destroyed by fire in 1822. Seavingtoh, 2 pas. of Engl., co. Somerset. — I. (St Mary), 3 m. E. Ilminster. Ac. 880. P. 540.— II. {St Michael), 3J m. E. Ilminster. Ac. 940. P. 275. Sebaste, a Till, of Palestine. [Sebustieh.] SEBASTiAtrsBEBO, Or Basbebg, a town of Bo- hemia, circ. and 18 m. N.W. Saatz. Pop. 1,588. Sebastofols a town of Kussia. [Sevastopol.] Sebeb, or Sewee, a town at the S. frontier of Afghanistan, 15 m. E. Dadur. Se-Beebo, or NoBTH Pora Island, Indian Ocean, off the W. coast of Sumatra, lat. of N. point 0° 56' S., Ion. 98° 38' E., is 60 m. in length, Sebeit (Hung. Szebeny), a walled town of Hun- gary, 00. Saros, on the Tarisa, 9 m. N.N.W. Eperies. P. 2,200. It has Rom. Cath. & Lutheran churches, and a trade in wine, spirits and paper. Sbbenico, a town of Dalmatia, circ. and 42 m. S.E. Zara, on an inlet of the Adriatic, which re- ceives the river Kerka. Pop. 6,000. It has an excellent harbour defended by several forts. Principal edifice, a lofty cathedral of curious external appearance, but magnificent inter- nally ; the town has various buildings of Venetian ai-cbitecture, its republic having voluntarily an- nexed itself to Venice in 991. It has a manuf. of rosogllo, exports of wine, and an active trade with Turkey. Birth-place of the painter Andrea Schiavoni, & the philosopher Tommasseo. Sebebham (High and Low), a pa. of Engl., co. Cumberland, 8 m. S.E. Wigton. Area 6,890 ac. Pop. 853. Sebesh (Pol. SUbiez), a town of Russian Po- land, gov. and 95 m. N.W. Vitebsk, cap. circ, between Lakes Sebesh and Woron. Pop. 2,100. Sebha, a town of Central Africa, Fezzan, 80 m. N. Mourzouk. Sebnitz, a town of Saxony, circ. and 24 m. E.S.E. Dresden. Pop. 3,809. Seboncoubt, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Aisne, arrond. St Quentin. Pop. 2,007. — Sebourg is a comm. and vill., dep. Nord, arrond. and cant. Valenciennes. Pop. 1,707. Sebou, a river of Marocco, prov. Fez. Sebus, a river of Marocco, kingdom Fez, after a tortuous W. course of 210 m., enters th§ At- lantic at Mehadia. It is rapid, and in the rainy season inundates and fertilizes a wide tract near its mouth. [Seibus.1 Sebustieh, Samaria, afterward Sebaste, a vill. of Palestine, pash. Acre, on a hill rising out of a fine plain, 6 m. N.W. Nablous. It is tolerably well built, and jts hill is covered with fine gar- dens and plantations, interspersed with numer- ous vestiges of ancient edifices. Principal re- mains of antiquity are, a church, erected over a sepulchre traditionally reputed as the burial- place of John the Baptist; some columns of a temple, and portions of a long colonnade, pro- bably erected by Herod the Great. Samaria was founded by Omri, b. c. 925, and from that time until the captivity, b. o. 720, it continued to be the cap. of the ten tribes of Israel. It afterwards gave name to the prov. Samaria, and under Herod it resumed considerable magnifi- cence and importance; but it appears to have decayed as early as the 4th century of our era. Seca (La), a town of Spain, prov. and 19 m. S.S.W. VaUadolid. Pop. 8,997. Secchia, a river of N. Italy, rises m the Apennines, flows N.N.E. through the centre of the duchy Modena, and joins the Po 12 m. S.E. Mantua. Total course 70 m. Sechshahs, a vill. of Lower Austria, near Vienna, on 1. b. of the Weir, mth public baths and gardens. Pop. 2,530. Se-chuen, a large prov. of China, mostly be- tween lat. 26° and 33° N., and Ion. 101° and 110° E., having W. Tibet, & on other sides the provs. Eau-su, Shen-si, Hou-pe, Kwi-choo, and Tun- nan. Area 166,800 sq. m. P. (1825) 21,435,678. Its W. part is a maze of mountains ; it is tra- versed by the Tang-tze-kiang, to which all its other rivers are tributary. Some parts of it pro- duce fine crops of sugar, silk, and oranges ; but its chief products are, rhubarb of the best quali- ty, other drugs, musk, and metals. It is divided into 11 deps. Chief city, Ching-too. Sechuba, a town of N. Peru, dep. Truxillo, prov. & 25 m. S.S.W. Piura, on the river Piura, near its mouth in the Pacific Ocean. Seckenheim, a vill. of Baden, on the Neckar, 4 m. E.S.E. Mannheim. Pop. 1,750. Seckingen, a town of Baden, 16 m, E. Basle, onrt. b. of theKhiue. Pop. 1,420. Seckington, a pa. of England, co. Warwick, 4 m. E.N.E. Tamworth. Area 470 ac. P. 118. Seclin, a comm. and town of France, dep. Nord, cap. cant., on the Naviette, with a station on the N! railway,6 m. S.S.W. Lille. Pop. 2,573. Secondigliano, a town of Naples, prov. and 3 m. N. Naples. Pop. 5,000. — Secondigm/ is a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Deux-Sevres, 8 m. W.S.W. Parthenay. Pop. 1,687. SECBOLE,a town of British India, presid. Ben- gal, dist. and 4 m. N.W. Benares, and having the principal civil station of that dist., and large mili- tary cantonments. Secuoen, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Aargau, at the N. extremity of the lake of Hallwyl, 9 m. S.E. Aarau. Pop. 1,600. Secdndebab AD, an European station in India, Deccan, and the head quarters of the British subsidiary force in the Nizam's dom., 3 m. N. Hy- derabad, and 358 m. N.N.W. Madras. It has large cantonments, excellent bazaars, shops kept by Parsees and others, European rooms where balls are held, a theatre, a race ground, public libraries; and close to it is a lake about 15 m. in circumference, the banks of which are a favourite morning and evening resort of the European community. At Secunderabad, and Bolarum, a contiguous and more healthy station, 12,000 men of the Madras army are generally stationed. — Secundermally is a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 4 m. S. Madura. Seoundba, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, Upper provs., 9 m. N.W. Agra, & having the magnificent mausoleum of the Emperor Ak- bar, with extensive ruins and vestiges of former importance II. a large walled vUI., Bpper provs., dist. Bolundshahnr, 82 m. S.E. Delhi.— III. a town, dist. Cawnpoor, 18 m. N.W. Kalpee. Sedan, a comm. and fortified town of France, dep. Ardennes, cap. arrond., on the Meuse, 11 m. E.S.E. Mezicres. Pop. (1846) 13,180. It has a communal college, a school of design, and in its principal square, a bronze statue bf Turenne, bom here 1611. The citadel at the S.E. extremity of the town, contains a large arsenal. Sedan is the centre of an extens. manuf. of wool- SED 1165 SEF len goods, & has also mauufs. of hosiei-y, leather, arms, hardwares, barrels, beet-root sugar, & linen yarn; it has an active trade in agricultural -produce. In order to facilitate navigation, a canal has been formed along 1. b. of the Meusc. Sedan was long an independent principality, and was united to France, nnder Louis xiii. It had a celebrated Protestant university, which sub- asted till the revocation of the edict of Nantes. SEDASHOOGnK,orSoDASHAVAGHDii, amaritime town of British India, presid. Bombay, dist. Ca- nara, on the Malabar coast, 49 m. S.S.E. Goa. Sedbebgh, a market town and pa. of England, CO. York, W. riding, on the border of Lancashire. Area of px 50,290 ac. Pop. 4,836. It has a grammar school with an annual rev. of 5001., and exhibitions to 3 fellowships and 10 scholarships in St John's College Cambridge ; and manufs. of cotton goods. Seooeberrow, a pa. of England, co. "Worces- ter, Si m. S.S.W. Evesham. Ac. 1,090. P. 318. Sedoebbook, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 4 m. W.N.W. Grantham. Area 1,540 ac. P. 250. Seusefield, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. and 10 m. S.S.E. Durham. Area 17,480 ac. Pop. 2,105. The church is large and handsome. SEDSEroBD, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 8 m. N.N.E. Castle-Kising. Area 3,800 ac. P. 669. Sedoemoob, a wild tract of Engl., co. Somer- set, between King's Weston and Bridgewater ; and in 1683, the scene of the defeat of the Duke of Monmouth's forces by the troops of James ii. Sedshili., a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 4 m. S.W. ffindon. Area 1,130 ac. Fop. 198. Sedolet, a pa. of England, co. Stafford, 3 m. S. Wolveriiampton. Area 5,170 ac. Pop. 24,819. It has iron, coal, and lime-stone works. Sedii.0, and Sedisi, two vills. and comms. of Sardinia.— I. div. Cagliari, 26 m. N.E. Oristano. P. 2,240.— n. div. & 16 m. N.E. Sassari. P. 1,547. Sedlescohbe, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 3 m. irjf.E. Battle. Area 1,530 ac. Pop. 668. Sedlitz, a vill. of Bohemia, circ. and 14 m. N.E. Saatz. It is famous for mineral springs containing gnlphates of soda and magnesia, which, with the adjacent waters of Saidschutz, are exported in large quantities. Sednew, a market town of Bnssia, gov. and 16 m. N.E. Tchemigov. Pop. 1,000. Sebbek, and Seebbeo, two vills. of Switzer- land.— L cant, and 17 m. N.N.E. Soleure.— II. cant. & 17 m. N.N.E. Bern ; its pa. having 2,000 inhabitants, partly engaged in watch-makmg. Seebodmoe, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, 86 m. N.N.E. Moorshehabad. SEBBtnte, a town of E. Prussia, reg. Konigs- berg, 11 m. S.W. Bischoffetein. Pop. 2,250. Seedapook, a town of India, Deccan, Nizam's dom., 70 miles S.E. Bejapoor. Seedobf, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 9 m. N.W. Bern. Pop. 2,000. Seedouea, a town of British India, in the pro- tected Sikh territory, 34 m. N.W. Seharunpoor. Seefingan, a mountain of Ireland, Leinster, CO. Wicklow, 5i m. E.N.E. Blessington. Height 2,364 feet. . SEEHAHSEif, two towns of Prussiau Saxony, reg. Magdeburg.— I. on the Aland, 13 m. S.S.W. Perleberg. Pop. 3,110. It is enclosed by walls, and has a trade in com and horses. — II. 15 m. W. Magdeburg, with 2,360 inhabs., and the ruins of an establishment of the Knights Templars. Seehoee, a town of W. Hiadostan, in the Gujerat peninsula, 12 m. W. the Gulf of Cambay. Seekosk, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Massa- chusetts, 46 m. S.S.W. Boston. Fop. 1,996. Sekkree, a town of British India, presid. Ben- gal, Upper provs., dist. and 26 m. S. Delhi. Seelajan, a town of N. Hindostan, in the pro- tected Sikh territory, 11 m. S.W. Kampoor. Seelaptd, Zeeland, or Zealand, the largest and most important of the Danish Isls., in the Baltic, between lat. 64° 67' 36' & 66' 7' iO' N., & Ion. 10° 66' & 12° 37' E. ; separated from Sweden by the Sound, & from the isls. Fuhnen & Lange- land by the Great Belt. Area, with several small isls. adjacent, 2,676 sq.m. P. (1847) 470,000. Sur- face level or undulating, & intersected by several canals ; on its N. side, the Use fiord dips deeply into the isl. Soil fertile, and studded with pro- ductive farms, cottages, and country houses. Agriculture and cattle-rearing are the chief occu- pations of the inhabitants ; but this isl. is also the seat of the principal manufs. in Denmark. It forms a stift or prov. of the kingdom, and is divided into 6 amts. or dists. Copenhagen, the Danish cap., is on its £. side ; and it also contains the towns Roeskilde, Skagelse, and Skielskior. Seelow, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. and 15 m. N.W. Frankfurt. P. 2,300. Seemleah, a town of Central India, dom. and S.W. Indore. Seena, a river of India, Deccan, after a S.E. course of 180 m., joins the Beemah, 20 m. S. Solapoor. The towns Ahmednuggur and Parainda are on its banks ; and in most part of its extent it flows between the Bombay presid, and the territory of the Nizam. Seend, a chapelry of Engl., co. Wilts, pa. and 3J m. S.E. Melksham. Pop. 992. "Sebngek, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Aargau, at the N. extremity of the Lake of Hallwyl, 9 m. S.E. Aarau. Pop. 1,500. Seeore, or Sehobe, a town of British India, Nerbudda territory, 22 m. W.S.W. Bhopaul. Seer, or Sib, a mouth of the Indus river, Scinde, continuous with the Goongroo or Pin- yaree branch, and N.W. the Koree mouth. Seeea, a town of British India, near the W. extremity of the Upper provs., presid. Bengal, 45 m. E. Bhatneer. Seebfoob, two towns of British India. — I. presid. Bengal, dist. Kajeshaye, 78 m. N.E. Moor- shedabad. — II. presid. Bombay, dist. Candeish, S.W. Talneir. — Seeruiell is a town, presid. Bom- bay, dist. and 23 m. S.E. Poonah. Seesen, a town of Germany, duchy Bruns- wick, circ. Gandersheim, on the Schildau, 12 m. W. Goslar. Pop. 2,729. It has an old castle.— Seestddtl is a town of Bohemia, circ. and 13 m. N. Saatz. Pop. 751. Seetamow, and Seetapoob, two towns of Central India, Gwalior dom I. 42 m. N.N.W. Mehidpoor. — II. 9 m. from Omareah. Seethins, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 51 m. N.N.W. Bungay. Area 1,310 ac. Pop. 449. Seewannu, a town and hill-fort of India, dom. Joudpoor, cap. dist., the fort being a principal stronghold ot the Joudpoor rajah. Seez, a comm. and town of France, dep. Ome, 13 m. N.N.E. Alencon, on the Orne. Fop. 3,183. It has a cathedral of the 12th century, an episcopal palace, and cotton manufs. wrought by steam. — II. a mkt. town of Savoy, prov. Tar- antaise, on rt. b., of the Isere, 16 m. N.E. Mou- tiers. Pop. of comm. 1,860. Sefakin, a town of Arabia, Yemen, 66 m. W.S.W. Sana, and enclosed by substantial walls. SEFFra, a small town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. Diarbekir, in Mesopotamia, N. Bakka. During the 7th century, in the period of 110 days, 90 con- flicts, between the adherents of Ali and of Moa- SEF 1166 SEI wiyah, took place in its vicinity, in which It is believed that 70,000 Mohammedans perished. Sepib-Rood, or Suffeid-Kub ("white river"), a river of N. Persia, formed by the junction of the Zenjan and some other rivers with the Kizil Onzan, near Miana, flows at first S.E. between the provs. Irak-Aiemi and Azerbijan, and then N.E. through Ghilan, and enters the Caspian Sea by sevl. mouths, 30 m. E. Beshd. At 15 m. from the sea it divides into two principal branches, forming a delta, in which is the town Lahijan. Its lower part is of considerable breadth and depth, but its navigation is greatly impeded by shifting sands, shallows, and a bar at its princi- pal mouth, opposite which a large sturgeon fish- ery exists. Chief affl., the Shah-rood. Sefciueh, Sepphoris and DioccEsarea, a vill. of Palestine, pash. and 16 m. S.E. Acre, at the foot of a height on which are the ruins of a large castle. SEGio., a small isl. off the W. coast of France, dep. Finist^re.' — St Segal is a comm. and vill., same dep., 3 m. N.N.E. Chateauhn. Pop. 1,248, Seqamet, or MuAB, a state of the Malay peninsula, about lat. 2° N., Ion, 103° E., having S. Johore, and on other sides Jellye, Johole, and Naning. Pop. 2,400. It is almost one mass of jungle and swamp, with only a few straggling villages. Some rice, sago, ivory, ebony, gold- dust, tin, gums, and rattans, are chief products. Seqebebq, a town of Denmark, duchy Hol- stein, cap. dist., on the Trave, 28 m, N.N.E. Hamburg, with 3,000 inhabitants. Seoedin, a town of Hungary. [Szesedin.] Seqelmesa, a considerable town of Marocco, E. Mount Atlas, cap. prov., near the river Ziz, in lat. 31° 10' N., Ion. 2° 20' W, Segesvab, or Sohassbueq, a town of Transyl- vania, Saxonland, 26 m, S,S.E. Maros Yasarhely, on 1. b. of the Kiikiillo. Pop. 596. Seoideb, a vill. of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 25 m. S.E. Ushak, with various remains, supposed to be those of the ancient Sebaste. Segha, Croatia, the Italian name of [Zeng]. Segnes Pass, E. Switzerland, between Glarus and the Grisons, is 7J m. N. Ilanz, and 7,600 ft. above the sea. It was crossed by Suwarrow in his retreat before the French, October 1799. Segni, a town of S. Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 13 m, E. Velletri. Pop. 4,110, It is the birth-place of Popes Yitahan, Innocent ui., Gregory ix., and Alexander iv. Sego, a town of Central Africa, Nigritia, cap. state Bambarra, on the Joliba (Niger). Lat. 13° 5' N., Ion, 5° W. Estimated pop. 30,000 (.')— a mixture of negroes and Moors. It consists of an aggregation of fortified quarters, in one of which is a royal residence. Houses of clay, square & flat-roofed. It has numerous mosques, and is the seat of considerable traffic. Here Mungo Park first saw the Joliba. Seoonzac, a comm, and mkt. town of France, dep. Charente, cap. cant., 8 m. S.E. Cognac. Pop. 2,600, who distil brandy of the first quality. Segobbe, Segobriga, a, city of Spain, prov. & 25 m. W.S.W. Castellon-de-la-Plana, cap. dist., near rt. b. of the Palencia, 18 m. N.W. Mur- viedro. Pop. 6,016. It has squares ornament- ed with public fountains, a cathedral, and manufs. of earthenware, paper, starch, and brandy. Segovia, a city of Spain, cap. prov., 47 m. N.N.W. Madrid. Pop. (1845) 7,646. It is nearly encircled by the Eresma, an affl. of the Duero, is enclosed by walls, and has a noble plaxa. The public buildings comprise a fine cathedral, with a tower 330 feet in height ; the alcazar, now partly converted into a cadet's college, but still containing some magnificent rooms, formerly tenanted by Ferdinandand Isa- bella ; a mint for copper coinage, 6 hospitals, and military barracks. Its aqueduct, supposed to have been built in the time of Trajan, consists of 161 arches in double tiers, the whole built of square stones without mortar, and having a channel at the top, about 8 feet wide, 760 yards long, & rising 100 ft, above the valley. Manufs. comprise woollen cloths, paper, earthenwares, and glass ; and near it are mines of lead and copper, and quarries of black marble. A large fair is held here in June. It was held by the French from 1808 to 1814. [Nueva Segovia.] Segozebo a lake of Russia, gov. Olonetz, 30 m. N.W. Lake Onega, Length and breadth about 20 m. each. It discharges its surplus waters, N.E., into Lake Vigo. Segbe, a river of Spain, Catalonia, rises in the Pyrenees, flows S.W., and after a course of ISO m., joins the Ebro at Mequinenza II, a comm. and town of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, cap. arrond., on the Oudon, 20 m, N.W. Angers. Pop. 1,748. — Segrie is a conmi. and vill,, dep, Sarthe, 17 m, S,W. Mamers. Pop, 1,725, Segub, several comms. of France ; the princip, in dep, Aveyron, 18 m. N.W. Milhau, P. 1,399. Seguba, a river of Spain, in Murcia and Va- lencia, after an E. course of 180 m., enters the Mediterranean at Guardamar. Principal affls., the Guadalentin & Quipar ii-om the S,, & Mundo from the N. It feeds numerous canals, — ^The Sierra de Segura separates its basin from that of the Guadalquivir, Seguba, several towns of Spain, &c, — I. prov. and 38 m. N.N.E. Teruel. Pop. 823.— IL (de la Sierra), prov. and 60 m. N.E. Jaen. Pop. 2,471. Near it are copper, silver, and lead mines,— III, (de Leon), prov, and 44 m, S,S,E, Badajos, with a fine old castle. Pop, 2,960, Sehajpoob, or Sohagefoob, a town of British India, presid, Bengal, Nerbudda territory, 30 m, E, Hoseingabad, — Sehara is a vill.. Upper provs., dist. and 8 m. W. Agra, with a spacious palace. Sehabunfoob, or Sahabdnfoob, a dist of British India, presid. Bengal, Upper provs., hav- ing S. Meerut, E. Kumaon, and on the other sides the Punjab territory. Area 1,961 sq. m. Pop. 454,331. Soil fertile and in general highly cultivated, producing sugar, wheat, cotton, indi- go, and tobacco. Principal towns Sehamnpoor, Hurdwar, Ambeta, and Seobund. Land rev. (1846-7) 10S,S9Sl.— Sehamnpoor, the cap., a large town, and at one period a considerable military station, is 88m. N.N.E. Delhi, on the Doab canal. It has a fort, and many brick edifices. Sehdine, a town of Burmah, 20 m. S. by V. Shembegewn, on road to Aeng in Aracan. Sehwan, a town of Scinde, on an eminence be- side the Arul, close to the W. bank of the Indus, 75m. N.N.W. Hyderabad. Pop. 2,000. Itmanufe. only a few caps, shoes, and silk. Seibus (improperly Sebus, anc. Rubricatus), one of the principal rivers of Algeria, prov, Con- stantino, enters the Gulf of Bona E. that city, after a N,E, course estimated at 100 m. On its banks are the traces of Hippo Regius, to which it was navigable during the Roman period. Seidabad, several vflls. of Persia, provs. Azer- bvjan, ICirman, and Kurdistan. — Seid-d-Ghazy is a vill., Asia Minor, Anatolia, 20 m. S.S.E. Bski-' Shehr, & around which are remains of antiquity. Seidenbeeg, a ii-ontier town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 48 m. ■W.S,'W, Liegnitz, on the Katzbach, P, 1,620, who manuf. woollen cloths. SEI 1167 SEI —SeidiTigsiadt is a vill of Saxe-Meiningen, 5 m. H.W. Heldburg, with a ducal summer palace. Seidi-Shehb, a town of Asia Minor, pash. Romania, 45 m. S.W. Konieh. It comprises from 400 to SCO houses.— The Lake of Smdi- Shehr is another name for that of Beg-shehr (anc. Caralitis) 20 m. N.N.E.wai'd. Seifenberg, a summit of the Kiesengebirge, Prussian Silesia, reg. Liegnitz, 8 m. S.S.W. Hirschberg. Elevation 4,476 ft. Seiffen, amkt. town of Saxony, circ. Dresden, 30 m. S.S.E. Freiberg. Pop. 1,097. Seifhennersdobf, a vill. of Saxony, circ. Bautaen, 9 m. N.W. Zittau. Pop. (1845) 5,677, engaged in dyeing, and in manufs, of linens. Seiqhfobd, a pa. of Engl., co. and 3 m. W.N.W. Stafford. Area 3,830 ac. Pop. 903. Seiqnela^y, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Tonne, cap. cant., 7 m. N. Auxerre. P. 1,523. Seil, an isl. of the Inner Hebrides, Scotl., co. Argyle, immed. off the mainland, 2^ m. S.W. Eikdnver. Length 4J m. It rises to 800 ft. in height, but has some low valleys and fei-tile soil. Sbilakd, an island of the N.W. coast of Norway, Finmark, immed. S.W. Hammerfest. Length and breadth, about 20 m. each. Surface mountainous, and one of its peaks is 4,000 feet high. Seilhac, and Seulins, two conuns. and mkt. towns of France, caps, of cantons I. dep. Cor- reze, 6 m. N.N.W. Tulle. P. 1,620.-11. {Saillans), dep. Var, 10 m. N.E. Draguignan. Pop. 1,049. Seille, three rivers of France. — I. deps. Jura and Sa6ne-et Loire, joins the Saone, 15 m. N. M^con, after a S.W. course of 60 m., for the latter 24 of which it is navigable. — II. deps. Meurthe and Moselle, joius the Moselle at Metz, after a N. ^ course of 60 m. — III. an affl. of the latter, which it joins at Chatean Salins. Seiluh, a vill. of Palestine, pash. Acre, 10 m. S.S.E. Nablons. It has various remains of anti- quity, and is probably the Shiloh of Scripture. Seih, or Seh, a river of Russia, formed in the gov. Koursk, 30 m. S. Tim, flows mostly W., and joins the Desna, gov. Tchemigov, 6 m. S.E. Sos- nitza, after a course of 300 m. Seimabbah, a mined city of Persian Kurdis- tan, in a fine plain, W. the river Kcrkhah, 70 m. S.W. Khorrumabad. Sbin (Sena), an islet in the Atlantic, off the N.W. coast of France, dep. Finistere, 28 m. S.W. Brest. Length 2 m. Seine (Seguana), a river of France, rises in Mt. Ta.sseIot, near the vill. Chanceaux, dep. C6te- d'Or, flows N.N.W. past Chatillon, Bar-sur-Seine, and Mery, where it becomes navigable ; thence W. and N.W. by Nogent, Bray, Montereau, Melun, Corbeil, Paris, where it is 300 to 500 feet broad, Mantes, Vernon, Pont-de-1' Arehe, Elbeuf, Kouen, Candebec, Honfleur, & Havre, and enters the English Channel by an estuary 7 m. wide. Length 414 m., for 350 of which it is navigable. Its banks are highly picturesque in the lower part of its course. It waters the deps. Cflte-tf Or, Anbe, Mame, Seine-et-Marne, Seine-et- Oise, Seine, and Seine-Inf. Chief affls., on the left the Tonne, Loing, Essonne, Eure, and Rille ; on the right the Aube, Mame, and Oise. It communi- cates with the Loire by the canals of Loing, Orleans, and Briare. The Tonne unites it with the Sadne and Khine by the canals of Burgundy and those of the Bhone and Rhine. The Oise connects it with the Somme, Scheldt, and Sam- bre, by the canals of Crozat, St Quentin, and the Sambre, and it communicates with the Mouse by the Aisne and the canal of Ardennes ; by the canal from the Marne to the liliine, it communi- cates with the Mouse, Moselle, and Rhine. Seine, the smallest but most wealthy and im- portant dep. of France in the N., formed of part of the old prov. Ue-de-France, cap. Paris. Area 181 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,364,467. The surface of this dep., forming the environs of the cap., is covered with towns, villages, villas, and manufac- tories. It contains Mont Valerien, Montmartre, and some other hills ; is watered by the Seine & Marne, and traversed by the canals of St Denis and St Martin, and by several railways. The dep. contains valuable quarries of building stones and gypsum. It furnishes Paris with immense quantities of vegetables, melons, peaches, and strawberries. Its industry is concentrated in the cap. It is divided into the arronds. Paris, St Denis, and Sceaux. Seine-et-Mabne, a dep. of France in the N.E., forming part of the old prov. Ile-de-France, and surrounded by the deps. Marne, Aube, Tonne, Loiret, Seine-et- Oise, and Aisne : cap. Melun. Area 2,333 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 340,212. Surface slightly undulating, traversed by the rivers Seine and Marne, Morin and Teres, and by the canals of r Ourcq and Loing. One-sixth of the dep. is covered with forests, among which is that of Fontainebleau. Corn is raised much beyond the consumption, and it has excellent pasturages in which numerous cattle are reared : it furnishes Paris with a great quantity of cheese under the name of the cheese of Brie. The wine is of in- ferior quality, except the Ohasselas of the en- virons of Fontainebleau, which is the best in France. The roses of Provins are employed in medicine and perfumery. The dep. is divided into the deps. Coulommiers, Fontainebleau, Meaux, Melun, and Provins. Seine-Ihfebievee, a maritime dep. of France, in the N.W., formed part of the old prov. Nor- mandy, bounded N, by the English channel, and on the other sides by the deps. Somme, Oise, Seine-et-Oise, & Eure ; cap. Rouen. Area 2,300 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 757,990. The coast has nu- merous small harbours ; the chief ports are Havre and Dieppe on the English channel, and Kouen on the Seine. The dep. is watered by several small streams, but the Seine is the only river of importance. Surface composed of fertile & well cultivated plains ; an 8th part of it is covered with forests. Corn, hops, hemp, lint, and fruits, are the chief products. The climate is too cold for the cultivation of the vine, but cider is extensively made ; the pastures support many horses, cattle, and large flocks of sheep. Manufacturing indus- try highly important. Rouen is celebrated for its cotton, and Elbeuf for its woollen fabrics. The dep. is div. into the arronds. Dieppe, Havre, Neufchatel, Rouen, and Tvetot. Sbine-et-Oise, a dep. of France, in the N., entirely surrounding the metropolitan dep. Seine. Area 2,253 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 474,956. Surface undulating. It is watered by the Seine, Esonne, Oise, Bievre, & Epte. Climate very healthy ; soil infertile. Near Paris, however, it is liberally ma- nured. Industry chiefly agricultural ; oats are ex- tensively imported, but other grains are raised in sufficient quantity for home demand. The wine is mostly of inferior quality ; cider and beer sup- ply its place. The rearing of cattle and sheep, and cultivation of fruits and vegetables for the Paris markets, are important. The famous Sev- res porcelain, and printed fabrics, cotton yarn & cloths, hardwares, leather, and chemical products, are among the chief goods manufactured, as plas- ter of Paris and sand are among the mineral SEI 1168 SEL products. The dep. is subdivided into tlie six arronds. Versailles, Corbeil, Etampes, Mantes, Pontoise, and Bambouillet. Seine l'Abbate (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. C6te-d'-0r, 15 m. N-W. Dijon. Seinni, a frontier town of Burmah, near the river Saluen, 165 m. N.E. Ava. SEipnTSOH, or Ziwiec, a town of Austrian Poland, Galioia, circ. and 21 m. S.W. Wadowice, on the Sola. Pop. 3,370. ■ Seib-Beni-Tass, an isl. in Persian gulf, off the Arabian coast, lat. 24° 21' N., Ion. 62° 46' E. Seistan, a prov. of S."W. Afghanistan, border- ing on the Persian prov. Yezd, between lat. 30° 30' and 32? N., and Ion. 61° & 62° SC E., intersected by the Helmund river, and containing the Ha- moon morass. Pop. probably 50,000, mostly Tadjiks. It is a mntn. basin, surrounded by de- serts, unhealthy, & only fertile on the immediate banks of its rivers, but it presents many traces of former wealth & civilization. It vas devastated, and its chief town destroyed by Timour in 1383. Seitenstadten, amkt. town of Lower Austria, 11m. E. Steyer. Pop. 590. It has a rich Bene- dictine monastery, containing a library of 10,000 vols., a cabinet of natural history, and numerous Boman antiquities. Sbitova, a market town of Russia, gov. and 15 m. N. Orenburg, on the Sakmara. Pop. 800. Seix, a comm. & town of France, dep. Ariege, on the Salat, 9 m. S.S.E. St Girons. Pop. 1,689. Sel, one of the Cape Verd islands. [Sal.] ■:- SELANa, a small island of the Molucca group, ■Asiatic Archipelago, off the S.E. coast of Bat- chian, lat. 0° 54' S., Ion. 127° 47' E. SELANaAN, a town of the isl., & contiguous to the town of Mindanao, Philippines. P. 10,000 (?). Selabsids, a comm. and vill. of Sardinia, div. and 4J m. N.E. Cagliari, cap. mand. Pop. 2,611. SELATTTif, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 3 m. N.N.W. Oswestry. Area 6,160 ac. Pop. 1,128. Selb, a market town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Franconia, cap. dist., on an affl. of the Eger, 12 m. N.W. Eger, with a castle, and 3,384 inhabs. Selbitz, a market town of Bavaria, circ. Upp. Franconia, 7 m. W. Hof, with 1,160 inhabitants. Selboe, an islet off the W. coast of Norway, stift and 28 m. S. Bergen, in Selboe-fiord. — 11. a pa., stift & 25 m. S. Troudhjem, around the Lake of Selboe, which is 20 m. in length, by 3 m. in breadth. It receives the river Nea, and com- municates with Trondhjem-fiord. Selbobne, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 4 m. S.S.E. Alton. Area 4,410 ac. Pop. 1,062. The Rev. G. White, author of the " Natural history of Selborne," was vicar of this parish. Selbv, amkt. town, river-port, & pa. of Engl., CO. York, W. riding, on the rt. b. of the Ouse, & connected by canal with the Aire & Calder navi- gation, 12J m. S. York, with which city and with Hull & Leeds, it coinmunicates by railways. Area of pa. 3,180 ac. Pop. 5,376. It is well built, and has a fine Gothic market cross, a neat town-hall, a church which formed part of an abbey in which Henry i. was born, grammar & blue coat schools, manufs. of sail cloth, leather, and iron goods, & slips for building river-craft. The Ouse is here crossed by a moveable bridge, and vessels of con- siderable burden can come up to the town from Hull, with which port, London, &c., it has con- stant steam and other communication. Sble [Silaris), a river of Naples, prov. Prinoip. Cit,, rises 12 m. N.E. Policastxo, flows first N.W. through the fine Val di Diano, and then S.W., & enters the Gulf of Salerno (Mediterranean) 16 m. S.S.E. Salerno. Total-course 60.miles. Selefkeh (Selueia l^achea), a town of As Minor, pash. Adana, on the Ghieuk-su (ai Calycadrms), 8 m. from its mouth in the Mec terrauean, and 65 m. S.W. Taisous. It is but poor collection of huts, occupying a part oi wide surface over wliich are scattered numero remains of antiquity, comprising a ruined theati Selendi, or Selenti, a small town of As Minor, Anatolia, on an affl. of the Kodus (as Hemaia), 30 m. N.E. Ala-Shehr. SEnENQA, a river of Central Asia, rises in tl Tang-nou mntns,, Mongolia, flows mostiy N.I and after a course of 500 m. enters Lake Baik on its E. side, 80 m. W. Ilinsk. Selenqhinsk, a town of Siberia, gov. Irkuts cap. dist., on the Selenga, 60 m. N. Eiakht Pop. 2,600. It is a depot for goods passir to China. Near it are some saline baths. Seleucia, several cities of antiquity in '\ Asia, the sites of which are indicated by ruin — I. Asiatic Turkey, on rt. b. of the Tigris, 20 1 S.E. Bagdad, and opposite the remains of Ctee phon II. Persia, Khuzistan, on an affl. of tl Jerahi, 65 m. S.E. Shuster III. (S. Pieria), 1 Syria, pash. Aleppo, on N. side of Bay of Antioc 12 m. N.N.W. the mouth of the Orontes. Its r mains are 2 moles enclosing a port. [Selefkeb Selham, a pa» of England, co. Sussex, 3 1 W.S.W. Petworth. Area 810 ac. Pop. 121.-. Selichtsche, a mkt. town of Russian Polan gov. and 69 m. W. Vitebsk. Pop. 1,000. Seliqenstadt, a town of Germany, H. Darn stadt, prov. Starkenburg, cap. dist., on the Mai 15 m. E.S.E. Frankfiirt. Pop. 2,624. It hi the remains of a Benedictine abbey, containic the tombs of Eginhard, & of Emma, daughter ( Charlemagne. Manufs. of woollen cloths, linen hosiery, printer's black, and leather ; copper ai coal mines in the vicinity. Near it are the ruii of the castle of Bothenburg. Selioheb, a lake of Russia, govs. Tver ar Novgorod, N. Ostashkov. Length 30 m., breadi 10 m. It is the source of an affl. of the Volga. Selimah, or Seumeh, an oasis in the desert i Nubia, 96 m. S.W. Semneh, & W. the thu'd cati raotof theNile. Itproducesanabundanceof sal Selimno, Selimnia, or Islamje, a walled ton of European Turkey, Rnmili,at the S. foot of tl Balkan mntns., 65 m. N.N.W. Adrianople. Po] 20,000, who manuf. coarse woollens, gun-locks, attar of roses. It has a large fair in June. Selino, a maritime vill. of Crete, on its I coast, 35 m. W. Sphakia. It has a fort, and son coasting trade in agricultural produce. — Seliv is a town of Asia Minor. [Selehdi.] Selinti (Cape), Asia Minor, pash. ItshU,32i N.W. Cape Anamour. Near it are the vill. Si linti, and ruins of Trajanopolis. Selitbenoi-Gobodok, a mkt. town of Russi gov. and 68 m. N.N.W. Astralihan, on tl Volga, occupying the site of the,old caj). of tl Tartar khans of the Great or Golden tribe ; in posing remains of which ancient town still exis Selitza, a vill. of European Turkey^ Maci donia, sanj. and 48 m. S.E. Monastir. — II. avi of Greece, Morea, dist. and 5 m. S.E. Maina. Selkirk, a royal bor., town, and pa. of Scot cap. CO., on a declivity beside the Ettrick, r. I 33 m. S.S.E. Edinburgh. Pop of pa. (partly CO. Roxburgh) 3,484, ditto of burgh 1,676. has been mostly rebuilt in a modern style,.ai has a prosperous appearance, with a spacioi market place, in which are the town-hall, with spire of 110 feet in height, a public, well, ai monument to Sir W. ,Scott. Other prinisfe structures are some churches, the jail, and SEL ll® SEM monument to the traveller, Mungo Park, a native ofthevicinity. It has various public associations and schools, & some mannfs. of tneeds, blankets, and hosiery in mills on the Ettrick ; tJie manuf. of shoes has declined, but the " souters of Sel- kirk" are still an important craft of the commu- nity. Market, Wednesday. On the Tweed, about i m. from Selkirk, is Abbotsford, the seat of the late Sir W. Scott ; and aoyacent to the town, the Marquis of Montrose was defeated by General Leslie, in 1645. Selkirkshire, (formerly called " The Bttrieh Forest,") a small inland co. of Scotland, in the Lowlands, having W. the eo. Peebles, E. Rox- burgh, S. Dumfries, & N. Edinburghshire. Area 265'sq. m., or 168,320 ac, of which about 85,000 are arable, 30,000 uncultivated, and 53,000 waste. Inhab. houses 1,446. Pop. 7,990. Surface mostly mountainous. Princip. rivs., the Tweed with its tributaries the Ettrick and Yarrow. Industry is chiefly pastoral, but its agriculture has been con- siderably improved within the last half century. Principal crops, barley, oats, turnips, and clover, with some wheat. Breeds of cattle and sheep are excellent. Average rent of land (1810) 4s. 8d. per acre. Annual value of land (1843) 38,713i. Total valne of assessed property 49,766/. The CO. is subdivided into two whole pas., and parts of 7 others. Principal towns, Selkirk and Gala- shiels. The CO. sends 1 member to H. of C. Beg. electore (1848) 445. Sellack, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, on the Wye, 3J m. N.W. Ross. Area 1,480 ac. Pop. 335. Sell£, two rivers of France. — 1. deps. Cantal and Lot, joins the Lot 10 m. £. Cafaors, after a S.W. course of 54 m. past Figeac and Cabreres. — IL deps. Aisne and Nord, joins the Scheldt near Boachain ; total course 23 m. — La Selle is the name of several comms. and vills. of France ; the chief, dep. llayenne, 4 m. W. Craon. P. 1,511. Selles, several comms., &e., of France. — I. {niT-Cher), a town, dep. Loir-et-Cher, cap. cant., on the Cher, 10m. S.W. Romorantin. P. 2,033.— Selles St DettUis aviD.,arr. Romorantin. P. 1,928. Selling, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 3^ m. S.S.E. Faversham. Area 2,360 ac. Pop. 590. Sellixge, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 5 m. N.W. Hythe. Area 1,960 ac. Pop. 476. Sellte, two market towns of W. Hungary. — I. CO. and 14 m. S.W. Nentra, near the Waag, with a castle.— IL co. Schnmeg, 36 m. S. Kaposvar. Selua, two vills. of the U. S., N. Amer I. Alabama, on the Alabama, 63 m. S.S.E. Tusca- loosa. Pop. about 900. — II. Missouri, on the Mississippi, 35 m. S. St Louis. Selmeston, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, on the Cackmere, 6i m. E.S.E. Lewes. Ac. 1,140. P. 228. Selonget, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Cote d'Or, cap. cant., on the Venelle, 19 ra. N.N.E. Dijon. Pop. 1,645. — Selawiiz, or Seelowiiz, is a town of Moravia, circ. and 11 m. S. Brunn, on the Zwittawa. Pop 1,100. Selsate, a vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 12 m. N.N.E. Ghent. Pop. of comm. 3,100. Selsea, or Selset, ana. of England, co. Sus- sex, occupying the S.W. extremity of the co., 8 m. S. Chichester. Area 2,880 ac. Pop. 879. The vill., neatly built, about ^ m. from the sea, has a stately church of the 14th centuiy. Here in the 7th century, was established the first Roman Catholic monastery in England, and Sel- sey was a bishopric, until the see was transferred to Chichester in a.k. 1075. The peninsula of Selsea is a large level tract between Chichester harbour and the English channel, its S. point being called Selsea- bill. Selston, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 7 m. S.W. Mansfleld. Area 2,330 ac. Pop. 1,982. Selters, two vills. of the duchy Nassau, Ger- many. — I. (iVteder, or Zoucr), 23 m. N. Mayeuce, with 874 inhabitants, and famous for its mineral springs, which furnish the well-known Seltzer water. — IL ( Upper), 1 J m. S. the latter. — III. a vill. of Rhenish Prussia, 14 m. N.E. Coblenz. Seltschan, or Sedlczanv, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 30 m. S.E. Beraun. Pop. 1,698. Seltz, or Selz, a comm. and town of France, dep. B. Khin, on the Rhine, at the mouth of the Seltzbach, 27 m. N.N.E. Strasbourg. Pop. 2,1 57. Selune, a river of France, dep. Manche, enters Cancale bay (English Channel),4m. S.W. Avran- ches, after a W. course of 36 m., for the last 8 of which, from Ducey, it is navigable. Selva, several towns of Spain, &c. — I. prov. and 9 m. N.W. Tarragona. Pop. 4,579.— I L Island Majorca, on a height, N.E. Palma. Pop. 1,390. — III. (de Mar,) prov. Gerona, with a small harbour on the Mediterranean, near the frontier of France, 5 m. N.E. Rosas. — IV. a town of Chile. [CopiAPo.] Selve, an island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, between Ulbo and Premuda. Length 4 miles. SELvi, a town of Europ. Turkey, Bulgaria, on an affl. of the Danube, sanj. and 47 miles S.S.E. Nicopolis. Pop. 2,500. Selwobtht, a pa, of Engl., co. Somerset, on the Bristol Channel, 3 m. W. Minehead. Area 2,220 ac. Pop. 505. Selz, a town of France. [Seltz.] — II. a river of Germany, Hessen Darmstadt, after a N. course of 30 m. joins the Rhine 7 m. W. Mayence. Sem, or Seim, a river of Russia, govs. Koursk and Tchernigov, joins the Desna on left, 5 m. S.S.E. Sosnitza, after a W. course of 300 miles. Semanagur, a town of Hindostan, dom. Oude, 41 miles N. Khyrabad. Semao, a small island of the Asiatic Archip., off the S.W. extremity of Timor, from which it is separated by a narrow strait. Estim. length 20 m. Exports wax, sandal-wood, & edible birds' nests. Semendria (Serv. Smedrovo), a fortified town of Servia, and formerly the residence of its kings, on the Danube, at the influx of the Jessava, 24 m. S.E. Belgrade. Estimated pop. 9,000. It has a citadel, and some Roman antiquities. Semenood, Sebennytus, a town of Lower Egypt, on the Damietta branch of the Nile, 4 miles E. Mahalet-el-Kebir. It has some remains of an- tiquity, & a considerable manuf. of earthenwares. Semenov, a town of Russia, gov. and 36 miles N.N.E Nijnii-Novgorod, cap. circ, on an affl. of the Keijenetz. Pop. 3,000, partly employed m manufacturing wooden wares. — Semenooka and Semenorslcaia are two mkts. towns. — I. in gov. & 90 m. S.E. Voroniej. — II. in gov. Moscow. Semee, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, on the Bret, 11 m. W.N.W. Ipswich. Ac. 1,560. Pop. 370. Semile, or Semilov, a town of Bohemia, circ. Bunzlau, on the Isar, 23 m. N.E. Jung-Bunzlau, with a castle, and 1,720 inhabitants. Seminara, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. II., 2 m. S.E. Palmi. Pop. 2,5b0. It has a colle- giate church. Semipalatinsk, or Semipolatinsk ("the seven palaces"), a fortified town, of Siberia, gov, Tomsk, on the Irtish, 140 m. S.E. Tamishevsk. It has Russian gov. establishments ; is the seat of some trade with indep. Turkestan, and derived its name from extensive buildings found there by the Russians, on their conquest of Siberia. Semitch Islands, a group of the Aleutian isls., N. Pacific Ocean, N.E. the island Attou. 4e SEM 1170 SEN Semlbt, a pa. of Engl., oo. Wilts, 4^ m. S.S.'W. Hindon. Area 2,940 ao. Pop. 736. Semliank, or Samlensk, a town of Rossia, gov. and 26 m. N.W. Voronlej, cap. circ, on the Semlianka. Pop. 2,600. Semlin (Hung. Zimony), a fortified frontier town of the Austrian empire, milit. Slayonia, co. & 40 m. S.E. Peterwardein, onrt. b. of the Danube, 3 m. N-W. Belgrade. Pop. (1846) 10,200, com- prising Slavonians, Germans, Greeks, Servians, Croats, gypsies, and Jews. It is the see of a Greek protopapas, and has many good houses and churches, but its streets are mostly unpaved and dirty. It has numerous schools, a hospital, a German theatre, and a large quarantine esta- blishment. It is the chief entrepot of the trade between Austria and Turkey ; inmorts raw cot- ton and cotton twist, honey, saffron, hare and rabbit sldns, pipe-bowls, &c. ; exports woollen stuffs, earthen and glass wares, and other manu- factured goods. At the N. extremity of the town is the ruined castle of the famous John Huniades. Semmed, a town and fort of Arabia, Oman, in an extensive oasis, 55 m. S.W. Muscat. Semoy, a river of Belgian Luxembourg and France, dep. Ardennes, after a W. course of 100 m. joins the Mouse 9 m. N. Mezieres. Semp ACH, a decayed town of Switzerland, cant, and 8 m. N.W. Lucerne, at the E. extremity of the Lake of Sempach. Pop. 960. In its vicinity 1,400 Swiss routed 4,000 Aostrians, 9th July, 1386 ; and the action, which was rendered mem- orable by the heroic death of Arnold von Win- kelreid, is celebrated by an annual festival. — The Lake of Sempach, 4 m. in length by 1 m. in breadth, gives origin to the river Suren, an affl. of the Aar. Sempkingham, a pa, of Engl., co. Lincoln, 3 m, E.S.E. Folldngham. Area 3,480 ac. Pop. 656. Sempkonios, a township, U. S., N. Amer., New York, 16 m. S.E. Auburn. Pop. 1,804. Sempst, a vill. of Belgium, prov. S. Brabant, on the Senne, and on the Brussels and Antwerp railw., 10 m. N.N.E. Brussels. P. of comm. 2,040. Semtjb (En-Aoxois), a comm. and town of France, dep. Cote d'Or, cap. arrond., on rt. b. of the Armanfon, 36 m. W.N.W. Dijon. Pop. 4,067. It has a ponderous castle, supposed to date from the 8th century, a comm. college, and manufs. of common woollens and yarns, tan- neries, and a trade in cattle, hemp, and wool. Henri iv. removed the parliament of D^on to Semur during the troubles of the League. — II. {en Brioimais), a comm. and town, dep. Sa6ne- et-Loire, cap. cant., 14 miles S.'W'. Charolles. Pop. 1,615. Semussyr, one of the Kurile isls. [Simusik.] Sena, or Senna, a town, and the former cap. of the Portuguese dom. in E. Africa, now cap. prov. on rt. b. of the Zambezi, 110 m. W. Quili- mane. It appears to be a mere collection of huts and some European houses, interspersed with iilthy and stagnant pools, and having some churches, and an insignificant mud redoubt. Its captaincy is bounded by Sofala, Mogarana, the Zambezi river, and the channel of Mozambique. Senepee, an isl. of the Red Sea, 6 m. E. the isl. Tirau, at the entrance of the G. of Akabah. Send (with Ripley), a pa. of Engl., co. Surrey, the vill. Send on the Wey, 2 m. W.S.W. Eipley. Area 5,680 ac. P. 1,638. Here are ruins of a priory. Sendenhobst, atown of Pruss. Westphalia, reg. and 12 m. S.E. Miinster, with a castle. P. 1,610. SenIs, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Mor- bihan, arrond. Vannes. Pop. 2,476. Seneca, two cos. of the TJ. S., N. Amor.— I. New York, between Seneca and Cayuga Iak( caps. Ovid and Waterloo. Area 308 aq. ; Pop. 24,874.-11. in N. part of Ohio, on t Sandusky, cap. Tiffin. Area 540 sq. m. Pc 18,128. — III. a township of New York, 15 m. Canandaigua, and containing the vill. Genei Pop. 7,073 Seneca Falls, a tnshp., co. Senei on the Seneca and Cayuga canal, and with a v: at the outlet of Seneca Lake. Pop. 4,281. Seneca (Lake), U. S., N. Amer., in the '^ part of the state New York, between Cayuga a Crooked Lakes, is 35 m. in length N. to breadth from 2 to 4 m. Shores highly pictt esque, and it is connected by canals with Crook Lake on the W., the Erie canal on the N., a the Tioga on the S. Steamers ply daily betwe Jefferson and Geneva, wliich is at its N. exti mity Seneca River connects this and sevei otiier lakes with Lake Ontario. Seneffe, a vill. of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, c£ cant., 16 m. N.E. Mens. Pop. 3,464. It has noble residence, with a fine park. Here a sa guinary but indecisive battle took place in 16^ between the French under the Prince of Com and the Allies under the Prince of Orange, aft< wards William iii. of England. Senegal, a large riv. of W.Africa, rises und the>ame of Ba-fing, lat. 10° 30' N., Ion. 10° 40' 'V near Timbo, where its sources are separated iri those of the Niger (Joliba)by the high lands oft Mandingo country. It thence flows successivi N.W. and W. through Senegambia, its bai lying N. that of the Gambia, and it enters t Atlantic Ocean in lat. 16° N., Ion. 16° 33''' Total course estimated at 1,000 m. Princi] affls., the Kokoro and Falemfe, both of whi join it in the upper half of its course. At F lore, from 400 to 450 ra. from the ocean, it fori a cataract, up to which it is always navigable i flat-bottomed boats. In its lower part it flo through a level and densely-wooded plain, a the tide is perceptible in it for 60 leagues inlai At 35 m. from its mouth it divides into two pri cipal arms, the E.most and largest of which deep enough for the largest ships, but the mot of the river is encumbered by a bar, which 1 seldom more than 10 or 12 feet water. In t rainy season vessels of from 130 to 150 tons c ascend it to Galam, and at the commencera( of the inundation in July, some French tradi vessels sail up to that point. Senegal, a French colonial dependency of Africa, consisting of the islandand town St Loi at the mouth of the Senegal, and several fo along the banlcs of that river, Albreda, &o., the Gambia, Goree, and other settlements S. Cape Verd. Total pop. (1841) 18,864, ofwhi 10,283 are slaves. Exports consist chiefly gum, hides, wax, ivory, cabinet woods, and g( dust, imports of manufactured goods, win spirits, and provisions. The governor resides St Louis, which is the seat of the chief judic court. Goree is the residence of a lieutenai governor. European force about 370 m The French first settled in Senegal in 1637. was held by the English from 1756 until 1779, a again from the period of the French revolutii ary war till 1814. Senegambia, an extensive region of W. Afri comprising the countries between lat. 8° and N., and Ion. 4° & 17° 30' W., having E. Nigrit proper, S. Guinea, W. the Atlantic, and N. i Sahara. It is watered by the Senegal and Ga bia rivers (whence its name), with the Ca manza, Jeba or Rio Grande, Nuiiez, and Roke Its interior is mntnous.; coast-lands low a SEN 1171 SEV level. In natural products, this is one of the richest regions known ; but its heat is intense, and climate notoriously unhealthy for Europeans. Inhabs. mostly negroes, intermixed with some Arabs and other Mohammedan tribes. The English possess here the settlement of Sierra Leone and Gambia; the French have numerous forts along the course of the Senegal river ; and the Portuguese own some small establishments at Cacheo, & on the Jeba. [Senegal — Gambi.\.] Sbnez, a comm. and town of France, dep. B. Alpes, cap. cant., 15 m. S.E. Digne. Pop. 860. Senftenebg, two towns of Germany. — 1. (or Zamberk), Bohemia, circ. and 28 m. E.S.E. Kon- iggratz, on the Adler. Pop. 2,904. — 11. prov. Brandenburg, reg. Franlrf urt, on the Black Elster, 15 m. S. Kalan. Pop. 1,402, who manuf. hosiery. Senoahnah, a town of N.W. Hindostan, Kaj- pootaua, on a height, 60 m. E.S.E. Chooroo. Seniavin IsujfDS, a group in the Pacific O., Caroline Archipelago, lat. 6° 38' N., Ion. between 159° and 160° E. Principal island Punipet. Seniqa, a Till, of Austrian Italy, Lombardy, deleg. & 20 m. S.S.W. Brescia, on the Oglio. Seneoallu, a town of Italy. [Sinigaglia.] Sehio, a river of Central Italy, Tuscany and Pontifical Sta., joins the Po-di-Primaro, 10 m. K. V. Kavenna, after a N.E. course of 50 miles. Sehise, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, 29 m. E. Lagonegro. Pop. 3,000. Sesjaby (NoTOi), a town of Russia, gov, and 20 m. S.W. Poltava, on the Vorskla. Pop. 3,760. Sehjen, one of the largest of the Loffoden isls., off the N.W. coast of Norway, its centre, near lat. 69° 20' N., Ion. 17° 10' E. Length 45 m.; breadth 30 m. Shores greatly indented, and some of its mountains rise to 3,000 feet in height. Senkot, a town of Bussia, gov. and 42 m. N.N.W. Poltava, cap. circ, on the Gruna, — II. a market town, gov. and 68 m. E.S.E. Kharkov. Senlis (Augustomagus, and Sylvanectes), a comm. and town of France, dep. Oise, cap. arrond., on the Nonette, 25 m. N.E. Paris. Pop. (1846) 5,186. It has a handsome cathedral, a comm, college, remains of an ancient castle, a public library of 8,000 vols., a theatre, and mannfs. of chicory and starch. Here in 1180, Philip Augustus espoused Elizabeth of Hainanlt. Sens, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 25 m. S.8.E. Mosul, on the Tigris, opposite the in- flnx of the Great Zab. Senna, a town of E. Africa. [Sena.] — II. a vill. of Austrian Italy, deleg. Lodi, 6 m. W. Cod- ogno. — III. a to?m of Persia. [Sinna.] Sernaak, the S. portion of Nubia, mostly be- tween the Bahr-el-Abiad, and Bahr-el-Azrek, which unite to form the Nile, and extending S. from lat. 16° N., between Kordofan and Abys- sinia. [Ndbia.] — Seimaar, the cap. town, is near the Bahr-el-Azrek, 156 m. S.S.E. Khartoora. It stands on an accumulation of the remains of a former city of importance ; houses mostly of straw. Its inhabs. manuf. arms, mats, leather, sandals, iron wares, and jewellery. Senne, a river of Belgium, provs. Hainanlt and S. Brabant, after a N. course of 55 m., joins the Dyle, prov. Antwerp, 3 m. N.W. Mechlin. It is united by a canal with the Kuppel and Sambre. Seni»ecet-i.e-Grand, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Sa6ue-et-Loire, cap. cant., on the Paris and Lyon railway, 22 m. N. Macon. Pop. 2,638. Sennen, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 8 m. W.S.W. Penzance. Area 2,360 ac. Pop. 659. Senneect, an island off the W. coast of Green- land, N. Cape Desolation. Lat. 61° 28' N. Sennett, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amcr., New York, CO. Cayuga. Pop. 2,060. Senno, or SiENNO, a town of Bussia, gov. and 72 m. N.N.W. Moghilev, cap. circ. Pop. 1,600. Senonais, an old dist. of France, of which Sens was the cap., and now forming the greater part of the deps. Yonne and Aube. Senonches, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Eure-et-Loir, cap. cant., arrond. and 18 m. S.W. Dreux. Pop. 1,295. Senones, a comm, and town of France, dep. Vosges, cap. cant., on an affl, of the Menrthe, 7 m. N.E. St Diey. Pop. 2,352. Senorbi, a vill. of the island Sardinia, div. and 22 m. N.N.E. Cagliari, cap. mand. Pop. 1,165. Sens {Agedincum, afterwards Senojies), a city of France, dep. Yonne, cap. arrond., on rt. b. of the Yonne, and on railway to Paris and Lyon, 61 m. S.S.E. Paris. Pop. 10,042. Its walls and various other buildings are of Boman construc- tion. Its cathedral contains the mausoleum of the dauphin, son of Louis xv., and the tombs of other historical personages. The large comm. college comprises a museum of antiquities and a public library. It has an ejpiscopal seminarj', theatre, a suburb on an island in the Yonne, here crossed by two bridges, a tribunal of commerce, chamber of manufactures, distilleries, tanneries ; manufs. of serge, druggets, glue, dials, and nails. Under the Eomans, it was the cap. 4th Lyon- naise, and an episcopal see, founded in the 3d century. Here, in 1140, was held the council which condemned Abelard ; and here Thomas- a-Becket took refuge in 1166. Sensbubg, a town of E.Prussia, reg. and 61m. S. W. Gumbinnen, cap. circ. Pop. 2,100. Sentinels, two islets in the Bay of Bengal, W. the Great and Little Andaman islands. Sentlpac, a town of Mexico, dep. Xalisco,near the Pacific, 26 m. S. Aoaponeta. Sentis, or Hoch-Sentis, a mntn. of Switzer- land, cant, and 6 m. S. Appenzell. Height above the sea, 7,119 feet. Seopooe, a town of India, dom. and 90 m. S.W. Gwallor. Sephton, a pa. of Engl., co. Lancaster, on the Alt, 8 m. N.N.E. Liverpool. Ac. 11,040. P._ 6,164. Gt. Crosby in this pa. is a fashionable bathing pi. Sbpet, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Vaud, con- sisting of wooden chalets of a superior kind, and adorned with curious carving, 6 m. N.E. Aigle, with which it commun. by a noble road, begun in 1836, to connect the great route over the Simplon, with one into the S. part of the cant. Bern. Sepino, a town of Naples, prov. Molise, 9 m. S.S.W. Campobasso. Pop. 4,000. It has manufs. of woollens and paper. Near it are remains of the anc. Sepinus, a chief town of the Samnites._ Sepsi-St-Gvobgy, a vill. of Transylvania, Szekler-land, on the Aluta, 16 m. N.N.E. Kron- stadt. Pop. 2,395. Sept-Fberes (or Seven BnoxiiEns), a group of islets off the N. coast of Hayti, opposite Monte Christi.— II. a vill. of France, dep. Calvados, arrond. and 5 m. W.N.W. Vire. Sept-Isles (or Seven Islands), a group be- longing to France, off the N. coast of Brittany, dep. Cates-du-Nord, 10 m. N. Lannion, 2 m. from the mainland. The lie Aux Moines is the largest and only inhabited island. Septimeb, one of the Swiss Alpes, cant Grisons, 25 m. m. S. E, Chur. The pass across it, 7,611 feet in height, was the ordinary route from E. Switzerland into Italy until the formation of the route across the Splugen, 17 m. W. In the Sep- timer rise branches of the Khine and Inn rivers. SEP 1172 S£B Septmonoei, a frontier comm. and vill. of Prance, dep. Jura, in the mntns., 15 m. N.W. Geneva. Pop. 1,302, who manuf. toys, and artifi- cial gems, for which it has long been famous. Sephlveda, a mkt. town of Spain, prov. and 24 m. N.N.E. Segovia. Pop. 1,779. Seba {Sira), a town and dist, of S. India, Mysore dom., 92 m. N.N.E. Seringapatam. The staple of its trade is the dried kernel of the cocoa- nut, which is extensively cultivated in its vicinity. Sebai, a town of India, Bundelcund, 28 m. S. Teary.— II. Eur. Turkey, Kumili, 12 m. S.E. Viza. Sbbaievo, a town of Turkey. [Bosna-Sebai.] Sekain, a river of France, deps. C6te-d'-0r & Tonne, after a N.W. course of 76 m. past Noyers and Chablis, joins the Yonne 8 m. N. Auxerre. Sebainq, a vill. of Belgium, prov. and 3 m. S.W. Liege, on rt. b. of the Mense. Pop. 3,460. In the former residence of the prince bishops of Iieige, are vast machinery & iron works. Sebampobe, a town of British India, presid. & prov. Bengal, dist. and on the W. side of the Hooghly river, opposite Barrackpoor, 14 m. N. Calcutta. Pop. of town and vicinity (1835) 12,537, mostly Hindoos. It extends for about 1 m. along the river, is neat, clean, built in an European style, and was long the head quarters of Protestant missions. It belonged to the Danes, until it was ceded by purchase to the English in 1845. Seban, a vill. of N. Hindostan, in the protected Sikh territory, on the S.E. of the Sutleje, 12 m. N.E. Kampoor, 7,280 ft. above the level of the sea. Seban, a river of France, dep. Ain, joins the Bhone near Kochfort, after a S. course of 25 ra. Seranqani Isles, a cluster in the Asiatic Archipelago, between lat. 5° and 6° N., off the S. extremity of Mindanao. Seeatezza, a vill. of Tuscany, prov. Florence, 7 m. S.E. Carrara (duchy Modena), and famous for its quarries of the finest marble. Pop. 2,000. Seeawatty (or Sebwatty) Islands, a group in the E. Archipelago, E. the island Timor, and consisting of the islands Serwatta, Loewang, Lettee, Moa, Kisser, &c. Sebbai, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, Bundelcund, 20 m. S.W. Banda. Seechio, the principal river of the duchy of Lucca, Italy, enters the Mediterranean 8m. N.W. Pisa, after a S.W. course of 55 m. Seeoq, or Sabk, one of the islands in the English Channel, belonging to England, 7 m. E. Guernsey, and 10 m. N.W. Jersey. Lat. 49° 5' N., Ion. 2° 22' W. Area 1,400 ac. Pop. 786. It consists of two high peninsulas united by a narrow isthmus. Many sea fowl and fish are taken around the coasts, and of late some productive copper and silver mines have been opened. The inliabs. manuf. cheeses, stockings, gloves, and Guernsey jackets. Seedobol (Fin. Sardawala), atown of Finland, laen and 90 m. N.E. Wiborg, cap. circ, on the N. shore of Lake Ladoga. Pop. 1,200. Seedobsk, or Sebdovsk, a town of Russia, gov. and 107 m. N.W. Saratov, cap. circ, on the Serdoba. Pop. 3,500, mostly agricultural. Sebed, a river of Austrian Poland, Galicia, in its E. part, rises 10 m. S. Brody, flows through a succession of small lakes, and S. past Tarnopol, Miltulince, and Czortkow, and joins the Dniester, 6 m. S.E. Zaleszczyky. Total course 120 m. Sebeqellges, a vill. of W. Hungary, co. and 10 m. E.S.E. Stuhlweissenburg. Pop. 2,367. Sereie, or Sebbey, a town of Poland, gov. Augustowo, 37 m. N. Grodno. Pop. 2,460. It has Eoraan Catholic and Reformed churches. Seeeilhac, a comm. and vill. of France, de H. Vienne, 9 m. S.W. Limoges. Pop. 2,002. Sebena (La), a town of Chile. [Coqdimbo. Sebendib, an old name of Ceylon. Sebenuem, or Foemosa, a small town o Br zil, prov. and 60 m. S.S.W. Pernambuco, on 1. of the river Serenhem, 15 m. from its mouth the Atlantic. Pop. 1,200. Sebes, a town of European Turkey, Mac donia, cap. beylik, 47 m. N.E. Salonica. Po 30,000 (?). It is enclosed by walls, commanded ', citadel, and stated to be well built. Houses i terspersed with gardens, and it has numero mosques, khans, churches, fountains, public batl and manufs. of woollen and cotton fabrics, dy works, and an active trade in raw cotton. Sereth {Arams), a river of Bukovina ai Moldavia, rises 43 m. S.W. Tchernovitz, flo' S.S.E., and joins the Danube 5 m. W. Galac Total course nearly 270 m. Principal afHs. tl Bistritz, Sutschava, Moldava, and Tatros fro the W., and the Birlat from the E. Sebeth, a town of Austrian Poland, Buk vina, circ. and 24 m. S.S.E. Czemovitz, on t) Sereth. Pop. 4,000. Seboatsh, a town of Russia, gov. and 85 1 S.E. Nijnii-Novgorod, cap. circ. Pop. 3,000. Seboievsk, a town of Russia, gov. Orenbur on the Sok, 54 m. W.N.W. Bogoroslan. Po 1,000. It is enclosed by walls, and defended 1 forts. Near it are several sulphur springs. - Seeqines, a comm. and mkt. town of Franc dep. Tonne, cap. cant., 10 m. N. Sens. Pop. 1,37 Seeginskoi (Nijnii and Verkhnii), two co: tig. mkt. towns of Russia, gov. Perm, on the Serg 65 m. E. Krasno-Ufimsk. United pop. 2,900. Seegipe, a small marit. prov. of Brazil, bet lat. 9° 16' and 11° 27' S., & Ion. 36° 20' and 39° 1 W., having E. the Atlantic, S. and W. the pro Bahia, and N. and W. the river San Francisc separating it from Alagoas and Pemambuc Area estimated at 18,160 sq. m. Pop. 167,391 cap. Sao Christovao. Surface mountainous the centre ; principal river the Vazabarris. Si fertile in the E., producing manioc, millet, cotto tobacco, sugar, &c. ; but in the W. are i watered, open plains, mostly uncultivated, ai devoted to cattle rearing. Brazil wood ai other forests cloth the mountains, and timber an important product. — Serqipe, or S. Christova is the cap. [Sao Cheistovao, p. 1135.] Sebignac, a comm. and vill. of France, d( Tarn-et-Garonne, arrond. Castel-Sarrasin. Pc 1,238. — Serignan is a comm. and mkt. town, de Herault, 5 m. S.E. Beziers. Pop. 2,093. Seeik, or Seeeek, a small marit. town Persia, prov. Kirman, 45 m. N.W. Jask, on ti E. coast of the strait uniting the Persian gi with the Indian Ocean. Seeinagub, or Sieinague, " town of Surya, the Sun," the cap. city of Cashmere, India, ne the centre of that valley, extending for 4 m. aloi both banks of the Jliylum, which winds sluggisl through it, and is here crossed by 7 bridg( about 5,600 ft. above the level of the sea, 173 1 N. Lahore. Lat. 34° 6' N., Ion. 74° 43' E. Pc estimated at 40,000. It is ill built, badly laid O] and partly in ruins ; but its great mosque, wi numerous pillars of deodar timber, is a large a; fine edifice ; it has another mosque, and an p tagonal tomb worthy of notice, and on its N. si is a citadel constructed on a height by t Emperor Akbar at a vast cost. A part of t city is intersected by canals lined by massi stone-work; much of the traffic is kept up boats. Immediately E. is a fiiie lake 6 m. SER 1173 SER length l)y 2J m. in breadth, a favourite place of resort for water parties, and on the banks of which are many pleasure grounds, iucladiiig the Shahlimar palace aud gardens, laid out by the Emperor Jehangir. Serinagur had formerly flourishing mannfe. of shawls, paper, leather, fire- arms, attar of roses, but these have nearly dis- appeared under a military tyranny. — II. a town of N. Hindostan, and the anc. cap. of Gur- hwal, 38 m. E.N.E. Hurdwar. Seeingapatam (Sri~Runga-put(un, " City of Tishnu,") a celebrated fortress of S. India, and under Hyder All and Tippoo Saib, the cap. of Mysore, at the "W. angle of an island in the Carery, here crossed by a granite bridge, 9 m. N.E. M^ore. Lat 12° 25' N., Ion. 76° -tS' E. Its fortifications, erected by Tippoo, were of great extent and solidity ; town Ul built, but toward the centre of the island, which is i m. in length by 1^ m. in breadth, is a large and good suburb, with the mausoleum of Hyder Ali and Tippoo. Seringapatam was besieged by the English in 1791, and again in 1792, when Tippoo purchased a peace by ceding half his dominions and paying 330 lacs of rupees to the British and their allies. It was again besieged in 1799, and taken by storm on the 4th May, on which occasion Tippoo was killed, and the dynasty of Hyder ter- minated, the ancient Kajpoot line being re- stored to the sovereignty of Mysore. Seringham, an island of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 2 m. N. Trichinopoly, and formed by the river Coleroon and its branch the Cavery. On it are two pagodas of high repute. Seeiso, a town of Naples, prov. Princip.- TJlt., on the Sabato, 6 m. S.S.E. Avellino. Pop. 6,000. Near it are remains of anc. Sebastia. Seeio, a riv. of N. Italy, Lombardy, delegs. Bergamo and Lodi, after a S. course of 65 m. joins the Adda, 7 m. S. Crema. Serle Island, Pacific Ocean, is a low coral island. Lower Archipelago, W.N.W. Clermont- Tonnerre. Lat. 18° 21' S., Ion. 137° 2' W. Length 7 m. ; average breadth 1} m. Pop. 100. Sebhaj, a vill. of Persian Kurdistan, on an afB. of the Kcrkhah, S. Bisitnn, and having some remains of Sassanian edilices. Sebmise, a vill. of Austrian Italy, deleg. Mantua, on thePo,9 m. E.S.E. Kevere. P. 6,000. Seemis, a town of N. Syria, pash. and 20 m, S.W. Aleppo. Sebhiohe, Sirmio, a vill. of Lombardy, deleg. Brescia, on a peninsula in the S. part of Lake Garda, with a castle built by the Scaligers. Sebkin (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. Aveyron, cap. cant., 15 m. "W.S.W. St Afirique. Pop. 2,399, who manuf. coarse woollens. Seeon, a town of Spain, prov. and 28 m. N. Almeria. Pop. 6,619. It has iron mines in its vicinity. Sebokge, a town of Central India, dom. and 142 m. S. Gwalior, and N.E. Oojein. It has many vestiges of former importance. Sebooe, military station of British India, presid. Bombay, dist. and 44 m. N.E. Poonah. Its main street is spacious, and lined on both sides with the bungalows of officers, to which handsome gardens are attached. Serowitz, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 26 m. E.S.E. Tabor, with 1,612 inhabs. Sekpa, a town of Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, on a height near 1. b, of the Guadiana, 17 m. E.S.E. Beja. Pop. 4,000. It is enclosed by walls. Serpeisk, a town of Russia, gov. and 63 m. W.S.W. Kaluga, with 1,000 inhabs., and several churches. Serpent Island, British W. Indies, Virgin isls., is off the S. extremity of Porto Kico. — Ser- pentaria is an islet in the Mediterranean, off the S.E. coast of Sardinia; and the Isle of Serpents (ancient Leuce) in the Black Sea, opposite the mouth of the Danube. Sehpho, or Serphanto, Seriphos, an isl. of the Grecian archipelago, gov. and 24 m. W. Syra. Lat. 37° 10' N., Ion. 24° 30' E. Area 20 sq. m. Pop. 600, who live mostly by cattle-rearing and fishing. The \ill. Serpho, is on its S.E. side. — Serpho Pulo is an islet, 6 ra. N.W. Serpho. Serpuchov, a town of Russia, gov. and 5Q m. S.S.W. Moscow, cap. circ, near the coufl. of the Nara and Serpeika with the Oka. Pop. 13,000. It consists of the town proper, the kreml or citadel, and a large suburb ; it has a cathedral, founded in 1396, upwards of 20 other churches, a large market place, extensive public magazines, and manufs. of woollen, cotton, and linen fabrics. Serra, two towns of Naples I. (Capriola), prov. Capitanata, cap. cant., 13 m. N.W. San Severe. Pop. 3,000. It is enclosed by walls, has 2 collegiate and 6 other churches, and 4 annual fairs. — II. {di Santo Stefano), prov. Calab. TJlt. I., 19 m. S.S.W. Squillace. Pop. 3,400. It has a castle, and was founded by the Normans in the 11th century. — III. (di Fdlco) a town of Sicily, intend, and 19 m. N.E. Girgenti. Pop. 4,600. Serramanna, a vill. of Sardinia, div. & 18 m. N.N.W. Cagliari. Pop. of comm. 2,327. Serrana, and Seeranilla, are islets in the Carribbean sea, betw. lat. 14° & 16° N., Ion. 80° W. Serrastretta, a market town of Naples, prov. Calab. TJlt. I., cap. cant., 6 m. N.N.E. Nicastro. Pop. 3,600. — Serraval is a vill. of Savoy, prov. Genevese, 5 m. S. Thonex. Pop. of comm. 1,732. Sekbavalle, several towns of Italy. — I. gov. Venice, deleg. and 23 m. N. Treviso, cap. dist. Pop. 6,350. It has a cathedral, manufs. of wool and silk, and active exports of corn, wine, and honey into the Tyrol. — II. Sardinian dom., div. and 22 m. N.N.W. Genoa, cap. maod., on an affl. of the Po. Pop. of comm. 2,234.-111. Tus- cany, prov. Florence, 4 m. S.AV. Pistoja, with a castle now in ruins, important in the middle ages. — IV. (di Sesid), Piedmont, div. Turin, on the Sesia, 2J m. S.S.E. Borgo Sesia. Pop. 1,023. Serre, a river of France, deps. Ardennes and Aisne, after a W. course of 60 m. joins the Oise near La F&re — Serre aud Serres are numerous comms. of France ; the principal in dep. H. Alps, arrond. and 21 m. S.W. Gap, cap. cant., on the Buech. Pop. 1,088. Serrenagur, atownof Brit. India, presid. Ben- gal, Nerbudda territ., 25 m. S.W. Jubbalpoor. Sebri^res, numerous comras. of France ; the grincipal, dep. Arddche, cap. cant., on the Rhone, ere crossed by an iron suspension bridge, 36 m. S. Lyon. Pop. 2,028. — II. a vill. of Savoy, near the Rhone, 3 m. S. Seyssel. P. of comm. 1,118. Sebro Frio, a former comarca and mntnous, dist. of Brazil, in the N.E. part of the pi-ov. Minaes Geraes. [Villa-do-Peincipe.] Sert, or IsERD, Tigranoeerta (?), a town of Turkish Armenia, pash. and 90 m. E. Diarbekir, cap. sanj., near the Khabur. Seevan (St), a comm. and seaport of France, dep. lUe-et-Vilaine, cap. cant., on r. b. of the Ranee, close to its mouth in the English channel, immediately opposite St Malo, to which transit on foot is easy at low water. Pop. (1846) 7,664. It has two harbours, one adapted for frigates, the other appropriated to commerce, separated iH'om each other by the rock and castle of Solldor, founded by William the Conqueror; bcsldoa SER 1174 SEU which another strong fort defends St Servan. It has a commnnal coUege, a massive church, and an English chapel, reading rooms, and bathing accommodation, and is the residence of many English families. It has ship-boilding docks, & an active trade with the E. and W. Indies. — Servance is a comm. and mkt. town, dep. H. Sa6ne, on the Oignon, near the foot of the Ballon d'Alsace, 12 m. N.E. Lure. Pop. 2,731. Sekvebette, acomm. andmkt. town of France, dep. Lozere, 13 m. N.N.W. Mende. Pop. 928. Sebvi, one of the Ionian islands off the S. coast of the Morea, 6 m. N. Cerigo, 4 m. long. Sebtia {Mcesia Superior^ with a part of lUy- ricum), the most W. of the Danubian princip., nominally included in the Turkish dom., betw. lat. 42° Scr & 45° N., & Ion. 19° 10' & 22° 45' E., hav- ing N. the Danube separating it from Hungary, £. Wallachia and Bulgaria, S. Macedonia, and W". Bosnia and Albania. Area estimated at 12,600 sq. m., and pop. at 900,000, of Slavonic descent, and mostly Christians of the Greek church. Surface mntnous., in many parts densely wooded and interspersed with numerous fertile valleys. Principal rivers the Morava and its affls. in the centre, and the Timok and Drin, forming respectively its E. and "W. fi'ontiers. Maize is the chief grain, but every other species common in Europe is raised. The vine is widely cultivated, though but indifferent wine is made; hemp, flax, tobacco, and cotton are crops of im- portance. Timber of superior quality would be a chief source of wealth if facilities were afforded for its export. Hogs fed on acorns in the splendid oak forests, are exported to the number of ten millions annually ; and many cattle, sheep, and horses are reared in the mntns. Goat skins are extensively exported. Leeches and valonea bark are important articles of trade. Iron, copper, lead, mercury, and coal are met with, but few, if any, mines are wrought. Manufs. few ; the principal is of cotton fabrics. Servia is di- vided into 6 provs. and 13 dists. ; chief towns Belgrade the cap., Semendria, Nissa, Jagodina, Kragujevaez, andPoschega. The Turks garrison the citadel of Belgrade, and a small tribute is paid to the Sultan, but in other respects the country is independent of Turkey, and the gov. is vested in the prince, and a senate of 21 mems. named by him. Criminal code founded on that of Austria. Standing army 1,750 men, excluding a militia of about 40,000. Serviawas conqueredby the Turks in 1385. From 1806 it was independ- ent under Czerny George until 1814, when it re- verted to Turkey ; but since a revolt headed by Milosch in 1815, it has again been insubordinate to any foreign influence, except that of Russia. Sebvia, a town of European Turkey, Mace- donia, 17 m. N.W. Mount Olympus, on the N. boundary of Thessaly. It has a large ann. fair. Sebvian and Sebviebes, two comms. and small towns of France, caps, of cantons. — I. dep. Herault, 8 m. N.E. Beziers. Pop. 1,933.-11. dep. Correze, 15 m. S.E. Tulle. Pop. 1,394. Sektoz, a vill. of Savoy, 6 m. W. Chamouni, and where the ascent to Mount Buet commences. Sesia, a river of N. Italy, Piedmont, rises near Monte Rosa, and after a S. course of 86 m., joins the Po 5 m. E. Casale. Under the French it gave name to a dep. of which Tereelli was capital. Seskab, an island of Russia in the Gulf of Finland, with a lighthouse in lat. 60° 2' V N., Ion. 28° 23' 5' E., & where ships from the Medi- teirauean perform quarantine. Seskinan, a pa. of Irel., Munster, co. Water- ford, 6 m. N.E. Cappoquin. Ac. 16,877. P. 3,210. Sessa {Suessa Arunca), an episcopal city Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, cap. cant., 17 i N.W. Capua. Pop. 4,200. It has numero ecclesiastical edifices and benevolent institutioi Sessat, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Ridir with a station on the N. British railway, 4 J i S.S.E. Thirsk. Area 3,340 ac. Pop. 437. Sbsto, several vills. of Italy. — I. Tuscai prov. and 5m.N.W. Florence. Pop. 2,000.—] Lombardy, deleg. and 6 m. N.W. Cremoi Pop. 1,400.— m. Sardmia, div. and 6 m. N. Ca liari. Pop. 1,181. — IV. (Calende), Lombard deleg. and 33 m. N.W. Milan, on the Ticii near its exit from Lago Maggiore. Pop. 2,12 ■ — V. (San GiovaToii), deleg. and 5 m. N.N.: Milan. — Sestino is a vill. of Tuscany, E. ti Apennines, 18 m. W. Urbino, with antiquities. Sesibabek, a vill. of Russia, gov. and 17 1 N.W. St Petersburg, at the mouth of the Sest in the Gulf of Finland. It was founded by Pet the Great in 1716, and is noted for a vast and ir portant manufs. of arms. Sestbe, a river of Guinea, Grain coast, ente the Atlantic 138 m. N.W. Cape Palmas. ] mouth is encumbered with reefs, but vessels 60 tons may, it is ssud, ascend it for 50 m. Great and Little Sestre (or Sisters), are contig ous vills. on the coast, 40 m. N.W. Cape Falma Sestbi, two marit. towns of N. Italy, Sai dom., div. Genoa. — I. (c^Levante), div. and 25 1 E.S.E. Genoa, cap. maud., on the Gulf of Gene Pop. of comm. 7,277 II. (a Ponenie), 4 m. T Genoa, and having many country residences its citizens. Fop. 4,346. Se-Tah6, a riv. of Bnrmah, which after a course estim. at 260 m., joins the Gulf of Martab; by an estuary, 50 m. in width. It is so encumber by shoals and islands, as to be innavigable f vessels drawing more than 6 feet water. Setcht, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, on t river Nar, 4 m. S. King's-Lynn. Ac. 780. P. 1( Setenil de las Bodegas, a town of Spai prov. and 72 m. N.E. Cadiz. Pop. 1,871. Setif, a town of Algeria, prov. and 79 i W.S.W. Constantine. Pop. (1843) 265. Setoitda, an islet of the Asiatic Archipela| off the N. coast of Sumbawa. Settimo, several vills. of N. Italy, &c. — I. i Sardinia, div. and 7 m. N.E. CagUari. Pop. comm. 1,250. — II. (Torinese), Piedmont, d prov. and 6 m. N.N.E. Turm. Pop. 3,115.- 1 {Tittone), div. Turin, prov. and 6 m. N.N.I Ivrea, cap. mand, on the Dora-Baltea. F( 1,651. — Settingiano is a mkt. town of Napli prov. Calab. flit., 4 m. W. Catanzaro. Settle, a mkt. to?ra and chapelry of Engl., ( York, W. Riding, on the Ribble, here crossed a bridge, 37 m. W.N.W. Leeds. Area 4,370 i Pop. 2,041. It stands at the foot of a heig termed Castleberg Cliff, and is well built. Settbingtoh, a pa. of Engl., co. York, Riding,3m. E.S.E. New Malton. Ac.5,540 P. 7' Setubal, or St Ubes, a seaport city of Port gal, prov. Estremadura, cap. comarca, on the side of the bay of Setubal, 18 m. S.E. Lisbi Pop. 15,000. It extends more than half a m along the beach, is enclosed by walls, defend by a castle, and has several churches and h( pitals, two Latin schools, a justice hall, bro quays, a convenient harbour, and an excellt trade in muscadel and white wines of the vicini cork bark, oranges, lemons, and salt. It has active pilchard fishery, and a large fair in Ju Setubal suffered severely from the same earl quake which devastated Lisbon in 1755. Seodbe and Seugne, two rivere of Fran SEU 117S SEV dep. Charente-lnf. — I. enters the sea opposite the island Oleron, after a N. W. coui-se of 40 m. — IL joins the Charente near Saintes, after a N. coarse of 40 m. past Jonzac and Pons. Seckdah, a town of N. Hindostan, Gwalior dom., 40 m. S JE. Gwalior. Seukx, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, Nerbnddah territory, 22 m. S. Chawparrah. SEURnAH, a town of British India, presid. Ben- gal, Bundeleund, IS m. W.N.W. Kallinger. Secere, a conun. and town of France, dep. Cote d'Or, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Sa6ne, 13 m. E.S.E. Beaune. Pop. 3,067. Set AN, an isl. and lake, Georgia. [Goukeka.] Sevastopol, Sebastopol, or Akhtiab, an important fortified seaport town and arsenal of S. Bnssia, in the Crimea, gov. Taurida, 37 m. S.W. Simferopol. Pop., including soldiers and marines attached to the fort, 30,000. The town is defended by a citadel and batteries. It has an elegant cathedral and numeroos barracks. Its harb. is excellent, and fit for the largest fleet. It is the station for the Russian fleet in tiie Black Sea, and no merchant vessels are admitted. Setellan, or Satalan (Mount), the princi- pal snmmit in the E. pai-t of Azerbijan, N. Persia, 20 m. W. Ardabil. Estimated height 13,000 ft. It is apparently an extinct volcano, its sides and vicinity abounding with volcanic products. Seteseeoken, a vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Eanders, 9 m. N.E. Ghent. Pop. of comm. 2,500. Seveshampton, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 5 m. E.S.E. 'Wmchcombe. Area 2,600 ac. P. 471. Seven Isiands, a clnster in the Asiatic Archi- peli^o, near the E. coast of Banca, from which they are separated by a navigable canal. — II. a group in the Golf of St Lawrence, Lower Canada, opp. the entrance of Seven Islands Bay. Sevenoaks, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. Kent, lathe Sntton-at-Hone, on a ridge of hiDs, 6 m. N.W. the Tnnbridge station of the London and Dover railway. Area of pa. 6,790 ac. Pop. 5,061. It has a spacious church, and a ^mmar school, founded in the 15th century. Adjacent to it is Knowle, the splendid mansion which belonged to the Conntess of Plymouth. Skveb (St), a comm. and town of France, dep. Landes, cap. arrond., on 1. b. of the Adour, 11 m. S.S.W. Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. 2,187. It has a comm. college, and trade in com, wine, & brandy. — IL a comm. and town, dep. Calvados, cap. cant., 7 m. 'W. Vire. Pop. 1,668. Sevebac, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aveyron, cap. cant., on a hill crowned by a castle, 24 m. E. Eodez. Pop. 1,093 II. a comm., dep. Loire-Inf., 14 m. N.N.W. Savenay. Pop. 1,122. Sevebek, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. & 42 m. N.E. Dlarbekir, on an affl. of the Eu- phrates, at the foot of a castellated height. Sevekin (St), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Charente, cant. Aubeterre. Pop. 1^02.— Sa?Ua Smerina is a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. I., 13 m.W.N.W. Cotrone, with a castle, a cathedral, and 1,200 inhabitants. Severn, one of the principal rivers of England and Wales, rises in Bwntgomeryshire, in a small lake on the E. side of PliiSinmon, 1,500 ft. above the sea, flows at first generally N.E. until it enters England, and then successively S.E. and 8. through Shropshire, Worcestershire, & Glou- cestershire, and between Somersetshire and S. Wales, to its expansion into the Bristol Channel, 12 m. S.W. Bristol. Total length estimated at 210 m. Principal affls., the Teme, Upper and Lower Avon, Leyden, Chilt, and Frome, from the E., and the Teme, Wye, Usk, and Tafl', fi oin the W., many of which pour themselves into its estuary. Fi-om Newtown it has a total descent of 465 feet to the sea. It traverses a very fertile country, and is navigable from the sea to Welsh- pool, a distance of nearly 180 m. Barges ascend it as high as Bewdley, but its navigation is both tedious and difficult, to obviate which a canal, 18J m. in length, has been cut from Gloucester to the sea, and is navigable for vessels of 360 tons. From Welshpool to Newtown, its naviga- tion is continued by the Montgomery canal, and other canals connect it with the Thames, Trent, Mersey, and most other rivers of Central Eng- land. Four weirs or locks, between Stourport & Diglis, near Worcester, have been constructed. The tide, here termed the eagre, or bore, rushes into the Severn with such violence, that the stream sometimes rises suddenly 9 feet in height at Gloucester, and extensive embankments have accordingly been formed below that city, to ob- viate the effects of its irruption. The tide is per- ceptible in the Severn as far as Diglis, below Wor- cester, 120 m. from its mouth. At its junction with the British Channel, the Severn is 10 m. across, and drains about 6,000sq. m. The vessels engaged in the Shropshire trade are from 30 to 40 tons burden, in the lower parts of the river they range from 100 to 140 tons, and by far the greater part of the commerce is carried on be- tween Gloucester and the sea. Tolls received in 1847 by the Severn commission on account of improvements 12,567Z. Sevebn, several rivers of British America I. Upper Canada, dist. Home, discharges the sur- plus waters of Lake Simcoe N.W.ward into Georgian Bay and Lake Huron. Course about 20 m. It has several rapids and falls. — II. N.W. territ. flows through Severn Lake, & enters Hud- son Bay on its S.W. side, after a N.E. course of about 350 m. — III. U. S., Maryland, enters Chesa- peake Bay near Annapolis, which city is on its S. bank. — The Severn is a name of the Dnmaresque river, E. Australia, which joins the Darling in lat. 28° 40' S., Ion. 150° E. Seveendboog, a strong hill fort of S. India (Savindroog) — II. a small isl. fortress, British India, off the Malabar coast, 83 m. S. Bombay. Sevebo-Vostotchnoi, the most N. point of Asia, Siberia. Lat. 78° 25' N., Ion. 108° E. Sevignac, two comms. and vills. of France — I. dep. C6tes-du-Nord, arrond. Dinan. P. 2,743. — II. dep. B. Pyrenees, arrond. Pan. Pop. 924. Seviila, or Seville, Ilispalis, a famous city of Spain, & its cap. during a part of the Gothic dynasty, cap. prov., on 1. b. of the Guadalquivir, here crossed by a bridge of boats, communicat- ing with its suburb Triana, 60 m. N.N.E. Cadiz. Lat. (La Giralda) 37° 22' 44' N., Ion. 6° 0' 59' W. Pop. (1845) 84,927. It is surrounded by Moorish walls about 5 m. in circuit, having nu- merous gates and towers, and the ramparts forming public walks; its interior has almost wholly an oriental appearance; streets mostly narrow lanes, but the Alameda in its centre is a magnificent thoroughfare, planted with elms, and decorated with fountains and statues, and of late years many new streets have been laid out in straight lines, and with regular and handsome residences. The cathedral, a structure of the 14th and 16th centuries, occupies the site of a mosqne, & is the largest & finest church in Spain. It is 400 feet in length by 263 feet in breadth, & has a famous square tower — the Giralda, 337 ft. in height, and surmounted by a colossal bronze statue of Faith. The interior is still most richly adorned, though many of its treasures were re- BEV 1176 SEY moved by the French, & it has numerous chapels, pictures by Murillo, & other great artists, mag- nificeut organs, and the tomb in which the re- mains of Columbus (now in the cathedral of Havana, Cuba) were first deposited. Around this edifice are the archbishop's palace, the chap- ter counting house, the alcazar, & the exchange in which are the archives of Spanish America. The Alcazar, a royal palace and gardens con- structed in imitation oftheAlhambra at Granada, contains the " court of Lions," perhaps the best piece of Arabic architecture in Spain, the magnif. hall of ambassadors, royal apartments, with many fine paintings, &c., &; dwellings which are let out to private individuals or for lodging houses. Before the French revolutionary invasion, Sevilla is re- ported to have contained 140 pa. churches, be- sides numerous convents, most of which are now converted to other purposes, since, in 1845 it had only 31 churches. The royal tobacco and cigar factory is a huge edifice which employs 3,000 hands, principally females. Other principal buildings, are 29 monasteries, 85 convents, 11 hospitals, the city hall, barracks, prisons, theatres, the cannon foundry, arsenal, and in the centre of the city the plaza de toros, or buB- ring, enclosed by edifices of Moorish architec- ture, & capable of containing 14,000 spectators. The Torre cCOro is an octagon tower, probably BnM,a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Cork, 2m.W.N.W.Charleville. Ac. 13,451. Pop. 5,161. Shang-hae, a seaport city of China, and one of the five now open for Em'opean commerce, prov. Kiang-su, on the Woosung river, 14 m. from the sea, and 160 m. E.S.E. Nankin. Lat. 31° 12' N., Ion. 121° 28' E. Pop. estimated at about 120,000. It stands on a level and highly cultivated plain, and is enclosed By a wall 5 m. in circuit, inunediately outside of which arc several populous suburbs. Streets narrow and filthy ; public buildings inferior to those of Ning-po; tea gardens and vast ice-houses are the objects in it chiefly worthy of notice. It has a mint, and flourishing manufs. of flowered silks of a peculiar kind, and of iron wares, glass, paper, and wares in ivory, bone, gold, and silver. It is an im- portant entrep6t of the commerce between the N. and S. provs. of China, exporting manufac- tured goods to Tien-tsin in the metropolitan prov. of Chi-li, and importing large quantities of pulse, flour, meats, rhubarb, and skins from the shores of the Yellow Sea. An extensive internal com- munication by water facilitates its trade with all the N. half of China, and it is stated to have a direct trade with the countries of Central Asia. Its coasting trade is also very extensive, and 3,000 junks are often crowded together in its river, many being &om Hainan, Canton, and the Asiatic Archipelago. Principal expts. to foreign countries, are sUk, tea, camphor, drugs, cassia, and the best porcelain. In 1845, 87 European and American ships, aggregate burden 24,396 tons, entered ; and 89 do., harden 24,585 tons (of which 66, burden 16,760 tons, bore British colours), cleared out of the port. Aggregate value of imports in British ships in same year, 1,082,207Z. ; of exports in do. 1,259,091?. Shang- hae was taken, 19th June 1843, by the British troops, who captured in the city 171 pieces of cannon and a large amount of military stores. — Shang is the prefix of the names of numerous Chinese cities of less importance. Shangton, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 6 m. N.N.W. Market-Harborough. Ac. 1,590. P. 39. Shaneill, several pas. of Irelaud. — I. Ulster, chiefly in co. Armagh, comprising the town of Lurgan. Area 6,514 ac. Pop. 9,350. — II. Con- naught, CO. Roscommon, If m. W. Elphin. Area 6,611 ac. Pop. 2,626 IIL (or St Kill), Lemster, CO. Kilkenny, 2 m. N. Gowran. Area 6,489 ac: Pop. 2,506. Also a hamlet in co. Dublin. Shane-Lih, a marit. pa. of the Isle of Wight, on its S.E. coast, 2 m. N. Bonchurch. Area 910 ac. Fop. 462. Shanklin-chineis a most romantic chasm in the cliff, opening to the sea, & covered with vegetation. It has several inns and villas, and at its upper end a small cascade. Shannon, the principal river of Ireland, through the centre and W. of which it flows, dividing Connaught from Leinster, and travers- ing the N. part of Munster, where it separates the CO. Clare fi-om cos. Tipperary, Limerick, and Kerry. It rises in a pond called the Shannon Pot, close to the base of Cuilcagh mntn.. co. Cavan, 345 ft. above the sea ; flows at first S.W., and then generally S. through loughs Allan, Baffin, Ree, and Derg, to near Lunerick, where it turns W. and joixis the Atlantic by an estuary, 10 m. in width at its entrance immediately N. Tra- lee bay. Total course estimated at 224 m., for nearly all of which it is navigable, though its navigation is obstructed in many parts by rapids and shallows, to obviate which large sums have been expended. Affls. from the W., the Boyle, Suck, and Fergus ; from the E. and S.,the Inny, Brosna, Mulkerna, Maig ; and its basin is estimated to comprise 3,613 sq. m. It is tidal for the last third of its course, and may be as- cended by vessels of 400 tons to Limerick. It is connected all across Leinster with Dublin by the Grand Canal from Shannon harbour near Bana- gher, and by the Koyal Canal, which joins it at 'Tarmonbarry near Longford. It gives the title of earl to the Boyle family. — Shannon Bridge is SHA 3179 SHK II. and fortified post ou this river, crossed e by a 16 arched bridge, Leiuster, Kuig's co., n. N.N.E. Banagher, and in a dreary flat. I. 398. — Shannon Hariour and Shannon Grove vills. lower donn the stream. aiNKAHAH, a pa. of Ireland, Mmister, co. perary, comprising the town of Clogheen. a 2i,923 ae. Pop. 7,398. SAN-SI, aprov. of China, mostly between lat. ind 41° N., & Ion. IIO" & 114° 30' E., having N. igolia,& on other sides the provs. Shen-si, Ho- , & Clii-li. Estimated area 55,268 sq. m. Pop. (5)14,004,210. Surface mntnous. TheHoang- brmslts W.& a part of its S. frontier. Wheat, et, cotton, tobacco, wine, dying materials, , honey, large numbers of uve-stock, iron, , crystal, co^, and building stone, are among chief products. Principal manuis. are silk ds, carpets, and metallic goods. It is divided 1 9 deps. Chief city, Tai-yuen. HAM-itiso, amarit. prov. of China, mostly be- en lat. 35° and 38° N., and Ion. 115° and 122° £., having landward the provs. Chi-li, Ho- \, and Kiang-su, and E. the Yellow Sea and if of Chi-li, which it separates by a large pen- ila. Estunated area 65,104 sq. m. Fop. io] 28,958,764. Surface mntnous. in the £. ; W. part is intersected by the Grand Canal, rbonrs numerous, and it comprises many isls. the coast. Wheat, millet, indigo, drugs, and , are principal products ; manu^. of felt, caps, pets, and hempen cloths, are extensive. It is divided into 10 deps. Chief city Tsi-nan. uooB, atown of British India, presid. Madras, ;. Coimbatoor, 41 m. N.N.W. Devaporam. HAP, a pa. of England, co. Westmoreland, 'i a station on the Preston and Carlisle rail- r, 12 m.N.N.E. Kendal. Area 27,770 ac. Pop. . The vill. is long and straggling. Market, nday. Fair, May 4th. Near it are the re- ins of a Druidic temple, and of an abbey, and I. S.E. the viU., is the bathing establishment, ipspa. HAPI5SHAT, one of the Orkney isls., Scotland, m. W. Stronsay. Length 5 m., breadth 4^ m. ). 935, mostly employed in the cod and herring ery. Shores low, level, & fertile : the interior is y and almost barren. On the S. coast stands eat vill., on the fine bay of EUwick ; in the isl. many Fictish and Scandinavian antiquities. HAPUBien, a tnshp., XS. S., N. Amer., Maine, n. S.W. Augusta. Pop. 1,510. HAPOOSAH, a town of N .W. Hindostan, Odey- r dom., 70 m. S.S.E. Ajmeer. HAPwicK, two pas. of Engl I. co. Dorset, on river Stoor, 6 m. S.E. Blandford-Fomm. a 3,670 ac. Pop. 437.— II. co. Somerset, 5J f .S.W. Glastonbury. Area 3,690 ac. P. 402. HABABAD, a Considerable town of Hindostan, 1. Dude, 70 m. N.W. Lucknow Sharaha~ is a town of Cashmere, 45 m. S.E. Serinagur. HABAPAH, a town of Bussian Transcaucasia, V. Imeretia, on the Phasis, 30 m. E. Kutais. HABESHiii,, a pa. of England, co. Stafford, 5 J !f.H.E. Wolverhampton. Ac. 4,250. Pop. 694. HARiFGTON, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3 ff.S. W.Holt. Area 1,060 ac. Pop. 229. HABNBKooK, a pa. of England, co. Bedford, n. N.E. Harrold. Area, 2,880 ac. Fop. 848. HAENPOBD, a pa. of England, eo. Leicester, . E.S.E. Hinchley. Area 640 ac. Pop. 624. HAEON, numerous townships of the U. S., N. erica.— L Connecticut, 48 m. W. Hartford. 1. 2,407. It communicates with Cornwall by iges across the Housatonic river. — II. New k, 47 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,520. It has a sulphur spi'ing and a fine hotel. — III. MassachU" setts, 17 m. S.S. W. Boston. Fop. 1,076— IV. Ohio, CO. Medina. Pop. 1,315. Shaeples, a township of England, co. Lan- caster, pa. and 2} m. N. Bolton. Pop. 2,880. Shaet, a river of Central Afirioa, after a N. course of uncertain length, enters Lake Tchad on its S. side, by several mouths. In some places it is nearly 1 m. across, and filled with low islands. — II. (or Chadda), a river of Guinea, tributary to the Quorra. [Chadda.] Shat-dl-Arab, a river of W. Asia, formed by the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris, enters the Persian Gulf, at its head, in lat. 30° N., Ion. 48° 30' W., after a S.E. course of 120 m. It receives the Kerah river, is con- nected by the Haffar canal with the Kerah in Kuzistan, and forms a part of the boundary be- tween the Tmkish and Persian doms. Seatze, a town of Bussia, gov Tambov, cap. dist., 38 m. N. Morshansk. Pop. 6,000. It has five churches, and manufs. of hardwares. Shaugh, a pa. of England, co. Devon, on the Plym,5m.N.Earls-Plympton. Ac. 7,170. P. 698. Shatli, a town of Russian Poland, gov. Vilna, 50 m. S.S.W. Mitau, on the route to Kovno. Shawangdnk, a township of the U. S., N. America, New York, 24 m. W. Kingston. Pop. 3,886. Nine mammoth skeletons have been dug up among the Shawangunk mountains, and one is in Peale's museum, Philadelphia. Shawbuky, a pa. of England, co. Salop, on the river Koden, 7 m. N.N.E. Shrewsbury. Area 6,830 ac. Pop. 1,079. Shaw-cum-Donninqton, a pa. of England, co. Berks, on the Kennet, 1 m. N.E. Newbmy. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 642. It has an endowed alms-house. The manor house was garrisoned forking Charles at the second battle of Newbury. Shaweid, a pa. of England, co. Leicester, 3 m. S. Lutterworth. Area 1,480 ac. Pop. 203. Shawgub, Sharghar, atown of India, Nizam's dom., on the Godavery, 43 m. S.E. Arungabad. Shawl, or Quetta, a town of Beloochistan, near the Afghan frontier, in an elevated but fer- tile valley, 20 m. N.W. the Bholan pass, 5,563 feet above the sea ; lat. 30° 8' N., Ion. 66° 66' E. Pop. 2,000. It is enclosed by an earthen wall, well supplied with water, has a fort, and, in 1842, was the head-quarters of General England, but evaciiated by the British in October of the same year. Pop. of its valley is estunated at 5,000 Afghans and Belooches. Shawneetown, a vill. of the U. S., N. Amer., Illinois, on the Ohio, 10 m. below the influx of the Wabash. Fop. about 1,000. Shaiook, a considerable river of Central Asia, Little Tibet, after a S.ward course, joins the In- dus, N. the Himalaya, 118 m. N.W. Leh. Shebbeab, a pa. of England, co. Devon, on the Torridge, 7 m. W.N.W. Hatherleigh. Area 4,220 ac. Pop. 1,160. Sheelin (Lough), a lake of Ireland, partly in Leinster, cos. Meath & Westmeath, but chiefly in Ulster, CO. Cavan, 5 m. E. Granard. Length, E. to W., about 5 m. ; breadth 2^ m. Sheellt, a town of British India, presid. Ma- dras, dist. Tanjore, 20 m. N.W. Tranquebar. Sheen, a pa. of England, co. Stafford, on the Dove, 9 m. E.N.E. Leek. Area 3,020 ac Fop. 402 II. (East and West), two hamlets, co. Sur- rey, pa. Richmond. — I. adjoining Richmond (for- merly termed Sheen). — II. immed. S. Mortlake. SHEEPHALL,a pa. of England, co. Herts, 2i m. S.S.E. Stevenage. Area 1,130 ao. Fop. 266. Sheep-Head Cape, Ireland, Munster, co. SHE IISO SHE Cork, terminates tbe peniBsnla between Dun- manns Bay and Bantr; Bay, 18 m. S.W. Bantry. Sheep Islands, are a cluster of isls. in Lake Uronuyah, N. Persia, prov. Azerbijan. SuEEFSHEAS, a pa. of England, eo. Leicester, 4 m. W. Longhborongh. Area 5,280 ac. Fop. 3,872, chiefly employed in stocking manufactures. Sheefs-Tob, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 7 m. S.E. Tavistock. Area 3,850 ac. Pop. 127. SHEEPWASH,apa., Engl., CO. Devon, on the Tor- ridge, 4m. W.N.W.Haterleigh. Ac. 1,150. P. 497. Sheefy, two pas. of England, co. Leicester. — I. (Magna), 2^ m. N.N.E. Atherstone. Area 2,820. Pop. 572.— II. {Parva), 3 m. N.N.E. Atherstone. Area 600 ac. Pop. 104. Sheeegottt, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. Bahar, 80 m. S.W. Patna. It has about 1,000 houses, and an indigo &ctory. Sheering, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 14 m. W.N .W. Chehnsford. Area 1,520 ac. Pop. 544. Sheerness, a seaport town and naval arsenal of England, co. Kent, pa. Minster, on the N.W. extremity of the Island of Sheppey, at the con- fluence of the Medway with the Thames, 11 m. E.N.E. Chatham. Pop. 7,983. Of its three quar- ters. Banks-town, Blue-town, and Alile-town, the two first are enclosed within fortifications. The dock-yard, occupying nearly 60 acres, con- tains a wet dock of 3^ acres, in which ships are fitted, several dry docks, extensive storehouses, handsome official residences, &c. Outside of the yard is Garrison Point, with the residence of the port-admiral, telegraph, coast-guard station, and large barracks. Opposite the river and sea is a long wharf, and several hulks ranged off the shore form a breakwater for the harbour. The town, latterly much improved, has a pier, bath- ing establishment, Gothic chapel of ease, various dissenting chapels, a synagogue, numer. schools. Exports com, seeds, and oysters to London ; but the trade lies chiefly in the supply of the go- Terment establishments. It communicates by steamers with London and Chatham. Sheerness was taken by the Dutch under De Buy ter in 1667. The mutiny of the Nore broke out here in 1798. Sheffield, a pari, bor., celebrated mannfae- turing town, pa., and township of England, co. York, W. Kiding, cap. dist. Ballamshire, at the confluence of the Don and Sheaf rivers, both here crossed by several bridges, 6 m. S.W. Kother- ham, with which town, and with Manchester, it is connected by the Manchester and Lincoln- shire railway. Area of bor. and pa. 22.830 ac. Pop. 110,891 ; do. of township 67,967. It occu- pies the bottom and sides of several low hills, & its newer parts are pretty well built, though from the smoke of its numerous fiirnaces, it presents a dingy appearance in the midst of beautiful sur- rounding scenery. Principal buildings, the town hall, com exchange, cutlers' hall, with a fine stone Corinthian ^ont, music and philosophical society's halls, theatre and assembly rooms, bar- racks, assay office, upwards of a dozen churches, several of which are handsome, numerous Wes- leyan. Independent, and other chapels, and an elegant stone cross, erected to commemorate a dire visitation of the cholera in 1832. Public schools numerous, & comprise a grammar school, girls' charity school, & a school of medicine con- nected with a noble infirmary. The mechanics' institution has a library of 6,000 vols., and here is a large subscription hbrary. The cutlery of all kinds made here has long been famous as amongst the best in the world ; other important manufe. are heavy iron and steel goods, plated wares, fine metallic insti-uments, printing types, forks, files, and steel. Coal is abundant, & some iron is raised near Sheffield ; the Don is navigable up to the town, & the canal basin is available for vessels of 50 tons. Markets, Tuesday and Satur- day. Cheese, corn, and fruit, are staple articles of the trade. Corp. revenue (1848) 5,114i.; assessed taxes 10,6732. Sheffield sends 2 mems. to H. of C, the master of the cutlers' corporation being the returning officer. Beg. electors (1848) 4,995. It is a polling place for the W. Riding. Sheffield, a township of the IT. S., N. Amer- ica, Massachusetts, 28 m. E.S.E. Hudson. Pop. 2,.322. Iron ore and marble are found here. Sheffokd, two pas. of EngL, co. Berks, on the Rennet. — ^I. (East), 5J m. N.E. Hungerford. Area 1,050 ac. Pop. 59.— IL (West), 4 miles N.N.E. Hungerford. Area 2,430 ac. Pop. 662. — Also a chapelry, co. Bedford, on the Ivel, pa. Campton, 5 m. S.W. Biggleswade. Pop. 889. Shefkatil-su, a small river which enters the Black Sea on its E. side, and forms the bonndainr between the Knssian and Turkish empires at that point. At its mouth is tbe Buss, fort St Nikolai. Shebb, a marit. town of Arabia, on its S.E. coast, 32 m. E.N.E. Makallah. Estimated pop. 6,000. It extends for 1 mile along the shores and is pretty well built. It has manufe. of coatse cotton cloths, gunpowder, arms, &c., and a brisk general trade ; the duties on its exports and im- ports being stated to amount to 5,0002. annnany. Ships anchor in from 7 to 8 fathoms water, in iia roadstead, about 1 mile from shore. — A mined town about 20 m. S.W. ward has the same name. Shehri-Scbz, a town of central Asia, kfaanat Bokhara, on a river, 40 m. S.S.W. Samareand, & occupying the site of Kesh, birth-place of Timour. Shehbizdb, or Shahbizool, a town of Turkish Kurdistan, cap. sanj, near the Persian frontier, 160 miles N.N.E. Bagdad. Sheik's Islands, N.E. Africa, Somauli coun- try, are in the bay of Zeyla, sea of Bab-el- Mandeb, between Zeyla and Tajnrrah. Sheikhan, a viU. of Persian Kurdistan, 16 m. N.W. Zohab, having many Mohammedan tombs and ancient sculptures. Sheikfoor, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. and 22 m. S.E. Bahar. — Shakpoara is a town, upper provs., 5 m. S.S.E. Seharunpoor, Sheipoo, a marit. toivn of China, prov. Che- kiang, 40 m. S. Ning-po. It has a considerable trade, and in the late war was defended by many forts; taken by the British 16th September 1811. Shekhoabad, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, Upper provs., dist. and 35 m. S.E. Agra. Shekin, a prov. of Asiatic Bussia, Trans- caucasia, lat. 40° N., Ion. between 47° and 48° E., having N. the Caucasus, S. the river Kur, W. Georgia, and E. the prov. Shirvan. Chief town Nukha. — Shehineh is a town of Asia-Minor, pash. Sivas, on the Teshil-Irmak, 72m. N.N.E. Amasia. Shek-pei-wan, a marit. vill. on the S. coast of Uong-Kong, with an excellent anchorage. Shelbubne, a marit. town of Nova Scotia, British N. Amer., cap. co., with a good harbour, 102 m. S.W. Halifax.— II. a township, U. S., N. Amer., Vermont, on Lake Champlain, 7m.S. Bur- lington. Pop. 1,098.-111. atnshp,Massachnsetts, 5 m. W. Greenfield. Pop. 1,022.— SheVmrne Bay, N.E. Australia, is ait inlet of the Pacific Ocean, lat. 11" 50' S., Ion. 143° E. Shelby, several cos., &c., U. S., N. Amer. — I. near the centre of Alabama, cap. Columbiana. Area 950 sq. m. Pop. 6,112 II. Tennessee, m its S.W. psLTt, on the Mississippi, cap. Kaleigh. Area 600 sq. m. Pop. 14,721, nearly half slavra. — HI. Kentucky, in its N.part, cap. Shelb^Ie. SHB 1181 SHE 1 442 sq. m. Pop 17,708.— IV. Ohio, in its lart, on tlie Miami river & canal, cap. Sidney. 1 418 sq. m. Pop. 12,154. — ^V. Indiana, cap. bynlle. Area 410 sq.m. Pop. 12,0ii3 VI. ois, on the Kasltaskia river, cap. Shelby ville. 1 1,080 sq. m. Pop. 6,659.— VII. Missouri, s N.E. part, cap. Shelbyville. Area 432 sq. ?op. 6,056. — Also several townships. — I. New \i, 10 ra. S. Albion. Pop. 2,643.-11. Indiana, Jefferson. Pop. 2,120.-111. Michig^an, co. :omb. Pop. 1,262. — Shelbyville, cap. co. Shelby entucky, is 23 m. N.N.W. Pranlrfort. P. 1,335. BELDON, two pas. of England. — I. co. Devon, Q. N.E. Exeter. Area 1,700 ac. Pop. 190.— ipa. CO. Warnick, 4 m. S.W. Coleshill. Area ac. Pop. 487. HELDOX, two townships of U. S., N. Amer. — Jew Tork, eo. Wyoming. Pop. 2,353. — II. mont, 62 m. N. Montpelier. Pop. 1,734. HELDWiCK, a pa, of England, co. Kent, 3 m. Taversham. Area 1,980 ac. Pop. 647. HELP, a township of England, co. Tork, W. ing, pa. and 3 m. N.E. Halifax. Pop. 3,050. HELFANGEB, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 2^ !S N.N.W. Diss. Area 1,830 ac. Pop. 445. HELFOBD, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Notts, m. N.W. Bingham. Area 3,560 ac. Pop. .—n. (Great), CO. and 3 m. S.S.E. Cambridge. » 1,900 ac Pop. 803.— III. (ii«?e),same co^, ■a. S. Cambridge. Area 1,200 ac. Pop. .52 / . HELLAND, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 3 m. N.W. Stow-Market. Area 760 ac. Pop. 109. )HELLEF, two pas. of England. — I. co. Suffolk, Bie river Bret, 10 m. W.S.W. Ipswich. Area ac. Pop. 139. — II. CO. Essex, 1^ m. N. ipping-Ongar. Area 630 ac. Pop. 209.— III. >wnship,eo. Tork, W. Riding, pa. Kirk-Burton, liles S.E. Hnddersfield. Pop. 1,772. Ihellife, or Chinax,aph, one of the princip. !is of Algeria, rises in Mt. Atlas, flows through le Titteri, and after a N. and N.W. course of • m., enters the Mediterr., N.E. Mostaganem. iHoxow-BowELs, a pa. of England, co. Essex, niles W.N. W. Chelmsford. Ac. 1,030. P. 134. Ihelsley, two pas. of England, co. Worcester. . iBeauehamp), 8 m. S.W. Stourport. Area lOaa Pop. 519.— II. (Walsh), on the Teme, m. S.W. Stourport. Area 420 ac. Pop 49. iRELswELL, 3, pa. of England, co. Oxford, 5^ N.N.E. Bicester. Area 470 ac. Pop. 43. iHBLTOs, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Bedford, n. W.N.W. KimboltoD. Area 1,080 ac. Pop. . — II. CO. Norfolk, 11 m. S. Norwich. Area to ac. Pop. 215.— III. CO. Notts, 6 m. S.S. W. walk. Area 740 ac. Pop. 102. HELTON, a township and chapelry of Engl., Stafford, pa. Stoke-upon-Trent, 2 m. E.N.E. »castle-mider-Lyne. Pop. 12,116. It com- les the vill. Etmria and part of Cobridge, and a the line of the Crewe & Derby railw., and the md Trunk canal. Hereareahandsomechnrch, ihanics' institnte, the N. Staffordshire infir- 7, and numerous potteries. uelve, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 13 miles r. Shrewsbury. Area 1,040 ac. Pop. 69. HEHBEGHEWN, a town of Burmah, Further ia, on the Irrawadi, 68 m. N.W. Patanago. — ! Shem^Deo temple, British India, is a sanctu- 8 m. N.E. Almorah, 6,760 feet above the sea. HENANDOAH, a rfvcr of the U. S., N. Amer., jiuia, joins the Potomac at its passage through Blue Mntns., after a N.E. course of 200 m., 100 m. of which it is navigable. — It gives name 1 eo. of Virginia. Area 475 square m. Pop. 118, cap. Woodstock. REMANao, two townships, U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania. — I. co. Beaver. Pop. 1,435 IT. CO. and 11 miles S.W. Mercer. Pop. 1,354. Shenj)T, a decayed town of Nubia, on the E. bank of the Nile, 90 m. N.N.E. the junction of its two great arms at Khartoom. It has been mined by wars ; but markets are held here twice weekly, at which live stock of all kinds, fine wheat, straw, jars, salt, baskets, and cotton cloths are sold. Near it the finest senna is abundant. Shenfiei.d, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 1 m. N.E. Brentwood, with a station on the Colchester and Bury railway. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 983. Shenington, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 6J m. W.N.W. Banbury. Ac. 1,330. P. 462. Shenlet, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Herts, 4.^ m. N.W. Chipping Barnet. Area 4,360 ac. ?op. 1,220.-11. CO. Bucks, 4 miles W.N.W. Fenny- Stratford. Area 3,170 ac. Pop. 491. Shen-si, a prov. of China, between lat. 32** and 40° N., and Ion. 106° & 111° E., having N. Mon- golia, and on other sides the provs. Kan-su, Se- chuen, Hou-pe, Ho-nan, and Shan-si. Pop. (1825) 10,207,266. Surface mountainous, and less fertile than the more E. provs. The Hoang-ho forms most of its E. boundary ; and it is intersected by the great affl. of that riv., the Hoei-ho. Princip. products millet, iron, porphyry, jasper, copper, gold, musk, ginseng, rhubarb, & timber. Princip. manufs. are agricultural and military implements, and felt for military clothing. It is divided into 7 deps. Chief city Si-ngan. Shexstone, a pa. of England, co. Stafford, 3 m. S.S.W. Lichfield. Area 7,910 ac. Pop. 1,962. Sheplet, a township of England, co. Tork, W. Riding, pa. Kirk-Burton, 5i m. S.S.E. Hndders- field. Pop. 1,088. Sheppekton, a pa. of England, co. Middlesex, on the Thames, 4 m. S.E. Staines. Area 1,270 ac. Pop. 858. Sheppev, an island of England, co. Kent, at the mouth of the Thames, between the estuaries of the Medway and Swale. Length 9 m., breadth 4 J m. It was formerly much larger, but has been progressively encroached upon by the sea. On its W. side, bordering the Medway, are Queen- borough and Sheerness, and off its S. side the islets Elmley and Harty. Shepbeth, a pa. of Engl., co. Cambridge, 5 m. N.N.E. Boyston. Area 1,200 ac. Pop. .353. Shepsco'mb, a chapelry of Engl., co. Glo'ster, pa. and 2 m. E.N.E. Painswick. Pop. 676. Shepton, two pas. of England, co. Somerset. —I. (Beauchamp), 3i m. E.N .E. Ilminster. Area 570 ac. Pop. 637.— II. (Montague), 2i m. S. Bruton. Area 2,350 ac. Pop. 407. Shepton-Mallet, a market town and pa. of England, co. Somerset, on a branch of the Brue, 19 m. S. Bristol. Area of pa. 3,770 ac. Pop. 6,265. It has some good residences, a handsome church, a convent, a market cross, the co. bride- well, an almshouse, free school, and manufs. of crape and velvets. Shepwat, a lathe of the co. Kent, England, comprising its S. part, with Komney marsh, and the towns Lydd, Bomney, Hythe, & Folkestone. Area 127,380 ac. Pop. 20,619. Shebbobne, a market town of England, co. Dorset, on both sides of the Ivel, 18 m. N.N.W. Dorchester. Area of pa. 4,900 ac. Pop. 4,768. It is finely situated, partly on a height, compactly built, and has a large church, formerly a part of an abbey, which was the see of a bishoprick, comprising all the S.W. cos., from the 8th till the 11th century, when the see was transferred to Salisbury. It has an old town hall and market house ; a grammar school with an annual rev. of SHE 1182 SHE 1,100?., & i exhibitions of 60?. to the universities ; a blue coat school, with 3 presentations to Christ- church college, London; almshouses, with a rev. of about 80o7. ; other charities to 250?. a year, and some manufs. of silk twist and buttons. Near it are the remains of a castle, and the mansion of Earl Digby, built by Sir W. Kaleigh. Sherborne, several pas. of England I. co. Glo'ster, 6 m. "W.N.W. Burford. Area 4,660 ac. Pop. 637.— II. CO. and 2i m. S.S.W. Warwick. Area 1,110 ac. Pop. 209 III. [St John), co. Hants, 2J m. N.N.W. Basingstoke. Area 3,700 ac. Pop. 718 IV. (Monks), same co., 3| m. N.W. Basingstoke. Area 2,430 ac. Pop. 669. SiiEKBono, an island off the Guinea coast, opposite the mouth of Sherboro river, 40 m. S.S.E. Sierra Leone. Lat. 7° 30' N., Ion. 12° 40' "W. Length 30 m., breadth 10 m. It is low and unhealthy, but produces rice and fruits, which the inhabs. export to Sierra Leone, in return for manufactured goods. — The Sherboro river is na- vigable for large vessels for 60 m. from its mouth, & those of 70 or 80 tons may ascend it for 230 m. It joins the Atlantic by an estuary 20 m. wide. Shbbbrooke, a town of Lower Canada, cap. dist., and on the river St Francis, 84 m. E.S.E. Montreal. Pop. 1,600. It has saw and grist mills, woollen and cotton factories, a paper mill, and several machine shops. — II. a small town of Upper Canada, dist. Niagara, at the mouth of the Ouse, in Lake Erie, and at the commencement of the Welland canal, 34 m. W. Buffalo. Sheebubn, a market town and pa. of England, CO. and 13 m. S.S.W. Tork, on the N. Midland railway. Area of pa. 11,650 ac. Pop. 623. It is well built, has an hospital, and school with four scholarships in St John's college, Cambridge, and had anciently a palace of king Athelstan. Around it plums, flax, and teasel are extensively raised. — II. a township, co. & 2J m. E. Durham, pa. Pittington, with a station on the North British railway. Pop. 1,946. — III. a pa., co. Tork.E. Rid- ing, 11 m. E.N.E. New Malton. Area 4,630 ac. Pop. 623. Sheebukne, a tovmship, U. S., N. America, New Tork, 90 m. W. Albany, on Chenango river and canal. Pop. 2,791. Sheecock, or Killan, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Cavan, 9^ m. S.E. Cootehill. Area 8,221 ac. Pop. 6,544, of whom 511 are in the village. Sheee, a pa. of Engl., co. Surrey, with a vill., 6 m. E.S.E. Guildford, on the Beading and Rei- gate railway. Area 3,900 ac. Pop. 1,347. Sheeefokd, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 2J m. W. Fakenham. Area 840 ac. Pop. 89- Sheefield, two pas. of England, co. Hants. — I. (onZodon), 4 m. N.E. Basingstoke. Area 2,220 ac. Pop. 640.— II. {English), 4 m. W.N.W. Eomsey. Area 2,490 ac. Pop. 328. Shebfobd, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 3J m. E. Kingsbridge. Area 2,240 ac. Pop. 450. Shebibon, a town of Java, on a bay of its N. coast, cap. dist., 130 m. E.S.E. Batavia. Sheriff-Hales, a pa. of Engl., cos. Stafford & Salop, 3 m. N.N.E. Shiffnal. Ac. 7,040. P. 1,019. SiiEKiNQHAM, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 4J m. W. Cromer. Area 2,340 ac. Pop. 1,134. Sheeington, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 6 m. N.E. Hindon. Area 640 ac. Pop. 194. Sheem (Arab, "a harbour"), numerous inlets of the E. coast of the Red Sea, the principal be- ing — I. (S.-SareVcah), 40 m. S.E. Tembo, and having the ruins of a large town on its border. — II. (S.-Rebegh), 110 m. S.E. Yembo, and the place of a large annual fair, irom July to September in- clusive III. (Trlis, immediately N. the city of London, and eluded in the bor. Tower Hamlets. Shobeham, a pa. of England, co. Kent, on the arentjSm.N. Sevenoaks. Ac. 5,190. P. 1,021. ere is Filstone Hall, an old moated edifice. Shobehau, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., ermont, 44 m. S.W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,674. Shobeham (New), a pari, bor., seaport town, id pa. of England, co. Sussex, on the South oast railway, 1 m. from the sea, and 6 m. W. righton. Area of pa. 170 ac. Fop. 1,998. Fop. ' pari, hor., which now includes a large por- on of the rape Bramber, 27,980. Town irre- ilarly hnilt; principal buildings, the market luse, a fine church, and a su^ension bridge vet the Adur, the mouth of which river forms 1 indifferent harbour. Ship-building, the ex- jrt of timber, import of com, coal, and Irish roTisions, and the influx of visitors, are the chief sources of the inhabitants. Customs revenue ),1822. Beg. shipping 8,962 tons. Markets, itnrday and Mon&y. It sends 2 members to . of C. Beg. electors (1847) 1,921 II. (Old), pa. CO. Sussex, 1 m. N.W. New Shoreham. rea 1,870 ac Fop. 224. It has an old church. Shobkote, a town of the Punjab, between le Chenab and Ravee rivers, 24 m. S. Jhung. Shobhodtt, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 5J m. uN.W. Cricklade. Area 560 ae. Pop. 33. Shobke, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 3 m. S.E. ravesend. Area 3,010 ac. Fop. 878. Shobt Cbeer, a township of the TJ. S., N. merica, Ohio, 120 m. E. Columbus. F. 2,022. Shobwexl, a pa. of the Isle of Wight, 4J m. S.W. Newport. Area 4,060 ac. Pop. 714. Shotiey, two pas. of England. — I. co. Nor- inmberland, 9 m. S.E. Hexham. Area 12,660 5. Pop. 1,245, partly employed in lead and lal mines. — II. co. Suffolk, 7 m. S.E. Ipswich. rea 1,820 ac. Fop. 464. Seottesbbook, a pa. of England, co. Berks, m. W.S.W. Maidenhead. Ac. 1,000. P. 137. Shotceehah, two pas. of England, co. Nor- Ik.— L (All Saints), 6 m. S. Norwich. Area 360 ac. Fop. 557.— II. (St Mary), 6} m. S. enrich. Area 2,040 ac. Fop. 408. Shottishau, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 4J . S.E. Woodbridge. Area 2,320 ac. Pop. 283. Shottle, a township of England, co. Derby, J. Duffield, 3 m. W.N.W. Belper. Fop. 503.— hotUm is a township, co. and 9 m. E.S.B. Dur- un, pa. Easington. Fop. 603. Shoits, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 12 m. N.N.W. anark. Area about 32,000 ac. Fop. 3,861, of liom 751 , are in the village. It has extensive lal and iron works. Shottswell, a pa. of England, co. Warwick, m. E.S.E. Kineton. Area 1,860 ao. Fop. 366. SaoTwicK, a pa. of England, co. and 6J m. .W. Chester. Area 3,660 ac. Pop. 868. Shodldham, two pas. of England, co. Norfolk. I. 5 m. N.E. Downham-Market. Area 4,300 !. Pop. 683. It has mineral springs II. Thorpe), ii m. N.E. Downham-Market. Area MO ac. . Pop. 314. Showt, a town of Central Africa, on 1. b. of e Shary, 23 m. S.E. its mouth in Lake Tchad. SiiBAWARBiNE, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, on tlio Severn, 6 m. W.N.W. Shrewsbury. Area 1,630 ao. Fop. 196. Sheawley, a pa. of England, co. Worcester, 4 m. S.S.W. Stourport. Area 1,360 ac. P. 669. Shrewsbuby, Uriconium, a pari, and muuic. bor. and town of England, cap. co. Salop, nearly enclosed by the Severn, on railway, 38 m. S. Chester. Area of bor. 14,680 ac. Pop. 17,688. It has a handsome external appearance, and many good residences. It has several handsome churches, a large town hall, co. hall, market house, CO. jail, military depot, infirmary, theatre in a portion of the ancient palace of the princes of Fowysland ; and at one entrance of the town is a Doric column erected in honour of the late Lord Hill. The grammar school, founded by Edward vi., has an annual revenue of 3,000^ and 22 exhibitions to the universities ; MiUington's hospital has a revenue of 1,2302., and other charities are numerous and well endowed. A music hall, literary and philosophical society, me- chanics' institution, public library, assembly rooms, and fine public promenades, afford recrea- tion to the inhabitants. It has 12 corporate trading companies; mauufs. of linen thread, canvas, iron wares, brawn, and cakes ; a salmon fishery in the river ; and a trade in coal & corn, facilitated by a branch of the grand junction canal, and by the Severn, here navigable for barges of 30 or 40 tons. Markets, Wednesday and Saturday. The corporation consists of a mayor, 24 aldermen, and 48 assistants. Corp. revenue (1847-8) 2,634?. It is the seat of the co. assizes, and of sessions for the co. and town. It sends two members to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 1,638. The battle between the troops of Henry iv. and the Fercies, &c., and in which Hotspur was killed, was fought near it in 1403. Sheewsbury, sevl. townships, U. S., N. Amer. — I. New Jersey, 35 m. E. Trenton. Pop. 6,917. — II. Vermont, 72 m. S.S.E. Montpelier. Pop. 1,218. — III. Massachusetts, 37 miles W. Boston. Pop. 1,481.— IV. Pennsylvania, 38 m. S. Harris- burg. Fop. 1,328. Sheewton, apa. of England, co. Wilts, 5J m. W.N.W. Amesbury. Area 2,220 ac. Fop. 671. Sheivenbam, a pa. of Engl., co. Berks, with a station on the Great Western railway, 5 m. S.W. Faringdon. Area 8,430 ac. Fop. 2,353. It has a handsome Gothic church. Shbofham, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 4 m. N. East Harling. Area 2,030 ac. Pop. 613. Sheopshiee, or Salop, an inland co. of Engl., having E. Staffordshire, S. the cos. Hereford and Worcester, W. & N. Wales & a part of Cheshire. Area 1,343 sq. m., or 869,620 ac, most of which are under culture. Inhabited houses 47,208. Pop. 269,048. The Severn flows through its centre, from N. W. to S.E.; its S. half is mntnous., and here breeding cattle and dairying are carried on extensively ; the N. half is comparatively level, and the land is chiefly under tillage. Near the Severn are fine meadow lands ; orchards are numerous in the S., and hops are raised on the Herefordshire border. A race of horned sheep is peculiar to the co. Average rent of land (1810) 17». 2d. per acre. Annual value of land (1842) 1,050,1312. ; of all real property 1,476,3392. About 300,000 tons of coal are raised annually in the E., besides iron, &c., and consumed in the iron fur- naces there ; lead is produced in the W., and salt both in the N. and S. Flannels are made at Oswestry, Shrewsbury, Churoh-Stretton, china- ware at Coalport; carpets, linens, gloves, paper, buttons, & hardwares are the other chief manufs. 1 T SHR 1186 SIA In 1842, 1,030 persons were engaged in flax and woollen mills. The Shrewsbury, Newport, Bir- mingham, and Liverpool, and Ellesmere and Chester canals intersect the co. N. the Severn. A railway connects Shrewsbury with Chester, and the CO. is also traversed by the London & North Western railway. Co. rev. (1848) 17,518?. Shrop- shire returns 12 members to House of Commons, of whom 4 are sent by the co. Keg. electors (1848)of theN. division, 4,735; of S. division 8,092. After Shrewsbury the cap., the princip. towns are the bors. of Ludlow, Bridgenorth, Much-Wen- lock; market towns. Bishop's Castle, Church- Stretton, Wem, and Shiffnall. Sheuel, or Shkcle, several pas. of Ireland. I. Connaught, co. Mayo, on the Black River, 9 m. S.S.E. Ballinrobe. Area 11,601 ac. Pop. 5,087 ; of whom 729 are in the vill.— II. Leinster, CO. Longford, comprising a part of the town of Ballymahon. Area 6,922 ac. Pop. 3,671.-111. Queen's co., 2J m. N. Carlow. Ac. 982. P. 165. Shubencadie, a princip. river of Nova Scotia, which peninsula it nearly divides into two por- tions ; after-a N. course it enters Mines-bason 45 m. N. Halifax, with which city and its harbour it is connected by a canal, 30 miles in length. Shuckbukgh, two pas. of Engl., co. Warwick. —I. {Upper), 5 m. E. Southam. Area 910 ac. Pop. 46.— II. {Lower), 4J m. E. Southam. Area 870 ac. Pop. 164. Shudt-Camps, a pa. of Engl., co. Cambridge, 4 m. E.S.E. Linton, Area 2,300 ac. Pop. 402. Shugshut, a town of Asia-Minor, Anatolia, on the Sakaria, 36 m. S.E. Isnik, stated to com- prise 900 houses. On an adjacent hill is the tomb of Osman, founder of the Ottoman dynasty. Shuhki-Bababeg, a town of Persia, prov. and 95 miles W. Kirman. Shcjabad, or Shogjdaeaii, a town of the Punjab, in its S. part, 4 m. from the E. bank of the Chenab, and 25 m. S. Mooltan. Pop. 10,000. It stands in a iine fertile plain, watered by canals, & has a noble appearance, being enclosed by a brick wall 30 feet in height, strengthened by octag:onal towers. Its area is entirely filled with buildings, and it has manufs. of cottons and turned wares of superior quality, with excellent gardens, and a vicinity yieldhig large crops of sugar-cane, cotton, grain, and indigo. Shujahpook, a town of the Punjab, 8 m. E. Attock, having a splendid serai built by one of the Mogul emperors. — Shvjahwulpoor is a town of India, dom. and 54 miles W. Indore. Shumla {Marcianopolis ?), a fortified city of European 'Turkey, Bulgaria, pash. and 68 miles S.S.W. Silistria. Pop. 21,000. It stands in a gorge, on the N. declivity of the Balkan range ; and being on the great route from Wallachia to Constantinople, it is one of the keys of the Turkish capital. On three sides it is enclosed by monntaiiis, and it is encircled by ramparts and a double fosse, strengthened by a citadel, and strong redoubte on an adjacent height. It is intersected by a rivulet, and divided into an upper and a lower town, the former chiefly inha- bited by Turks, & containing numerous mosques, some new barraclcs, and a town-clock, having a bell which strikes the hours, — a circumstance unique in Turkey. It is the residence of a pasha and a Greek archbishop ; and has flourishing manufs. of tin and copper wares, ready-made clothes, which are sent to Constantinople ; silk goods and leather. The Russians attempted un- successfully to talce it in 1774, 1810, and 1828. Shuna, one of the inner Hebrides islands, Scotland, co. Argyle, pa. Kilbrandon, 4 m. N.W. Craignish, and separated on the W. from Luina by the narrow Sound of Shuna. Length 3 miles. Pop. 69. Surface well-wooded & generallyfertile. Shdpeyon, a town of Ca.shmere, on the Huri- poor or Dumdum river, and on the route from the Pir Panjal Pass to Serinagur, 6,550 feet above the sea, and 28 m. S. Serinagur. Close to this town was fought, in 1819, the decisive battle by which the Sikhs won Cashmere from the Afghans. Shdrdinqton (Geeat), a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 3m. S.W.Cheltenham. Ac. 2,080. P. 198. Shueukhs, a fort and Turkman settlement of central Asia, on the frontier between Persia and Khiva, 90 m. S.W. Merv, and E.N.E. Meshed. Its vicinity is well-watered, and produces fine crops of wheat, jowaree, melons, and other frmts. Shus, a ruined city of Persia. [Sus.] Shusha, or Shoosha, a town of Asiatic Russia, Transcaucasia, cap. prov. Karabagh, 70 m. S.E. Ganjeh. It was founded under the name of Penah-abad by Nadir Shah, in a very strong position, on a mountain accessible on only one side. It comprises about 2,000 houses. Shdshan, or Sdsan, a ruined city of Persia, proT. Irak-Ajemi, extensive remains of which are reported to exist on the Karun, 50 m. E.N.E. Shuster, but the site has been little explored, Shushuah, an isl. of the Red Sea, in the G. of Ainnne, Arabia, 30 m. N.W. Moilah, 350 ft. high. Shustake, a pa. of England, co. Warwick, 3 m. E.N.E. Coleshill. Area 3,160 ac. Pop. 644. Shxjsteb, a city of Persia, prov. Khuzistan, on the Earun, here crossed by a fine stone bridge of 9 arches, 30 m. E.S.E. Dizful, lat. 32° N., Ion. 9° 5' E. Estimated pop. 8,000. It stands on a small hill crowned by a citadel, and on the land side it is enclosed by a brick wall, outside of which the Ab-i-Gargar canal, constructed by Shahpoor i., separates it Irom its suburbs, and establishes a navigable communication with the Karun, about 20 m. distant. Houses mostly of stone, and the city possesses many elegant build- ings. It remained cap. of the prov. until nearly depopulated by the plague in 1 832, and was subse- quently much damaged by an inundation in 1840. Shutal, or Shatooi. Pass, across the Hindoo Koosh, between Cabool and Koondooz, is in lat. 36° 33' N., Ion. 69° 8' E. Elevation 15,500 feet. Shdte, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 2^ m. N. Colyton. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 683. Shdttinqton, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 3J m. E.N.E. Tamworth. Area 980 ac. Pop. 190. Shuta, a town of Russia, gov. Vladimir, cap. circ, on the Tesa, 60 m. N.W. ViazniW. Pop. 3,000. It has thriving linen and cotton weaving and print-works, soap, & various other factories. SiAH-KoH (the " Black Mountain "), Afghan- istan, bounds the plain of Jellalabad on the N., lat. 34° 25' N., Ion. 70° E. SiAK, a state of Sumatra, extendmg along its N.E. coast opposite Malacca and Singapore, and with a town of same name on the river Siak, 45 m. from its mouth, in lat. 0° 25' N., Ion. 101° 65' E. Surface flat. Exports gold, camphor, gam- bier, rattans, tobacco, wax, sago, ivory, and silk stuffs ; imports opium, salt, woollens, & Madras piece-goods. — The Siak River flows N.E. & enters the Strait of Malacca behind some islands nearly opposite the British settlement of Malacca. SiAM, a country of S.E. Asia, Further India, of which it occupies the centre and S. parts, ex- tending between lat. 7° and 19° or 20° N., & Ion. 98° and 106° E., nearly enclosing the Gulf of Siam on the S., and having W. the Indian Ocean and British Tenasserim provs., E. the Menara-Kong river separating it from Anamese Camboja, and SIA 1187 SIB N. the independent Laos countrj. Area estim. at 190,000 sq. m., and pop. at 3,000,000, of whom about 500,000 are Chinese. The Menam river, one of the largest in S.E. Asia, traverses its centre from N. to S., and the region it watere, as also the S.E. part of the country, is highly fer- tile ; but other parts are rugged and mntnous., and on tlie W. and E. Siam-proper appears to be separated respectively from the Tenasserim coast, and Laos and Camboja by lofty mountain chains. The kingdom comprises theW. half of Camboja, and the isthmus connecting the Malay peninsula with the Asiatic continent. Climate B said to be salubrious. Mean temp, of the year at Bang-kok 83° Fahr. Kice is raised in great abundance, and is the chief food of the people ; sugar, pepper, tobacco, cocoa-nuts, sago, the finest tropical fruits, teak, sandal, sapan, rose and other woods, coffee, cotton, rattans, &■ numerous gums, with gold from washings, copper, iron, and gems, are amongst the chief products. The elephant, rhinoceros, tiger, bnf^o, leopard, antelopes, and bears, abound in great numbers ; and one of the titles of the Siamese monarch is " lord of white dephants." The Siamese are a peculiar race of the Mongolian £unily, average height 5 feet 2 inches. In bodily and mental energy they are inferior to the Chinese or neighbouring nations ; they have made small progress in useful or ornamental arts, and most of the manuis. and handicrafts in the towns are carried on by Chinese or Anamese settlers. Only two roads of any consequence exist in the country; one from Bang-kok to Ynthia, and the other in the E. from Chantibon to Fung-gai ; but a navigable canal connects the Menam and Menam-kong rivers. Trade with China, Anam, Camboja, Tonquin, Java, Singa- pore, and the E. Archipelago, is considerable ; and there is occasionally a direct intercourse with Bombay and Snrat, England and America. Silver and cowries are the only medium of traffic. Government an absolute monarchy, and the peo- ple are in a most servile condition. There is no standing army, but every male subject is liable to serve for a_portion of the year. A numerous force of war-junks and galleys is kept up, and maimed by Chinese and other foreigners. Budd- hism, of a degraded kind, is the religion of the state. Slavery is common. Public revenue has been estimated at upwards of 3,100,000Z. a-year, which the expenditure nearly balances. The first intercourse with Europeans took place in 1511, and the first British ship reached Bang- kok in 1612. In 168-3, a Greek named Phalcon was raised to the dignity of foreign minister of Slam, and opened a communication with France ; but the French were expelled from the country in 1690; since that time the conquest of a part of Camboja has formed the chief event of Siamese history.— The Gulf of Siam, between lat. 7° and 14° N., and Ion. 9S° and 105° E., is wholly sur- rounded by Siam, except on the S., where it opens into the China Sea. Length 500 miles ; breadth at entrance 300 m. It receives the Menam and several other rivers. SiAMO, orSiAO,an island in the Asiatic Archip., between N.E. extremity of Celebes and Sanghir. Circ. about 36 m. Surface elevated, and it con- tains a volcano. SiAMPA, a country of S.E. Asia. [Tsiampa.] Si-AK, or Si-NGAN, a city of China, prov. Shen- si, cap. dep., on an affl. of the Hoei-ho, lat. 34° 12' N., Ion. 108° 40' E. It is large, enclosed by strong walls, and the principal military dep6t for the N. provs. of China. Siang-Tano, a city of China, prov. Hou-pe, cap. dep., on the Han-kiang, lat. about 32° N., Ion. 112° E. — Sian^ is the name of several Chinese towns of inferior rank. SiANO, a town of Naples, prov. Princip. Citra. 10 m. N.N.W. Salerno. Pop. 2,500. SiAS, a river of Russia, gov. St Petersburg, enters Lake Ladoga on its S. side, after a N.N W course of 100 m.— The Siashoi canal, 25 m. iii length, connects the rivers Svir and Volkhov. Siaugdes-St-Romain, a comm. & vill., France dep. H. Loire, 17 m. S.E. Brioude. Pop. 1,968. SiH, a maritime town of E. Arabia, dom. & 22 m. W. Muscat, on the Arabian sea. It has the reputation of being peculiarly healthy.— &'6d is a town of W. Beloochistan, 76 m. N.E. Bunpoor. SiBBERTOFT, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 5 m. S.W. Mkt.-Harborough. Ac. 2,620. P. 437. SiBBEBTSvrOLD, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 6 m. N.W. Dover. Area 2,000 ac. Pop. 408. Sibdon-Carwood, apa. of England, co. Salop, 65 m. E.S.E. Bishop's- Castle. Ac. 1,090. P. 69. Siberia, Sibiri, or Asiatic Russia, comprises all the N. part of Asia, extending from the Ural mntns, to the Pacific Ocean and Behring Strait, and having S. the Chinese empire, and independ- ent Turkestan, & N. the Arctic Ocean, in which it comprises the isls. of New Siberia. Area esti- mated at 6,393,250 sq. m., and pop. at 2,937,066, of whom about half are Mohammedans & pagans. The cold of winter is extreme, from 20° to 72° below zero of Fahr., while the summer heat is excessive. Surface in the S. elevated by the Altai chain, covered with forests, and inter- spersed with many fertile valleys ; but by far the greater portion of Siberia is flat and sterile. In the "W. are extensive steppes, inhabited by Cos- sack tribes, or roving Kirghiz, and all the N. half is a vast desert peopled by Ostiaks, Yakuts, Tchuktohi, and other tribes in the lowest state of barbarism. The Obi, Yenisei, and Lena rivers, with their large and numerous tributaries, and the Olenek, Indighirka, and Kolyma traverse the country in a N. direction, and enter the Arctic Ocean. Principal lakes are those of Baikal, Tchany, & Sumy, with the Balkash-Nor, or Lake Tenghiz, which forms a part of its S. boundary. In the more populated dists., corn sufficient for the pop. is raised ; it is chiefly barley, oats, and buck-wheat. Cattle are numerous in some parts, and in the N. rein-deer, foxes, martens, beavers, and bears, the skins of which compose important articles of trade. Siberia is, however, chiefly valuable to Russia, on account of its minerals. Total produce of gold from the Altai mouiltainB. In 1837 402.68Poud8=17,669Iba. Troy; value 900,0001. Id 1846 1,588.55 ditto=69,986 ditto „ 3,416,427/, Total amount in ten years previous to 1846, 18,761,310/. The government has recently resumed the mo- nopoly of the gold-washings. Antimony, cobalt, mercury, and zinc are also met with ; iron and copper are plentiful on the S. frontier in the gov. Tobolsk. Manufs. are nearly insignificant, except in some of the provincial caps. Irkutsk has an imperial factory of woollens for the clothing of the troops, and some manufs. of linens, glass, hats, soap, &c., and it is the great entrep6t of the commerce of N.E. Asia, receiving from Kiachta on the Chinese frontier, tea, rhubarb, fruit, paper, silks, porcelain. Tobolsk has tanne- ries, and manufs. of soap and felt. W. Siberia consists of the govs. Tobolsk and Tomsk ; E. Siberia of Yeniseisk & Irkutsk, the prov. Yakutsk, dists. Okhotsk & Kamtchatka, & the Tchuktchi country. The govs, are organized & governed like those in European Russia; the army of Siberia consists of 16 battalions of infantry, and SIB 118S SIC a brigade of artillery. Chief cities, Tobolsk, and Irkutsk respectively the W. and E. caps., with Omsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Yakutsk, Kiachta, Semipalatinsk, and Petropaulovsk. A line of fortified posts protects the country on the side of Indepen. Turkistan. [New Siberia — Kussia.] SiBFORD-GowER, a hamlet of Engl., co. Ox- ford, pa. Swalcliffe, 7 m. W.S.W. Banbury. P. 634. SiBiDOLu, a town of W. Africa, Seuegamhia, Mandingo country, 45 m. N.N.W. Bammakoo. SiBiLLA (Monte della), one of the chief sum- mits of the Apennines, in Cent. Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. and26m. N.E. Spoleto. Height 7,4U9 feet. SiBKiM, a state of N. Hindostan. [Sikkim.] SiBNiBAS, Sivamvasa, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. Nuddea, 00 m. N.N.E. Cal- cutta, with ruins of a palace, & several pagodas. SiBSET, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 4J m. N.N.E. Boston, and with a station on the Lin- colnshire railway. Area 5,460 ac. Pop. 1,431. ." SiBSotr, two pas. of England. — I. co. Hunting- don, 6 m. W. Peterborough. Area 1,530 ac. Pop. 697.— II. CO. Leicester, 4 m. W.S.W. Mar- ket-Bosworth. Area 3,860 ac. Pop. 504. SiBTHORPE, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 6 m. S.W. Newark. Area 880 ac. Pop. 154. SiBXON, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 4 m. N.N.W. Saxmundham. Area 2,680 ac. P. 564. SiBUYAH, an isl. of the Asiatic Archipelago, Philippines, 40 m, N. Penang, lat. 12° 14' N., Ion. 122° 45' E. Length 15 m., breadth 10 miles. SiCAsicA, a town of S. Amer., Bolivia, dep. and 57 m. S. La Paz. Sicheu, a town of Belgium, prov. S. Brabant, on the Demer, 3 m. W. Diest, Pop. 1,700.-11. a vill., Belgian Limbourg, 5 m. S.W. Maestricht. SiciGNANo, a market town of Naples, prov. Princip. Citra, 12 m. S.E. Campagna. P. 2,200. Sicilies (Kihbdom op the Two). [Naples — Sicily.] Sicily, Trinaeria and Sicilia, the largest and finest isl. in the Mediterranean, between lat. 36° 38' & 38° 18' N., & Ion. 12° 25' and 15° 40' E., separated on the N.E. from S. Italy by the strait of Messina, 2 m. broad, and forming the Dominii al-di-la di Faro, or the territory "beyond the Strait " of the kingdom of the " Two Sicilies." Shape triangular, length E. to W. 185 m., greatest breadth N. to S. along its E. coast 120 m. Its old divisions into Val Dcmone, V. di Noto, and V. di Mazzara, are now obsolete, and it is sub- divided into the following provs. or intendencies. Provinces. Area in aq.m. Pop. 1845. CliiefCiUii. FalermD, GfrgeDti, Tiapani, Cftltaniaetta, Measina, Hoto ISyracuse), Catania 1,988 1,377 1,360 1,193 1,390 1,484 i;786 466,169 933,764 182,809 176,295 349,183 SS0,869 382,628 Palermo. Girgenti. Trapani. Caltanisetta. Messina. Syracuse. Total, . lo.ses 2j040,618 „ ., The Neptunian or Madonian mntns., stretching from E. to W. through the N. part of the isl., consist of granite, quartz, and mica, flanked, as in the Apennines, by limestone and other calca- reous formations ; they rise to several thousand feet in height, and cover a great part of the sur- face with their ramifications. In some parts are mntns. isolated from the rest, the chief of which is Mount Etna, near the E., 10,872 feet above the sea. The principal plains border the sea, and are those of Catania and Syracuse in the E., that adjoining Trapani in the W., and those of Mi- laazo, and Terranova. Kivers all small, and uu- navigable ; the chief are the Giarretta, watering the plain of Catania, the Salso, Platani, Belici, flowing to the S. coast. The chief lakes are Biviere or Lentini, near the E. coast, and the pool of Enna in the centre of the isl. Soil every- where of high fertility, in some places it consists of a rich loam from 20 to 30 feet deep. CUmate generally salubrious, except in some of the low lands. Mean temp, of the year, at Catania 67° .i, winter 52° .8, summer 84° .5 ; at Palermo, year 61° .1, winter 52° .6, summer 74° .4 Fahr. ; sum- mer heats are oppressive ; snow is never seen, except on Etna, and the highest points of the Madonian mntns. ; and the cold of winter is never so severe as to affect the verdure of the country. The papyrus, sugar-cane, date palm, and other tropical products ripen at a height of 600 feet; evergreens flourish at 2,000 feet, oak & chesnut woods cover the mntn. sides to the height of 4,000 feet, wheat thrives at 4,500 feet, and beech woods prevail to 6,000 feet in elevation. Under the Komans, Sicily was considered the granary of Italy, but owing to oppressive exactions and restrictions, there are few countries in which agriculture is so ill conducted, and it is stated that instead of corn, nearly one-third of the pop. derive their subsistence mainly from the fruit of the Indian fig, a species of cactus which grows wild In profiision. Lands chiefly belong to the nobility, the clergy, or the crown. Wheat and barley are exported in small quantities. Other chief crops are beans, pulse, maize, rice, olive oil, oranges, lemons, almonds, and other fruits, pota- toes, tobacco, flax, hemp, sumach, liquorice, and manna. Silk is produced chiefly in the N.E. part of the isl., and woven at Catania ; in the W. 30,000 pipes of wine are annually made, of which from 18,000 to 20,000 are exported by English & other merchants at Marsala. Pastoral industry receives little attention, and except a few merino sheep, and good mules, all kinds of live stock are very inferior. The sulphur beds of Sicily are of the highest importance ; they extend over the centre and the S., In an area of 2,700 sq. m., in which about 150 mines are wrought, some at Kiesl by an English company, and workmen from Great Britain. The sulphur is found in tertiary formations, and the increase In its production within a few years had been so rapid, that in 7 months of 1838, nearly 77,800 tons were yielded, and this branch of industry employed 12,200 men and boys. In 1838, a monopoly In the export of sulphur was granted by the Neapolitan govern- ment to a French mercantile firm, which resulted In such a diminution in the general trade of Sicily, that after a vigorous remonstrance from the British government. It was quashed in 1842, and trade is again on the increase. Alum, nitre, salt, bitumen, gypsum, and marble, are valuable mineral products ; ores of copper, lead, iron, & mercury are found in the mntns., but few mines are wrought there, and nearly all metallic goods are imported. The tunny, sword-fish, and an- chovy fisheries are important, and those of Pa- lermo lately employed from 900 to 1,000 boats, and 3,500 fishermen. The coral fishery on the African coast is frequented by many fishermen from Trapani, where the coral procured is po- lished. Silk manufs. at Catania, Palermo, Mes- sina, employ several hundred looms ; and in the same cities hides and skins are dressed. At Trapani are some cotton factories wrought by steam; other manufs. are unimportant. CMef exports, sulphur, olive oil, oranges, and lemons, SIC 1189 SIE vine and spirits, sumach, sillcs, and corn, barilla, essences, ^ted fish, linseed, manna, rags, and skins. Imports sugar and other colonial pro- duce, cotton & other manu&ctured goods, hides, m>n, deals, & wax. Messina, Palermo, Trapani, & Catania, are the chief seats of commerce. Each intendencj is governed by aprefect with a council and secretary. Each town has its judicial court ; superior courts are in Palermo, Messina, and Catania ; and a supreme court sits in Palermo, the cap. Except about 5S,000 inhabs. of Greek descent, mostly near Palermo, and several thou- sand Jews, the inhabs. are all Roman Catholics. In 1832, there were 658 monasteries in the isl. Education is chiefly in the hands of the clergy, and is said to be better conducted than in S. Italy. Palermo and Catania have universities ; there are colleges and academies in 21 towns, & a primary and secondary school in each com- urnne. In Catania there are schools of mutual instruction. This island was, in ancient times, the seat of many flourishing Greek colonies, of which Syracuse and Agrigentum were the most femous. It fell successively under the Cartha- ginians, Komans, Goths, Greek emperors, Sara- cens, Normans, French, Spaniards, &e. ; it was annexed to Naples in 1736. In 1847, 1848, and 1849, attempts were made by the Sicilians to shake off the Neapolitan government. Messina was bombarded & taken by the Neapolitan troops 7th September 1848, and Catania 6th April 1849. [Naples.] SicoiiiAirA, a town of Sicily, intend, and 8 m. W.N.W. Girgenti, cap. cant. Pop. 5,300. Its situation is unhealthy. Near it are some of the most extensive sulphur mines in Sicily. SicTos, a city of ancient Greece, and the cap. of one of the earliest founded kgdms. in Europe, gov. and 9 m. W.N.W. Corinth ; the remains of which comprise a stadium in good preservation. SroBUBT, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Devon, 3 m. N.E. Sidmouth. Area 7,990 ac. Pop. 1,771. — IL CO. Salop, 5i m. S.S.W. Bridgenorth. Area 820 ac. Pop. 94. SroninGTON, a pa. of Engl., eo. Gloucester, 1| m. S.S.E. Cirencester. Area 1,950 ac. Pop. 469. — n. a chapelry, co. Chester, pa. Prestbury, 5 m. N.N.W. Congleton. Pop. 513. Sine, a pa. of England, co. Gloucester, 5} m. E.N.E. Painswick. Area 650 ac. Pop. 43. SroE (or Eskt,)-Adalia, a ruined city of Asia- Minor, pash. Itshil, on the Mediterranean, 40 m. E. Sataliah. It has remains of Koman walls. SrDEB (French Sierre), a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Valais, on the Khone, 10 m. N.E. Sion. SinEBKo, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Hit. n., 3 m. N.E. Gerace. Pop. 3,800. 8inESTKAND3,apa. of Engl., CO. Norfolk, on the North Sea, 3 m. S.E. Cromer. Ac. 510. P. 161. Sini, a prefixed name of several small towns, 4;c., of N. Africa I. (S. Abdallah), Marocco, on the Atlantic coast, 28 m. N.N.E. Mogadore. — II. (AidelmouTiien), Algeria, prov. Oran, on the Medi- terranean.— III. {Braham), Algeria, prov. & 120 m. S.S.E. Algiers. — IV. (Bu-Surme), Marocco, on the coast, 15 m. N.N.E. Mogadore. — V. (Feruch), a cape & bay, N.E. Algiers, and where the French army disembarked, 14th June 1830. — SidiShehr IS 3L town of Asia-Minor, pash. Kara- mania, 47 m. S.W. Konieh. SroLAW, Seediaw, or Sodlow Hills, amntn. range in Scotland, extending from Kinnoul Hill, near Perth, N.E. to near Forfar, where they fork into two lines, proceeding to the sea, E.- ward to Redhead, and N.E. ward to Stonehaven. Many of these hills are isolated, and rise to about 1,400 feet. The most remarkable summit is the celebrated Dunsinnan, or Dunsinane. The old red sandstone is the prevailing strata, alternating with beds of shale and conglomerate, upraised by greenstone and porphyry. SiDLESiiAU, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 3J m, S. Chichester. Area 3,950 ac. Pop. 927. Sidmouth, a seaport town and pa. of Engl., co. Devon, on the Sid, at its mouth, in the British Channel, 13 m. E.S.E. Exeter. Area of pa. 1,970 ac. Pop. 3,309. It is picturesque, shelter- ed by hills, and greatly resorted to by visitors. Sidney, several tnshps., U. S., N. Amer I. Maine, 9 m. N. Augusta. Pop. 2,190.-11. New York, 93 m. S.W. Albany. P. 1,732.-111. Ohio, 66 m. N.W. Columbus. Pop. 713. [Sydney.] SiDON, a town of Palestine. [Salda.] SiDODBA, a town of N.W. Hindostan, protect- ed Sikh territory, 25 m. E. TJmballah. SiDOUT, a town of British India, presid. Mad- ras, dist. and 12 m. E. Cuddapah, on the N. bank of the Pennar. — Sidpoor is a town of the Guico- war's dom., 68 m. W. Ahmednugger. SiDBA (Gulf of), {Syrtis Major), the princip. inlet of the Mediterranean on its African side, between lat. 30° & 33° N., and Ion. 15° & 21° E. ; having S. and E. the doms. Tripoli and Barca, Shoresextremely fertile; on them are Tripoli, &c. SiEBENBURGEN ("the sevcu borouglis"), the German name of Transylvania, so named from 7 towns colonised in the 12th century by a Saxon race. [Tbansylvania.] SiEBENSEBiBOE (" thc seven mntns."), a collec- tion of heights in Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 22 m. S.E. Cologne, and N.W. Coblenz, on rt. b. of the Rhine, and of which the Drachenfels is one. The Lowenberg, the most lofty, rises to 1,560 feet above the sea. They are basaltic. SiEBENLEHN, a towu of Saxony, circ. Leipzig, 2 m. S.E. Nossen. Pop. 1,4S6. SiEDLEC, a town of Poland, cap. prov., 56 m, E.S.E. Warsaw. Pop. 3,000. It has a noble residence, schools, & a town-hall. In 1831, it was repeatedly taken and re -taken during the war between the Russians and Poles. SiEG, a river of Rhenish Prussia and West- phalia, rises 10 m. N.E. Siegen, flows W., and joins the Rhine, 2 m. N. Bonn, a course of 80 miles. SiEOBEBG, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 15 m. S.E. Cologne, on the Sieg. Pop. 1,950. SiEOEH, a walled town of Prussian West- phalia, reg. and 38 m. S.S.W. Areusberg, cap. circ, on the Sieg. Pop. 5,260. It has manufs. of leather, iron, & steel wares, woollens & cottons. SiEGHARDS, a mkt. town of Lower Austria, 28 m. N.N.W. Krems. Pop. IfiW.—Sieghards- Hrchen is a market town, on the Erlau, 17 m. W.N.W. Vienna. SiENA {Sena Julia), a city of Central Italy, Tuscany, cap. prov., on a sandstone hill, 1,260 feet above the sea, between two afils. of the Om- brone, 31 m. S.E. Florence. Pop. (1845) 20,637. It is embosomed in trees, entered by a fine avenue, enclosed by walls with gates, several of which are of striking architecture. Without ex- ternal grandeur, Siena has a clean and thriving appearance, a remarkable cathedral of the 12th and 13th centuries, a city-hall in a wide space in the centre of the city, & a celebrated academy of the tine arts, — all these edifices are richly adorned with paintings of the Siennese school. Siena has also 32 convents, a citadel, 2 theatres ; a university, formerly celebrated, and having, in 1844, 136 students, a library of 50,000 vols., & upwards of 5,000 MSS. ; a school of medicine, of which Mascagni was a professor, and an hospital SIE 1190 SIH with 300 beds ; public libraries and literary asso- ciations ; manufs, of woollens, silks, straw hats, paper, and leather, and an active trade in wine, oil, and paper. It is an archbishop's see, the residence of a military governor, and the seat of civil and criminal courts. It is resorted to by many English families. The mountains in its vicinity have rich marble quarries. In the middle ages Siena was the cap. of a powerful republic, and is said to have had 100,000 inhabs. Under the French it was the cap., dep. Ombrone. Eight popes, and many other eminent persons, were natives of Siena. It is connected by rail- way (in progress) with Florence and Leghorn. Its prov., the N. part of the Tuscan maremma comprises 466 sq. m. Pop, (1845) 237,283. SiENif E, a small river of France, dep. Manche, enters the English Channel, 7 m. W.S.W. Cou- tances, after a N.W. course of 40 miles. SiEBADz, a town of Poland, gov. Warsaw, prov. and 32 m. E.S.E. Kalice, on the Warta. Pop. 3,240. It has manufs. of woollens and linens. SiERCK, a comm. and walled town of France, dep. Moselle, arrond. and 11 m. N.E. Thionville, on rt. b. of the Moselle. Pop. 1,690. It has an important customs establishment {bureau de douane), on the frontiers of Belgium and Prussia. SiBBPE, a town of Poland, prov. and 21 m. N. Plock, with 1,230 inhabitants, and a castle. SiEBBA (a peaked mountain ridge), a prefixed name of mntn. ranges in Spain, S. America, &c, — S. Acarai, S. Amer., between the equator and lat. 2° N., and Ion. 57° and 59° W. It is densely wooded. Estimated height 3,000 or 4,000 feet. — S. de Engarceraiif a town of Spain, prov. and 17 m. N. Castellon de la Plana. — S. de Grados, a mntn. range of Spain, separating O. Castile from Estremadura, 36 m. S.W. Avila, and rising to 10,552 ft. — The Sierra de Ghiadalupe,Tecame tbe cap. of Tartar sultans. The traveller Pallas resided here fijr 18 years previously to 1811. SiHi-A, or SiMLAH, a mntnous. district of N.W. Hindostan, between the Sntleje & Jumna rivers, with a station, 30 m, S.E. Belaspoor, 7,300 feet above the sea, and resorted to by invalids of the British army. The station has a magnetic ob- servatory, and lately consisted of 100 English- built houses : every article of European manuf. is here procurable. Pop. of dist. 370,600. Ex- ports iron, wax, honey, borax, musk, wool, ginger, opium, cotton, and woollen fabrics. SiMUBN, a river of Switzerland, cant. Bern, ^fter a N. and E. course of 36 m., joins the Kan- der, 4 m. S. Thun. Its valley, the Simmenthal, contains several vills., and the baths of Leuk. SiMUEBiNG, or SiuoNiNQ, a village of Lower Austria, between the Simmering canal and the Danube, 2 m. S.E. Vienna, with 2,686 inhabs., who manuf. bronze and chemical products. SuruEBH, a town of Bhenish Prussia, reg. and 26 m. S.W. Coblentz, cap. circ. Pop. 2,700. SiidNAN, SEMNA»,or Semnoon, a town of Persia, prov. Ehorassau, 115 m. E. Teheran. It is stated to he 2^ m. in circ, and enclosed by a walL SiMNiTZA, a market town of Wallachia, on 1.b. of the Danube, immediately opposite Sistova Simno is a small town of Polani^ gov. Augnstowo, 19 m. E. Kalwary. Pop. 1,300. SiMoGA, or Shemoga, a fortified town of S. In- dia, Mysore dom., 130 m. N.W. Seringapatam. SiMOSBUBN, a former pa. of Engl., co. North- umberland, 8 m. N.N.W. Hexham, and now sub- divided into the pas. Bellingfaam, Failstone, Grey, stead, Thomeybum, and Wark. SiuoNBSLET, a township of Engl., co. Derby, pa. Glossop,8) m. N.N. W.Chapel-en-le- Frith. P. 592. SiMONSTHUBM, a market town of Hungary, co Tolna, 56 m. S.S.W. Buda. Pop. 3,000. Simon's Tow;;, a maritime town of S. Alnca, colony and dist. Cape of Good Hope, on Simon's Bay, an inlet on theW.side of False Bay, 23 m. S. Cape Town, with which it communicates by a good road. It is neatly built at tbe foot of the Cape mntn., and lias a naval arsenal. It is the residence of the naval commander-in-chief of the colony, and the port to which homeward bound ships irom India usually resort for repairs, &e. SiMPtoN, a mntn. of Switzerland, between the Valais and Piedmont, and across which was car- ried the famous Saute of the SimpUm, under the orders of Napoleon. This road, extend- ing fi-om Glys (Valais) to Domo d'Ossola, a distance of nearly 38 m., is 6,593 feet above the sea, from 26 to 30 feet in width. It is carried through sevei-al extensive tunnels, passes over 611 bridges, is furnished with 20 station-houses for travellers, and was completed between 1800 and 1806. It was greatly injured by storms in 1834, 1839, & 1819, and is now nearly impassable on the Sardinian side. Under the French, the Simplon gave name to a dep. now forming the Swiss canton Valais. SiMPBis, an old pa. of Scotl., co. Berwick, now united to that of Swinton. Simpson, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 1 j m. N. Fenny-Stratford. Area 1,330 ao. Pop. 585. Simpson Island, Pacific O., Mulgrave archi- pelago, is in lat. 0° 30" N., Ion. 173° 64' E. SiMusiB, one of the Knrile isls., N. Pacific, be- longing to Russia, 80 m. N.W. Urup. Lat of S, point 46° 49' N., Ion. 151° 37' E. Length, N. to S., 90 m., breadth 6 m. Sin, a city of China, prov. Shen-si, cap. dep.. on the Han-kiang, 120 m. S.E. Si-an. Sinai (Mount), a mountain of Arabia Petnea, famous in Scripture, and generally identified with the Jeb-el-Mousa, or " Mount of Moses," one of a cluster of mntns., of which Mount Horeb forms a part of the N. end, lat. 28° 30' N., Ion. 34° E. Height above the sea, 7,497 feet On its N.E. side is the fortified convent of Sinai, now tenanted by about 20 Greek monks. Robinson conjec- tures that Mount Horeb, N.W.ward, was the original Sin^, celebrated in holy writ. Mount St Catherine is, however, the culminating point of this cluster of mntns. — The Peninsula of Sinai, between the gulfs of Suez and Akabah, the scene of the Israelite wanderings in the desert, is about 140 m. in length, N. to S.,and as much in breadth at its N. extremity, whence it gradually tapeis S.ward to its extremity, Ras Alohammed, in the Red Sea, lat 27° 43' N., Ion. 34° 18' E. Surface generally mntnous. and rocky; in different lo- SIN 1193 SIN itjes of it are hieroglyphic and other ancient criptions. SiHALOA, a dep. of Mexico. [Cinaloa.] SciABDCo, a river of S. America, Venezuela, ns the Orinoco, after an E. course of 100 miles. SisAT, a Till, of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 16 N>E. Ghent Pop. 3,000. SiNCLAiBTOwx, or St Ci;airtown, a \nllage of otland, CO. Fife, pa. Djsart^ adjoining Path- ad! Pop. 1,511, mostly employed in weaving. SiNT), or Sn>T>E, a river of Hindostan, between 5 Chumbul and Betwah rivers, rises near Se- nge, flows H.E. through the Gwalior dom., and tweeu it and Bundlecund, and joins the Jumna, m. S.E. Etawah. Total course 220 m. A19s. B Kohary and Malnvar. [Scisbe, Isdds.] Si>T)E, a country of W. Hindostan. [Scinoe.] SniDKLTissEN, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. sckar, 9 m. "W.S.VT. Stuttgart. Pop. 3,869. SixDOBSKOE, a lake of Russia, gov. Vologda, 'c. and 85 m. N.N.E. Ust-Syssols. Length m., by 5 m. in breadth. Sdidwah, a fortress and pass of British India, esid. Bombay, 75 m. N.W. Boorhanpoor. Sdtes, a walled town of Portugal, prov. Alem- jo, 40 m. S.W. Alcacer-do-Sal. Pop. 1,200. It the birth-place of Vasco de Gama. SisED, a town of the island Majorca, 20 m. N.E.Pahna. Pop. 3,990. Si-seAi-, a city of China. [Si-an.] SnsGAFOBE (SinghapuTa, " city of the lion "), a ttlement belonging to Great Britain, in S.E. iia, consisting of an island off the S. extremity the Malay peninsula, separated from the main- id by a strait in one part only \ m. across, and ving ou its S. side a town of same name, in lat. 17' 0' N., long. 103° 50' 0' E. Length of isl. m., breadth 11 m. Area 275 sq. m. Fop. 349) 50,000, amongst whom are 20,000 Chinese afewEurop. Sm&ce generallylow,andolating, d densely wooded. Soil mostly clay, rest- ; on sandstone and granite. Climate healthy, ean temp, of year, 80° .6 ; winter 79° .2 ; sum- er 81° .5 Fahr. Showers are frequent ; and the nnal fall of rain is about 100 inches. Catechn, le fruits, nutmegs, coffee, and pepper are prin- !»1 products, & with trepang, birds' nests, sea- led, and other articles for the China market, rtoise sheD, sugar, &c, form the native exports ; It the island is chiefly valuable as a dep6t for e British and Indian trade with the islands of e E. seas. Kice is imported from Java, Bengal, of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, 4 m. N.E. Newburgh. Area about 32 sq. m. Pop. 1,211. It has the remains of an old castle and of an ancient chapel. Slaithwaite, a chapelry of England, co. Tork, W. Riding, pa. and 4^ m. M'.S.W. Huddersfield, with a station on the Leeds and Manchester railway. Pop. 2,925, employed in woollen and cotton manufs. It has a mineral spring with the same properties as that of Harrogate. Slaley, a pa. of Engl., co. Northumberland, S m. S.S.E. Hexham. Area 7,430 ac. Pop. 547. Slamannan, a pa. of Scotl., co. Stirling, 5 m. S.S."W. Falkirk. Area about 11 sq. m. P. 979. Slane, a mkt. town and pa. of Irel., Leinster, CO. Meath, on the Boyne, 8 m. W. Drogheda. Area 5,947 ac Pop. 2,610; do. of town 565. The celebrated battle of the Boyne was fought near Slane, on the E. — Slanes is a pa., Ulster, co. Down, 3 m. N.E. Portaferry. Ac. 946. P. 556. Slanet, ariv. of Irel., Leinster, rises in co. Wick- low, flows mostly S., through the cos. Carlow and Wexford, and expands into Wexford harb. Total course 60 m., tidal for 10 m. It is naTigable from the sea to Enniscorthy for laden boats. Slang, a mkt. town of Dalmatia, circ. and 16 miles N.W. Ragusa. Pop. 1,400. Slaptow, several pas. of Engl, — I. co. Bucks, 3 m. N.N.W. Ivinghoe. Area 840 ac. Pop, 336. — II. CO. DcTOn, 5^ m. S.W. Dartmouth. Area 3,260 ac. Pop. 726.— III. co. Northampton, 4 m. W.S.W. Towcester. Area 930 ac. Pop. 208. Slaxefokb, a vill. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, pa. Colinton, with a station on the Caledonian railway, 3 miles S.W. Edinburgh. Pop. 221. Slaxina, a town of Wallachia, cap. Upper Wallachia, on the Aluta, 90 m. W, Bucharest, Slatousx, Russia, Ural Mntns. [Zlaiust,] Slauoham, a pa, of England, co, Sussex, 3i m. N,W, Cuokfield, Area 2,570 ac. Pop, 1,286, Sladghxeb, two pas, of Engl,, co, Gloucester, —I, {Lower), 6 m, N,N,E, North Leach, Area 1,140 ac. Pop, 222 II, (Upper), 14 m, W. Cheltenham, Area 1,390 ac. Pop, 231, Slaeghterford, a pa, of Engl,, co, Wilts, 6J m, W,N,W, Chippenham, Ac, 540, Pop, 156,' Slate-Coast is that portion of the Guinea Coast, W, Africa, between the Volta and Lagos rivers, which separate it respectively from Benin on the E, and the Gold Coast on the W, Slate Lake (Great), a considerable lake of British N, Araer,, N,W. territory, between lat. 60° 40' & 63° N,, and Ion, 109° 30' & 117° 30' W. Shape Tery irregular. Length E, to W. 300 m, ; greatest breadth 50 m. Shores, on its N, side especially, precipitous and rugged, and it con- tains many rocky and wooded isls. It receiTes from the N,E, the surplus waters of Aylmer and Artillery Lakes, and from the S, those of Lake Athabasca by the Slave River ; and it discharges its own, N,W,, by the Mackenzie River into the Arctic Ocean, It is wholly frozen over for six months of the year.— Slave River is the lower part of the Peace River, after it is joined by Stony River from Lake Athabasca, and enters the Great Slave Lake on its S, side, by two mouths, near Fort Resolution, Total course 200 m. Shores in many parts well wooded ; in its upper part it is interrupted by rapids and falls ; its lower course is through an alluvial region. Slatianosbersk, a town of Russia, gOT, and 180 m, E,N,E, EkaterinoslaT, cap, circ, on the Donetz, Pop, 2,000, who carry on an acliTO trade by the riTer, Slatiansk, a town of Russia, gov, KliarkoT, 29 miles S.E, Izium, Pop, 2,000, SLA 1198 SLO Slatohu, ot Sci^tohia (EiNODOH of), (called by the natives Slcaxmslui), a ftontier prov. of the Austrian Empire, officially included in the kingdom of Hungary, from which it is separated on the N. by the Drare and Danube ; it has W. Croatia, and S. the Save, separating it from Tur- key (Bosnia, and Servia). Area of Civil Slavonia 3,643 sq. m. Pop. (1842) 336,100. The military frontier has an area of 2,935 sq. m. Fop. 266,17S, chiefly Slavonians, and of the Greek church. A branch of the Camic Alps traverses it from W. to E., but most part of the surface is flat, and bordering the great rivs. are extensive marshes. Forests occupy much of the prov., and in them many hogs are fed. Keaiing cattle, and the cul- ture of wheat, rye, flax, hemp, fruits, tobacco, & wine in the E., are the principal branches of in- dustry. Some marble is quarried ; manu^., ex- cept a few of glass, earthenwares, and potash, are mostly domestic. Civil Slavonia is divided into the 3 cos. of Syrmia, Verocz, and Posega ; and the military frontier into 4 dists., the chief towns of which are Peterwardein, Brod, Car- lowitz, and Semlin. Esseek, the cap., Vultovar, and Gradiska, are other principal towns. [M11.1- TAKT FbONTIEK.] SiAvtiTA, and Slawattce, two mkt. towns of Knssian Poland. — I. gov. Volhynia, on the Gorin, 13 m. N. Zaslav.— 11. prov. and 54 m. S.E. Sied- lec, on the Bug. — Slawiszgn is a walled town of Poland, prov. and 10 m. N. Kalice. Pop. 1,000. Slawkow, a town of Poland, prov. Kielce, 31 m. N.W. Cracow. Pop. 1,520. [AusTBRtrrz.] Slawstos, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 5i m. N.E. Market^Harborongh. Ac. 1,510. P. 250. Sleafobo (New), a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., CO. Lincoln, parts Kesteven, on the Slca, 18 m. S.S.E. Lmcoln. Area of pa. 3,160 ac. Fop. 3,382. It has a fine church with a spire 144 feet in height, a modern town-hall, and free grammar school. — IL {Old), a pa., co. Lincoln, 1 m. S.E. New Sleaford. Area 1,150 ac. P. 345. Sleat, an insular pa. of Scotland, co. Inver- ness, comprising the S.E. part of the 6le of Skye. Area (excluding lakes and sea-lochs) 33,335 ac. Pop. 2,706. Here are the remains of 2 castles. Slebech, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 5 m. W.S.W. Narberth. Pop. 294. Sledmebe, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Riding, 7^ m. N.W. Great Driffield. Ac. 6,659. Pop. 435. SiEswicK, the Danish name of [Sohleswig.] Slidbe, a vill. of Norway, amt. and 95 m. N.W. Christiania, on the Beina. Pop. of pa. 3,100. Sliedrecht, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, on the Maas, 4 m. E. Dort. Pop. 1,856. Slieve, numerous mntus. of Ireland, among which are— I. (Beg), co. Down, 2J m. W.S.W. Newcastle. Height 2,384 feet II. (Car), Con- nanght, co. Mayo, between Lough Coon and Blacksod Bay. Height 2,368 ft.— III. (DonareC), Ulster, CO. Down, on the S.W. side of Dundrum Bay, 2 m. S.W. Newcastle. Height 2,796 feet. S1.1G0, a maritime co. of Ireland, Connanght, having E. the co. Leitrim, S. Roscommon and Mayo, N.W. and N. the bays of Killala, Sligo, & Donegal. Area 721 sq. m., or 461,753 ac, of which 3-4ths are arable or in plantations. Inha- bited houses 31,443. Pop. 180,886. Surface greatly diversified ; mountains and bogs are in- terspersed with some level tracts and fertile land. Truskmore, in the N.E., is a mountain 2,072 feet in height ; and Ejiockalongy (Ox mntns.) rises to 1,778 feet. The co. comprises loughs Arrow, Gill, and a part of Gara ; principal rivers, the Arrow and Moy, which latter forms the W. boundary. Agriculture lately improved, but not so the con- dition of the labourers. Principal crops, oats & potatoes, with some wheat. Estates large, farms mostiv small. Average rent of land 10s. 8d. an ac. Annual value of land (1848) 190,652/. Coarse linens and woollens are manufactured, and the fisheries employ about 2,000 persons. The co. is subdivided into 6 baronies and 41 pas., in dioceses of Achonry and Elphin. Principal towns, Sligo, Ballisadare, Dromore, and Tubber- cnrry. The co. sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1849) 461. — Sligo, the cap., is a pari, and munic. bor., and seaport, at the head of Sligo Bay, and at the month of the Garvoge, or Sligo, 69 m. S.S.W. Londonderry. Area ot pari. bor. 3,001 ac. Pop. 14,318 ; do. of town 2,046. Principal public edifices, 2 churches, a large Roman Catholic chapel, a monastery, a co. court-house, prison, various charitable instita- tions, barraclffi, union workhouse, custom-house, a small theatre, news-rooms, and market-houses. The port and harbour have been much improved; an extensive new quay and warehouses have been erected outside the bar, and vessels of 300 tons can come up to the town. It has several flonr- mills and breweries ; exports of com, meal, flour, provisions, linen, flax, and tow ; imports of colo- nial produce and English manufs. Sligo is the entrepot of an extensive country, and has, in consequence, a considerable and increasing trade. Customs rev. (1846) 35,470/. Reg. shippmg(1847) 5,765 tons. Corp. rev. (1848) 336f. The bor. sends 1 mem. to H. of C. R^. electors (1849) 715. It gives the title of Marquis to the Broim family. — Sligo Bay, an inlet of the Atlantic, im- mediately S. Donegal Bay, extends inland for 12 m. Breadth at entrance 6 m. On its shores are Sligo and Ballisadare. In 1588, 3 ships of the Spanish armada were stranded here. Slimbbiooe, a pa. of England, co. and 11 m. S.W. Gloucester. Area 3,660 ac. Pop. 866. Sli>i>on, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 4 m. W.N.W. Arundel. Area 2,840 ac. Pop. 544. Slindon-house, in this pa., is a fine old mansion. StiNFOLD, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 4 m. W.N.W. Horsham. Area 4,230 ac. Pop. 691. SiiInosbt, a pa. of Engl., co. and 16 m. N.N.E. York, N. Riding. Area 2,090 ac. Pop. 609. Slippebt Rock, several townships, U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania I. co. and 15 m. N.W. Butler. Pop. 1,507.-11. co. Beaver. P. 1,224. —III. CO. Mercer. Pop. 2,066. SiiPTON, a pa. of England, co. and 18 m. N.E. Northampton. Area 720 ac. Pop. 159. Slobodskoi, a town of Russia, gov. and 16m. N.E. Tiatka, cap. circ, on the Viatka. Pop. 6,000. It has numerous churches, and a monas- tery, and a considerable trade in com & linseed. S1.0BODZIA, a town of Wallachia, on the Jalom- nitza, and 60 m. E. Bucharest. — SlokutcMn is a vill. of Bulgaria, S.W. Nicopolis. Slolev, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 11 m. N.N.E. Norwich. Area 880 ac. Pop. 291. Slonim, a town of Knssian Poland, gov. and 72 m. S.E. Grodno, cap. circ, on the Stchara. Pop. 7,500. It has several churches, a synagogue, a district school for nobles, and various factories. Slooten, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Friesland, near the Zujder-zee and Lake of Slooten, 12 m. E. Stavoren. Pop. 864. — II. a pa. of N. Holland, on the Lake of Haarlem, 4 m. S.W. Amsterdam. Pop. 2,Zm.—Slooterdyk is a vill., on the Y, 3 m. N.W. Amsterdam. Slough, a vill. of Engl., co. Bucks, with a sta- tion on the Great Western railway, 2J m. N.N.E. Windsor, 21 m. W. London, and 8J m. from Ascot-heath. Pop. 1,198. It has an astronomical SLU 1199 SMT CTvatory, where was erected the great tele- pe of the elder Herschel. ituczEvo, a town of Poland, gov. Warsaw, on Prussian frontier, 11 m. S. Thorn. P. 1,000. Slots (French Z/JScluse), a fortified town of the therlands, prov. Zeelaud, cap. cant., on the Igian frontier, 10 m. N.E. Bruges, witii wliich f it communicates by a canal. Pop. 1,508. jLi'TCH, two rivers of Russian Poland. — I, r. Volhynia, rises near Staro-Konstantinov, TS N., and joins the Gorin in a mai'shy flat, er a course of 200 m. — II. gov. Minsk, flows past Slutsk, and joins the Pripet, 60 m. E. isk. Course 80 miles. iLDTSK, a town of Kossian Poland, gov. and m. S.W. Minsk, cap. dist., on the lesser Slntch, IT its source. Pop. 8,000. Except its churches, ivents, &c., it is built of wood ; it has a high lool formerly subord. to the university of Vilna. Sltguff, or Sligtff, a pa. of Ireland, Lein- r, CO. Carlow, Sj m. N.E. Borris-O'Kaue. ea 6,756 ac. Pop. 2,072. Shalholm, Smaxlholm, or Smailholm, a pa. 3cotl., CO. Eoxbnrgh, 6 m. W.N.W. Kelso. Ac. 70. Pop. 592, of whom 304 are in the village. iuAU.BDBGH, 3 pa. of Engl., CO. Norfolk, 12 N.E. Norwich. Area 1,150 ac Pop. 634. iMALLEY, a chapelry of Engl., co. and 7 m. B. Derby, pa. Morley. Pop. 826. Shall Isles, an insular pa. of Scotl., cos. Ar- e and Inverness, and comprising the isls. of ;, Eum, Canna, and Muck. United pop. 993. SMALLWoon, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Chester, Astbnry, 3 m. E.S.E. Sandbach. Pop. 606. Smabden, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, on the riv. ilt,8m.E.NJE.Cranbrooke. Ac. 5,480. P. 1,141. luEATON (Great), a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Img, 7 m. N.N.W. NorthaUerton. Area 3,750 Pop. 517. Iheeth, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 4 m. E.S.E. bford. Area 1,520 ac. Pop. 489. luEETos, atnshp. of Engl., co. Leicester, 5 m. W. Market-Harborough. Pop. 567. Ikethcote, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 9 m. .W. Shrewsbury. Area 3,290 ac. Pop. 371. baETHWiCK, a chapelry of Engl., co. Staf- i, pa. Harbome, 3J m. W. Birmingham. Fop. 10, employed in metal foundries, &c. 5UBAB, a mkt. town of Bohemia, circ. Bid- ow, 3 m. N. Neu-Bidschow. Pop. 1,166. uiEixjOBSK, a tovra of W. Siberia, in the mining :. of the gov. Tomsk. Pop. 4,000, employed lilver mines and smelting works. MiEv, a town of Russia, gov. and 22 m. S.E. irkov, cap. circ, on the Donetz. Pop. 3,000. MiTH, a CO., U. S., N. Amer., in N. part of inessee, cap. Carthage. Area 590 sq. ra. I. 21,179. — II. a CO., Mississippi, near its tre, cap. Raleigh. Area 520 sq. m. Pop. il. — III. a tnshp., Ohio, co. Belmont. Pop. ^. — IV. a tnshp., co. Columbiana. Pop. 1,457. '• a tnshp., CO. Barry. Pop. 1,799. aiTHFiELD, numeroas tnshps., U. S., N. Amer. . Rhode Isl., on Blackwater River, 16 m. N. vidence. Pop. 9,534. It has many fulling, t, and saw mills, and contains the manuf. SlatersviDe.— II. New York, 106 m. W. AJ- y. Pop. 1,700.-111. Pennsylvania, co. Brad- I. Pop. 1427.— IV. Ohio, 126 m. E.N.E. ambus. Pop. 2,096. — Smithlaml is a vill., itncky, cap. co. Livingston, on the Ohio, below influx of Cumberland River. Pop. 900. wiTHSP.v, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, 2 m. .W, Ashby-de-la-Zonch. Ac. 990. P. 293. niTHTowN, a tnshp., V. S., N. Amer., state 43 m. E. New York, on Long Island Sound. Pop. 1,932.— Smithville is a tnshp.. New York, IS m. W. Norwich. Pop. 1,762. Smoky Bat, an inlet, S. coast of Australia, immed. N.W. Stready Bay, Eyre land, lat. 32° 30' S., Ion. 133° 46' E.—Smohy-point is a headland, E. Australia, 35 m. N.E. Port Macquarie. Smolen, an isl. of Norway, stift Trondhjem, amt. Romsdal, in the Atlantic Ocean, S.W. Hit- teroen, and 18 m. N.N.E. Christiansund. Lat. 63° 25' N., Ion. 8° E. Length 16 m., breadth 10 m. Smolensk, a gov. of Russia, mostly betw. lat 63° 20' & 66° 30' N., and Ion. 30° 30' & 35° 25' E.. en- closed by the govs. Moghilev, Vitebsk, Pskov, Tver, Moscow, Kaluga, Orel, and Tchernigov. Area 21,612 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,170,600. Sur- face undulating, and in some parts marshy. Prmcipal rivers, the Dnieper, Dvina, Gshat, Oka, and Iput. Soil fertile, and corn more than suffi- cient for consumption is raised, besides hemp, flax, tobacco, and hops. Few cattle are reared, but hogs and bees in great numbers. Forests very extensive and valuable. Iron, copper, and salt are found. Manufs. comprise leather, glass, and pitch. The raw produce of the gov. is ex- ported in large quantities to Riga, Vilna, and Moscow. The gov. is subdivided into 12 circles. — Smolensk, the cap., is a fortified town, on the Dnieper, 250 m. W.S.W. Moscow. Pop. 13,000. It is enclosed by massive walls, and is the see of a Russian archbishop. Pri^icipal public edi- fices, 3 handsome cathedrals, numerous Greek, Roman Catholic, and Lutheran churches, episco- pal palace, and monasteries. It has a diocesan seminary, a college, & military school for nobles, several hospitals, a house of correction, assembly rooms, mannfs. of linens, soap, leather, and car- pets, and a considerable export of corn and flax. In 1838, the erection of an iron pyramid was commenced to commemorate the resistance made by the town to the French in 1812. Smoliawt, a market town of Russia, gov. and 60 m. N.N.W. Moghilev. Pop, 2,000. Smorgoni, or Szobgom, a town of Russian Poland, gov. and 45 m. E.S.E. Vilna. Here in 1812, Napoleon left his army under the command of Murat, and returned to France. Smyrna, a famous city and seaport of Asia Minor, and the chief commercial emporium of W. Asia, Anatolia, on a plain at the head of the Gulf of Smyrna, and partly upon the declivity of the ancient Mojis Pagus, which is crowned by a citadel, a structure of the 13th century. Lat. of Daraghaz point 38° 26' 5' N., Ion. 27° 9' 1" E. Estimated pop. 160,000, of whom 80,000 are Turks, 40,000 Greeks, 16,000 Jews, 10,000 Arme- nians, and 5,000 Franks. It has a fine appear- ance from the sea, l3ut is in general wretchedly built ; houses mostly of wood, and only one story in height, streets narrow and filthy. The Frank and Greek quarters extend from about 2J m, along the shore ; above these is the Armenian quarter; and the Turks occupy all the upper parts of the city, having between them and the Armenians two close quarters inhabited by the Jews. Principal edifices, the bazaar & market- place ; the vizier-khan, constructed of the marble ruins of the ancient theatre, the palace of the governor, new barracks for 3,000 men, several synagogues, 6 Greek, 2 Roman Catholic, 2 Ar- menian, and 2 Protestant churches, and about 20 mosques, which are always open for the inspec- tion of Christians and others. Numerous coffee- houses and gardens are scattered along the banks of the river Meles, which enters the gulf E. the city ; and extensive cemeteries occupy portions of the declivity of Mount Pagus, on wliich are SMT 1200 SOB various remains of the ancient city, the seat of one of the " seven churches " of the early chris- tian period mentioned in Scripture. Smyrna has a large Armenian academy, & it is the residence of consuls of most of the principal European states. Trade chiefly with Great Britain, Austria, France, and the V. States. Exports consist of sillj, raw cotton, carpets, raw copper, opium, hides, madder, and wool, besides goats'-hair and skins, valonea, ohve oil, drugs, gums, sponge, figs, raisins, & nut-galls. Imports comprise coffee to about 6 million lbs. annually, woollen, cotton, and silk fabrics, metals raw and manufactured, sugar, indigo, spirits, cochineal, and spices. Smyrna has claimed to be the birth-place of Homer. In 1402, it was ruined by Timour, and it has since suffered repeated vicissitudes, especially from destructive earthqualtes and visitations of the plague, but its admirable situation for commerce has caused it after each new calamity, rapidly to regain its wonted importance. It suffered se- verely from fire in July 1845.— The Gulf of Smyrna, an inlet of the .^gean Sea, extends in- land for 46 m., the breadth of its entrance 22 m. It has in most parts good anchorage, and ships of large burden can anchor close to the quays of Smyrna near its £. extremity. It contains several isls., the principal of which. Long or English Island, is 5 m. in length. Smtbua, a tnshp. of the D. S., N. Amer., New York, 103 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,246. Snaehatten, amntn., Scandinavia. [Norwat.] Snail WELL, a pa. of England, co. Cambridge, 3 m. N. Newmarket. Area 1,830 ac. Pop. 273. Snaiston, a chapelry of England, co. Tork,N. Biding, 9 m. W.S.W. Scarborough. Pop. 687. Snaith, a market town, pa., and tnshp. of England, co. York, W. Biding, on the Aire, S. bank, 6} m. S. Selby. Area of pa., which com- prises Goole and various other tnshps., 34,810 ac^ Pop. 10,444 ; ditto of tnshp. 855. Snake River, Oregon. [Lewis Biver.] Shape, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 3 m. S. Saxmundham. Area 1,46) ao. Pop. 542 II. a township, co. York, N. Biding, pa. Well, 2J m. S. Bedall. Pop. 729. Snapper Island, off E. Australia, in Trinity bay,,lat. 16° 17' 35' S., Ion. 146° 37' E. Snares Islands, S. Pacific Ocean, S. New Zealand. The most E. of the group, is in lat. 48° 3' S., Ion. 166° 45' E. Snabeston, a pa. of England, co. Leicester, 7 m. N.W. Market-Bosworth. Area 1,510 ac. Pop. 404. Snarpord, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 5 m. S.W. Market-Raisen. Area 1,120 ac. P. 76. Snabgate, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 6 m. W.N.W. New Romney. Area 2,360 ac. P. 80. Snave, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 4} m. N.W. New Romney. Area 1,390 ac. Pop. 91. Sneaton, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Biding, 2 m. S.S.W. Whitby. Area 4,040 ac. Pop. 238. Skeek, or Snits, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Friesland, cap. dist., in a marshy tract, 13 m. S.S.W. Leeuwarden. Pop. 7,203. Sheeuweerqen, a range of mountains in S. Africa. [Cape op Good Hope.] Snelland, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 4 m. W.N.W. Wragby, on the Lincoln railway, 6^ m. S.S.W. Market-Baisen. Area 1,460 ac. Pop. 97. Snelston, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, on the Dove, 3 m. S.W. Ashbome. Area 1,960 ao. Pop. 399 — Snelston-Sall is a modern Gothic edifice. Snenton, a pa. of England, co. Notts, forming an E; suburb of Nottingham, within its pari, bounds. Area 720 ac. Pop. 7,079. Snettebton, a pa. of Engl., co. Nori m. N. East Harling. Area 2,280 ac. Pop Snettisham, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolh N.N.E. Castle-Rising. Area 6,680 ac. Pop. Snevd, a pa. of England and N. Wale Salop and Montgomery, 2 m. N.N.W. Bis Castle. Pop. 70. Sniatyn, or Snyatin, a town of Austria land, Galicia, circ. and 24 m. E. Kolomea, i Pruth. Pop. 6,469. It has a castle, united-i and Armenian churches, & numerous tarn Snitterby, a pa. of England, co. Lincoli W.N.W. Market-Raisen. Area 1,640 ac. ] Snitterfield, a pa. of England, co. Wa 4 m. N.N.E. Stratford-on-Avon. Area 3,7 Pop. 822. Snizort, an insular pa. of Scotland, co. 1 ness, comprising the N. part of the island of Area about 60 sq. m. P. 3,220. — Loch Snizo deep inlet of the sea extending inland for 12 r tween dists. Trotternish & Vaternish ; br at entrance 6^ m. At its head is the pa. ct Snodland, a pa. of England, co. Kent, ( Medway, 5 m. N.W. Maidstone. Ac. 2,260. 1 Snobeham, a pa. of England, co. Essex, E.S.E. Chelmsford. Pop. 211. Snobing, two pas. of England, co. Norfi I. {Great), 6 m. S.S.E. Wells. Area 1,5£ Pop. 666.— n. (Little), 3J m. N.E. Fakej Area 1,510 ac. Pop. 293. Snowdon, the most lofty mountain of ' and S. Britain, co. and 10 m. S.E. Carnarvc principal peak, Y-Wyddva, rising to 3,57: above the sea. Its W. side is very preoi] and partly formed of basalt. Its summit mands magnificent views. Snow Hill, a vill. and port of the TJ. S America, Maryland, cap. co. Worcester, o river Pocomoke, and the peninsula betwee Atlantic and Chesapeake bay. Pop. 800. Snow Island, New S. Shetland, At ' Ocean, S.W. Livingston's Island, is 25 m. Snowshill, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, N.E. Wmchcombe. Area 2,260 ac. Pop. SoA, or SoAT, an island of the Inner Heb Scotland, co. Inverness, pa. Bracadale, off : coast of Skye. Length, N. to S., 3 m.; br 2 m. Pop. 113 II. an island adjacent Kilda, and 1 m. in circuit. [Soay.] SoANA, a decayed town of Tuscany, ii Maremma, 3 m. N.W. Pitigliano. Soanoheee, a town of British India, p Bombay, 40 m. E.S.E. Naundoorbar. Scab, a river of England, rises between chley & Lutterworth, flows generally N. thi the centre of Leicestershire, past Leic Mount Sorrel, and Loughboro', and join Trent about 12 m. E.S.E. Derby, whence t( cester it is navigable for barges. SoAVE, a fortified vill. of Austrian Italy, i and 12 m. E. Verona. Pop. 2,200. SoAv (Meikle and Little), two islets c Outer Hebrides, Scotland, co. Inverness, pi off the W. coast of Harris, from which th< separated by a sound 1 m. in width. — A island, co. Sutherland, near the entrance of Inver, pa. Assynt, is named Soay. [Soa.] Sobebnheih, a town of Bhenish Prussia and 39 m. S. Coblenz, on the Nahe. Pop. 5 SoBEBTON, a pa. of England, co. Hants, E.S.E. Bishop's Waltham. Area6,890 ac. I SoBiESLAu, a town of Bohemia, ch'c. and N.N.E. Budweis, on the Luschnitz. Pop. SoBOTKA, a town of Bohemia, circ. Bu: 13 m. E.N.E. Jung-Bunzlau. Pop. 1,600. SoBBAL, a town of Brazil, prov. and i; SOB 1201 SOG I.W. Ceara. — II. a market town of Portugal, '. Estremadura, 23 m. N. Lisbon. )BBAON, a town of N.W. India, on the Sntleje, 1. E.N.E. Ferozepore, where the Brit, gained eat victory over the Sikhs, 10th Feb., 1846. 3CHACZEW, a town of Poland, gov. and 28 m. Warsaw, on the Bzura. Pop. 2,600. aoiBTT bLANDS, a group in the Pacific Ocean, reen lat. 16° and 18° S., and Ion. 148° and ' W. Principal islands, Tahiti, Eimeo, Hua- le, Raiatea, Bona-bona, Tahaa, and Meui'a. [mated pop. of the whole 16,000 (?), many of im have been converted to Christianity by sionaries, who have also introduced many of arts of civiUzed life. Papiete, the cap. of liti, is resorted to by numer. whalers and other )s for commercial purposes. [Polynesia.] ocKBDBN, a pa. of England, cos. Durham and •k, N. Riding, 7 m. S.E. Darlington. Area 10 ae. Pop. 201. ocKNA, a walled town of Central Africa, Fez- , midway betw. Tripoli and Mourzouk, and 110 S. Bonjem, on the TripoU frontier. P. 3,000. ocoKOSco, a town of Central America, cap. W. prov. of the state Guatemala. The prov. lonusco consists of a strip of territory, having the Mexican dep. Chiapas, W. that of Oaxa- and S. the Pacific Ocean. Length 120 m. ; rage breadth 40 m. iocoBKO, a town of S. America, New Grana- dep. Bojaca, cap. prov., 65 m. S.S.AV. Pamp- a. Pop. 12,000 (?).— The XaAe of Socorro is the head of the brook of Reventado, which ipUes water to the city of Cartago. SocoTRA, or SoKOTBAH, JOwscoTtdis Insula, an nd in {he Indian Ocean, 120 m. E. Cape ardafui, the E. extremity of Africa, and be- ging to Keshin, a i>etty state of Arabia, about I m. distant. Tamarida, its cap., on the N.E. ist of isl., is in lat. 12° 39' N., Ion. 54° V 2' E. Qgth, E. to W., 70 m. ; greatest breadth 20 m. ea estimated at 1,000 sq. m., and pop. at from OOto 5,000, mostly Bedouins, with some settled abs, Negroes, and descendants of Portuguese, centre is a chain of granite and limestone nntajns rising to 5,000 feet in height, around ich a belt of low land, from 2 to 4 m. across, rts the sea ; In its fertility, it presents in some *ts a favourable contrast to the adjacent inlands. Climate more temperate than on I adjacent continent. Products comprise aloes the finest quality, dragon's blood and other US, tamarinds, tobacco, dates, akind of millet, ^ee. Domestic animals are oxen, sheep, goats, Dels, & civet cats. Trade mostly with Muscat, rhence most provisions are imported. TheBri- 1 government failed in negociations to pur- ise this island from the Sultan of Keshin. iODBUKT, three pas., &c., of Engl., co. Glou- ter.— I. (Chipping), with a market town, 25 m. .W. Gloucester. Area of pa. 120 ae. Pop. 73. Its grammar school and other charities 'e an aggregate annual rev. of 3001. Trade Bfly in cheese and malt.^II. (Little), a pa., 2 N.E. Chipping-Sodbury. Area 1,110 ac. ». 125.-111. (Old), 2 m. E.S.E. Chipping- Ibury. Area 3,680 ac. Pop. 871. lODEBFOBS, a vill. of Sweden, Isen and 37 m. ff. TJpsal, on an island in the Dal-elf, having irge anchor foundry, employing 500 workmen. iODEEHAMN, a maritime town of Sweden, laen I 42 m. N. Gefle, on an inlet of the Gulf of ;hnia. Pop. 1,600. It has a royal mannf. of IS, and an export trade in iron and timber. ODEBKOFiHo, a maritime town of Sweden, laen 1 25 m. E.N.E. Linkoping, on the Gotha canal, 16 m. from the Baltic Sea. Pop. 956. who have an export trade in Baltic produce. SoDEKMANNLAiTD, Or Sddebmania, an old prov. of Sweden, now subdivided among the tsens Nykbping and Stockholm. SoDERo, an island of Sweden, ten Stockholm, in the Aland Strait. Length 7 m. ; breadth 3 m. SoDEBTKLGE, a towu 01 Sweden, Isen and 18 ra. S.W. Stockholm, on a river between Lake Mse- ler and the Baltic Sea. Pop. 1,070. Sonus, a township of the U. S., N. America, New York, on Sodus bay, an inlet on the S. side of Lake Ontario, 12 m. N. Lyons. Pop. 4,470. — Sodus bay, 4 m. in length, has at its entrance the port of Sodus point. SoEBORO, a decayed town of Denmark, island Seeland. amt. Frederichstadt, on a small lake, 10 m. N. W. Elsinore. pFor notices of most Scan- dinavian towns spelt with Sce refer to So.] SoEBT, a pa. of Denmark, Jutland, amt. and 17 m. W.N.W. Aarhuus. — II. a vill. and pa., isl. Aeroe, Schleswig, on its N. coast, 10 m . S. Faaborg. SOEBABATA, a Dutch residency of the island Java, on the N.E. coast. Pop. 970,000. The cap. town, Soerabaya, on the Strait of Madura, formerly residence of the governor of E. Java, has ship-building yards and a fort. Pop. 60,000. SoerkabtaJ a Dutch residency of the island Java, near its centre. Pop. 400,000. — Soerkarta, or Solo, the cap., on the Solo river, has a garrison and fort. Pop. 10,000. SoERtE, one of the Lofifoden islands. [Soeob.] SoEST, or Sost, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. & 13 m. N.N.E. Arnsberg, cap. circ, on the Sosterbach, an afiluent of the Lippe. Pop. (1846) 8,658. 1 1 is enclosed by walls, flanked with towers, and has Lutheran, Roman Catholic, and Calvinist churches, an orphan asylum, a gymnasium, and normal school, inanufs. of linen, woollen cloths, hosiery, leather, and paper, with oil mills, brewe- ries, and a trade in corn. It was formerly one of the Eanseatic towns. SoFAHDN, a small town of Cashmere, at the S.E. extremity of the valley, with iron mines. SoFAiiA, a town and river of E. Africa ; the town, on the river, cap. a gov. of the Portuguese captaincy-general of Mozambique, lat. of fort 20° 10' T S., Ion. 34° 46' E., consists chiefly of huts, with a fort, the residence of a governor, & garrison. It has an export trade in slaves, ivory, and gold dust, and imports coarse piece-goods, trinkets, &c. — The river has an E.ward course, estimated at 200 m., but it is navigable only for small craft. The mountains of Sofala form the S. boundary of the captaincy of Senna. SoFRU, or SoFOEO, a walled town of Marocco, kingdom and 18 m. S.S.E. Fez. In its viomity are productive salt mines. SoGAHA, a populous tovm of Central Africa, Bornou, near Affagay, S. Lake Tchad. SoGAMOso, a small town of S. America, New Granada, dep. Boyaca, prov. and 40 m. N.W. Tunja, on the Sogamoso river. SoGHANLi-.'iD, a small riv. of Asia Minor, Ana- tolia, joins the Chati-su (a.naWTAParthenius), near Zafaran-Boli, 90 m. N. Angora. SoGHD, the valley of the Zer-afchan or river of Saraareand, Bokhara. It is one of the " four paradises" of the Persian poets, and in anti(juity it gave name to the region known as Sogdiana, N. the Oxus. SoGHUT, a town of Asia Minor. [Shcoshct.] SoGLAH (Lake), Asia Minor, pash. and 63 m. W. Karaman, is 11 m. in length ; breadth 7 miles. The vill. Soglah is on its S.E. side. Sogne-Fjelp, mountain region. [Norwav.] 4 Q SOH 1202 SOL SoRAaEPOOB, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, S.'W. territory, cap. a dist. intersected by the Sone river, 72 m. N.N.E. Mundlah. SOHAM, a marlcet town and pa. of England, co. Cambridge, 6 m. S E. Ely. Area of pa. 13,420 ac. Pop. 4,091. It has a conspicuous church, and various dissenting chapels. — II. (Earl's), a pa. CO. Suffolk, Z\ m. Vf, Framlingham. Area 2,240 ao. Pop. 741 III. (Monies), a pa., co. Suf- folk, 5 m. W.N.W. Framlingham. Ac. 830. P. 404. SoHAR, a town of Arabia, dom. and 120 m. W.N.W. Muscat, on the sea of Bab-el-Mandeb. SoHAUL, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, in Bogilcund, 37 m. S.S.E. Kallinger. SoHL, a CO. of Hungary, N.E. tlte Danube. Pop. 91,499. Cap. Neu-Sohl. SoHNA, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, Upper provs., dist. and 30 m. S.W. Delhi. SoHO, a suburb of Birmingham, England, where are the extensive iron works of Messrs Boulton and "Watt. [Birmingham.] SoHBAU, or ZtOBT, a walled town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 57 m. S.E. Oppeln. Pop. 3,950. It has manufs. of woollen and linen fabrics. SoiGNiES, a town of Belgium, prov. Hainault, cap. cant., on the Senne and on the railw. from Mons to Brussels, 10 m. N.N.E. Mons. Pop. 6,350. It has extensive breweries and distilleries, trade in stone and lime, and large annual fairs. — The Forest of Soigrdes, prov. S. Brabant, S.E. Brussels, is 13 m. in length and 6 m. in breadth. At its S. extremity are the hamlet of Mont St Jean, and the field of "Waterloo. SoissoNS, Nomodunum, a fortified town of France, dep. Aisne, 18 m. S.'W. Laon, on 1. b. of theAisne. Pop. (1846) 7,900. It has an anc. castle, 2 ruined abbeys, a college, prison, theatre, library of 18,000 vols., a cathedral, manul^. of fine car- pets, and an extensive trade in grain. Clovis made Soissons his residence at the commence- ment of his reign ; under his descendants it was the cap. of a separate kingdom. Louis le Debon- naire was imprisoned in the convent of St M^d- ard. Tlie canal of Soissons, 16 m. long, connects the Aisne with the Ourcq and Marne. Soj or SoJA, a navigable river of Russia, rises in gov. Smolensk, flows S S.W., and joins the Dnieper on 1., 40 m. N.N.W. Tchernigov, after a course of 240 m. SoK, a river of Russia, rises in gov. Orenburg, circ. and 20 m. S.W. Bugalma, flows S.W., and joins the Volga, 15 m. N. Samara. Course 180 m. SoKAL, a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, circ. and 33 m. N.N.E. Zolkiev, on the Bug. Pop. 3,100. It has manufs. of silk. SoKO, a state & town of Guinea, N. Asbantee. —Sohota is a town of Abyssinia, state Tigr^, 100 m. S.W. Antalo. SoKOLKA, a market town of Russian Poland, prov. and 22 m. N.E. Bialystok, cap. circ. Pop. 2,400.-11. a market town, gov. Poltava, on the Vorskla, 7 m. S. Kobyliaki. SoKOLNiK, a town of Poland, gov. and 33 m. S.S.E. Kalisz. Pop. 780. SoKOLOvA, and Sokolovka, two market towns of Russia. — I. gov. and 20 m. S. Kharkov. — II. gov. Kiev, 22 m. N.N.W. Uman. SoKoiovr, a town of Poland, prov. and 17 m. N. Siedleo. Pop. 3,035.-11. a market town of Austria, Galicia, circ. and 15 m. N.N.E. Rzeszow. SoLANA, a town of Spain, prov. and 27 m. E. Cindad-Keal. Pop. 4,375. It has manufe. of linens and woollens. SoLANDEK Island, an islet off the S.W. extre- mity of New Zealand -Cape Solander, E. Aus- traua, bounds the S. entrance to Botany-bay. S01.AFOOB, a town of India, Deccan, N dom., 66 m. W.N.W. Kulburga. SoLDAU, a town of E. Prussia, reg. Kl berg, on the Soldau, and on the Polish fr( 13 m. S.W. Neidenburg. Pop. 13OO. SoLDiN, a walled town of Prussia, prov. denburg, reg. Frankfiirt, cap. circ, 25 m Kiistrin. Pop. 4,860. It has manufs. of woi and a mussel pearl fishery in the lake of S SOT.EC, a town of Poland, gov. Badom the Vistula, 28 m. N.E. Opatow. Pop. 1,8 SoLECHNiKi (Boi.cHoi and Mala), two n towns of Russian Poland, gov. and respec 27 and 22 m. S. Vilna. SoLEDEW, a town of N.W. Hindostan, ( poor dom., 16 m. N.W. Purtabghur. SoLESMES, a comm. and mkt. town of Fi dep. Nord, cap. cant., on the Selle, 12 : Cambrai. Pop. 4,868. It has manuis. of cal Solent (The), is that part of the sea be the Isle of Wight and the mainland of En| which extends W. from Fort Monckton to Castle, being continuous E.ward with Spil and N. with Sonthampton-water. Length average breadth 3 m. SoLERO, a market town of N. Italy, Pied prov. and 6 m. W. Alessandria. Pop. of c 3,312. — Soleto is a market town of Naples, and 16 m. W. Otranto, cap. cant., near the of ancient Salentia. Pop. 2,000. SoLESBOBT, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., 1 sylvania, on the Delaware, 119 m. Harrisl Pop. 2,038. SoLEUEE (Germ. Solothum), a canton of zerland, in its N.W. part, enclosed by the Bern, Basel, and Aargau. Area 255 sq. Pop. (1837) 63,196, mostly Roman CathoUc the N. and W. it is covered by ramificatii the Jura mntns. Principal rivers, the Aar men, and Dunern. Soil fertile, and a surp corn over home consumption is raised, witl for exportation. Rearing live stock is the branch of industry, and the horned catti amongst the best in Switzerland. Iron & n are important products ; principal manufs, goods, calico, hosiery, and paper. Goveri vested in a grand council of 109 member executive council of 17 members, who meet annually at the cap. town Soleure. — Soleuj cap., is situated on the Aar, here crossed b wooden bridges, at the foot of the Jura, N.N.E. Bern. Pop. 4,647. It has a hant cathedral, a museum with a collection of I from the Jura ; government house, arsenal racks, & theatre. It has a college, a public HI and a botanic garden. Here Kosciusko diei Oct., 1817. Near it are the chateau of Wa] the hermitage of St Veren, and the bat Weissenstein. SoLFACH, a small port of S. Wales, co. broke, on the N. shore of St Bride's Bay, S.E. St David's. SoLFATABA, AquiB AlbuleB, a small la Central Italy, Pontif. sta., comarca di Re m. W. Tivoli. It is now about 500 feet a but was anciently much larger : on it are si floating islets. Near it are the mined ba Agrippa. A canal, 2 m. in length, carri sulphureous waters into the Teverone. Sol-Galitzkoi, a town of Russia, go' 100 m. N.N.E. Kostroma, cap. circ, on the troma. Pop. 2,000. It has two annual fai SoLiQNAO, two comms. and small ton France. — I. dep. H. Vienne, on the Briance S. Limoges. Pop. 2,651. — II. (sur Loire) H. Loire, cap. cant., 5 m. S. Le Puy. Pop. SOL 1203 SOM Soliyny is a comm. and market town, dep. rae, 6 m. N. Mortasne. Pop. 883. Near it was B convent of La Trappe, suppressed in 1790. SoLiHDLr., a town and pa. of £ng;land, co. and m. N.W. Warwick. Area of pa. 10,000 ac. ip. 3,401. It has a good town-hall, church, d schools. Rev. of charities 510/. a year. Solikamsk, a town of Russia, gov. and 115 m. Perm, cap. circ, at the confluence of the isolka with the Kama. Pop. 4,000. SonUAN Mountains, Afghanistan. [Sdliman.] SoLiuoENS, a name of the Amazon river, ■azil. [Amazon.] It also gives name to the rge river of the prov. Paka. SoLisQES, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and m. E.S.E. Dusseldorf, cap. circ. Pop. (1846) }20, who manuf. swords, bayonets, and cutlery. SoLiTABV Island, S. Pacific O., lat. 14° 21' S., n. 176° 35' W. was discovered by Mecdaiia in 95.— II. Indian Ocean, in lat. 49° 50' S., Ion. ° 5" E.— in. E. coast of Australia, lat. 30° 13' , Ion. 153° 13' E. SoLLEB, a town of the island Majorca, on its W. coast, with a port on the Mediterranean, 14 , N. Falma. Fop. 6,990. It has considerable ports of oranges and wine. Sollies (le Pont), a comm. and town ot ■ance, dep. Var, 8 m. N.E. Toulon. Pop. 2,488. SOLLOGUODMOBE, a pa. of Ireland, Mnnster, . and 3} m. N.W. Tipperary. Area 6,657 ac. ip. 2,852. Solus, an old principality of Germany, situat- in the Lahn, now snbdivided into several >all mediatised principalities belonging to the lerent branches of the House of Solms, the ief of which are — I. Braunfels, with possessions Pmssia, Wurteraberg, & Hessen, cap. Braun- te. — ^IL XicAand Bbhen Solms, cap. Lich. — III. Lauback in He.ssen. — IV". S. Laubach-Barutk- jdelham &, Amheim in Hessen V. 5. Baruth- Udenfels in Hessen. SoLNiTZ, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 18 m. E. 5niggratz. Fop. 1,444^ who manuf. woollens. Solo, a town & riv. of Java. [Soebakabta.] SoLOFEA, a town of Naples, prov. Princip. tra, cap. cant., 7 m. S.E. Avellino. Pop. 5,400. has manufe. of woollens, leather, & jewellery. SoLOGNE, an old dist. of France, now com- ised in the deps. Loir-et-Cher, and Loiret. SoLOLA, a town of Central America, state and m. N.W. Guatemala. Pop. 5,000 (?). SoLouBo (Gbeat and Little), two small isls. the Java Sea, lat. of Great Solombo 5° 33' S., 1. 114° 24' E. SoLOHESTs, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. and m. N.N.W. Vilna. Solomon, or Salomon Islands, a group in the eific Ocean, between lat. 5° and 12° S., and Ion. 1° and 163° E. Principal islands, Bouka, Bou- inville, Choiseul, St Tsabel, Guadalcanar, the •sacides, Malaita, and St Christoval. Sur- » elevated, fertile, and well wooded; shores Bcipitous, with fringing reefs ; the islands are volcanic origin, and have an active volcano. p. comprises both Malays and Papuan negroes. lese islands were discovered by Mendaiia in 37 — IL a group of 11 islets, Indian Ocean, N. '. Chagos islands, a dependency of the Mauritius. 3oLON, several tnshps,, U. S., N. America. — I. iw York, 12 m, E. Cortland. Pop. 2,311.-11. line, 41 m. N. Augusta. Pop. 1,139. Bolonotsha, a town of Russia, gov. and 112 W.N.W. Poltava, on an affl. of the Dnieper. Solob, an island of the Malay Archipelago, off ! E. extremity of Flores, separated from it by ! strait of Plores, and by another strait from Adenara in the N. Lat. of S. point 8° 47' S., Ion. 123° 8' E. Length E. to W. 80 m., breadth 15 m. SoLOTHUEN, Switzerland. [Soleuee.] Solotivina, a town of Austria, Galicia, circ. and 20 m. S.S.W. Stanislawow. Pop. 2,600. SoLOVETZKoi, or SoLovKi, an island of Russia, in the White Sea, gov. Archangel, 100 m. N.W. Onega. Lat. 65° N., Ion. 35° 50' E. Length 15 m., breadth 10 m. Talc is a principal product. Solkd-le-Chateau, a comm. and town of France, dep. Nord, cap. cant, arrond. and 9 m. N. E. Avesnes. Pop. 2,289. SoLSONA, Celsa, a walled town of Spain, prov. and 55 m. N.E. Lerida. Pop. 2,156. It has a cathedral ; and manufe. of iron wares. SoLT (Germ. Soltli), a town of Cent. Hungary, CO. & 48 m. S. Pesth, near the Danube. P. 6,949. SoLTA, Olyntha, an island of Dalmatia, circ. Spalatro, in the Adriatic, W. Brazza. Length, N.W. to S.E., 10 m., breadth 2 m. Pop. 1,300. On its N. shore is a vill. of same name. SoLVESBEBG, Or SoLviTSBUBG, an ancieut, and formerly important marit. town of S. Sweden, laen and 37 m. W. Carlskrona, on an inlet of the Bal- tic. Pop. 1,050. SoLviTCHEGODSK, Or SoLDOT,atown of Russia, gov. and 268 m. N.E. Vologda, cap. circ, on the Vitchegda. Pop. 2,500. It has manufe. of linens. SoLWAT FiBTH, a large marine inlet, stretching from the Irish Sea N.E.ward between Engl, and Scotl., having S. and E. the co. Cumberland, and N. the COS. Kirkcudbright & Dumfries. Breadth at entrance, between St Bees head and Balcurry Point, 24 m. It extends inland for about 38 m., progressively diminishing in breadth to 1^ m. At its head it receives the Esk ; and the Annan, Nith, Dee, & Urr join it from the Scotch, & Der- went and Ellen from the English, side. Coasts sloping in Cumberland, bold in Galloway, and low in the co. Dumfries. During ebb tide much of the firth is a naked flat, and may occasionally be crossed in some places ; but the tidal wave, especially during spring tides, returns very sud- denly, & with great violence ; so that accidents to shipping have repeatedly happened. Its fisheries, chiefly salmon, are extensive & valuable Solway Moss is a drained area about 7 m. in circ, in the CO. Cumberland, pa. Kirk-Andrew-upon-Eske, adjoining the firth. Soma, a small town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 25 m. £. Bergamo, and about 3 m. from which is ancient Germa (?). SoMAiN, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Nord, on the N, railway, 3i m. S.E. Douai. Pop. 2,488. SoMAULi, or SoMAULEE, a couutry of E. Africa, extending along the coast from Ras-el-Khyber, its E. extremity, to near Zeylah. [Adel.] SoMBOE, a town of Hungary. [Zombob.] SoMBOUEK (King's), a pa. of Engl. [King's SoMBOUBN.] — II. {Little), a pa., co. Hants, 2 m. S.E. Stockbridge. Area 1,460 ac. Pop. 116. SoMBKEFFE, a Till, of Belgium, prov. and 13 m. W.N.W. Namur. Pop. 2,000. It has a castle, and a church built by the Templars. SoMBEEiiETB, a town of the Mexican Confed,, dep. and 85 m. N.W. Zacatecas. Near it are rich silver mines. SoMBEEBO, an islet of the British W. Indies, about midway between Anguilla and the Virgin islands.— II. a vill., S. America, Venezuela, dep. and 70 m. S.S.W. Caracas. SoMEiSAT, Samosala, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. Marash, on the Euphrates, 50 m. N.E. Bir. It is the birth-place of the Grecian poet Lucian. SoMEEBv, several pas. of Engl — I. co. Leices- ter, 6 m. S.S.B. Melton-Mowbray. Area 1,000 ac SOM 1201 SOM Pop. 480. — II. CO. Lincoln, 3 J m. S.E. Grantham. Area 2,990 ac. Pop. 267.^111. same co., 4 m. E.S.E. Glandford-Bridge. Ac. 1,940. Pop. 63. SoMEBCo^TES, two pas. of Engl., CO. Lincoln. —I. {North), 8J m. N.E. Louth. Area 4,380 ac. Pop. 819.— II. (South), 7J m. N.E. Louth. Area 2,510 ac. Pop. 375. SoMEREiN, a mkt. town of W. Hungary, co. & 12 m. S.E. Presburg, on the island Great Schiitt. SoMEBFOBD, three pas. of England, co. Wilts. — I. {Broad), on the Avon, 3J m. S.S.E. Malmes- bury, and included in its bor. Area 1,770 ac. Pop. 556.— II. {Little), 31 m. S.E. Malmesbury, and also included in its bor. Area 330 ac. Pop. 357.-111. {Keynes), on the Thames, 5i m.W.N. W. Crieklade. Area 1,640 ac. Pop. 360. SoMEBLE'tTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, with a station on the Eastern Counties railway, 4^ m. N.W. Lowestoft. Area 770 ac. Pop. 504. SoMEBS, three townships, U. S., N. America. — I. Connecticut, 21 m. N.E. Hartford. Pop. 1,621. —II. New York, 20 m. N. White Plains. Pop. 2,082.-111. Ohio, co. Prebble. Pop. 1,820. Somebsall-Hebbebt, a pa. of England, co. Derby, 3^ m. E.N.E. tjttoxeter. Ac. 2,120. P. 120. SoMERSBf, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 6 m. N.W. Spilsby. Area 560 ac. Pop. 69. Somerset, a div. of the Cape colony, S. Africa, mostly between lat. 30° 20' and 33° 25' S., & Jon. 25° 12' and 26° 45' E., enclosed by the districts Albany, Uitenhage, Graaf Reynet, Cradock, and the Caffre country. Area 4,000 sq. m. Pop. (1845) 5,200. The Great Fish river intersects it, and waters a fertile tract, the heights on both sides of which are covered with bush. Wheat and barley are chief crops. Sheep are numerous, also other live stock. — II. the cap. vill. of this div., 80 m. N.W. Graham Town, at the base of the Bosch-berg. It has Presbyterian and Dutch Reformed churches, and Wesleyan schools. Somerset, a co. of Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land), in its E. part, surrounded by cos. Coniwall, Westmoreland, Cumberland, Monmouth, and Glamorgan. The S. Esk riv. forms its N., — Mac- quarie and Lake rivers its W., boundary, and it is watered by many of their affls. Principal towns, Campbell Town, Ross, Lincoln,& Auburn. — North Somerset is a tract in the Arctic region of British N. America, forming the N. part of Boothia- Felix, and mostly between lat. 73° and 74° N., and W. of Ion. 90° W., having E. Prince Regent inlet, and N. Barrow strait, separating it from Coruwallis island ai>d North Devon. Cape Cla- rence is its N.E. extremity, opposite which is Prince Leopold island. It was discovered by Sir E. Parry in 1819. Somerset, several cos., U. S., N. America. — I. Maine, in its N. part, on the Kennebec river, cap. Norridjewoek. Area 3,600 sq. m. Pop. 33,912. — II. New Jersey, near its centre, cap. Somer- ville. Area 275 sq.m. Pop. 17,455. — III. Penn- sylvania, cap. Somerset. Area 1,000 sq. m. Pop. 19,650. — IV. Maryland, in its S.E. part. Area 600 sq. m. Pop. 19,508. — Also numerous town- ships. — I. Massachusetts, on Taunton river, at head of its navigation, 44 m. S. Boston. Pop. 1,005.-11. New York, 14 m. N.E. Lockport. Pop. 1,742. — III. Pennsylvania, co. Washington. Pop. 1,620.— IV. CO. Somerset, with 2,711 iuhabs., &: a bor., cap. co., on Cox's Creek, 115 m.W.S.W. Harrisburg. Pop. 638.— V. Ohio, cap. co. Perry, 40 m. E S.E. Columbus. Pop. 947 VI. Ohio, CO. Belmont. Pop. 1,933. SoMEKSETSHiBE, a maritime co. of the W. of England, having N. the Bristol channel, and from S.W. round to N.E. the cos. Devon, Dorset, Wilts, & Glo'ster. Area 1,645 sq. m., or 1,05S ac, of which about 900,000 are supposed ti under culture. Inhab. houses, 82,617. 435,982. Coast -line and surface very muchdi sified, and highly picturesque. The Mendip 1 and the range of which the Quantock hills 1 a part, separate the co. into three divisions, central of which contains the basins of the ] ret, Brue, and Axe ; in the N. are the Avon Yeo rivers, and in the W. the Tone, all of w flow to the Bristol channel. Along the riven many marshes, and tracts of high fertility which dairy husbandry is pursued with great cess ; in other parts are extensive wastes, as moor at the W. extremity. Dunkerry Bea also in the W., rises to 1,668 ft. in height. W and barley come to high perfection arc Bridgewater, Taunton, &c., and the industi the CO. is chiefly rural, but the agrioultui generally backward. Cheddar and other chei and cider, are principal products. Sheep estimated at 500,000, and the annual produc wool at 10,500 packs. Farms commonly si and many farmed by the owners. Average of land (1810) 25s. 9d. an acre, being the hig in England, except in Leicestershire and Mid sex. Annual value of land (1842) 1,715,497J houses, 1,025,297/. ; total value of real propi 2,991,7462. Coal, stone, calamine, and ful earth are obtained ; woollen goods are manii tured at Frome, Wellington, &c. ; and in 1 2,180 hands were engaged in woollen, and ] in silk, mills. Gloves are made at Yeovil, Hi at Crewkeme ; stockings, paper, glass, i wares, wool cards, shoes, leather, and malt, manufactured. The Glastonbury, Kennet Avon, Bridgewater, Taunton, and other ca are in this co., the N. & W. parts of which ar tersected by the Great Western railway. rev. (1848) 25,6002. The co. contains the c Bath, Wells, and a part of Bristol, the pari. 1 Bridgewater, Taunton, and Frome, the munii bors. Axbridge, Chard, Glastonbury, Lang] Yeovil, Somerton (whence its name), and r erous market towns. Assizes are held in sp at Taunton, and in summer alternately at \ and Bridgewater. Co. jails are at Wilton, Taunton, Ilchester, and Shepton-Mallet. CO. returns 4 mems. to H. of C. Keg. elei (1846) for E. div. 9,655 ; for W. div. 8,433 ; t 18,088. Antiquities of almost every perio British history are met with in this CO., whicl the seat of numerous important military e^ in Saxon times. SoMEBSKAM, a town and pa. of Englano Huntingdon, & 10 m. E.N.E. Huntingdon. . of pa. 4,200 ac. Pop. 1,517. It has a fine chi —II. a pa., CO. Suffolk, Bi m. W.N.W. Ipsi Area 1,370 ac. Pop. 486. Somebswobth, a township, U. S., N. Ame New Hampshire, 33 m. E. Concord. Pop. 3 It includes the vill. of Great Falls, with 2,60 habs., many cotton and woollen factories. Somerton, a market town and pa. of Eng CO. Somerset, to which it gave name, on r ground on the Carey, 5 m. N.N.W. Ilche Area of pa. 6,030 ac. Pop. 1,986. Town of blue lias stone, was, during the heptarchy tified, and a residence of the W. Saxon k Its ancient royal castle is now a co. jail. SoMERTOir, several pas. of England. — ^I Suffolk, 8J m. N.N. W. Sudbury. Area 1,C0 Pop. 143.^11. CO. Oxford, 3 m. S.E.Deddini Area 2,140 ac. Pop. 329. The church con some curious sculptures. — ^III. {Bast), co. folk, 9 m. N.N.W. Yarmouth. Area 83 SOM 1205 SON Pop. 61.— IV. (West), same co., SJ m. N.N.W. Yarmouth. Area 1,780 ac. Pop. 2*8. SoHBBviLLE, several townships of the U. S., N. America, New Jersey, Tennessee, &c., and a suburb of Boston, having in 1845, 2,250 inhabs. SoMLTO, a market town of Transylvania, co. Eraszna, on the Kraszna, 50 m. N.W. Klausen- burg, wiUi a castle. Pop. 2,717. SoMHi, two towns of Italy. — I. Lombardy, deleg. Milan, 1 m. S.E. Lago Maen- mark (island Seeland) and Sweden, which con- nects the Baltic with the Kattegat and North Sea. Length, N. to S., 30 m. ; breadth at its narrowest point between Helsingor (Elsinore) and Helsingborg 3 m. ; depth 4 to 20 fathoms. The Danish sovereigns formerly possessed the territory on both sides of the strait, and they have ever since continued to maintain the pri- vilege of exacting toll from all foreign vessels passing through it at Helsingor. Average amount of tolls annually from 1821 to 1837, 153,644A In 1849, 9,601 ships entered the Sound from the North Sea, of which 3,503 were British ; and 9,358 cleared out from the Baltic, of which 3,380 were British. SonNOABi, a river of E. Asia. [Songari.] SooPLEX (St), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, arrond. Cambrai. Pop. 1,527. SoDPPES, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Seine- et-Marne, on the Loing, 15 m. S. Fontainebleau. Pop. 1,523, who manuf. files and other steel wares. Sour, or TsouR, Tyre, a seaport town of Syria, pash. and 28 m. N.N.E. Acre, on the E. part of a peninsula, about 1 m. in length, which in antiquity was the insular site of the famous marit, city of Tyre. In 1837, it suifered from a severe earth- quake, by which its walls and buildings were greatly dilapidated, and its pop. reduced to about 5,000, of whom one-half are Christians, and the other Turks. It appears to have no remarkable edifice ; but on the peninsula are the ruins of a large Greek cathedral, and various traces of ane. structures, with some cisterns, apparently con- nected with extensive water-works, and an aque- duct at Ras-el-Ain, on the mainland, about 2 m. distant. Its port, on the N. side of the artificial isthmus (formed by Alexander the Great during his memorable siege of Tyre), is now so choked as to be unfit for any but small vessels ; and the trade of this anc. emporium of the East has now dwindled to small exports of tobacco, cotton, charcoal, and fuel. SoTJKABATA, Or SuRABAVA, a scaport town of Java, cap. one of the three provs. into which the island is divided by the Dutch, on its N. coast, opposite the island Madura, and at the mouth of the Kadiri, lat. of Kalemaas fort 7° 14' 6' S,, Ion. 112° 44' 7' E. Pop. estimated at 60,000. It has a handsome government house, a minl^ and large storehouses. Its harbonr is the best in Java, and defended by many forts and batteries; and here are ship-building docks, a naval arsenal, and a cannon foundry. It is the seat of a civil court, and court-martial, with ap- peal to the supreme court in Batavia. It is gar- risoned by 2,000 soldiers. In its prov. are the ruins of Mojopahit, the former cap. of Java. SouRACARTA, a towu of Java. [Soerkabta.] SocRBOURO, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. B.-Rhin, 9 m. S.S.W. Wissembourg. Pop. 2,081. Sourbeval-la-Barre, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Manche, cap. cant., 6 m. N.E. Mortain. Pop. 1,446. SouRE, a market town of Portugal, prov. Es- tremadura, 13 m. N.N. W. Pombal. Pop. 1,500. Soubreba, a town of British India, presid. Madras, near its N. extrem., 50 m.W. Ghilka Lake. SouRTOK, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 4i m. S.W. Oakhampton. Area 6,630 ac. Pop. 732. Sodstons, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Landes, 14 m. W.N.W. Dax. Pop. 2,783. SouTERRAiNE (La), a comm. & town of France, dep. Creuse, 19 m. W.N.W. Gueret. Pop. 1,966. South- Acre, a pa. of England, co. NQrfolk,3j m. N.N.W. Swaffham. Area 2,350 ac. Pop. 100. SouTHAiL, a village of England, co. Middlesex, pa. Hayes, with a station on the Great Western railw., 9 m. W.N.W. London, & good residences. SouTHAM, a market town and pa. of England, CO. and 9 ra. E.S.E. Warwick. Area of pa. 2,770 ac. Pop. 1,670. It has a fine Gothic church, and is the head of a poor-law union. South-Amboy, a township of the U. S., N. America, New Jersey, at the head of Raritan bay, at the mouth of the Raritan, and on the Camden and Amboy railway, 2 m. S. Perth-Am- boy. Pop. 1,826. It has a large manuf of stone- wares, and a good harbour, whence steamers ply regularly to New York. sou 1209 SOU Southampton (Codntt of), Sohthampton- nRE, Hampshire, or Hants, a maritime co. of ngland, having S. the English chanuel, witli its ilets Spithead, the Solent, &e., E. Sussex and orrey, N. Berkshire, and W. Wilts and Dorset, rea, including the Isle of Wight, 1,625 sq. m., p 1,040,000 ac, of which 900,000 are estimated 1 be under culture. Inhab. houses (1841) 6B,617. op. 355,004. The ranges of the N. & S. downs averse the co., being'on the W. offeets from the ible-land of SaJisbury plain, and on the E. con- nnous with the downs of Sussex and Surrey. In le S. are the e.xtensive bays Southampton-water id the fiarbours of Portsmouth and Langston, ith the islets of Portsea and Hayling. The S. W. ivision of the co. is mostly occupied by the New crest. In other parts are the forests of B^re, lice Holt, Woolmer, &c., and most parts of the ). are well wooded. A long and narrow strip is iclosed by the co. Sussex. In the N., N.E., and .W., ai'e extensive heaths. Soil generally well jitivated. S. Hants is particularly noted for iral and maritime beauty. Principal rivers, the jiton, Itchin, Avon, and Stour. All the usual ■ops are raised ; hops are cultivated on the E. srder, near Farnham ; large quantities of cider •e made, and the bacon of the co. is in repute. [anu&., except those connected with the dock- ird and shipping establishments at Portsmouth, •e of little importance. Some silks are made at 'verton ; paper, sacking, shalloons, bombazines, mggets,Iinseys, and other woollen stuffs, chiefly I the N., and salt from pans at Lymington. mswortli, on the border of Sussex, has some moos oyster beds. The Basingstoke canal is I the N.E., and the co. is intersected by the Lon- )n & S. Western railway, with several branches, id the South coast railway, terminating atPorts- onth. Trade centres chiefly at Southampton & ortsmouth. Co. rev. (1848)78,623?. The co. is ibdiv. into .39 hunds., and is included in the W. rcuit, and diocese of Winchester, the cap. ; bo- des which it contains the pari. bors. Southamp- III, Portsmouth, Christchurch, Lymington, Pe- rsfield, & the market towns Gosport, Alresford, Iton, Basingstoke, Fordingbridge, Lymington, hristchurcb, Komsey, and Ringwood. The co. inds 4 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors in 1846, r N. division, 3,411; S. div. 5,812 ; total, 9,223. he ruined city of Silchester in the N., Porches- r with its ancient castle in the S., and Caris- •ooke castle, in the Isle of Wight, are amongst i principal antiquities, besides those in Win- lester, the ancient cap. of the kingdom Wessex, id of England during the Saxon, Norman, and irly Plantagcnet dynasties. Southampton, aparl. and munic. bor., seaport wn, and co. of England, in the S. part of the co. ants, occupying a peninsula betw. the mouths ' the Test and Itchin rivers, at the head of mthampton-water, 12 m. S.S.W. Winchester, I the South Western railway, 72 m. S.W. Lon- in. Lat. of St Michael's spire, 50° 54' N., Ion. 24' 2' W. Area of bor. and co. 1,970 ac. Pop. ,490. Its external appearau ce, especially from distance at sea, is highly prepossessing. On the . road it is entered by a noble avenue of trees ; id its main street, upwards of 1 m. in length, luals in beauty almost any in London, and is parated into two parts by the Bar-gate, a por- m of the ancient walls, which still partially en- ise the old town. Over the Bar-gate is the wn hall ; other principal structures are several - churches, the audit & custom houses, theatre, iblic baths, two sets of assembly rooms, dock mpany's office, railway station, three piers, and the cavalry ban-acks. The suburbs are extensivs and increasing. Around are many elegant villas, and the town is well supplied with water from a large Artesian well on Southampton common. Public institutions comprise the free grammar school, founded by Edwai-d vi. : an hospital, dat- ing from the time of Henry iii. ; numerous alms- houses & other charities, a royal humane society, mechanics' literary and polytechnic institutions, an infirmary, botanic garden ; and the surveying department of the ordnance board is now estab- lished at Southampton. The new docks, on the E. of the town, opened in 1842, have an area of 208 acres, and have admitted steamers of more than 700 tons burden. The W. India, Mediter- ranean, and other mails, have their station here, and the town communicates by steamers with all the ports of S. England, the Channel islands, Ire- land, and by railway with London, and all the centre of England. The port extends from near Portsmouth to Christchurch. Customs revenue (1846) 59,74i;. 12s. In 1845, 707 ships, aggregate burden 150,826 tons entered, and 708 do., burden 149,308 tons, cleared out of the port ; and British and Irish produce to l,475,105i. were exported in same year. Beg. shipping of port (1847) 4,965 tons. Here are some manufs. of silks & carpets, but ship-building and general commerce are the chief sources of wealth. Southampton is a place of fashionable resort in summer. The bor. is divided into 6 wards, and governed by a mayor, 10 aldermen, and 30 councillors. Corp. revenue (1847) 8,934;. Markets, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. It has annual races and regatta; The bor. sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1 848) 2,258. Southampton appears to have risen on the decline of the ancient Clausentum, at Bit- tern, on the estuary of the Itchin; and in Saxon times it had a castle, of which, however, little, S any portion, now remains. — Southampton Water is a fine inlet, stretching from the Solent and Spithead, N.W. into the interior of Hampshire for about 11 m. ; greatest breadth about 2 m. ' It bounds the New Forest hunds. on the E., receives the Anton, Itchin, and Hamble rivers. Its shores are picturesque, & it is usually covered with ship- ping. Calshot castle is on the W. side of its en- trance, & the ruined Netley abbey, units E. shore. Southampton, a co., U. S., N. America, in S.El part of Virginia. Area 648 sq. m. Pop. 14,525, of whom 6,555 are slaves. — Also several tnshps. — I. New Hampshire, 39 m. S. Concord. — II. Mas- sachusetts, on Northampton & Newhaven canal, 7 m. S.W. Northampton. Pop. 1,157. It has a lead mine. — III. New York, at E. end of Long Island. Pop. 6,206 IV. Pennsylvania, 12 m. S.E. Doylestown. Pop. 1,256— V. 18 m. S.W; Carlisle. Pop. 1,484 VI. 13 m. N.E. Chambers- burgh. Pop. 1,703.— VII. CO. Bedford. P. 1,513. Southampton Island, British N. America, on the N. side of Hudson bay, is between lat. 62° & 66° N., Ion. 80° and 87° W. Coasts rugged and mntnous. Cape Southampton forms its S. ex- tremity. It is conjectured to be a collection of islands, but its interior is unexplored. South Australia, a British colony, the terri- tory of which comprises all that part of Australia extending from lat. 26° S. to the S. coast of the continent, between Ion. 132° and 141° E., having S.E. the colony of Victoria, or Port-Phillip (Au^ stralia Felix), and E. the region watered by the Murray and its tributaries. Area roughly estim, at 300,000 sq. m. Poij. (1849) 34,000, of European descent, and rapidly increasing; aboriginal pop. 3,680. Coast line more indented than in any other part of Australia ; Spencer's & St Vincent's sou 1210 SOU gulfs, with Yorke peninsula, & Kangaroo island, being witliin the limits of this territory. Surface mostly undulating or level ; the hill ranges stretch generally from N. to S. Mount Bryant, the most elevated summit E. of St Vincent's gulf, rises to 3,01 2 feet in height ; the table land in Eyre pen- insula, W. of Spencer's gulf, averages 1,300 feet in elevation. The Murray, which has the lower part of its course in this colony, is the only navi- gable river. Small streams are, however, num- erous, and the countr}' is, on the whole, pretty well watered. Principal lakes, Torrens, Alexan- drina, and Albert. Ponds and creeks are numer- ous, and a chain of lagoons borders the coast along Encounter bay in the S.E. Climate healtliy, and much warmer than that of England ; frosts are rare in the plains in winter ; showers are fre- quent with S.W. winds in that season betw. May and October. Most part of the settled land is on the E. side of St Vincent gulf, where about one- third of the surface is estimated to be adapted for agriculture or grazing, one-third covered with scrub or forest, and the remaining one-third bar- ren. The best tracts are in the level plain ex- tending N. from Adelaide ; along the banks of the Murray ; and bordering the S.E. coast as far as the river Glenelg The hills are interspersed with many fertile valleys, and some good land exists in Eyre peninsula. Tracts of 80 or 164 acres are sold by the government at 11. per acre and up- wards ; and about 460,000 ae. had been disposed of early in 1848. In 1847, 36,440 acres were re- ported to be under cultivation, chiefly for wheat, oats, and barley; besides which grains, maize, potatoes, and some rye, are raised, the latter chiefly by German colonists, who inliabit many villages in and adjacent to the plain of Adelaide. The vine, olive, and mulberry, oranges, lemons, peaches, pomegranates, & many other fine fruits, come to perfection, as also tobacco, hops, & indigo. Sarsaparilla, sassafrass, and other drugs, are in- digenous. Timber is plentiful. Sheep and cattle rearing are less extensively conducted than in New South Wales, and elsewhere in E. Australia ; yet in 1847, the stock of sheep was estimated at a million, and that of homed cattle at S0,000. The increase is already so disproportionate to the number of shepherds, that the system of boiling down sheep for their tallow has commenced in this colony. Mining is highly important. Since 1843, some of the richest known veins of copper and lead have been discovered in S. Australia ; the latter chiefly contiguous to Adelaide, the for- mer in the hill chains, and in other localities. The Burra-burra copper mine yields an ore con- taining 75 per cent, of metal, and in 1847, 4,351 tons of ore from it were sold at Swansea, realizing 94,263/. ; the total exports of copper being estim. at 10,000 tons, valued at 200,000/. The Kapunda (copper), and Glen Osmond (lead) mines, are also very productive. A small quantity of gold, also cobalt, manganese, zinc, quicksilver, & antimony, have been discovered, and emery was exported in 1847 ; but no mines of these metals had been opened then. Iron of excellent quality is plen- tiful, but the absence of coal obliges most part of the ores to be sent elsewhere for reduction. Some foundries, and manufs. of barilla, soap, tobacco, leather, and earthenware, are established in Ade- laide, which is the cap. and centre of the foreign trade. Value of imports in 1847, chiefly from Gt. Britain, 410,826/. ; of exports in do. 360,348/., products of the colony standing for 275,216/. Much of the trade of W. Australia is conducted in shipping belonging to S. Australian colonists. The colony is subdivided into the cos. Hindmarsh, Adelaide, Gawler, Light, Stanley, Eyre, Stt Russell, and Grey, on the E. side of St ViDC( gulf, and Flinders, including Port Lincoln, on i W. side of Spencer gulf. Government vesi in a governor, an executive council of the ft principal officers of the colony, and a legislat council consisting of the same, and four non- ficial members chosen by the governor. Soi Australia, erected into a colony in 1834, is n the see of a bishop of the church of Englai Public revenue (1847)71,027/. Besides Adelai its chief settlements are Port Adelaide, Alb town, Gawler town, and Port Gawler. South Berwick, a township, U. S,, N. Ami Maine, on Salmon fall, which supplies much wa power, 90 m. S.W. Augusta. Pop. 2,314. It ci tains a thriving village, with woollen factories a various mills. SouTHBRineK, a tnshp., U. S., Massachusel 61 m. W.S.W. Boston. Pop. 2,031. SoDTH Brunswick, a tnshp., U. S., N. Am( New Jersey, 12 m. S. New Brunswick. P( 2,797. — Souihbury is a township of Connectic 18 m. N.W. Newhaven. Pop. 1,542. SocTH-CHnROH, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, the Thames, 7 m. E.S.E. Bayleigh. Area 1,1 ac. Pop. 432. SoniHCOATES, a township of Engl., co. To E. Kiding, pa. Drypool, 1| m. E.N.E. K.ingst( on-HuU. Pop. 1,167. SouTHnEAN, or Chestkrs, a pa. of Scotlai CO. Roxburgh, 6 m. S.S.W. Jedburgh. Area sq. m. Pop. 868, of whom 82 are in the vill., n< which are the remains of British camps and foi SouTHEASE, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, on t Ouse, 8} m. S.S.E. Lewes. "Area 1,060 ac. P. 1: Sodth-East, two townships of the TI. S., Amer. — I. New York, co. Putnam. Pop. 1,9 — II. Indiana, co. Orange. Pop. 1,247. Southend, a hamlet and watering-place Engl., CO. Essex, on a declivity facing the moi of the Thames, 3J m. S.S.E. Rochford. — II. a ] of Scotland, co. Argyle, comprising the S. i tremity of the peninsula of Kintyre, and the i Sanda. Pop. 1,594. SouTHFiELD, two towushlps of the U. S., Amer. — I. New York, on Staten island, 2 m. Richmond. Pop. 1,619. — II. Michigan, 17 m. Detroit. Pop. 1,061. SouTHFLEET, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 3 S.W. Gravesend. Area 2,340 ac. Pop. 667. Soutii-Hadley, a township of the U. S., Amer., Massachusetts, on Connecticut, 74 m. ' Boston. Pop. 1,458. S0UTH-H.1MLET, a hamlet of England, 1 Glo'ster, pa. Hampstead. Pop. 1,065. SouTH-iiiLL, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Coi wall, 3 m. N.W. Callington. Area 3,250 ac. Pi 640.— II. CO. Bedford, S^m. S.W. Biggleswade South Huntingdon, a township of the II. N. Amer., Pennsylvania, co. Westmorelai Pop. 2,793. — Souihington is a township, Cc necticut, 14 m. S.W. Hartford. Pop. 1,887. South Kingston, a township of the U. S., Amer., Rhode Island, cap. co. Washington, the Atlantic, 28 m. S. Providence. Pop. 3,7: It has a court house and jail, and contains t vill. N. Kingston, and a large salt lake. T Stonington & Providence railway passes throu this township. South Middletown, a township of the II. N. Amer., Pennsyiv., co. Cumberland. P. 2,0 South Molton, England. [Molton, Sout: SouTHOE, a pa. of Engl., 00. Huntingdon m. N.N.W. St Neot's. Area 1,860 ac. Pop. 21 SouTHOLD, a township of the U. S., N. Ami SOTJ 1211 SPA V York, on Long Island Sound, 15 in. E. Si- rhead. Pop. 3,907. 300THOLT, a pa. of Kngl., co. Suffolk, 41 m, >.E. Eye. Area 740 ac. Pop. 211. SooiH (or Fkemokt's) Pass, apass in the chain the Rock; Mountains, U. States, North Amer., t,w. lat. 42° & 42° 40' N., near Ion. 110° W. It is easy access to the W. territories of the Union. 3onTHPOBT, a viU. and chapelry of England, . Lancaster, at the mouth of the Kibble, in the sh Sea, 7 m. N.W. Ormskirk. SoDTHPOBT, a townsliip of the tJ. States, North nerica. New York, 4 m. S. Elmira. Pop. 2,101. South Reading, atonnship of the U. S., North ner., Massachusetts, 11 m. N. Boston. P. 1,517. SoHTHRET, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 5^ m. Downhaiu-Market. Area 3,950 ac. P. 1,023. SouTUBOP, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 3 m. N.W. Leachlade. Area 1,450 ac. Pop. 403. Sooth Shesango, a township of the U. S., N. ner., Pennsylvania, co. Crawford. Pop. 1,324. South-town, a hamlet & suburb of Great Yar- rath, Engl., co. Norfolk, on the Yare. P. 1,304. Southward, a pari. bor. of Engl., co. Smrey, the S. bank of the Thames, immediately op- site the City of London, with which it commu- »tes by London, Southwark, and Blackfriars, idges. Area 590 ac. Pop. 142,620. It is one the principal commercial quarters of the me- ipolis. Principal edifices, St Saviour's Church, Geoige-in-the-Fields Roman Catholic Cathe- d, Gny & St Thomas' Hospitals, the Magdalen sylnm, Queen's Bench Prison, Surrey Theatre, d Messrs Barclay & Co.'s brewery. Its gov. is ercised by the corp. of City of Loudon. It sends mems. to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1847) 8,463. SouTHWABK, a dist. of the U. S., N. America, nning a suburb of Philadelphia, with which it mmuuicates by a bridge across the Delaware, ip. 27,548. It is incorporated separately from dladelphia, has many fine dwellings, numerous stories a lofty shot-tower, navy, ship, and'boat, ids, on the Itelaware. [Philadelphia.] ' SoQTHWEij,, a market town & pa. of England, . & 12 m. N.E. Nottingham. Area of pa. 4,550 . Pop. 3,487. Has a co. bridewell, assembly- Dms, theatre, manufs. of silks, lace, & stockings. South Whitkhall, a township of the D. S., Amer., Pennsylvania, 87 m. E.N.E. Harris- rg. Pop. 2,290. SooTHwicK, several pas., &c., of Engl. — I. co. irthampton, 2} m. N.N.W. Onndle. Area 20 ac. Pop. 171. — II. CO. Southampton, 3^ m. E. Fareham. Area 4,950 ac. Pop. 749.— III. Sussex, 2 m. N.E. New Shoreham, having tation on the London and S. coast railway, ea 1,490 ac. Pop. 9.57. The church is an anc. 1 iuteresting edifice. — IV. a chapelry, co. Its, pa. North Bradley, 2^ m. S.S. W. Trow- dge. Pop. 1,384. — V. a township, co. Durham, Monk-Wearmouth, IJ m. N.W. Sunderland, p. 1,912, employed in manufs. of glass and thenware, and in ship-building. toUTHwioK, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Amer., asachusetts, 10 m. S. W. Springfield. P. 1,214. louTHwoLD, a munic. bor., seaport town and of Engl., CO. Suffolk, on the N. Sea, between river Blythe and Buss creek. Area of bor. I pa. 621 ac. Pop. 2,186. Principal buildings, guildhall, new jail, a handsome church, and le batteries. The harbour has been improved the erection of two piers, and the town has an lort trade in coal, herring fishery, and accom- iations for visitors as a place of summer 3rt. Customs' rev. (1845) 140/. Corp. rev. 18) 1,17«. 12». It rose on the decline of Dun- wich, the ancient capital of E. Anglia, progres- v sively submerged by the sea. In Southwold (or Sole) bay, an obstinate engagement between the English and combined French and Dutch fleets took place. May 1672, in which the Earl of Sand- wich was blown up with his ship. SouTHWooD, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 10 m. E.S.E. Norwich. Area 350 ac. Pop. 52. SoDTuwoKTii and Cboft, a tnshp. of Engl., CO. Lancaster, pa. Winwick, 3 m. E.S.E. New- ton-in-Makerfield. Pop. 1,155. SouviGNv, a comm. and town of France, dep. Allier, cap. cant., 6 m. W.S.W. Moulins. P. 1,756. SouzA, a river of Portugal, prov. Minho, joins the Douro 8 m. E.S.E. Oporto, after a S.W. course of 20 m. — II. a market town of Portugal, prov. Beira, 6 m. S.S.W. Aveiro. Pop. 4,000. SouzET., a market town of Portugal, prov. Alem-tejo, 8 m. N.W. Estremoz. Pop. 1,700. SovANA, a town of Italy. [Soana.] Sow, a pa. of England, co. Wanvick, 3 m. E.N.E. Coventry. Area 2,300 ac. Pop. 1,388, employed in ribbon weaving. SowEBBT, a pa. of England, co. Cumberland, 8 m. N.W. Penrith. Area 7,940 ac. Pop. 1,007. — II. a township, co. York, N. Riding, pa. and ^ m. S. Thirsk, with a station on the Lanca- shire and Yorksh. railway. Pop. 957. The vill. is neat, and has many good houses. — III. a chapelry, same co., W. riding, pa. and 4 m. W.S.W. Hali- fax. Pop. 8,163. — IV. (IJridye), a chapelry, same CO. and Riding, pa. and 2| m. W.S.W. Halifax. SowTON, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 4 m. E. Exeter. Area 1,360 ac. Pop. 382. Sovr-AND, a township of England, co. York, W. Riding, pa. and 4 J m. S.W. Halifax. Pop. 3,603, employed in cotton and woollen manufactures. Spa, a town and watering place of Belgium, near the frontier of Rhenish Prussia, prov. and 17 m. S.E. Liege. Pop. 3,600. Over its princi- pal spring, the Pouhon, Peter the Great built the pump-room. The waters are chalybeate, and many other springs exist in the vicinity, which were formerly so much frequented, that Spa became a common name for mineral baths. The country around is highly agreeable, but the town is now little resorted to by visitors. Spaccafoeno, a town of Sicily, intend, and 11 m. S.W. Noto, cap. cant., on a hill near the S. coast. Pop. 8,000. It has many churches and convents ; but is poor and has little trade. Spaffoed, a township, U. S., N. Amer., New York, 18 m. W. Syracuse. Pop. 1,873. Spaichingen, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Black Forest, 22 m. W. Sigmaringen. Pop. 1,682. Spain (EspaBa), Iberia, Hispania, a country of S.W. Europe, occupying the greater part of the Iberian peninsula, and often termed colloquially " the peninsula," extending between lat. 36° 1' and 43° 45' N., and Ion. 3° 20' E., and 9° 21' W., bounded N. by the Bay of Biscay and by the Pyrenees, which separate it from France, E. by the Mediterranean, S. by the Mediterranean & the Strait of Gibraltar, and W. by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. Cap. Madrid. The prin- cipal islands of Spain are the Baleares or Balearic islands in the Mediterranean ; oft' the coasts are the isl. of Leon, some islets in the Bay of Vigo, and others at the mouth of the Ebro. The surface of the peninsula is more diversified than that of any other country of equal extent in Europe ; its interior forms a vast elevated table- land, which in the plateau of Castile has a mean elev. of 2,300 ft. This plateau occupies almost one-half of the superficies, & is nearly surrounded by mntns. Spain is traversed in a direction from SPA 12IZ SPA E. to W. by five principal chains of mntns., called in Spanish Sierras. These are (from N. to S.) — I. the Pyrenees extending from Cape Creux, on theE., to the Bay of Biscay on the W., culminat- ing- point Pic Nethou, 11,168 feet; and their "W. continuation the Asturian and Cantabrian mountains, some of which rise to 10,000 feet — II. the chain which separates the basins of the Douro and Tagus, the Sierras Guadarama, Gre- dos, and Gata. Highest point in the Sa. Credos 10,500 feet — III. tlie mountains of Toledo, Sa. Guadalupe, and Sa. San Mames, between the Tagus and Guadiana. — IV. the Sa. Morena, se- parating the basins of the Gnadiana & Guadal- quivir, and connected W.ward with the Serra Monchique in Portugal — V. Sierra Nevada, ex- tending from Cartagena to Cadiz, and contain- ing the Cerro Mulhacen, the highest point of the peninsula, 1 1,678 feet, and the Pic de Veleta 11,387 feet. The following table shows the area and pop. of the old provs. with their new divi- Old Prova. New Prov8. Sq. m. Pop. 1833. Andalucia. Cordova, Jaen, Granada, - 1 Almeria, - J. Malaga, - \ Sevilla, - 7 Cadiz, - S Huelva, - j 4,159 4,440 9,622 8,989 315,459 266,919 370.974 234,788 390,515 367,303 324,703 133,470 .r^. Zatagoza, - 7 Huesca, - V Teruel. - i 14,?36 301,408 214,874 218,403 Aaturiaa. Oviedo. 3,686 434,636 New Castile. Madrid, Toledo, Cimlad B«al, - Cuenca, Guadalaxaria, - ].3ia 81773 7,643 11,291 1,946 320,000 282,197 277.688 334,682 169,375 Old CaatUe. Burgos, 7 Logrono, - J- Santander, - J A Vila, Segovia, Boria, Talladolid, PiUenciu, 7,674 2,570 3,466 4,076 3,239 1,733 224,407 147,718 169,857 137,903 134,864 216,619 184,647 148,491 Estreinaduta. Badnjoz, - \ Caceree, - J 14,3^ 306.092 241,328 Catatonia. Biircelona, - "i Gerona, - J 12,180 442.373 233,477 151,322 214,160 Galicia. ConiDu, Lugo, . f Orense, 16,897 436,670 357,273 319,838 360,006 Leon. leon, Zatnoia, 6,894 6,630 3,662 267,438 210,314 159,425 ftfurcia. Muroia, - 1 Albacete, - J 7,877 283,549 190,706 Valencia, Valencia, - 7 Alicante, ■ }■ Caat«llondelaPiana,3 7,684 388,961 368,923 199,220 Navarra- Alava. Biaciiy. Navarra, Vitoria, Bilbao, St Sebastian, Balearic Isles, - Canary lelea, . 2,450 1,082 1,2«7 622 1,757 3,320 230 925 67,523 111,433 108,699 229,197 199,960 Total 183,708 12,386,841 The pop. is only approximate, there having been no regular census for half a century, that given in the table is official. Madoz, Diet. Geog., 1845, estimates it at 15,439,168. Spain is rich in minerals, especially mer- cury, iron, copper, and lead. The celebr gold and silver mines of the time of the Ron have long been abandoned, but mercury is tracted in great abundance from the mine Almaden. Lead forms an important branc mining industry. Coal is found chiefiy m Asturias, copper, tin, zinc, antimony, arseni cobalt, are common, and rock salt is abundai the hills of Cardona. The princip. rivs. of S are, from N. to S., the Ter,LIobregat,Ebro, C dalaviar, Jucar, & Segura, flowing E. to the M terranean. The Minho, Douro, Tagns, Guadi and Guadalquivir, flowing mostly through ] tugal W. and S. to the Atlantic. The N. s has only the Nalon, the Bidassao, & some m streams. The chief tributaries are the Esla the Pisuerga, which jpin the Douro ; the 1 zanares, which passes Madrid, and joins Jarama, an affl. of the Tagus. The Araj Gallego, and Segre, afBs. of the Ebro, and Genii, affl. of the Guadalquivir. Few of t are navigable, and those only for small boats i their mouths. The only lakes, or lagoouE Spain are the Albufera in Valencia, and the : Menor, in Murcia. The coasts of Spain, wl have an extent of 1,800 m., are in general littli dented, except in the N. W. The chief capes Finistere on the N.W., & Trafalgar on the S, in the Atlantic ; Gibraltar, Gata, Palos, & Cr in the Mediter. ; PeSas & Ortegal, in the Ba Biscay. The climate of Spain varies exceedii with elevation and position; it is warm on coasts; the table-lands are exposed to great! in summer, and extreme cold in winter. M of the mntns. rise above the snow line, the 1 of which, in the Pyrenees, is 8,952 feet; in Sierra Nevada, 11,190 feet. Mean annual te at Madrid 58° .2 Fahr. The annual fall of on the Sierra Nevada, and on the N. and coasts, is 25 to 35 inches, while on the table-1 of Castile it is only 10 inches, and the capiti often e^osed to severe drought. Winter is raitiy season. The most noxious winds are solano (the sirocco of Italy), a hot wind f the S., and the gallego, a cold wind from mntns. of Galicia. Frost is often severe dm the night in winter. Earthquakes are so times felt in the S. The sofl is generally fer except in the elevated and arid districts of central provs. ; the chief crops are wheat, ms barley, rice, hemp, and flax. The amoun corn is often insufficient for home consumpt The wines of Spain are much esteemed; principal growths are those of Xeres (shei Rota, Malaga, Alicante, Malvasia, and Va Penas; the other products are soda (f marine plants), honey, wax, and silk, the la very abundant in the S.E. provs. In the S. pr the sugar cane and cotton have been acclimati and there the orange and citron grow in g abundance. The best building timber grow the N. coast ; the cork tree, the kermes oal the sumach tree, yield valuable products, horses of Andalucia are celebrated ; the m and asses are remarkable for beauty and i Cattle are of good breeds. The race of sh called the merino, yields a great quantity of ex lent wool; their exportation has always I prohibited, their pasturage is regulated by cient laws, and their number is reckoned at I 6 millions. Goats are very abundant in table-lands ; the chamois is found in the P; nees ; and the bear, wolf, wild cat, marten,' lynx, in the different mountains. Fish is Elentifnl in the rivers, but abundant on the mtic coasts. The manufacturing. industr; SPA 1213 SPA jMD, formerly flourishing, has greatly declined ; ie gov. has still mana^. of saltpetre, gun- )wder, cannon, and fire arms, tobacco, porce- in, glass, but they are mostly in decay ; and le celebrated manuf. of swords at Toledo is sarly extingnished. The other manufs. are of Iks, cottons, woollens, and leather. Cutlery, on, and copper goods, are madechiefly in Biscay, he public roads in Spain, except those around le capital, are amongst the worst in Europe ; heel carriages are little used, and much of the ansport is effected by means of mules. There re several canals, many of them on a magnifi- mt scale, but mostly unfinished and untit fur avigation; the chief of these are the Imperial inal, commenced by Charles v., extending along le rt. b. of the Ebro; the canals of Castile, [auzanares, Murcia, Albacete, and Guadarama. 'he only railway is a line of 15J m., from Ma- iro to Barcelona, opened in 1848. From the stent of its coast line, its numerous ports, its eographical position, and natural products, pain possesses greater commercial advantages lan any other country of Europe, but smuggling i so extensively carried on as to render it im- ossible to estimate the amount of its foreign ommerce ; the principal exports are wool, wine, randy, oil, fruits, iron, lead, mercury, and salt^ ilh a small amount of silk and manufactured oods. Imports colonial goods, dried iisfa, and ilted provisions, batter, cheese, rice, cotton and oollen goods, cutlery, glass, & building timber. The present inhabitants of Spain are descend- Dts of the ancient Iberians, or of other races ho colonised it at different periods. Four pri- litive families are discernible — I. the Spaniards, escendants of the original races, and of Greeks, Romans, Vandals, Goths, and Alans, comprising S-20ths of the pop.— II. the Basques l-24th. — [L the Moors, descendants of the conquerors ho ruled for 7 centuries in the S. of the penin- ila, l-200th. — IV. the Gitanos, or gypsies, ■2d0th. The Jewish race has disappeared from pain smce the expnision of the Jews in 1492. The government, since 1833, is a constitu- onal representative monarchy ; the religion ex- Insively Soman Catholic. Education is very ttle diSiised; the lower orders are nearly desti- ite of any means of instruction, except in the rlucipal cities, where infant schools have re- intly been established ; before the suppression F the monastic orders, education was entirely I the hands of the Jesuits and other clergy, he children of the upper classes are educated I France and other countries. The universities, nnerly 24 in number, are now reduced to 14, id these attended only by a few students of law id medicine. Army 142,200 men ; marine (1846) ships of the line, 6 frigates, 5 corvettes, 6 brigs, iteam packets, & sev. gun boats. Pub. rev. (1849) 008,985,640 reals. Debt (1841) 16,227,474,922 ah. The peninsula, now forming the kingdoms ' Spain and Portugal, was first visited by the bffinieians, & afterwards by the Carthaginians, io formed several establishments. It was inqnered by the Bomans after a resistance of '0 cratnries ; they divided it into three great ovinces, viz. Tarraconemit in the E. centre and ■,Bmfiea in the S., & Lusitania in the "W. The isigoths overran the country in thefifth century, id were driven from most of it by the Arabs in 1. The kingdom of Portugal was founded in 95. During 8 centuries the Christian princes ire engaged in continual warfare with the Mo- mmedans. From this state the country was livered, under Ferdinand and Isabella, by the conquest of Granada in 1492. This was followed by the pillage and expulsion of the Jews, who had possessed themselves of most of the com- mercial riches of the country. In the same year Columbus discovered the new world, and Spain became mistress of the greater part of America as then known. Of these vast colonial possessions, Spain has now only tiie isls. of Cuba, Puerto Rico, & some smaller isls. in Amer., the Philippine and Marianne islands in the Pacific, the Canary isls. in the Atlantic, Fernando Po, and the island of Annabon in the Gulf of Guinea, and Ceuta, Go- mera and Melilla, places used for tlie transporta- tion of convicts, in Barbary. From the ICth century, Spain was divided into large provs. having mostly the title of kingdom, but by a royal decree of April 1833 it was partitioned into 48 smaller provs., each bearing the name of its cap., except Navarra & the three Basque provs. which remain unchanged, and possess peculiar privileges. Spaitla, a ruined town of N. Africa, dom. and 142 m. S.W. Tunis, with remains of antiquity. Spalato, or Spalatro, a seaport city of Dal- matia, cap. circ. Spalato, on a small promontory opposite the isls. Brazza, Bua, &c., lat. 43° 30^ 4' N., Ion. 16° 26' T E. Pop. (1845) 10,300. The E. half of the city is crowded into the area of the vast palace buUt by Diocletian toward the end of the 3d century, in which the ancient temple of Jupiter, with a lofty octagonal tower, is still per- fect. The streets of the city are all narrow lanes, but it has several open spaces, numerous churches and convents, a lazaretto, schools, government museum of antiquities, barracks, and an inner and outer harbour, the latter adapted for vessels of any burden. It is the most important seat of commerce in Dalmatia. Spalding, a market town and pa. of England, CO. Lincoln, cap. div. Holland, in a fenny dist. on the Welland, and on railway 15 m. S.S.W. Boston, of which port it is a member. Area of pa. 12,070 ac. Pop. 7,778. It consists chiefly of four streets & a market-place, in which are the town- hall, and house of correction for the div. ; and it has a good church, a grammar school, and many endowed charities, assembly rooms, a theatre, public library, and warehouses, to the doors of which vessels of 60 tons arrive by the "Welland. Trade active in corn, coal, wool, flax, and hemp ; weekly cattle market on Tuesday. Spaldwick, a pa. of England, co. Hunts, 4 m. N.N.E. Kimbolton. Area 1,690 ac. Pop. 415. Spalmadobe Islands, jEnusses, a group of islets belonging to Asiatic Turkey, between the isls. Scio, and the mainland of Asia Minor, lat. 38° 32' N., Ion. 26° 12' E. Length of largest, 6 m. Spalt, a town of Bavaria, circ. Middle Fran- conia, on the Rezat, 18 m. S.E. Anspach. P. 1,765. Spanbt, a pa. of England, co Lincoln, 4 m. N.N.E. Folkingham. Area 1,330 ac. Pop. 96. Spanpau, or Spanbow, a fortified town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. Potsdam, at the confl. of the Spree and Havel, 9 m. W. Berlin, on the Hamburg railway. Pop. (excluding garrison) (1846) 6,400. It is enclosed by walls, and has a citadel on an isl. in the Havel used as the princi- pal state prison of Prussia, and in which Baron Trenck -was confined. Streets clean, airy, and spacious. Principal edifices, the church of St. Nicholas, a Soman Catholic church, and the for- mer residence of the electors of Brandenburg, now a penitentiary. It has manufs. of woollen and linen stuffs, tobacco-pipes, powder, and fire- arms. It was taken by the Swedes in 1631, and by the French in \&)6.—Spanden is a vill. of E. SPA 1214 SPI Prussia, 46 m. S.VT. Konigsberg. Here the French defeated the Kussians in 1807. SPANOENBEKa, atown of Germany, H.-Cassel, prov. Lower Hessen, 16m. S.S.E. Cassel. P.2,202. Spanish Town, the cap. town of Jamaica, co. Middlesex, pa. St Catherine, on the W. b. of the river Cobre, 10 ra. W. Kingston. Pop. 6,000. It is the official residence of the governor of Jamaica, and the seat of the superior courts of the isls. ; but it is otherwise of little importance, and is ill-built and unhealthy II. the cap. town of Trinidad. [Port of Spain.] Spakham, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 4 m. S.S.E. Foulsham. Area 1,830 ac. Pop. 321. Spabkford, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 4 m. S.S.W. Castle-Cary. Area 1,020 ae. Pop. 286. Sparone, a vill. of Piedmont, div. Turin, prov. and 17 m. W.S.W. Ivrea. Pop. of comm. 2,478. SPARSHOIT, two pas. of Engl.— 1. co. Berks, 3J m. W. Wantage. Area 6,340 ac. Pop. 903.— II. CO. Hants, 3 m. W.N.W. Winchester. Area 4,030 ac. Pop. 375. Sparta, an ancient city of Greece, Morea, the remains of which, on a hill 3 m. N.W. Mistra, consist chiefly of a theatre and temple. — II. a township, U. S., N. Amer., New Torlc, co. Li- vingston, in the W. part of the State. Pop. 5,841. — Many vills. of the D. S. are so named. Spartel (Cape), the N.W. pmut of Africa, Marocco, kingdom Fez, at the entrance of the Strait of Gibraltar, 1,043 feet above the sea. Spask, three towns of Russia. — I. gov. and 30 m. S.E. Riazan, cap. circ, on the Oka. Pop. 6,000. — II. gov. and 108 m. N.N.E. Tambov, cap. circ. Pop. 6,000. It has numerous factories. — III. gov. and 54 m. S. Kasan, cap. circ, on the Bezdna, near its conflux with the Volga. Pop. 2,000. Near it are the ruins of Bulgar. Spaxton, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 6 m. W. Bridgewater. Area 2,600 ac. Pop. 1,002. Spean, a river of Scotland, co. Inverness, rises in Loch-Laggan, flows mostly W. through Loch- aber, and joins the Lochy at Garelochy, after a course of 20 m. Principal afB. the Roy. Spectos, a chapelry of Engl., co. York, E. Riding, on the Searboro' and Bridlington railway, 6 m. N.W. Bridlington. Pop. 125. Spees (SpiruB), a pa. of England, co. Berks, IJ m. W. Newbury. Area 3,780 ac. Pop. 8,069. The second battle of Newbury was fought here in 1844. — Speenhamland is a tything in this parish, immediately W. the town of Newbury, of which it forms a suburb. Pop. 867. Speights-town, a small town on the W. coast of the island Barbados, 10 m. N. Bridgetown. It has a handsome church and several forts. Speke, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Childwall, 6 m. S.S.W. Present. Pop. 548. Speldhurst, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 2^ m. W.N.W. Tonbridge- Wells. Ac. 3,650. P. 2,753. Spello {Hiapellwm), a town of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. Perugia, 3 m. N.W. Foligno. Fop. 4,220. Its cathedral has fine paintings. Spelsbdbt, a pa. of Engl., co. and 15 m. N.W. Oxford. Area 3,900 ac. Pop. 697. Spencer, a co., U. S., N. Amer., near the centre of Kentucky. Area 260sq.m. Pop. 6,581. — II a CO., in S. part of Indiana. Area 400 sq. m. Pop. 6,306 III. a tnshp., Massachusetts, 48 m. W.S.W. Boston. Pop. 1,604.— IV. a tnshp., New York, 15 m. W.N.W. Oswego. Pop. 1,522. — V. a tnshp., Ohio, Guernsey co. Pop. 1,669. Spencer Golf, a large bay of S. Australia, between lat. 32° 30' and 35° S., and Ion. 136° and 138° E. It stretches inland for upwards of 200 m. ; breadth 80 m. In it are Hardwioke bay and Ports Lincoln and Bolingbroke ; it receive streams of consequence. Spennitiiorne, a pa. of Engl., co. York Riding, 1 m. N.E. Middleham. Area 4,68( Pop. 785. Sperchids, a river of Greece. [Hei.i,ai>j Sperlinoa, a mkt. town of Sicily, int Catania, near the Madonian mntns., 3 m. t Nicosia. Pop. 1,600. — Sperlonga is a mkt. I of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, on the coast, W.N.W. Gaeta. Pop. 1,200. Spernal, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, i N. Alcester. Area 1,110 ac. Pop. 107. Spessart, a mntn. range, Germany. [Bava] SpETCHLET,a pa. of Engl., co. and 3 m. E. Worcester, and having a station on the Birm ham and Bristol railway. Area 1,000 ac. P. Spetisburt, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, S.S.E. Blandford- Forum. Area 2,790 ac. : 654. It has a Roman Catholic nunnery. Spexhall, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, ; N.N.W. Halesworth. Area 1,270 ac. Pop. Spev, a river of Scotl., cos. Inverness, B and Moray, rises in the hills between Badei and Locbaber, expands into the small 1 Spey, about 6 m. N. Loch Laggan, and 1,200 above the sea, flows N.E. and enters Moray F 2J m. W. Port Gordon, after a course of 11 At Kingussie, it is from 80 to 100 ft., and at i 150 ft. across; but it is innavigable. Affls. merons, and being all rapid mntn. torrents, quently cause sudden and destructive inui tions in Strathspey. Its banks are in n parts richly wooded ; and in it are valuable mon fisheries belonging to the D. of Eichmc Spever, the German name of Spires.— Speyerbach, a river of Rhenish Bavaria, joini Rhine after an E. course of 30 m. at Spires. Speimodth, a marit. pa. of Scotl., co. E at the mouth of the Spey, and containing vills. Garmouth, Kingston, and Boat-of- Area 10 sq. m. Pop. 1,774. Spezia (La), a marit. town of N. Italy, S Sta., cap. prov. Levante, at the head of its an inlet of the Gulf of Genoa, 8| m. W. Sarz Pop. of comm. (1838) 9,796. It is finely situi Principal edifices, a citadel and an ancient oi of the Visconti.— The Say or Gulf of Sp {Partus Lunee), is 7 m. in length, breadth 2 m. It presents fine scenery, contains the q antine station for Genoa, and on the W. sic its entrance are the Lslands Palmaria and Tii SpEzziA(2Tipar«7io«), an isl. of Greece, gov. golis, off its S. coast at the entrance of the C Nanplia, 10 m. W.S.W. Hydra. Area 26 sq Pop. 8,000. Its inhabs. devote themselves ii to commerce and navigation than to rnral in try, and in the late revolution they contribi 16 vessels and 2 fire ships to the Greek n Spezzia is remarkable for the salubrity ol climate and the beauty of its women. The t Spezzia is on its N.E. shore. P. 3,000.— The Spezzia Pulo, is off the S.E. side of the islai Sphaqia, Sphacieria, an island of Greece, Messina, off the S.W. coast of the Morea, in f of the harbonr of Navarin. Length 3 m. ; brei i m. It is now separated into three or sections by narrow channels, passable by b< — Sphakia is a town of Crete, on its S. coas m. from its W. extremity. Pop. 1,000. SpiELBERO, state prison of Moravia. [BEii Spieroe, an isl., Norway, at the entrance o Gulf of Christiania, lat. 59° 4' N., Ion. 10° 69 Spigno, two small towns of Italy. — I. I mont, div. Alessandria, prov. and 11 m. S Acqui, on the Bormida. Pop. of comm. 2 SPI 1215 SPO II. Naples, prov. T. di Layoro, 10 m. N.E. aeta. Pop. 1,600. Spike Island, an island on the W. side of jrk harbour, L-eland, Munster, co. Cork, h m. Queenstown. Area 180 ac. Pop. about 200. Tong fortifications liave been erected here ace 1791 for the protection of Uie liarbour. Spikee-oge, an island of N.W. Germany, the North Sea, i m. W. Wanger-oge, at the outh of the Weser. Spilimbergo, a town, Anst. Italy, gov. Venice, '} m. W.N.W. Udine, on the Tagliameuto. Pop. 500. — Spilimberto is a market town, duchy and m. S.E. Modena, on the Panaro. Sfilsrt, a market town and pa. of England, ). Lincoln, parts Lindsey, 28 m. E.S.E. Lincoln, rea of pa. 2,346 ac. Pop. 1,467. In its market- lace are the town-hall and an octagonal mkt. ■OSS. It has a handsome church, a subscription brary, and free school. Spinazzola, a town of Naples, prov. Bari, cap. int., 7 m. S. llinervino. Pop. 5,300. — Spinoso a market town, prov. Basilicata, Id m. N.E. a^nero. Pop. 260. Spiedino, the largest lake of E. Prussia, reg. rnmbinnen, S.E. Eikolaiken, 11 m. in length. Spibes (German ^peger^ ancient Novioinagus), city of W. Germany, cap. Khenish Bavaria, on le Rhine, at the influx of the Speyerbach, 16^ I. NJE. Landan, on a branch railway to Mann- eim. Pop. ^40, of whom about l-3d are :onian Catholics. It occupies a large space, oclosed by walls, and has a cathedral, coutain- ig the tombs of many German emperors, the imains of an old palace io which 49 diets were eld; a city hall, gymnasium, orphan asylum, ouse of correction, forest school, botanic gar- en, museum of antiquities, manufe. of vinegar ad tobacco, sngar r^neries, and an extensive Dmmerce and transit trade on the riv. At the iet of Spires, held in 1529, the protest was made ) the emperor which originated the religious de- ignation of Protestants. — Noviomagus, once an Dportant Roman station, and the winter quar- !rs of Julius Caesar, was in the middle ages the esidence of many German emperors. SpiTAi, a market town of Illj'ria, Carinthia, ire. and 21 m. N.W. Villach, on the Drave. op. 1,700. — Spitz is a market town of Lower lOstria, on the Danube, 8 m. S.W. Stein. Pop. ,051. It has some iron factories and a trade in mber and vinegar. Spitalfielos, a quarter of the British metro- olis, CO. Middlesex, immediately on the N.E. ide of the city of London, and comprising the as. Christchurch and Bethnal Green. Pop. 0,436. It is a principal seat of the silk manu- wture in England, which manufacture was in- ■oduced by French refugees after the revoca- on of the edict of Nantes in 1685. Spitheab, a celebrated roadstead, off the S. oast of England, co. Hants, between Portsea iland and the Isle of Wight. It communicates f.ward with the Solent and Southampton fater. It is so secure from all winds e.\cept le 8.E., as to have been termed by sailors " the big's bed-chamber," and it is a principal rendez- ons of the British navy. Portsmouth and iyde are on its opposite sides. Spiti, a dist. of Little Tibet, near where the ntleje breaks through the Himalaya ; lat. betw. Y and .33° N., Ion. 78° E. ; surrounded by Ladakh, ussolah, the Chinese territory, &o., and paying ibute to each. Its vills. are from 12,000 to !,600 ft. above the sea. Inliabs. are of the artar race & Buddhists.— The Spiti river is the W. branch of the Sutleje above the Himalaya, & joins the main stream in lat. 31° 48' N., Ion. 78° 38' E. Spittal, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 4 m. N.N.E. Haverford West. Pop. 429.— II. (Gate), a tnshp., CO. and 1 m. S.E. Lincoln, pa. Grantham. Pop. 1,980. Spitzbkugen, a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean, midway between Greenland and Novaia Zemlia, the most N. known land on the globe. Lat. of N.most island, 80° 48' N., Ion. 20° 29' E. This archipelago, formerly considered as belong- ing to America, is now usually classed among European islands, and claimed by Russia as a de- pendency of its empire. The isls. are visited by English, Danish, and Norwegian whalers for the numerous whales, white bears, &c., on the coasts. The archip. is composed of 3 large & numerous small isls. Near its N. extremity is the group of 7 isls., or 7 sisters. Spitzbergen Proper (or New Friesland) is the largest connected land. On its W. side there is a small Russian hunting post • Egede and Charles are the other chief islands. , Spixworth, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 4J m. N.N.E Norwich. Area 1,040 ac. Pop. 52. Split (Cape), British N. America, Nova Scotia, King's CO., is betw. Mines basin & Mines channel. Bay of Fundy. Lat. 45° 22' 40" N., Ion. 64° 15' W. Splugen Pass, aroute across the Rhsetian Alps, between the Grisons (Switzerland) and Lorabardy, its summit 6,939 feet above the sea, is 23 m. N. the head of the Lake of Coino. The new route was completed by the Austrians in 1823. It is carried through three covered galleries, which are the longest in the Alps. A French army crossed the Splugen in 1800. — The vill. Splugen, Grisons, on the Rhine, 4 m. N. the summit of the pass, is a halting station on the road between Switzerland and Italy. Spoffobth, a pa. and township of England, CO. York, W. Riding, the township 3 m. N.W. Wetlierby, which is included in the pa. Area of pa. 13,130 ac. Pop. (1831) 3,233. Sfoleto, Spoletium, a city of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta , cap. deleg., and formerly of a Lom- bard duchy, stronglv placed on an isolated rocky hill, 24 m. N. Rieti.'Pop. (1833) 6,115. It is con- nected across a deep ravine with an adjacent height by a noble bridge and aqneduct 616 feet in height. It has a massive citadel, a cathedral, with interesting works of art; aKoman arch, re- mains of a theatre, and other antiquities. It is an archbishop's see of very early date, and has manufs. of woollens and hats. Under the French it was the cap. dep. Thrasymene. — Spol- tore is a market towu of Napless, prov. Abruzzo Bit. I., 10 m. E. Civita di Peune. Pop. 2,800. Spondon, a pa. of Engl., co. and 3} m. E. Derby, with a station on the Midland Counties railway. Area 4,300 ac. Pop. 1,954. Spoon bed, a tything of England, co. Glo'ster, pa. Painswick. Pop. 694. Sporades, or the " Scattered Islands," a sub- division of the Grecian archipelago, consisting of the islands surrounding the central group, or Cyclades, and belonging partly to Turkey and partly to Greece. The Turkish Sporades com- prise Crete, Scarpanto, Rhodes, Kos, Kalimno, Patmos, Nicaria, Samos, Scio, Mitylene, Lemnos, Imbros, Samothraki, Thasos, and other islands along the coasts of Asiatic and European Turkey, and are under the jurisdiction of the pasha of Rhodes. The Greek Sporades consist of Skiatho, Skopelo, Kilidromi, Skyro, iEgina, Salamis, Hy- dra, Spezzia, &c., comprised in the Greek govs. Euboaa, Attica, Hydra, and Argolis, SPO 1210 STA Spoble, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, on railw., 2i m. N.E. Swaffham. Area 4,420 ao. P. 773. Spotland, a township of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Rochdale, of which town it forms an extensive suburb. Pop. 18,480. Spott, a pa. of Scotl., co. Haddington, 2J m. S. Dunbar. Pop. 603, of whom 161 are in the vill., i m. E. of which, on Doon-hill, Gen. Leslie had his camp previous to the battle of Dunbar. Spratton, a pa. of Engl., co. & 7 m. N.N.W. Northampton. Area 2,810 ac. Poj). 966. Spree, a river of Germany, rises in the king- dom of Saxony, circ. Bautzen, flows N. & N.W. through the Prussian prov. Brandenburg, past Spremberg, Cottbus, Liibben, and Berlin, which city it divides into two portions, and joins the Havel on left, at Spandau. Total course 220 m. Ered. William's canal connects it with the Oder. Sfbembers, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. Frankfurt, on an island in the Spree, 15 m. S. Cottbus. Pop. 4,600. Spreytok, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 7 m. E.N.E. Okehampton. Area 4,440 ac. Pop. 404. SpRrDLiwoTON, a pa, of Engl., co. Lincoln, 7 m. W.S.W.Mkt.-Raisen. Area2,180ac. Pop. 292. Springe, a town of Hanover, 14 m. S.W. Ha- nover. Pop. 1,906. Spbiwgfibld, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, on the Eastern Counties railway, 1 m. N.E. Chelmsford. Area 3,160 ac. Pop. (1860) 21,602. Has a co. jail, wharves, and an iron foundry on the Chelmer. — II. a Till, of Scotl., CO. Dumfries, pa. Gretna, on the rt. b. of the Sark, where it forms the bound- ary betw. Scotl. & Engl., 9 m. E. Annan. P. 453. It has figured as the scene of the marriage trade of Gretna III. a vill., co. Edinburgh, pa. and IJ m. S.W. Lasswade, on the North Esk. Springfield, numerous townships, U. S., N. America. — I. Massachusetts, on the Connecticut river, 24 m. N. Hartford. Pop. 14,703. It has a court house, jail, an extensive arsenal, an ar- moury, and mannfs. of arms, wrought by water- power ; cannon foundries, cotton and hardware factories, tanneries, paper, grist, and saw-mills. In the township is also the manufacturing village Chickapee. Pop. 1,200.-11. New Tork, 68 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,382.-1X1. New Jersey, 8 m. W.S.W. Newark. Pop. 1,651.— IV. 6 m. N.E. Mount Holly. Pop. 1,632.— V. Pennsyl- vania, CO. Bradford. Pop. 1,487.— VL 40 m. N. Philadelphia. Pop. 2,072. — VII. co. Mercer, on Neshannock creek. Pop. 1,804. — VIII. co. Erie. Pop. 2,344.— IX. CO. Tork. Pop. 1,207.— X. Ohio, CO. Hamilton. Pop. 3,092.— XI. co. Rich- land. Pop. 1,686.— XII. Summit co. Pop. 1,663. XIIL Missouri, co. Ralls. Pop. 1,087.— XIV. a Till., Ohio, cap. co. Clarke, 41 m. W. Columbus. Pop. 2,062. — XV. a town of Illinois, cap. & near centre of the state, on Sangamon creek, and on the border of a large prairie. Pop. 2,579. Spring Garhen, a town of the U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, forming a suburb of Philadelphia. Pop. 27,849. Here are Fairmont water-works, the E. penitentiary, house of refuge, city hospital of Philadelphia, and numerous factories. — II. a township, Pennsylvania, co. Tork. Pop. 1,819. Spring Hill, a township, U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, co. Fayette. Pop. 2,385 Spring- port is a township. New Tork, 9 m. S.W. Auburn. Pop. 1,890. Spbinsthorpe, a pa, of England, co. Lincoln, 4 m.E. Gainsborough. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 209. Sprinqwatbb, a township, U. S., N. America, New Tork, 16 m. E. Genesee. Pop. 2,832. Spboatlev, a pa. of Engl., co. Tork, E. Riding, 7 m. E.N.E. Kingston-on-HuU. Ac. 1,380. P. 372. Sprotborodgh, apa., Engl., co. Tork, W. ] ing, 21 m. W.S.W. Doucaster. Ac. 3,380. P. Sprottau, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. 38 m. N.W. Leignitz, on the Bober, here joi by the Sprotta, affl. of the Pleisse, & on rail? Glogau. P. 4,200. Manufs. of woollens & lin SpRonGHTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, E W.N.W. Ipswich. Area 2,300 ac. Pop. 685 Sprouston, a pa. of Scotland, co. Roxbu 2J m. E.N.E. Kelso. Area 8,200 ac. Pop. 1, of whom 420 are in the village. Sprowston, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 2i N.N.E. Norwich. Area 1,950 ac. Pop. 1, It is included in the outer boundary of the of Norwich, and has many handsome residen Spboxton, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, S E.N.E. Melton- Mowbray. Area 2,360 ac. P. Spurn-Head, a promontory on the E. coas England, CO. Tork, E. Riding, at the N.E. trance to the Humber, 20 m. S.E. Hull, with lighthouses, one of which, in lat. 53° 34' 7" Ion. 0° 7' 2^ E., is 100 feet above the sea ; 4 n E. from it a vessel is moored, having a lighi feet above the sea, and where a gong is sour every ten minutes during fogs. SptiESTOw, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Chester. Bunbury, 4 m. S.S.E. Tarporley. Pop. 508.' Spinie (New), Quarrelwood, a pa. of Scotli CO. and 2 m. N.W. Elgin. Area about 8 sq Pop. 1,164. Spynie-palace, now a ruin, situ; on the S.E. border of the lake, •was the foi residence of the bishops of Moray. Sqdillace, Scylacium, an episcopal cowi Naples, prov. Calab. Dlt. II., 10 m. S.S.W. tanzaro. P. 2,600. TheGulfofSquillaoe.anc Sinus Squilaceus, is an inlet of the Ionian near the S. extremity of Italy, 35 miles wide, Sbebernik, or Srebernicza, a town of E pean Turkey, Bosnia, cap. sanj., 80 m. N Zvornik. P. 1,600.-11. a vill., 23 m. S. Zvoi Both have silver mines in their vicinity. SReDNE-KoLTMSK, a town and fort of E beria, prov. Talmtsk, on the W. b. of the Kolj 150 m. from its mouth, in the Arctic ocean. Srimenanti, a petty state of the Malay pe sula, lat. 3° N., Ion. 103° E., N. Johole and R bowe. Estimated pop. 8,000, who send tin, se wood, wax, rattans, and rice, to the British tlement Malacca. Sri-Muttra, a town of W. Hindostan, 4S W.N.W. Gwalior. — Sn-Sorree-Narrain is at of British India, presid. Bengal, 70 m. H SBmbhulpoor. Staalsbotgd^n, a pa. & vill. of Norway, and 12 m. N.W. Trondhjem, on the N. side c fiord. Pop. 3,200. Stab, or Staab (Boh. Stoda), a mkt. town, hemia, circ. and 11 m. S.W. Pilsen. Pop. 1, Stabboek, a market town of Belgium, p and 8 m. N.N.W. Antwerp. Pop. 2,300 II old Dutch name of George Town, Brit. Gui [George Town.] Stachelbero, amountainof Switzerland,( Glarus, at the foot of which, in the Linth va is a bathing establishment, which has rec( risen into repute. Stade, a fortified town of Hanover, cap. lai on the Schwinge, near its month in the Elb m. W.N.W. Hamburg. Pop. 6,814. It h gymnasiom, and mannfs. of flannel and hos; Adjacent to the town, on the Elbe, is the ci of Brunshansen, near which a vessel is statii to receive toll on all vessels passing up the r Stadthampton, a pa. of Engl., co. & 7 m. Oxford, on the Thames. Area 530 ac. ' Pop. Stadt-am-Hof, Riparia, a town of BaT STA 1217 STA ■c. Vpp. Palatinate, cap. dist, on an isi. farmed the Danube, here joined by the Regen, and posite Ratisbon (Regensburg), with which it is ited by a long stone bridge, and of which it rms a suburb. Pop. 2,030. Stadtbbrs, a town of Prussia. [MARSBEBa.] Stadthagen, a walled town of Germany, prin- pality Schaumburg-Lippe, cap. dist., 9 m. N.E. ickeburg, on the Uanoverand IVIinden railway. }p. 1,913. It has a castle, & ducal mausoleum. Stabtilh, a town of Germany, principality jhwarzbm'g-Rudolstadt, on the Ilm, 12 m. r.N.'W. Rudolstadt. Pop. 2,307. Stadtlohn, a town of Prussian Westphalia, !g. and 30 m. N.W. iMunster. Pop. 2,300. Stadtoldendorf, a walled town of Germany, runswick, ciro. & 8 m. N.E. Holzminden. Pop. 148. It has manuis. of linen. Stadtsteinach, a town of Bavaria, circ. Upper ranconia, on the Steinach, 15 m. N. Bayreuth. op. 1,300. Staefa, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 13 m. ,E. Zurich, on the N. shore of its lake. P. 3,600. Staff A, a small island of the inner Hebrides, Gotland, CO. Argyle, pas. Eilninian and Kil- lore, 6^ m. N. tiie Boss of Mull, and celebrated >r its basaltic columns and caverns. Shape oval, TC. about 1^ m., and except on the N.E. shore, ; is almost everywhere surrounded by cliils hol- >wed with caverns, the principal Fingal's Cave, escribed by Sir J. Banks, and Dr M'CulIoch. Stapfelsteis, a town of Bavaria, circ. Upper ranconia, on the Lauter, 15 m. N.N.E. Bamberg, nthe Nuremberg and Hof railway. Pop. 1,181. Stafford, a pari, and munic. bor. and town of lUgl., cap. CO., on the Sow, and -on the London ad North Western railway, 25 m. N.N.W. Bir- lingham. Area of bor. 2,510 ac. Pop. 9,149. I is irregularly, but neatly built. In the centre f its main street is the market square, with the 0. hall, and near this are the two pa. churches, tther chief edifices are the castle, a striking difice ; the co. j^, lunatic asylum, and gener^ ifirmary. The grammar school, founded by Idnard vi., hasan annual rev. of 335Z. Corp. rev. 1847-8) 921/. It sends two mems. to H. of C. leg. elects. (1848) 1,352. It is the birth-place of saac Walton. — II. ( Wett),apa,., co. Dorset, on the lame, 2im.E.S.E. Dorchester. Ac. 770. P. 212. Stafford, several townships, U. S., N. Amer. -L Connecticut, 9 m. N.E. Tolland. Pop. 2,469. -IL New York, co. Genesee, in the W. part of le state. Pop. 2,561 III. New Jersey, 38 m. S. reehold. Pop. 2,14S.—Staffi>rd Springs, Con- ecticnt, 28 m. N.E. Hartford, are chalybeate, ad greatly resorted to by summer visitors. Staffokdshire, an inland co. of Engl., having i. Derbyshire, N. Cheshire, W. Shropshire, and . the cos. of Warwick and Worcester. Area 184 sq. m, or 757^60 ac. Inhab. houses (1841) ?,777. Pop. 510,604. Its N.E. quarter is chiefly loorland, rismg in some places to 1,200 and 500 ft. above the sea, and continuous N.ward ith the high lands, separating Yorkshire from ancashire. The centre of the co. is level or un- ilating ; in the S. it is again hilly. The Trent ses in the co., intersects its centre, and then ith the Dove forms all the E. boundary ; other vers are its affls., the Sow, Tame, BIythe, and hurnet, on the banks of all which is fertile 111. Climate chill, owing to the elevation and igged character of much of the surface ; much lin falls in the W. About 600,000 ac. are esti- ated to be in tillage, but mining and manufs. e more important than agriculture, and this co. ■nks as the third in England for manufacturing industry. Many estates are large, and on those of the Duke of Sutherland, great improvements have been effected. Farms vary in size from 20 to 1,000 ac. Average rent of land (1810), 203. an ac. Annual value of land (1842), 1,104,150?. ; of mines and iron-works, 351,836i. ; total of all real property, 2,441,563/. Many parts of the co. are well wooded. Vei-y productive coal fields exist both in the N. and in the S., where are the ex- tensive iron manufs. of Wolverhampton, Wed- nesbury, Walsall, Tipton, Bilstou, Dudley ; and around Stoke, Handley, & Burslem, is the dist. of the potteries. The iron goods made, comprise all articles from nails to steam machinery ; the vast establishment of Boulton and Watt at Soho, being within the co. Copper, lead, limestone, sandstone, marble, alabaster, and the best pottery clay, are important mineral products ; and around Cheadle there are extensive copper and brass works. In addition to all kinds of earthenwares, glass, carpets, hats, boots, shoes, and chemical products are made. — Burton- on-Trent is highly celebrated for its ale ; and in 1847, 3,689 hands were employed in cotton and silk mills. Nearly all parts of the co. are intersected by canals ; and the London and N. Western railway traverses it in two branches. It is subdivided into 6 bunds., and contains the city of Lichfield, the pari. bors. of Stafford, Walsall, Tamworth, Wolverhampton, Newcastle-under-Lyne, Stoke-upon-Trent, and Dudley, besides nearly 20 mkt. towns and up- wards of 1,000 vills. and hamlets. The co. be- longs to the diocese of Lichfield. Co. rates (1848) 42,785/. Exclusive of bors., it sends 4 mems. to H. of C. Beg. electors (1848), for N. division 9,438 ; for S. division 8,545 ; total 17,983. Stagno Grande, a town of Dalmatia, circ. and 26 m. N.W. Ragusa, on the peninsula Sabioncello. Pop. 5,400. It has extensive salt works.^ — Stagno- piccolq is a vill. N.N.E.ward, with a good harbour on the channel of Narenta. Stagsden, a pa. of Engl., co. and 6 m. W.S.W. Bedford. Area 3,320 ac. Pop. 632. Stainbt, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 8i m. S.S.W. Grantham. Area 1,550 ac. Pop. 190. Staindbop, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. Durham, ward and 11 m. W.N.W. Darlington. Area of pa. 14,990 ac. Pop. 2,436. Town well built. Near it are lead works ; and about 1 m. N.W.ward is Baby castle (Duke of Cleveland.) Staines, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. Middlesex, at its S.W. extremity, on the Thames, here crossed by a new stone bridge, at the influx of the Colne, 19 m. W.S.W. St Paul's, London. Area of pa. 1,710 ac. Pop. 2,487. Stainfield, a pa. of England, co. and 9 m. E.N.E. Lincoln. Area 2,460 ac. Pop. 154. Stainforth, a tnshp. of England, co. York, W. Biding, pa. Hatfield, 3 m. W.S.W. Thome. P. 924. Staimland, a chapelry of England, co. York, W. Riding, 3J m. S. Halifax. Pop. 3,759. Stainlet (South), a pa. of Engl, co. York, W. Biding, 3 ra. N.E. Ripley. Ac. 1,800. Pop. 226. Stainmobe, a chapelry of England, co. West- moreland, pa. and 4 m. E.S.E. Brongh. P. 611. Stainton, several pas. of England — I. (Great), CO. Durham, 5 m, N.E. Darluigton. Area 2,160 ae. Pop. 132. — II. (By Langworth), CO. and 7 m. E.N.E. Lincoln. Area 2 890 ac. Pop. 222. —III. CO. York, N. Riding, 4| m. S.E. Stockton. Area 6,820 ac. Pop. 2,266.— IV. same co., W. Biding, 7 m. S.S.W. Doncaster. Area 3,060 ac. Pop. 226.— V. (Le Vale), co. Lincoln, 6 m. N.E. Market-Baisen. Area 2,490 ac. Pop. 148 — VI. {Market), co. and 17 m. E.N.E. Lincoln. Area 1,180 ac. Pop. 184. It formerly had a mkt.— 4 II STA 1218 STA VII. S.W. CO. Pembroke, 5 m. S.S.W. Haverford- west. Pop. 2,903. It includes Milford-Haven. Staib, a pa. of Scotland, co. Ayr, 4 m. S.W. Mauchline. Pop. 823. SxALBBiDGE, a inkt. town and pa. of England, CO. Dorset, on a branch of the Stour, 6i m. E.N.E. Sherborne. Area 4,900 ac. Pop. 1^882, partly engaged in the manof. of stockings. In the town is a carious cross 30 ft. high. Stai;et Bkidge, a mkt. town and ehapelry of Engl., cos. Lancaster & Chester, on the Manches- ter and Bury railw., 7 m. N.E. Stockport. Pop. 12,000, mostly engaged in cotton manuis. It be- longs to the pa. and bor. of Ashton-under-Lyne. Stalhah, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 6!; m. E.S.E. North Walsham. Area 1,210 ac. P. '729. Stalihene, or Lehnos, an island of the Gre- cian Archipelago, belonging to Turkey, in the .Slgean Sea, 40 m. E.S.E. Monnt Athos. Area 160 sq. m. Pop. 8,000. It consists of 2 penin- sulas, separated by the harbours Faradiso and St Antonio. Surface mntnous., with extinct craters ; soil fertile in corn, oil, wine, fruits, &c. — The cap. town, Lemnos, is on the W. coast, with 1,000 inhabs., a citadel, harbour, & ship-bnilding docks. Stalisfield, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 12 m. W.S.W. Canterbury. Area 2,340 ac. Pop. 378. Stalla, or Bivio, a vill. of E. Switzerland, cant. Grisons, 10 m. N.E. Chiavenna, at the foot of the Julier pass, 5,774 ft. above the sea. STA1.I.1NOB0BOUQH, a pa. of Engl., CO. Lincoln, on the Lincolnshire railway, 4J m. W.N. W. Great Grimsby. Area 4,950 ac. Pop. 437. SxAtLnpOHNEW, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 16 m. E.N.E. Gnmbinnen, cap. circ. Pop. 3,110. Stalmine, a ehapelry of England, co., pa. and 13 m. S.W. Lancaster. Pop. 604. Stamborne, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 20 m. N.W. Colchester. Area 1,930 ac. Pop. 640. S^tamboui., the Turkish name of Constantinople. Stambbidge, two pas. of Engl., co. Essex. — I. (Great), 1 j m. N.E. Rochford. Area 1,780 ac. Pop. 431.— II. {Little), 1^ m. E.N.E. Bochford. Area 780 ac. Pop. 126. Stampoed, a pari, and mnnic. bor. and town of Engl., COS. Lincoln and Northampton, on the Welland, here crossed by a 6 arched stone bridge, & on railw., 11 m. W.N.W. Peterborough. Area of bor. 1,960 ac. Pop. 7,384. Principal build- ings, 5 pa. churches, the town hall, theatre, and assembly rooms. The Welland is navigable for barges hence to the sea. Malting and retail trade considerable. Corp. rev. (1847-8) 2,318Z. 10s. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 614. Immediately S. the town is Burleigh, the seat of the Marquis of Exeter. SxAUFOBD, several tnshps., IT. S., N. Amer I. Connecticut, on Long Island Sound, on which it has a good harbour, 67 m. S.W. Hartford. Pop. 3,616 IL New Tork, 61 m. W.S.W. Albany. Pop. 1,686. — Also a tnshp. of Upper Canada, W. the Falls of Niagara. Stamfobdham, a pa. of Engl., co. Northum- berland, 12 m. W.N.W. Newcastle-on-Tyne. Area 17,430 ac. Fop. 1,777. Lime and coal are found here in great quantities. Stahpalia, an island of the Grecian Archip., gov. Thera, 20 m. S.E. Amorgo. Area 50 sq. m. Pop. 1,600. Chief vills. St Andrea & Livomo. Stampfen, a mkt. town of W. Hungary, co. and 10 m. N.N.W. Fresbnrg. Pop. 3,374. Stasbbiose, a ehapelry of Engl., co. Bedford, pa. and 3^ m. E.S.E. Leighton-Buzzard. P. 519. Stanchio, or Sxahoho, an island. [Kos.] Stani>eewick, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 3 m. N.E. Frome. Area 1,470 ac. Fop. 49. Stakdfokb, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 2 N.W. Hythe. Area 1,470 ac. Fop. 236. Standgeound, a pa. of Engl., co. Hunting 1 m. S.S.E. Peterborough. Ac. 7,650. P. 1 Standish, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. and S.S.W. Gloucester. Area 2,610 ac. Pop. ft II. CO. Lancaster, 3J m. N.N.W. Wigan, oi Preston and Wyre railway. Area 16,19( Pop. 8,686, employed in manufs. of cotton linen, &- in coal mines. The church handso Standish, a tnshp. of the U. S., N. Ame Maine, 56 m. S.S.W. Augusta. Fo'p. 2,198. SxANDtAKE, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, i S.S.E. Witney. Area 2,040 ac. Pop. 707. Standhnch, a pa., Engl., co. Wilts, 5 m. S Salisbury, Area 770 ac. Fop, 40. Trafal park, the seat conferred by Parliament on son, is in this parish. SxANDON, two pas, of Engl, — I, co, and N,B. Hertford. Area 7,290 ac. Pop. 2 It has a Boman Catholic college. — II. co. i ford, 4 m. N.N.W. Eccleshal), on the N.Wes railway. Area 2,820 ac. Pop. 382. StInb, a pa, of Engl,, co. Lincoln, 6 m. N, Alford, Pop, with Witheme 435. SxASFiEi.i>, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 5 N.N.W. East Dereham. Area 1,100 ac. P. Stanford, several pas., &c., of Engl. — I Norfolk, 6 m, S,W, Watton. Area 3,220 Pop, 184, — II, CO, Northampton, 6 m. S,E, '. terworth. Area 1,510 ac. Fop, 32 ^III Worcester, 8 m. N,N.E. Bromyard. Area 1 ac. Pop. 164. — IV. {Bishops), co. Hereford, S.E. Bromyard,, Area 1,670 ac. Fop. — V. {Dingleg), co. Berks, 9 m. W, Keae Area 660 ac. Pop, 151.— VL {In-the-Vale] Berks, 4 m. E.S.E. Great Fairingdon. i 3,740 ac. Pop. 1,149.— VIL {Le-Hope), Essex, 12 m. E.S.E. Romford. Area 2,111 Fop. 336.— VIII. {Sivers), co. Essex, 5 m. E. Epping, Area 2,380 ac. Pop. 972 IX. i Soar), co, Notts, 2 m, N. Loughborough, i 1,520 ac. Pop, 146. The vill. is well built, Stanfobd, a township of the U, S,, N, Ai New Tork, 16 m, N,E. Poughkeepsie. P. 2, Stanhoe, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, S.S.W. Bumham-Westgate. Ac. 1,710. P. Stanhope, a pa. of England, co. Durham, W.N.W. Wolsingham, and on the Wear v; railway. Area 55,030 ac. Pop. 7,063, partly ployed in lead mines. Roman antiquities ; been found here. The ^-ill. had formerly a r Sxanion, a pa. of Engl., co. and 20 m. N,! Northampton. Area 1,860 ac. Fop. 334. Sxanislawow, a strongly fortified town of . trian Poland, Galicia, cap. circ, between arms of the Bistritza, 76 m. S.S.E. Leml Pop. with suburbs 9,200. It has a gymnasii SxANLEY, a vill. and quoad sacra pa. of S( CO. Perth, on r. b. of the Tay, with a statio the Perth and Forfar railway, 6i m. N. P^ Pop, 1,946, mostly employed in cotton fecto: SxANtET, several pas., &c., of Engl. — I. {Ki CO. Glo'ster, 3 m. W.S.W. Stroud. Area : ac. Fop. 2,200, extensively employed in wo manufs. — II. (St Leonardos), same co., 3j W.S.W. Stroud. Area 910 ac. Pop. 864 has the ruins of a monastery. The vUl. had merly a market, — III, (Pontlarge), same co,, N,W, Winchcombe. Area 960 ac. Fop. ' IV. (Wiih-Wrenihorpe), a township, co. Tori Riding, pa. & 2 m. N.E. Wakefield. Pop. 6 Stanmeh, a pa, of England, co, Sussex, N.N.E. Brighton. Area 3,050 ac. Pop. 12i SxANMOEE, two pas. of Eugl., CO. Middles* I. (Great), 12 m, N.W. St Paul's, London, . STA 1219 STA 670 ac. Pop. 1,177. Around it are many hand- )me villas and country seats. — II. (Little), 10} I. N.W. St Paul's, London. Ac. 1,420. P. 830. Stahsebn (Boh. Stonarzoic), a market town rMoravia, circ. and 7 m. S.E. Iglau. P. 1,040. .great fell of aerolites took place here in 1807. Stanningfield, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 5 i.S.S-E.St-Edmund's-Bury. Ac. 1,620. P. 327. Stasninqton, a pa. of Engl., co. Northumber- lui, 4J m. S.S.E. Morpeth. Area 9,650 ac. op. 1,121, employed in coal mines. Stasotoi, Staksovoi, or Tablonoi Mntns., a ing mountain chain of E. Asia, extending be- leen lat. 50° and 67° N., and from Ion. 110° Lvard, separating Siberia (Irkutsk, Yakutsk, ic.) from the Chinese doms. Mongolia and Man- booria, and afterwards prolonged through the roT. Okhotsk and the Tchoktchi country to leioing StTML Total length estimated at 3,000 I. This chain separates the basins of Lake taikal and the Lena on the N., from that of the Lmoor on the S.E. Principal ramifications are iose which cover the gov. Irkutsk; and the loontaios of Kamtchatka. As far N. as lat. So° lieirlowerporlions are clothed with dense forests, f. of lat. 65° they are covered with snow, and sparate the basins of the Anadyr & Indighirka. St-assfield, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 4^ m. rjJ.E. Clare. Area 1,140 ac. Pop. 510.— II. a >«nship, CO. York, W. Riding, pa. and 4^ m. I.W. Halifex. Pop. 8,466. SiAKSTKAD, several pas. of Engl ^I. co. Kent, m. W.S.W. Rochester. Area 1,720 ac. Pop. 27.— n. CO. Suffolk, 6 m. E.^UE. Clare. Area ,150 ac Pop. 387.— lU. (Abdms), co. Herts, 2J L N.N.E. Hoddesden. Area 2,470 ac. Pop. ,017. In this pa. are remains of Rye-house, Mch gave name to the pretended plot in the Bign of Charles ii. — ^IV. {Moanijltchet), co. Es- ex, on &e Eastern Counties r^way, 3} m. N. tishops-Stortford. Area 3,740 ac. Pop. 1,637. Snwros, nranerons pas^ &e., of Engl. — I. co. rlo'ster, 6 m, N.E. Winchcombe. Ajea 1,650 e. Pop. 319.— II (AU-Sainls), co. Suffolk, 9J m. r.B. Bniy-St-Edmund's. Area 3,840 ac. Pop. jm.—Xil. (On^Arrow), co. Hereford, 5^ m. i.N.E, Kington. Area 2,780 ac. Pop. 376. -IT. (St Bernard), co. "Wilts, 5i m. E. De- iMS. Area 1,950 ac. P. 362.— V. (By-Srid^e), 0. & 6 m. S.S.E. Derby. Area 1,770 ac. Pop. 95.— VL (By-Dale), co. and 7i m. E. Derby. Jea 1,400 ac. Pop. 480.— VII. (Drew), co. ometset, 7 m. S. Bristol. Area 2,410 ae. Pop. [)!. It has Drnidical remains. — VIIL (Fitzwar- m), CO. Wilts, 2i m. S.W. Highworth. Area ,420 ac. Pop. 170. It has an ancient church. -IX. (St Gabriel), co. Dorset, 4 m. W.S.W. ridport. Area 1,150 ac. Pop. 106.— X. (Z^ori/), ). Bucks, 3 m. W.S.W. J> ewport-Pagnell. Area iO ac. Pop. 42.— XL (On-Hine- Heath), co. alop, 5 m. S.E. yfem. Area 4,450 ac. Pop. ».— XIL (Baramrf), co. Oxford, 4^ m. E.S.E. fitney. Area 3,120 ac. Pop. 665.— XXII. (St ohrCs), CO. and 5 m. E.N.E. Oxford. Area 3,290 :. Pop. 510.— XIV. (Laqi), co. Salop, 3 m. .N.W. Ludlow. Area 6,030 ac. Pop. 1,540.— v. (Long), same co., 7 m. S.S.W. Much-Wen- ck. Area 1,350 ac. Pop. 327.— XVI. (All Hints), CO. and 6J m. N.N.W. Cambridge. Area 900 ac. Pop. 409 XVII. (St Michael), same )., 6} m. N. W. Cambridge. Area 830 ac. Pop. 89.— XVIII. (Prior), co. Somerset, 5 m. W.S.W. ath. Area 1,380 ac. Pop. 148.— XIX. (St teinSn), co. Wilts, 5 m. N.N.W. Chippenham, rea 1^20 ac. Pop. 302.— XX. (Stoney), co. Bicester, 4 m. E.N.E. Hinchley. Area 1,760 ac. Pop. 663.— XXI.achapelrv.co. Derby, pa. Youl- gi-ave, 3J m. S.S.E. Bakewell. Pop. 691.— XXII. a chapelry, same co., pa. Stapenhill. Pop. 1,631. Stanway, two pas. of England I. co. Essex, 4 m. W.S.W. Colchester. Area 3,440 ac. Pop. 707.— II. CO. Glo'ster, 3i m. N.E. Wlnchcombe. Area 3,890 ac. Pop. 384. Stanweli, a pa. of Engl., co. Middlesex, 2ira, N.N.E. Staines. Area 4,060 ac. Pop. 1,495. Stanwiok, two pas. of England. — I. co. North- ampton, 2 m. N.N.E. Higham-Ferrers. Area 1,830 ac. P. 07 7 .—II. (S« John), co. York, N. Rid- ing, 7 m. N.N.E. Richmond. Ac. 4,730. P. 907. Stanwix, a pa. of England, co. Cumberland, connected with Carlisle by a bridge over the Eden. Area 6,340 ac. Pop. 2,088. Stanz, a town of Switzerland, cant. Unterwal - den, cap. its lower division, 7 m. S.S.E. Lucerne. Pop. 1,200. Its town hall, of historic celebrity, contains a series of historic portraits ; in its mkt. place is the statue of Arnold von Winkelried, a native of Stanz ; and near the church is a monu- ment to the inhabitants of the town massacred by the French in 1798. Stapenhill, a pa. of England, co. Derby, 1 m. S.E. Burton-on-Trent. Ae. 4,620. Pop. 2,261. Staphobst, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Overyssel, 11 m. N.E. ZwoUe. Pop. of pa. 4,054. Staple, two pas. of England. — I. co. Kent, 8 m. E.S.E. Canterbury. Area 1,060 ac. Pop. 562. ^11. (Fitzpaine), co. Somerset, 5 m. S.S.E. Taun- ton. Area 2,660 ac. Pop. 361. Staplefobd, several pas. of England. — I. co. and 4 m. S.S.E. Cambridge. Area 1,400 ac. Pop. 447 II. CO. and 3 m. N.N.W. Hertford. Area 1,300 ac. Pop. 269. — III. co. Leicester, 4J m. E. Melton -Mowbray, Area 3,960 ac Pop. 184. Stapleford-hall, the seat of the Earl of Harborough,ishere. — IV.co. Lincoln, 6 m.E.N.E. Newark. Area 2,930 ac. Pop. 193.— V. co. and 6 m. W.S.W. Nottingham. Area 1,450 ac. Pop. 1,837, partly employed in lace manuf. — VI. co. Wilts, 4 m. N.N.W. Wilton. Area 1,990 ae. Pop. 296.— VII. (Abbots), co. Essex, 5 m. S.E. Epping. Area 2,320 ac. Pop. 498.— VIII. ( Tamney), same CO., 3i m. S.E. Epping. Area 2110 ac. Pop. 350. Staplegrove, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 2 m. N.W. Taunton. Area 890 ac. Pop. 471. Staplehuhst, apa. of England, co. Kent, 4^ m. N.N.E. Cranbrook, on the South Eastern rail- way. Area 5,590 ac. Pop. 1,591. Stapleton, several pas. of England. — I. co. Cumberland, 9 m. E.N.E. Longtown. Area 13,980 ac. Pop. 1,170. The ruins of Shank castle are in this pa. — II. co. Glo'ster, 2J m. N.N.E. Bris- tol. Area 2,600 ac. Pop. 3,944. The bishop of Glo'ster has a new palace here. — III. co. Salop, 6J m. S.S.W. Shrewsbury. Area 870 ac. Pop. 257. — Stapleton Island is au island of the middle cluster of the Arzobispo group, N. Pacific ocean. Stakaia-Bussa, a town of Russia, gov. and 36 m. S. Novgorod, on a river which flows into Lake Ilmen. Pop. 8,700. It is enclosed by earthen ramparts, and has an imperial palace, salt works, a large trade in flax, linseed, timber, and flour. Stabasol, or Starosoi., a town of Austrian Poland, Gallcia, 10 m. W.S.W. Sambor. P. 1,066. Staebbdck Island, Pacific C, lat. 5° 20' S. Ion. 155° 66' W. ; was discovered in 1823. Stabcboss, a chapelry of England, co, Devon, 7J m. S.S.E. Exeter, with which city it is con- nected by railway. Pop. 936. Staegabd, a walled town of Prussia, prov. Po- merania, on 1. b. of the navigable Ihna, reg. and 21 m. E.S.E. Stettin, with which it communicates bv railway. Pop. (1846) 13,100. It has a gym- ST A 1220 STE nasium, and manufe. of woollen cloth, linens, ho- siery, tobacco, soap, and leather II. a walled town of W. Prussia, reg. and 27 m. S.W. Danzig, cap. circ, on the Ferse. Pop. 3,600. It has Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches. — ^III. a town of Meclilenburg-Strelitz, cap. circ, 14 m. N.E. Neu-Strelitz. Pop. 1,410. Stabia, a town of European Turkey, Albania, 40 m. S. Ochrida Stari-Maidanis a,-viil., Turk- ish Croatia, on the Sanna, 32 m. W. Bauialuka. Stabitza, a town of Russia, gov. and 41 m. ■W.S.W. Tver, cap. circ, on the Volga, here crossed by a flying bridge. Pop. 2,400. Starkenbach, a toivn of Bohemia, circ. Bids- chow, 25 m. N. Neu-Bidschow. Pop. 2,056. Stabrenbubo, a prov. of Hessen-Darmstadt, Central Germany, E. the Rhine. Area 1,202 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 317,093. It derives its name from a ruined castle N.E. the town of Hesseuheim. Staekey, a township, U. S., N. America, New York. 10 m. N.E. Penn-Tan. Pop. 2,426 Starhesborough is a township, Vermont, 42 m. S.W. Montpelier. Stak-Kbvjm (Tart. BsU-Krum), a town of S. Russia, gov. Taurida, 10 m. W. Kaffa. Starkstaht (Boh. Siarkow), a town of Bohe- mia, circ. & 25 m. N.E. Kiiniggratz. Pop. 842. Stabobielsk, a town of Russia, gov. Voroniej, 30 m. W.N.W. Bielovodsk, cap. circ, on the Ai- dar,with a cathedral & an imp. stud. Pop. 1,100. Staeodub, a town of Russia, gov. and 100 m. N.E. Tchernigov, cap. circ, on the Babintza. Pop. 9,000. It is enclosed by earthen ramparts, and has a cathedral and a monastery. SiAKOi-OsKot, a town of Russia, gov. and 70 m. E.S.E. Koursk, on the Oskol, here joined by theOskla. Pop.5,000. It is mostly built of wood. Stabo-Kokstantinov, a town of Buss. Poland, gov. Volhynia, 75 m. W.N.W. Jitomir. P. 4,000. Staeston, a pa. of England, oo. Norfolk, 1 J m. N.N.W. HarlestoB. Area 2,160 ac. Pop. 482. Staetfobth, a pa. of England, co. York, N. Riding, 1 m. W.S.W. Barnard Castle. Area 1,070 ac. Pop. 782. Stakt Point, a headland, near the S. extrem- ity of the CO. Devon, England, 9^ m. S.S. W. Dart- mouth, with a lighthouse, & revolving light, 204 ft. above the sea, lat. 60° 13' 4'' N., Ion. 3° 38' W. Si'AssruET, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 20 m, S.S.W. Magdeburg, on the Bode. Pop. 2,040. On the opposite side of the river is AH-Stassfurth, a vill., with 534 inhabitants. Staszow, a walled town of Poland, prov. & 30 m. W.S.W. Sandomir, on the Czarna. P. 3,985. States Island, an island of the U. S., N. America, state and 8 m. S.W. New York, and forming the co. Richmond. Length 14 m., breadth 4 to 8 m. Area 63 sq. m. Pop. 10,965. Surface hilly in the N., and Richmond hill, 307 feet above the ocean, commands a fine view of New York. Surface productive, and it has se- veral villages and country residences, with iron beds, and thriving fisheries. Steamers ply daily between it and New York. — II. one of the Kurile isls.. Pacific O. [Itorup.] — III. an isl. of Tierra del Fuego, at the S. extrem. of S. Amer. separated by Le Maire Strait irom King Charles' South Land. Length 45 m. Surface steep, and shores very mucii indented. At its E. extremity is Cape St John, in lat. 64° 42' 8" S., and Ion. 63° 43' 6' W. Statkold, a pa. of England, co. Stafford, 3 m. N.E. Tamworth. Area 420 ac. Pop. 45. Stathern, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 8 m. N.E. Melton-Mowbray. Area 1,420 ac. Pop. 649. Staubbach, (" dust-stream "), a magnificent waterfall nf Switzerland, cant. Bern, in the Ober- land, 1 m. S. Lauterbrunnen. It streams over the top of a rock, and after falling for 800 or 900 ft., is dispersed by the wind before reaching the bot- tom of the vaMey, so as to resemble a vast horse- tail. It is described in Byron's " Manfred," Staufen, a town of Baden, cu-c. Upper Rhine, cap. dist., on the Nenmagen, 10 m. StS.W. Frei- burg. Pop. 1,623. Near it are the ruins of the old castle of Staufen. Stadghton, two contiguous pas. of England. — I. {Great), co. Huntingdon, 3 m. S.E. Kimhol- ton. Area 6,940 ac. Pop. 1,285.-11. {Little), CO. Bedford, 3 m. S.S.E. Kimbolton. Area 1,660 ac. Pop. 485. Staunton, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Notts, 7 m. S. Newark. Area 2,330 ac. Pop. 172.— II. CO. Worcester, 8 m. W.S.W. Tewkesbury. Area 1,490 ac Pop. 402.— m. {On-Wye), co. and 9* m. W.N.W. Hereford. Area 2,670 ac. Pop. 648. — {HarroM), a tnshp., co. Leicester, pa. Breedou, 3J m. N.N.E. Ashby-de-Ia-Zouch, Area 1,840 ac Pop. (1831) 389. Staunton hall is a noble edifice. Stauton, a vill., U. S,, N. Amer., Virginia, 100 m. W.N.W. Richmond. Pop. 2,600. It has a handsome court-house, and a lunatic asylum. SiAVANaEE, a seaport town of Norway, stift Christiansand, cap. amt., on the Bukke-fiord, an inlet of the N. Sea, 100 m. S. Bergen. Pop. 4,150. It has an export trade in timber. Stavelot, a town of Belgium, ppov. and 24 m. S.E. Leige, cap. cant. Pop. 3,200. Stavbhaqen, a town of N. Germany, Mecklcn- burg-Schwerin, ffll m. E.S.E. Giistrow. P, 2,027. Stavelbt, twTpas. of England. — I. co. Derby, with a station on the Midland cos. railway, 4 m. N.E. Chesterfield. Area 10,050 ac. Pop. 3,315, partly engaged in iron and coal mines. Besides an endowed hospital, it has charities wifli an annual rev. of lOOZ. — II. co. York, W. Rid- ing, 3 m. S.W. Boroughbridge. Area 1,240 ac. Pop. 347. — III. {Over), a chapeliy, co. Westmore- land, pa. Kirkby-Kendal, on the Kendal & Win- dermere railway, 5 m. N.N. W. Kendal. Pop. 527. Stavekton, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Devon, 3 m. N.N.W. Totness. Area 4,710 ac. Pop. 1,089. It has extensive slate quarries, — II. co. and 5 m. N.E. Gloucester. Area 720 ac. Pop. 296.-111. CO. Northampton, 2 m. W.S.W. Daven- try. Area 2,240 ac Pop. 503. Stavoeen, a decayed town of the Netherlands, prov. Friesland, on the Zuyder-Zee, 13 m. N. Enkhuysen. Pap. 632. Stavropol, or Statvropol, two towns of the Russian empire. — I. Caucasia, cap. circ, in a fertile country, on the Tachla, 69 m. W.N.W. Alexandrov. Pop. 7,000. It is well built, strongly fortified, and has manufs. of soap and leather. — II. gov. and 65 m. S.S.E. Simbirsk, cap. circ, on the Volga. Pop. 3,400. Stavros {Stageira), a vill. of European Turkey, Macedonia, on the Gulf of Contessa, 38 m. E. Salonica. The birth-place of Aristotle. Stawlbt, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 4 m, S.S.W. Wiveliscombe. Area 830 ac. Pop. 222. Stean, a pa. of Engl., oo. Northampton, 2 J m. N.W. Brackley. Area 1,360 ac Pop. 26. Steering, a pa. .of Engl., co. Essex, 3 m. E.N.E. Dunmow. Area 2,810 ac. Pop. 1,458. Steckborn, a town, Switzerl'd, cant. Thurgau, on the Unter-see, 8m. W.Constance. Pop.2,205. Stede, or Stidd, a chapeli7 of Engl., co. Lan- caster, 1 m. N. Ribchester, having a decayed cha- pel formerly belonging to the Templars. Stedham, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 2 m. W.N.W. Midhurst. Area 1,840 ac. Pop. 557. STE 1221 STE Steels, or Stetlk, a toivn of Rhenish Prussia, on ralway, reg. and 21 m. N.E. Diisseldorf. Pop. 2,350. Coal is raised in its vicinity. Steenberqen, a walled town, Netherlands, proT. N. Brabant, 20 m. W. Breda. Pop. 1,700. Steeskeeke, a vill. of Belgium, prov. Hain- ault, 15 m. N.N.E. Mons. The French here de- feated the Allies, 3d August 1692. Steeswerck, and Steenwoorde, 2 comms. and towns of France, dep. Nord.— 1. 7 m. N. Haze- brouck. Pop. 1,764.-11. 6 m. N.N.E. Haze- brouck. Pop. 4,789. Stkenwyk, a town, Netherlands, prov. Over- yssel, cap. cant., 9 m. N.E. Blockzyl. Pop. 3,286. Steep, a pa. of England, eo. Hants, 1^ m. N. Petersfield. Area ^970 ac. Pop. 885. Steep-Holmes Islind, a rocky island in the Bristol Channel, at the mouth of the Severn, 10 m. S.S.W. Cardiff. Circnmference about li m. It was formerly the site of a priory. Steeping, two pas. of England, oo. Lincoln I. {Great), 2^ m. S.E. Spilsby. Area 1,620 ae. Pop. 285.— IL ( Little), 3 m. S.E. Spilsby. Area 1,490 ac. Pop. 280. Steeple, two pas. of Engl I. co. Dorset, H m, S-S-V. Wareham. Ac. 3,900. Pop. 272. — U. co. Essex, 6 m. E.S.E. Maldon. Ac. 3,740. Pop. 584. Steetos, a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, W. Kid- ing, pa. and IJ m. from Kildwick, on the Midland cos. railway. Pop. 963. Stege, a town of Denmark, cap. island Moen, on its W. coast, 13 m. S.E. Praestoe. Pop. 1,800. Sieges, is an island and vill. of Norway, prov. Nordland, lat. 68° N., Ion. 14° 30' E. Pop. 1,700. Stedt, a town of Switzerland, cant, and 11 m. E.S.E. ScbaShansen, on rt. b. of the Khine. Pop. 1,270. It has an ancient abbey, and near it is the rained castle of Hohenklingen. Stect, a market town of Lower Austria, on the Danube, opposite Mantem, with which it is con- nected by a bridge 1,600 feet in length, 38 m. W.N.W. Vienna. Pop. 1,700. It has manufs. of mnstard and vinegar, and an active trade. Steihach, two towns of Germany. — I. Baden, circ. Wddle Rhine, on the Kinzig river, 3 m. S.E. Biberach. Pop. 1,400.-11. {Nechar), H. Darm- stadt, prov. Starkenburg, on the Neckar, 15 m. E.S.E. Mannheim. Pop. 1,200.-111. a vill. of 'Saxe-Meiningen, on the Steinacb, an aS. of the Eodach, 4 m. N.N.W. Sonebnrg. Pop. 2,211. STEiif-AM-ANOEB (Hung. Szombothely), a town of W. Hungary, co. Eisenbnrg, on the Giins, 12 m. E.S.E. Giins. Pop. 3,848. It is the see of a bishop, and has an episcopal palace and a cathedral. It occupies a part of the site of the anc. Sabaria, which, under Claudius, was named Claudia-Augusta. Steihad, two towns of Germany — I. Prussian Silesia, reg. and 34 m. N.W. Breslau, cap. circ, on the Oder. Pop. 2,760.-11. H. Cassel, prov. and 27 m. E.N.E. Hanau, on the Kinzig. Pop. 2,734. — in. a mkt. town, Prussian Silesia, reg. and 24 m. S.W. Oppeln. Pop. 1,660. Steinbach, several small towns, &c., of Ger- many I. Baden, circ. Middle-Khine, 2 m. N.E. Bnhl, on the Mannheim and Basle railway. Pop. 1,882.-11. H. Cassel, prov. Fulda, 5 m. E.S.E. Schmalkalden. Pop. 2,666, mostly employed in iron forges and wire-works. — III. Saxe-Meinin- gen, E. Schweina. Pop. 1,428. Steines, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 3 m. N.W. Schwytz. Pop. 1,411. Steinfdrt, or Bubgsteinfubt, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 18 m. N.W. Munster, cap. circ, on the Aa. Pop. 2,666. Steinheim, several towns of Germany. -I. Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 30 m. S.S.E. Min- den. Pop. 2,082 — II. H. Darmstadt, prov. Starkenburg, on the Main, 20 m. N.E. Darm- stadt. Pop. 1,060 — III. a mkt. town of WUrtem- berg, circ. Jaxt, 4 m. N.W. Heidenheim. Pop. 1,585.— IV. a vill., circ. Neckar, on the Murr, 2 m. N.E. Marbach. Pop. 1,716. Steinhude, Lake of (Germ. Stanhuder-Meer), a lake of N. Germany, between Hanover and the princip. Lippe-Sohaumbnrg, 17 m. N.W. Hanover. Length 5 m., breadth 3 m. It has valuable fish- eries ; in it is an island, with the fortress Wil- helmstein, belonging to Lippe, & also the village Stemhude. Pop. 1,235. Steinitz, Stanitz, or Zdonice, a mkt. town of Moravia, circ. and 20 m. E.S.E. Brunn, with a castle and 1,840 inhabs. — Steinmauem is a vill. of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, at the confluence of the Murg & Shine, 3 m. N. Rastadt. Pop. 1,427. Stekborn, a small town of Switzd., cant. Thur- gau, on the tJntersee, 8 m.W. Constance. P. 1,900. Stekene, a market town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 18 m. N.E. Ghent. Pop. 4,900. Stella, a township of Engl., co. Durham, pa. Ryton, on the Tyne, which is here navigable 5 m. W.N.W. Gateshead. Pop. 563. Stella Hall is a handsome building of the 16th century. Stella, a river of N. Italy, enters the Ad- riatic near its head, after a S. course of 36 m. It is navigable from Falazzolo to the sea. Stellenbosoh, a div. of the Cape Colony, S. Africa, having E. the divs. Worcester & Swellen- dam, S. the ocean, W. the Cape division. Area 2,280 sq. m. Pop. (1845) IT ,130.— Stellenbosoh, the cap. town, 25 m. E. Cape-town, has 2,400 in- habitants, a neat church, Free and Wesleyan schools, an agricult. society, and savings' banks. Stelling, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 6 m. S.S.W. Canterbury. Area 1,380 ac. Pop. 341. Stelvio (Pass of), (Germ. Stiljserjoeh), Tyrol, in the N. part of the Valtelliua, leads from Bormio to Glurns. It was opened in 1824, and is the lof- tiest carriage route in Europe, its summit being 9,100 feet above the sea. Stenav, a comm. and town of France, dep. Mouse, cap. cant., arrond. and 8 m. W.S.W. Montmedy, on the Mouse. Pop. 2,592. Stendal, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 35 m. N.N.E. Magdeburg, cap. circ, on the Uchte. Pop. (1846) 6,780. It has manufs. of woollen and cotton stuffs, gloves, tobacco, and leather, with a brisk trade in linen fabrics. Stenigot, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 6 m, S.W. Louth. Area 1,400 ac Pop. 97. SxENNEss, a pa. of Scotl., co. and comprising apart of the Mainland of Orkney. Pop. 583. The "Standing stones of Stenness" form a remark- able Druidic monument. — II. an isle and a holm on the coast of the pa. Northmaven, Shetland. Stenszewo, or Stensohevo, a town of Prus- sian Poland, reg. & 14 m. S.W. Posen. Pop. 1,165. Stenton, a pa. of Scotl., co. Haddington, 4^ m. S.W. Dunbar. Pop. 686, of whom 236 are in the village. • Stephen's (St), sevl. pas. of Engl., co. Corn- wall.— I. including the town Saltash. Area 4,880 ac Pop. 2,963 II. 1 m. N.N.W. Lannceston, and within its pari. bor. Area 2,910 ac Pop. 1,068.— HI. 4J m. W.N.W. St Austell. Area 13,420 ac. Pop. 2,643. The pa. yields fine porce- lain clay.— IV. a pa., co. Herts, 1 m. S.S.W. St Albans. Area 14,010 ac. Pop. 1,826. Stephbntown, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, 28 m. E.S.E. Albany. P. 2,753, Stepingley, a pa. of Engl., co. Bedford, 2J m> S.W. Ampthill. Area 1,060 ac. Pop. 377. STE 1222 STl Stispnau, a fort of Russia, gov. Orenburg, circ. and 54 m. E.N.E. Veroho-Uralsk, on the tli. Pop. 1,600. It is mostly built of wood, and has a church and official residences. Stepney, a pa. and E. suburb of the British metropolis, co. Middlesex, included in the bor. Tower-hamlets, 2J m. E. St Paul's, London. Present area, with Poplar, 2,130 acres, pop. 63,723; but the parish formerly included Strat- ford-le-Bow, Limehouse, Shadwell, Bethual- green, and Mile-end, still comprised in its ex- tensive manor. It contains several churches, a grammar school, numerous charitable establish- ments, the London hospital, Jews' hospital, the Thames' police station, and a station on the Lon- don and Blackwall railw., besides which a branch communicating with the E. co. railway intersects the pa. It is the head of a poor-law union. STEBLIN&, several townships of the U. S., N. Amer. — I. New York, on Sodus Bay, Lake On- tario. Pop. 2,533.-11. Massachusetts, 41 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,647 III. Connecticut, 49 m. E.S.E. Hartford. Pop. 1,099. Steblitamak, a town of Bussia, gov. Oren- burg, cap. dist., at the confl. of two affls. of the Biela, 72 m. S. Ufa. Pop. 3,500. SiEKNBEBCt, several towns of Germany. — I. Moravia, circ. and 9 m. N.N.E. Olmiitz. Pop. 8,006, who manuf. woollen and linen fabrics and hosiery II. Mecklenburg-Schwerin,29 m. S.W. Kostock. Pop. 1,900 III. Prussia, prov. Bran- denburg, reg. and 24 m. E. Frankfiirt, cap, circ. Pop. 1,423. — IV. (Bohmisch), a market town of Bohemia, circ. and 16 m. S. Kaurzim. Pop. 525. ■ Stebnfield, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, Ij m. S.S.E. Saxmundham. Area 620 ac. Pop. 193. Stebt, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 2\ m. S.E. Devizes. Area 780 ac. Pop. 181. Steezino, a town of the Tyrol, circ. Pusterthal, on the Eisach, 16 m. N.W. Brixen. Pop. 1,300. Stetchwoeth, a pa. of Engl., co. and 12 m. E. Cambridge. Area 2,824 ac. Pop. 673. Stetten, two market towns of Wiirtemberg, ejro. Neckar. — I. {im Remsthale), on an affl. of the Eems, 7 m. E. Stuttgart. Pop. 1,955. It has a royal residence, & vineyards II. {XXnterm Seuchelberg), 3 m. N.W. Brackenheim. Pop. 1,000. Stettin, a strongly fortified town, and next to Danzig, the chief port of the Prussian dom., cap. prov. Pomerania, reg. and circ, on the W. or left b. of the Oder, at its mouth in the Stettiner-haff, 79 m. N.N.E. Berlin, with which it is connected by railway. Lat. 53° 25' l'' N., Ion. 14° 34' E. Pop. (1846) 42,000. It communicates with a suburb across the river by two wooden bridges, and has a royal fortress, government house, mint, ex- change, arsenal, theatre, large warehouses, five Lutheran churches, a Boman Catholic ehapel, a gymnasium, observatory, school of navigation, nu- merous other schools, and literary associations. A statue of Frederick the Great ornaments its royal square. Anchors for the whole Prussian naw are forged, and here are also sMp building docks, sugar refineries, distilleries, beer brew- eries, manufs. »f woollen & linen fabrics, hosiery, sail cloth, tobacco, soap, and paper. Vessels drawing less than 8 feet water come up to its quays ; others load and unload at Swinemunde. Principal exports, wheat, rye, pease, spirits, spelter, pine and oak timber, staves, rape, and linseed, linens, wool, oil cake, &c. Imports chiefly iron, coal, salt, herrings, sugar and other colonial products, dye stuffs, and cotton goods, &c. In 1843, 1,765 vessels entered, and 1,664 cleared out of its port. It has a large annual wool fair in June. — The Stettiner-haff' is an ei largement of the Oder immediately N. Stetti having an area of nearly 200 sq. m., depth fi'o 12 to 18 feet. It receives the river Ucker i Uokermiinde, & it communicates with the Bait Sea by 3 outlets, the Peene, Swiene, & Delvenoi SxEUBENViiLE, a towu, III S., N. Amer., Ohi cap. 00. Jefferson, 32 m. W. Pittsburg, on tl Ohio. Pop. 5,230. It has an elegant town ar mkt.-house, woollen, cotton, carpet, and engii factories, several steam mills and iron foundrie Stevenaqe, a pa. of England, co. Herts, 31 ii N.N.W. London. Area 4,640 ac. Pop. 1,725. Tl village was formerly a market town. Stevenston, a pa. of Scotl., co. Ayr, comprii ing a part of the town of Saltcoats. Area 6| si m. Pop. 3,791. Stevensweeei, a town of Dutch Limbnrg, o the Maese, 7 m. S.W. Ruremonde. Pop. 942. Steventon, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Berks, o the Great Western railway, 4 m. S. W. Abingdui Area 3,520 ac. Pop. 948 II. co. Hants, 6 m. 1 Whitchurch. Area 1,830 ae. Pop. 193. Stevington, a pa. of England, co. and 4{ n W.N.W. Bedford. Area 1,960 ac. Pop. 602. Stewaet Islands, a group in the Pacific ( [Solomon Isls.] — II. an isl., New Zealand, fora ing the co. New Leinster. [New Zealand.] Stewabton, a thriving manufacturing town ( pa. of Scotl., CO. Ayr, on the Annock, here orosi ed by 3 bridges, 6 m. N.W. Kilmarnock. Are of pa. 10,145 ac. Pop. (1841) 4,656 ; do. of ton (1831) 2,969. It is regularly bnilt, & has manuJ of tartans, bonnets, regimental caps, carpet worsted, spindles, and clocks for exportation. SiEWAiiTSTOvfN, amkt. town of Ireland, Dlste CO. Tyrone, 7 m. N.N.E. Dungannon. P. 1,08; Stewkley, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 5J n E.S.E. Winslow. Area 4,330 ac. Pop. 1,262. Stewton, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 2i m. I Louth. Area 1,030 ac. Pop. 55. Steyee, a town of Upper Austria, cap. cu'i Traun, at the confl. of the Enns and Steyer, 19 n S.E. Linz. Pop. 10,000. It is enclosed by wall Principal public edifice, a castle of the lOt century. It has large and important manufs. ( muskets and other arms, cotton and cotton ve vets, and of every variety of steel and iron ware Steyebegg, a town of Upper Austria, cin Miihl, on the Danube, opposite the influx of tl Traun. Pop. 408. It is enclosed by old walls. Steyebmabk, the German name of Styeia. Steyking, a mkt. town and pa. of England, ci Sussex, rape Bramber, 5 m. from the Englis Channel, and 12J m. Si Horsham. Area of p 3,290 ac. Pop. 1,495. Stia, a village of Tuscany, prov. and 23 m. ] Florence, on the Upper Arno. Pop. 2,400. Stibbard, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 4J i E.S.E. Fakenham. Area 1,230 ac. Pop. 463. Stioblford, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 6 1 S.W. Spilsby. Area 670 ac. Pop. 426. Stickney, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 9 1 N.N.E. Boston. Area 4,220 ac. Pop. 895. Stiepanow, two mkt. towns of the Austria Empire.— I. Bohemia, circ. and 20 m. S. Kaurzii —II. Moravia, circ. and 24 m. N.N.W. Briin on the Schwarza. Stieene-Oebne, an isl. group of Norway, sti Christiansand, at the month of the Bulcke-fior( Stieenoe, two isls. of Norway. — I. stifl Chri tiansand, in the N. Sea, at the entrance of tl Skager-rack, 6 m. S.E. Mandal.— II. Finmar between Altengaard and Hammerfest. Stiffkey, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, Si i E. Wells. Area 2,160 ac. Pop. 487. STI 1223 STO Jtifpoed, a pa. of England, oo. Essex, 19 m. ;.W. Chelmsford. Area 2,320 ao. Pop. 402. iTieLiANO, a mkt. town of Naples, prov. Basili- a, cap. cant., on a height, 27 m. S.W. Matera. 4,300. — II. a tUI. of the Pontif. Sta., comarca i 25 m. N.W. Rome, with warm springs, the 3ient AqucB Apollinares, Stillingfleet, a pa. of England, co. and 7 m. i.W. York, E. Riding. Ac. 5,820. Pop. 921. Stillington, a pa. of England, co. and 10 m. N.W. York, N. Riding. Ac. 1,490. Pop. 748. 3TIIJ.0BGAN, a vill. of Ireland, Leinster, co. & a. S.E. Dublin. Pop. 611. It gives the title baron to the Allen family. 3tiilw.«eb, two tnshps., tl. S., N. Amer. — I. iw York, 20 m. N.N.E. Albany. Pop. 2,733. ire General Burgoyne was captured by the nericans in 1777 -II. New Jersey, 77 m. N. enton. Pop. 1,476. 3tilo, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. I., p. cant., 20 m. N.E. Gerace. Pop. 2,200. BriLToif, a pa. of Engl., co. and 13 m. N.N.W. intingdon. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 817. Stilton res name to a well known cheese, now chiefly ide in co. Leicester. SiiNCHCOMBE, a pa. of Engl., co. Gloucester, n. N.W. Dursley. Ac. 1,290. Pop. 393. Stinsfobd, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 1} m. N.E. Dorchester. Area 1,200 ac. Pop. 392. Stibchlet, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 3 m. .S.W. Shiffnal. Area 950 ac. Pop. 301. Stiblinq (formerly Siryvelyne or Estrivelin), a |pal pari and mnnic. bor., river-port, town, and . of Scotland, cap. co., on the W. or rt. b. of 5 Forth, where it first becomes fordable, here jssed by two bridges, 31 m. W.N.W. Edin- rgh, and 26 m. S.W. Perth. Area of pa., rtly in co. Clackmannan, 200 ac. Pop. 9,096 ; . of pari. bor. 10,745 ; do. of town 8,307. In i beauty of its site it rivals the Scottish metro- lis. It stands on the S.E. declivity of an rapt basaltic hill, up which a spacious main eet leads to the ancient castle, whence a view obtained of the windings of the Forth, un- called for beauty in Britain. Its streets gene- ly present the appearance of modernized an- uity, being interspersed with many residences the old Scottish nobles, and the society of the ra is highly respectable. The castle, of the gin of which nothing is known, was a favourite lidence of James v., and contains the palace i the parliament house built by him, but now id as barracks. The old Gothic church in ich James vi. was crowned, the West church, i numerous other places of worship ; the re- ins of several ancient ecclesiastical edifices, 1 of an unfinished palace, begun in 1670, by ! Regent Earl of Mar; Cowan's and other ipitals, the town-hall, athenaeum, with a spire i ft. in height, corn-exchange, jail, office of the nk of Scotland ; the old walls and bridges are ongst the most conspicuous structures. Stirling i a grammar & other endowed schools, several »e endowments for the poor, public libraries i reading-rooms, a mechanics' institute, and eral branch banks. Vessels of 70 tons only I reach its quays ; but it has an extensive Bting & export trade in wool sent to England, 1 in the products of its manufs, which com- se tartans, shawls, some cotton stuffs, ropes, It, leather, and soap. The dyeing of yarns, sUen cloths, silks, and other fabrics, is ex- sive. Imports consist chiefly of timber, coals, cks, tiles, lime, and large quantities of corn, communicates by railway with Edinburgh, isgow, and Perth. Steamers ply daily to and from Granton-pler, near Edinburgh, and passage boats to Glasgow. Mkt. Friday. Corp. rev. 4,780/. The borough unites with Dunfermline, Culross, Inverkeithmg, and S. Queensferry, in sending 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 607. Near Stirling are the remains of Cambus- kenneth Abbey ; and close to the town, in 1314, was fought the famous battle of Bannockburn. Stiblingshibe, an inland co. of Scotl., extend- ing almost across the isthmus between the firths of Clyde and Forth, having N. the co. Perth, W. Loch Lomond, S. the cos. Dumbarton & Lanark, and E. Clackmannan and Linlithgow shires and the Forth, which river also forms most part of the N. boundary. Area estimated at 502 sq. m. ; or 812,960 ac, 200,000 are returned as arable, 50,000 uncultivated, and 62,960 waste. Inhabited houses 16,183. Pop. 82,057. Surface partly mntnous., especially towards the W. and N.W., including Benlomond; elsewhere are some rich alluvial vales, especially the carse lands, extending 48 m. along the river Forth. Moors and bogs pre- vail in some parts. Chief rivs., the Forth, Carron, Endrick, Bannockburn, and Avon. Mntn. sheep farms large ; elsewhere they vary from 20 to 300 ac. Principal crops, wheat, beans, barley, pota- toes, & clover, in the lowlands; oats & turnips in the highlands. Many highland cattle are purchas- ed here and fed for the Falkirk cattle fairs, the largest in Scotland. Coal, ironstone, and free- stone, are raised ; and in this co. are the Carron iron-works. Manufs. of carpets, tartans, and shalloons, at Stirling, Bannockburn, and St Ninian's ; blankets and serges at Alva, chemical products, and paper; and here are some large cotton mills, foundries, dye-works, and distilleries. Total value of assessed property (1843) 272,646/. Railways to Perth, Glasgow, and Edinburgh, in- tersect the E. part of the co. Chief towns, Stirling, Falkirk, and Kilsyth. The co. is divided into 26 pas., and sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 2,398. Stisted, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 3 m. E.N.E. Braintree. Area 2,270 ac. Pop. 911. Stitchel, and Hume, two united pas. of Scotl., the former in oo. Roxburgh, 31 m. N. Kelso ; the latter in co. Berwick, 2J m. N.N.W. the former. United area 5,480 ac. Pop. 847. Stithians (St), a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 4 m. W.N.W. Penryn. Area 4,490 ac. P. 2,530. Stivichall, a pa. of England, co. Warwick, 2 m. S.S.W. Coventry. Area 800 ac. Pop. 99. Stixwould, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, on the Lincolnshire railway, 6 m. W.S.W. Horn- castle. Area 2,250 ac. Pop. 203. Stobbs, a vill. of Scotl., co. and 10 m. S.S.E. Edinburgh, pas. Temple and Borthwick, on an aiH. of the S. Esk. Pop. 203, mostly employed in gun-powder mills, which were erected in 1794, and are the oldest and most extensive in Scotl. SxOBNicA, a town of Poland, 32 m. S.S.E. Kielce. Pop. 1,678. — Stobychva is a mkt. town of Russian Poland, gov. VoUiynia, 22 m. N.E. Kovel. Stobo, a pa. of Scotl,, co. and 6 m. W. Peebles, on 1. b. of the Tweed. Area 18 sq.m. Pop. '465. Stoohod, a river of Russian Poland, rises in the gov. Volhynia, flows mostly N. into the gov. Minsk, and joins the Pripet, 27 m. S.W. Pinsk, after a course of 90 miles. Stock, two pas. of England. — I. oo. Essex, 6} m. S.S.W. Chelmsford. Area 2,620 ac. Pop. 606. —II. (Gayland), co. Dorset, 7 m. E.S.E. Sher- borne. Area 1,500 ao. Pop. 60. SToaBACii, a walled town of South Germany, Baden, circ. Lake, on the Stockaeh, 16 m. N.W. Constance. Pop. 1,656. It has manufactures STO 1224 STO of woollens. In 1799, the Austrians here de- feated the French. Stookbkidge, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. Hants, on the river Test, and the Andover canal, 8 m. W.N.W. Winchester. Area of pa. 1,220 ac. Fop. 937. It has a neat town ball, and had formerly many inns and posting houses. Stockbridgb, several townships, U. S., N. America I. New York, S m. N.E. Morrisville. Pop. 2,340. — II. Massachusetts, on the Housa- tonic, 113 m. W. Boston. Fop. 1,992.-111. Ver- mont, 42 m. S. W. Montpelier. Fop. 1,418. STocKBrKT, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 7 m. N.E. Maidstone. Area 3,040 ac. Pop. 603. Stookebad, a market town of Lower Austria, on an arm of the Danube, 6 m. N.W. Komeu- burg, and connected with Vienna by railway. Fop. 3,659, who manuf. military nniforms, linen fabrics, and liqueurs. Stockebston, a pa. of England, co. Leicester, 4J m. N.N.W. Rockingham. Area 730 ac. F. 48. Stocrheim, a comm. & town of Belgium, prov. Limbourg, 6 m. S.W. Maaseyck. Pop. 1,000. Stockholm, the cap. city of Sweden, on its E. coast, at the junction of Lake Mselar with the Baltic, lat. of observatory, 59° 20' 6' N., Ion. 18° 3' 1" E. Pop. (1840) 84,160. Mean temp, of year, 42° .2 ; winter 26°, sum. 60°, Fah. It covers an area of 4^ sq. m., partly on the mainland, but chiefly on a number of islands, united by many bridges. On the three principal islands most of the houses are of stone, and there are clustered the chief public edifices — the palace, cathedral, bank, and hall of the diet. In the suburbs, the dwellings are chiefly of brick, stuccoed or painted, or else of wood. Streets irregular, and crooked on the islands ; on the mainland much more regular. Stockholm has numerous squares, fine parks and public wallra, which are ornamented with statues. The cathedral is an imposing edifice, with fine paint- ings & statuary ; and in the Kiddarholm church are the tombs of the kings of Sweden, and many national military trophies. The palace is a vast edifice, and contains a museum of antiquities, a picture-gallery, and the roysj library with 40,000 vols., amongst which a copy of every book printed in Sweden must be deposited. Other chief build- ings are the opera house, town hall, military hospitals, artillery depot, several prisons, a castle, and lazaretto. Stockholm has a famous academy of sciences, with a fine zoological museum ; Swed- ish academy, academies of painting, sculpture, & literature, and college of medicine, schools of na- vigation, a botanic garden, societies of agricul- ture, commerce, and philosophy, and German, Finnish, and Scotch churches. It has also se- veral clubs and reading rooms, and publishes 15 newspapers, and 11 monthly journals. Manufs. comprise woollen, silk, cotton, and Unen goods, sail-cloth, glass, earthenwares, refined sugar, to- bacco, clocks, watches, & scientific instruments. Ithasacannon foundry, & steam engine factories. Stockholm is the chief commercial emporium of Sweden. The harbour, though somewhat difficult . of entrance, is good ; large ships can lie close to the quays, and it communicates by canals, &c., with a large part of the interior of Scandinavia. Stockholm was founded in the 13th century, but it was not until the 17th century that it super- seded Upsal as the Swedish capital. Stockholm, a township, U. S., N. Amer., New York, on the river St Regis. Fop. 2,995. Stockhobn, a mountain of Switzerland, cant, and 18 m. S. Bern. It has 2 conical peaks, one of which rises to 7,211 feet above the sea. Stockland, two pas. of England.— I. co. Dor- set, SJ m. N.W. Axminster. Area 7,510 ac. I 1,841.-11. {Bristol), CO. Somerset, 6 m. N Bridgewater. Area 570 ac. Pop. 193. Stocklet, two pas. of England, co. Devoi I. (English), 4 m. N.N.E. Crediton. Area 1 ac. Fop. 161 II. {Pomeroy), 8 m. N.N.W. E ter. Area 1,480 ac. Pop. 258. Stooklihch, two pas. of Engl., co. Somer — I. (Magdalen), 2J m. N.N.E. Uminster. A 100 ac. Pop. 92.— II. (Ottersay), 2^ m. N.E. minster. Area 220 ac. Fop. 132. Stockfobt, a pari, and manic, bor., mai town, pa. and township of England, CO. Chester the border of Lancashire, on the Mersey, at influx of the Tame, and on railway, 6J m. S Manchester. Area of pa. 24,810 ac. ; pop. 84,2 area of township 1,740 ac. ; pop. 28,431 ; pop pari. bor. 50,154. The town is irregularly i closely built, on precipitous banks on both si of the Mersey. It has a town hall, grami school, infirmary, theatre, news room, natic school houses, and a fine railway viaduct. C is abundant in the vicinity. Cotton weaving ; printing, silk & woollen weaving, and the man of machinery, brass and iron goods, shuttles i brushes, are the chief branches of industry. C( rev. (1847-8) 2,967/. Stockport sends 2 me to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 1,205. SiooKPOBT, a township, U. S., N. Amer New York, on the Hudson, 24 m. S. Alba Pop. 1,815. Stocksfjels-Hall, a township of England, Cumberland, pa. ByweU-St- Andrew, on the N castle & Carlisle railw., 2} m.W. Prudhoe. P. Stockstabx, a market town of Bavaria, c Lr. Franconia, 3 m. W. Aschaffenbnrg'. P. 1,! SrocKTOif, several pas. of England. — 1. Norfolk, 3 m> N.W. Beccles. Area 910 Pop. 129 II. CO. Salop, 4i m. N.N.E. Brid north. Area 3,660 ac. Pop. 422.— IIL co. W wick, 3 m. E.N -E. Sontham. Area 1,800 ac. I 452.— IV. CO. Wilts, 6 m. N.E. Hmdon. A 2,000 ac Fop. 807.— V. co. Worcester, 7 S.S.W. Bewdley. Area 610 ae. Pop. 223.— (On-fhe-Forest), co. and 5 m. N.E. York, N. & Ridings, with a station on the York and Marl Weighton railway. Area 3,270 ac. Pop. 38! Stockton, a township, U. S., N. America, 1 York, 7 m. E. Mayville. Fop. 2,078. Stookton-on-Tees, a municipal bor., sea; town, and pa. of England, co. Durham, w Stockton, on the N. bank of the Tees, 11 E.N.E. Darlington, with which town, and v Middlesborough, it communicates by railTi Area of bor. 4,190 ac. Fop. 10,071. It is on the best built towns in the N. of England, and a town hall, custom house, theatre, mechan institute, and a subscription library. On the posite side of the Tees is a spacious race coui It has manufs. of sail-cloth, rope, linens, : worsted ; shipbuilding yards, iron & brass woi breweries, and corn mills ; but the chief trad in the export of coal, of which, in 1839, nej 1,400,000 tons were shipped here, a large i being for the supply of London. Imports d( and other Baltic produce. Customs rev. (IS 81,664/. Reg. shipping (1847) 178 vessels, sregate burden, 24,894 tons. Market, Wedt day and Saturday. Corp. rev. (1847-8) 1,305 STOCKwiTHCWEST),atushp.ofEngl.,eo. No pa. Misterton, 4 m. N.N.W. Gainsborough. I 651 East Stochwith is an adjacent township Stockwood, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, i S.S.W. Sherborne. Area 590 ac. Fop. 28. Stoddabd, a CO., U. S., N. America, Misso in its S.E. part, cap. Bloomfield. Area 900 STO 1225 STO m. Pop. 3,153. — U. a township, New Hampshire, 30 m. W.S.W. Concord. Pop. 1,006. Stodmibsh, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 4} m. E.N.E. Canterbury. Area 1,280 ac. Pop. 145. Stod?, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3 m. S. W. Holt Area 1,290 ac. Pop. 187. Stoodhbeb, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 6 m. N.N.W. Wiveliscombe. Ac. 5,890. P. 1,384. Stoke, numerous pas., &c., of England. — I. co. and 5 m. N.N.E. Chester. Area 2,920 ac. Pop. 346. — II. CO. Kent, 6^ m. N.E. Rochester. Area 3,030 ac. Pop. 445.— lU. co. Norfolk, 5 m. S. Norwich. Area 1,400 ac. Pop. 453.— IV. CO. Salop, 6 m. N.E. Ludlow. Area 6,110 ac. Pop. 586.— V. CO. Suffolk, 12i m. W.S.W. Ipswich. Area 4,530 ac Pop. 13G2. It has a handsome church. — TI. same co., 2 miles S.W. Clare. Area 2,590 ac. Pop. 368.— VII. co. Surrey, 1 m. N. Guildford. Area 2,410 ac. Pop. 2,054.— VIII. CO. Warwick, li m. E. Coventry. Area 950 ac. Pop. 936.— IX. (Abbas), co. Dorset, 2 m. ■ff .S.W. Beaminster. Area 1,980 ac. Pop. 808.— X. {Albany), co. and 18 m. N.N.E. Northampton. Area 1,770 ac. Pop. 362.— XI. (Ash), co. Suf- folk, 3 m. S.W. Eye. Area 850 ac. Pop. 423. — Xn. (Blits), cos. Hereford and Worcester, 6^ m. N. Bromyard. Area 2,410 ac. Pop. 361. XIII. (Brueme), co. Northampton, 3J m. E.N.E. Towccster. Area 3,810 ac. Pop. 808 XIV. (Canon), co. Devon, 4 m. N.N.E. Exeter. Area 1,190 ac. Pop. 490.— XV. (Charity), co. Hants, 6 m.S.S.E. Whitchurch. Area 1,040 ac. Pop. 167. — XVL (Clymesland), co. Cornwall, 3 m. N.N.W. Callington. Area 8,880 ac. Pop. 2,073.— XVII. (CouTCy), CO. Somerset, 7 m. W.N.W. Bridge- water. Area 5,870 ac. Pop. 1,467. Kev. of alms-house and other charities, 3002. — XVIII. (D'Abemon), co. Surrey, 2^ m. S.E. Cobham. Area 1,940 ae. Pop. 352— XIX. (Damerell), co. Devon, comprised in the bor. of Devonport. Area 3,449 ac. Pop. 33,820.— XX. (Doyle), co. Northampton, 2 m. S.W. Oundle. Area 1,520 ac. Pop. 169.- XXI. (Dry), co. Rutland, 2 m. S.W. Uppingham. Area 1,100 ac. Pop. 51.— XXIL (Eatt), CO. Dorset, 4 m. W.S.W. Ware- ham. Area 5,840 ac. Pop. 590.— XXIII. (£rough, on the N. sea, 7 m. E.S.E. Belford. Pop, ] ,103. It has a small harbour, and exports corn, fish, and lime IV. (Wide), co. York, E. Riding, pa. Hutton-Cranswick, 1^ m. S.S.W. Great briffleld. Pop. 41, SuNDHAUSEN, and SuNDHOFEN, two comms. & vills, of France, Rhine deps, — I. Bas-Rhin, arrond. Sehelestatt, Pop. 1,357. — II. H, Rhin, arrond, Colmar, Pop, 1,234. SuNDi, atown of Lower Guinea, S.W. Africa, Congo, on the Zaire, 220 m, N.E, its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean. ScNDLEPooE, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, Nerbudda territory, on the Nerbudda, 6 m. N. Hindia. SuNDocii, one of the small protected Sikli states of N.W. Hindostan. Pop. 1,200. SuNDON, a pa. of England, co. Bedford, 4j m. N.N.W. Luton. Area 2,160 ac. Pop. 449. SuNDEABONi, a Small state of the Asiatic Archipelago, lying within the bounds of Macassar on the isl. of Celebes, with a town on a small island in the river Sundraboni. SuNDRiDGE, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 3 m. W.N.W. Seveuoaks. Area 3,830 ac. P. 1,264. SuNDSVALL, a seaport town of Sweden, Isen, & 28 m. S.W. Hernosand, on the Gulf of Bothnia, Pop. 1,860. SuNOAKi, a river of E. Asia, [Songaki,] SuNGiE-ujoNG, a state of the Malay peninsula, between lat, 3° and 4° N., and Ion. 102° and 103° E., having W. Salangore and E. Jompole, Pop; 8,600, It contains some of the principal tin mines of the peninsula, and its chief^export is tin. SuNGOKA, a maritime town of Lower Siam, on an inlet of the Gulf of Siam, 90 m. S.E. Ligor. Lat. 7° 40' N., Ion. 101° 10' E. SuNGUMEEB, a town of British India, presid. Bombay, dist. and 73 m. N. Poonah. SuNiuM, Cape, Greece. [Coi.onna.] SuNJEET, a town of W. Hindostan, 65 m. S.W Kotah. Sunk Island, an islet in the estuary of the Humber, England, on its E. side, S.W. Patring- ton. It belongs to the crown, is increa.sing in ex- tent, and has now about 6,000 ac, let for nearly 9,200^. annually. It is connected by a road with Ottringham on the N.W. — The Sunk Light in the N. Sea, is opposite the Naze, in Essex. Sunn, a town of Scinde, on the W. of the In- dus, lat. 26° N,, Ion, 68° 16' E, Near it is a vast fortress built by the Ameers of Scinde, Sunning-hill, a pa. of England, co, Berks, in Windsor Forest, bordering Ascot heath, 6 m, S.S,W, Windsor, Area4,090ac. Pop,2,062. It has many villas & some mineral springs. — Sun- ninghill -dale is 2i\oca.\\ty in the pa. of old Windsor. SuNNiNQWELL, a pa. of England, co, Berks, on the Thames, 2Jm. N.Abingdon. Ae. 1,200. P. 332. SuPEBioH (Lake), the largest and most N.W, of the 5 great lakes of N. America, & the largest existing body of fresh water known, between lat, 46° 30' and 49° N,, and Ion, 85° and 92° 20' W,, having N, and E, territories belonging to Great Britain, and S, and W. the United States terri- tories Michigan and Huron, Length, E, to W., 400 m.; greatest breadth 160 m. Estimated area 28,200 sq. m., mean depth 900 feet j height above the Atlantic 640 feet. Shores greatly in- dented, and almost uniformly abrupt, sterile, and uninhabited. It contains numerous islands, the principal of which are Isle Royal and Michipico- ton. It receives numerous rivers, and discharges its surplus waters S.W.ward by the river St Mary into Lake Hm-on. On its S. side are some SUP 1238 sru good harbours, and several natural curiosities ; on the E. and N. are Miohipiooton, Fort William, and other stations of the Hudson Bay Company, and on these sides also, Iron, gold, silver, cop- per, and tin ores have been discovered. SupiNo, a small town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 7 m. W.S.'W. Frosinone. Pop. 3,360. — n. a town of Naples. [Sepino.] SuR, a seaport town on the E. coast of Arabia, dom. and 90 m. S.E. Muscat, on a deep lagoon, in lat. 22° 37' N., Ion. 59° 36' E. It is a mere col- lection of huts ; but its inhabitants have many vessels which trade to India and Africa. Sdba, a river of Russia, chiefly in the govs. Penza and Simbirsk, after a N. course of 400 m., joins the Volga at Vasil (gov. Nijnii-Novgorod). Sdbabata, a town of Java. [Sourabava.] SoRAFEND (ancient Sarepta, Scriptural Zare- phath), a large vill. of Palestine, pash Acre, on a nill-slope near the Mediterranean, 10 m. S.W. Si- don. Principal edifice, a mosque erected over the reputed spot where Elijah dwelt, and raised the widow's son from the dead. Sarepta was anciently famous for its wine. Under the Cru- saders it was erected into a bishop's see. In the adjacent hills are many excavated tombs. Sdraj, two towns of Bussia. — I. gov. and 23 m. N.E. Vitebsk.— II. gov. and 113 m. N.N.E. Tchernigov. SuRAJiGUE, a town of Bi-itish India, pre- sid. Bengal, dist. Bhaugulpoor, 68 m. E.S.E. Patna. — Surajepoor is a town, prov. and dist. Allahabad, on the Ganges, 14 m. E. Kurrah. SoRAKERTA, a town of Java. [Soerkabta.] Shrat, a city of British India, presid. Bombay, cap. dist., on the south bank of the Taptee, 20 m. from its mouth in the Gulf of Cambay, and 160 m. N. Bombay ; lat. of castle, 21° 12' N., Ion. 72° 47' E. Pop. estimated at 157,000 (?). The town-proper, 6 m. in circumference, is enclosed, except moing the river, by a semicircular wall flanked by towers ; it is poorly built, but outside the wall are some good European houses ; and Surat has a fort garrisoned by European troops, an English church and school, European cemetery, nume- rous Hindoo schools, and a Hindoo hospital for sick animals of all kinds. It is the seat of a high court for the presidency, and the residence of a British military commandant & other authorities. Its manufs. of woven goods, formerly famous, have declined, but it still has an active export trade, and sends large quantities of cotton to Bombay. Amongst its inhabitants are many Parsees, the descendants of the ancient Persian fire- worshippers expelled from Persia by the Mo- hammedans. The English factory, founded here in 1615, was the first mercantile estab. of the East India Company in the Mogul dominions. Surdar, a vill. of Persia, prov. Irak Ajemi, near Menjil, on the Sefid-rood, at the frontier of Ghilan. Pop. partially employed in raising and refining alum from adjacent mines. SuRDHAUR, a town of W. Hindostan, near the centre of Gujerat, 60 m. N.E. Goonaghur. Sore, a river of Belgium & Dutch Luxemburg, after an E. course of 90 m., joins the Moselle, 7 m. S.W. Treves. Affluents, the Alzette & Erens. SuRBNBAi,, a vill. of Norway, stift and 73 m. S.W. Trondhjem. Pop. of pa. 3,700. SuRfesNES and SurgBres, two comms. and vills. of France — I. dep. Seine, W. Paris, at the foot of Mount Valerien, Pop. 2,070.-11. dep. Charente-Inf., 15 m. N.E. Roohefort. P. 1,861. Sdrfleet, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 4 m. N.Spalding. Area 3,730 ac. Pop. 951. A large lieronry still exists in this parish. Surghut, atownof Siberia, gov. Tobolsk, cap. circ, on the Obe, 130 m. N.E. Samarova. SuRiAFST, a town of India, Decoan, Nizam's dom., on the Mutty, 76 m. E.S.E. Hyderabad. Sdbioao, a town of the E. Archip., Philip- pines, at the N. extremity of Mindanao, lat. 9° 51' N., Ion. 125° 25' E., with a fort belonging to the Spaniards. — The Surigao Islands are N.E., and the Surigao Passage on the N.W. Surinam, a river of Dutch Guiana, traverses the centre of that colony, which is sometimes called by its name, and after a N. course of 300 m., enters the Atlantic near Paramaribo. It receives several affluents, and is navigable in most part of its course to the foot of the moun- tains, and for large ships to about 80 m. from the sea. Banks in general densely wooded ; be- low Paramaribo they are laid out in thriving plantations. Its entrance is defended by the forts New Amsterdam and Zelandia. Surlingham, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 6 m. E.S.E. Norwich. Area 1,740 ac. P. 446. SuRBET, or Sdrbt (Saxon Suth-rice, "the south kingdom"), an inland co. of England, having N. the Thames separating it from Middle- sex & Bucks, S. Sussex, E. Kent, and W. Hants & Berks. Area 759 sq. m., or485,760 ac, of which more than 4-5ths are under culture. Inhab. houses 95,372. Pop. 582,678. The N. Downs, of which the Hog's Back and Boxhill form portions, inter- sect the CO. from W. to £., dividing it into two parts ; the N. of these has a fertile & diversified slope to the Thames ; the S. is again partially divided by a steep range of sandy hills (Hind- hend, Hascomb, Leith Hill), having the vales of Godalming, Albury, and Dorking, on the N., and on the S. the Weald, a rich tract continnoi^ with the Weald of Sussex and Kent. An ex- panse of wild heath-land covers all the W. of the CO., and the S.W. hill-chain, where Leith Hlil rises to nearly 1,000 feet above the sea, and commands a view over parts of 14 cos. In the vales and the N. there is a good deal of fertile soil ; the N.E. quarter is wholly occupied by suburbs of the metropolis. A large portion of the soil is under tillage, but agriculture, as in Sussex, is backward. Hops of the first quality ate raised at Farnham, medicinal plants about Mt- cham, and in the N. a great deal of land is in gar- dens for the supply of vegetables to the London markets. Woods are numerous and extensive; hogs and poultry are plentifully reared. Farms generally small, but let on lease. Average rent (1810) 15s. lOd. an acre. Annual value of land (1842-3) 433,504Z. ; of houses 2,158,725/. ; total value of real property 2,939,069i. Except in South- wark, Lambeth, & elsewhere near London, manu- factures are of little importance. The only river of consequence is the Wey, forming a part of the Wey & Arundel canal to Guildford. The Basing- stoke canal is in the N.W., & the S.E.,S.W., Brigh- ton, Croydon, & Richmond railways from London; and the Reading and Reigate railways traverse the CO. Surrey is in the home circuit, and forms an archdeaconry of Wie diocese of Winchester. Lent assizes are held at Kingston, and summer assizes at Croydon and Guildford alternately. It returns 11 members to the H. of C, of whom 4 are for the co. Reg. electoi-s (1848) for E. di- vision 6,028, for W. division 3,778. Besides Guildford, the cap., it contajns the pari. bors. Southwaiic, Lambeth, and Reigate, and the towns Kingston on Thames, Wandsworth, Croydon, Epsom, Ewell, Dorking, Godalming, and Chert- sey. Under the heptarchy, it chiefly formed a part of the Idngdom of Sifesex. SUB 1239 SUT SuREOOi, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, 53 m. S.W. Moorshedabad. SuBSKB, a town of Switzerland, cant, and 12 m. N Ji.W. Lucerne, on tlie Sm', an affluent of ttie Aar. Fop. 4,000. It is enclosed b; old walls. Near it are the baths of Knutwjl. SuKUBU. and Surohi, two rivers of Brazil ; the former, prOT. Pari, joins the Amazon op- posite Santarem ; tlie latter entei-s the Bay of Bio de Janeiro, & is navigable for some leagues. Sdbuoa, a populous maritime town of Japan, is^d Niphon, cap. proT., on the Bay of Toto- mina, 90 ra. S.^'. Yeddo. It has an imperial palace, and mauufs. of coloured paper and mats. SoBT, several comms., &c., of France ; the principal, 5. le Comtat, with a small town, dep. Loire, 7 m. S.E. Montbrison. Pop. 1,896 Sur- zur is a comm. and vill., dep. Morbihan, 7 m. SJ!. Vannes. Pop. 2,199. Sos, the most S. prov. of Marocco, mostly be- tween lat. 28° 30' and 30° 30' N., and Ion. 10° and 14° W., having N. the Jdugdom of Marocco, E. Mount Atlas, S. the Desert^ and VT. the Atlantic. Estimated area 28,686 sq. m., and pop. 700,000. it is divided by the river Tesset into Sim el Adna, which is wholly subordinate to Marocco, and SU,-the contrast of an European town. The Armenia? cathedral is a .large and striking edifice,, and Teflis has several mosques, a German protestant chapel, French and German hotels, elegapt.shops, and a flourishing hot-bath establishment, from which the Russian government realises a cpp,- siderable revenue. The Russians have estab- lished various schools in the city,,tlie,CQfnmerce of which has greatly augmenfed sincp. it fell under their dominion. Tefsa, or Tefza, a town of Marocco, cap. prov. Tedla; lat. 32° 30' N., Ion.. 5° 45' "W. On the opposite side of the riyer is the small town Efza. United pop. about 10,500, partly em- ployed in manufs. of woollen mantles. , Tegerhy, a town of Central Africa,.Fezzan, on the main route to Nigritia, 120 m. S.E. Mour- zonk. It is enclosed by a wall, and has a citade). Tegebnsee, a vill. and lake of Upper Bavaria, 31 m. S. Munich. Length of lake 4 miles, Tegccigalpa, a town of Central America, state Honduras, cap. dep., on a table-land, 40 m. S.W. Comayagua. Pop. 10,090 (?). In its vi- cinity are gold, silver, and copper mines, ,,-> Tegdise, a town of the Canary Islands, c^pi of the isl. Lauzarote, near its centre. Fop. S,i3Se Tegolet, a town of Abyssinia, Shoa, of which it was formerly cap., 18 m. W. Ankober. Tehallon, or Tyhallon, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, CO. and 3J m. E.N.E. Monaghan. , Ac. 5,949. P. 3,806, partly employed in linen weaving. Tehama, two marit. plains of Arabia, one ex- tending along its W. coast from Ras Mohammed to Jiddah, a distance of 550 m. ; the other (or Batna), Muscat dom., bordering the Sea of Bab- el-Mandeb, and from 20 to 40 m. in width. . Tehebah, or Tehr.an, the cap. city, of Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 70 m. S. the Caspian Sea, and 210 m.' N. Ispahan. .Lat. 3ff' 42' N., Ion. 51° 20^ 50" £. Stationary pop: estimated at 10,000.; but during the residence of the court in winter, it is 60,000 and upwards. It is about 5 m. in circuit, and enclosed by an earthen wall flanked with towers, a glacis, and a dry trenchi External ap- pearance picturesque ; its mosques, colleges, and caravanserais are in good repair; and it has well furnished shops and bazaars, with some large palaces of the Persian nobihty ; but its dwellings are mostly built of ^arth ; streets mean and wretchedly paved ; and in summer it is so un- healthy that the shah and the upper classes leave it to encamp on the plains of Sultanieb, about 150 m. N.W.ward. The ai'k or royal (jta- del is extensive, and comprises, besides the royal harem and apartments, . a magnificent, igrsmd saloon, the public offices, quarters for the rqyi guards, numerous baths, and gardws< On. a he^ht near the city is another royal palace With fine grounds. Teheran has manufa. of carpets andiron goods ; its vicinity is fertile and covered with vills. It became the Fersian cap. towardsithe end of the last century. On its S. side & about ^ m. E.ward are extensive ruins,, and one of these localities marks the site of the ancient Rhagis. Tehekoot, or Teheut, a town of Persia, prov. and 80 m. E.S.E. Kirman. Its vicinity is stated to be productive of com, sogar> cotton, tobacco, and fruits. Tehuacan, a town of the Mexican Confedi dep.. and 66 m. S.E. La Puebla. Fop. 12i000. ' i Tehuantepec, a river-port town of the Mexi- can Confed., dep. and 150 m. E.S.E. Oaxaea^ on the-river .T^iantepeci Fop. 8,000 {?), who .ex- port indigo and salt, and have som6 fisheries Euid a cSasting trade. ,, •, . ., i TEH 1265 TEM Tehuantepec (Gulp of), a bay of the Pacific Ocean, Central America, bounded N.W. & N.E. ty the Mexican dep. Oaxaca, and the territory of Guatemala, lat. 16° N., Ion. 94° to 95° W. It receives the river Tehuantepec, 10 m. S. the town. — The Isthmus of Tehuantepec, deps. of Oaxaca, Vera Cruz, & Tabasco, is the narrowest part of the land separating the Gulf of Mexico from the Pacific, and is 130 m. across. It pro- duces mahogfan;, fiistic, logwood, cotton, drugs, cacao, indigo, gum, salt, with various kinds of grain ; and its uplands abound with fine pastures. It is traversed almost throughout by the river Coatzacoalcos. This is one of the places where it has been proposed to unite the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by a canal, of which the river and some lakes would form a part. Teift, or Trvv, a river of N. Wales, rises in Cardiganshire, flows S.W. and "W., past Lam- peter, Newcastle-Emlyn, and Cardigan, separat- ing that CO. on the N. f¥om Carmarthenshire & Pembrokeshire, and enters Cardigan Bay, after a course of about 70 miles. Teigh, a pa. of Engl., co. Kutland, 5 m. N. Oakham. Area 1,190 ac. Pop. 235. Teishshihod, or Taghsheenod, a pa. of Ire- land, Leinster, co. Longford, SJ m. N.E. Bally- mahon. Area 5,713 ac Pop. 2,533. Teigk, a river of Engl., co. Devon, rises in Dartmoor, flows E., S., and again E., between the Dart and the Exe, & enters the English Channel at Teignmouth. Total course 46 m. It flows past Chagford, Chudleigh, and Newton-Bushel, to which last its estuary is navigable from the sea. Teishgeace, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 12J m. S.W. Exeter. Area 1,760 ac. Pop. 180. Teigsmouth, a marit. town of Engl., co. De- von, on both sides of the Teign, at its month in the English Channel, 12J m. S.S.E. Exeter, on the 8. Devon railway. Area of pas., E. and W. Teign- mouth, 1,280 ac. Pop. 4,459. The two parts of the town are connected by a wooden bridge of 34 arches, vrith a swing, which admits vessels of 400 tons burden. The town being a place of re- sort for sea-bathing, has greatly improved of late years. Princip. buildings, the modern octangular church of W. Teignmouth, other places of wor- ship, bathing establishment, library, spacious assembly-rooms, and a small theatre. Here are a dock-yard, at which sloops of war have been built, and a quay, from which granite & pipe-clay are exported. Chief imports, coal & culm. Teign- mouth gives title of baron to the Shore family. Teigston, two pas. of Engl., co. Devon. — I. (Sishojft), 4 m. E.N.E. Newton-BusheL Area 3,860 ac. Pop. 992. It has an endowed school. — n. (Drevfs), ^ m. S.W. Crediton. Area 7,200 ac. Pop. 1,316. Teii, (Le), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. me-et-Vilaine, 17 m. S.W. Vitr^. Pop. 2,394. Teilledi. (Le), a comm. and market town of France, dep. Manche, cap. cant., 8 m. S.S.E. Mortain. Pop. 2,539. Teinitz, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 27 m. S.E. Beraun, on the Sazawa, and on railway from Prague to Olmutz. Pop. 2,403. Teissholz, or Tiszotcz, a mkt, town of N.W. Hungary, co. and 21 m. N.W. Gomor. P. 3,170. Teith, a river of Scotl., co. Perth, is formed by two heads which unite near Callander, whence it has a S.E. course of about 15 m., past Doune, and joins the Forth, 2 J m. N.W. Stu-ling. Teja, a town of Marocco. [Teza.] Tekax, a town of Yucatan, between Vallado- lid and Merida. It is well built. TEKiB-DAGH,amntn, range of European Tur- key, Rumili, extending from the Maritza to the Sea of Marmora at Kodosto, to which town it gives its own name amongst the Turks. Tek-Naaf, a navigable riv. of Aracan, enters the Bay of Bengal, at Mungdoo, lat. 20° 46' N., Ion. 92° 20' E., and forms the boundary between Aracan and the Bengal dist. Chittagong. Tekrii, a poor town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 97 m. N.N.W. Bagdad, on rt. b.'of the Tigi-is. It is enclosed by old walls, outside of which are numerous remains of the ancient city. Tekrova, or FioNDA, Phaselis, a marit. vill. of Asia Minor, Anatolia, on W. shore of G. of Adalia, 23 m. S.S.W. Adalia, with remains of anc. city. Telav, a fortified town of Russian Transcau- casia, prov. Kakheti, 35 m. N.E. Teflis. P. 3,000. Telese, Telesia, a decayed episcop. town of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, 14 m. m. N.E. Caser- ta, on the Calore. Teletskoi, a lake of Siberia. [Altiij.] Telgte, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg, and 7 m. E.N.E. Miinster, on the Ems. P. 2,186. Teliicherrt, a fortified seaport town of Bri- tish India, presid. Madras, dist. Malabar, 43 m. N.N.W. Calicut. It has a good harbour, and an active export trade in spices, sandal wood, &c. Tellisford, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 5 m. N.N.E. Frome. Area 560 ac. Pop. 150. Telscombe, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 3 m. N.W. Newhaven. Area 1,320 ac. Pop. 167. TeiiSh, or Telcha, a town of Russian Poland, gov. and 150 m. N.W. Vilna. Pop. 2,000. Teltow, atown of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, cap. circ, 9 m. E. Potsdam. Pop. 1,380. Tei.tsch, a walled town of Moravia, circ. and 17 m. S.S.W. Iglau. Pop. 3,406. Tembleqtie, a town of Spain, prov. and 30 m. S.E. Toledo. Pop. 3,720. Tembt, the most S. of 3 rivers which enter English river, Delagoa Bay, E. Africa, & whence it has been navigated upwards for 46 miles. Teme, a river of S. Wales, rises 6 m. S.E. Newtown, Montgomeryshire, flows E. between the cos. Radnor and Salop, and joins the Severn, near Powick, 3 m. S. Worcester. Total course 60 m. Is celebrated for trout and graylings. Tbmerin, a mkt. town of S. Hungary, co. and 34 m. E. Bacs. Pop. 6,393. Temes, a river oi^ S.E. Hungary, Banat, rises in the Cai^pathian mntns., flows N.W. and S., and joins the Danube 6 m. E. Belgrade. Total course 180 m. Princip. afflts. the Bisztra, Bogoritz, & Berzava. It gives name to a co., of which Te- mesvar is the cap. Temesvae, or Temeswae, a fortified city of S. Hungary, cap. CO., on the Alt-Bega and the Bega canal, 72 m. N.N.E. Belgrade. Pop. (1846)18,000, comprising Hungarians, Germans, Greeks, Wal- lachs, and Jews. It has a county-hall, the palace of the bishop of Csanad, residence of comman- dant, and a town-hall, Roman Catholic & Greek cathedrals, a synagogue, seminary, Piarist col- lege, arsenal, military school, barracks, and other military establishments; manufs. of silk and woollen stuffs, iron wares, paper, tobacco, & oil, and an extensive trade. It was taken by the Turks under Solyman ii. in 1661, retaken by Prince Eugene in 1716, and bombarded & taken by the Austrian troops in 1849. Temisoamino (Lake), between Upper & Lower Canada. Lat. 47° 30' N., Ion. 80° W. Length 30 m., breadth 16 m. It discharges its surplus water into the Ottawa river. — Temiscaming house, a sta. of the Hudson Bay Co., is on its E. side. Temnikov, a town of Russia, gov. and 160 m. N.N.E. Tambov, on the Moksha. Pop. 3,200. 4l TEM 1266 TEN ' TiEUOUKTOH-NoB, a loke of Chinese-Turkes- lan. [Tuz-Gdl.] Teupelbdrq, a walled town of Prussian Fomerania, reg. and a m. S. Koslin. Pop. 3,400. Tempjo, a town of the island Sardinia, div. Sassari, cap. prefecture, on a mountain 31 miles H.N.E. Sassari. Pop. of comm. 9,466. , Tempisque, a considerable river of Central Xiherioa, in W. part of the state Costa-Rica, after a S. course enters the Gulf of Hicoya, 8 m. ST. Nicoya. , Temple, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 6 m. N.E. Bodmin. Area 780 ac. Pop. 37. The church is in ruins. — II. a pa. of Scotland, co. and 11 m. S.S.E. Edinburgh, on Gladhouse-water, a little above its confl. with the S. Esli. Area 23 sq. m. Pop. 1,159 ; 200 are in the vill. of Gorebridge. Templeboy, a marit. pa. of Irel., Connaught, CO. Sligo, 2 m. S.E. Dunmore W. Area 9,113 ac. Pop. 3,812. TEUPLEBBEAnY aud Templebbedin, two pas. of Ireland, Munster. — I. co. Cork, 6 m. S.S.E. Passage. Area 2,654 ac. Pop. 1,613 ^11. cos. Tipperary and Iiimerick, 2} m. N. Emly. Area 3,455 ac. Pop. 1,457. TempiiECabne, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, cos. Fermanagh and Donegal, comprising part of the town tettigoe. Area 45,870 ac, including parts of Loughs Derg, Lower Erne, &c. Pop. 6,934. Templeookban, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Antrim, 4^ m. N.E. Carrickfergus. Area 4,744 ac. Pop. 1,428. The church of Templecorran, now ruined, was the first benefice to which Dean Swift was appointed. — Templecrone is a marit. pa., Ulster, co. Donegal, comprising the town of Dunglo. Area 62,921 ac. Pop. 9,842. TEMFI.EDEBBY, 3. pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Tijpperavy, 7i m. S.E. Nenagh. Ac. 6,998. P. 2,032. -Templekelly, or Templejbhallt, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Tipperary, comprising the town'of Ballina. Area 10,039 ac. Pop. 4,269. Templemabtin, two pas. of Irel. — I. Munster, 00. Cork, 5^ m. N. Bandon. Area 7,515 ac. Pop. 2,362 II. (or St Martin), Leinster, co. and 2 m. E. Kilkenny. Area 782 ac. Pop. 306. Templemichael, several pas. of Ireland. — I. leinster, and comprising the town of Longford. Area 9,115 ac. Popj 8,484 II. Munster, co. Waterfbrd, 2i m. N.N.W. Youghal. Area 8,216 ac. Pop. 2,994.— III. co. Tipperary, 11 m. E.N.E, Clonmel IV. {Seduagh), co. Cork, 2 J m. E.N.E. Innishannon. Area 2,064 ac. Pop. 711. Templemobe, a town and pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Tipperary, near the E. foot of the Devil's Bit mountains, with a station on the Great S. and W. railway, 8 m. N. Thurles. Area of pa. 8,472 ac. Pop. 5,966; do. of town 3,685. It chiefly consists of one long and well-built street, has a handsome church, a Roman Cath. chapel, endowed school, hospital, dispensary, bridewell, a-nd large infantry barracks II. a pa., Ulster, 00. and comprising the chief part of the city of Londonderry. Area 12,616 ac. Pop. 20,379. Templeneiby, a pa. of Irel., Munster, co. and 8} m. Tipperary. Ac. 12,840. Pop. 3,700. The Galtee mntns. rise here to 2,588 ft. above the sea. Templb-Nbwsham (or Newhosom), a tnship. of England, eo. Tork, W. Riding, pa. Whitkirk, 4 m. E.S.E. Leeds. Area 3,660 ac. Pop. 1,264. Templenoe, two pas. of Ireland, Munster I. CO. Kerry, 5J m. W.S. W. Kenmare. Area 32,428 ac. Pop. 4,189. — II. (or Lisnamlla) 00. and 3 m. NE. Tipperary. Area 2,730 ac. Pop. 1,154. . Templboutbagh, or Upperchobcii, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, Co. Tipperary. 8 m. N.W. Hfilyorosa, Area. 12,9D3_ao. Pop. 3,147. . Templepateick, a -pa. of Iceland, Ulster, co, and 5i m. E.S.E. Antrim. Area 14,191 ac. Pop, 3,569, of whom 194 are in the village. Templepobt, a pa. of Irel., Ulster, co. Cavan, 4 m. W.S.W. Ballyconnel. Ac.42il72. P. 12,100. Tempiebobin, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. and in the harbour of Cork, consists of Spike and Hawlbowline isls., and a part of Great Isl., with the chief part of Queenstown. Ac. 3,694. P. 7,391. Temflesbambo, or Templeshanboboh, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Wexford, 6 m. S.S.W. Newtownbarry. Area 19,616 ac, mostly moun- tainous. Pop. 6,178. — Templesharmon is a pa. comprising a part of the town of Enniscorthyi Area 4,983 ac. Pop. 3,232. Temfletennt, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Tipperary, 5 m. W. Clogheen. Area 18,182 ac. Pop. 6,907. — Templetogher is a pa., Connaught, CO. Galway, 3J m. N.W. Ballymoe. Area 13,706 ac. Pop. 4,976. Templbton, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 4} m. W.N. W. Tiverton. Area 2,860 ac. Pop. 275 II. a vill. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, pa. and 2 m. S.S.E. Narbeth. Many of the houses are of Flemish architecture. Templetowh, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Wexford, 2i m. W.S.W. Fethard. Area 4,157 ac. Pop. 1,426. — II. a vill., co. Louth, 3i miles S.S.E. Carlingford. Templetbine, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Cork, 5 m. S.W. Klnsale. Area 4,784 ac Pop. 2,149. — Templetuohy, or Ballinsin,is a pa.,Mun- ster, 00. Tipperary, 5 m. E. Templemore. Ao. 8,461. P. 3,194, of whom 393 are in the vill., ad^ joining which are the ruins of Lisdallen-casti^. Templehdisan, or St Petee's, a pa. of Irel.,, Leinster, co. Wexford, 5 m. N-N.W. New-Koss. Area 8,177 ac. Pop. 2,151. Templeitve, a vill. of Belgium, proT. Haiaanlt, on the French frontier, 6 m. N.W. Tournay, on the railway to Brussels. Pop. 3,600. — IL a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, 8 m. S.E. Lille. Pop. 3,024. Templin, a walled town of Prussia, province Brandenbnrg, reg. Potsdam, cap. circ, on the lake Dolgen, 24 m. S.E. Neu-Strelitz. Pop. 3,380; Tempo, a neat village of Ireland, Ulster, co. Fermanagh, on the Tempo, on the road from^ Enniskillen to Clogher, 8 m. E.N.E. the former., Pop. 422. I Tempsfobd, a pa. of Engl., co. Bedford, 6 m. N.N.W. Biggleswade. Area 2,350 ac. Pop. 581.; Tembdk, a fortified town of S. Russia, gov. Caucasus, on a peninsula on the S. side of the Sea of Azov, 12 m. E. Peresip. Under the Turks it was an important fortress. Tenassebim, a river of Further India, provs. Tavoy and Tenasserim, rises in lat. 14° 30' N., flows S. through a narrow valley, but near the town Tenasserim turns sharply W., and enters the Indian Ocean in lat. 12° by three principal mouthsj enclosing two islands, on the N. of which the town Mergui is seated. Total course 220 m. It is navigable by vessels drawing 14 feet water for 30 miles, and for boats 60 miles. — II. a town of the most S, of Tenasserim provs., taken from the Burmese in 1826, on S. b. of the river, 50 m. E.S.E. Mergui. Lat. 11° 49' N., Ion. 99° 10' E- Tenassebim FEOvmcEs, British India, consist' of a long and narrow slip of territory in Further India, between lat. 11° and 17° 40' N., and Ion. 97° 30' and 99° 20' E., having E. a mountain-^ chain separating them from Siam, W. the Indian Ocean and Saluen river. Length N. to S. 500 m., breadth 40 to 80 m. Area about 32,500 sqj m. Estimated pop. 118,000, partly Siamese- or TEN 1267 TEN Malays, but comprismg many Earean or wild tribes. Snrface mostly mountainous, & covered with fine forests ; there are, however, some ex- tensive and very rich alluvial plains, broken only by isokited peaks of limestone, and well adapted to the coltore of cotton, indigo, tobacco, which with rice, sugar-cane, numerous fruits, excellent teak and sapan wood, in the N. bamboos, rat- tans, various drugs and gums, betel, cocoa-nuts, balachang, tortoise-shell, horns, & coal at Mergui, are the chief products. Princip. rivers the Gyen, Attaran, Te, Tavoy, and Tenasserim, most of wliich are navigable to some distance inland. Climate healHiy, thermometer ranging from 75° to 98° ; annual fall of rain 108 inches ; rainy season from May to October, after a dry sea- son of 6 months. Iron and tin are plentiful in the provs. Tavoy and Mergui, but tew, if any, mines are wrought. Elephants, rliinoceros, tigers, the wild hog, and great numbers of deer abound in the forests. The pop. are mostly Buddhists, except the Eareans; they mannf. cotton and some silk &brics, but the use of these has been almost superseded of late years by the importa- tion of India and British piece-goods. The ports are entirely free, and many vessels are built ou the coast. This territory is under the presid. of Bengal, and was formerly divided into the provs. Te, Tavoy, Mergui, and Tenasserim, bo named from their chief towns ; at present it is subdiv. into the provs. of Amherst, Tavoy, and Mergui, which, with Moulmein, are the princip. seats of foreign trade. Public rev. (1839) 40,125/., ex- poiditure 156,4211. Tkhbcby, a market town and pa. of England, CO. and 18 m. W.N.W. Worcester, ou S. bank of the Teme, here joined by the Kyre. Area of pa. 6,450 ac. Pop. 1,849. It is indifferently built, and from being in a low position is liable to sud- den innndations. It has various schools, some ttade in bops and cider, tanning, and glove mak- ing. Market, Tuesday. In 1839 a salt spring woe icUous as a landmai-k. The bor. comprises all' the hundred of Tenterden, and si part of the pa. Ebony. Area 8,620 ac. Pop. 3,62f0. Tentyha, a village of Egypt. [DiwDEBAH.] - Teopixca, a small town of the Mexican con- federation, dep, Chiapas, 18 m. Cindad-Real. Teoba, atown of Naples, Jjrov.Princhiato-Ult., dist.'and 6 m. S.S.E. St Angelo-dei-Lombardi, between the Ofanto and Sale. PoJ). 3,800. Tepeaca, a town of the Mexican confedera- tion, dep. and 20 m. S.E. La Pnebla. It has a Franciscan convent, founded in the time of Cor- tez, manufs. of woollen stufis, and trade in com. Tepeleni, a town of Albania, sanj. and 32 m. E.S.E. Avlona, on the Voyussa. It is almost wholly in ruins. Principal edifice, the palace of Ali Pasha of Yanina, born here about a.d. 1760. Tepetitan, a town of the Mexican confedera- tion, dep.' Tabasco, on the river Tepetitan, an affl. of the Chilapilla. Pop. 1,000. It is irre- gularly built of mud & sun-dried bricks. Along the banks of the river are large cattle farms, and maize, sugar, & rum, are produced in the vicinity. Tbpexe, a town of the Mexican confederation, dep. and 60 m. S. La Puebla. ' Teptc, a town of the Mexican confederation, d»p. Xalisco, on 'a height, 25 m. E. San Bias. Pop. 10,000. It is the principal town in th^ depl afteir Guadalaxara, and is the residence, dorjiig the' rainy season, of most of the wealthy itifiafc tants of San Bias. ' i V Tepikinskaja, a market town of Russia, Doi^ Cossack territory, on the Choper, 65 m. E. Pav- lovsk. Pop. 2,000. Tepl, TEPEti or 'Tepia, a town of Bohemia; circ. and 29 m. N.W. Pilsen. Pop. 1,734. Ndaf it is the abbey of t^l or Topi, with a fine library and a cabinet of minerals and coins. TepI/ITZ, or ToptiTz, Several market towii^ of Hnbgary, the principal (Hing. Teplicz-kis), CO. Liptau, on a mountain, 20 m. SiW. Keiinark, Pop. 1,221. [ToPLiTZ.] , Tepl:k, a market town of Russian PolsCnff, gov. Podolia, 32 m. N.N.EJ Olgbpol. Pop. l,5aa TEFOsconii.A,'a naarket town of the Mexidiii Confederation, dep, and 45 B). N.W. Oaxaca, ~ Teqtjendama Fails, S. America. [Bogota.jI Teqdia, a town of S. Amer., New Granada, dep. Boyaca, prov. Tunja, 45 m. S.S.W. Pamplona. " Teb,' a riVer of Spain, Catalonia, rises in the Pyrenees, 'flows S. and E. past G^rona, arid enters the Mediterranean, by several mouths, S. of the Gulf of Rosas. Total course 90 m. It is dlmoSt eyeryVhere foirdable, and its waters near tbfe'sea are mostly diverted for irrigation. ' ' ' ■' "' Tera-kako, a peninsula on the E. coast of New Zealand, N. island, bouridirig the entrance to Hawke Bay on the N.E. — Lake Terd-werd in same island, 40 m. in length, discharges its waters N.E. into the Bay of Plehty byTefa-wera rivejL Tebamo, Interamnia, a city of Naples, cap. prov. Abruzzo Ult. I., 27 m. N.E. Aquila. Pop. 10,000. It has a cathed.. Several convents, a royal college, clerical seminary, botanic garden, orptian school, foundling & other asylums. Its neighbdUi;^ hood is remarkably fertile in com, wine, and oil Teroeika, one of the Azores islands in the Atlantic Ocean, central group, N.E. Fayal and San Jorge. Estimated area 222 sq. m. Pop. 45,000. Surfaces mntnous. Summit 3,435 ft. m elev. Soil highly fertile. Principalprodiicts,wijJe, fruits, maize, wheat, and orchill. On its S. side is the town Angra, cap. of the Azores, in lat. 38° 38' 9' N., Ion. 27° 13' 7' W. During the usur- pation of Don Miguel, this isl. was the Seat of thfe regency acting for the present queen of Portugat Tebciero, a river of the Plata Confederatifln, deps. Cordova and Santa F^, after an E. course joins the Parana at the influx of the Saladii, whence it is navigable for bai-ges to the pass ot Fereira, 100 m. S.E. Cofdbva. - •Tebek', a river of S. Russia, after an E. course of 360 m., enters the Caspian Sea by seveM mouths, near lat. 44° N., Ion 46° to 48° E. It is rapid,' and has numerous affluents. Tere&li, a small town of Asia-Minor, Ana<- tolia, 36 m. E.S.E. Isnikmid. . 'i Tebesp'oIi, a town of Poland, gov. Radom, 69 m. E.S.E. Siedleo, on the Bug. Pop. 1,600. "c Tebga, a town of Marocco, kingdom and 70 m. N.N.E. Fez, near the Mediterr. Pop. 3,00(4 Teb-oodw, a town, Netherlands. [GonuA.p Tergovist, or Tebsovitz, a town, formagV cap. of Wallachia, on the Jalomnitza,48m. N;W. Bucharest. Pop. 6,000. It hasglaSsworkSi- TEBK, a pretty little town of N. Persia, pro*. Azerbyani 70 m. S.E. Tabriz. ; Tebmng, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 3J ni. W.N.W. Witham. Area 4,190 ac. Pop. 921. •'■ Terlizzi, a town of Naples, prov. Bari, cap. cant., 17 m. S.E. Barletta, and 7 m.-from-the Adriatic. Pop. 12,000. It has a cathedral and pa. church, and three convents. o- " TEB 12C9 TEK Termini, Th^rmce, a seaport town of Sipily, on the N. coast, intend. Palermo, cap. clist., near the month of the river Termini, 20 m. E.S.E. I^alermo. Pop. 13,000. It Is enclosed by walls and defended by a castle on a lofty rock : it has warm mineral baths — whence its name, a carica- iore or depSt for grain, and an active anchovy fishery. Six miles £. are the ruins of the an- cient Himera. Termisos (Lake of), an inlet of the Carib- bean Sea, dividing the Mexican dep. Tabasco from Yucatan, and between lat. 18° and 19° N., Ion. 91° and 92°. W. Length 70 m. ; breadth 40 m. It is bounded on tlie side of the sea by se- veral islands, that of Carmen being the largest It receives an arm of the Usumasiuta. Teemoli, a maritime town of Naples, prov. Molise, cap. cant., on a peninsula in the Adri- atic, 16 m. S.E. II Vasto. Pop. 2,000. Tkemokamungak, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Tyrone, SJ m. S.W. Castle-Derg. Area 45,399 ac. Pop. 7,561. Tesmonde, Belgium. [Dendermonde.] Termoseext, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Londonderry, 3J m. S.E. Maghera. Area 4,774. ac. Pop. 2,539. Tbbmonfeokak, or Tokfeckan, a pa. and vilL of Ireland, Leinster, co. Louth, on the E. ■foaA, 2 m. S.S.W. Clogher. Area of pa. 6,382 ac. Pm. 3,344, of whom 412 are in the vill., a {^ace of^snmmer resort for sea-bathing. , Tebmonmaguirk, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Tyrone, 4J m. W. Pomeroy. Area 41,079 ac. top. 12,098. Tesnate, a small island in the Malay Archi- pEOago, W. of Gilolo, lat. 0° 50' N., Ion. 127° 21' E. It has a remarkable volcano, which was active m 1840. At its base, on the S., is the town of Temate, residence of the sultan & of the Dutch r^rent (rf the island. Its port is defended by Fort-Orange, built by the Dutch in 1607. Terxecse, a fortiBed town of the Netherlands, prov. Zeeland, on 1. b. of the Scheldt, 6 m. W.N.W. Axel. Pop. 1,100. Tersi, Interamna, a town of Centra] Italy, Fontif. Sta., deleg. Spoleto, picturesquely seated near th e Nera, 5m . below the falls of the Telino (or falls of Terni), 49 m. N.N.E. Eome. Pop. 9,260. It is enclosed by tnrreted walls, and has been much improved withm the last few years by the erec- tion of modem mansions for its numerous visi- tors. It has a noble cathedral with some fine painfangs, a theatre, a bath establishment, and active manufs. of woollen and silk fabrics. .^Amongst its remains of antiquity are the vaults 'of an amphitheatre. [Velino.] Teeuova, European Turkey. [Tirnova.] Teeodant, or Tabodaht, a town of Marocco, sxaip. prov. Sus, on the river Sus, 125 m. S.TV. Marocco. Pop. 21,000. It stands in a fertile plain, and its thick and lofty walls enclose a large area. Its inhabs. excel in the art of dyeing. : Tebbaciha, Anxur, a seaport town of S. Italy, Fontif. Sta., leg. Velletri, at the S. extremity of the Pontine marshes, and on the Gulf of Ter- racina in the Mediterranean, 58 m. S.E. Rome. Pop. 4,240. On the height above it are the ca- thedral and ruins of the ancient Anxur, and above these, on a bold height, the remains of the palace of Galba, commanding fine views. The .harbour is accessible only to small coasting ves- sels, and there is little trade. The celeb. Appian Way, between Rome and Terracina, is still trace- aahle. The town was taken by the French in 1798. - 1 Terra m Lavoeo, Campania, a prov. of Naples, mostly between lat, 40° 48' and 41° 48' N., and Ion. 13° and 15° E., having S.E, tl^e, Medi- terranean, and landward theprovs. Naples, Prin- cip. Ultra, Molise, and the Abruzzi, and N.W. the Pontif. Sta. Area 2,505 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 721,971. Surface in the E. covered with ramifi- cations of the Apennines, elsewhere are many fertile plains ; and this is one of the richest parts of the Italian peninsula, though along the coast are marshy and unhealthy tracts. Principa.1 rivers, the Volturno and the Garigliano ; pnn- cipal inlet of the sea, the Gulf of Gaeta. Pro- ducts comprise wheat, oil, fruits, silk, and full- bodied wines. Chief cities and towns, Capua, the cap., Gaeta, Sora, Arpino, Maddaloni, and Nola. Tebea-Fiema, an obsolete name formerly ap,- plied to the Spanish Main, S. Amer., since called Colombia. [Venezuela, Granada (New).] Terraneh, or Teraneh, a town of Lr. Egypt, on Rosetta arm of the Nile, 7 m. W. Menouf., Terranova, a seaport town on the S. coast of Sicily, intend. Caltanisetta, cap. dist., near the mouth of the Terranova, 18 m. E. Alicata. Pon. 10,000. It has a castle, several churches and convents, a good public hospital, and a hand- some palace of the Duke de Monteleone. Coarse cloth is manufactured here, and finds a good market at the annual fair in August. The town has also a caricatare or corn magazine, and an export trade in corn, wine, sulphur, and soda. — II. a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Citra, 8 m. S. Cassano. Pop. 2,400. — III. a mkt. town, prov. Basilicata, 23 m. S.S.W. Tnrsi.— IV. a town of the isl. Sardinia, div. Sassari, on a bay of the N.E. coast, 26 m. S.E. Longo-Sardo. Pop. of comm. 1,960. — TerraTtuova is a mkt. town of Tuscany, prov. Florence, 7 m. S.E. Figline, with 2,000 iimabitants, and a public school. Terrasson, a comm. and town of France, dep'. Dordogne, on the Vezfere, 16 m. N.N.E. Sarlat. Pop. 2,893.^Terrauhe is a comm. and small town', dep. Gers, 4 m. S.W. Lectoure. Pop. 1,062. ; Terre (Sainte), a comm, and vill. of France, dep. Gironde, arrond. Liboiirne. Pop. 2,137, Tekke-Bonne, a pa. of the U. S., N. Amer., in S. part of Louisiana, cap. 'Williamsburg. Area 1,850 sq. m. P. 4,410, of whom 2,300 are slaves. Tekee-de-Hact, & Teree-de-Bas, two islets of the French "W. Indies, together forming the group Petit-Terre, 26 m. E. Guadeloupe. Tereeqles, a pa. of Scotland, stewartry Kirk-i cudbright, on the Nith, immediately W. Dum- fries. Area 8 sq. m. Pop. 564. Teree-Hauxe, a vill., U. S., N. Amer., In- diana, on 1. h. of the "Wabash, 78 m. W. In- dianapolis. Pop. 2,000. Terbessa, one of the Nicobar islands, in the Indian Ocean, lat. 8° 20' N. ; Ion. 93° 15' E. Teeeicciola, a vill. of Tuscany, prov. & 19 m. S.E. Pisa. Pop, 2,800. Tereinq, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 41 m. S.S.E. Lewe.s. Area 1,300 ac. Pop. 81. Tereington, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. York, N. Riding, 7 m. W. New Malton. Area 3,630 ac. Pop. 732.— II. (North), co. Norfolk, ih m, 'W. t,ynn-Regis. Area 7,380 ac. Pop. 1,675,-111. (St John), same co., 6} m. W.S.V. Lynn-Regis. Area 2,520 ac. Pop. 682. Teertqlasb, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Tipperary, 5 m. N.W. Borris-o'-Kane. Area 9,762 ac. Pop. 2,953. _ , „ „ ,. , Teesohblling, an isl. m the N. Sea, belongT ing to the Netherlands, prov. Friesland, between Vlieland and Ameland, Length 16 m.; greatest breadth 3 m. Pop, 2,522. Teruel, a town of Spain, cap. prov., on a hill near the Guadalaviar, 72 m. N.W. Valencia, Poj*. TEB 1270 TEVf 6,752. It is end. by walls, and has a cathedral, a bishop's palace, and a handsome seminary. Tertoeren, a vill. of Belgium, prov. S. Bra- bant, 7 m. E. Brussels, with a royal residence. Tesoheh, a town of Austrian Silesia, cap. circ. and duchy, on the Olsa, a tributary of the Oder, 38 m. E.S.E. Troppau. Pop. 6,400. It is en- closed by walls; and has two ducal castles, a gymnasium with a library of 12,000 vols., and manufs. of woollen cloths, cassimeres, linen, leather, liqueurs, and fire-arms. A treaty be- tween Austria & Prussia was concld. here in 1779. Tesbgdelt, a town of Maroeco, 30 m. S.E. Mogadore. It has a handsome mosque. Tessabaoh, or TAnsHSRABA, a pa. of Ireland, Connaught, co. Roscommon, 2 m. S.S.W. Ath- league. Area 8,482 ac. Pop. SfiS^.—Tessauran, or Kilgally, is a pa., Leinster, King's co., 1} m. N.AV. Cloghan. Area 7,317 ac. Pop. 2,029. Tessenderloo, a vill. of Belgian Limbourg, 16 m. N.W. Hasselt. Pop. 2,500. Tessin, a town of N. Germany, MecWenburg- Bchwerin, duchy and 20 m. N.N.E. Giistrow, on the Becknitz. Fop. 2,025. It is enclosed by walls, & has manufs. of woollen and linen fabrics, — II. a canton & river of Switzerland. [Tioiho.] Tesie-de-Bocb (La), a comm. and town of France, dep. Gironde, cap. cant., in the landes, on the S. side of the Bassin d' Arcachon, & 30 m. S.W. Bordeaux, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. 2,859. Testertok, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 2 m. 6.S.E. Fakenham. Area 1,520 ac. Pop. 23. Testigos, a group of islets in the Caribbean Sea, belonging to Venezuela, 50 m. N.W. Mar- garita. Lat. 11° 23' N., Ion. 63° 12' W. Testok, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 3} m. W.S.W. Maidstone. Area 560 ac. Pop. 268. Tet, a river of France, dep. E. Pyrenees, after an E.N.E. course, enters the Mediterranean, 7 m. E. Perpiguan. Total course 56 m. Tet, or Tett, a decayed town of Maroeco, near Blanco, 8 m. S.W. Mazagan. Pop. 1,000. Tetburt, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. & 17 m. S.S.E. Gloucester. Area of pa. 4,988 ac. Pop. 2,982. The town, near the source of the Avon, has 2 market-houses, a handsome church, various chapels and schools. Annual rev. of charities 530Z. Some manufs. of woollen cloth are carried on; and it has a trade in woollen yarn, cheese, and butter. The ancient Britons had a castle here. Tetoott, a pa. of Engl,, co. Devon, 6 m. S. Holsworthy. Area 1,840 ac. Pop. 300. Tete Noire, a pass of the Alps, between Swit- zerland and Savoy, 7 m. S.W. Martigny II. a mountain of the Yalais. [Morcles.I Tete, or Tette, a town of E. Africa, cap. a gov. of the Portuguese territory, on the Zambezi, 100 m. N.W. Senna. It is large, well built, and healthy from occupying an elevated site. Tetehev, a river of Russian Poland, govs. Vol- hynia and Kiev, joins the Dnieper, 36 m. N. Kiev, after a N.E. course of 150 m. Tetbrow, a walled town of N. Germany, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, duchy and 16 m. E. Giis- ti-ow. Pop. 3,759. It has tobacco and woollen cloth factories, and bleaching establishments. Tetforb, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 6 m. N.E. Horncastle. Area 2,210 ac. Pop. 778. Tetidshi, a town of Russia, gov. and 60 m. S.S.W. Kasan, cap. circ, on the Volga. P. 1,700. Tetnet, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 9i m. N. Louth. Area 5,030 ac. Pop. 819. Tetschen, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 18 m. ».N.E. Leitmeritz, on rt. b. of the Elbe. Pop. 1,423. It has mineral springs, and an ancient castle. Tetswobth, a pa. of Engl., co. and 12 m, E.S.E. Oxford. Area 840 ac. Pop. 523. TETXENHAit-REGis, a pa. of Engl., co. Staf- ford, 2 m. N.W. Wolverhampton. Ac. 7,600. P. 3,143. The vill. has many handsome houses. Tetthang, a town of Wiirtemberg, cu-c. Dan- ube, cap. dist., on the Miihlenbach. P. 1,361. Tetuan, a marit. town of Maroeco, kgdm. Fez, on the river Martil, 18 m. S.S.W. Ceuta. Lat. 35° 57' N., Ion. 5° 18' E. Pop. 16,000, of whom upwards of 4,000 are Jews. It is crowned by a castle, and ia enclosed by walls. Some of the mosques .are handsome. The harbour, protect- ed by a fort, at the mouth of the river, 4 m. dis- tant, is adapted onl;^ for small vessels; but Tetuan retains an active export trade. Tedohebn, a mkt. town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 17 m. S. Merseburg. Pop. 1,558. TEtTFFEN, or Teufen, a mkt. town of Switzd., cant, and 4 m. N. Appenzell. Pop. of pa. 4,000. TErLADA, a mkt. town of Spain, prov. Ali cante, near the Mediterranean, 9 m. S. Denia. POp. 1,638. — II. a comm. and vQI. of Sardinia, div. & 24 m. S.W. Cagliari, on the Teulada. Pop. 1,664. — Cape Teulam, bounds the Gulf of Teulada, on the S. coast of Sardinia. Lat. 38° 61' 9' N., Ion. 8°39'2'E. Teupitz, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. and 31 m. S.E. Potsdam. Fop. 563. Teuschnitz, a town of Bavaria, eiro. Up. Fran- conia, 11 m. N. Kronach, with a castle. P. 800. Tedtobdbger-Wald, a mountain range of little elev. in N. Germany, extending from the Erzgebirge in Westphalia, N.W. to near Osna- briick, in Hanover, a distance of about 100 miles. Teuischbrod, a town, Bohemia. [Bro».] Tevebone, or Anio, a river of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. Frosinone, rises on the Nea^ politan frontier, flows N.W. and W. past Subiaco and Tivoli, and joins the Tiber 4 m. N. Rome. Total course 55m. Inane, times it supplied water to Rome by two aqueducts, one 43 m. long. Tbvebsall, a pa. of England, co. Nottingham, 3i m, W.N. W. Mansfield. Area 2,820 ac. P. 429. Tbvebshah, a pa. of England, co. and 2| m'. E. Cambridge. Area 1,200 ac. Pop. 220. Tbviot, a river of Scotland, co. Roxburgh, through the centre of which it flows, and joins the Tweed at Kelso, after a N.E. course of 34 m. Hawick is the only town on its banks. — TemotdaU is a name applied to most part of Roxburghshire. Tew (Great), a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 55 m. E.N.E. Chipping-Norton. Area 4,740 ac. Pop. 459. — LiUU Tew is achapelry in the parish. TEWiN, a pa. of England, co. and 4 miles W.N.W. Hertford. Area 3,090 ac. Pop. 622. Tewkesbury, or Tewksbtikt, a pari, and munio. bor., town, and pa. of England, co. and 10 m. N.N.E. Gloucester, m the vale of Evesham, on the bank of the Avon, at its junction with the Severn, and at the influx of the Carron and Swilgate into the Avon, connected with the Bir- mingham and Gloucestershire railway by a branch 2 m. in length. Area of bor. 1,890 ac. Pop. 5,862 ; do. of pa. 5,656. Town picturesque- ly situated, has a mangnificent abbey church, a new church, town hall, market house, jail, peni- tentiary, various dissenting chapels, quays along the river, a handsome stone bridge across the Avon, and an iron bridge 170 feet in span over the Severn. It has a literary and scientific in- stitution, mechanics' institute, dispensary and lying-in charity ; a blue-coat school, free gram- mar school, and numerous other schools : alms- TEW 1271 THA booses & other charities, annn^J rev. ^bout 4002. Its woollen manuf. has ceased ; but it has manufs. of stockings, bobbinet-lace, nails, and leather. Corp. rev. (1848) 828/. It returns 2 memg. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 407. The battle of Tewkesbury was fought in the " Bloodj Jlea- dow* immediately S. the town. Tewksbuby, two tnshps., U. S., N. America. — I. New Jersey, on Rockaway creek, 14 m. N.E. Flemington. Pop. 1,944. — II. Massachusetts, on Merrimac and Concord rivers, 21 m. N.W. Bos- ton, and on the railway thence to Lowell. Tbxas, a territory of N. America, formerly belonging to the Mexican confederation, and in- dependent firom 1836 to 184o, when it was an- nexed to the United States, between lat. 26° and 36* 30' N., Ion. 93° and lOr Vf., having E. the States Louisiana and Arkansas, N. the Indian to^tory and Nebraska, from which it is sepa- rated by the Red River; W. New Mexico, S. the Mexican departments Chihuahua, Coahuila, Noevo Leon, aa4 Tamaulipas, from all of which itisseparatedby the Rio Bravo del Norte, and SJl. the Gulf of Mexico. Estimated area 325,520 ^uare miles, and popniation (1850) 187,403. Its N.W. re^ons are litue explored, being inhabited poly by roving Indians ; elsewhere it possesses considerable natural advantages. Near the coaist, for a rariable distance inland, is a rich plain, whence the surface progressively rises into the mntn. plateau of New Mexico, Principal rivers the .^Inne, Nueces, Trinidad, Brazos-de-Dios, Colorado, Gqadalupe, San Antonia, and Nueces, sin of which enter die Gulf of Meidco, or lagoons along its coast. Cotton is the great staple ; other products comprise maize, wheat, hemp, co&e and rice on the coast, indigo, tobacco, sugar, and the fruits common in S. Europe. Grapes come to perfection, and some pretty good wine is made. Oak, ash, elm, hickory, acacia, walnot, sycamore, and other timber is abundant, especially on the river banks ; and in the S.W., the mutnous. parts are covered with pine forests. YanUla, sarsaparilla, and a great variety of medicinal and dyemg plaits grow wild. A large proportion of the surface consists of rolling prairies, and rearing live stock is a prin- cipal occupation of the settlers. Mineral pro- ducts comprise coal, iron, salt, nitre, limestone, ^d granite ; the silver mines of the N."W. have been ruined by the Comanche Indians. In 1843, fi7,796 cwts. of cotton, worth 379,750 dollars, were exported to the United States, and 11,140 do. to Great Britain. Cattle and salt are ex- ported to the West India Islands and to New Orleans, which city is a depot for a large portion «f the trade of Texas. Hides, horns, tallow, wax, and other natural products compose the rest of the exports ; the imports consist of lumber, fur- niture, manufactured goods generally, and some colonial produce. In 1843, the imports from the United States amounted in value to 1,142,752 dollars, and those fi-om Great Britain (of British mannfactnred produce) to 6,340/. Texas is di- vided into 3 deps., about 40 cos., and 7 judicial dists. Government, vested in a senate and house of representatives, with a president elected for three years. Since 1845, it has sent 2 represen- tatives to the United States Congress. Prin- jcipal towns, Austin and Houston, which have been ^^mately the caps., Galveston (the principal .port), and San Antonio de Bexar. Texas, several tnshps., U. S., N. America, the principal in Pennsylvania, co. Wayne. Ppp. 1,094, Others in New Tork and Michigan. Texel, an island in the N. Sea, belonging to the Netherlands and separated from tjie main, land by Mars-diei), 2^ m. across. Length 13 ra., greatest breadth 6 m. Pop. 4,924, engaged iit agriculture, fishing, boat building, and as pilots, Surface low and chiefly in pasturage, on which fine breeds of cattle and sheep are reared. Its N. part is termed Eyerland, ii-om the great abundance of eggs deposited there by wild fowl.' Its W. coast is sheltered by dykes, which were broken through, with great damage to the island,-i by a tremendous storm in February 1825. It contains a town and several villages. Off thq Texel on 31st July 1653, the English fleet under Monk, defeated the Dutch under Van Tromp, who was killed during the action. Texbtla, or TEJCTLA,atown of Central Amer., state and 165 m. N.W. Guatemala. ' Tey, several pas. of England, co. Essex. — I. {Great), 3} m. N.E. Great Coggeshall. Ac. 3,040; Pop. 733 II. {Little), 3 m. E.N.E. Great Cogges- hall. Area 410 ao. Pop. 59.— III. {Marks), 4 m. E.N.E. Great Coggeshall. Ac. 1,350. P. J|97. Tejde (Peak of). [Teneriffe, Peak of:] . Tevnham, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 33 m. W.N.W. Faversham. Area 2,670 ac. Pop. 845. Teza, a town of Maroccb, kingdom & 65 m. E. Fez, on the Teza, an affl. of the Sebtis. P. 11,000: It has a fine mosque, and well supplied markets^ Tezccoo, a town of Mexican coiifed;, dep. and 20 m. E.N.E. Mexico, on the E. border of th§ lake of Tezcuco. Pop. 5,000, who manuf. sergeS emd cotton fabrics. During the Aztec rule, it was a place of importance, and it has some rCi? inains of a palace said to be that of Montezuma? Tezcpco (Lake of), the largest body o| water in the valley of Mexico, which city is on it^ W. side. Length 40 m., breadth 10 m. ■ Th, for words with this initial not nndermen|P tioned, refer to them as spelt with T. singly, * TiiAi, the prefixed name of several cifies of China. [Tai.] Thakeham, a pa. of England, co. Sussex!, 5 J m. N.W. Steyning. Area 2,980, ao. Ppp. 620, , Thame, or Tame, a market town and pa. of England, co. and 12 m. E.S.E. Oxford, on tbp border of Bucks, on the S.'bank of the Thames, which here becomes navigable. Area of pa. 6,310 ac. Pop. 3,060. It has a large and hand- some church, near which are the ruins of an ancient prebendal house, a work-house, numer- ous schools, and a manufactory of lace. Annual rev. of charities 153/. Market large, for corn and cattle on Tnesdav.— 11- a river of England; cos. Bucks and Oxford, after a S.W. course of 40 m. past Thame, Stadhampton, &c., at Dorchester, joins the Isis, to which it afterwards gives the name of Thames. [Tame.] Thames {Tamesis), the principal though not the longest river of England, through the S. part of which it flows mostly in an E. direction. It rises under the name of the Isis about 2 m. S. Cirencester and 376 feet above the sea, flows at first S. to near Cricklade, then E.N.E. past Lechlade to near Oxford, and S.E. past Oxford, Abingdon, and Wallingford to Beading, after which its course is mostly E. to Gravesend. A few miles beyond this it expands into an estuary which, at its junction with the N. Sea, at the Nore, between the Isle of Sheppey and Foulijess Pomt, is 15 m. across, and has on its opposite- banks the towns Sheerness and Southend. Total course estimated at 215 m. At Dorchester it receives the Thame from the N., and thence- forth assumes its proper name ; other principal affls. are the Churnet, Coin, Wainrush, Even- lode, Cheiwell, Cotoe, Brent, Lea, and Rodinif MUA a272 irnuE from the N., and ithe- Gple, Kennct (ita chief affl.), Wey, Mole, and some smaller: rivers from the S. The Mersey joins its estuary ait :Sh^er- ges9.i Its basin is of less size than that- Of the Sievem,; but no rirer in the wOrld has more : commercial importance. The tide flows up it for about 80 m. ; it is navigable for ships of any burden to Deptford, for' vessels of 200 toils to London bridge, and for bdirgeslSOm. further, where flit Js united by the Thames and Severn canal with the Severn below Gloucester; it is also connected with all the centre of England by the Oxford & Warwick and Grand Junction Canals, and by other- icanals with Bristol, Basing- stoke, Arundel, &c. Dmder the Romans it formed the-N. boundary of the prov. Britannia Prima.-. During the iSaxon heptarchy, it divided the king- doms of Wessex, Sussex, and Kent from those of Merciaiand E^ex ', . it now separates the cos. Ox- ; fordi Bucks, Middlesex, & Essex on the N., from .those of BerkBi Surrey, and Kent on the S. , Thames, a pver of Upper Canada, London & ■Western dists;, flows through a fertile country: in IthB, peninsula between lakes Huron and Erie, ■. and after a SjW. course .of 160 imj,i enters Lake St Clair. Itiisnavigable for boats from its mouth ^0 ^Cli^tbam,' besides which town, London and OxfordLarfi on its banks. — II. a river of the TJ. S., N. Amer., Connecticut, formed 'by the confl. of the Shetncket and Sautic at (Norwich city, flows S.,i& enters Long-Island 'Sound at New London, after a course of 14 in., throughout which it is navigable for sloops and steamers. — III. (or Wai-ho), a river of New Zealand, N. isl., after a Niward course Joins the sea by an estuary,30m. in breadth, termed the Firth of the Thames (or Waika-hourounga), and on the S.W. shore of which is the town Auckland. ; . > Thames-Ditton, a pa. of Engl., co. Surreyj 2 m. S.W.Bingston-on-Thames. Ac.2;9Q0. P. 2,196. Thanasuk, a town N.W. of Hindostas, cap. rs^jahship, 94 m. N.W. Delhi, on the route to Dmballah. mp i . Thanex (Isl5 of), 'the N.E. extremity of the CO. Kent, England, surrounded N. and E.by the sea, S. and W. by the river Stour and its branch the Nethergong, both formerly navigable for ships of large burden. Length 10 m., breadth 6 m. Area 26,500 ac. Pof). 31,466j Surface level, lofty, and commands views of the sea and the coast of France. ■ Soil fertile, and here; amongst other products, large quantities of canary-seed are.raised. Its N.E. point, the N. Foreland, lat. 61° 22' 29"" N., Ion; 1° 26' 47' E., has a lighthouse, 340 ft. above the sea, and visible for 22 lU. Near it are two large tumuli, said to mark the place of a battle between the Saxons and Danes m a.d. 858. Beculvers on the N.W. marks the site of the ancient Regulbium, and Bichhorough on its S. side was the ancient Rhutupium. Thanet was the first possession of the Saxons in Britain. On it, arc. the favourite watering .places, Bamsgate, Margate, and Broadstairs, and it is intersected by a branch of the S.E. railwa,y, between the two former towns. Thaninqioh, a pa. of England, co. Rentj 1 J Xa. W.S.W. Canterbury. Area 1,420 ao. Pi-379. Thankerton, a paj of Scotland, with a station on the Caledonian railway. [Oovinoton.] 1 'SniLTimi.i a comm. aiid town of France, dep. H. Bhin, cap. cant,, on the Thur, 22 m. S.S.W. Col- mar, with which place it is connected by railway. Pop. 5,815. It has a fine Gothic church with a spire 325 feet in height, and mamufs. of cotton handkerchiefs and twist, hosiery,' starch, and salt. ' ~ Thahston, a pa. 'of England, co.- Norfolk, -9J m. S.S.W /Norwich. - Area 1,430'ac. Pop; 888. Thabthab, a river of Asiatic Tnrkey,jpaSh. Bagdad, after a Si "course parallel to tbeTMgris, IS lost in a salt lake, 70 m. N.W. Bagdad. ' Thasos, an islahdiin' the .Slgean Sea, belonging to Europ. Turkey, off the S. coast of Bumili, 80 in. N.N.E.iMoiint Athos. Shaped nearly circnlar. Area 83 sq..' m. Pop. 6,000. ' Surface generally fertile and well wooded ; products comprise dom, fruits, oil, wine, honty, marble, and timber.' Bj its interior is the small town Yolgaro, and on its N.E. side the vill. Thasos. 'TiiATCHAM, a pia. of England, CO. Berks, 3 in. E. Newbury, on the Great Western railway. Area 12,960 ac. Pop.'4,250. ' Jl THATr(ETANB de), a lagoon of S. France, flep. Heraulti separated froni the Mediterranean % the narrow.tongue of land' on which is the town of Cette: it communicate N.E. with the siid- lar lagoon of Maguelonne. Length 13 mV; average breadth 3 m. It is traversed by the CanM du Midi, affords an abundanceof fish^and lis frequented by flocks of laquatic birds. Thaumaoo, a small town- of European Tnrk^, Thessaly, 35 m. S.S.W. Larissa, on a castellated height, on which are remains of the ane. Thaumaei. - TtfAxTED, a decayed bor., market town, and pa. of England, co. Essex, 17 m. N.N.W. Chelms- ford. Area of pa. 5,890 ac. Pop. 2,627. Thte town on the Chehner near its source, is of great antiquity; bit its borough privileges' were siit fered to lapse in the time of James n. The church, erected about the time of Edward ii., is a fine edifice. Annual rev. of charities 8202; S Thaya, a river of Lower Austria and Moravia, after an E. course of 180 m., joins the March 89 m. N.E. Vienna. It receives the Iglawa^with the Zwittawa from the N., by which it drains all the S.W. half of Moravia. ' n Theale, a chapelry of Englandj co. Berks, pa. Tilehurst, with a station on the Great Western railway, 5 m. W.S.W. Beading. Thebebtoh, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 3| m. E.N.E. Saxmundham. Area 2,090 ac. P. 6881 Thebes (Greek! Diospolis Magna), a famoiA city in antiquity, long the cap. of Egypt, the. stu- pendous remains of which, in Upper Egypt, ex: tend for 7 m. along both banks of the Nile, about lat. 25° 41' N., Ion. 32° 38' E., and present ii every respect the finest collection of ancieiit monuments existing in the world. Among its numerous temples, the most remarkable are those of Kamak and Luxor, on the E. bank &l the river; the former, the temple ofjupiteri Ammon, occupying an area of 9 acres, and in many parts comparatively perfetJt. The temtilS of Luxor, 1^ m. S. Kamak, is of a less size, but still a vast edifice, and iiLfront of it were formerly two monolith obelisks, 80 feet in height, one (rf which hte been conveyed to Paris, where it is erected in the Place de la Concorde. W. of the Nile are the famous temple of Medinet-Aboo, the Iihameseion,3,np. 245. Thetford, a township, TJ, S., N. Amer., Ver- mont, 38 m. S.S.E. Montpelier. Pop. 2,056. Theux, a town of Belgium, prov. and 13 ijQJIes S.E. Liege, on railway to Aachen. Pop, 3,000. Thets, a comm., and market town of Francei, dep. Isere, and 16 m. N.E. Grenoble. Pop. 2,395. Thiaki, one of ithe Ionian isls. [Ixh aca.1 Tbiah-Shan (or, "celestial mountains ). a lofty mountain chain of Chinese Turkestan, forming the N. boundary of the great ,t;fible-land of Central Asia, aud extending between lat. 42° and 43° N., and Ion. 80° to 90° E- It separates the region jTaan-Shm^Ifcm-loo,, or Turkestan- proper.on the S.-r-from Thian-Shan-Fe-loo, or Dzoungaria, on the N. In mauy parts it abounds with volcanic products, and rises far above ,the limits of perpetual snow. . Thiaccotibt, a comm. and town of Franc^ dep. Meurthe, cap. cant., 8 m.,.N.W..Ppnt-a- Mousson. Pop. 1,663. ThibEbville, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Eure, 7 m. N.W. Bernay. P. 1,334. Thibet, a country of Central Asia. [Tibet.] Thiei,, or TiEL, a town pf the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, on the "Waal, cap. cant., 22 m. W.S.W. Arnhem. Pop. 6,166. Thiele, a river of Switzerland, cants. Vaud and Bern, joins the Aar 6 m. E. Bienne, after a IT.E. course of 65 m., in which it traverses the lakes Neuchatel and Bienne. The vill. Thiele is situated on the river between the lakes. Thieit, a town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, cap. cant., 15 m. S.E. Bruges. Pop. 12,634. It has manuf's. of woollen and linen fabrics, gloves, vinegar, beer, starch and tobacco. Oliver Le Dain, the unworthy favourite of Louis xi. of France, was a native of Thieit. . Thiebaohe, an old subdivision of France, Picardy, of which Guise was tlie cap. It is ffow coinprised in the dep. Aisne. Thiers, a comm. and manuf. town of France, aep.Puy-de-D6pic,cap. arr., ontheI)urolie,23 m. E.N.E. Clermont. Pop. (1846) 8,737. It has a chaniber of arts & manjifs., a commercial college, & extensive manufs. of cutlery, paper & candles. . Thi£zac, a comm. and vill. of France, dep, Cantal, 11 m. N.E. Aurillac. Pop. 2,016. , , Thimblebt, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, IJ m. yf.TS.W. Horndastle. Area 1,770 ae. V. 898. ' ThionvillEj a fortified town of France, dep. Moselle, cap. arrond , 17 m. N. Jletz, on 1. b, of the lHoselle. Pop. 4,026. It has a comm. col- lege, manufs. of hosiery, gloves and oil; and a botanic garden. It was a residence of the Merovingian and Carlovingian kings, and reV peatedly besieged during the wars between France & Austria. Near it are the mineral baths &]akeof Cent. Italy. (FEBnou, IiA&e M^ 'Under tiie French it gave name to a igfli of whieh Spoleto, was capital. .-T&sBGKiNeHAH, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, g|m.B.fi.E.Folldiigham. Ac. 2,270. Fop. 197. & Thbee BKOXHEB8,'a group of mountains of R Australia^-23 m. S-W. Port^Maoqtiarle. , vThSeb-Hummoghl-Isl. [HoNTEB Islands.] " „-Threb Ente^ a grolip' of islets in the Pacific ABean,S0m. N.Wi the N. island of New Zealand. Thbee KrrEBS'(Erendi2V pa. Wliitwiok,.5 m. E.N.E. Ashby-de-la- Zonch. Pop. 1,232. , jThbiplow, a pa. of England, co. and 7 J m. S. Cambridge, -ulrea 2,607 ac. Fop. 477. . TBBOCKiira, a pa. of Engl., co. Herts, li m. W.N.W. Buntangford. Area 1,530 ac. Fop. 66. ,' THBoniXEi, two pas. of Engl.— I. co. Devon, 6jn. E.S.E. Oakhampton. Area 3,920 ac. Fop. 445,— IL CO. Kent, 4 m. 8.8.W. Faversham. ATeai3,230ac. Pop. 682. Thbcmptow, a pa. of EngL, eo. and 7 m. 8. VV .- IDlfCin^am. Area 1,080 ac. Pop. 147. Thbcbhei/ton, a pa. of Engl;, co. Devon, 10 m. W.S.W. O^champton. Ac. 2,440. Pop. 628. Tbbusbimgtoiii, a pa. of England, co. and 8 m. N.N.E. Leicester, Area 2,200 ac Fop. 645. .ATbihixtoh, two pas. of Engl.^-1. co. and 6 m. &M. Hraeford. Area 650 ac Pop. 55.— IX. co. mats, ^ m. W. Andover. ' Ac 1,630, Pop. 246. e Thbtbbboh, a pa. of EBgl., co. York, W. Eid- iijg, SJ m. N.E. Botherhaai. Ac. 1,290, P. 314. ■ Thdevtb, a comm. & rakt. town of France, dep. Ard&jhe, cap. cant., arr. Largentiere. P. 2,141. Thdiit, a townof Belgium, prov, Bainaut, cap. cant., on the Sambre,9.]n: S.W. Charleroi. Pop. (1842) 4,123. It has manufe. of woollens & Imens. Thdib, acomm,^* town of France, dep. E. Pyre- nees, cap^caat., Sm, SiW.PerpigBan, Pop. 2,310. Thdlaim, a vill. of Belgium, prov. HamaAit, with a station on the Pajlstind Brussels railway, 2} m. E.N.E. Quievrain. Fop. 1,600. Trbm, a town of Saxony, circ. and 20 ra. S.E. Zwickau. Fop. 2,095. It has manufs. of laee. .< Tavmii a town of Switzerland, cant, and 16 m. S.S.E. Bern, on the Aar, 1 m. W.NlW, the lake of Thun. Pop. 5,000. It is highly picturesque, has a venerable chnreb, and a feud£J/ castle 700 years old, -a town hall, and manufa. of sillc stnffe. Being the principal starfjng plkce for travellers in the ObeDland, it is thronged in simuaer with Visitors. — The Lake of Thun is 10 miles in length, average breadta 2 miles. Heigbtabove the sea- 1,896 feet. It is traversed by the river Aar fi-omLake BHenz, & at its W. end receives the Simmen. Shores near Thun are covered with villas and gardens, further ,E. th^' are pre- cipitous, & strikingly picturesque. Two steamk boats ply on it daily. OnitsS.W. side are the mountains of StocUiom and Niesen. a Thdndsb-Bat, an inlet of Lake Huron, ondts "W. side. — Thunder Mountain, On the N. shoreof Lake Superior, is a "black rock," 1,200 ft. abov^ the lake, perpendicular in its full height. Thdndebidge, a pa, of Engl., co. Hertford, 2 m. N.E. Ware. Area 2,110 ac. Pop. 535. Thundeesley, a pa. of Engl., co: Essex, 21 m. S.W. Kayleighi ' Area 2,610 ac Pop. 596. Thub, a river of Switzerland, cants. St Gall^ ThuTgan, and Ziirich, after a N. and W. course of 70 m., joins the Khine, 7i m. S.S.W. SchaiiF- hausen. Affls. the Sitter and Murg. Thubcaston, a pa. of Engl., < co. Leicester, 3i m. S.W. Mount Sorrell. Area 2,960 ac. Pop. 1,230, chiefly employed in framework-knitting. It has an endowed school. Latimer, bishopi of Worcester, was born here in 1470. o ThtjeS and Thdbet, two comms. and vills.tOf France. — I. dep. Vienne, arrond. Chatelleraidti Pop. 1,663. — II. depi Puy-de-D6me, arrond. and 9 m. N.E. Kiom. i Pop. 2,100. Thfbsabtok, two pas. of; Engl. — I. CO: Nor- folk, 4J m. S.S. W. Cromer. Area 890 ac Pop. 247. — II. CO. and 9J m. N.E. Nottingham, on the Midland cos. railway. Area 2,770 ac. Pop. 365. Thueqah, or Thdeqcvia, a canton of Switze»4 land, in its N.E. part, having N. the Xake of Constance, TJntersee, and Bhine, separating it from I Baden, and ^on other sides the cants. St/ Gall, Ziirich, and SchafFhausen. Area 270 sqjm.- Pop. (1837) 84,124j of whom4-5ths were Protest- ants. Sumoe undulating and fertile. Prin- cipal rivers the Thur, Sitter, and Murg. Agri-. culture is the chief occupation of the inhabitants:' Nearly l-3d of the population is partially enJ' gaged in cotton and finen spinning and weaving.- Principal towns, Frauenfeld, the (iap., Bisehofsd zell, Arbonj and Stekborn. ' ' Thdrgoland, a township of Engl., co. York, W. Biding, pa, SiUtstone, 4 m, S.W. Bamesley. Pop. 1,833. Thubia, an ancient city of Grfeece, Moreajthe remains of which, now called Palseooastro, gOW- Messenia, 5 m. N.W. Kalamata, comprise con- siderable traces of cyolopean architecture. Tbdbingian FoBESTfGerm. Thuringer-wald)/ a mountain range of Central Germany, in tbeo Saxon duchies, extends irom the FrankenwaM) N.W. for 50 m. It is clothed with pine woods. .8 THDBtASTOH, a pa. of England, co. Leicester, 6 m. E.N.E. Hinckley, Area 2,980 ac. Pop. 694. Thublbv, two pas, of England, co, Lincoln. — L 8 m. S.W, Lincoln. Ac. 2,420. P. 154.— II. 5 m. N.N.W. Market-Deeping. Ac. 5,070. P. 699, THDBI.EBEBE, 3, pa, ofEugland^ 00. Somersetj 3J m. S.E. Taunton. Area 9fi0 ac Fop. 194. THU 1278 TIB Thoblbish, a pa. of England, co. and 6 m N. Bedford. Area 3,480 ac. Pop. 617. Thubles, a market town and pa. of Ireland, Mnnster, co. and 21 m. N.E. Tipperary, on the Sair, and on the Great S. and W. railway. Area of pa. 8,269 ao. Pop. 10,284 ; do. of town, 7,523. It has a Koman Catholic chapel, the ruins of sev. ecclesiastical & castellated edifices, a Roman Catholic & episcopal palace, college & school, 2 nunneries, a court-house, bridewell, barracks, 2 branch banks, and an extensive retail trade. Thdblestone, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 4} m. W.S.W. Kingsbridge. Area 2,390 ac. Pop. 437. Thublow, two pas. of Engl., co. Suffolk. — I. irer limits of the snow line is higher on the N. than on the S. slope of the Himalaya, being estimated at 16,000 to 18,000 feet above the sea level Nearly aU the great rivers of S. Asia rise inthis conntiy : Hie Indus, Sntleje, Brahmaputra, Ganges, and Jumna, origiiiate around the region of lat. 31° N., Ion. 81° E. Numerous affls. of the. Ganges break through the Himalaya eilso, from W. Tibet. From E. Tibet, which seems to be a maze of mountains. Sow the Irrawadi, Menam, & Menam-koDg, & here are also some head streams ofthe Yang-tze-kiang, or great river of China. In the W. half are several lakes of considerable size. The land in W. Tibet, so far as has been discovered, is very bare of trees, or large veget- able prodacts ; yet it abounds with game, & other wild animals, and numerous flocks of sheep and goats, the hairy wool of which is used for the manuf. of shawls and other fine fabrics in Cash- mere. Barley, pease, and wheat, are the chief crops raised; garden vegetables and fruits are in little variety, and the inhabitants live more by pastoral than agricultoral pursuits. The yak [toi jrumdeus), and several other kinds of cattle, are reared; horses, moles, and sheep are used as beasts of burden. A fine race of dogs, and the mnsk deer, a small species, are natives of Tibet. Clay-slate, granite, quartz, and limestone, are chief constituents of the mountain ranges ; borax in great quantity, nitre, rock-salt, lead, silver, copper, gold, turquoise, and lapis-lazuli, are amongst the minwal products ; but the great scarcity of fuel forms a serious obstacle to min- ing and the reduction of metals. Manufs. of woollens, sacking, and other woven fabrics, are pretty general, and much cloth is sent from Lassa into China. The traffic through Tibet is exten- sive, and mostly monopolised by the government and ofScers of state. The trade with China is conducted at Lassa and Sin-ning, a town of the Chinese prov. Kan-sn, where the Tibetan cara- vans excjiange the native produce and Indian goods for tea, silver bullion, brocades, fruits, tobacco, quicksilver, cinnabar, furs, porcelain, musical instruments, pearls, and coraL Nepaul & Bootan derive all their Chinese goods through Tibet; and from the former and Bengal, English and Indian piece goods, sugar, tobacco, indigo, p^per, rice, spices, sandal-wood, and gums, are received ; from Assam, silk, iron, and stick lac ; fi-om Chinese Turkestan, horses and camels; from Ladakh, dried fruite, shawls, gamboge, saffron, copper, tobacco, and timber. The roads and bridges are far inferior to those of China. Tibet, which became subordinate to China in 1648, is politically divided into B., or Hither, and W., or Ulterior Tibet, eath ruled by a minister from Fe-king, in coqjunction with the eccleslasi- tical heads of the country, the Dalai-lama, at Lassa, the £. cap., and the Bantchin-erdeni, at Teshoo-Lombo, the W. capital. Tibet is the head quarters of Buddhism, which here exists in greatest jjurity. The country abounds with tem- ples, and it is stated that 84,000 lamas, or priests, are supported at the expense of the government. Amongst the inhabitants there are believed to be about 8,000 Rom. Catholics. The Chinese armed force consists of 60,000 men, of whom 50,000 are infantry. The pop., like the otherinhabs. ofthe table land of Central Asia, are of the Mongolian race. Besides Lassa and Teshoo-Lombo, the chief towns are Shigatze, Jiga-Gounggar, Natan, &c., of which we know little except the names. Tibet (Litti-e), Central Asia. [Lauakh.] TiBi, a town of Spain, prov. & 16 m. N.W. Ali- cante, on 1. b. of the river Ibi. Pop. 1,677. TrBOHiNE, or Taughboyne, a pa., Irel., Con- naught, CO. Boscommon, with the vills. French- park and Loughglynn. Area 44,092 ac. P. 17,804. TiBSHELF, a pa, of England, co. Derby, 3J m. N.N.E. Alfreton. Area 2,280 ac. Pop. 791. TiBUBON, an island in the Gulf of California. Lat. 29° N., Ion. 112° 26' W. Length 30 m. ; greatest breadth 20 m. Near its N. shore is a pearl bank. — II. a marit. town of Hayti, at its S.W. extremity,38 m. W.N.W. Cayes.— Cape Ti- buron is a headland, adjacent to the latter town. TiccABT, a town of British India, presid. Ben- gal, prov. dist. and 60 m. W.S.W. Bahar. TiOEHUBST, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, beauti- fully situated, 3 m. E.S.E, Wadhurst. Area 7,280 ac. Pop. 2,465. TicuBOUBNE, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 2J m. S.W. New Alresford. Area 3,060 ac. Pop. 340. TicHFiELD (with Cboftoh), a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., CO. Hants, 2| m. W. Fareham, on a small stream flowing into Southampton-water; with which it communicates by a navigable canal, at the mouth of which is a small roadstead.' Area of pa. 16,960 ac. Pop. 4,030. The town has a spacious church, formerly a part of an abbey in which Henry ti. espoused Margaret of Anjou. Market, Saturday. Close to the town are the ruins of Tichfield-house, in which Charles I. was concealed after his escape from Hampton- court in 1647. Tichfield gives the title of mar- quis to the Duke of Portland. TiCHMABSH, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, li m. E.N.E. Thrapston. Area 4,480 ac. P. 905. TicHviN, a town of Russia. [Tikhvik.] TioiNETTO, a market town of Piedmont, prov. and 6 m. S.E. Casale. Pop. of comm. 1,117. TiciNO, or Tessih, the most S. canton of Switzerland, on the Italian side of the Alps, which separate it from the cantons Uri and Gri- Bons ; having S. & E. Austrian Italy, Grisons, & the Val di Misocco, & S. & W. Piedmont, Area 1,037 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 113,923, all Koman Caths., & mostly speaking Italian. It is wholly drained by the Ticino and its tributaries. Its S. part comprises the larger portion of the Lake of Lugano, with the N. extremity of Lago Maggiore. Climate & products similar to those of N. Italy. Princip. crops, wheat, maize, rye, chesnuts, wine, and silk; cheese, calves, sheep, and hogs, are exported. Timber is plentiful, but of little com- mercial value. Manufs. insignificant; transit trade between Italy & Switzerland considerable. The inhabitants emigrate to neighbouring coun- tries, to the number of 10,000 annually. Govern- ment vested in a legislative council of 114 mem- bers, and an executive council of 9 members. Principal towns, Belinzona the cap., Lugano TIC 1280 TIG Locarno, and Faido. Ticino formed part of the ancient duchy of Milan; it holds the 18th place in the Swiss Confederation. Ticino, or Tbssin, a river of Switzerland and Piedmont, rises on the S. declivity of Mount St Gothard, flows S.E., and having traversed Lago Maggiore, & subsequently formed the boundary between Lombardy & the Sardinian dom. (Pied- mont), joins the Po on 1., Si m. S.S.E. Pavia. Total course 125 m. ; it is navigable from Lago JMaggiore. In its lower part it forms many isls., and supplies the canal Naviglio-grande. TioKENOOTE, a pa. of Engl., oo. Rutland, 9 m. E. Oakham. Area 2,410 ae. Pop. 111. TicKENHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 9 m. W.S.W. Bristol. Area 1,640 ac. Pop. 423. TicKHiLL, a pa. and formerly a mkt. town of England, co. York, W. Riding, 4J m. W. Bawtry. Area 6,470 sq. m. Pop. 2,040. The town has the remains of a castle. The church is spacious. TicKMAOBEVAN, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, oo. Antrim, comprising the town of Glenarm. Area 20,607 ac. Pop. 4,443. TicKNAH, a pa. of England, co. and 8i m. S. Derby. Area 1,770 ac. Pop. 1,271. TioONBEBOOA, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, on Lake Champlain, 87 m. N. Albany. Pop. 2,169. Near the vill. are the ruins of Fort- Ticonderoga, celeb, in the revolutionary wars. Tioni, a town of Yucatan, 44 m. S. Merida. It is large, and interspersed with gardens. It has a fine square, in which is a domed church, a convent, and manufs. of earthenwares and of hats for exportation. Most of its inhabs. are mestizos. Near it are the ruins and extensive mounds and sepulchral caverns of Ichmul. TiDCOMBE, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 5J m. N.N.E. Ludgershall. Area 3,390 ao. Pop. 226. TiDENHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Gloucester, 14 TO. S.S.W. Newnham. Area 6,360 ao. Pop. 1,443. TiDESWELL, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. and 29 m. N.N.W. Derby. Area 10,950 ac. Pop. 3,043. It has a large and handsome church, ■Wesleyan and Roman Catholic chapels, a free grammar school, and numerous other schools. TiDMABSH, a pa. of England, co. Berks, 6 m. ■VV.N.W. Reading. Area 800 ac. Pop. 146. TiDMiNGTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Worcester, IJ m. S. Shipston-on-Stour. Area 820 ac. Pop. 70. TiDOB, or TinoBB, an isl. of the Asiatic Archi- pelago, belonging to the Dutch, W. the island Gilolo, and S. of Ternate, from which it is sepa- rated by a channel affording good anchorage. Lat. 0° 40' N., Ion. 127° 25' E. Circumference 18 m. Surface mountainous, with an active volcano ; densely wooded, and productive in spices. In- habitants Mohammedans. It was discovered by Magalhaens (Magellan), & successively belonged to the Spaniards, Portuguese, and Dutch. TiDWOBTH, two pas. of England. — I. (North), CO. Wilts, 2 m. W.S.W. Ludgershall. Area 3,120 ac. Pop. 417. Here is Chidbury-camp, with a causeway, numer. barrows, excavations, & other antiquities of Brit, origin. — II. {South), co. Hants, 7} m. W.N.W. Andover. Ac. 2,170. Pop. 264. TiEDBA-YiEJA, a town of Spain, prov. VaJla- dolid, 9 m. N.E. Toro. Pop. 1,696. TiEFENBBONH, a vill. of Badcn, circ. Middle Rhine, 7 m. S.E. Pforzheim. Pop. 860. Gall, the founder of phrenology, was born here in 1758. TiEFHABTMAHNSDOBF, a manufacturing vill. of Prussian Silesia, 21 m. S.W. Liegnitz. P. 1,350. TiEOENHOF, a mkt. town of W. Prussia, reg. and 22 m. S.E. Danzig, on the Tiege. P. 2,070. TiEHBLO (Ei.), a town of Spain, prov. Avila, on the Alberche river. Pop. 1,373. Tien, a prefixed name of many towns of China, mostly in the S. provs. ; the principal— 2Ve?i-pe, prov. Quang-tong, on the coast of the China Sea, 74 m. N.E. Loui-tchou, lat. 21° 29' N., Ion. 111° 17' E., and having a spacious though shallow harbour, defended by several forts. Tibne, a market town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 12 m. N.N.W. Vicenza. Pop. of dist. 8,800. It has manufs. of woollen cloths, hats, and linens. TiEN-TsiN, a large commercial city of China, prov. Chi-li, and the port of Peking, from which cap. it is nearly 70 m. S.E., at the confl. of the Yuen-ling and the Peking river. It is a great entrepdt for salt ; it also imports grain, woollen stuffs, and furs, in large quantities. TiEBMAS, Therms, a town of Sp^n, prov. and 65 m. N. Zaragoza, on the Aragon, wiUi numer- ous hot springs — whence its name. TiERBA Atistbai, DEL Espibxtu-Santo, an isl., Pacific Ocean, the largest and most W. of the New Hebrides. [Hebbidbs (New).] Tiebba-Bomba, an isl. in the Caribbean Sea, off the N.W. coast of Colombia, protects the harb. of Carthagena, from which city it is 10 miles W. Tieeea del Fueoo ("the land of fire"^, the most S. region of S. America, consisting of three large isls., — King Charles's, South-land, Clarence Island, and the Land of Desolation, separated from S. Fatagoma by the Strait of Magellan, — and Hoste, Navarin, Dawson, and numerous smaller isls., the whole between lat. 52° and 66' S., and Ion. 65° and 75° W. Its E. part is level, and in some places pretty well wooded ; its W. is rugged, and some peaks rise to 4,000 ft. in height, comprising several volcanoes (whence the name). Birch and evergreens are the chief trees ; slate and hornblende the principal mineral products ; foxes and guanacoes the most common animals. The inhabs., who live by fishing and huntmg, are among the lowest in the scale of human beings. ' TiEsi, a vill. of the isl. Sardinia, div. and 16 m. S.S.E. Sassari, near the Turritano. Pop. 2,737. TiBTE, or Anhembt, a river of Brazil, prov. San Paulo, after a W. course of 600 m., joins the Parana near lat. 20° 45' S., Ion. 52° W. Princip. affls., the Pipira, Piracicaba, and Jundiahy. Its navigation is obstructed by numerous cataracts. TiETZ, a town of W. Prussia, reg. Marien- werder, 15 m. S.W. Dentsch-Krone. Pop. 1,000. Tifesh, a town of Algeria, prov. and 70 m. E. Constantino, on the Hamise. TiFFAUGES, a comm. and town of France, dep. Vendue, on the Sevre-Nantaise, 10 m. E.N.E. Mortagne. Pop. 916. TiFFiBLD, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 2 m. N. Towcester. Area 2,530 ac. Pop. 146. Tiffin, two tnshps., U. S., N. Amer. ; the principal in Ohio, Adam's co. Pop. 1,540. — A vill., Ohio, on the Sandusky, 82 m. N. Columbus, TiFLis, the cap. city of Georgia. [Teflis.] TiQEB Island, an inlet in the Canton river, China, N. Tycocktow isl., in the Boca-Tigris. It is situated on a lofty and conspicuous rock, on which is a formidable battery. TieiL, or TioHiLSK, a fortified town of Eamt- ehatka, near its W. coast, on the Tighil, near its mouth, in the Gulf of Penjinsk. Lat. 68° 1' N., Ion. 158° 15' E. TiGLioLE, a market town of N. Italy, Pied- mont, div. Alessandria, prov. and 6 m. W.S.W. Asti. Pop. of comm. 2,469. TigbE, one of the three principal states of Abyssinia, between lat. 11° and 17° 30' N.,and Ion. S7° and 41° E., having N.E. the Danakil country, S.W. Amhara, and on other sides va- rious Galla territories. Surface mostly mntnous. ; TIG 1281 T 1 .M and here are the sources of the Taoazze and Mareb rivers. Piincip. towns Antalo, Axnm, Sir^, Adowah, and Dixam. The chief outlet for its produce is Arldko, on the Red Sea. [Abyssinia.] —II. (or Piffuena), a river of S. Amer., Ecuador, joins the Amazon, 40 m. W. the influx of the Ijcayale, after a S.E. course of 350 m. Tigris, a river of Asiatic Turkey, pashs. Diar- bekir, Mosul, and Bagdad, rises near Argau- Maden, flows S.E., and at Korna joins the Euphrates to form the Shat-ul-Arab. Total course eslamated at 1,150 in. ; its distance from the Euphrates varies from 18 to 95 m., the re- gion between them being the anc. Mesopotamia. At Mosul it is 100 yards across, and between Bagdad and Korna averages 200 yards in width. The nuns of Nineveh, Seleucia, Ctesiphon, &c., are on its banks. Princip. affluents the Great & Little Zab, Khabnr, and Diala, all fi-om the N.E. It brings down vast quantities of deposit, and in the upper part of its course especially it is very rapid, but it is stated to be navigable for vessels drawing 4 feet water, from the Shat-ul-Arab to the ruins of Opis, 50 m. N. of Bagdad. Ti-HOA, a city, Chinese Turkestan. [Urdmtsi.] TijABAFE, a town on the N. coast of the isl. Palmas (Canaries). Pop. 2,216. TiJOLA, a market town of Spain, prov. and 27 m N. Almeria, with a celebrated fair. P. 4,920. Tiran-Teppeh, a village of N. Persia, prov. Azerbijan, 15 m. S.W. Takhti-Soleiman, and the nsnal halting-place for caravans going between Tabriz and Hamadan. Neai' it are some anc. excavations. TiitHVESH,atown, Europ. Turkey, Macedonia, . on an affl. of the Vardar, 65 m. N.W. Salonica. TiKHTOs, a town of Russia, gov. Novgorod, on the Tikhvina, 108 m. N.E. Novgorod. Pop. 3,600.— The Canal of Tikhvin, 105 m. in length, unites the Tikhvina and Sias with the Mologa and Volga, and thus connects Lake Ladoga and the Baltic with the Caspian Sea. TiKu, a town on S.W. coast of Sumatra. Off it are the Tikn islands, a wooded group, on which the English and Dutch formerly had settlements. Tit-A'FAE, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 35 W. Mosul, between the Tigris & Khabur rivers. It consists of four divisions, placed on as many limestone hills, rising to about 200 feet above the adjacent plain, and intersected by a large rivulet. One of its quarters is enclosed by mined walls, and the whole comprises about 1,000 stone houses, of which 700 are inhabited. Pop. mostly Arab and Kurd Mohammedans, en- gaged in rural indnstry, and the manuf. of coarse cotton and woollen fabrics. TiLASAVi, or Lisca-Neba, one of the Lifabi Islands. TiLBEOoK, a pa. of England, co. Bedford, 13 m. N.E. Bedford^ Area 2,530 ac. Pop. 319. TitBCEO, a town of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, cap. cant, 14 m. E.S.E. Breda. Pop. ' (1841) 13,.348. It has extensive mannfs. of wool- len goods, and breweries. TiLBCBT, three pas. of England, oo. Essex. — J. (Juxta Clare), 3 m, S. Clare. Area 970 ao. ' Pop. 276.— II. {East), 14 ra. E.S.E. Komford, on a creek of the Thames. Area 1,440 ac. Pop. 311. At this place the emperor Claudius is sup- 'posed to have crossed the Thames in pursuit of the Britons.— III. ( Weet), adjoining East Tilbury. Area 2,120 ac. Pop. 616. In eariy Saxon times it was an episcopal see. Here are some traces of the camp formed by Queen Elizabeth in 1588. ' —TiVmry Fort, on rt. b. of the Thames, op- ^posite Gravesend, is a large brick fortification, enclosed by a moat in a marshy tract, which may be wholly laid under water. It was originally erected by Henry viii. Tildesley-oum-Shakeelt, a tnshp. of Engl. 00. Lancashire, pa. Leigh, 7 m. E.N.E. Newton- in-Makerfield. Pop. 4,718. TiiEHUEST, a pa. of Engl., co. Berks, 2j m. W. Reading. Area 5,400 ac. Pop. 2,147. TiLESwoETiT, a pa. of Engl., co. Bedford, 3* m. W.N.W. Dunstable. Area 1,510 ao. Pop, 311. Till, a river of Engl., co. Northumberland, rises S. the Cheviot hills, flows N., and joins the Tweed 4J m. N.E. Coldstream. Course SO m. Affls. the Beamish and Beaumont from the W. TiLLANCHONo, One of the Nicobar islands. TiLLicouLTET, a pa. of Scotland, co. Clack- mannan, on the Devon, 4 m. N.E. Alloa. Area upwards of 6,000 ac. Pop. 3,213, of whom 2,141 are in the vill., which has a neat church, branch- banks, and manufs. of shawls and plaidings. Near it are remains of a Druidic circle. TilliI:ees, a comm. and mkt, town of France, dep. Eure, on the Avre, 6 m. E. Verneuil. Pop. 1,304 — II, a comm. & vill., dep. Maine-et-Loire, 9 m. S.W. Beauprean. Pop. 1,467. TiLLiNGHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 18 m. E.S.E. Chelmsford. Area 3,760 ao. Pop. 1,106. TiLtiNGTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 1 m. W.N.W. Petworth. Area 4,080 ac. Pop. 949. Tilly, several comms. and vills. of France, the principal, T. sur-Seulles, dep. Calvados, cap. cant., 12 m. W. Caen. Pop. 1,174. TiLMANSTONE, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 4 m. W.S.W. Deal. Area 1,100 ac. Pop. 445. TiLNEY, three pas. of Engl., co. Norfolk. — I. (All Saints), 4 m. W.S.W. Lynn-Regis. Area 2,020 ac. Pop. 441.— II. (St Zawrence), 5 m. S.W. Lynn. Ac. 2,520. P. 762. — III. {with Islington),4:m.W.S.'W.I,ynn. Ac. 2,010. P. 251. TiLSHEAD, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 14 m. N.N.W. Salisbury. Area 3,990 ac. Pop. 426. Tilsit, a town of E. Prussia, reg. Gumbinnen, cap. circ, on 1. b. of the Niemen or Memel, here joined by the Tilse, and crossed by a bridge of boats, 60 m. N.E. Kc)nig«berg. Pop. (1846) 13,800. It has a gymnasium, and manufs. of woollen cloth, hosiery, arms, leather, and hard- ware. It exports corn, timber, hemp, and flax. A treaty between France, Russia, and Prussia, was signed here 7th July 1807. TiLsTON, a pa. of England, co. and 12^ m. S.S.E. Chester. Area 3,570 ac. Pop. 923. TiLTON-oN-THE-HiLL, a pa. of Eugl., CO. and 10,^ m. E.N.E. Leicester. Ac. 2,950. Pop. 408. TiLTT, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 3 m. S.S.W. Thaxted. Area 1,040 ac. Pop. 96. Tim, a town of Russia, gov. and 38 m. E. Koursk, cap. circ, on the Tim, an affluent of the Sosna. Pop. 2,000. — II. a river of Siberia, govs. Yeniseisk and Tomsk, joins the Obe near Timsk, 90 m. N.W. Narim. Course W.ward 260 m. TiMAN Mountains. [TJeal,] TiMANA, a town of S. America, New Granada, dep. Cundinamarca, prov. and 82 m. S.S.W. Neyva, cap. dist., on the Upper Magdalena. TiMBERLAND, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 8 m. N.N.E. Sleaford. Ac, 9,190. Fop. 1,649. TiMBEnsooMBE, a pa, of Engl,, co, Somerset, 8 m, W,S,W, Dunster. Ac, 1,530. Pop. 476. TiMBo, a town of W. Africa, Senegambia, cap, state Futa-Jallon, in lat, 10° 30' N., Ion. 10° 30' W. It has a large mosque and several forts. TiMBDCTOO, or ToMBUOTOo, a town of Central Africa, Soudan, near the border of the Desert Sahara, 8 m. N, the Joliba (Niger), lat, 17° 10' N., Ion. 2° W. (?). Pop. 12,000 (?), principally 4 M TIM 1282 TIN Negroes, with some Moors. It is a very poor town, in a wretched country, situated amid burn- ing and moving sands, on the verge of a morass. The walled enclosure, about 3 m. in circumfer- ence, contains some brick houses, but most of the dwellings are mere circular huts or wigwams of straw and earth. Among its mosques are 2 with towers and walls about 15 feet in height. Provisions have to be brought from Jenn^, on the Niger, about 300 m. S.W. ; and the sole im- portance of Timbuctoo is due to its being an en- trepotfor the trade between Guinea, Senegambia, and N. Africa. Caravans from Marocco and the other Barbary states here exchange dates, European manufs., fire-arms, gunpowder, coral, tobacco, and paper, for slaves, gold dust, salt, ostrich feathers, gums, and palm oil. It was twice taken and held by the Moors, but is now governed by a native chieftain. TiMEKYCOTTA, a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 70 m. W. Guntoor, on the south bank of the river Kistnah, a cataract of which here enters a basin lined with numerous Hindoo temples. TiMOK, Timacus, a river of European Turkey, forms part of the boundary between Bulgaria & Servia, and joins the Danube 18 m. N.N.W. Wi- din, after a N.E. course of 100 m. — II. a town of Servia, 43 ra. N.W. Nissa. TiMOLEAQUE, a decayed market town and pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Cork, on Courtmack- sherry Bay, 7 m. S.S.W. Bandon. Area of pa. 2,873 ac. Pop. 1,686 ; do. of town 635. It has a neat church and remains of an abbey. TiuoB, an island of the Malay Archipelago, between lat. 8° and 10° 20' S., & Ion. 123° 30' & 127° E., separated from N.W. Australia by the Timor Sea. Length 30'0 m. ; breadth iO to 70 m. Estimated area 8,800, sq. m. It appears to be very populous ; in the interior the inhabitants are mostly of the Papuan Negro race ; on the coast, Malays, with an intermixture of Dutch and Portuguese settlers. It is traversed in its length by a mountain chain, partly covered with forests ; in the interior are some fertile plains, where wheat and other products, not common in the Archipelago, are raised. Around the coasts every spot of ground, admitting of cultivation, appears to be occupied, and the country is covered with dwellings & plantations. Principal exports are sandal-wood sent to China, bees'- wax to Java, and cattle, horses, maize, and sago, to the Australian colonies, Mauritius, and Singa- pore, in return for muskets, gunpowder, hard- wares, calicoes, and other British manufactures, which constitute the chief imports, besides rice, arrack, and other native produce from Java and Macassar. British ships frequently visit Timor, chiefly homeward-bound whalers, as also Dutch ships and native vessels. Sago is the chief ar- ticle of food ; millet, maize, yams, sweet potatoes, anil cotton, are raised; gold, copper, and rock salt are met with, but no mines are wrought. Pearls are fished off the S.W. extremity of the island. The Dutch possess the settlement of Coepang in the S.W., which is a free port. Dilh, on the N.W. coast, is a settlement belong- ing to the Portuguese, and is surrounded by a very fertile territory, but unhealthy for Euro- peans. In these settlements the natives are said to be Christians ; in the interior the great majority are idolaters. Timob-Laut, an island of the Malay Archi- pelago, between lat. 7° 10' and 8° 30' S., Ion. 131° & 131° 10' E., 260 m. E. Timor. Length 90 m. Surface mountainous and wooded. TiMPEiii,T, a township of England, co. Ches- ter, pa. Bowden, on the Altringham and Man- chester railway, 1 m. N.E. Altringham. P. 947. TiMSBUBT, two pas. of England — I. co. So- merset, 8 m. W.S.W. Bath. Area 1,170 ac. Pop. 1,666.-11. CO. Hants, 2 m. N.W. Komsey. Area 1,360 ac. Pop. 223. TiMwoETH, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, i m. N. St Edmund's Bury. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 212. TiNCHBBBAi, a comm. and town of France, dep. Orne, cap. cant., 13 m. N.N.W. Domiront. Pop. 1,916. It has a tribunal of commerce, and manufs. of paper and jewellery. Here, in 1106, Henry i. of England finally defeated his brother Robert of Normandy. TiNDAiE-WAED, the largest of the six wards of the CO. Northumberland, England, in the W. of the CO., bordering Durham and Cumberland, and separated N. from Scotland by the Cheviot Hills. Area 514,660 ac. Pop. 44,233. Its centre and E. parts are highly cultivated ; elsewhere it con- sists chiefly of mountainous wilds, rich in mine- rals. It is traversed by the Tyne and its afflu- ents, the great Roman wall, and the Newcastle and Carlisle railway, and it contains many small lakes, and the towns Hexham, Haltwhistle, Allen- dale, Bellingham, Corbridge, and Stamfordham. TiNDABO (Cape), a headland off the N. coast of Sicily, intend. Messina, in the Gulf of Patti, 4 m. E.N.E. Patti. Near it are remains of Uie ancient Tyndaris. TiNDFiEiD, a mountain range of Norway, lat. 60° N., Ion. 8° E., 4371 feet in height. At its S.E. foot is the Tind-soe, a narrow lake, 18 m. in length ; at the N. end of which is the vill. Tind. TiNEHELT, a market town of Ireland, Leinster, CO. Wicklow, 6^ m. S.W. Aughrim. Pop. 640. Since its destruction, in 1798, it has been rebuilt by Earl Fitzwilliam, whose seat, Coolattin Park, is in the vicinity. TiNGEWicK, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, 3 m. W.S.W. Buckingham. Area 2,290 ac. Pop. 911. TiNO-HAE, the cap. city of the island Chusan, off the E. coast of China, prov. Che-kiang, near the S. coast of the island, 70 m. E.N.E. Ning-po, lat. 30° 0' 1' N., Ion. 122° 6' E. It is enclosed by a stone wall, entered by four double gates, sur- rounded by a ditch, and connected by a canal & narrow causeway with its harbour, J m. distant. Streets narrow and irregular, flagged, clean, and well drained ; houses mostly of one story ; shops well supplied, and the silversmiths and tailors of the town enjoy some repute. Chief edifice, a fine Buddhic temple, and outside of the walls are several barracks, formerly in occupation by Bri- tish troops. The harbour is sheltered by nume- rous islets, and has deep water, but it is difficult of approach. Neighbouring rice grounds and swamps render the city very unhealthy to Euro- peans. It was taken by the British in 1840. TiNOKiTH, a pa. of England, co. Bedford, 4J m. E.S.E. Woburn. Area 840 ac. Pop. 158. TiNGWALi, Whiteness, and Weesdale, a united pa. of Scotl., comprising a part of Shet- land Mainland, with the vill. Scalloway, & theisls. Oxnor, Trousa, Hildessie, and Linga. P. 2,957. TiNiAN, Pacific O., one of the Marianhe Isls. TiNicuM, a township of the U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, 37 m. N. Philadelphia. P. 1,770. TiNiscHT, a town of Bohemia, cire. and about 11 m. S.E. Koniggratz. Pop. 1,688. TiNKtEXON, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 6 J m. E.N.E. Dorchester. Area 1,490 ac. Pop. 187. TiNNEVELLV, a maritime dist. of British In- dia, presid. Madras, at the S. exti-emity of the Indian peninsula, having N. and N.W. the dist. TIN 1283 TIP Madura, W. Travancore, and elsewhere the Gulf of Manaar separating it ft-om Ceylon. Area 6,590 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 860,891. Surface mostly level, interspersed with small hills; fer- tile, especially in the N. and on the river banks ; in the S., sandy and partly covered by palms. Climate more equable than in many parts of In- dia, owing to local peculiarities, and rain falls in both monsoons. Kice and cotton are the prin- cipal products in the lowlands, dry g-rains are raised on tlie hills. The dist. is assessed on the village system. Land rev. (1837) 166,043/. ; total revenue 234,095Z. Some cottons, muslins, silks, and iron, are mannfectured, and nitre is export- ed. The inhabitants appear more prosperous than in many adjacent dists. ; nearly all are Hin- doos, and Hindoo customs are here strictly preserved. Principal towns, Palamcottah, the chief seat of trade, Tinnevelly, and Manapoor. —II. a town in this dist., immediately N.W. Pa- lamcottah, and 88 m. S.S. W. Madura. It is un- healthy from surrounding rice grounds. Tujos, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 10 m. N.E. Syra, and forming, with Andros and some islets, a gov. of the Cyclades. Area 87 sq. m. Fop. 15,800. Surface well watered. Chief products, silk, wine, barley, fruits, honey, live stock, and marble. Principal towns, St Nicolo, Panormos, and Oxomeria. TiNSLEY, a chapelry of England, co. York, W. Hiding, pa. & 2} m. S.W. Kotherham. Pop. 512. TiHTA, a small town of S. Peru, dep. and 60 m. S.E. CuKco, cap. prov., on the Upper Umbamba. TisTAGEL and Bossinev, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, on its N. coast, 5 m. N.W. Camelford. Area 3,960 ac. Pop. 1,185. Tintagel is the re- puted birth-place of King Arthur, and remains of a castle, bearing his name, still exist here. TiKTEsiAC, a comm. and market town of France, dep. lUe-et-Vilaine, cap. cant., 16 m. N.N.W. Rennes. Pop. 2,000. TiHTBBN Abbey, a celebrated ruin in England, CO. Monmouth, on the W. bank of the Wye, 45 m. N. Chepstow. The abbey was founded by the Cistertian monks in 1131. Tihteen, or Kinseagh, a pa. of Ireland, Lein- ster, CO. Wexford, 3 m. N. Fethard. Area 6,863 ac. Pop. 2,680. Here are remains of an abbey. Tihteene-Pabva, a pa. of England, co. Mon- mouth, 5 m. N. Chepstow. Ac. 650. Pop. 375. TiNTiNHHL, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 2J m. S.W. Ilchester. Area 2,440 ac. Pop. 553. TiHio, " The Hill of Fire^ a mountain of Scotland, co. Lanark, at the head of Clydesdale, and between the pas. Carmichael, Wiston, and Symington. Height 2,316 feet above the sea. TiNTwisTiiE, a chapelry of Engl., co. Chester, pa. Mottram, 9 m. E.N.E. Stockport. Pop. 1,744. The Manchester and Sheffield railway is here carried through a tunnel 3 m. in length, TiswAtD, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 6 m.W.S.W. Dumfries, comprising a part of the burgh Loch- maben. Area about 15 sq. m. Pop. 1,085. TiNWELt, a pa. of Engl., co. Rutland, lOJ m. E.N.E. Uppingham. Area 2,140 ac. Pop. 218. TitEEN, an island of Sweden, laen and 20 m. N.W. Gothenburg, in the Kattegat. Length and breadth about 10 m. each. Shores greatly in- dented, and its fishery is important. Surface mostly in pasturage ; and on it are 3 villages. Tioga, a riv. of the U. S., N. Amor,, Pennsyl- vania & New York, flows N. & E. & joins the Sus- quehanna, 10 m. N. Towanda. Affluents the Con- hocton and Canisteo. Total course 90 m., for the last 45 m. of which it is navigable ; and at New- town, the Tioga and the Susquehanna navigation are connected by a canal with Seneca Lake aud the Grand Erie canal. TiOQA, two COS. and tnships., U. S., N. Amer. — I. a CO., New York, in its S. part, on the Sus- quehanna; cap. Owego. Area 490 sq.m. Pop. 20,527. — II. a township in tliis co., on the river Tioga. Pop. 2,464.-111. a co. Pennsylvania, in its N. part, on the Tioga and Susquehanna rivs. Area 1,200 sq. m. Pop. 15,498.— IV. a township, same co. Pop. 791. TiOKALiNSK, a town of Siberia, gov. Tobolsk. 80 m. N.W. Omsk. TiOTOE, an island of Norway, dist. Nordland, in the Atlantic, immed. S.W. tile island Alven. TiPEEAH, or TipPEitAH, a dist. of British India, presid. Bengal, beyond the Brahmaputra, having E.ward an independent Khyen territory, and enclosed elsewhere by the dists. Dacca, Myminsing, Sylhet, & Chittagong. Area 6,830 sq. m. Pop. 1,372,260. Products, cotton, rice, betel-nut, and salt. A very superior breed of elephants roam in the dense forests here. Coarse cotton goods are manufactured, and many were formerly exported. Land rev. (1839-40) 102,380/. ; total rev. 109,380/. ; expenditure 20,043/. Prm- cipal towns Odeypoor, and Agirtola. TiPiTAPA, a river of Central Amer., state Nicaragua, by which the Lalce of Leon discharges its surplus waters into the Lake of Nicaragua, Length 16 to 20 m., for the latter 12 of which it is from 3 to 18 feet deep, and navigable, but in the early part of its course its navig. is impeded by falls, one of which is neai* the vill, of Tipitapa. Tippah, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in N.E. of Mississippi. Area 1,000 sq. m. Pop. 9,444. TippEBAKY, an inland co. of Irel., Munster, extending along nearly the whole W. boundary of Leinster, and King's, Queen's, and Kilkenny COS. ; having N. and N.W. the Shannon & Lough Derg separating it fi:om Connaught, co. Galway, and the co. Clare; and on other sides the cos. Limerick, Cork, and Waterford. Area 1,669 sq. m.; or 1,061,730 acres, of which 843,887 are estimated to be arable, 23,779 in plantations, 178,183 uncultivated, and 13,523 under water. Inhabited houses 66,384. Pop. 435,563. On the S. it is separated from Waterford co. by the Knockmeledown mntns. and the river Suir, whicn traverses the centre of its lower two-thirds ; its N. third is separated from the rest of the co. by the Devil's-bit and other mountains. This por- tion contains a part of the great Bog of Allen ; elsewhere the soil is of extraordinary fertility, yielding large crops of wheat, oats, and potatoes. Agriculture has improved of late, but farms are generally small, and the pop. is very much de- pressed, and has long had a reputation for tur- bulence. Grazing is important ; large quantities of butter and other dairy produce, with cattle, are exported. Coal, copper, and lead are met with, and slates near Killaloe. The woollen trade of Carrick is now nearly extinct; prin- cipal exports ai-e the rural produce. The 00. is divided into N. and S. ridings, 12 baronies, and 193 pas., in the dioceses of Cashel, Emly, Killaloe, and Lismore. Princip. towns Tipperary, Clonmel, Nenagh, Cashel, Templemore, Thurles, Clogheen, and Carrick-on-Suir. It is intersected by the Great S. and W. railway, and several branches. It sends 2 members to House of Commons. Reg. electors (1849) \,in .— Tippe- rary, the cap. town, is on the Arra, an affluent of the Suir, and on the Limerick and Waterford railway, 25 m. S.E. Limerick. Pop. 7,370. It is beautifully situated in an undulating and fer- tile tract, and is well built and thriving. It has TIP 1284 TIT a large and handsome church, a spacious Roman Catholic chapel, sessions-house, bridewell, work- house, hospital, barracks, and large endowed school, and an active retail trade. TiPSA, or TiBESA, a town of Algeria, prov. and 115 m. E.S.E. Constantine, on the Serratt. TiPXON, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, on the Birmingham and Liverpool canal, which has here many branches, 8 m. W.N.W. Birmingham. Area .8,020 ao. Pop. 18,891, engaged in coal and iron mines, iron forges, rolling and slitting mills, engine, soap, and red lead factories. It has a new and handsome church, numerous dissenting chapels, and schools ; and at Tipton-Green, one of its largest vills., are extensive wharfs. — Tip- tree is a namlet, co. Essex, pa. Great Braxted, 3 m. E. Witham, and formerly having a priory of Black-canons. TiBA, or Shah-Jehanpoor, a town and fort of the Punjab, British India, on the Beas, 76 m. N.N.E. Loodianah. Pop. about 5,000. TiBAJANA, a town of the Canary Isls., on the S. coast of the island Gran Canaria. Pop. 3,656. TiRAN, a small island in the Red Sea, off the Arabian coast, at the entrance of the Gulf of Akabah. Lat. 27° 55' 2' N., Ion. 34° 34' E. Tirana, or Tebban, a town of Europ. Turkey, Albania, sanj. Scutari, on the Jacon, 12 m. S.S. W. Kroya. Pop. 10,000. Outside of the walls is a fort, the residence of a pasha. The vicinity pro- duces large quantities of corn, wine, and olives. TiHASPOL, a fortified town of Russia, gov. Kherson, cap. circ, on 1. b. of the Dniester, 53 m. N.'W. Odessa. Pop. 5,100 About J m. distant is a fort, commanding the passage of the river. TiBEE, one of the Inner Hebrides, Scotland, CO. Argyle, of which it is the most W. portion, 20 m. W.N.W. lona. Length 12 m. ; breadth varies to 6 m. Pop. 4,391. Shores greatly indented ; surface low, having a mean height of 20 ft. above the sea ; and it is quite destitute of wood. It contains numerous small lakes, and a plain of 1,360 ac. of rich pasture land in its centre. Bar- ley, oiits, and potatoes are raised, but agricul- ture is in the most backward condition. Cattle rearing, fishing, and the export of poultry & eggs, are the chief resources of the pop.— JYVec and Coll, including the intermediate islet Gunna, form a parish. Pop. 5,833. TiBEH, or Tykia, Asia Minor. [Tvria.] TiREHBOU) Tripolis, a marit. town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 50 m. W. Trebizond, on the Black Sea, about 3 m. W. the mouth of the Khar- shoot, or Tirehboli-su. It has a ruined castle, several mosques, a bath, and a Greek church. — The IHrehboli-su, a deep and rapid river which passes W.N.W.ward by Gumish-khaneh, has, at its mouth, some silver and copper mines (ancient Argyria), which werfe highly productive until ruined by the influx orwater about 40 years ago. TiKoosHYi, a town of Walachia, on the Chyl or Sohyl, a tributary of the Danube, 54 m. N.W. Krajova. — THrgu-fornws is a small town of Mol- davia, 30 m. N.W. Jassy. TiRHEE, or OoROHA, a rajahship of India, Bundelcund, under British protection. Area 2,160 sq. m. Pop. 192,000. Annual rev. 100,000^. Armed force, 4,000 infantry, and 1,200 cavalry. Principal town, Oorcha. TiRHOOT, a dist; of British India, presid. Ben- gal, between lat. 26° and 27° N., Ion. 84° and 86° E., having E. the dist. Purneah, S. Bhaugulpoor and the Ganges, which separates it from Bahar and Patna, W. Sarun, from which it is partly divided by the river Gunduck, and N. Nepaul. Estim. area 10,236 sq. m. Pop. about 1,660,000, of whom 1,447,000 are Hindoos. Surface fertile, and richly wooded ; in the N. are dense forests. Climate generally favourable to Europeans. This dist. is one of the principal in India for the culture of indigo, and the production of nitre and soda from the soil. Rice, wheat, oats, barley, maize, millet, flax, sugar cane, hemp, cotton, aromatic plants, and great quantities of fruit, are raised. Cotton cloths, combs, rope, sacking, woollen fabrics, and earthenwares, are manufactured. Principal towns, Dartungleh and Mozufferpoor. TiRiiEMONT (Flem. Thienen), a town of Bel- gium, prov. S. Brabant, arrond. and 12 m. S.E. Louvain, on railway from Malines to Liege. Pop. (1842) 8,976. It has manufs. of woollen cloths, hosiery, oil, soap, and paper. It was taken by the French in 1635, in 1792, and in 1794, and its fortificatious were dismantled in 1804. TiRLET, a pa. of Engl., co. Gloucester, on the Severn, here crossed by a bridge, 4{ m. S.W. Tewkesbury. Area 1,850 ac. Pop. 650. TiRMEZ, or Tfbmuz, a town of Central Asia, Bokhara, on the Oxus, 30 m. N. Balkh. TiRNOVA, Tirnava, or Tebnova, a town of European Turkey, Bulgaria, on the Jantra, a tributary of the Danube, 85 m. S.E. Sistova. Pop. 8,000. It is enclosed by a wall and trench ; has numerous mosques, churches, & synagogues ; and is the see of a Greek bishop. Tirol, a prov. of Austria. [Tirol.] TiESCHENREUTH, a towu of Bavaria, circ. Upper PaJat., cap. dist., on the Nab, 15 m. S. Eger. P. 2,300. It has manufs. of woollen cloths. TiRSCHTiEGEL, Or Trziel, a town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 42 m. W. Posen. Pop. 1,376. TiRTNs, or TiRYNTHUs, a ruined city of Greece, Morea ; its remains, 2 m. S.E. Argos, comprise fine specimens of Cyclopean architecture. TisBUBV, a tushp., IJ. S., N. Amer., Massa- chusetts, 23 m. S.E. New Bedford. Pop. 1,520. TisOHNowiTz, a town of Moravia, circ. & 15 m. N.W. Briinn, on the Schwarza. Pop. 1,600. Tisheet, a town of Central Africa, Sahara, about lat. 18° 15' N., Ion. 8° 40' W. Near it are mines of salt; and it is an important caravan station between N. Africa and Nigritia. TisMANA, a towu of Little 'Walachia, 20 m. W.N.W. Tirgoshyl. TissiNGTOs, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, 4 m. N. Ashbourne. Area 2,310 ac. Pop. 427, partly employed in cotton manufactures. TisTEB, two pas. of Engl., co. Hants. — I. (East)} 41 m. S.S.W. Alton. Ac. 4,290. P. 220.— IL {West), 7i m. S.S.W. Alton. Ac. 2,970. P. 252. TiTCHBORNE, and TiTCHFIELD. [TiCllBOUKNE TiCHFIELD.] TiTCHWELL, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 5 m. W.N.W. Burnham-Westgate. Ac. 1,500. P. 166. TiTHOREA, a ruined city of Greece. [Velitza.J TiTiCAOA (Lake), the most elevated, and one of the largest lakes of S. America, forming a part of the boundary between S. Peru & Bolivia, in a wide valley of the Andes, between lat. 16° 12' & 16° 20' S., & Ion. 68° 36' & 70° 2' W. Estimated area 2,226 geog. sq. ra. Elev. of surface above the ocean 12,846 ft. ; depth in some places 120 fathoms. Shape very irregular ; it has several extensive bays, enclosed by projecting peninsulas. On its W. shore are the towns Puno and Chucuito. It receives several small rivs., & discharges its sur- plus waters S.ward by the river Desaguadero. It contains many small mntnous. isls., on one of which, named Titicaca, toward its S. extrem., the last Inoa dynasty is said to have had its origin. TiTiRini, a town of S. Amer., New Granada, dep. Cundinamarca, prov. and 40 m. S.S.E. An- TIT 1285 TOB tioquia, on an afH. of the Magdalena, nearly 4,000 feet above the level of the ocean. TiTLET, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 3} m. N.E. Kington. Area 2,030 ac. Pop. 31)3. Tito (El), a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, dist. and 7 m. S.W. Poteuza. Pop. 3,400. TiTSCHEiN (Neu), Moravia. [Neu-titsohein.] TiTSET, a pa. of Bngl., co. Surrey, 4 m. E.N.E. Godstone. Area 2,490 ac. Pop. 20o. TiTTEL, a vill. of Hungary, co. Bacs, near the confl. of the Theiss with the Danube, 18 m. E. Peterwardein. Pop. 2,840. It is a steam-boat station, and has ship-building docks, magazines, and arsenals. TrrrERi, a marshy lake of Algeria, 80 m. S.S.W. Algiers, and traversed by the river Shel- liff. It gave name to a prov. now comprised in that of Algiers. Trm-ESHALL, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 6 m. S.S.W. Fakenham. Area 2,960 ac. P. 607. TiTTLis, one of the Swiss Alps, on the limits of the cants. Bern, Unterwalden, and Uri, 18 m. K.E. the Wetterhom, 10,613 feet above the sea. TiTTMONiSG, a town of Upper Bavaria, cap. dist, 8 m. S.S.W. Burghansen. Pop. 1,200. TroMEN", or Toumen, a town of Siberia, gov. and 120 m. S.W. Tobolsk, on both sides of the Thura, here crossed by a floating bridge. Pop. from 10,000 to 12,000. It is the most pleasant & prosperous town in W. Siberia. Streets regular, and it has numerous churches, a public school, and upwards of 100 factories of Russia leather, woolleu fabrics, and soap ; and around it much coarse carpeting, and carriages, mats & wooden articles are made. Standing at the junction of several great routes, it has an active export trade in tallow and bristles into Russia, and of Russian and other goods to the Kirghis territory and Bok- hara. It is also a depot for the commerce be- tween Russia and China. TrvEBTOH, a pari, and mnnic. bor., town, and pa. of England, co. Devon, on both sides of the Exe and Loman, at their confl., and on the Bris- tol & Exeter railway, 13J m. N.N.E. Exeter. Area of bor. and pa. 16,790 ac. Pop. 10,040. The to?ra has the finest church in the co., after Exeter cathedral, with a tower 116 feet in height ; the remains of a castle, forming a conspicuous object ; a magnificent chapel, founded in the 16th cent. ; a grammar school, the rev. of which supports 6 ■tudents at the nniversities, sends one to Baliol college, Oxford, and has two exhibitions of 30?. a-year each ; other grammar & endowed schools, various almshouses, & other charities, aggregate ann. rev. 2,600f. ; a town-hall, market-house, corn mkt,, theatre, assembly, & readingrooms. Manuf. of lace employs many hands, and there is a small manuf. of woollens. Tiverton is connected with the Tone, Taunton, &c., by a navigable canal. Corp. rev. (1848) 1,624/. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 442.— II. a township, CO, Chester, pa. Bnnbury, IJ m. S.W. Tarporley. Area 1,930 ac. Pop. 687. TivEKTON, a township, U. S., N. Amer., Rhode Island, on Narraganset and Mount Hope bays, 13 m. N.E. Newport, & connected with Rhode Island by a stone bridge 1,000 ft. in length. Pop. 3,183, mainly employed in fisheries. TivisA, a town of Spain, prov. & 26 m.W. Tar- ragona. Pop. 3,000. TiTOLi, Tibur, a town of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., coraarca and 18 m. E.N.E. Rome, on 1. b. of the Teverone, or Anio, which here forms a fine cascade of 80 ft. Pop. 6,200. The town is situated on the slope of Monte Bipoli, in a picturesque & beautiful situation, but it is dirty and ill-built, and unhealthy. It has a cathedral and convents, and in the court yard of an inu, on a rock over- hanging the river, are the celebrated remains of a circular temple of the Tibertine sybil, or of Vesta. Around Tivoli are the remains of several aqueducts, & of numerous Roman villas, amongst which is that of Cassius; and adjacent to the town are the vestiges of a vast palate built by Hadrian, which has contributed numerous anti- quities to the Vatican. TixALL, a pa. of England, co. and 3^ m. E.S.E. Staff'ord. Area 2,330 ac. Pop. 209. It has a handsome Roman Catholic chapel. Tixcoco, an Indian town of Yucatan, 20 m. S.E. Jlerida, with a large church. TixovEB, a pa. of England, co. Rutland, 7 J m. E. Uppingham. Area 1,080 ac. Pop. 102. T:z, or Teez, a town or village of Beloochistan, prov. Mekran, on the E. side of the lay of Chur- bar, 130 m. S.W. Kedje. TtACOTALPAN, and Tlaliscotan, two vills. of the Mexican Confed., dep. Vera Cruz ; the for- mer 50 m. S.E., & the latter 50 m. S. Vera Cruz. Tlapa, a town of the Mexican Confed., dep. La Puebla, on the Topez, 60 m. N.N.E. its mouth in the Pacific. Pop. mostly engaged in raising cotton and sugar. — Tlapuxahua is a min- ing town, dep. Mechoacan, 50 m. E. Valladolid. Tlascala, a town of the Mexican Confed., dep. and 10 m. N. La Puebla. When the Spaniards took possession of the country it was a place of great size and importance. Pop. now 4,000. Tlemecen, or Tlemsen, a town of Algeria, prov. and 50 m. S.W. Oran. It is enclosed by walls, and divided into 4 separate quarters ; has a citadel, several large mosques, and manufs. of woollen and cotton stufis. In its vicinity are numerous orchards, and remains of antiquity. — The Gulf of Tlemsen, 20 m. N.W.ward, is an inlet of the Mediterranean, opposite Cape Gata (An- dalucia), and 35 m. in width at its entrance. Ttos, a ruined city of Asia^Minor, Anatolia, in its S. part, the remains of which are 16 m. S.E. Makri. Tmolus (MouKT),(Turk. KiziljahMasa Tagh), a mntn. range of Asia-Minor, 20 m. S.E. Smyrna, extending E.ward for about 70 m., separating the basins of the rivers Kodus and Little-Mendere (anc. Sermus and Cayster). It is crossed by several routes, and has on its summit a plaiii of fine pasturage, interspersed with large trees. Tmutabakan, a fortified maritime town of S. Russia, gov. Caucasus, on the island Taman, at the E. side of the Strait of Enikale, Black Sea, 13 m. S. Enikale. Though small, it has an active export trade in salt, wax, honey, wool, skins, and manuf. goods brought from the interior of Russia. ToA (Alto and BAXA),two vills. of Cuba, near Bayarao ; the first with 3,000, and the other with 2,000 inhabitants. ToAK, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash. & 120 m. N. Bagdad, on an affluent of the Tigris. It has a Mohammedan tomb resorted to by devotees. ToBAEKA, a town of Spain, prov. and 33 m. S.S.E. Albaoete, with remains of fortifications, and trade in fruit. Pop. 6,490. Tobago, a British W. India island, Windward group, lat. of Melville rocks, 11° 25' N., and Ion. 60° 32' W., 24 m. N.E. Trinidad. Area 57,408 ac. Pop. (1842) 13,208. Surface mountainous and broken, and cultivation is mostly limited to the low coast lands in its S. half. The high grounds are covered with dense forests, the nar- row valleys choked with vegetation, and the isl. is beyond the range of hurricanes, but it is ex- tremely unhealthy to Europeans, though other- TOB 1286 TOD wise to Negroes. In 1842, the imports into the United kingdom from this colony amounted in value to 82,6642., and the exports thither to 22,525/., of which British and Irish produce amounted to 19,8512. Government vested in a governor, council of 9 memhers, and house of assembly of 16 memhers. The island is divided into 9 pas. Chief town, Scarborough, on the S. coast. Public rev. (1845) 8,5282. Tobago was ceded to Great Britain by France in 1763. ToBBEB, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Dublin, IJ m. N.E. Dunlavin. Area 1,423 ae. Pop. 676. — II. a vill., Munster, co. Tipperary, 2J m. S.W. Clonmel, near the Suir. Pop. 149.^111. a ham- let. King's CO., 3 m. N.W. Clare Tobbera- heena is a vill., Munster, oo. Tipperary, on the Suir, 2^ m. S.W. Clonmel. Pop. 453. ToBBEKcnRKV, a mkt. town of Ireland, Con- naught, CO. Sligo, on the road from Boyle to Bal- lina, 19 m. E.S.E. the latter. Pop. 783. ToBBEBMOBE, a Small town of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Londonderry, on the road from Dublin to Coleraine, 5 m. S.W. Magherafelt. Pop. 525. ToEERMORT, a Small seaport town of Scotland, CO. Argyle, on the N.E. coast of the island Mull, 8 m. N.N.W. Torosay. Pop. 1,390. It has a cus- tom-house, a land-locked harbour with 2 quays ; some boat-building, and general trade, steam and other communication with Skye, Lewis, Inver- ness, and the Clyde. It is the seat of a monthly judicial court, and the polling-place for the N. Argyleshi:'e Hebrides. ToBiTscHAU, a town of Moravia, circ. Olmiitz, on the March, 8 m. W.S.W. Prerau. Pop. 1,916. ToBOL, a river of Siberia, gov. Tobolsk, rises in the S. part of the Ural mountain chain, & after a N.E. course of 500 m. joins the Irtish near To- bolsk. Affls., the Ui, Mias, Tura, and Tavda, all from the W., and from the influx of the Ui down- wards it is navigable, throughout 3-4ths of its course. ToBOMK, the most W. gov. of Siberia, em- bracing all its width from the Kirghiz territory to the Arctic Ocean, between lat. 55° and 73° N., & Ion. 60° & 80° E., having W. the Ural mntns., and the govs. Perm and Orenburg, and E. the govs. Tomsk and Yeniseisk. Area estimated at 1,000,000 sq. m., and pop. at 685,000. Surface mountainous in the S. and W. ; elsewhere mostly level. It is watered by the Obe, and its large tributaries the Irtish, Ishim, Tobol, &c. N. of lat. 65° or 66° the whole country is a mere sterile moor, the soil of which is frozen during 9 months of the year. A wide forest region of firs & birch extends between lat. 65° and 58° ; S. of which is the most productive and populous portion of the gov. ; this being succeeded S.ward by the steppe of Ishim, a salt plain comprising that part of the old gov. Omsk, now included in Tobolsk. Bye, barley, oats, and buckwheat are produced, and with other necessaries are conveyed down the Obe and other rivers to the villages in the N., in return for large quantities of furs and skins, which are sent to the fair of Nijnii-Novgorod, and to the Kirghiz country & Kiachta, in return for Bokhara and Chinese products. Iron, cop- per, gold, silver, and platinum are raised in the Ural chain ; and at Tinmen, & some other places, are thriving leather, soap, woollen, and other fac- tories. Transit and general commerce is, how- ever, much more important than manufacturing industry. Pop. most thickly collected between Omsk and Tobolsk, in which tract is a succession of Tartar, Kirghiz, and Bussian vills., with the towns Ishim and Tinkalinsk. Other principal towns are Tinmen, Jalutorovsk, Petropanlovsk, Tara, Turinsk, Demiansk, Samarova, and Eere- zov, all on the Tobol, Obe, and their tributaries. Tobolsk, the cap. city of W. Siberia, and. of above gov., at the junction of the Irtish & Tobol rivers, lat. 58° 12' 39' N., and Ion. 68° 16' 39' E. Pop. (1835) 16,379. The city proper stands on the flat summit of a hill, is enclosed by a strong brick wall, and has externally a fine appearance. Streets regular, and mostly paved with wood. Principal buildings, a cathedral with 6 cupolas ; nearly 20 other churches, the archbishop's and governor's palaces, prison, public offices, and a monument to Termak, the founder of Kussiau influence in Siberia. Along the river are sub- urbs enclosed by a ditch and palisade, and inha- bited chiefly by Tartars. Climate so severe in winter that mercury is sometimes frozen. The city is, however, well supplied with provisions andmeans of public entertainment and education, and its society is stated to be of a superior order. Tobolsk was founded in 1587 ; it is the seat of the military governor and archbishop of W. Siberia, and of a civil governor. ToBOOAi-MANUjisl., Pacific O. [Society Isis.] Toboso, a decayed town, Spain, in La Mancha, 60 m. S.E. Toledo, celebrated in " Don Quixote." ToBOTNE, and Toby, two toivnships, U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania. — I. co. Perry. Pop. 1,442. — II. on the Clarion and Alleghany rivers, 15 m. N. Kittaning. Pop. 1^29. TocAKTiNS, a large river of Brazil, provs. Go- yaz and Pari, rises by many heads near Goyaz, lat. 16° S., Ion. 48° to 50° W. ; flows N., and near lat. 2° S. assumes the name of the Rio Pari, an estuary which joins the Atlantic E. that of the Amazon, and bounds the great island MaraJQ on the E. Total length 1,100 m. The Araguas„a river of equal size, and flowing in a similar direc- tion, joins it at San- Joao-das-duas-Barras, 300 m. from the island Marajo. TooAYMA, a small town of S. America, New Granada, on the Bogota river, 35 m. S.W. Bogota. Toooo, two market towns of Naples. — I. prov. Abruzzo-Citra, dist. and 17 m. S.W. Chieti, near the Pescara. Pop. 3,300.-11. prov. Principato- Ult., dist. and 17 m. N.W. Avellino. Pop. 1,300. TocB, TocciA, or TosA, a river of N. Italy, Piedmont, rises in the Alps near the Simplon, and after a S. course of SO m. enters Lago Mag- giore on its W. side, 3 m. E. Gravellona, where it receives the surplus waters of Lake Orta. Chief affl., the Anzasca. The bay of the lake which it enters is called the Qulfof Tom. Near Formazza it presents one of the finest series of cascades in the Alps, having an aggregate de- scent of 1,000 feet. TocKENBuRG, 3, Valley, Switz. [ToaGBNBUKO.J TocKHOLES, a township of Engl,, co. Lancas- ter, pa. and 2J m. S.S.W. Blackburn. Pop. 1,028. TooDYO, a river of S. Amer., Venezuela, dep. Caracas, rises E. Truxillo, flows N. and N.E., & enters the Caribbean Sea N. the Gulf of Triste. Total course 200 m., for the latter half of which it is navigable. Principal afiS., the Carora. Its banks are well wooded. — 11. a town on this river, near its source, 34 m. E.N.E. Truxillo. It has several churches and convents, a college, manufe. of woollen fabrics and leather, and a trade in. wheat, and wool of superior quality. Tod, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer., in S. of Kentucky. Area 610 sq. m. Pop. 9,991. ToDBBBE, a pa, of England, co, Dorset, 6 m. W.S.W. Shaftesbury. Area 620 ao. Pop. 138. ToDDBNHAM,apa. of Engl,, oo, Glo'ster, 3J m. S.W. Shipston-on-Stonr. Ao. 2,800. Pop, 474. ToDDiNGTON, a Small market town and pa. of TOD 1287 TOL Engl., CO. Bedford, 5 m. N.N. W. Dunstable. Area 6,S90ac. Pop. 2,224, extensively employed in the straw-plait manufacture. — II. a pa., oo. Glou- cester, 2i m. N.N.E.Winchcombe. Area 1,960 ac. Pop. 229. Here is Toddington Park. ToDi, Tttdertum, a town of Centrsd Italy, Pon- tif. sta., deleg. & 2i m. S. Perugia. Pop. 2,925. It is of high antiquity, and has Etruscan walls and a cathedral. Here, in 552, Narses defeated and killed the Gothic king Totila. ToDMOKDEN (with Wafsden), a market town and chapelry of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. and 8 m. N.N.E. Rochdale, on the Rochdale caual, and on the Manchester and Leeds railway. Pop. of chapelry 7,311, chiefly employed in cotton manufs. The town is in the picturesque valley of the Cal- der. On an eminence near its centre is an old and abandoned church. It has a new chapel, various dissenters* meeting-houses, and a mecha- nics' institute. Coal is abundant in its vicinity. Todos-os-Santos, Brazil. [Bahia.] ToDTNAn, a town of Baden, cire. Upper Rhine, on the Wiesen, i m. N.E. Schonau, 2,070 feet above the sea. Pop. 1,377. Todwick, a pa. of Engl., co. York, "W. Riding, 6| m. S.S.E. Rotherham. Ac. 1,860. Pop. 214. Toft, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Cambridge, 4 m. E.S.E. Caxton. Area 1,240 ae. Pop. 338. —II. {Next Newton), co. Lincoln, 4^ m. W.S.W. Market-Raisen. Area 850 ac. Pop. 71.— III. (MonAs), Norfolk, 10 m. S.W. Great Yarmouth. Area 1,550 ac. Pop. 339. The church has an elegant tower. ToFTES, or Tofthees, a pa. of Engl., co. Nor- folk, 2m. S.W. Fakenham. Ac. 1,140. Pop. 84. Torrs, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 6| m. N.S.W. Thetford. Area 3,200 ac. Pop. 182. It has an ancient church. ToGGESBUKG, the upper valley of the river Thur, Switzerland, cant. St Gall. Length 30 m. It embraces almost all the various features of Alpine scenery. ToGiA Islands, in the Malay Archipelago, are an extensive group of islets in the Gulf of To- minie, E. coast of Celebes. ToKA, a town of Hindostan, Nizam's dom., 25 m. S.W. Aumngabad, and a good deal resorted to by Hindoo pilgrims. ToKAT, a city of Asia-Minor, pash. and 58 m. N.W. Sivas, on the Yeshil-Irmak. Pop. estimated at 6,700 ■families, of which .5,000 are Turkish, 1,500 Armenian, and ISO Greek. It is sur- rounded on three sides by hills, and has exter- nally a handsome appearance, being interspersed with trees and orchards, but it is meanly built. Its commercial importance has of late greatly declined ; still it is a considerable dep6t for agri- cultural produce, & it has manufs. of silk fabrics and calico, dyeing works, and a large govern- ment establishment, at which is refined all the copper produced by the mines of Arghana Maa- den, near Diarbekir, and the annual average produce of which is 1,000 tons. Tokay, a town of N.E. Hungary, co. Zemplin, on Tt. b. of the Theiss, at the influx of the Bocfrog, 43 m. N.N.W. Debreczin. Pop. 5,712. It has a Roman Catholic cathedral, Lutheran, Reformed, and Greek-united churches, and Piarist and Ca- puchin convents. It is celebrated as being the entrepot for the famous Tokay wine, produced in the hilly tract called the Hegyalla, between the Bodrogand Hemad rivers. The wine of premier quality is bought up for the imperial cellars, and only the secondary and inferior growths are ex- ported. [Hegyalla.] Token-Bebseys, a group of islands in the Malay Archipelago, 40 m. W. Booton. Lat. 6° 5' S., Ion. 123° 56' E. ToKENHAM, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, Union of Cricklade, 2J m. S.W. Wootton-Basset. Area 850 ac. Pop. 263. Toledo, Toletum, a famous city of Spain, and its cap. under the Goths and Moors, now cap. prov. Toledo, in the centre of the Iberian penin- sula, on the Tagus, here crossed by two noble bridges, & by which it is nearly surrounded, 41 m, S.S.W. Madrid. Lat. 39° 52' 24" N., Ion. 4° 49' W. Pop. said to have amounted formerly to 200,000, was in 1845, 13,431 . It is situated on a rocky height, and has an excessive climate, very cold in winter, & hot in summer. It is surrounded by a Moorish wall, flanked by numerous towers, and has many steeples. Streets and squares are narrow, irre- gular, ill-paved, and dull. It is, however, clean, being supplied with plenty of cisterns. The cathedral of Toledo, the metropolitan church of Spain, founded in 587, is 404 feet in length, 204 ft. in width, with a lofty tower and spire. Many of its paintings have been transferred to the na- tional gallery at Madrid, and much of the wealth of the cathedral, in gold, silver, and jewels, has been applied to secular uses. The Alcazar, the former resid. both of Sloorish & Castilian mon- archs, is an extensive pile of three stories, sur- mounted by a balustrade. Outside of the city is a public walk, adorned with statues. Toledo has a university, 4 colleges, numerous hospitals and asylums, including two for foundlings & lunatics, a handsome town hall, and a mint. Toledo has long been famous for its manuf. of sword-blades ; and though it now employs only about 70 hands, great skill is still shown in tempering the blades. It has also manufs. of coarse woollens, paper, guitar strings, coarse glass, and leather. An amphitheatre and some walls of the ancient Tole- tum still attest its importance under the Romans. It was taken by the Goths in 467, and by the Moors in 714, and retained by the last till 1085, when it was permanently annexed to the crown of Castile. Between the 6th and 9th centuries, it was the seat of several general ecclesiastical councils. — Mountains of Toledo. [Spain.] Toledo, a vill. of the U. S., N. Amer., Ohio, on Maumee river, 134 m. N.N.W. Columbns. Pop. 1,222. Steam-boats ply to Detroit. Tolentino, a town of Central Italy, Pontif. sta., deleg. and 11 m. S.W. Macerata, on 1. b. of theChienti. Pop. 9,437. It has a cathedi'al, with memorials of its builders, the Visconti. Here in Feb. 1797, the Pope ceded by treaty the Romagna to the French republic, and in May 1815 Murat retired with his troops before the Austrians. ToLFA, a market town of Italy, Pontif. sta., deleg. and 10 m. N.E. Civita Vecchia. It has the most important alum works in Italy. ToLiNG, a town of Tibet, near the upper Sutleje, 18 m. S.E. Chaprung, & has a magnificent temple. ToLKEMiT, a town of W. Prussia, reg. and 37 m. E. Danzig, on the Frisehe Haff. Pop. 2,130. Tolland, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 3 m. N.N.E. Wiveliscombe. Area 920 ac. Pop. 124. —II. a 00. of the U. S., N. Amer., in the N. part of Connecticut. Area 337 sq. m. Pop. 17,970. III. a township, cap. above co., 18 m. E.N.E. Hartford. Pop. 1,566. TcftLAKD-RoYAL, a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, b m. E.S.E. Shaftesbury. Area 1,980 ac. Pop.54'8. ToLLEN,a lake & riv. of MeoUlenburgStrelitz ; the lake 6 m. in length, and the river leavmg it at Neu-Brandenburg and joining the Peene at Demmin after a N.W. course of 45 m. ToLLEB, two pas. of England, co. Dorset.—!. TOL 1288 TON (Fratum), 7} m. E.S.E. Beaminster. Area 730 ac. Pop. 67 II. IJPorcorum), 6 m. E.S.E. Bea- minster. Area 2,410 ac. Pop. 543. ToiLEKTON, a pa. of Engl., co. and 4 m. S.E. Nottin|;ham. Area 1,240 ac. Pop. 155. — II. a township, CO. & 10 m. N.N.W. York by railway, N. Riding, pa. Alne. Pop. 621. ToLLESBUKr, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 7 J m. E.N.E. Maldon. Area 4,640 ac Pop. 1,149. ToLLESHnNT, three pas. of England, co. Essex. —I. (Barcy), 5J m. E.N.E. JIaldon. Area 3,100 ac Pop. 733.— II. (Knights), 7 m. N.E. Maldon. Area 2,540 ac. Pop. 313.— III. (Major), 5 m. E.N.E. Maldon. Area 3,640 ac. Pop. 447. ToLLO, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo Cit., cap. cant., 7 m. N.N.W. Lanciano. Pop. 2,100. ToLMEzzo, a small town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 26 m. N.N.W. Udine, in the Alps, on the Tagliamento, 1,000 feet above the sea. Pop. 3,500. Its vicinity is perhaps the most rainy district in Europe, — the restdt of 30 years' ob- servation giving an annual fall of 100 inches. ToLNA, or TotNAD, a mkt. town of S. Hungary, cap. CO., on the Danube, 11 m. S.W. Kolocsa. Pop. 6,771, mostly Germans. It has royal tobacco warehouses and potash works. ToLOAB, the largest of the Salibabo islands, in the Malay Archip., between GUolo & Mindanao. Lat. 4° 28' N., Ion. 126° 65' E. Circuit about 80 m. Surface very varied, and it is populous and pretty well cultivated. ToLOMETA, Ptolemais, a maritime town of N. Africa, Barca, on the Mediterranean, 65 m. N.E. Bengazi. Its extensive remains of antiquity comprise portions of theatres, a temple, and se- pulchral grottoes. ToLOSA, Ituristi, a town of Spain, cap. prov. Guipuseoa, on the Oria and Arages, 15 m. S.W. San Sebastian. Pop. 4,718. It stands in a narrow defile, enclosedhya wall, entered by several gates, and has two squares (one used for a bull-ring), 2 parish churches, a town-hall, hospital, prison, several fountains, and 2 bridges. Manufs. of copper and earthenwares, woollen cloth, paper, hats, leather, and a large factory of arms. ToLOTCHiN, a market town of Russia, gov. and 43 m. N.W. Moghilev, on the Drutz. Pop. 3,000. ToLox, a town of Spain, prov. and 29 m. W. Malaga, at foot of the Sierra de Tolox. P. 2,151. ToLPUDDLE, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 7 m. E.N.E. Dorchester. Area 870 ac. Pop. 368. ToLTEN, a river of Chile, Araueania, flows from the Lake of Villarioa W. for 100 m., and enters the Pacific Ocean 60 m. N. Valdivia, TotO (Santiago de), a seaport town of Colum- bia, New Granada, dep. Magdalena, prov. and 66 m. S. Cartagena, on the Gulf of Morrosquillo. It has a good harbour, and its vicinity produces large quantities of corn, with dye-woods and the aromatic balsam of Tolfi. ToLucA, a small town of the Mexican confed., 40 m. S.W. of Mexico, near a volanic mountain. ToLVE, a mkt. town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, cap. cant., 12 m. E.N.E. Potenza. Pop. 3,800. ToLTiscoN, a town of Spain, prov. and 43 m. S.E. Granada, near the Oadiar. Pop. 2,400. ToLZ, a market tovfn of Upper Bavaria, cap. dist., on the Isar, 26 m. S. Munich. Pop. 3,092. It has manufs. of woollen cloth, and iron-forges. Tom, a river of Siberia, after a N.W. opurse of 400 m. joins the Obe 40 m. N.W. Tomsk. ToMANTouL, a vill. of Scotland, co. Banff, pa. Kirkmichael, 11 m. S.E. Grantown. Pop, 919. ToMAszow, two towns of Poland. — I. gov. Warsaw, on left bank of the Pilica, 20 m. S.S. W. Bawa. Pop. 6,000, It was founded only in 1822, but its advantageous position for com- merce has attracted to it many enterprising set- tlers ; and it has manufs. of woollen, linen, and cotton fabrics, and iron founderies.— II. gov. and 66 m. S.E. LubUn. Pop. 2,900. ToMBiGBEE, a river of U. S., N. Amer., rises in Missouri, flows S. into Alabama, and joins the Alabama river to form the Mobile, 35 m. above Mobile bay. Total course about 300 m., for most part of which it is navigable for steamers. Principal affluent the Black- Warrior. ToMBOCTOo, Central Africa. [Timbdctoo.] ToMELLOso, a town of Spain, prov. and 50 m, E.N.E. Ciudad-Real. Pop. 4,475. ToMFiNtocGH, a pa. of Ireland, Muuster, co. Clare, comprising the town of Newmarket-on- Fergus. Area 6,736 ac. Pop. 4,401. ToMGBANET, or ToMGEENi, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Clare, 7 m. N.N.W. Killaloe. Area 14,181 ac, including a part of Lough Derg. Fop. 6,113, of whom 371 are in the village. ToMiNA, a town of Bolivia, dep. and 50 m. E. Chuqnisaca, cap. prov., on the Guapey. ToMiNiE, or Goohokg-Tella (Gdlp of), a large bay on the E. side of the Island Celebes, Asiatic Archipelago. Tompkins, a co., U. S., N. Amer., in centre of New York. Area 580 sq. ra. Pop. 37,948.— II. a township. New York, 22 m. S.W. Delhi, on the New York and Erie railway. Pop. 2,036. ToMEEGAK, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, chiefly in CO. Cavan, comprising a part of the town Bal- lyconnel. Area 10,677 ac. Pop. 4,212. Tomsk, a gov. of W. Siberia, between lat. 49' and 61° N., and Ion. 75° and 90° E., having S. Chinese Turkestan and the Kirghiz territory, and on other sides the govs. Tobolsk & Yeniseisk. Pop. estimated at nearly a million. Principal rivers the Obe and Ishim ; in the S. it includes the larger part of the Lake Tenghiz (Balltash- nor) ; on the S.E. it extends to the Little Altai, in which part and in the district Barnaul are some important mining establishments Tomsk, the cap. city on the Tom, a tributary of the Obe, is in lat. 56° 29' 26' N., Ion. 84° 67' 57' E. Pop. in winter about 24,000, but in summer re- duced to 18,000, many of the pop. being then else- where engaged in gold-washings. Mean temp, of year31°.9; summer 60°.6 ; winter minus, 4°.8 Fahr. It is mostly built of wood, but has substantial public buildings, comprising a cathedral, tribunals, trea- sury, and fdr magazines, barracks, hospitals, and orphan asylum. It is the residence of the bishop of Tomsk and Yeniseisk, of a civil governor, and of the superintendent of the Altai mines ; its in- habitants carry on a brisk trade with the Gal- mucks and Ostiaks in cattle and furs. ToMTSL (Nev), a town of Prussian Poland, reg. & 33 m. W.S.W. Posen. Pop. 800— Alt-Tomysl is a contiguous village. Pop. 400. ToKARA, a mkt. town of the isl. Sardinia, div, Cagliari, cap. mand., 12 m. E. Busaohi. P. 2,265, ToNAwoNDA, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, eo. Erie, on the Niagara riv., at the influx of Tonawonda Creek, 10 m. N. Buffalo. Pop. 1,261. Tonbkidge,TonbridgeWells. [Tunbbidge.] ToNOo, a vill. of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. Ales- sandria, cap. mand., prov. and 14 m. S.W. Casale. ToNDELiA, or Bestiebos, a market town of Portugal, prov. Beira, 10 m. S.W.Viseu. P. 2,400. ToNDEBN, or ToNDEKE, a town of Denmark, duchy Schleswig, cap. anit., on the Wid-Aa, M, m. W.N.W. Flensburg. Pop. 6,500. It has manufs. of fringe, lace, & woollen & linen fabrics. ToNDi, a marit. town of British India, presid, Madras, dist. & 64 m, E, Madura, on Palk Strait, 1289 TOO Tone, a river of Eng^Und, oo. Somerset, rises S. Brendon-hill, flows S.E. and N.E., and joins the Parret about midway between Langport and Bridgewater. Coui-se 30 m., for the last 10 of which it is navigable Taunton is on its S. bank. ToNG, two pas. of England.—!, co. Kent, 6 m. ■W.N.W. Faversham. Area 1,600 ae. Pop. 212, —II. CO. Salop, 3h m. E.S.E. Shiffnal. Ac. 4,540. P. 666.— III. a tnshp., co. York, W. Riding, pa. Birstall, 4J m. E.S.E. Bradford. Pop. 2,515. ToNG, a prefixed name of the following cities and caps, of deps. in Cliina. — I. {T.-Chang) prov. Shan-tnng, cap. dep., on a river flowing into the G. of Chi-li, 55 m. S.W. Tsi-nan.— II. (r.-C%oio), prov. Chi-li, on the Pei-ho, 25 m. E.S.E. Peking. —III. (T.-Gin), prov. Kwi-chow. Lat. 27° 40' N., Ion. 108° 55' E.— IV. (Tchou), prov. Shen-si, on the Hoei-ho, 60m. N.E. Si-ngan.— V. ( Tchum), prov. Se-chuen, near its S. boundary and the lang-tze-kiang. It is important as a military post — Tong-ting-hou is a large lake, prov. Hou- pe, near the limit of Hou-nan. It receives seve- ral large rivers, and communicates at its N. ex- tremity with the Tang-tze-kiang. Tonga Islands, a group in the Pacific Ocean, composing a section of the Friendly Islands, lat. 20° S., Ion. 175° W., and comprising, at least, 150 islands ; the principal of which are — Tongataboo, Boscawen, and Keppel islands; Vavao, Hapai, and Eooa, with a pop. estimated at 18,500, united under one sovereignty. — Tongataboo, Tonga, or Amsterdam Island, is one of tihe most S. of these islands, and the residence of their sovereign, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 21° 4' S., Ion. 176° 28' W. Circuit upwards of 50 m. Estimated pop. 8,000. Surface low ; soil very fertile ; pro- ducts comprise yams, plantains, bananas, sugar cane, fine timber, coir, exported to New South Wales, and abundant supplies of hogs and other provisions adapted for shipping. The inhabs. have been mostly converted to Christianity by English missionaries, who retain important de- pots in the islands Principal towns, Moa and Naknalo. This island was discovered by Tasman in 1643. Tonge with Hauigh, a township of Engl., co. Lancashire, pa. Bolton, 1| m. E. Great Bolton. Pop. 2,627, employed in cotton mannfs. — II. a tnshp., same co., pa. Oldham-cum-Prestwick, 7^ m. N.E. Manchester. Pop. 2,423. ToHQHO, or Taungu, a town of the Burmese dom., prov. and 120 m. N. Pegu, on the Setang river, and near which are numerous temples. ToNGKOo Bav, or Ubmston Habbodb, an anchorage in the estuary of the Canton river, China, on its E. side, 6 m. N. the isl. Lantao, & between the island Tonkoo and the mainland. ToKOi-AHD, or ToNODELAND, a pa. of Scotland, stewartry and N.W. Kirkcudbright, on the Dee. Pop. 842. Here are remains of several old ec- clesiastical edifices, anc. encampments, & cairns. ToNGRES, a town of Belgium, prov. Limbourg, cap. cant., on the Jaar, 13 m. S.S.E. Hasselt. Pop. (1842) 6,180. It has breweries, tanneries, mannfs. of hats and chicory, and an active trade in hogs and com. It was ruined by Attila in his retreat from Chalons. Tongue, a marit. pa. of Scotland, co. Suther- land, with a vill., 8 m. S.W. Farr-Kirk. Area of pa, about 120 sq. m., mostly mountainous. Pop. 2,041, of whom 92 are in the vill. The pa. ex- tends for 10 m. along the N. coast, indented by the Kyle of Tongue, an inlet, S^ m. in length, & contams Ben-Hope and Moir mountains, with many mineral springs, and much fertile soil. ToNK, a town of Hindostan, dom. and 48 m S. Jeypoor, near the Banass. It stands in a hollow, and is protected by a stone wall. ToNNAT, two comms. and towns of France, dep. Charente-Inf., caps, of cantons.— I. {Bou- tonne), on the Boatonne, 26 m. S.E. La Rochelle. Pop. 1,416 — II. (Charcnte), on the Charente, 3 ni. E. Rochefort. Pop. 3,435. It has a port on the river for vessels of 600 tons. ToNNEiNs, a comm. and town of France, dep. Lot-et-Gai'onne, cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Ga- ronne, and on railway from Bordeaux to Cete, 10 m. S.E. Marmande. Pop. 4,468. It has a na- tional manuf. of tobacco, and manufs. of cordage. It is the birth-place of Madame Cottin. ToNNEEBE, a comm. and town of France, dep. Tonne, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Armangon, and on railway from Paris to Lyon, 19 m. E.N.E. Auxerre. Pop. 3,878. It has a communal college, a fine hospital with a monument to Margaret of Burgundy, queen of Sicily, and manufs. of agri- cultural implements, mill-works, & stained paper. ToNNiNGEN, a fortified town of Denmark, duchy & 29 m. W.S.W. Schleswig, on the Eyder, 11 m. from its mouth, in the N. Sea. Pop. 2,400. ToMQUiN, the most N. prov. of Anam, S.E. Asia, between lat. 19° and 23° N., and Ion. 102° and 108° 30' E., having N. the Chinese provs. Quang-tong, Quang-si, and Yun-nan, W. the Laos country, S. Cochin-China, and E. the Gulf of Tonquin. Area and pop. uncertain. Surface near the sea a rich alluvial plain, & the country appears to be watered by numerous rivers and of high fertility. Rice is the chief grain raised ; other products are sugar, cotton, spices, tea, in- digo, saffron, silk, gums, varnishes, the precious metals, and many of the other most valuable, articles of commerce. Elephants are numerous, and other wild animals are in great variety. The inhabitants are mostly Buddhists. Cachao, the cap., and Hean, on the Tonquin river, are the princip. towns known to Europeans, by whom the interior has not been explored. Tonquin was conquered by the Chinese in 1406, and by the Anamese in 1790. — The Gulf of Tonguin is an inlet of the China Sea, surrounded by Tonquin, the Chinese prov. Quang-tong, and the isl. Hai- nan. Length 300 m. ; average breadth 150 m. It receives the Tonquin and many other rivers, and contains numerous islands. ToNSBEBO, a seaport town of Norway, stift Aggershuus, on an inlet of the Christiania fiord, 47 m. S.W. Christiania. Pop. 2,200. It has tobacco factories, distilleries, a good harbour, and exports of timber and fish.— The Gulf of Tonsberg is an inlet of the Skager-rack, on the W. side of the Christiana fiord. ToNYN Islands, a small group in the Malay Archipelago, Strait of Macassar, W. Celebes. Lat. 5° 33' S., Ion. 118° 34' E. ToNTS (St), a market town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 15 m. N.AV. Dusseldorf. Pop. 2,725. TooBONAi, an island of the Pacific Ocean, lat. 23° 23' S., Ion. 149° 24' W., S. the Society Islands, and about 6 m. in circumference. It was dis- covered by Cook in 1777, and resorted to by the mutineers of the " Bounty " in 1789. TooM, or TooMVEBiG, a pa. of Ireland, Mun- ster, CO. and 6 m. N.W. Tipperary. Area 12,278 ao. Pop. 4,277. , ,, ^ TooMAVABBA, a vill. of Ireland, Munster, co. Tipperary, 7 m. E.S.E. Nenagh. Pop. 885. ToOMB, or TooME, a pa. of Irel., Leinster, co. Wexford,5Jm.S.W. Gorey. Ac. 6,979. P. 4,087. TooMBUDDBA, Or TooNGABUDDEA, a river of India, is formed by the junction of the Toonga 1 and Buddra, in Mysore, flows N. and E., & after TOO 1290 TOR a course of 400 m., joins the Kistnah, 15 m. N.E. Kuraool. Prinoipal affl., the Hindry from the S. In parts of its course it separates the presidency Madras from the Bombay presidency and terri- tory of the Nizam. ' TooMoooB, a town of S. India, Mysore, 70 m. N.N.E. Seringapatam. Toon, a town of Persia, prov. Tezd, 45 m. E.N.E. Tubbus. TooEAVAKAinA, a fortified town of S. India, Mysore, on an affl. of the Cavery, 60 m. N. Seringapatam. Tooting-Gbavenet, apa. of Engl., co. Surrey, 6J m. S.S.W. St Paul's, London. Area 680 ac. Pop. 2,810. It has many handsome residences. TopciiPFE, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Rid- ing, 6 m. S.S.W. Thirsk, on the Swale, & Great N. railway. Area 4,540 ac. Pop. 2,964. Here are the ruins of the " Maiden Bower," a former seat of the Percies, in which Charles i. was con- fined before his delivery to the Scots. TOPCBOFT, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 10 m. S.S.E. Norwich. Area 1,820 ac. Pop. 475. ToPESFiEi.D, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 6 m. S.S.W. Clare. Area 3,340 ac. Pop. 1,073. TopHANfi ("an arsenal"), a suburb of Con- stantinople, at the E. extremity of the peninsula N. of the Golden-horn, and immediately N.E. Galata. It comprises an arsenal and cannon foundry (whence its name), extensive artillery barracks, dock-yards for building caiques, a fine public fountain, and a quay which is the usual place of embarkation for Scutari. TopiNO, a river of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., joins the Tiber from the E., 7 m. S. Perugia. Course 30 m. past Foligno. ToPLiczA, or TopiiTZA, a river of Servia, joins the E. Morava, 10 m. N.E. the vlll. Toplicza.^ Topliha is a market town of Austrian Croatia, 9 m. S.S.E. Warasdin. Pop. 808. Here are hot springs and glass works. TopiiiTz, ToEPLiTZ, or Teplitz, a town and famous watering-place of Bohemia, on its N.W. frontier, circ. and 16 m. N.W. Leitmeritz, in a valley of the Erzg^birge. Stationary pop. 2,794 ; but in autumn it is often visited by 10,000 stran- gers. It is neatly built, and consists mostly of inns, lodging houses, and bathing establishments. Chief buildings, the town-house, and the mansion of Prince Clary, to whom the territory belongs. Prindpal bathing establishments are the Stadt- bad, Fiirstenbad, Fiirstlich, Frauen-Zimmerbad, and Herrnhaus, all in the Baade-platz or great square ; the first open gratuitously to the public ; the second comprising superior private baths ; and the last royal and dite baths, Toplitz being a place of resort for the highest personages in Germany. There are in all about 90 public bathing houses ; and in the suburb Schonau are the Steinbad, Templebad, Schangenbad, Neubad, &c., with buildings equal, if not superior, in ele- gance, to the town baths. The waters are saline ; temp, in Toplitz from 113° to 119°, in Schonau from 101° to 104° Fahr. Here are Austrian and Prussian military hospitals, a civil hospital, and one supported by Prince Clary, the grounds of whose chateau are open to the public ; here are also a theatre, and other appliances of a highly fashionable watering-place. [Tepl — Teplitz.] TopoLiAS, Copais, a lake of Greece, Hellas, gov. & in the centre of Boeotia, 5 m. E. Lebadea. Length in winter 16 m. ; greatest breadth 8 m., but in summer much of it is a mere reedy marsh. Height above the sea about 1,000 feet. At Skri- pu (ancient Orchomenus), on its W. side it re- ceives the river Gavrios (ancient Cephissua). It contains many islands, and it is still famous for its eels, large quantities of which are annually salted for exportation to Constantinople, &o. ToPOLT, ToPL, or ToPLA, a river of N. Hun- gary, after a S.S.E. course of 65 m., joins the Ondava, 13 m. S. Varano. ToPOLYA, a post vill. of Hungary, co. Baes, 8 m. N. Hegyes. Pop. 5,615. TopozEEO, a large lake of Russian Lapland, gov. Archangel, W. the White Sea. Length 50 m. ; breadth 8 m. It contains several islands. ToPKAK-KULAH, or KALEH, a town of Turkish Armenia, pash. and 75 m. E.S.E. Erzeroum. Pop. 200 Turkish and 100 Armenian families. TopsHAM, a seaport town and pa. of England, CO. Devon, on the E. bank of the Exe, at the head of its estuary and the confluence of the Clist, 4 m. S.E. Exeter, & N.W. Exmouth. Area ofpa. l,740ac. Pop.3,733. The town is pleasantly situated & has spacious wharves, quays, & bond- ing warehouses ; ship building, and manufs. of ropes and chain-cables. Steamers ply regularly to London. Near it is Powderham Castle, the seat of the Earl of Devon. TopSHAM, two townships of the TJ. S., N. America. — I. Maine, semi-cap. co. Lincoln, on the Androscoggin, opposite Brunswick, with which it is connected by a bridge, 26 m. S.W. Augusta. Pop. 1,833. It has ship-building docks, tanneries, fulling and corn mills. — II. Vermont, 22 m. S.E. Montpelier. Pop. 1,745. Toe, a petty seaport town of Arabia Petrsea, on the E. shore of the Gulf of Suez, lat. 28° 19' N., Ion. 33° 38' E., near the Tor mntns. It is a station where caravans supply themselves with water, and has an old fort, & a harbour sheltered by a coral bank, on which is a light-house. ToEA, a small town of Naples, prov. T. di La- voro, 24 m. N.E. Gaeta. Pop. 1,200.-11. a town of Spain, prov. Lerida, 10 m. S.S.W. Solsona. ToKAT Bat, New Zealand, is on the W. coast of Middle Island, lat. 43° 37' S., Ion. 169° 30' E. ToBBAY, a fine and highly picturesque bay of England, an inlet of the English Channel, on the E. coast of the co. Devon, between the head- lands Bob's-nose & Berry Head, the latter in lat. 50° 24' N., Ion. 3° 28' W. It forms a semicircular sweep, bounded by lime-stone and syenite cliffs, abounding in fine marble quarries, & containing some very curious caves. It is a general ren- dezvous for vessels during W. winds, and has important fisheries. On its N shore is Torquay, and on its W. side are Brixbam and Paington. Here William m. landed in England, 6th No- vember, 1688 II. a bay, on the S.E. coast of Nova Scotia, 13 m. W.S.W. Cape Canso. — III. a bay E. coast of Newfoundland, 8 m. N. St John's. ToRBOCK, a township of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Huyton, 3J m. S.S.W. Prescot. Pop. 740. Toe-Bet AN, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 4 m. W.S.W. Abbot-Newton. Area 1,450 ac. P. 264 Toecello, an isl. in the lagoon, N.E. Venice. It was a town, with cathedral and bishops, in the 7th century, but it decayed as Venice rose. It has an old Byzantine church, and a cathedral of the 11th century. Climate very unhealthy. ToEDA, a mkt. town of Transylvania, on 1. b. of the Aranyos, 19 m. S.S.E. Klausenburg. P. 7,000. ToEnEEA, a town of Spain, prov. and 40 m. N.E. Barcelona. Pop. 1,85G. ToEDESiLLAs, Turris SittcB, a town of Spain, prov. and 24 m. S.W. Valladolid, on the Douro. Pop. 2,319. ToBEB, a rajahship of India, Bundelcund, un- der British protection. Area 36 sq. m. Pop. 6,000. Armed force 376 men. TOR 1291 TOR ToBELiA, a town of Naples, prov. Principato- Ult, dist. and 3 m. N.W. San Angelo dei Lom- bardi. Pop. 3,000. ToBELLO (San Feud de), atown of Spain, prov. and 50 m. N.N.E. Barcelona. Pop. 1,734. It is enclosed by walls, & has manuf^. of woollen cloth. ToBGAC, a fortified town of Prussian Saxony, reg. Merseburg, cap. circ, on 1. b. of the Elbe, 70 m. S.S.W. Berlin. Pop. 6,425. It is enclosed by strong walls, and has manufs. of woollen cloth, hosiery, and leather. Frederick the Great took it after defeating the Austrians, 23d Nov., 1760. ToBioNi, or Thokigny, a town of France, dep. Manche, cap. cant., 9 m. S.E. St Lo. Pop. 2,051. ToBiTTO, a town of Naples, prov. Bari, dist. and 15 m. N.N.E. Altamura. Pop. 2,800. ToRJOK, a town of Russia. [Tobshok.] ToBKSEV, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 7 m. S.E. Gainsborough. Area 2,;!80 ac. Pop. 615. ToBMiBTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 4 m. S.E. Chipping-Sodbury. Area 2,820 ac. P. 462. ToBMES, a river of Spain, rises in the Santa Credos, flows N., past Alba-de-Tormes and Salamanca, and Joins the Douro on 1. Length 150 m. Many battles were fought on its banks between the French and Spaniards, 1808 to 1814. ToB-MoEHAM, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 8 m. E.N.E. Totness. Area 2,020 ac. P. 5,982. ToBNA, a market town of N. Hungary, cap. CO., 18 m. W.S.W. Kaschau. Pop. 2,190. ToBSEA, or ToKNEO, a river of Scandinavia, separates the Swedish and Russian dom., and enters the head of the Gulf of Bothnia at Tor- nea, after a S.S.E. course of 230 m. It is rapid, and in it is the fine cataract of Julhae. It gives name to the N. part of Swedish Lappmark. ToBNEA, a town of Finland, on the Tornea, at its month in the head of the Gulf of Bothnia, lat. 63° 50' 8' N., Ion. 24° 14' 0' E. Pop. 700. It has an active trade in stock-fish, rein-deer, skins, fbis, iron, planks, tar, butter, hemp, quills, and pickled salmon. Here, in 1736, the French aea- aemicians made measurements to ascertain the figure of the earth. Tornea was ceded with Fin- land to Russia in 1810. — Ofver-Tomea is a place on the Swedish side of the Tornea river, about 30 m. N.N.W. Tornea. ToBO, a town of Spain, prov. Zamora, on the Donro, 29 m. N.N.E. Salamanca. Pop. 6,897. It is enclosed by old walls, and has an old pa- lace or alcazar, and another, formerly belonging to the Dukes of Berwick, and manufs. of coaise woollen and linen cloths, brandy, and leather.— II. a market town of Naples, prov. Molise, dist. and 7 m. E.N.E. Campobasso. Pop. 2,400. ToBO, a small isl. of the Mediterranean, off the S.W. coast of the island Sardinia.— II. a river of Mongolia, E. Asia, joins the Nonni, on the frontier of Manchooria, after an E. course of 250 m.— III. (San Antonia di), a town of S. America, New Granada, near the Cauca, prov. Popayan, 22 m. S.S.W. Cartage— The Boca da Toro, or " Bull's Mouth," Central America, is one of the straits by which the lagoon of Chiriqui communicates with the Caribbean Sea. ToBOK, several market towns of Hungary.- I. (Becse), co. Torontal, on 1. bank of the Theiss, 47 m. S. Szegedin. Pop. 4,920.-11. (Kanisa), same co., on 1. b. of the Theiss, 16 m. S. Szegedin. —III. (Koppany), S.W. Hungary, co. Schumegh, 18 m. S.E. Lake Balaton.— IV. {St Mihloa), N. Hungary. [MiKtos.] . Toronto (formeriy Toek), the cap. city ot Upper Canada, Home dist., on the N. shore of Lake Ontario, between the Humber and Don rivers, 30 m. N.N.W. the month of the Niagara river. Pop. (1817) 1,200; (1842) 16,336; (1845) 19,706. No other town in Canada has made such rapid progress. Mean temp, of year 44° .4 ; win- ter 26° .4 ; summer 63° .8 Fahr. It is regularly laid out and handsome, spacious streets cross each other at right angles. Principal buildings, Os- good Hall for law courts, a college with an orna- mental dome, St George's church, government stores, a jail, banks, hospital, lunatic asylum, &c. The harbour, a circular bay IJ m. across, is formed by a peninsula projecting into the lake for about 6 m., and terminating in Gibraltar Point, on which is a light-house ; it is protected by a battery and some detached works. Value of exports (1843) 105,000A, of which those to the United States were 2-3ds of the whole. Customs revenue in same year upwards of 18,000Z. Trade chiefly with Buft'alo. A mile from Toronto is a garrison station. The city was incorporated in 1834, and divided into three wards, and was the seat of the parliament and superior courts of Upper Canada till the union of the Upper and Lower provs. in 1841, when the seat of govern- ment was removed to Kingston, and thence to Montreal. It was founded in 1794, burned by the Americans in 1813, and suffered severely by fire in 1849. ToBOPETz, a town of Russia, gov. Pskov, cap. dist., at the influx of the Toropa into Lake Solo- mino, 50 m. S.S.E. Cholm. Pop. 8,000. It is mostly built of wood and paved with planks ; it has a cathedral, several schools, a dilapidated fort on an island in the Toropa, by which river it com- municates with Riga. ToB-ORSAJA, a mkt. town of Naples, prov. Prin- cipato-Cit., dist. and 15 m. S.E. U Vasto. ToBOSAT, a maritime pa. of Scotland, co. Ar- gyle, comprising a part of Mull island and a petty vill. on the Sound of Mull. Pop. 1,616. ToRPE.iHOw, a pa. of Engl., co. Cumberland, 7 m. N.E. Cockermouth. Ac. 9,670. Pop. 1,067. TonPHicHEN, a pa. of Scotland, co. and 4 m. S S.W. Linlithgow. Area 16 sq. m., mostly hilly. Pop. 1,417, of whom 397 are in the vill., formerly a place of importance, and having the remains of a preceptory of Knights-Templars. ToRPOiNT, a chapelry of Engl., co. Cornwall, pa. St Anthony, 1 m. W. Davenport. Pop. 1,747. Torquay, a mkt. town, chapelry, and favourite watering-place of Engl., co. Devon, most pictur- esquely seated on the steep shore of a cove of Torbay, on its N. side, with a station on the S. Devon railway, ISJm. S.Exeter. Pop. 4,085. It consists chiefly of handsome villas and terraces, interspersed with plantations, & lodging houses for visitors occupying successive ranges on a steep slope down to its quay, beside which is a portion of the town on the strand. It has excel- lent hotels, a nev,s-room, library, and other ap- pliances of a watering-place, with some very superior schools, a mechanics' institute, bank, &c. Having a S. aspect, sheltered on all other sides by heights, and a mild climate, it is pe- culiarly adapted for dehcate invalids. It has a good harbour, and some timber trade, a share m the Newfoundland fishery, regular steam com- munication with Portsmouth and Plymouth, and well supplied markets. The Roman Cathoho chapel occupies the refectory of an anc. abbey. ToBQUEMADA, a town of Spahi, prov. & 12 m. N.E. Palencia, on rt. b. of the Pisuerga, here crossed by a bridge of 26 arches. Pop. 2,700. It has brandy distilleries, and manufs. of wine skins. Torquemada, the first of the great Spanish inquisitors, was born here in 1420. ToEBALBA DE Calatbava, a town of Spam. TOR 1292 TOR prov. and 13 m. N.E. Ciudad-Keal, with raanufs. of blonde and thvead-lace. Pop. 3,016. ToBBAO, a market town of Portugal prov. Alemtejo, 26 m. N.W. Beja. Pop. 1,800. Torre, a prefixed name of many towns, &c., of Spain and Portugal. — I. {T. Campo), Spain, prov. and 45 m. N.E. Cordova. Pop. 2,518.— II. (de Emharra), prov. and 8 m. E.N.E. Tarra- gona, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 1,868. — III. (de Monconio), a fortified town of Portu- gal, prov. Tras-os-Montes, cap. Comarca, be- tween the Sabor and Douro, 11 m. E. Anciaens. Fop. 2,000. It has a square citadel, a handsome church, a Latin school, and manufs. of silks and woollens. Its vicinity, amongst the most fertile in the kingdom, yields much corn, oil, hemp, and flax. — IV. {Don-GimenOj Tosiria\ a town of Spain, prov. and 12 m. W.S.'W. Jaen, on the Salado. Pop. 6,787. It has manufs. of linens, and a trade in oil, wine, and salt. — V. {Laguna), prov. and 26 m. N.N.E. Madrid. Pop. 2,049 VI. [Mocha), prov. and 13 m. S.W. Caceres. Pop. 1,690.— VII. (de Perogil), prov. and 28 m. N.E. Jaen. Pop. 3,444. Torre, a river of N. Italy, gov. Venice, joins the Isonzo, 5 m. N.E. Aquiteia, after a S.S.E. course of nearly 40 m. — It is the prefixed name of the following towns, &c., of Italy. — I. (T. del Greco), Naples, cap. cant., 7 m. S.E. Naples, on the E. coast of the Bay of Naples, at the S.W. foot of Mount Vesuvius. Pop. 13,000. It is well built of lava, which buried most part of the pre- vious town in an eruption of Vesuvius, 16th June 1794. It has many handsome villas with gardens, a collegiate church, convents, and an extensive Hospital. Its vicinity is famous for wine and fruits. — II. (T. dell Anrmnziata), prov. and 12 m. S.E. Naples, cap. cant., at the S. foot of Mount Vesuvius. Pop. 10,000. It is fortified, and has barracks, a royal manuf. of arms, other manufs. of paper and woollen fabrics, a fishery, and an active coasting trade. — III. {delle Nacelle), prov. Princip.Ult., 4m. E.S.E. Montefusco. Pop. 1,600. — IV. {de Passeri), prov. Abmzzo Hit. I., cap. cant., on the Pescara, 13 m. S.W. Chieti. Pop. 1,400. — V. (di Luserna), Piedmont, div. Turin, cap. mand., prov. and 8 m. S. Pinerolo. Pop. of comm. 2,894. — VI. (di Mondavi), a mkt. town of Piedmont, div. Coni, prov. and 4 m. S.E. Mon- dovi. Pop. of comm. 1,675.— VII. (Torrella), a town of Naples, prov. Princip. Hit., 3 m. E. Avellino. Pop. 3,600.— VIII. (torre-Maggiore), a town of Naples, prov. Capitanata, 6 m. W. San Severn. Pop. 4,000. — Torrecuso is a market town of Naples, prov. Princip. tflt., 20 m. N.N. W. Avellino. Pop. 1,900. ToRBBCAMPO, a town of Spain, prov. and 35 m. S.E. Cordova. Pop. 2,518 Tarrecilla de Ca- meras is a town, prov. and 15 m. S.S.W. Logroiio. Pop. 2027. — And Tbrres, a town, prov. and 18 m. S.W. Jaen. Pop. 2,292. ToRRENs (Lake), a large salt lake of S. Australia, between lat. 28° and 32° S., and Ion. 136° 30' and 140° 30' E., bending in a remarkable horse-shoe direction around an arid and moun- tainous peninsula. Its inner shore was, in 1840, traced for 400 m. by Mr Eyre, and found to con- sist of quicksands which prevented a close ap- proach to the lake. It is from 15 to 20 m. across, and shallow ; its E. and W. sides are bounded by high lands. Its level is 300 feet above the sea. ToRRES-NovAS, a walled town of Portugal, prov. Estremadura, comarca and 15 m. N.E. Santarem. Pop. 4,250. It is defended by a castle. Torres Strait, in the E. seas, between Papua and Cape York, the N. extremity of Australia, lat. 9° 20' to 10° 40' N., and Ion. 142° 30' E., is about 80 m. across, and one maze of shoals, reefs, and islands, the principal of which are Prince of Wales's; Mulgrave, and Banks' islands. In its narrowest part it has seldom more than 12 or 14 fathoms water, but its navigation, always thought difficult, has, from the survey of Capt. King, been ascertained to be quite practicable. Torres discov. it in 1606, and Cook sailed through it in 1770. ToREEs Vedbas, a town of Portugal, prov. Estremadura, cap. comarca, on the Sizandro, 27 m. N.W. Lisbon. Pop. 2,300. It was celebrated in the Peninsular war for the lines of defence established by the Duke of Wellington in 1810, to resist the approach of the French. ToRBi, a vill. of N. Austria, gov. Venice, deleg. and 18 m. N.W. Verona, on the E. side of Lake Garda. — Tarrice is a market town, Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 3 m. E.S.E. Frosinone. ToRRiCELLA, a market town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo-Citra, 22 m. S.S.E. Chieti. Pop. 3,500. ToRRiDQE, a river of England, co. Devon, rises in the N.W. part of the co., flows S.E. to its confl. with the Oke, and thence N.W. past Torrington, and near Appledore joins the Bristol Channel by an estuary common to it and the Taw. Course 40 m., for the last 15 of which it is tidal, and it is navigable for large vessels to Bideford. ToRRrooN LocHj.an inlet of the sea on the W. coast of Scotland, co. Boss, between Applecross and Gairloch peninsulas, 12 m. in length & 3 m. in breadth. Its herring fishery, in 1840, em- ployed about 3,000 hands. ToRBiNOTON (Great), a munic. bor., market town, and pa. of England, co. Devon, on a de- clivity on the rt. b. of the Torridge, 5| m. S.S.E. Bideford, and 30 m. N.W. Exeter. Area 3,640 ac. Pop. 3,419. It is united by a bridge to the hamlet of Taddyport. It has two pa. churches. Independent, Baptist, and Wesleyan chapels, a blue-coat school, almshouses, and other charities. A bowling-green occupies the site of its ancient castle. The inhabs. are principally employed in glove-making, agriculture, & retail trade. Corp. rev. (1848) 2261. In 1643, the parUamentary forces were defeated here, & in 1646, the royalists, by the troops of Fairfax. Torrington gives the title of Viscount to the Byng family. Near it is Stevenston, late the seat of Lord Bolle. ToBEiNGTON, Several pas. of Engl. — ^I. {East), CO. Lincoln, 3^ m. N.N.E. Wragby. Area 1,420 ac. Pop. 113. — II. {Black), co. Devon, 5 m. W.N.W. Hatherleigh. Area 6,920 ac. Pop. 1,252. —III. (Little), same co., 1 j m. S. Great Torring- ton. Area 4,118 ac. Pop. 588.— IV. {West), co, Lincoln, 2|m.N. Wragby. Area 1,110 ac. P. 138. ToBEiNQTOH, a township, U. S., N. America, Connecticut, on the Naugatuek, 28 m. N.W. Hartford. Pop. 1,707. ToERiTA, a market town of Tuscany, prov. Florence, 4 m. N.N.W. Montepulciano. P. 3,800. ToRROx, Cavilaim, a town of Spain, prov. and 26 m. E. Malaga, on the Torrox, near the Medi- terranean. Pop. 3,357. ToEEi, a fishing vill. on the E. coast of Scotl., CO. Kincardine, on the rt. b. of the Dee, pa. Nigg, immediately opposite Aberdeen. Pop. 295. ToEETBDRN, a pa. of Scotland, co. Fife, on the firth of Forth, 4 m.W.S.W. Dunfermline. Pop. 1,435, of whom 602 are in the vill. Manufs. of salt and cotton fabrics are here carried on. ToRSA, an island ofi" the W. coast of Scotl., co. Argyle, E. the isls. Sell & Luing. Length 2 m. ToBSH^LLA, or Thorshalla, a town of Swe- den, Isen Nykoping, on the Torshsella, near its mouth in Lake Mselar, 66 m. W. Stockholm. TOR 1293 TOT ToRSHOK, or ToRJOK, atown of Russia, gov. & 36 m. ■Vf.N.W. Tver, on the Tverza. Pop. 15,500. Since its partial destruction by fire in 1767, it lias been rebmlt witb mnch regularity. Public edi- fices comprise a cathedral, and many other churches, two convents, a government house, normal school, and orphan asylum. It is famous for a holy spring, visited by pilgrims from all di- rections. Its position on a navigable river, and on the road from Moscow to St Petersburg, ren- ders it of considerable commercial importance ; and it has 3 large annual fairs, and extensive manufs. of coloured Russia leather, irom which shoes, gloves, and various articles are made, and being embroidered with gold and silver, are ex- ported in large quantities. ToBTHORWALD, a pa. of Scotland, co. and i m. N.E. Dumfries. Area 5,600 ac. Pop. 1,346, of whom 178, partly weavers, are in the vill. Tor- thorwald. In it ai'e the vills. Roucan and Collin. ToBTiNQTON, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 2 m. S.S.W. Arnndel. Area 1,170 ac. Pop. 75. ToRTOLA, one of the Virgin islands, W. Indies, belonging to Great Britain, in lat. 18° 24' N., and Ion. W° 32' W., between Virgin Gorda and St John's. Length 12 m., breadth 4 m. Fop. 8,500. It consists mostly of a range of hills rising to 1,600 feet in elevation, and in its N. part encir- cling a harbour, on the W. side of which is the town Tortola. The island is very unhealthy to Europeans. In 1841, its exports comprised sugar, molasses, mm, galls, and copper ore, to the valae of 18,968/. ; imports in same year, 7,6191. Tor- tola has its governor, council, and legislative assembly. It became a British possession in 1666. ToETOxA, a town of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. & 14 m. E.S.E. Alessandria, cap. prov. and mand., on the Sciivia, at the foot of a height crowned by a ruined fortress. Pop. of comm. 10,821. It has a cathedral, and manufs. of siik and other fabrics, and an active trade in com, wine, &c. ToRTORicr, a market town of Sicily, intend. Messina, cap. cant., 12 m. S.W. Patti. Pop. 4,000. ToRiosA, Dertosa, a town of Spain, prov. and 43 m. S.W. Tarragona, on the Ebro, 22 m. from its mouth, here crossed by a bridge of boats. Pop. (1845) 20,573. It is strongly fortified by walls & several out-works, is entered by 7 gates, and has a large cathedral, a bishop's palace, town- hall, hospital, public granary, a handsome college, and a palace of the Vall-Cabra family ; manufs. of earthenware, paper, and glass, and an active fishery, especially of sturgeons and lampreys. Near the town are jasper quarries. Here, in 1836, Hogneras put to death the mother of Cabrera. — II. (Orthosia), a seaport town of Syria, pash. and 30 m. N. Tripoli. In the middle ages it was a for- tress of importance, but its walls are now in ruins. ToETSVAE, or ToBZBnEG, a vill. of Transyl- vania, with a castle near the Torzburg pass into Walachia, 20 m. S.W. Kronstadt. Pop. 6,690. ToETDGA, two islands of the W. Indies.— I. in the Caribbean sea, 55 m. W. Margarita, and be- longing to Venezuela. Length, E. to W., 16 m., breadth 8 m.— H. off the N.W. coast of Hayti, lat. 20° N., Ion. 72° 36' W. Length, E. to W., 22 m., breadth 5 m. — III. an island in the Gulf of California, 85 m. S. the island Tiburon.— Torlugaa is an island off the N. coast of Cuba, and a group and bank in the Gulf of Mexico, 100 m. W.S.W. Cape Sable, Florida. . ToETUEA (Script. Nephalh), a mantime vill. of Palestine, pash. and 20 m. S.S. W. Acre, on the Mediterranean, at the W. foot of Mt. Carmel. ToBTWOETH, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 3 m. W.Wootton-under-Edge. Area 1,650 ac. P. 240. Toby, or Tohry Island, an island off the N.W. coast of Irel., Ulster, co. Donegal, 6 m. N.N.W. Innisboffin, with a lighthouse in lat. 55° 6' N., Ion. 8° 15' W. Length 3 m. Area 785 ac. Pop. 700, mostly employed in fishing. ToETSBHBO, a vill., Transylvania. [Toetsvab.] Tosa, a populous town of Japan, island Sikoke. — 11. a river of Piedmont. [Toce.] Toscana, a country of Italy. [Tuscany.] ToscANELLA, Tuscatiia, a town of Cent. Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg.and 23 m. N.N.E. CivitaVec- chia, on rt. b. of the Marta. Pop, 3,000. It is highly picturesque, surrounded by fortifications, and has a cathedral of the 8th century. It was anciently a city of Etruria ; in and around it are numerous Etruscan antiquities. ToscoiANo, a vill. of Austrian ItaJy, deleg. and 20 m. N.E. Brescia, on W. side of the Lago di Garda. Pop. 3,000. It has paper and oil mills. TosELAKD, a pa. of England, co. Huntuigdon, 4 m. E.N.E. StNeot's. Area 1,320 ac. Pop. 204. TosiA, Docea, a town of Asia-Minor, Anatolia, 100 m. N.E. Angora. It is stated to comprise 3,000 Turkish, and 50 Greek dwellings, with some fine minarets, and old christian edifices. It has a trade in green marocco leather. Tost, or Toszek, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. Oppeln, 15 m. W. Tarnowitz. Pop. 1,035. TosTAKH,a river of E. Siberia, prov. Yakutsk, joins the Tana after a N.N.W. course of 200 m. TosTOCK, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 6J m. E. Bury-St-Edmund's. Area 840 ac. Pop. 367. ToTANA, a town of Spain, prov. Murcia, 10 m. N.E. Lorca. Pop. 8,506. It has a handsome public fountain, and manufs. of linen and wax- candles, earthenware, brandy, and saltpetre. ToTERSHOE,apa. of Engl., co. Bedford, 2J m. W.S.W. Dunstable. Area 2,370 ac. Pop. 656. Here are ruins of Toternhoe castle. TOTHAM, two pas. of England, co. Essex. — I. {Great), 3 m. N.N.E. Maldon. Area 2,030 ac. Pop. 786.— II. {Little), 3 m. N.E. Maldon. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 384. ToTHiLL, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 4 m. N.N.W. Alford. Area 910 ac. Pop. 73.— To*- Mll Fields is a dist. within the city of Westmins- ter, and containing a large county prison. TOTMA, a town of Russia, gov. and 110 m. N.E. Vologda, cap. circ, on the Suchona. Pop. 2,800. It has a monastery, which attracts many pilgrims. Near it are extensive salt works. ToTNESS, or ToTNES, a pari, and munic. bor.,. town and pa. of Engl., co. Devon, on rt. b. of the Dart, 10 m. from its mouth in the English Chan- nel, and across which it communicates _ by a bridge with its suburb Bridgetown, and on 'the S. Devon railway, 22 m. S.S.W. Exeter. Area of bor., which consists of the pa. and the manor Bridgetown, 1,411 ac. Pop. 4,240. It consists chiefly of a long street, extending up a hill to its ruined castle, is one of the most ancient towns in England, and many houses are ornamented with colonnades. Bridgetown is more modern. It has a handsome church, chapels of Independents, Wesleyans, Unitarians, an endowed grammar school, endowed blue-coat school, a guildhall, council-house, assembly rooms, and theatre. It has an import trade in coal. Corp. rev. (1848) 438/. It returns 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 378. ToTONicAPAN, a toivn of Central Amer., state and 100 m. N.W. Guatemala, cap. dep. in a rich plain. Pop. 12,000 (?). It covers a large space, with its flat-roofed houses, and has naineral springs, and a few manufs. of woollen stuffs, wooden articles, and hardwares. TOT 1294 TOU ToTOEKiN, European Turkey. [Tortdkai.] Tottenham, a pa. of Engl., co. Middlesex, 5| m. N.N.E. St Paul's, London, & intersected by the E. COS. railway. Area 4,457 ac. Pop. 8,584. The vill., extending along the road from London to Ware, is almost continuous with suburbs of the metropolis, and has au old and ornamented church, an episcopal church, various dissenting chapels, a grammar school, blue-coat do., green- coat do., almshouses, and other charities. In the pa. are several mills and potteries. Near it are an old cross, and Bruce Castle, an edifice of the 17th century. ToTTENHiLL, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 5} m. N.N.E. Market-Downham. Ac. 1,590. Pop. 426. ToTTEEinsE, a pa. of Engl., co. Hertford, If m. S. Chipping Barnet. Area 1,510 ac. Pop. 469. ToTTiNOTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 4 m. S.S.W. Watton. Area 2,860 ac. Pop. 340 II. (Higher), a township, co, Lancaster, pa. and 6 m. N.N.W. Bury. Pop. 3,446.-111. (Lower), a chapelry, same CO., pa. and 3 m. N.W. Bury. P. 9,929, extensively employed in cotton manufs. TonoQUES, a river of France, deps. Orne and Calvados, rises near Merlerault, and after a N. course of 55 m,, enters the English Channel, 8 m. W. Honflenr. Chief affls., the Orbec & Calone. TouoY, a oomm. & vill. of France, dep. Yonne, cap. cant., 13 m. W.S.W. Auxerre. Pop. 1,641. Tough, a pa. of Scotl., co. and 22 m. W.N.W. Aberdeen. Pop. 762. Here are various Druidic remains. — Tough is the name of two pas. of Ireland, Munster, co. Limerick, respectively 4 m. and 2 J m. N. Pallas- Green. ToHL, a CO mm. and fortified town of France, dep. Meurthe, cap. arrond., on 1. b. of the Moselle, and on railway from Paris to Strasbourg, 12 m. W. Nancy. Pop. (1846) 6,992. It has a Gothic cathedral of the 15th cent., cavalry and infantry barracks, an arsenal, & manufs. of lace, calicoes, and hardwares. Near it is a chalybeate spring. ToDtoN, Tela Martius, a coram, and important military and naval port of France, dep. Var, on a fine bay of the Mediterr., 40 m. S.W. Draguignan. Lat. of observatory 43° T 5" N., Ion. 5° 66' E. Pop. (1846) 39,243. Mean temp, of year 62° .2, winter 48° .6, summer 75° .2 Fahr. It is strongly fortified, defended by a double line of bastioned fortifications, and strengthened by forts on the adjacent heights. The French consider it im- pregnable. It has a tribunal and chamber of commerce, tribunal of marine, school of naviga- tion, comm. college, and public library. The streets are watered by numerous fountains. Around the harbour are immense magazines and arsenals, ship-building docks, rope & sail works, and the bagne, or convict prison, usually occu- pied by 4,000 to 6,000 culprits. Toulon was ori- ginally a Roman colony, it was taken by the Con- stable of Bourbon in 1624, and by Chas. v. in 1536. It was given up to the English in August 1793 ; in December of the same year it was taken by the French republicans, after a memorable siege, during which Napoleon commenced his military career. Toulon-sur-Arroux is a comm. and vill., dep. Saone-et-Loire, 18 m. N.N.W. CharoUes. Pop. 1,556. Toulouse, Tolosa, a city of France, cap. dep. H.-Garonne, on the Garonne, the Canal du Midi, and on the railway to Cette, 130 m. S.E. Bor- deaux. Lat, of new observatory 43° 36' 47'' N.,_lon. 1° 27' 65' E. Pop. (1846) 71,896. It is surrounded by old ramparts, flanked by towers, and is generally well built, the most re- markable edifice is the capitol, said to have been founded in the time of Galba. Toulouse has a national court, a university academy for three deps., tribunal of commerce, school of artillery, an academy of " floral games," the most ancient in Europe, national academy of sciences, a school of law, a secondary school of medicine, a national college, seminary, and normal school, 2 libraries of 64,000 and 38,000 vols., and an observatory. It is the entrepSt for the commerce between the interior of France and Spain, and has a national manuf. of tobacco, a cannon foundry, & manufs. of woollens, silks, paper : and brandy distilleries, Toulouse is the birthplace of Pope Benedict xii., the jurist Cujas, & the engineer Riquet. It is one of the most ancient cities of Gaul, and was for some time cap. of the Visigoths. In 732 it was taken by the Saracens. The battle of Toulouse, in which Wellington defeated the French under Soult, was fought on 10th April 1814. TouMEN, a river of Corea, forms a part of the boundary between it and Manchooria, and enters the Sea of Japan near lat. 42° 30' N., after a N.E. and S.E. course of 200 m Kin-hing is on it, near its mouth. — II. a town, Siberia. [Tiumem.] TooE (La), several comms. and market towns of France. — I. (d'Aigues), dep. Vaucluse, 3 m. N.E. Pertuis. Pop. 1,463.-11. (ctAuvergne), dep. Puy-de-D6me, cap. cant., 25 m. S.W. Cler- mont-Ferrand. Pop. 2,242. — III. (de France), a comm. and vill,, dep. E. Pyrenees, cap. cant., 13 m. W.N.W. Perpignan. Pop. 1,259.— IV. [du Pin), dep. Isere, 31 m. E.S.E. Lyon. Pop. 2,214. ToDBAiNE, an old prov. of France, watered by ' the Loire, Cher, and Vienne rivers, and now forming most part of the dep. Indre-et-Loire. TonEooiNQ, a comm. and town of France, dep. Nord, cap. 2 cants., on railway, arrond. and 7^ m. N.E. Lille. Pop. (1846) 16,885. It has a town hall, remains of an old chateau of the dukes of Havre, a comm. college, and extensive manufs, of cotton and worsted thread, camlets, plushes, muslins, and other varieties of goods. Toub-de-Peii, (La), a small town of Switzer- land, cant, Vaud, cap, circ, on the N. bank of the Lake of Geneva, 1 m. S.E. Vcvay. TouRnAviLLE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Manehe, arrond. Cherbourg. Pop. 1,845. It has stone quarries and glass works. TouRMENTE (Cape), a headland of Lower Ca- nada, on the N.W. side of the estuary of the St Lawrence, 33 ra. N.E. Quebec, and rising to nearly 2,000 feet above the level of the river. ToDRKAN, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, cap. cant., 20 m. E.S.E. Paris. Pop. 1,765. TouENAY (Flemish Doornih, anc. Civitas Ner- viorum), a strongly fortified town of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, cap. arrond., on the Scheldt, here crossed by several flying bridges, and which di- vides it into an old and a new town, 27 m. N.W. Mons. It has a fine quay along the Scheldt, The cathedral has five towers and spires. Other edifices are the citadel, town-hall, chamber of commerce, exchange, theatre, and athenaeum. It has an episcopal seminary, academy of the fine arts, medical school, public library, museum of natural history, and it is one of the most in- dustrious towns in the Netherlands. Its inha- bitants manuf. hosiery, calico, linen, and woollen fabrics and yarn clothing of various kinds, earth- enwares, bronze goods, hardwares, and liqueurs; it has a royal carpet factory, breweries, salt-re- fineries, tanneries, and dye-works. It has also an active trade by the Scheldt, which is navigable up to it for vessels of 160 tons burden. It is con- nected by a branch with the railway between Lille and Ghent. TOU 129fl TRA TouBNAT, a comm. & tovra of France, dep. H. Pyrenees, cap. cant.,9m.E.S.E. Tarbes. P. 1,316. ToDRNEPPE, a vill. of Belgium, prov. S. Bra- bant, with paper mills, on an afil. of the Senne, 7 m. S. Brussels. Pop. 2,200. ToDRNON, a comm. and town of France, dep. Ardeche, cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Rhone, here crossed bya fine suspension bridge, 9 m. N.N.W. Valence. Pop. 3,518. It has a good quay on Uie Rhone, an old castle on a neighbouring height, and a national college. It has a brisk trade in Hermitage wines, woollen & silk fabrics, orgauzine, and timber II. a comm. and vill., dep. Lot-et- Garonne, cap. cant., on the Baudus- son, 23 m. N.E. Agen. Pop. 1,403. TouENUS, a comm. and town of France, dep. Saone-et-Loire, cap. cant., on rt. of the Saone, 17 m. N. M&con, on railway from Paiis to Lyon. Pop. 4,216. It has a chamber of commerce, manufs. of hats, silks, and beet-root sugar. ToCTRS, Casarodunum, a city of France, cap. dep. Indre-et-Loire, between the 1. b. of the Loire and rt. b. of the Cher, and at the termini of railways from Paris, Bordeaux, and Nantes, 65 m. S.W. Orleans. Pop. (1846) 25,822. Tours is situated at the extremity of a fine plain, and its bridge across the Loire is one of the finest in Europe. Chief buildings, a Gothic cathedral, with a turreted front, built by Henry v. of Eng- land, episcopal palace, prefecture, exchange, and hotel de ville. It has a tribunal of commerce, a national college, a library of 32,000 vols., cabinet of natural history, & numerous schools & learned societies. It is a favourite residence of English families. In its vicinity is Plessis Jes Tours, where Louis XI. died in 1483, and the national powder- mills. The mannfs. of silk stuffs, introduced by Louis XL, are stiil important ; the other manufs. comprise woollen clodis, hosiery, and leather ToiJETOiRAc, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Dordogne, arrond. Perigueax. Pop. 1,289. — Ttmrtame is a comm. and vill., dep. Ariege, 7 m. N.N.W. St Girons.. Pop. 1,644. TouBVEs, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Var, 19 m. N. Toulon. Pop. 2,223. TouBviixE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Manche, arrond. Coutances. Birth-place of Ad- mh^l TourviUe. Pop. 9a3. TouET, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Enre- et-Loir, on the Paris and Orleans railway, 27 m. S.E. Chartres. Pop. 1,250. TonvET (Le), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Isere, cap. cant., 17 m. N.E. Grenoble. P. 1,683. Tou-Yak, a city of China, prov. Kwi-chow, cap. dep., lat 26° 10' N., Ion. 107° 22' E. TovAEsiK, a mkt. and post town of Slavonia, CO. and 12 m. S.S.E. Vukovar. Pop. 2,889. TowAMEssiSG, two tnshlps., U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania.— L on the Lehigh, 87 m. E.N.E. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,847.-11. co. Montgomery, 20 m. from Philadelphia.— rowoTiia is a tnship., cap. CO. Bradford. Pop. 1,002. TowcESTEE, a market town & pa. of Engl., co. and 8 m. S.S.W. Northampton, on the ancient Watling Street. Area of pa, 2,790 ac. P. 2,749. It has a church of the 11th cent., with a monu- ment to Archb. Sponne, who founded the gram- mar school ; manufs. of silks, and bobbin-lace. TowEDNACK, a pa, of England, co. Cornwall, 2i m. S.W. St Ives. Area 2,880 ac. Pop. 967. TowEP. Hamlets, a pari. bor. of England, co. Middlesex, comprising all that part of the me- tropolis E. the city of London and Fiusbury, extending S. to the Thames, and consisting of the pas. Shoreditch, Spitalfields, Bethnal-Green, Limehouse, Poplar, Etackney, &c. Area 8,988 ac. Pop. 419,730. The borough contains the London & St Katharine's docks, the mint, Trinity- house, the London hospital, and numerous other charitable institutions, with the terminus of the E. and N.E. cos. railways. The Tower of Lon- don, whence its name, is at the S.W. extremity. This borough sends 2 members to House of Commons. Reg. electors 16,246. [London.] TowEBSET, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, 8 m. S.W. Aylesbury. Area 1,200 ao. Pop. 413. TowiE, or TowiE -KiNBATTOcic, a pa. of Scotl., CO. Aberdeen, on the Don, 8 m. W.S.W. Alford. Pop. 748. It has a ruined castle. TowMOKE, or TuoMOBE, a pa. of Ireland, Connaught, co. Mayo, comprising the town of Foxford. Area 6,787 ac. Pop. 3,744. TowNQKEEN, a township of Engl., co. Norfolk, pa. Wymondham, m. W.S.W. Norwich. Pop. 808. TowNSEND, two townships, U. S., N. Amer. — I. Massach., 34 m. N.W. Boston. Pop. 1,892.— II. Vermont, 3 m. N.E. New Fane. Pop. 1,346. — Tmemend Bay, S.W. extremity of Nova-Scotia, British N. Amer. Breadth of entrance 11 m. TowNSTALL, a pa. of England, co. Devon, J m, W. Dartmouth. Area, 1,570 ac. Pop. 1,321. Town-Tetholm, a vill. of Scotl., co. Roxburgh, on left bank of Beaumont-water, across which it communicates with Kirk-Tetholm. [Yetholm.] TovfTON, a tnshp. of Eng]., co. York, W. Rid- ing, pa. Saxton, 2^ m. S. Tadcaster. Ac. 1,300. Pop. 146. Here a great battle was fought be^ tween the houses of York & Lancaster in 1461. TowY, a riv. of S. Wales, rises in co. Cardigan, flows mostly S.W. through Carmarthenshire, nearly in its centre, and joins Carmarthen-bay by a wide mouth 8 m. S. Carmarthen. Total course 60 m. It is navigable from the sea to Carmarthen fpr vessels of 200 tons' burden. TowTN, or Ttwtn, a pa. and maritime vill. of N. Wales, on its W. coast, co. Merioneth, near Cardigan-bay, 10 m. S.S.W. Barmouth. Pop. 2,907, engaged in woollen mills, slate quarries, and lead and copper mines. ToxTETH Park, an extensive parochial dist. of England, co. Lancaster, formerly the N.E. quarter of the town of Liverpool. ^Liverpool.] ToiNTON, several pas. of Engl., co. Lincoln. —I. (All-Saints), 2 m. S.S.W. Spilsby. Area 3,120 ac. Pop. 483 11. (High), 2 m. E. Horn- castle. Area 1,210 ac. Pop. 199.— III. (Low), 1| m. N.E. Horncastle. Ac. 950. P. 129.— IV. (St Peter), 2 m. S. Spilsby. Area 2,530 ac. Pop. 439. TozEK, a town of N. Africa, dom. Tunis, on the W. side of Lake Shibka-el-Ludeah. It has a large trade in dates. Tbachenbers, or Stbaburek, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. & 26 m. N.N.W. Breslau, cap. principality on the Bartsoh. Pop. 2,400. Tbachselwald, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 16 ra. E.N.E. Bern. Pop. 1,628. Tbacton, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Cork, 3 m. S. Carrigaline. Area 5,862 ac. Pop. 2,969, of whom 115 are in the village. Tbacv, several comms. & vills. of France, the princip. in dep. Oise, arr. Compicgne. P. 1,427. Tradate, a mkt. town of Lombardy, deleg. and 11 m. S.W. Como, cap. dist., near the Olona. Trade-Town, a raarit. settlement of Liberia, W. Africa, near the S. extremity of the colony. Teafalgab (CAFE),Promont. Junonis, a head- land of the S.W. coast of Spain, prov. Cadiz. Lat. 36° 10' N., Ion. 6° 1' N. It is low and ter- minates in two points. In the memorable en- gagement off Cape Trafalgar, 21st Oct., 1805, the English, under Lord Nelson, who was killed TRA 1296 TRA In the action, gained a complete victory over the combined French and Spanish fleets. TRAaHAN, a walled town of N. Africa, Fezzan, to m. £. Mourzouk, formerly cap. of E. Fezzan. Trahibas, a town of Brazil, prov. Goyaz, on the river Trahiras, IS m. from its confl. with the Maranhao. Pop. 2,000. Teaigueka, a town of Spain, prov. Castellon- de-la Plana, 9 m. N.E. San Matheo. Pop. 1,916. Tbailinskaja, a market town of Russia, Don- Cossack territory, on the Don, 55 m. E.N.E. Novo-Tcherkask. Pop. 2,000. Tbaina, a town of Sicily, intend. Catania, cap. cant., 13 m. W. Bronte. Pop. 7,400. It has the oldest monastery on the island. Tbainel, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Aube, 6 m. S.S.W. Nogent. Pop. 1,261. Teaiskibchew, a mkt. town of L. Austria, on the Schwaehat, 16 m. S.S.W. Vienna. P. 1,115. Tbajan, a market town of European Turkey. Bulgaria, on the Osma, 23 m. S. Loftcha. Tbajanopolis, Europ. Turkey. [Oeikhova.j Tbajetto, a town of Naples, prov. T. di La- voro, dist. and 8 m. N.E. Gaeta, cap. cant., with 5 churches, a convent, and 5,600 inhabitants. Tbal.ee, a pari, and munic. borough, sea-port town and pa. of Ireland, Munster, cap. co. Kerry, on the Lee, about 1 m. above the head of Tralee bay, 69 m.W.N.W. Cork. Area of pa. 4,605 ac. Pop. 12,534. Area of pari, bor., including parts of two pas., 546 ac. Pop. 11,363. It is regularly and well built, lighted and cleaned, and is a ra- pidly increasing & thriving town. Princip. public edifices, a handsome church, 2 large Roman Catholic chapels, a nunnery, with a female school attached, several other schools, a new co. court- house, a fever hospital, lunatic asylum, co. infir- mary, CO. jail, infantry barracks, a union- work- house, club-house, news-rooms, a custom-house, and a market-house. The port, a dependency of that of Limerick, is the seat of a brisk trade in grain and. flour. Vessels of 300 tons can dis- charge cargoes at the town by means of a ship canal; large vessels anchor at Blennerville, 1 m. below, and at Samphire islands, 6 m. W.ward. Markets Tuesdays and Saturdays. Fairs 5 times yearly. It is the seat of co. assizes and quarter- sessions. Customs rev. (1848) 759?. Reg. ship- ping 247 tons. Corp. rev. (1847-8) 300?. 17*. It is head of a poor-law union. The bor. sends 1 member to House of Commons. Reg. electors (1849) 317. In the vicinity is Tralee Castle, seat of Sir E. Denny, who owns the town, and whose pleasure-grounds have been thrown open to the inhabitants. In the vicinity is also a spa, a good deal resorted to by invalids. ^JVaZec-ftay, immediately S. the estuary of the Shannon, is 15 m. In length and 7 m. in breadth at its entrance. On its N. side are the bay & town of Ballyheigue. Teallong, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Brecon, 6 m. W.N.W. Brecknock. Pop. 284. Teamaye, a comm. & market town of France, dep. SJlone-et-Loire, 11 m. W. Mftcon. P. 2,610. Tbamobe, a maritime town and bathing-place of Ireland, co, and 6 m. S.S.W. Waterford, on the N.W. side of Tramore-bay, an inlet between 2 bold headlands, dangerous to shipping. P. 1,120. Tramutoia, a market town of Naples, prov, Basilicata, 23 m. S. Potenza. Pop. 4,000. Teak, ^ Teanhac, and Teanhang, towns of Anam, Tonquin, near the Chinese frontier. Trancoso, a walled town of Portugal, prov. Beira, cap. comarca, 26 m. E.N.E.Viseu. P. 1,300. Trancoso, a maiitime town of Brazil, prov. and 20 m. S. Porto-Seguro. Pop. ],500. Tranent, a pa. and small town of Scotland, co. Haddington, on the North British railway, 9i m. E. Edinburgh, and near the flrth of Forth. Area of pa. 5,416 ac. Pop. 3,887; do. of town, 1,927, partly engaged in collieries & sandstone quarries. The pa. contains the villages Port-Seaton, Coc- kenzie, & Seaton, with Stiell's endowed hospital, Traki, Tranium, a seaport town of Naples, prov. and 25 m. N.W. Bari, cap. cant., on the Adriatic. Pop. 12,000. It is enclosed by walls, and has a citadel, cathedral, monasteries, orphan asylum, and theatre. It is an archbishop's see, and the seat of a superior civil court. It has some manufs. of cotton, raised in the vicinity. TRAKMOBE,a township of Engl., CO. Chester, pa. Bebbington, 6i m. N.N.E. Gt. Neston. P. 2,654. Tranqhebae, a fortified seaport town of Hin- dostan, on the Coromandel coast, in the delta of the Cavery, 140 m. S.W. Madras. Pop. (includ- ing its territory of about 25 sq. m.), 26,000. (?) The town is small, but neat and clean, and has a governor's resid., a harbour, & citadel, containing a lighthouse. It belonged to Denmark till 1846, when it was ceded by purchase to England. Trans, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Var, 3 m. S.S.E. Dragnignan. Pop. 1,317. Transcaucasia, a country of Asiatic Russia, S. of the Caucasus, extending between lat. 38° & 43° N., and Ion. 41° 40' and 49° 40' E., having E. the Caspian Sea, S. Turkish and Persian Ar- menia, W. the Black Sea. Area estimated at 66,300 sq. m., and pop. 1,626,000. It is now divided into 2 unequal portions — I. the eastern, comprising the old Mohammedan provs. on thi Caspian Sea, namely, Karabagh, Talish, Shir^ van, Baku, Kuba, Derbent, and Sheki— n. the western, comprising Grusia, or Georgia, with the provs. Guria, Imeritia, & Russian Armenia, di- vided into 10 cireles and 2 independent lordships; Mingrelia and Abkasia. The former provs.' are generally retained in the new divisions, & their chief towns are made caps, of circles. The go- vernment is chiefly military, but great religious toleration exists, and the Russians have estab- lished schools in the principal towns. The direct taxes, payable to the Russian government, amount to 326,000 silver rubles annually. Tbamspadane Repobxic, a state formed' iii Italy by Napoleon, in 1796, of part of Lombard^ and Venetia ; in 1797, it was incorporated wit^ the Cisalpine Republic. ' Tbanstlvania (Germ. Siebenhurgen," the seven towns "), the most E. prov. of the Austrian em- pire, with the title of Grand Principality, between lat. 45° 30' and 47° 40' N., and Ion. 22° 16' & 26° E., having W. & N. Hungary and the Bukoviua, E. the Bnkovina and Moldavia, S. Walachia, from which it is separated by the main range of the Carpathian mountains. Area 21,160 sq. ' m. Pop, (1842) 2,108,405. Surface mostly covered by ramifications of the Carpathians, and Mount Buschtch, near Kronstadt, is 8,700 feet in height. Principal rivers, the Szamos in the N. ; Maros, with its aflls. the Kukels, in the centre ; and the Aluta in the S. The banks of these rivers are densely wooded, especially those of the Maros; and hence the prov. derived its name; signifying a forest region. These forests yield valuable timber. Soil very various. Climate on the mntns.' rude, but in the valleys as mild as that of N. Italy,' and a surplus of corn over the home-consump- tion is raised. Chief crops; wheat, barley, Hat^ rye, buckwheat, maize, puls«, potatoes, fruits; tobacco, flax, hemp,' saffron, and wine. The rearing of horses, sheep, and other live stock, is' important. In the Szekler country is a breed df hardy ponies, similar to the Welsh, & the hotses T R A 1297 TRA dsewhere have been much improved. Buffaloes are used for field labour ; the bear, wolf, and an abundance of game roam in the forests ; in which also ^eat numbers of hoi^s are fed. The most remarkable mineral product is rock-salt, a bed of which extends from Walachia through Transyl- vania to Galicia, covering a space of 570 m. in length, & from 60 to 80 m. in breadth ; 1,500,000 cwts. of salt are procured annuiUIy from mines ; there are, besides, 120 salt springs. Gold, silver, iron, lead, copper, antimony, arsenic, mercmy, alum, sulphur, nitre, gems, and mai'ble, are amongst the chief mineral products. Twenty- two gold mines aie wrought, and nearly every stream in the country is auriferous. The ann. produce of gold is 2,500 merks, of which 1,800 is obtained from washings. Silver yields annually 6,000 merks. Manure, of woollen and cotton stuffs are carried on at Kronstadt, and Herman- stadt in the Saxon-land ; but, in general, mannls. ai-e only domestic, and the exports consist of salt, com, cattle, horses, hides, wax, honey, timber, metals, and other raw produce, in return for manufactured goods, woven fabrics, jewellery, hats, glasswares, &c. The trade is mostly in the hands of Greeks and Armenians. The Maros and Szamos rivers serve as the chief routes for con- veyance of goods. Koads are almost impassable ; except in a few towns, inns are unknown. The peasantry generally, especially those of the Greek church, are more "depressed and ignorant than those of Hungary, except in the Saxon-land in the S. This part of Transylvania derives its name from having been settled by colonies from Lower Saxony, in the 12th century, and is divided into the dists. or sluhls, of Mediasch, Miihienbach, Hermannstadt, Klausenburg, Scheuerstadt, Reus- somarli, and Broos or Szasnaras (the "seven towns "), to which Kronstadt and Bistritz were subsequently added. The Szeklers occupy five dists. or ttuhls, in the E. part of the country, and the rest of the principaUty, comprising 3-5ths of the whole, and divided into 9 cos. and 2 districts, is termed the Magyar-land, from its predominant people. No country in the world has, within so small a compass, so great a varietj; in its pop. These comprise 14 distinct races, of which the 3 principal are Hungarians, Szeklers, and Saxons ; the others are Walachians, German colonists, Bulgarians, Armenians, Greeks, Kussians, Poles, Jews, Gypsies, and Moravians. The different forms of religion, which are supported by the state, and enjoy equal privileges, are Roman Catholic and United-Greek, 393,1.35; Protest- ant. 200,365; and Unitarian, 31,921; Jews and professors of the Disunited-Greek church, are tolerated. The Roman Catholics have a lyeeum at Klausenburg, and 9 gymnasia ; and the Pro- testants have i colleges, or large gymnasia, the chief of which is at Nagj-Enyed, and 9 smaller gymnasia ; the Unitarians, a college at Klausen- burg, 2 gymnasia, and several schools. Tran- sylvania lately sent members to the Hungarian met, besides having a diet of its own. The country in 1818 and 1849 was the seat of protracted war- fare, during which it is estimated that 200 towns and villages were burned, and 10,000 of the pop. perished. Transylvania was annexed to the Aus- trian empire by Joseph ii. in 1699. [Hungaby.] Tkabstlvasia, a vill., U. S., N. Amer., Ohio, on the Little Miami, 68 m. W.S.W. Columbus, and founded in 1829, Tkapani, Drepanum, a fortified seaport town of Sicily, cap. intend., on the W. side of the isl., 46 m. W. Palermo. Pop. 24,330. It has a castle, senatorial palace, cathedral, & several convents. two hospitals, a college, and two seminaries. The harbour is accessible to vessels of 300 tons. The trade is considerable; exports comprise salt, coral, from the coast of Africa, which is cut and polished by the inhabitants ; soda, alabaster vases, statues, and gems. Drepanum was early occupied by the Carthaginians, & was the scene of a celebrated sea-fight (b.c. 237) between the Roman and Carthaginian fleets. Trappe (La), a Benedictine convent of France, dep. Orne, near Soligny, 6 m. N. Mortagne, was famous for the austerity of its monks. It was founded in 1110, suppressed at the revolution of 1789, but restored to the order in 1815. Traquaib., a pa. of Scotland, co. Peebles, Ij m. S. Innerleithen. Ac. 17,200. P. 682. Traquair- house (Earl of Traquair), is an ancient edifice. Trabbach, a to wn of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 36 m. S.W. Coblenz, on rt. b. of the Moselle, across which is a bridge of boats. Pop. 1,345. Tbasimena (Lago). [Perugia (Lake of),] Tbas-os-Montes, a prov. of Portugal, in the N,, having N. and E. Spain, S. the prov. Beira, andW. Minho. Area 4,028 sq. m. Pop. (1841) 300,840. The Douro forms all its S., and most paa-t of its E, border ; other principal rivers are its af9s,, the Tamega, Tua, and Sabor. Surface mostly mntnous., but it contains many fertile valleys, and the banks of the Douro are famous for the production of Port wines. Cattle rearing is important. Silk and woollen fabrics, and linen thread, are the chief manufactured products. Principal towns, Braganza, Villa Real, Torre de Moncorvo, and Miranda. Tbau, Tragurium, a seaport town of Dalmatia, circ. and 10 m. W. Spalato, on an islet in the Adriatic, between the island Bua and the main- land, and connected with both by bridges. Pop. 3,800, who cultivate the vine, olive.?, and figs. Tbaun, a river of Upper Austria, after a N.W. course of 100 m., joins the Danube, 4 m. S.E. Linz. It flows through the small lakes of Hall- stadt and Traun, and gives name to a circ. of Austria. It is celebrated for its trout The Lake of Traun, or Gmunden See, an expansion of the river Traun, is 8 m. long, and 2 m. broad. It is traversed by a steam-boat. — Traunsteinberg, on E. side of the lake, is 5,470 feet in elevation. — Traimkirchen is a vill,, on W, bank of the lake. Teaunsteih, a walled town of Upper Bavaria, cap. dist., 19 m, "W.N.W. Salzburg. Pop, 2,236. Tbahtenau, or Tbutnow, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 25 m. N.N.E, Koniggriitz, on rt. b. of the Aupa. Pop. 2,405. It is the centre of the linen manuf of the Riesengebirge. Teavascobe, a state at the S. extremity of India, tributary to the British, having W. & S. the Indian Ocean, & landward the Madras dists., Malabar, Coimbatoor, Madura, and Tinnevelly. Area, including Cochin, 6,730 sq. m. Pop. (1836) 1,280,668. Surface mntnous. in the E. ; elsewhere varied with hill and dale, and well watered, but only about 2-3ds are capable of cultivation. Pro- ducts comprise rice, almonds, cardamons, pepper, and other spices, betel and cocoa nuts, tobacco, ivory, and bees' wax. Land assessed on the ryotwar system. [Madras.] Property of all kinds, as in Canara, descends in the female line The inhabitants are mostly Hindoos, but here are esthnated to be 100,000 Syrian Chris- tians, and in some communes, christian churches are much more numerous than pagodas and mosques. Total rev. (1826-7) 404,264?. Prinoip. towns, Trivandrum,the cap., Anjendo, & Quilou. II. a town of this state, 60 m. N.N.W. Caiie Comorin, but now in decay. 4 N TRA 1298 TKli Trave, a river of N. Germany, Holsteia and Lfibeok territory, flows E. and enters the Gulf of Liibeolc (Baltic) at Travemiinde, forming the lagoon Binnen-see. Total course 50 miles. TBiVEMtJNDE, a fortified town of N. Germany, at the mouth of the Trave, in the Baltic Sea, territory and 9 m. N.E. Liibeck, of which it is the port. Pop. 1,476. It has a lighthouse and public baths. — Traventhal is a hamlet of Denmark, Quchy Holstein, on the Trave, 18 m. W. Lubeck, and where the treaty of 1700, between Sweden and Denmark, was concluded. Tbavees, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. & 13 m. W.S.W. Neuchatel, on the Reuse. The Val- Travers,in which it stands, is highly picturesque. Tbaveks Lake, in the U. S., N. Amer., Mis- souri territory, lat. 47° 40' N., Ion. 98° 35' W., is between Turtle and Flantagenet lakes, and traversed by the Upper Mississippi. Length 10 miles, breadth 4 miles. Tbavwik, a town of European Turkey, Bosnia, cap. sanj., on an affl. of the Bosna, 45 m. N.W. Bosna-Serai. Pop. 8,500, all Mohammedans, ex- cept a few Jews. The town is ill built ; chief edifice, an old citadel. It has a manuf. of sword blades. Tbavtden-Fobest, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lan- caster, pa. Whalley, 1} m. S.E. Colne. P. 2,900. Tbaws-Fyktdd, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Mer- ioneth, 8 m. E.N.E. Harlech. Pop. 1,645. Tbeales, Roseacbe, and Whables, a tnshp. of England, co. Lancaster, 2 m. E.N.E. Kirk- ham. Pop. 709. Tkebbih, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. and 15 m. S.S.B. Potsdam, on the Berlin and Leipzig railway. Pop. 1,680. Teebbs, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Aude, 4 m. E. Carcassonne, on the Aude. P. 1,773. Tbebia, or Tbebbia, a river of N. Italy, rises on N. side of the Apennines, 10 m. N.E. Genoa, flows N.N.E. past Bobbio and Travo, and after a rapid course of 65 m. joins the Po, on rt. b. S m. N.W. Piacenza. On the adjacent plain, Hannibal conquered the Romans b.c. 218; and on 19th June 1799, the French, under Macdonald, were defeated by the Austro-Russian army under Suwarrow. Tbebignb, or Teebinje, a fortified town of European Turkey, Herzegovina, cap. dist., 62 m. S.S.E. Mostar. It is the see of a Roman Catholic bishop, and stated to have 10,000 inhabs. Tbebitsch, or Tbzebiozke, a walled town of Moravia, circ. and 18 m. S.E. Iglau, on the Iglawa. Pop. 5,000. It has a castle, and manufs. of woollens. — II. a vill. of Prussia, prov. Bran- denburg, 4 m. S.W. Driesen. Pop. 600. Tbebizonde, or Trebisond (Pashalio of), a subdivision of Turkish Armenia, extending along the coast of the Black Sea, between lat. 40° 30' and 41° 80' N., and Ion. 38° and 42° E. ; having landward the dist. Guriel and the pashs. Akhal- tzikh, Kars, Erzeroum, and Sivas. Surface mostly mntnous., and the coast-line clothed with dense forests, rises to from 4,000 to 6,000 feet above the sea. Many tracts are highly fertile and well cultivated; and it produces large quantities of wheat, barley, and maize, with hemp, flax, tobacco, wool, honey, wax, fruits, charcoal, and timber, which, with some linen cloths, carpets, leather, soap, salted fish, wine, tar, and leeches, form the chief exports. Its E. part, called Lazistan, is destitute of towns, from being inhabited by Lazes, a rude people, numbering about 50,000. Principal towns, Trebizond, Kereh- sun, Tirehboli, Rizah, and Batum, all on its coast. — Trehizonde (anc. Trapezus), the cap.,is an important fortified seaport city, on the S.E. coast of the Black Sea, 120 m. N.W. Erzeroum. Lat. 41°1'N., Ion. 39°46'E. Estimated pop. from 25,000 to 30,000, of whom from 20,000 to 24,000 are Mohammedans, inhabiting the walled city. It stands on the slope of a hill facing the sea, enclosed by a lofty castellated barrier, and further defended by a citadel on an adjacent height. Outside of the walls are deep ravines, filled with gardens and crossed by long bridges ; besides several suburbs, in which are most of the christian dwellings, with the principal bazaars and khans. Houses mostly of one story, built of stone and lime, roofed with red tiles, and so much interspersed with gardens and plantations that scarcely a house is visible from the sea. It has about 20 Greek churches, and nearly all its mosques have been formerly Christian places of worship ; that of St Sophia, about 1 m. distant, is a handsome edifice. Trebizond has a fort on either side of a peninsula projecting into the Black Sea. From its position, the city is the natural entrepot of the trade of Armenia, N. Persia, and Georgia, with Europe ; and owing to the establishment of steam navigation on the Black Sea, and between Trebizond and Constan- tinople, its trade has lately received a remark- able extension. Its exports consist chiefly of silk, wool, tobacco, wax, galls, oil, opium, and other drugs ; honey, butter, timber for ship-build- ing, the produce of Asia-Minor, and silk fabrics; Cashmere shawls, carpets, saffron, cotton, camel- skins from Persia. Annual exports 700,000?., exclusive of specie forwarded to the Turkish capital. Annual imports 1,400,000?. ; consisting of cotton goods, cotton colonial produce, spices, and iron from Great Britain; hardwares and glass from Germany ; wines from France ; corn from Russia ; fire-arms, tin, salt, 3-4ths of aitl which are destined for Persia. In 1845, 181 ships, aggre- gate burden 41,878 tons, entered the port. At this city, Xenophon and the Ten Thousand Greeks reached the sea in their memorable re- treat. From 1203, until the subversion of the Eastern Empire, Trebizond was the cap. of an independent dom., extending from the Phasis to the Halys. Teebnitz, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 15 m. N.N.E. Breslan, cap. circ. Pop. 2,430. It has manufs. of woollen cloths and linens, breweries, and a trade in fruits. — II. a town of Bohemia, circ. and 7 m. S.W. Leitmeritz. Teeboeobgh, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 5 m. S.S.E. Dunster. Area 2,020 ac. Pop. 138. Tbebsohen, a small town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. and 56 m. S.E. Frankfurt. Pop. 428. — Trebsen is a town of Saxony, circ. & 15 m. E.S.E. Leipzig, on the Mulde. Pop. 989. Tkebhe, or Tbibor {Trihirium), a market town of Germany, Hessen Darmstadt, prov. Starkenbnrg, on the Rhine, 12 m. W.N.W. Darmstadt. Pop. 1,897. It was a frequent resi- dence of the German emperors, and the seat of an ecclesiastical council in 822. Tbe-oastaqne, a market town of Sicily, intend, and 8 m. N.N.E. Catania, on the S. slope of Mount Etna. Pop. 2,500. Tbeoastle, a dist. and hamlet of S. Wales, co. Carmarthen, pa. Llaudeilofawr. Trecate, a market town of Piedmont, div. prov. and 6 m. E.S.E. Novara, cap. raand., near the Tioino. Pop. of comm. 5,071. TEEOCH^^fA, a market town of Naples, proVk Basilicata, cap. cant., 7 m. S. Lagonero. P. 2,200. Teeoenta, a market town o? Austrian Itaik, prov. Polesina, on the Tartaro, 15 m. W.S.W. Kovigo. Pop. 2,600. THE 1299 TRE TuEDDra, a pa, of N. Wales, co. Flint, 31 m. S. Mold. Pop. 1,069. Tbedegab, a market town of England, co. Monmouth, pa. Bedwelty, 16 m. N.W. Newport, and cap. a populous dist., famous for extensive coal-mines, and iron-works. It has risen within 40 years from an insignificant hamlet, and the pop. of its pa. increased from 11,776 in 1831, to 22,413 in 1841. It has a new church. Indepen- dent, Baptist, and Methodist, chapels and schools ; and its dist. is intersected by numerous branches of the Sirhowy railway, 28 m. in length, by which, and by the Monmoutiishire canal, its iron and coal are exported. Market, Saturday. Tredisgton, two pas. of England. — I. co. Glo'ster, 2J m. S.S.E. Tewkesbury. Area 1,020 ae. Pop. 163. — II. co. Worcester, 2 m. N. Shipston-on-Stonr. Area 4,810 ac. Pop. 1,106. Tbednock, a pa. of England, co. Monmouth, 4 m. S. Uslc. Area 1,230 ac. Pop. 156. Tbedtpik, a township of the U S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, on Valleycreek, 17 m. N.W. Phila- delphia. Pop. 1,715. Tbeetoh, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, 3} m. S.S.E. Rotherham. Ac. 3,240. Pop. 661. Teefdkaeth, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Angle- sey, 5 m. S.W. Llangefni. Pop. 960. Tbefeglwis, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Mont- gomery, 9 m. W. Newtown. Pop. 1,853. Tbeffort, a comm. and town of France, dep. Ain, cap. cant., 8 m. N.E. Bonrg. Pop. 2,154. Tbeffcrt, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, r^. and 36 m. W.N.W. Erfurt, on the Unstmt. Pop. 2,061, who manuf. woollen & cotton fabrics. Tbef-Gakn, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 6 m. N.Haverford-West. Pop. 100. Tbefg-walchmai, a pa. of North Wales, co. Anglesey. Pop. 699. Tbefilah, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Cardigan, 6 m. N.N.W. Lampeter. Pop. 317. Tbefllts, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Carnarvon, 2 m. E. Criccieth. Pop. 87. Tbbfbhiw, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Carnarron, 2 m. N.W. Llanrwst. Pop. 426. Tbesabe, a pa. of England, co. and C m. W.S.W. Monmouth. Area 2,170*ac. Pop. 294. Tbesabos, a market town of Wales, co. Car- digan, on an affluent of the Teify, 10 m. N.E. Lampeter. Market, Thursday. It is a polling- place for the county. Tbegonet, or Tbbgont, a market town of England, co. Cornwall, pa. Cuby, on the Fal, 11 m. N.E. Falmonth. Pop. 995. It has endow- ed afansbouses, and exports of copper and tin ; but it declmed with the rise of Tniro. Tbegotas, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Anglesey, 2i m. N.N.W. Ltinge&i. Pop. 188. Tb£ocieb, a comm. and town of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, cap. cant., at the confl. of Jaudy and Guindy, 5 m. from the English Channel, 'Pop. 8,302. The port is well sheltered and deep. Teegtnos, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Mont- gomery, 5 m. N. Newtown. Pop. 709. Tbeignac, a comm. and town of France, dep. Corrfeze, cap. cant., on the Vezire, 18 m. N. Tnlle. Pop. 2,010. It has manufs. of fire-arms. Tbeignt, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Tonne, 24 m. S. W. Auxerre. Pop. 2,303. Tbeis, a market town of Rhenish Pruiisia, reg. and 18 m. S.W. Coblenz, on the Moselle, here joined by the Diemen. Pop. 1,830. Tbeibau, a river of Baden, after a N.W. course of nearly 30 m., joins the Elz, 3 m. S. Kenzingen. The old Baden circ. Treisam and Weisen is now oompr. in that of the Upper Rhine. Theja, a town of Central Italy, delpg. and 8 m. W. Macerata. Pop. 7,910.-11. a small riv., deleg- Civita-Veochia, joins the Tiber from the W. Tbelawnt, or Lode, a river of England, co. Cornwall, flows S.ward, between the towns of E. and W. Looe, and enters the English Channel, after a course of 16 m., for the last two of which it is tidal. [Looe.] Tbelock, a pa. of England, co. and 4J m. W.S.W. Monmouth. Area 8,490 ac. Pop. 1,122. — II. (Ar-Bettws), a pa. of S.Wales, co. and 7 m. N.W. Carmarthen. Pop. 1,620. Tb^lon, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Nord, cap. cant., 8 m. S.E. Avesnes. P. 1,915. Tremadoc, a small market town of N. Wales, CO. Carnarvon, near the N. extremity of Cardi- gan Bay, 4 m. E.N.E. Criccieth. It is 3 feet below the level of the sea, but Is protected by embankments. The harb., Port-Madoc, admits vessels of 300 tons burden, & has a thriving trade. Tbemaen, a pa. of S. Wales, co. and 4 m. E.N.E. Cardigan. Pop. 264. Tremavne, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 6f m. W.N.W. Launceston. Ac. 960. Pop. 184. Tremblade (La), a comm. & town of France, dep. Charente-Inf., cap. cant., on the Seudre, 5 m. ii'om the sea, and 4 m. S.S.W, Marennes. Pop. 2,551. It exports oysters to Bordeaux. Tbembowla, a town of Austrian Poland, Ga- licia, circ. and 18 m. S.S.E. Tarnopol, on the Huizna, near its confluence with the Sered. Pop. 3,080. It was formerly cap. of an independent principality. Tb£mentines, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, on the Evre, 11 m. S.E. Beaupreau. Pop. 1,098. Tbemiti Isles, DiomedtE Ijisuloi, a group of 5 islands in the Adriatic Sea, off the coast of Na- ples, prov. Capitanata in the N. The largest, San Domenico, is 4 m. in circumference ; San Ni- cola, 3 m. in circumference, has a town with a fine monastery. The best port is in the isl. Caprara. Tbemies, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 29 m. S.E. Tabor. Pop. 2,895. Tbeheglos, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 7 m. E.N.E. Camelford. Area 3,130 ac. P. 192. Tbent, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 3 m. E.N.E. Teovil. Area 1,830 ae. Pop. 505. Tbent, a river of England, through the centre of which it flows, ranking in importance immedi- ately after the Thames & Severn. It rises in the moorlands of Staffordshire, near Burslem, about 500 feet above the sea ; flows at first S.E. through the centre of the co. Stafford to Croaxall, and thence mostly N.E. or N. tlu-ough the cos. Der- by, Nottingham, and Lincoln, and a little N. Burton-on-Stather, joins the Ouse to form the estuary of the Humber. Total course 140 m. Its basin lies between those of the Don on the N., Witham and Welland on the S., and Severn on the W. Affluents, the Dove, Derwent, Idle, and Tarn from the N. and W. ; Tame, Soar, and Devon fron) the S. From its source to Burton- on-Trent it descends 376 feet, and it is navigable from the Humber to Gainsborough for vessels of 200 tons burthen, and for barges as high as Burton. It is connected with all the rivers of central England by canals, the principal of which is the Trent and Mersey canal ; and it is of high importance as a means of exporting the pro- ducts of the manufacturing districts, coal irom Derbyshire, and agricultural produce. Trent, a riv. of Upper Canada, dist. Newcastle^ CO. Northumberland, rises in Trent Lake, lat. 46° N., Ion. 78° W., & after a tortuous S. & E. course enters the Bay of Quints, Lake Ontario, 10 m. N.E. Newcastle. Total length 100 m. THE 1300 TUB Tbent, a city of the Tyrol. [Tkienx.] TitENTHAi*, a pa; of England, co. Stafford, with a vUl. on the Trent, and on the Derby and N. -'Staffordshire railway, Si m. S.S.E. Newcastle- under-Lyne. Area 6,900 ao. Pop. 2,567. The church is a fine old Gothic building with a square tower. Trentham Hall, the magnificent seat of the Duke of Sutherland, is in this parish. Trentishoe, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 8 m. E.N.E. Ilfordoombe, Area 1,190 ac. Pop. 132. Trentola, a market town of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, 9 ni. N.N.W. Naples. Pop. 2,600. Trentok, a city of the U. S., N. America, cap. state New Jersey, on the E. side of the Dela- ware river, opposite its falls, below which it is crossed by a covered bridge, 1,000 feet in length, at the head of its sloop navigation, 27 m. N.E. Philadelphia. Pop. 4,035. It is well built, & has several suburbs, numerous churches, an elegant state-house, a governor's residence, court-liouse, prison, public library, various schools, manufs. of cotton stuffs, leather, paper, rope, and earthen- wares ; Com, flout, & saw mills. It communicates with Brunswick by the Delaware & Raritan canal, navigable for sloops ; and with Philadelphia and Amboy by the New Jersey railroad. It was first settled in 1720, and incorporated as a city in 1792. The battle of Trenton, 25th December, 1776, was gained by Washington and his troops over the United British and Hessian forces. — Many vills. in the U. S. are so named II. a township. New York, 12 m. N. Utica. Pop. 3,178. — Trenton Falls are in W. Canada Creek, in the township, and consist of six successive cataracts, with a total descent of the river of 312 feet, within 2 m. Trentsohiw, a walled town of N.W. Hungary, cap. CO., on a castle-crowned height, on 1. b. of the Waag, 40 m. N. Neutra. Pop. 2,898. TrSport (Le), a comm. and seaport town of Prance, at the N, extremity of the dep. Seine- Irif., 16 m. E.N.E. Dieppe, at the month of the Brele in the English Channel. P. 2,914. Its har- bour was much imprb .'ed by the late king of the French while' at the Chateau d'Eu, 2 m. W.N.W. Treptow (Alt and Neu), two towns of Prus- sia, prov. Pomerania, reg. Stettin. — I. circ. and 17 m. S.S.E. Demfflin, on the Tollense. Pop. 3,825. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufs. of woollens and linens, tanneries, and distilleries. ^11. cap. circ. Grieffenberg, on the Kega, l6 m. W.S.W. Colberg. Pop. 6,350, partly employed in manufe. of woollen cloth. Tresoo, or Tbesoaw, one of the Scilly Islands, in the English Ohahnel, W. Annet Island. Pop. 430. It has about 800 acres of fertile land, a vill. named Dolphin, a christian-kuowledge so- ciety school, and some decayed batteries. Trescorbe, a market town of Lombardy, de- leg, and 8 m. E. Bergamo, cap. dist., with 2,000 inhabitants, sulphur baths, and marble quarries. Tbeshinisii Islands, a rugged group of ba- saltic islets, Hebrides, Scotland, co. Argyle, intermediate between Mull and Tiree. Tbesmere, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 6 m.W.N.W. Launceston. Area 1,490 ac. P. 182. ■ Tbes-Montes, a large peninsula of S. Amer., W^. Patagonia, between the Chonqs Archipelago and tbe Gulf of Penas. Tees-Pontes, a town of Brazil, prov. Minas- Geraes, between the Rio Grande and the river Das Mortea, 25 m. E. Lavras-do-Funil. P. 3,000. Tbeswet^l, a pa. of England, co. Notts, 5} m. E.S.E. Retford. Area 1,430 ao. Pop. 228. Tbetieb, a pa. of England, co. Hereford, 6 m. W. Ross. Area 1,460 ae. Pop? 135.. Tbets, a comm. and town of France, dep. B6uches-du-Rh6ne, cap. cant., on the slope of Mount Regaignas,12 m. E.S.E. Aix. Pop: 2,5S2i Tbetto, a vill. of Austrian Italy, delegi and If m. N.W. Vicenza. Pop. 2,300. Teecchtlingen, a market town of Bavaria, circ. Middle Franconia, on the Altmiihl, 13 m. W.N.W. Eichstadt. Pop. 1,583. Tbbuen, a town of Saxony, circ. Zwickaii, 9 m. E.N.E. Plauen. Pop. 4,443, mostly employed in linen-weaving and cotton-spinning. Tretjenbrietzen, a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. and 22 m. S.S.W. Pots- dam. Pop, 4,960. It has numerous manufs. of linen, woollen, and cotton fabrics, and leather. Tbbvalga, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 4J m N.N.W. Camelford. Area 1,130 ao. Pop. 184. Tbevandrdm, India. [Trivandbum.] Treves (German Trier, ancient Augusta Tre- virorum), a city of Rhenish Prussia, cap. rieg., on rt. b. of the Moselle, here crossed by a fine bridge, 690 feet iu length, 60 m. S.W. Coblenz. Pop. (1846) 16,250. Many of its public buildings are imposing, and partially Roman edifices. The cathedral is remarkable for its altars and marble fallery; the church of St Simeon, the colossal 'orta Mortis or gate of Mars, the Porta Nigra, Heidenthurm, and old palace of the elector, now used for barracks, the artillery depot, abbey of St Martin, now used for a porcelain factory, are striking edifices. Its baths are of Roman con- struction, and beyond its walls are the ruins of an amphitheatre. It has a seminary, gymnasium, a museum, and valuable library of 60,000 vols., which belonged to its university, suppressed 'iji 1794; several hospitals, a theatre, manufs. of linen, woollen, and cotton fabrics, docks for building small vessels, a steam -boat company, & a brisk trade in Moselle wines, corn, and timber.' It is a bishop's see, the seat of a provincial coun- cil and tribunal of commerce ; it was the resi- dence of Constantino the Great and other Ro- man emperors, and was long cap. of the arch- bishopric of Cleves, and of a German electorate. In the middle ages it suffered repeatedly from wars, and iii the 18th century it was five times taken by the French, under whom it became the cap. dep. Sarre. TKETETHm, a pa. of England, co. Monmouth, 6i m.W.N.W. Tlsk: Area 10,460 ac. Pop. 14,942, extensively employed in coal and iron mines. TttEvi, two market towns of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta I. (Thebana), on the Upper Anio, 16 m. N.N.W. Frosinone. P. 1,660.-11. (Trebia), deleg. and 10 m. N. Spoleto, picturesquely situ-; ated on the Flaminian way. Pop. 4,600. Trevico, a town of Naples, prov. Principato- Ult., dist. and 10 m. S.S.E. Ariano, with a cathe- dral, convents, ho.spital, and 3,000 inhabitants. Treviquo, or Triviglio, a town of Austrian Italy, deleg. Bergamo, cap. dist. on railway, 20 m.* E.N.E. Milan. Pop. 6,440. It stands in a rich- plain between the Adda and Serio ; and has ^ large trade in raw silk collected from the sur.; rounding districts. ' Tbevigno, a town of Ulyria. [Botigno J " ' Trevtso, a walled city of Austrian Italy, gov. and 16 m. N. Venice, cap. deleg., on the Sile. Pop. (1843) 21,600. It is well built, & its eatlie- drsD, and many private buildings, are adorned with fine paintings. It is the see of a bishbp, and has a diocesan semiiiary, gymnasium, public library, botanic garden, several hospitals; a thea- tre, and it was formerly the seat of the-teiebrated university afterwards transferred to Padua. It has manufs. of cotton and silk fabrics, iron and TRE 1301 TRI wooden wares, paper, pottery, & an active trade in cattle, corn, and fruit, with a large annual fair in October. Under the Lombards it was a cap. duchy; and under the French the cap. dep. Tag;liamento. Napoleon conferred the title of Duke of Treviso on Marshal Mortier. Tr£tocx, TrivitE, a comm. & town of France, dep. Ain, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Saone, 12 m. N.Lyon. Pop. 1,855. It has a palace formerly be- longing to the parliament established by Francis I. ; a mint, an hospital, and manufs. of woollens. Tbewen, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 4^ m. W.S.W. Launceston. Area 970 ao. Pop. 221. Tretford, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 4J m. W.S.W. Midhurst. Area 1,330 ae. Pop. 155. Tretsa, or TREisi, a town of Germany, Hessen- Cassel, pror. Upper-Hessen, on the Schwalm, 20 m. EJf.E. Marburg. Pop. 2,649. Trezzo, a market town of Lombardy, deleg. and 19 m. N.E. Milan, on the Adda, with manuf. of silks. It was formerly fortified. TaiiSA, a suburb of the city Sevilla, Spain, on the opposite side or W .bank of the Guadalquivir. It is the residence of the gypsies, horse-dealers, and most fluctuating pop. of the city. Truuqle, a township, U. S., N. Amer., New York, CO. Broome. Pop. 1,692. Triasgles (The), a group of islets ofi^ the Asiatic Archipelago, in the Strait of Macassar, intermediately between Celebes & Borneo.— IX. a group off the E. coast of Yucatan, Central America, in the Gulf of Mexico. TBICAI.A, a town of Thessaly. [Tbikhaia.] Tbicau>or, a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. S. Areot, 44 m. W. Pondicherry. Here Tippoo Saib was defeated by the Brit., 1790. Tbicabico, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, cap. cant., 17 m. £. Potenza, between the Basento and Bradano. Pop. 5,000. It is enclosed by old walls, has a cathedral, and manufs. of silks, wool- len cloths, caps, leather, and tobacco. Tbicase, a tOTm of Naples, prov. Otranto, cap. cant., 23 m. E.S.E. Gallipoli. Pop. 2,300. Tbicaioob, two towns of British India, presid. Madras L dist. and 35 m. E.N.E. Madura, with a fine tank and pagoda.— II. dist. Tangore, 4 m. "W, Tranquehar, also with a fine pagoda. Teicesimo, a market town of N. Italy, gov. Venice, deleg. and 7 m. N. Udine. Pop. 2,700. Tbichisopoit, a district of British India, near its S. extremity, presid. Madras, enclosed by the districts S. Arcot, Salem, Coimbatoor, Madura, and Tanjore. Area 3,169 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 654,730. The river Cavery traverses it from W. to E. irrigating many rice grounds ; besides rice, it produces sugar-cane, tobacco, and betel-leaf. Exports comprise also cotton cloths, indigo, nitre, and cotton ; imports glue, oil, pepper, and cocoa-nuts. Sheep and cattle are numerous. •Land rev. (1837) 142,885Z. ; total rev. 164,.334Z.— Trichinopoly, cap. above dist., and the only town of consequence, is situated on the Cavery, 30 m. W. Tanjore. Pop. (including garrison) 100,000. Though one of the hottest stations in the Car- natic, it is the head-quarters of the S. division of the Madras army, which has here good canton- ments ; the markets are well supplied, and com- mumcation with Madras is facilitated by good roads. Fortifications in decay ; but a citadel is seated on a lofty rock in its centre, on which are also a large pagoda, a powder magazine, and in ■ one of its angles a cave temple. The arsenal contains many thousand stand of arms. The pijp. manuf. jewellery, cotton cloths, and horse- eqnipments, for which, and other goods, Tiichi- nopoly is a flourishing emporium. In 1849, a vast number of Hindoos were here trampled to death, at the celebration of a religious festival. Tbioot, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Oise, 12 m. N.E. Clermont. Pop. 1045, who weave fabrics, which have hence derived their name. Tbie, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Pyrenees, cap. cant., 15 m. E.N.E. Tarbes, Pop. ; 1,328 — Trie le Chateau is a market town, dep. Oise, 15 m. S.W. Beauvais. It was formerly ofi importance. Teiebel, a town of Prassia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. and 52 m. S.S.E. Frankfiirt. P. 1,660. Tbiebsees, or Tribsees, a town of Prussian Pomerania, reg. & 20m. S.W . Stralsund. P. 2,703. TfiEtL, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, on r. b. of the Seine, 4 m. N.N.W. Poissy, on Havre railway. Pop. 1,886. Triensen, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. & 16 m.' N.W. Lucerne, on the Suren. Pop of pa. 2,700. Tbient, or Trent, Tridendum, a city of the Tyrol, cap. circ, on 1. b. of the Adige, 13 m. N.N.E. Roveredo. Pop. (1845) 12,900. It is enclosed by high walls, and has a large square, with a handsome fountain ; an old castle, the residence of its former prince-bishops ; a cathedral, and several other churches, in one of which, Santa Maria Maggiore, the famous council of Trent met from 1645 to 1563 ; several monasteries; a city-hall, large hospital, and manufs. of silks, leather, glass, and tobacco ; traffic in corn, wine,' iron, and other produce, and a large transit trade between Germany and Italy. It was taken by„ the French in 1796 and 1797, and was afterwards} cap. of the dep. Adige. Trier, a city of Rhenish Prussia. [Treves.] Tbiesch, a market town of Moravia, circ. and 9 m. S.S.W. Iglau, with 3,200 inhabitants, and manufs. of woollen and linen fabrics. Tbiest, or Trieste, Tergeste, the principal seaport city of the Austrian Empire, lUyria, cap.- gov. and circ. on the Gulf of Triest, at the N.E. extremity of the Adriatic Sea, 73 miles E.N.E.- Venice. Lat. of lighthouse 46° 38' 6'' N., Ion. 13° 46' 6' E. Pop. (1846) 40,000. Mean temp, of year 65° .3 ; winter 39° .4 ; summer 71° .4, Fahr. It consists of an old town built on the declivity of a steep hill, crowned by a nearly ruined castle, and enclosed by old walls ; and the new town, or Theresienstadt, Josephstadt, and the Franzeur vorstadt, bordering the sea on a plain at its foot It has altogether a thriving appearance, and. its streets are crowded with men of all European nations. The new town especially is well bnili, and few cities on the continent can vie with it in the solidity and comfort of its private dwellings', Between the old and new town winds the Corso, a spacious thoroughfare, opening successively into several handsome squares, in the principal of which are a fine public fountain, the chief hotel, and the column and statue of the Emperor Charles vi., to whom Triest owes its modern im- portance. Principal edifices are the exchange, a vast new building; the cathedral in the old town, several other Roman Catholic, and two Greek churches, all fine and richly adorned structures, two Protestant churches, the syna.. gogue, an English chapel, a gigantic hospital^ large and several minor theatres, governor's pa^i lace, barracks, post-house, dockyard, lazarettps, custom-house, and terrace of the casino, orna^ mented by statues. The harbour, formed by the Theresian mole, is small, but secure and oonve.. nient ; it is bordered by a wide stone quay, close to which vessels of 300 tons' burden can anchor, and on its N. side is a quarantine dock, sur- rounded with hotels, & every'other convenience TRI 1302 TRI The city is partially intersected by the Maria Theresa canal, by means of which vessels can load & unload at the doors of the warehouses. Triest is a free port, and is for S. Germany what Ham- burgh is for N. Germany, being the great empo- rium for the trade of the Austrian Empire by the Adriatic. Principal exports are corn, rice, wine, oil, shumac, tobacco, wax, hemp, wool, skins, furs, metals, timber, and all kinds of manufd. and other produce. It is a depot for warehousing goods from the Black Sea, Turkey, and Egypt, and of late the route through it has been suc- cessfully employed for the transit of the overland mails between England and India. It possesses a lai'ge mercantile navy, and the Austrian Lloyd's has 27 steam packets. It is a bishop's see, the seat of an imperial academy, a school of naviga- tion, many other schools, and learned associa- tions, and it has many banking estabs., insur- ance offices, newspapers, &c., manufs. of liqueurs, wax-lights, leather, soap, musical instruments; dyeing houses, sugar refineries, potteries, and distilleries. It is the residence of consuls of most commercial nations. Triest was of import- ance imder the Romans, and has the remains of an amphitheatre & some arches. In the middle ages it was the cap. of an independent republic. The French took it in 1797 and 1803. The gov. of Trieste, forming the S. and W. parts of Illyria, comprises the peninsula Istria, the isls. Yeglia, Cherso, Lossini, &c., in the Adriatic and the valley of the Isonzo ; it is divided into the circs. Triest, Rovigno, and Goritz. Area 4,056 sq. m. Pop. in 1846, 450,000. Principal towns Trieste, Goritz, and Pirano. — The Gulf of Triest is the head of the Adriatic Sea, E. of Cape Salvatore (Istria), and the mouth of the river Tagliamento ; 20 m. in length and in breadth at its entrance. It receives the Isonzo, Stella, and other rivers, and contains the islands of Grado, &c. Tbisqiano, a mkt. town of Naples, prov. & 6 m. S.S.E. Bari, & 3 m. from the Adriatic. P. 3,900. TaiaNO ( Trinum Portuosum), a river of Naples, rises in the Apennines, about 9 m. W. Gampo- basso, flows N.W. and N.E. past Trivento and Celenza, and after a course of 50 m. enters the Adriatic, 5 m. S.E. II Vasto. Triguebos, a town of Spain, prov. and 10 m. N.E. Huelva. Pop. 3,534. Teikebi, a town of European Turkey, Thes- saly, at the extremity of a peninsula in the Gulf ofVoIo. Poj). 6,000. It gives name to the Channel of Trikeri, N. of the island Euboea. Tbikhala, or 'Teioaia {Trik/ca), a town of European Turkey, Thessaly, 37 m. W.N.W. La- rissa. Pop. from 10,000 to 12,000, chiefly Turks. It covers a large space, and has several Greek churches and synagogues ; manufs. of blankets, coarse woollen and cotton stulfs, and an active transit trade in corn, &c., sent through it into Al- bania & Epirus. — Trikhalais a name of the prov. Thessaly.— The Trihhala River is a small affl. of the Salympria, immediately N.W. Trikhala. Teillo, a small town of Spain, prov. and 30 m. E. Guadalaxara, on the Tagus. Pop. 791. It has well frequented mineral baths. Teim, a disfranchised pari, bor., market town, and pa..of Ireland, Leinster, cap. co. Meath, on the Boyne, 25 m. N.W. Dublin. Area of pa. 13,426 ac. Pop. 6,314 ; do. of town 2,269. It is old, and was formerly enclosed by walls. Princi- pal edifices Trim castle, founded in the reign of Henry u., the ruins of which attest its former grandeur; the remains of St Mary's Abbey, and a handsome parish church; a spacious Roman Catholic chapel, several schools, various charitable institutions, a co. court-house, jail, in- fantry barracks, union workhouse, a handsome pillar to the Duke of Wellington, and a brisk trade in agricultural products. Three m. S. the town is the demesne of Dangan, memorable as the birth-place of the Duke of Wellington. Several Irish parliaments have been held in this town, which was taken by Cromwell in 1649. Teimbuck, a " holy place and strong fortress, " in British India, prov. Aurungabad, near the source of the Godavery, 80 m. N.E. Bombay. Tbimdon, a pa. of England, co. and 9 m. S.E. Durham, on the Hartlepool branch of the York and Berwick railway. Area 2,870 ac. P. 382. Tkimley, two pas. of England, do. Suffolk. — I. {St Martin), 8J m. S.B. Ipswich. Area' 1,200 ac. Pop. 486.— II. {St Mary), 8} m. E.S.E. Ipswich. Area 1,670 ac. Pop. 430. Tbimmingham, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 4J m. S.E. Cromer. Area 610 ac. Pop. 222. Teincomalbe, a seaport town of Ceylon, on its N.E. coast, in lat. 8° 33' 1" N., Ion. 81° 14' 7' E. The small town Is at the foot of a rock crowned by Fort-Frederick, at the entrance of a bay, termed by Nelson " the finest harbour in the world," and on the W. shore of which is Fort-Osterburgh, protecting an inner harbour, and having extensive barracks for European troops ; but the station is decidedly unhealthy. Mean temp, of year 80°.7 ; winter 77°.3; summer 83°. 8, Fanr. At a distance of 7 miles are the thermal springs of Cannia. Tbino, a market town and pa. of England, co. Herts, on the London and N. Western railway, 32 ra. N.W. London. Area of pa. 7,390 ac. Pop. 4,260, many of whom are employed in manufs. of silk, canvas, and straw-plait. Town neat, and has a market house, a Lancasteriau free school, and various small charities. The pa. is intersected by the Roman Icknild street, & the Grand Junction Canal. Tring Park House is a fine mansion built by Charles ii. for Nell Gwynne. Tbinqant, a marit. state of the Malay peninsula, extending along the Gulf of Slam, between lat. 6° and 6° N., and Ion. 102° and 103° E. ; having N. Kalantan and S. Kemaman. Estimated pop. 30,000. Products are ivory, pepper, camphor, gambler, gold, and about 7,000 piculs of tin annually. The prinoip. town Tringany, on river of same name, lat. 5° 26' N., Ion. 103° E., has a pop. of 16,000 to 20,000 (?), including many Chinese. Teinidad, the most S. of the British W. India islands, windward group, immediately off the coast of S. America, 13 m. E. of the peninsula Paria Venezuela, and bounding the Gulf of Paria on the E. Lat. of Port Galera 10° 60' N., Ion. 60° 34' W. Shape oblong, with promon- tories extending from 3 of its comers. Length 60 m., breadth 30 m. Area estimated at 2,000 sq. m. Pop. (1842) 60,319. Its mntn. chains run W. to B., continuous with those of the main- land, those along the N. coast rising to 3,000 ft. in height, and the central range flanked on either side by the extensive valleys of the Carony and Orotoire. On the W. coast are numerous bays, but the N. and E. shores are destitute of harbours. Soil extremely fertile ; and the elevated parts of the surface are mostly covered with dense forests. The island is not subject to drought, and is apparently less unhealthy than many other West India islands. Only l-30th of the land is estimated to be under culture, and the settled portions are confined to the N.W. and S.W., where, in 1838, 208,379 acres had been appropriated, though less than l-4th of tliis ex- tent was under tillage. Cacao forms the chief TRI 1303 Till crop ; otlier products are sugar, coffee, cotton, and asphalt ft'om a large natural lagoon in the N.W. pai't of the island, besides which volcanic locality, there are several active mud volcanoes and extinct craters. Exports consist of cacao, sugar, molasses, coffee, cotton, & hides, total value (1845) 430,144i.; total value of imports 449,9912. Government vested in a governor, a colonial council of 12 members, and the orders of the sovereign in council. The laws are a mixture of Spanish and English ; and neither coroners' in- quests nor trial by jury arc established. The island is divided into 11 dists. ; chief town Port of Spain, on the W. coast. PubUc rev. (1841) 104,3092. The island was discovered by Colum- bus in 1498. It successively belonged to the Span- iards and the French, and capitulated to the British nnder Abercrombie ia 1797. — 11. an isl, Atlantic Ocean, 10° E. Brazil, to which it be- longs. Lat of S. point 20° 31' S., Ion. 29° 19' W. ^iNiBAD, a river of Texas, N. Araer., after a S. course of 400 m. enters Galvestan bay, 30 m. N. Galveston. — II. ariv.,Columbia, New Granada, in isthmns of Panama which joins the Chagres about 25 m. fi-om its mouth in the XJaribbean Sea. TarsiDAn, a town of Cuba, cap. gov., on small river of same name, near S. coast. Lat. 21° 45' N., Ion. 80° r W. Pop. (1850) 13,222. Tbintdade, a market town of Brazil, prov. and 19 m. N.E. Kio-de-Janeiro. Pop. 4,000. Tbdjita, a town of North Italy, Piedmont, div. Cnneo, cap. mand., prov. & 9 m. N.W. Mondovi. Pop. 2,895.-11. a vill. of Naples, dist. Castel-a- Mare, 3 m. E. Sorrento. Pop. 1,500. Tbinite (La), a town of France, dep. Morbi- han, cap. cant, 32 m. N.N.E. Vannes. Pop. 527. — ^11. a market town, Martinique, cap. arrond., on its E. coast, 16 m. E. St Pierre. Pop. 5,667. TBrsiTT-GASK, or Takslt, a pa. of Scotland, CO. Perth, on the Earn, 3 m. W. Gask. Pop. 620. Teiho, a town of N. Italy, Sard, dom.. Pied- mont, div. Kovara, prov. and 11 m. S.W. Ver- celli, cap. mand., near the Po. Pop. of comm. (1838) ^17. It is well built, and has a large trade in cattle. Tbinohalee, a large and populous town of British India, presid. and 100 m. S.W. Madras, dist. S. Arcot, with a large pagoda, numerous other temples, and a gateway of 12 stories, and 222 feet in elevation. Tbipatooe, several towns of British India, presid. Madras, dists. Salem, Madura, and Chin- gleput ; the last about 27 m. S.W. Madras, & hav- ing some remarkable Hindoo temples. — Tripetly is a celebrated Hindoo temple, S. of the Kistnah, S. India, presid. and 65 m. N.W. Madras. Tetpole, a market town of Russia, gov. and 27 m. S.S.E. Kiev, on the Dnieper. Pop. 1,500. Tbipoli, the most E. of the Barbary states, N. Africa, its dom. comprising Barca, Fezzan, and the region extending from the island Jerba to the S. extremity of the Gulf of Sert (anc. Syrtis Mc^or), between lat. 28° and 33° 30' N., an d kn. 10° Sir & 25° E. ; having E. Barca, W. Tunis, and S. Fezzan and the Libyan desert. Esti- mated area of Tripoli Proper (including Sert), 100,000 sq. m., and pop. 600,000; but the whole dom. is supposed to have an area of upwards of 200,000 sq. m., and a pop. of between 1} and 2 millions. The coast line, which presents few inlets, is of the most luxuriant fertility for a few mUes inland, beyond which the whole country is little better than a sandy waste, the rivers of Tripoli being mere torrents. Products of the coast are com and fruits, in great variety; cotton, silk, tobacco, saflxon, madder, and castor oil ; in the interior, senna, dates, and galls are the chief sources of wealth, and the oassob and lotus are indigenous. The surplus produce of the date and olive plantations, with straw mats, earthen jars, and other domestic manufs., are partly exported by sea and partly disposed of to Bedouin traders. Wine of superior quality might be produced. Cattle, sheep, and poultry are sent to Malta. Rock-salt Is an important article of export. Principal manufs. are carpets, thick cloaks, and other articles of clothing; camlets, goats' hair, sacking, pi-epared skins, morocco leather, earthenwares, and potash. Foreign commerce is mostly with Malta, Tunis, and the Levant ; and the chief trade is in the barter of European goods for those of Central Africa, whence several caravans arrive annually with slaves, gold dust, ivory, senna, and natron. Tripoli is stated to be the most civilized of the Barbary states. State religion Mohammed- anism. Government, since 1835, exercised by a Pasha, a vassal of the Porte. — Tripoli, anc. (Ea, the cap., is a fortified maritime city, on a low rocky promontory extending into the Mediter- ranean. Lat. (of castle) 32° 63' 9" N., Ion. 13° 11' E. Pop. estimated at 16,500; viz. 12,000 of Turkish descent, 1,600 Christians, and 2,000 Jews. It is much smaller than either Algiers or Tunis. Its white buildings, mosques environed with plantations, and baths surmounted by cu- polas, give it a handsome appearance from the sea, and it is said to be clean and well regulated. Principal edifices, the citadel with the residence of the pasha and a dockyard, some fine mosques, several synagogues, churches, market places, and European hotels. It has a magnificent triumphal arch, erected in a.d. 164, in honour of Aurelius Antoninus and Verus, besides other remains of antiquity. Its port, though small, is secure, and can accommodate frigates drawing 18 feet water. — Tripoli Vecchia, or Old TripoKt is a small maritime town, 45 m. W.ward. Tbipoli, or Taeablds, Tripolis, aseaporttovra of Syria, cap. pash., on the Mediterranean, at the foot of a spur of Mount Lebanon, and at the mouth of the Kadisha, 46 m. N.E. Beyrout. Lat. 34° 26' i" N., Ion. 35° 49' E. Pop. 15,000. It is neatly built, and surrounded by fine gardens, but the marshy character of its vicinity renders it unhealthy. Houses chiefly of stone, and the town has many remains of middle-age architec- ture; in and around it are numerous granitic columns and traces of antiquity, and an old castle stands on an adjacent height. Tripoli doubtless owed its name to its consisting of three distinct towns, while the Marina or El Mina, the prin- cipal seat of trade, is a separate quarter S. W.- ward, on a projecting point of land border- ing the port. The harbour is small, shallow, and frequently unsafe, but Tripoli retains some export trade in silk, wool, cotton, tobacco, galls, cochineal, and soap. Tripoli is a Greek bishop's see, and the residence of several European con- suls. It was taken by the Crusaders in 1108, at which time a large and valuable library was con- signed to the flames.— II. a ruined city of Asia- Minor, Anatolia, near the Mendere, 36 m. S.li. Allah-Shehr. [Philadelphia.]— III. a town ot Turkish Armenia. [Tieehboli.] TEiPOLiTZA,or Tbipolizza, a town of Greece, Morea, cap. gov. Mantinea, in a plain 3,000 teet above the sel, 22 m. S.W. Argos Previously to the revolution it was the residence ot the Turkish pasha of the Morea, and had 20,000 in- habitants ; but it was stormed and taken by the Greek insurgents in 1821, and again in 1828 by TRI 1304 TRO the troop's of Ibrahim Pasha, Who razed it to tlie ground. It has been since rebuilt. It owes its name to being the modem representative of the three cities Mantinea, Tegea, and Pallantium, traces of all which exist in its vicinity. Tbiptis, a town of Germany, Saxe-Weimar, oiro. and 5 m. E. Neustadt, on the Orla. P. 1,480. Teissino, a vill. of Austrian Italy, prov. and 9 m. "W.N.W. Vicenza. Pop. 8,000. Tkistan b'Aounha, the principal of a group of islets in the S. Atlantic. Lat. 37° 6' S., Ion. 12° 2' W. Surface mountainous, and one peak rises to 8,236 feet above the ocean. The other islands are named Nightingale and Inaccessible Island. They are clainied by Great Britain, and a British garrison was maintained there during the resid- ence of Napoleon at St Helena. TmsTE, an island of Central America, in the Gulf of Terminos, off the S.W. coast of Yucatan. — II. (or Pulo Mego), an islet off the S.W. coast of Sumatra. Lat. 4° S., Ion. 101° 10' E.— The Gulf of Triste is a bay of the Caribbean Sea, in S. Amer., on the N. coast of Venezuela, between Ion. 67° .30' and 68° 30' W., lat. 10° 30' N. Tbith St Lbsee, a oomm. and Till, of Prance, dep. Nord, on the Scheldt, arrond. Valenciennes, with iron forges. Pop. 1,799. Triton 1st., most S. of the Paracels, China Sea. Teiumpho-de-la-Cruz, a bay and group of islets of Central America, on the N. coast of the state Honduras, dist. Comayagua. — TViumpho is a town of Brazil, prov. San Pedro, 80 m. AV. Porto- Alegre. Pop. 3,462. Tkitalooe, a populous town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 34 m. E. Tanjore. Tkivandedm, or Tkivandekum, a town of S. Hindostan, cap., the Travancore dom., on the Malabar coast, 50 m. N. W. Cape Comorin, with a fine palace, and an extensive garrison. Mean temperature of year 79° .2 Fahr. Tbivento, a walled town of Naples, prov. Molise, cap. cant., and on the Trigno, dist. and 15 m. N.W. Campobasso. Pop. 4,000. It has a cathedral, and manufs. of coarse woollen cloths. Teiveeo, a market town of N. Italy, Piedmont, diy. Turin, prov. and 9 m. N.E. Biella. P. 3,600: Tkivicaev, a vill. of British India, presid. Madras, dist. S. Arcot, 16 m. N.W. Pondicherry. Teiviuho, a vill. of Naples, prov. Basilicaia, dist. and 11 m. S.E. Potenza. Fop. 2,600. T»OAj>, the plain around anc. Troy. Wbot.] , Tboarw, a coram, and market town of France, dep. Calvados, cap. cant., 8 m. E. Caen. P. 960. ; Tkoohtelfingen, apetty townofS. Germany, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, cap. dist, 15 m, N. Sigmaringen. Pop. 1,136. Teoedteacr, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Cardigan, 3J m. N.N.E. Neweastle-in-Emlyn. Pop. 1,063. Teogen, a town of Switzerland, cant, and 6 m. N.E. Appenzell, cap. Outer-Rhodes. P. 2,400. It has an arsenal, and a trade in muslin and linens, Teois-Modtiebs (Les), a comm. & mkt: town of France, dep. Vienne, cap. cant., 5 m. N.W. Loudun. Pop. 1,530. Teois-Rivieees, a town and dist. of Canada. (Three Riveks.) — II. a market town, S. coast, isl. Guadeloupe, 7 m. S.E. Basse-Terre. P, 8,206. Troitsk, two towns of Russia. — I. gov. and 87 m. N.W. Penza, on the Mokshai Pop. 3,600. — II. (or Xemmnhi), Asiatic Russia, gov. Orenburg, on the TJi, an affl. of the Tobol, 70 m. S.S.E. Tchelibiansk. P. .5,000. Is enclosed by bastioned walls, & has.a cathedral, custom-house, barracks, & active traffic with Bokh^raii— 2,000 Kirghis are said to frequent.it annually withrtheir goods. TnoiTZKoi-MoNASTERE, amlit. town of Russia, gov. and 42 m. N.N.E. Moscow. Pop. 7,000.. On a height immediately above it is a vast ecclesias- tical estab., founded in 1337, & the richest in the empire, after that of Kiev. Within its; fortified enclosure are num. churches, imperial & episco- pal palaces, an ecclesiastical seminary, with a library of 6,000 vols., ajid a bell of 70 tons weight. Teoja, a town of Naples, prov. Capitanata, dist. Bovino, 16 m. S.W. Foggia. Pop. 6,000. It has a fine cathedral, and manufs. of coarse woollen cloths and a large annual fair in August. — II. (anc. Vernaria), an island of the Mediter- ranean, off the coast of Tuscany, prov. Pisa, 14 m. S.E. Piombino, about 2 sq. m. in extent, and rising from the sea like a truncated cone. Teoki, or Novo-Tkoki, a town of Russian Poland, gov. and 15 m. S.W. Vilna, cap. circ, on the Lalie Troki. Pop. 2,000. Teolh.«;tta, a market town of Sweden, Isen & 8 m. S.S.W. Wenersborg. P. 1,000. It is, situ- ated on the Gceta-elf, or river which here forms the Trolhaetta^-falls, obviated for the navigation of the Gotha canal by the Trolhcetta canal, a, cut 3 m. in length, and having 12 sluices. Teomoe, an island of Norway, amt. Nedenaes, close to the S. coast, opp. Arendal. Length 8 m. Teomsoe, a town of Norway, Finmark, on the island Tromsoe, opposite the island . Hvaloe. Pop. 738. It has a wooden quay and a custom- house, and is an outport of Hammerfest. Tbond (St), a town of Belgian Limbourg, cap. cant., on branch railway from Mechlin to Liege, 12 m. W.N.W. Tongres. Pop. (1842) 9,400. It has breweries, distilleries, and manufs. of soap, tobacco, and lace. Teokdhjem (or Drontheim), a fortified seaport city of Norway, cap. its N. stift or prov., at the mouth of the Nid, in Trondhjem-fiord, here cross- ed by a wooden bridge. Lat. of cathedral, 63° 25' 8' N., Ion. 10° 23' 7' E. Pop. 12,780. It is walled, and defended by the fortress of Munkholra, on an island in the fiord. Town well built, though mostly of wood. Streets spacious, & have water cisterns at their intersections. Principal edifice, a magnificent cathedral of the 11 th century, tju'ee other churches, a workhouse, asylums for the aged, and deaf-mutes,,a theatre, exchange bank, grammar, Lancasteiian, and other schools, a museum and public library. The roadsteadds indifferent, and the river admits only small ves- sels, but the town has an active export trade in dried fish, deals, tar, & copper The Trimdhjem Fiord extends from the Atlantic inland for 80 pi., & at its N. extremity it communicates with Beit- stad-fiord.. It receives the Orkel, Guul, Nid, Siaker, and Stordal rivers. — The attft or prov. of Trondlijem comprises the amts. N.) and S. Trondhjem, and Romsdal. Area 19,735 sq. m. Pop. (1845) 226,356. Tbons, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Grisons, on the Rhine. 10 m. W.S.W. Ilanz,; Pop. 800. ,, Tbonto, TnienHum, a river of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta. and Naples, rises N.E. Monte Re%le, flows N. and W., and enters the Adriatic, 17 m. E. Ascoli. Course 54 m_es. Teonzano, a town of N. Italy, Piedmont, prov. & 13 m, W .Ni.W. Vercelli. , Pop. qf comm. 3,300. Troomon, or Taedman, a marit. town of Su- matra, on its W. coast. Lat. 2° 60' N., Ion. 107° 20' E, It was takep by the Dutch in 1840. . TaooN, a seaport town of Scotl., co. Ayr, on a small bay in the Irish Channel, and on the Troon & Kilmarnook railway, 7-5 m. S.W. Kilmarnock. Pop. 1,409. Itas well built, and much fcequentied for sea-bathing. It has a good harbour,, with a pier, shiprbviilding & wet docks, & a lighthouse. TRO 1306 TRU Tkopea, a town of Naples, prov. Calab.-Ult. I., cap. cant., dist. and 12 m. W.S.W. Monteleone, at the S. extremity of the Gnlf of St Eufemia. Pop. 4,500. It is enclosed by walls, and has a line cathedral, and manuf^. of counterpanes and blankets, with an active tunny & anchovy fishery. Teope« (St), Heraclea, a comm. and marit. town of France, dep. Var, on the Gulf of Gri- inaad,aninlet of the Mediterranean, 37 m. E.N.E. Toulon. Pop. 3,327, chiefly engaged in tunny & other fisheries. It has a chamber of commerce. Trophonius (Cave op), Greece. [Lebadea.] Tboppac, a fortified town of Austrian Silesia, cap., principality, and circ, on the Oppa, a tribu- tary of the Oder, 36 m. N.E. Olmiitz. Pop. (1846), with suburbs, 11,651. It has a cathedral, a castle, town-hall, theatre, a gymnasium with a museum, and mannls. of woollen & linen labrics, soap, leather, arms, and liqueurs. The diplo- matic congress, afterwards removed to Laybach, was held here from 20th Oct. to 20th Nov. 1820. Troqueeb, a pa. of Scotland, stewartry Kirk- cudbright, comprising the bor. of Maxwelltown. Area about 19 sq. m. Pop. 4,351. Tborx, or St Michael's Tbokt, a pa. of Ire- land, Ulst«r, CO. Fermanagh, Si m. N. Enuiskil- len. Area 6,069 ac. Pop. 2,028. Tbosa, a town of Sweden, laen and 22 m. N.E. Kykioping, on an inlet of the Baltic. Pop. 500. Tbosachs, a picturesque valley of Scotland, CO. Perth, between lochs Achray and Katrine. The scene of Sir W. Scotf s " Lady of the Lake." - Tbosbbko, or Tbostbebg, a market town of IFpper Bavaria, with a picturesque fortress, 15 m. E.S.E. Wasserbnrg. Pop. 910. ; 1 TBOSsiKGEif , a mkt. town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Black-Forest, dist. and 10 m. N.W. Tuttlingen. Pop. 2,367. - Teostoh, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 6i m. N.N.E. StEdmund's-Bury. Areal,750ae. P. 409. Tbostebi, a pa. of Engl., eo. Monmouth, 2i m. N.N.W. Usk. Area 1,370 ac. Pop. 196. Tbottebsclite, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 7^ m. W.N.W. Maidstone. Area 1,160 ac. Pop. 305. Tbottow, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, SJ m. W.N.W. Midhurst. Area 4,010 ac. Pop. 481. The poet Otway was bom here in 1651: Tbowat, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Derby, pa. Eckington, 6 m. N. Chesterfield. Pop. 1,467. Tbowbbibge, a mkt. town and pa. of England, CO. Wilts, 11 m. S.S.W. Chippenham, connected by a branch with the Great Western railway. Area of pa. 1,960 ac. Pop. 11,050. The town stands on the declivity of a rocky hill, beside the Wene, here crossed by a stone bridge. The pa. church is a large striking edifice, and Trinity church, at W. end of the town, is also a fine building. Dissenters are numerous, and have many chapels in Trowbridge, which also com- prises many elementary schools, alms-horaes (rev. ISOl. per annum), and other charities. The woollen manuf. has been established here from a very early period; and some years ago, there were about 19 woollen mills and 1,650 looms em- ployed in the town and vicinity. Cassimeres, kerseys, & tweeds, are amongst the chief fabrics manufactured. The Kennet and Avon canal runs 1 m. N. the town. Trowbridge had formerly a castle, but no traces of it remain. The poet Crabbe, 18 years rector of pa., died here id 1832. Tboweii,, a pa. of England, co. Nottingham, ; 6J m. W. Nottingham. Area 1,570 ac. Pop. 380. Tbowse, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, lA m. ~ S.S.E. Norwich, on the Eastern Counties railway. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 1,380. Trot, a mined city of Asia-Minor, which has been rendered famous by the Iliad of Hotaei-. Its site is supposed to have been on a height at the S, extremity of the Plain of Troy, 9 m. S.S.E. the entrance of the Hellespont from the JEgesea Sea, close to the modern vill. Bun- arbashi. On that height are still some vestiges of ancient walls and cisterns, and around it are numerous artificial mounds. — The Plain of Troy, between this site and the Hellespont, about 10 m. in length, by 3 m. in greatest width, is watered by three rivers, two of which are the Simois and Scamander of antiquity. Teot, a city and river-port, U. S., N. Amer., New York, cap. co. Rensselaer, on left bank of the Hudson, here crossed by a bridge, 6 m. N. Al- bany. Pop. (1850)28,786. It stands on an alluvial flat, and is regularly laid out; streets mostly lined with trees. It has about 20 churches, a marble court-house, several good market-houses, a jail, 00. poor-house, the Rensselaer institute, Troy female institute, a lyceum with library and museum, & various other academies & literary associations; manufs. of machinery, ropes, hard- wares, cutlery, woollen and cotton stu^, leather, & carriages ; distilleries, breweries, iron-works, & mills ; constant communication and active trade with New Tork, and a branch connecting it with the Schenectady and Saratoga railway. — West Troy, a tnshp., on the opposite side of the Hud- son, was incorporated in 1836, and has 5,000 in- habitants, an extensive U.S. arsenal, & a branch connecting it with the Erie canal. — Many other tnshps. and vills., IT. S., are named Troy; tHe principal in Pennsylvania, co. Bradford. P. 1,664. Troyes, Augiistoiona, afterwards IVicassium, a town & city of France, cap. dep. Aube, on the Seine, and at the head of a railway to MontereaAi, 87 m. E.S.E. Paris. Pop. (1846) 24,702. It has a fine cathedral, an elegant town -house, a comm. college and library of 60,000 vols., and a museum. It is the centre of extensive manufs. of hosiery, cotton and woollen fabrics, and yam. Troyes was cap. of the old prov. Champagne. A treaty was concluded here in 1420, conferring the crown of France on the king of England. In 1814 it was the scene of severe combats between the French and Russians. Trscbemesko, or Tezemeszko, a town of Prussian Poland, reg. Bromherg, between lakes, 42 m. E.N E. Posen. Pop. 3,182. Trsztenna, a mkt. town of N. Hungary, with a Franciscan convent, on the Black Arva, co. and 18 m. N.E. Arva. Pop. 3,050. Tehb, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 20 m. E.Bern. Pop. of pa.2,700. TaiiBAU, or Tbibau, Mdhrisch and Bdhmisch, two towns of the Austrian doni — I. Moravia, circ. & 28 m. W.N.W.Olmutz. Pop. 3,100. It has manufs. of woollens.— II. Bohemia, circ. Chru- dim, on railway, 7 m. N.E. Leitomischl. P. 2,600. Trubej, two rivers of Russia.— I. an arm of the Oka, gov. and N. Riazan.— II. govs. Toher- rigov ani Poltava, joins the Dnieper after a S. course of 80 miles. . Tbubtchevsk, a town of Russia, gov. and 88 ra.W.S.W. Orel, cap. circ, on the Desna. Pop. 4,000. It has large salt magazines, a manuf. of verdigris, and a trade in corn and flax. Teuli,, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, IJ-m. S.S.W. Taunton. Area 2,260 ac. Fop. 647.1 ' Tbumbull, a CO., V. S., N. Amer., in N.E. part of Ohio, cap. Warren. Area 875 sq. m. Pop 88,107.-11. a tnshp., Connecticut, 5 m. N. Bridgeport. Pop. 1,204. „ Tbumpinoton, a pa. of Engl., co. ana J m. ». Cambridge. Area 2,200 ac. Pop. 759. TKU 1306 TUA Tbonch, a pa, of Engl., oo. Norfolk, 3 m, N.N.E. North Walsham. Area 1,230 ac. P. 464. Tbdro, a pari, and munic. bor. and seaport town of Engl., oo. Cornwall, 8 m. N.N.E. Fal- mouth, on the rivers Allen and Kenwin, which are here crossed by stone bridges, and unite to form the creek or riv. Truro, that opens into Fal- mouth harbour. Area of pa. 190 ao. Pop. 3,043 ; do. of pari. bor. 9,901. The town, in a hollow surrounded by hills, is the largest in the co. Its increase and prosperity are partly owing to its being the centre of an important manufacturing dist., & a principal stannary town. Chief edifices, St Mary's church, of the time of Henry vii., various dissenting chapels, a town-hall, coinage- hall, custom-house, co. infirmary, lying-in insti- tution, barracks, the theatre, and union work- house. The grammar school has 2 exhibitions of 301. to Exeter college, Oxford, and here Sir H. Davy received his early education. Truro has a mining college, royal institution for science & literature, a Dorcas society & other charities, and a public subscription library. Vessels of 100 tons come up to its quays. Imports chiefly coal, timber, and articles required in mining operations. Exports tin, copper, paper, carpet- ing, pottery-ware, and pilchard oil. Customs rev. (1847) 19,824?. Keg. shipping (1848) 3,016 tons. The bor. is divided into 3 wards. Corp. rev. (1848) 3,6581. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 624. Teuko, two tnshps., V. S., N. Amer. — I. Mas- sachusetts, on the N. part of Cape Cod, Atlantic. Pop. 1,920, mostly employed in fisheries. — II. Ohio, CO. Franldin. Pop. 1,103. Tbhsham, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 2 m. N.N.W. Chudleigh. Area 610 ac. Pop. 213. Tbuslet, a pa. of England, co. and 6 m. W. Derby. Area 1,140 ac. Pop. 106. Tkdsthobpe, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 6 m. N.E. Alford. Area 1,370 ac. Pop. 273. Tbuxillo, or Tbujillo, Turris Julia, a city of Spain, prov. and 23 m. E. Caceres, and on the high road from Madrid to Lisbon. Pop. d,212. It is situated on the declivity of a granite hill, crowned by an ancient castle, and has an impos- ing appearance. Its inhabitants are mostly en- gaged in rural pursuits. It has a college, a post-house, and earthenware factories. Teoxillo, a town of N. Peru, cap. prov., and formerly cap. dep., pleasantly situated near the coast of the Pacific O., about 125 m. S.E. Lam- beyeque. Lat. 8° 7' 5' S., Ion. 79° 4' 2' W. Fop. 6,000. It is enclosed by a brick wall, and has a cathedral. It was founded by Pizarro in 1533. — II. a city of Venezuela, dep. Zulia, cap. prov., 90 m. S.W. Barquesimeto, & N.E. Merida. Pop. 4,000. It was formerly the handsomest town in this part of S. America, and early in the present century it had 12,000 inhabitants. — III. a seaport town of Central America, state Hon- duras, cap. dep., on the Caribbean Sea, and the Mosquito frontier. Lat. (of port), 15° 65' N., Ion. 85° 69' W. Pop.,with adjacent hamlets, 4,000. Its harbour, on the bay of Truxillo, is defended by several forts. Principal export, mahogany. Troxton, a township, U. S., N. America, New York, 10 m. N.E. Cortland. Pop. 3,668. Tbybebo, a town of Baden, eirc. Upper Rhine, on the Gutach, 7 m. S. Hornberg. Pop. 1,114. Tbtsull, a pa. of England, co. Stafford. Area 8,110 ao. Pop. 641. TsAsQ and Tsao, numerous cities and towns of China; the principal being Tsao-tchoii, prov. Shan-tung, cap. dep., 140 m. S.W. Tsi-nan. TsANTA, a fortified city of China, prov. Yun- nan, cap. dep., on the Burmese frontier, 60 m. N.E. Bhamo. TsATSAK, a town of Servia. [Csaxsak.] TsoHEENEMBBL, a town of lllyria, Camiolaj 16 m. S. Neustadtl. Pop. 1,000. (For others, sometimes spelt with Tsch, refer to Ton, or Cz.) TsoHEBNOwiTZ, 3, town of Austrian Poland. Pop. 12,000. [CZEBNOWITZ.] TsE-KEB, a town of China, prov. Che-kiang, W. Ning-po, taken by the British, March 1842. TsE-TOHOt;, a city of China, prov. Shan-si, cap. dep., 40 m. N. the river Hoang-ho. TsHussovAJA, a river of the Russian dom,, gov. Perm, rises 60 m. S.SW. Ekaterinburg, flows N. and W., and joins the Kama, 12 m. N. Perm. In spring it is navigable, & used for the transport of the mineral produce of the Ural. TsiAMPA, or, Champa, a small state of S.E. Asia, partly situated on the E. coast of the Gulf of Siam, now subject to Anam (Cochin-China), of which it forms the most S. prov. Chief town, Nha-trang. Inhabitants partly Mohammedans. TsiEif , a prefixed name of many towns in China. — The Tsien-hiang, prov. Se-ehuen, is a river tributary to the lUa-ling; and the Tsien-tang- Uang, a river, prov. Che-kiang, joins the sea by a wide estuary E. the city Hang-chow-foo. Tsi-NAN, a city of China, cap. prov. Shan-tung, on 1. b. of the Ta-tsin river, 100 m. from the Gulf of Chi-Ii. It is large, populous, & venerated as the residence of a former sovereign dynasty ; has manufs. of grey silks and glass wares. TsiN-TcHOTi, two cities of China, caps, of deps. — I. prov. Shan-tung, 80 m. E. Tsi-nan. — ^11. Erov. Quang-tong, 65 m. W. On-tchou, on a tri- utary of the Hong-kiang. — Tsin and Tsvng are names of num. Chinese towns of inferior rank, TsiDEsr-Tcnou, a maritime city of China, prov. Fokien, 30 m. N.E. Amoy. TsiTsiKAB, a town of Manchooria, near the border of Mongolia, on the Nooni river, 240 m. S.W. Saghalin-oola. TsKHiNVALi, a town of Russian Transcaucasia, - Georgia, 65 m. N.W. Teflis. TsoHO-MiNO, an island of China, prov. Kiang- su, off the W. coast, at the month of the Yang- tse-kiang; its E. extremity in lat. 31° 28' N., Ion. 121° 61' E. Length 36 m., breadth 10 m. On its S. coast is a town of same name. TsoHG-iTNG, Asia. [Kabakobdm Modntadi.] TsnN-HOA & TsuN-Y, two cities of China. — I. prov. Chi-li, cap. dist., 80 m. E.N.E. Peking.— II. prov. Kwi-ohoo, cap. dep., 70 m. N. Kwi-Yang. TsusiMA, an island of Japan, in the Strait of Corea, lat. of N. extremity, 34° 40' N., Ion. 129° 29' E. Length 45 m., breadth 12 m. Surface mntnous. and rugged. — Tmtsi-Yamma & Tmva are other islands of Japan, of much less size. Tsc-YcNO, a city of China, prov. Yun-nan, cap. dep., 70 m. W. Yun-nan. TcA, a river of Portugal, prov. Tras-os-Mon- tes, joins the Douro, after a S.W. course of 70 m. TuAM, an episcopal town & pa. of Ireland, eo. and 19 m. N.N.E. Galway, on the Clare, here crossed by a bridge. Area of pa. 26,020 ac. Pop. 13,426 ; do. of town, or " city," 6,034. The town consists of 6 principal streets, mkt.-place, and some squalid straggling thoroughfares ; but it has Roman Catholic and Protestant cathe- drals, & 2 episcopal palaces, the Roman Catholic college of St Jarlath, diocesan and other public schools, a court-house, bridewell, union work- house, barracks, a market-house, with reading and assembly rooms, ruins of a castle, some ma- nufs. of linen and canvas, and a large retail trade. It was the see of a Protestant archbishop until TUA 1307 TUL 1839. 19-20tlis of the pop. are Roman Catholics. Corp. revenue (1848) 367/. TuAT, an oasis of Cent. Africa, Sahara, nearly equidistant from Marocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Fezzan. Agably is its chief town. [Agably.] Tdbai and Tubuai-ManC, two of the Society islands in the Pacific Ocean. [Society Islands.] Tdbbbid, two pus. of Ireland I. Munster, co. Tipperary, i m. S.S.W. Cahir. Area 12,573 ac. Pop. 4,874. — II. Leinster, co. Kilkenny, 3J m. E.S.E. Pilltown. Pop. 241. Tdbbcs and Tdbberan, two towns of Persia. -I. Khorassan, 160 m. N.E. Yezd.— II. prov. & 100 m. N.N.E. Kirman. TiJBiNQEN.a walled town of 'Wiirtemberg, ciro. Blacit Foresi on the Neckar, at the influ.\ of the Ammer, 18 m. S.S.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 7,600. Its celeb, university, which had amongst its earliest professors the reformers Melancthon & Kauch- lin, is seated in the ancient castle of the Counts- Palatine, and has belonging to it an observatory, botanic garden, cabinet of natural history, and a library of 70,000 vols. In 1846, it was attended by 863 students. The town has manufs. of wool- len cloth and gunpowder. TuBizE, a market town of Belgium, prov. S. Brabant, on railway, 13 m. S.S.W. Brussels. Tdbnah, Tubana, a town of Algeria, prov. and 120 m. S.W. Constantine. Tubnet, a pa. of England, co. Berks, 4 m. W.N.W. Abingdon. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 190. TncHAs, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Aude, 25 m. S.W. Narbonne. Pop. 1,220. TccHEi,, a town of W. Prussia, reg. Marien- werder, 15 m. S.E. Conitz. Pop. 1,885. TccoviA, an island of the New Hebrides, Paci- fic Ocean, lat. 12° 16' S., Ion. 168° 42' E. TncDMAN, a dep. of the Plata Confed., mostly between lat. 26° and 27° 30' S., and Ion. 62° & 66° W., having E. the Gran-Chaco, one of the vast interior plains of S. America, and on other sides the deps. Salta, Catamarca, & Santiago. Estim. pop. 44,000. Surface in the W. mntnons., and alternately covered with forests of lofty trees and fine pastures. Its centre is one of the richest parts of the Confed., yielding fine crops of wheat, maize, nee, tobacco, and sugar. Many mules are exported, and the cattle are of goodbreeds. The dep. contains mines of gold, silver, copper, and leM; other products are cocoa, cotton, indigo, honey, wax, dyewoods, salt from mines & lakes, and a little wine. Principal manufs. are leather, cotton and woollen fabrics, and cheese. Princip. towns, Tucuman and Pitos II. San Miguel de Tucuman, the cap. dep., is on a tributary of the Medinas, 94 m. N.W. Santiago del Estero. Pop. from 8,000 to 12,000. It has a cathedral, several convents, a Jesuits' college, and a trade in oxen and mules sent into Bolivia. Here the independ- ence of the Plata provs. was first promulgated, and the first congress of the republic was held in 1816. „ , ToDDENHAM, sevcral MS. of Engl.— I. co. Suf- folk, 3} m. N.E. Ipswich. Area 1,640 ac. Pop. 423 II. same co., 3 m. S.S.E. Mildenhall. Area 2,450 ac. Pop. 428.— III. (East), co. Norfolk, 6 m. E.S.E. East-Dereham. Area 1,970 ac. Pop. 656.— IV. (North), same co., 4 m. E.S.E. East-Dereham. Area 2,670 ac. Pop. 417. TiTOELA (Tutela), a city of Spain, prov. Navarra, on the Ebro, here crossed by a stone bndge of 17 arches, 52 m. N.W. Zaragoza. Pop. 6,790. It is neat, but dull. It has remains ofanc, fortifications. Its cathedral contains the tomb of Blanche of Castile, queen of Peter the Cruel, and it has many other churches, convents, and hospitals ; a workhouse, prison, Latin and medical schools, manufs. of coarse woollens, hair fabrics, soap, tiles, bricks, and earthenwares. The celebrated Rabbi Benjamin Ben Jonah (Benj. of Tudela), was born here in the 12th century. On the 23d of November 1808, the French here gained a complete victory over the Spaniards. — II. (de Duero), a town, prov. and 6 m. E.S.E. Yalladolid. TcDELET, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 2J m. E.S.E. Tunbridge. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 643.— St TudwalVs Road is an inlet of Cardigan bay. Tody (St), a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 6i m. N. Bodmin. Area 8,690 ac. Pop. 661. ToffS, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Sarthe, 16 m. N.E. Le Mans. Pop. 1,792. Tdfton, a pa. of England, co. Southampton, 1 m. S.S.W. Whitchurch. Area 2,160 ac. P. 153. Tooby, a pa. of England, co. and 12 m. E.S.E. Leicester. Area 1,830 ac. Pop. 408. TuGFOBD, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 8J m. N.N.E. Ludlow. Area 1,990 ac. Pop. 146. Ttjghuckabad, a fortified town of British India, presid. Bengal, Upper provs., dist. and 12 m. S. Delhi, with some extensive ruins, and the massive mausoleum of TughUck Shah, an edifice of the 14th century. TuivRov, a market town of Russian Poland, gov. Podolia, on the Bug, 22 m. N.W. Bratzlav. TuKTjM, a town of Russia, gov. Courland, near the gulf of Riga, cap. ciro., on the Slok, 38 m. W. Riga. Pop. 2,800. It has a ruined castle, and a female seminary. Tdia, a gov. of European Russia, nearly in its centre, mostly between lat. 53° and 66° N., Ion. 36° and 38° 40' E., having E. Riazan, S. Orlov, W. Kaluga, and N. the gov. Moscow. Area 11,674 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,227,000. It is densely peopled. Surface undulating ; the Oka forms all the N.E. and N. boundary ; the Don and tJpa rise in this gov. Chief crops, com, beans, mustard, turnips, hemp, tobacco, and potatoes. Sheep, cattle, and horses, are extensively reared. About l-6th part of the surface is in forests. Some inferior coal is met with, and iron mines extend over an area of 10 sq. m. near the cap., but iron is a chief import for the manufs. of Tula. The gov. has extensive breweries and distilleries, leather and beet-root sugar factories, and ex- ports corn, hemp, flax, cutlery, fire-arms, hard- wares, and jewellery. Chief towns, Tula, Venev, Odojev, and Novosil.— Z^Za, the cap., is an im- portant manufacturing town on the Upa, 106 m. S. Moscow. Pop. (excluding garrison) above 36,000. It is the " Sheffteld and Birmingham " of Russia, and has a fine appearance It is well built, and has many churches & convents ; a fi-ec school, gymnasium ; trades, foundling, and other hospitals ; a house of correction, prison, arsenal, theatre, museum, and a vast manuf. of arms, which owed its origin to Peter the Great, but has risen to its present importance by the efforts of an Englishman since 1817. In this factory, about 70,000 muskets and 60,000 swords are made annually, besides carabines, pistols, bayonets, &c. ; 7,000 men and 9,600 women are employed, exclusive of 3,600 other hands m sub- sidiary occupations. The articles produced are of good quafity, and the work-people enjoy pecu- liar privileges and immunities. Tula has also manufs. of mathematical and scientific instru- ments, iewellery, platina wares, silks, hats, ana leather. It is the residence of a military gover- nor, a bishop's see, and the seat of a chamber of manufactures. In its vicinity are many gardens, orchards, and nursery-grounds. . ^nrr, Tui..\, a town of N. Amer., confed,, dep. & 40 m. TUL 1308 TTJN N.N.W. Mexico, & the ano. cap. of the ToHecs. It is upwards of 6,000 feet above tlie gea, on the banks of the Tula or Montezuma, ji river which, after a N.E. course of 200 m. past Valles and Panuco, joins the Tampico river near its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico.^II. a river of the Chinese empire, Khalkas country, joins the Orkhon, 110 m. S.S.W. Kiachta, after a S.W. and N."W, course of 200 miles. Tdlano-Bavang, a river and town of Sumatra; the river enters the seaof Java after an E. course •^f 100 m.; town, 70 m. S.S.E. Palembang. TuLBAQH, a viU. of the Cape Colony, S. Africa, div. and 37 m. N.N.W. Worcester. Tdlija, a river of the Mexican Confederation, dep. Tabasco, tributary to the Usumasiuta. At their junction, it is about J m. in breadth. TuLLA, a town of Arabia, dist, Temen, 30 m. ■W.N. W.Sana. ,,' , TuLi.A, or TDLtOH, a market town and pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. CIare,'9J m. N.E, Ennis. Area of pa. 24,632 ac. Pop. 8,748; of town 1,217. Tdllagh, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Cork, comprising the port of Baltimore, the island of Innisherkin. Area 6,349 ae. Pop. 3,690. TnLLAGnANBROGUB and Tdllaghanoge, two pas. of Ireland, Leinster. — I. co. and 4 m. S.W. Kilkenny. Area 3,487 ac. Pop. 1,078—11. co. Meath, 2J m. S.E. Athboy. Ac. 1,416. P. 178. TuLiAGHLEASE, Or TuiMLEASB, a pa. of Ire- .and, Munster, co. Cork. 7 m. N.N.E. New- market. Area 8,292 ac. Pop. 3,278. TuLLAGHNisKEN, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Tyrone,3m.N.E.Dungannon. Ac. 4,461. P. 4,106. ' Tur^LAGHOBIGLT, Or RrETUt-LAGJlOBIGLT, a marit. pa. of Irel., Ulster, co. Donegal, 6 m. S.W. Dunfanaghy, includ. sevl. isls. Ac. 68,809. P. 9,049. TULIAGHOKTON and TcLtAGHOUBIIT, tWO paS. of Ireland. — I. Munster, co. Tipperary, 2 m. N.E. Clogheen. Area 6,889 ac. Pop. 2,198.— II. Leinster, Kilkenny, 2| m. S.S.W. Kilmaganny. Area 4,602 ac. Pop. 1,750. Tni.LAMOKE, an inland town of Ireland, Lein- ster, cap. King's co., on an afS. of the Clodagh, & on the Grand Canal, in the centre of the Bog of Allen, 60 m. W.S.W. Dublin. Pop. 6,342. It has risen since 1790 from a small village. It is the principal shipping station on the Grand Canal. Charleville forest, adjacent, is the seat of Earl Charlevillej who owns the town. TuLLAKOAN, a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Kilkenny, 5 ra. S.S.W. Freshford. Ac. 12,360. P. 3,490. Here are remains of Courtstown castle. Tulle, a comm. and town of France, cap. dep. Correze, on the Correze, at its confluence with the Solana, 45 m. S.E. Limoges. Pop. (1846) 7,608. It has a comm. college, normal school, public library, prison, barracks, and hospital; with mannfs, of coarse woollen cloths, hats, paper, wax-candles, and leather, and an exten- sive national factory of fire-arms. Three m. N. are the ruins of Tintignac. TcLLiALLAN, a marft. pa. of Scotland, co. Perth, comprising the town of Kincardine. Area 2,760 ac. Pop. a,W6.— Tullibody is a vill., co. Clackmannan, 2J m. N.W. Alloa, Thluns, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Is6re, cap. cant., 13 m. N.W. Grenoble, Pop. 2,365, engaged in steel and copper worlts. TuLLOCH, a vill. of Scotland, co. and 2 m. N. Perth. Pop. 216. ' TuLLOw, a market town and pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Dublin, on the Slaney, here crossed by an elegant stone bridge, 8 m. E.S.E. Car- low. Area of pa. 7,990 ac. Pop. 4,478 ; do. of town 3,097. It has a castle of the 12th ceiiturv. ' TuLLT, several pas. of Ire].— 1. (or Tullyfeme) Ulstpr, 0(3. Donegal, comprising a part of this ; town of Kiniettbn. Area 16,612 ac. ,, Pop. fe,14l,/ — II. (or CoglanstoTim), Leinster, co. and 1 m. S.S.E.Kildare. Area 5,164 ac. P. 1,279 — IIl.co. DubIin,Sm. S.Kingstown. Ac. 3,286. P. 1,2Q7. Tdllt, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New Jersey, on Onondaga Creek, 10 m. S. Syracuse. Pop. 1,663. TuLLtqoKBET, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Monagljan,4m.N.Ballybay. Ac. 8,913. P. 6,096. TiiLLYLisHi a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. Down^ 6im. S.E. Portadown. Area 11,707 ac. P. 12,660. TuLLiNjissLE and Fobbes, a united pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, S. Alford. Pop. 846. ToLMAKo, or Tdlmero, a town of S. Amer., Venezuela, dep. and 50 m. W.S.W. Caracas, near the Lake of Valencia. Pop. 8,000. It has an active trade in tobacco, raised in its vicinity." TuLLN, a walled town of Lower Austria, 17 m. N.W. Vienna, on rt. bank of the Danube, here joined by the Tulner. Pop. 1,788. It has manujfe. of woollens and tape. Here Sobieski collected his troops for the defence of Vienna in 1683. TuLOUB Isls., Asiatic Arcliip. [Saxibabo.I TnLPEHOCKEN, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, co. Berks, Pop. 1,681., TDLSK,a bor. and vill. of Irel., Connaught, co. and 11 m. N.W. Roscommon. Pop. 133. Tdltcha, or ToLDJA, a town of European Turkey, near the N. extremity of Bulgaria, on the Danube, 40 m. irom its mouth. TnLTSOHiN, two market towns of Russian Po- land. — I. gov. Podolia, on the Bug. Pop. 1,800. — 11. gov. Volhynia, 14 m. N.E. Rovno. ToLUMBA, a large and populous town of the Punjab, near the Ravee, 50 m N.E. Mooltan with the remains of a fort, ruined by Timour. TuMACo, or GpKGONiLLA, an isl. Of S. Amer., off W. coast of Ecuador, 88 m. N.E. Esmereldas. ToMAT, or Maleg, a river of Central Africa, S.Nubia,joins the Bahr-el-Azrek,ahead stream of the Nile, near lat. 11° 20' N., Ion. 34° 45' E. TuMBALA, a vill. of the Mexican Confedera tion, state Chiapas, 70 m. E.N.E. Cindad Keav, and picturesquely seated on rocky precipices, TuMBELAN Islands, a group of the Asiatic' Archipelago, between Borneo and the Malay peninsula. Lat. of Great Island 1° N., Ion. 107° 34' E. Principal is]., Tumbelan, 5 m. in length. TuMBEZ, a small town of S. Amer., Ecuador, dep. Assuay, on the Peruvian frontier, and on the Tumbez river, near the Pacific, and 70 m. N.W. Loxa. Here the Spaniards first disem- barked in 1526. TcMBO IsL., one of the Isles de Los, W. Africa. Thmlook., a town of British India, presid. "and prov. Bengal, dist. Hooghly, on an affl. of the Ganges, 36 m. S.W. Calcutta. Tdmna, or ToEMONiA, a pa. of Irel., Con- naught, CO. Roscommon, 1 m. N. Carrick-on- Shannoh. Area 8,189 ae. Pop. 4,180. TuMOKE, or TooMOUK, a pa., Irel., Connaught, CO. Sligo, 3} m. S.E. Ballymote. Area 10,835 ac. Pop. 3,319. ToNBKiDGB, or TouBBiDGE, a marlcct town & pa. of Engl., 00. Kent, on the Med*ay, and on the S.E. railway, oh wWch it has a principal station, 27 m. S.E. London. Area of pa. 14,730 ac". Pop. 12,630, do. of town 6,260. It is a quiet old town, with 5 stone bridges over so many arms of the Mfedway, one of which arms is called the Tun. Principal edifices, the grammar school, which lias 16 exhibitions of 100?. each at the universi- ties, 12 minor exhibitions, a scholarship & a fel- lowship at Oxfbrd, & 700?. in salaries to masters'? the town' hall, union workhouse, market-house, TUN 1309 TUN church, chapels, &c., and fine remains of a Nor- man castle and of a priory. Tunbridge has been long noted for a mauuf. of toys and turned wares, and it has some exports of timber. Tdnbridqe, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Vermont, 32 m. S.S.E. Montpelier. Pop. 1,811. TtTNBRiDaE Wells, a marKet town and water- ing place of Engl., cos. Kent and Surrey, with a station on tlie Hastings branch of the S.E. rail- way, 5 m. S.S.W. Tonbridge. Pop. 8,303. The springs are chalybeate. The pump-room and hatiis, public paraJde,balI-rooms, libraries, theatre, market-honse, are in a small valley, enclosed by sloping hills. Mounts Ephraim, Pleasant, & Sion, on which are excellent hotels, and many elegant villas. It has a church and elegant chapel, nu- meroos dissenting chapels, an infirmai'y, dispen- sary, many schools, and Hterary institutions. TuNDERGAKTH, a pa. of Scotland, co. Dumfries, 3 m. S.S.E. Lockerby. Area 10,630 ae. P. 524. ToHO, several cities of China. [Tehg.] Tung, a prefixed name of many towns of China. -^Tung-kiang is a river, prov. Qnang-tong, enters the river of Canton from N.E., below Whampoa. Course 180 m. On it is the city Wei-tchou. TuNGAR-tGUA, the river Amazon, in the upper part of its course in N. Peru, is CEiIled the Tun- garagna or Lauricocha. [Amazon.] Tung-Chahg, a city of China, prov. Shan- tung, cap. dep., on the river Ta^tein, near the Grand canal, 50 m. S.W. Tsi-nan. It is large, populous, and has a flourishing trade. Amongst Ifspublic edifices is an octagon tower of 8 stories, fe(ced with porcelain. — Tung-Clang, T.-Chow, T.- Yang, &c., are the names of Chinese cities and towns of minor importance. Tdngdska, three rivers of Siberia, tributary to the Yenisei, and all flowing to it from the E. Tunis, a beylik or regency of N. Africa, be- tween lat. 31° and 37° N., and Ion. 8° and 11° E., having W. Algeria, S. & S.E. the Greater Atlas and Tripoli, N. and E. the MediteiTanean Sea. Area roughly estimated at 72,000 sq. m., & pop. at between two and two and a-half millions. Its E. coast forms the W. limit of the great inlet of the Mesditerranean in N. Africa, and is indented by the Gnlf of Cabes (ano. Syrtis-Minor) and Gulfof Hammamet : on the N. coast are the gulfs of Tunis and Bizerta. The dom. comprises the islands Jerba, Karkenna, Galita, &o. Prmcipal river the Mejerdah (anc. Bagraddh). In the S. is a sandy waste, in which is the large salt marsh Sibhah ; but most part of the surface is of high fertility, & in ancient tunes it was one of the gra- naries of Kome. Principal vegetable products^ wheat, maize, barley, sorgho, millet, olives, dates, grapes, and other fruits, henna, and tobacco. Cotton and indigo have been recently introduced as articles of culture, and some saffron & opium are raised. Copper, lead, silver, and salt, from Sibhah, are amongst the mineral products, and near Porto-Farina is a quicksilver mine; but mining, like agriculture, is very backward. Domestic animals comprise camels, horses, buf- fatoes, a small but good breed of oxen, & menno sheep. Principal manufs. are of red caps, ex- ported to all parts of the Mediterranean, soap at Susa, woollen, silk, and Enen fabrics, and Marocco leather. Caravans come ann\ially from Central Africa, bringing slaves, senna, ostrich feathers, gold dust, gum, and ivory, which are exchanged for manufactured goods, spices, and gunpowder. Others from Constantinople bring wax, dried skins, cattle, and sheep, in return for musUns and other woven fabrics. Turns mantles, colonial produce, essences, &c. Principal im- ports by sea are cochineal, raw silk, coffee, sugar, Spanish woollen cloths, wines, and coin. State religion Mohammedanism. Government exer- cised by an hereditary bey, nominally tributary to the Turkish Sultan, by whom he is confirmed in his rule, and assisted by a divan of 37 mem- bers. His rev. is estimated at 1,600,0007. an- nually, but double this sum is annually raised by taxation, customs, &c., the residue being retained by the collectors. Armed force 60,000 men. Naval force consists of a corvette, some smaller vessels, and about 32 gun boats. Besides Tunis the cap., the chief towns are Susa, Hammamet, Bizerta, Sfax, Cabes, Monastir, Gafsa, Kairwan, Zeughwan, and Beja Tunis (anc. Tunes), the cap., is situated on the W. side of the Gulf of Tunis, and separated from the Gulf by the Lake of Tunis. Lat. 36° 48' N., Ion. 10° 16' 2" E. Pop. estimated from 100,000 to 160,000, of whom 30,000 are Jews. It stands on rising ground, encircled by a double line of walls, the outer of, which, enclosing several suburbs, is 5 m. in cir- cuit. On a height "W.ward is the citadel, and on other adjacent heights are various outworks. Houses of stone, but mean ; streets narrow and filthy. The bazaars are superior to those of Algiers, and there are numerous handsome mosques, a magnificent palace of the bey, once ■ the residence of Queen Caroline, K. Cath. and Greek churches, various synagogues, an Italian theatre, and several large barracks, one on the site of an ancient edifice. About Ig, m. "W. the city is the Bardo, a fortified summer residence of the bey, and 3 m. N.E. are traces of ancient Car- thage. Imports, raw silk, Spanish wool, su^ar, coffee, dyes, timber, corn, woollen & silk fabrics, and most manufactured goods'. Exports, red caps, and other woollen goods, wool, hides, fish, corn, fruit, live stock, olive oil, wax, and soap. —The Gulf of Tunis, an inlet of the Mediter- ranean, extends inland for 30 m., between capes Bon and Farina. , Breadth at entrance 45 m. It everywhere affords good anchorage in from, 4 to 10 fathoms water, receives the river Mejerdah, and has on its S.W. side the Goletta, or entrance to the lagoon of Tunis, & the ruins of Carthage./ — The Lagoon of Tunis is a shallow lalte commur , . nieating on its E. side with, the Gnlf of Tnnis by , the Goletta, a short and narrow strait. Leugtlj j 12 m., breadth 5 m. In it is a fortified island , opposite the city of Tunis, on its W. shore, and on its N.E. side are the ruins of Carthage, of which city it was the port. , ToNJA, a town of S. Amer., New Granada, cap. dep. Boyaca, on a high table land, 70 m. N.N.E- . Bogota. Pop. 7,000. It has several convents, a college, a military hospital, manufs. of woven fabrics, and a large trade in tobacco. On its N.N.W. side aremineral springs, and near it, in 1819, was fought the battle of Boyaca, in which the Spaniards were routed by Bolivar. tuNKAT, a town of Independent Turkestan, khanat Khokan, 50 m. N. Tashkend. TuNKHANMOCK, a towusMp of the U. S., JN. Amer., Pennsylvannia, on the Tunkhannook, at its confl. with the Susquehannah, 22 m. N.N.W . Wilkesbarre. Pop. 1,933. . Tdhkwsk, a small town of Siberia, govi and llO'jn. S.W. Irkutsk. ^ ^ , t TuNSTALL, several pas., .&e., of Engl.— 1. co. Lancaster, 3 m. S. Kirkbj-Lonsdale. Area 8,970 ac. Pop. 721. It has an ancient church. Thurland Castle here is a moated residence— II. CO. Kent, 10 m. E.N.E. Maidstone. Area 1,020 ac. Pop. 188— III. CO. Norfolk, 6^ m. W.N.W. Yarmouth. Area 1,300 ac Pop. 116.— IV. co. TUN 1310 TCR Suffolk, 5i ra. S.S.W. Saxmundham. Area 2,780 ao. Pop. 658. — V. co. York, E. Riding, on the K. Sea, 14: m. E.N.G. Ringston-on-Holl. Area 1,310 ac. Pop. 169. TDMSTAi.L-ConBT, a mkt. town and chapelry of Engl., 00. Stafford, 4 m. N.N.E. Newcastle-nnder- Lyne. Pop. 6,978. The church is a handsome edifice, and here is a neat court-house. Market, Saturday. In the vicinity are numerous col- lieries, extensive potteries, large chemical works, and productive veins of clay apd iron-ore. TuNSTEAD, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 10 m. N.N.E. Norwich. Area 2,110 ac. Pop. 488. TuNOTAN, a river of S. Amer., Plata Confed., dep. Mendoza, after an E. course of 200 miles, is lost in a lake of the llanos, a great plain, lat. 84° S., Ion. 66° 30' W. ToNWORTH, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 3} m. S.E. Basingstoke. Area 1,190 ao. Pop. 124. TUOSIST, KlLMAOALOGIJE, Or KlLMICHAELO- GrE, a pa. of Ireland, Munster, co. Kerry, 11 m. S.W. Kenmare. Area 39,341 ao. Pop. 7,485. ToPARRO, a river of S. America, New Granada, joins the Orinoco at Maypures, after an E. course of 200 miles. TupizA, a town of Bolivia, dep. and 140 m. S. Sucr^. Pop. 5,000. Near it are silver mines. Tdpoa Urbt, or New Alderet, an island. Pacific Ocean, Santa Cruz Archipelago. TnpsLET, a township of England, co. and 2 m. E.S.E. Hereford, pa. Bishop's-Hampton. P. 656. TcpuNOATO, one of the Chilian Andes, 46 m. E. Santiago. Estimated height 20,000 feet. Tuba, a market town of W. Hungary, co. Neutra, dist. Ereistadtl. Pop. (1846) 6,488. It has a trade in cheese with Vienna and Pesth. ' Tdra, a river of W. Siberia, govs. Perm and Tobolsk, joins the T.obol,70 m. S.S.W. Tobolsk, after a S. course of 300 miles. TnRABOo, one of the Society Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Estimated pop. 2,000. Tdbanga, or Poverty Bat, an inlet on the E. coast of New Zealand, N. island, lat. 38° 47' S., Ion. 178° 7' E., extending inland for 10 m., with a circular basin. Breadth, at entrance, 8 miles. TuRBACo, an Indian vill. of S. America, New Granada, dep. Magdalena, prov. and 12 m. S.E. Cartagena. Here Humboldt resided in 1801. TuRBENTHAi,, a vill. and pa. of Switzerland, cant, and 16 m. E.N.E. Ziirich, on the Toss. Fop. 2,250. Near it is the castle Landenberg. TuBBUT, a town of Persia, prov. Khorassan, 60 m. S. Meshed II. a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, 14 m. N. Suubury. Pop. 3,872. Tdbckheim, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Khin, 3 m. "W.Colmar. Pop. 2,843. It has a trade in wine of superior quality. The Im- perialists were here defeated by the French under Turenne in 1675. ToBCOiNG, a town of France. [Totjrooing.] Tdrenhe, a comm. and town of France, dep. CorrSze, 7 m. S.S.E. Brive, with ruins of the ancient castle of the family of Turenne. Pop. 1,876. ToBETZ, a market town of Russian Poland, gov. Grodno, 22 m. E.S.E. Novogrodek. Pop. 1,650. Tdrfan, a town of Chinese Turkestan, 180 m. W. Khamil. It is the residence of a native prince with authority from the Chinese over Turfan, and five adjacent towns. — II. an active volcano in a mountain chain N. this town. Tdei, a town of Naples, prov. Bari, cap. cant., 18 m. S.S.E. Bari. Fop. 3,600. TuRi, a town of Brazil, prov. Maranhao, 40 m. N.N.W. Guimarens. Pop. of dist. 6,000. TuRiA, a river of Spain. [Guadalaviar.] ToBiN (Ital. Torino, ana. Augusta Turinomm), the cap. city of the Sard, dom., N. Italy, Piedmont, on 1. b. of the Po, at the j unction of the Dora Bal- tea, 79 m.W.S.W. Milan. P. (1838) of city -proper 72,469, but with suburbs, &c., 117,072, exclu- sive of a garrison of 6,820 men. Mean temp, of year 63° .1 ; winter 32° .1 ; summer 71° .6, Fahr. It is 4 m. in circumference, and though formerly fortified, is now an open city, in a rich and well watered plain studded with villas. It is approach- ed by 4 fine planted roads, & regularly built, with elegant houses. In the centre of the city is the Piaxza-reale, and from it runs a fine avenue ^ m. long ; the Strada del Po leads to a bridge of five arches over the river. Chief public edifices, — a royal palace, with a rich library and gardens open to the public ; adjoining it are several of the government ofiices, the military academy, and the royal opera house. The old palace of the Dukes of Savoy, now converted into a royal picture gallery. The cathedral, a Gothic struc- ture, was formerly very wealthy in plate and jewels, which Napoleon sold, and applied the pro- ceeds to embank and build the bridge over the Po. Turin has severjil other churches, Jesuits' college, a religious school of industry, the Metiro delle Bosine, an a.sylum for the female poor ; a lunatic asylum & other benevolent establishments, a maternity and an ophthalmic hospital ; univer- sity, with five faculties, which had in 1842, 42 pro- fessors, 1,120 students, & a library of 1 10,000 vols. ; royal academy of sciences with a very rich col- lection of Egyptian antiquities, medals, minerals, and natural history; an arsenal, observatory, royal academy of painting, two theatres, a fine cemetery, a botanic garden, barracks, chambers of agriculture and commerce, &c. Its mauufs. are chiefly of silks, velvets, hosiery, silk twist and organzine, and it has others of woollen and cotton fabrics, steel and iron wares, stained pa- per, glass and porcelain, Uqneurs, and paper ; in a suburb is a royal gunpowder factory. Under the French Turin was cap. of the dep. Po. TuBiif, a township of the IT. S., N. America, New York, 110 m. N.W. Albany. Pop. 1,704. TuRiNSK, a town of Siberia, gov. and 140 m. W.S.W. Tobolsk, on the Tura, an affluent of the Obe. Pop. 2,000. It has iron works in its vicinity. Tdbinsk (Nijnh, and Vebknii), two contigu- ous towns of Asiatic Russia, gov. Perm, immedi- ately E. the Ural mountains, 60 m. S.W. Verk- hoturie, with valuable iron mines. Thkis, or Tdbeis, a vill. of Spain, prov. and 20 m. W.S.W. Valencia. Pop. 3,900. Marble and jasper are procured in its vicinity. TuBisK, a market town of Russian Poland, gov. Volhynia, on the Turija, 10 m. S.W. Kovel. Tdbivicaet, or Tdbavaoara, a fortified town of S. India, Mysore, 62 m. N. Seringapatam. Tuek-Dean, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 2} m. N.N.W. Northleach. Area 1,890 ac. Pop. 246. . Tubkestan, or Taetabt, a region occupying the centre of Asia, between lat. 30° and 60° N., and Ion. 60° and 82° £., and consisting of the two following chief divisions. Turkestan (Chinese), called also Tiiian- Shah and Little Buobabia, an extensive region forming the W. portion of the Chinese empire, and including Dzoungaria, comprised between lat. 30° and 50° N., and Ion. 22° 3^ and 100° E., surrounded by Mongolia, the Ko-ko-nor coun- try, Tibet, W. Siberia, and the table-laud of Pa- mir, which separates it from Independent TUR 1311 TTJH Turkestan. Area & pop. uncertain, as it is little known to Europeans. It is an elevated table- land, traversed by several lofty mountain chains, and watered by rivers which terminate in exten- sive salt lakes. Much of its surface forms part of the desert of Gobi ; elsewhere are many fertile districts producing corn of all kinds, rice, cotton, and fruits, which, with cattle and various mineral and manufactured products, form the principal exports. A large commercial intercourse is kept up with the countries to the W. and S.W., and with Asiatic Russia. Imports fiom Cashmere comprise shawls, kincobs, white piece goods, and leather, in return for refined silver and shawl- wool. From Fyzabad in Budukhshan, slaves and gems are the principal imports ; from Kho- kan, piece goods ; and from Russia, broad cloth, brocades, and bullion ; the returns to these coun- tries consisting of tea, silver, and Chinese por- celain. The pop. aie mostly either Mohamme- dans or Buddli&ts, ivith some Christians and Jews. In the N., the government is wholly mili- tary ; elsewhere, Chinese and Mantchoo troops garrison the cities, which have their own civil government, and the principal of which are Tar- knnd, Eashgar, Ehoten, Hi, and Rhamil. It was conquered in 1758 by the Chinese, but their rule here has been repeatedly disturbed, and a for- midable insurrection took place in 1826-7. TuKKESTAjf (Iin>EPENi>ENT), a region of Cen- tral Asia, between lat. 31° and 50° N., and Ion. 51° and 75° E., having E. the Pamir table-land, separating it from Chinese Turkestan, N. "Wes- tern Siberia and the Russian gov. Orenburg, W. the Caspian Sea, and S. Persia and Afghanistan. Estimated area 720,800 sq. m., and pop. supposed to be about four millions. In the E. it is moun- tainous, elsewhere generally level, with a slope towards the W., and in that direction the Oxus and Jaxartes rivers flow through it to the Aral Sea, which is wholly comprised within its limits. It consists of the doms. of Bokhara, Khiva, Kio- kan, Koondooz, the Kirghiz territory, and Kafiri- stan (which see for further information). TuBKESTAiff, a town of Central Asia, khanat and 220 m. N.N.W. Ehokan. TcBKET-FooT, a tnshp., U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, 15 m. S.W. Bedford. Pop. 1,422. Tdbket, properly the Ottoman Empibe, a vast county occupying the S.E. part of Europe and the W. of Asia, and comprising, at least nominally, the Hedjaz in Arabia; Egypt, Nubia, and the beyliks of Tripoli and Tunis in Africa ; cap. Constantinople. The administrative divi- sions of Turkey are ill defined, and subject to fre- quent changes. [See table of divisions at end of Turkey.] TuBKET IN EuEOPB Bxtcuds between lat. 39° and 4r20'N, and Ion. 15° AC and 29° BO'S.; bounded E. by the Black Sea ; S. by Greece, the Archipelago, and the Sea of Marmora; W. by Aus- tria, the Adriatic, and the Ionian Sea ; and N. by Austria and Russia. Most of the surface is an Tmdulating region of hills and valleys, mountains and table-lands, of little elevation ; but it is tra- versed in the centre from E. to W. by an extensive mountain chain. [Balkan.] The other principal mountains are the Despoto Dagh or Rhodope in the S., Piirous in the S. W., the Dinaric Alps in the W., and the Carpathians in the N. Turkey is watered by numerous rivers, the chief of which are the Danube, and its affls. the Drina, Morava, Aluta, Sereth, and Pruth, in the basin of the Black Sea; the Maritza, Strymon, Vardar, in the basin of the Archipelago m the S. ; and the Voyussa, Drin, and Narenta, in the basin of the Adriatic, in the W. Largest lakes are those of Ochrida and Scutari in the W. The climate is more severe than might be supposed from the geographical position of the country ; in the re- cesses of the highest mountains snow lies during the greater part of the year. It is excessively cold in winter during N.E. wmds, which are then preva- lent, and in the plains of Walacliia and Moldavia the sledge is used as in Russia. A great portion of Albania, protected by elevated mountains from the N.E. winds, enjoys a delicious climate ; but this dist. is liable to be visited by destructive earthqualces. In the rocky dists. of the interior, and in the maritime valleys of Albania, the sum- mer is insnpportahly hot. Destructive storms are frequent in the S. A great portion of Turkey is covered with forests; the best oak grows in Servia and Lower Bosnia; the largest forests of fir and pine occur in Bosnia and Upper Croa- tia. The olive thrives in the maritime plains of Albania, where also the orange and citron are cultivated. The vine grows in S. Turkey, Her- zegovina, and Servia, at an elevation of from 1,400 to 2,000 feet. Maize is cultivated in the S. ; rice, cotton, rye, and barley in Central Turkey, at an elevation of 2,000 to 3,000 feet. Agricul- tural operations are conducted in the rudest manner, and only a small portion of the country is cultivated. The principal wild animals are the brown bear in the wooded mountains between Albania and Macedonia, Bosnia, and the Lower Rodope, but seldom in the Balkan ; the wolf is common ; the wild boar, chamois, stag, in the forests ; the hare is abundant in Walachia ; these are mostly hunted for their skins. Domestic animals comprise the dog, cat, hog ; the sheep forms the principal riches of the Walachian provs;, whence an immense quantity of wool is exported. Goats are more abundant in Turkey than in any other country of Europe. Cattle are extensively reared in Walachia, Servia, and Bosnia, and the buffalo is common in Walachia, Bulgaria, and Thrace. The horse of Turkey is small but active ; the ass and mule are chiefly employed in Thrace. Trout, &c., are plentiful in the rivers ; and leeches, which abound in the marshes, form an important article of export. Turkey has mines of iron, lead, salt, and marble, but none of them are worked to advantage. Manufs. are almost entirely domestic ; the chief comprise saddles, copper & tin utensils, fire-arms, swords, coarse woollen cloths, linen & cotton spinning. Silks are manufd. chiefly at Salonika, Seres, and Larissa. Shawls are made only in the Asiatic provs., espe- cially at Damascus. Carpets wrought by hand in the style of the Gobelins tapestry are exten- sively manufactured in Bulgaria, and in Servia. There are cotton printing works in difi'erent localities ; and dyeing, especially of bright red colours, in Bulgaria and the S. provs. Tan neries are numerous ; embroidery is carried on by the females in the S. provs. Distilleries of brandy from prunes are common throughout all the country. Printing exists only at Bucharest, Belgrade, Constantinople, Cetigne, and Monte- negro ; filigree work is made in the large towns, and there are powder-mills near Constantinople. Commerce is almost entirely in the hands of Greeks, Armenians, and Jews. [Adbianopi.e, Bosnia, Bulgabia, Constantinople.] Tdbket in Asia extends between lat. 30° and 42° N., and Ion. 26° to 48° E. ; bounded E. by Persia, S. by the Persian Gulf and Arabia, W. by the Mediterranean, N. by the Sea of Marmora and the Black Sea, and N.E. by Russia ; and comprises, in the Archipelago, the TUR 1312 TUR islauds Mitylene, Scio, Samoa, Niearia, Patmps, Cos, Rhodes, and ScarpantOj'with Cyprus jn the Mediterranean. The principal lalces are Van and tlie Dead Sea; and the chief rivers the Euphrates, Tigris, & their affls., which flow S. to the Persian Gulf; the Kizil-Irmalc, Yeshil-Irmak, which flow N. to the Black Sea ; thS Sarahat, and Meander to the Archipelago ; the Sihun, Jihoon, Aasy to the Mediterranean ; and the Jordan to the Dead Sea. The chief litountains are the ranges of Taurus, Anti-Taurus, & Lebanon. The soil and climate present many varieties ; in the S.' iire vast arid plains, but on the river banks anil in the valleys of Lebanon, the soil is extrertiely fertile. The summits of Taurus are clad with snow, and their flanks are covered with the vegeta- tion of cold and ieriiperate countries, while the valleys hare a temperature almost tropical, and produce the fruits of S. Asia. The climate of Anatolia is temperate, and the soil is capable of producing all kinds of grain and fruit. The mountains contain all the useful metals. The chief products are oil, dye stuffs, medicinal plaiits, gums, wax, dried fruits, gall nuts, cotton, silk, wool, goats' hair, leeches, and sponges. The general features of the country are described under Asia Minob, and particulars under the heads Adana, Anatolia, Armenia, BAqdab, Caeamania, Damascus, Ebzekoum, Kurdistab, MesSpotamia, Palestine, Stria, Tkebizonoe. The Turks, originally from Turkestan, founded, at different timesT^ several empires^in Asia. At the end of the 13th century, Osman, or Othman, one of their emirs or princes, established the present empire in Asia-Minor. The Turks in- vaded Europe at the end of the 14th century, and conquered successively their present provs. ; tljey took Constantiiiople, in 1453. In the iBth een- tury-their dominion extended in Europe over the whole of Greece, part of Hungary, the Cri- mea, and the shores of the B]ack..Sea.;. and the whole of the countries now forming Turkey in Asia; the Hedjaz, Egypt, and the rej°;encies of Tripoli, Tunis, and iilgiers, were Subjiigated'by them. But sincetlie 17th century, their power has greatly declined. Austria has ^xpelledTthem from Hungary-; Russia-has-deprivedthem-of-the provs. between the mouths of the Danube and the Caucasus in Europe, & those forming WjTrans- caueasiarin Asia ;- the-Greelss hav&formed an-in- dependent state ; Algiers has been wrested by the Erfench: ; Moldavia, Wala'chia, and Servia, are under the influence of Russia, and only nomin- ally subject to the Porte, whose power has nearly vanished from many of the provs. of Asia-Minor, Arabia, and Egypt. The Turks, who call themi- seflvSS Osmaulis, from Osman, number about l'3d of the pop. in European & Asiatic Turkey'; the remainder is composed of Tartars, Molda- vians, Walachians, Servians, Bulgariaiis, Morlaks, Montenegrins, AIbb,niknS,' Jews, B'dhemians or Gipsies, Armenians, Georgians, Franks, or Chris- tians, Turcomans, Kurds, Arabians, and inde- pendent nomade tribes in Asia. Mohammedanism is don^inant in the empire, but a great portion of the pop. are Christians, who, indeed, far out- number the Mohammedans in European Turkey. The emperor, who is styled sultan or grand signer, is regarded as absolute sovereign of the state, and Supreme Pontiff. ' The provs. are placed under pashas, whose authority is' fexei^cised with great caprice, and is frequently most op- pressive. Several towns and'small communities form a species of repubUcs in the middle of this despotic state. " The following administrative divisions cff Tur^ key, although many are unknown to the natives are those best understood in Europe ;— ■ Provinces, Sec. Estim. Area , ;n s^. m. Estim. Pop. oilier cities. a., IN EDROPE. iiumlU ( 8,9)0 3,200,000' 1,800,000 850,000 . 800,000- 700,000 300,000 168,000 Constantinople. NicopoiiB,eiliBtria Seralevo, Trartiat. Scutari, Tanina. ' SaionicfU . 'J' LarisBa'. Candia. '- JaMvr. Bucharest. Belgrade. r 125,400 6,808,000 17,020 27,500 80,000 1,138,100 1X6,800 1,000,000 J 6i,520 4,111,900 189,920 10,922,900 ., ., b.^ IN ASIA. , Aiia-Minor and liland: FashaliC^ofAna-', tollR, Sivaa,-lCa- ramania, Itehll, )■ Atiaiia, Maraab, imiBMoliia. 1 Turkish Ar- menia, PiMll9.Trebi2ond,y Kara, Eraeroum, y DiaibelilrAVan.i Si/ria. Bashs. I)aniascu9,7 Aleppo, Tripoii,^ and Acre, , J Paehalies of Bag-1 dad and Mosul, *> wltli Kurdistan, 3 Total in Asia, , 269,000 128,000 50,000 100,000 4,000,000 2,635.000 1,8^5,000 f Smyrna, Bruaa, i Karamair, and (,,Siva(,^ , j-TrBlii!on4,Erze. \ roum, AleppOjDamBscus. ■ ,. jei B«dad, MomLTf - ' : ■■, ■ nu ' '■■.:M & ) 437,0W' io,pooiooo 1 i Tbttinoton, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 2} m. E. Aylsham. Area 840 ac. Pop. 227. Tdtthngen, a town of Wurtemberg, circ. Black Forest, on the Danube, 20 m. W.S.W. Sig- maringen. Pop. 5,160. It has manufs. of wool- len, linen, and silken fabrics, and paper. TuToiLA, or Paso-pago, an island of the Pa- cific O., lat. 14° 19' N., Ion. 170° 37' W., length 17 m., breadth 5 m. Estimated pop. 8,000. Sur- face mountainous, and Matafoa is a peak 2,327 feet above the sea. The harbour Pago-pago nearly divides it into two peninsulas. It has thickly peopled shores. TnxFORD, a market town and pa. of England, CO. and 22 m. N.N.E. Nottingham. Area 3,000 ac. Pop. 1,079. It has a free grammar school, and trade in hops, raised in the neighbourhood. Market, Monday. Fairs for cattle, hops, &c., Mav a2th, September 20th and 25th. "f nv, Tudce ad Fines, a walled frontier town of Spain, prov. and 27 m. S.S.E.Pontevedra, on the Minho, opposite the Portuguese town Valensa. Pop. 4,212. It has a cathedral, and ffianufe. of table linens, hats, leather, and liqueurs. The country around it is of high fertility, but un- healthy from marshes. — ^11. a river of S. Amer., Venezuela, flows E.ward, and enters the Carib^ bean sea, 60 m. E. Caracas. Total course 90 m. Tcz-Ghieul (Gol, or Choli), Palus Tatieeut, a large salt lake of Asia-Minor, pash. Earamania, its centre in lat. 38° 40' N., & Ion. 33° 30' E^ Length 45 m., breadth varies to 16 m. Height above the sea 2,500 feet. It receives some small rivers, but during a part of the year its bed is wholly dry. Its E. banks are inhab. by settled Turkomans, its W. by predatory Kurds. Tdz-Gui., or Temouetoti-Nob, a lake of thie Chinese empire, Dzoungaria, lat. 42^ 30' N.; and between Ion. 77° and 79° E., 100 m. S. the Bal- kash-Nor. Length E. to W. 90 ra., breadth 30 m. TozKXJBMATV, a large vill. of Turkish Kurdis- tan, 67 m. N.E. Samarrah. Tver, a gov. of Russia, between lat. 56° &'59° N., Ion. 32° and 38° 20' E., having E. Jaroslavl, S. Smolensk, Moscow, and Vladimir, W. Pskov, and N. the gov. Novgorod. Area 26,988 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,327,700. Surface more elevated than in most parts of Russia, and here the Volga and its aSBs. the Tvertza, Mologa, & Medvieditz, rise. The N. of the gov. is hilly ; elsewhere the surface is chiefly level, abounding in small lakes. Climate severe ; soil generally poor ; but suffi- cient corn is raised for consumption. Large quantities of hemp, flax, and beans are raised. Forests are extensive, particularly in the N. Cattle for consumption are mostly imported. Manufs. comprise bricks, glasswares, woollen cloths, leather, dyeing materials, and spirits. Commerce active. The gov. is subdivided iftto 12 circs., or districts. Principal towns, Tver, the cap., Rshev, Torshok, Ostashkov, and Vishnii- Volotchok. — Tver, the cap., is situated on thf Volga, here crossed by a wooden bridge, 650 ft. in length, and joined by the Tvertza, 90 m. N.W. Moscow. Pop. (1846) 24,000.' Since its almost total destmction by fire in 1768, it has been re- built with much regularity. It comprises the town-proper, several suburbs, and a citadel; an imperial palace, a cathedral, numerous other churches, and a seminary. Here are also num- erous gov. offices, barracks, inns, a theatr€,a col- lege, and various schools. The trade is consider- TVB 1315 TYD able, and Militated by canals, which establish a water communication between the Baltic & Cas- gian Seas. Tver being on the high road between [oscow and St Petersburg, is an entrepflt for corn from the S. destined for the capital, and for goods conveyed overland to and from Riga. It was founded in 1182, & was cap. of a principality from 1240 to 1490. TvEKTZA, a river of Russia, gov. Tver, after a S.E. course of 110 m., joins the Volga on the 1. at Tver. A canal joins the Tvertza to the Msta, affl. of Lake Umen, and thus forms a communi- cation between the Caspian Sea and the Baltic. Tweed, a river of Scotland and England, which drains almost all the £. portion of the Scottish lowlands. ' It rises at Tweedshaws, S. extremity of Peebles-shire, 1,500 feet above the sea ; flows NJE. and E. through the cos. Peebles, Selkirk, and Roxburgh ; and then between Berwickshire on tiie N., and the English cos. Northomberland and Durham on the S. ; and finally enters the N. Sea at Berwick, after a course of 95 m., in which it traverses a basin estimated at 1,870 sq. m., or larger than that of any other Scottish river, ex- cept the Tay. Principal affls., the Yarrow, Et- trick, Teviot^ and Till from the S., Biggar, Gala, Leader, and Adder from the N. Before reaching Peebles, it has completed 1,000 feet of descent, and in the remaining part of its course it has ge- nerally a very gentle current. It is tidal to Nor- ham castle, 10 m. from the sea, but navigable only in its last 6 dl for boats of 30 tons burden, and the traffic on its waters is mostly confined to Berwick. The Tweed & Clyde take their origin in the same mountain range, and flow for a con- aderable way very near each other. The Biggar, an afiL of the Tweed, is separated from the Clyde only by a level boggy tract 6 m. across ; they could be easily connected by a canal. The sal- mon fisheries of the Tweed were formerly of more value than at present II. E. Australia, New Sonth Wales, co. Rons, enters the Pacific O. near lat. 28° 10' S., Ion. 153° 30' E. TWSEDDAI.E, popular name of Peebles-sbibe. TwEEDHOUTH, a pa. & vill. of Engl., co. Dur- ham, on rt. b. of the Tweed, opp. Berwick, of which it forms a handsome snbnrb, connected to it by a stone bridge, and on the Newca-stle and Berwick railway. Area 4,520 ac. Pop. 5,202. It has a neat Gothic chnrch, a large iron foundry, and a thriving salmon fishery. TwEEDSHUiB, a pa. of Scotland, co. Peebles, at ilB S.W. extremity. Area about 26 sq. m. Fop. 276. Here are nplands on which many Cheviot sheep are pastured ; and the remains of several old baronial castles. TwELto, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Gel- derland, 3 m. W. Deventer. Pop. 1,000. TwENXv-FODB Pebouhnahb, a maritime dist. of British India, presid. Bengal, having S. the Bay of Bengal, and landward the dists. Nuddea, Jessore, Cakintta, Hooghly, and Midnapoor. Sur&ce a dead level, intersected by arms of the Ganges, and it comprises a part of the jungly tract termed the Sonderbunds. Land rev. (1830) 113,989/. [Benoai-.] Twickenham, a vill, and pa. of England, co. Middlesex, on the W. bank of the Thames, im- ilnediately opposite Richmond, with which it is «onneeted by a handsome stone bridge, and on the railway between London and Staines, Hi m. W.S.W. London. Area of pa. 2,440 ac. Pop. 6,208. The vill. is antiquated and dull, but along the liver are many beantifiil villas and grounds, and here was the residence of Pope the poet, also Strawberry hill, the residence of Horace Wal- pole. Twickenham Ait, or Eel-pie House, on an island in the Thames, is a favourite resort of holiday visitors from the metropolis. Twin, several tnshps. of the U. S., N. Amer., Ohio. Pop. ranging between 1,000 and 2,000. TwiNEHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 4* m. S.W. Cuckfield. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 358. Twining, a pa. of Engl., co. Glo'ster, 2 m. N. Tewkesbury. Area 3,630 ac. Pop. 970. Tw INSTEAD, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, 6 m. N.E. Halstead. Area 1,230 ac. Pop. 196. TwisEL, a township of Engl., co. (detached from) Durham, pa. Norham, 10 m. S.W. Berwick^ npon-Tweed. Pop. 336. The vanguard of the English army crossed the river Till at this place on their march to Flodden-field. Twiss, a CO. of W. Australia, having N. the cos. Melbourne & Glenelg, B. Victoria, S. Perth, and W. the Indian Ocean. It is intersected by the Moore, Northcote, and affls. of Swan river, and it contains some good soil, forest land, and several fresh and salt lakes. TwiTOHBN, a pa. of EngJ., co. Devon, SJ m. N.E. South Molton. Area 4,690 ac. Pop. 194. , TwivEBXON, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, on the Avon, here crossed by an iron, bridge,, find on Great Western railw, 2 m^W. Bath. Area 870 ac. P. 3,342, partly emplpypd in wooUeu manufs. Twofold Bay, an inliejli on the E. cpast of Australia, co. Auckland, 30 m. N. Cape Hojve. Lat. of point Brierly, near the head of the bay, 37° 6' 2'^S., Ion. 149° 58' 2' E. It receive^, thp Towamba river, affords good anchorag^, is sur- rounded by much fertile land, & is conveniently situated for commerce, about midway between' Sydney and Melbourne, Launceston, and Hpbart Town. On N. side is the vill. Eden, and on S. shore the new & thriving port Boyd-town, which has a good jetty, a light-house, Gothic chtu'ch, hotel, and an active export trade, and is resbi't- ed to by numerous whaling vessels, steamgiis, and emigrant ships. It communicates with Maneroo plains l^ a.good road 45 m. in lej^gth. Two SlCIUEB (KODM, OF ). [NAPLES — SiCILY.] TwYCBOss, a pa. of JEngl., co. Leicester, 4J m. W.N.W. Market-Bosworth. Ac. 1,350. Pop. 336. TwYFOKD, several pas., &c., of Engl. — I. co. Bucks, 6^ m. S.W. Buckingham. Area 4,1] Q ae. P. 764.— II. CO. Leicester, 6 m. S.S.W. Melton - Mowbray. Area 2,420 ac. Pop. 478.— III. co. Norfolk, 1 m. W. Fpulsham. Area 230 ac. Pop. 94 IV. CO. Hants, 3 m. S. Winchester. Area 4,320 ac. Pop. 1,311. — V. a ohapelry, cos. Berks and Wilts, with an important station; on,til^e Great Western railway, 5 m. E.N.E. Readipg, , TwTNELLS (St), a pa. of S. Wales, co, ^nd,4 m. S.W. Pembroke. Pop. 234. i TwiNHOLM, or TwiNEHAM, a pa. of ScQtland, stewartry and 3 m. N.N.W. Kircudbright. Pop. 777,— 216 invill. of Twynholm. TwYWELi,, a pa. of Engl„co. Northampton, 3 m. W. Tbrapston. Area 1,400 ac. Pop. 232. TvBEE, an isl. of the U. S., N. Amer., Georgia, enclosed by the Savannah, at its mouths in the Atlantic Ocean. On it is a lighthouse 100 feet in height, lat. 32° N., Ion 80° 42' W. Tjbohine, or Tauohboyne, a pa. of Ireland, Connaught, co. Roscommon, comprising the tpjjn Frenchpark, H m. N.W. Castlereagh. Area 44,092 ao. Pop. 17,804. _ _ , Tyoooktow Island, in the Canton riv., China, 8 m. long ; 6 m. broad ; boimds the " inner " and " outer waters " at the entrance pf the Bopa Ti- gris. Its forts were taken by tl^c British in 1841. Tydd, two pas. of England.^-I. (St Giles), co. Cambridge, 5 m. N.N.W. Wisbeach. Area TYD 1316 TTR 4,450 ac. Pop. 863.— II. (St Mary), oo. Lincoln, 7 m. S.E. Hoibeach. Area 3,280 ao. P. 920. TruwEitioo.apa. of N. Wales, co. Carnarvon, 9 m, W.N.W. Pwllheli. Pop. 433. TrKOdzTN, a'frbntifer'iawn of Poland, gov. Au- gHstow,on the Narew, 17 m. W.N.W. Bialystdk. Pop. 1,800. It has Wn anc. castle, and a trade in corn. The Kussians & Poles fought here in 1831. TVmoohtee, a townsliip of the U. S., N. Amej., Ohio, bn Tymochtee Creek, an affl. 6f the San- dusky, 71 in: N. Columbus. Poj). 1,625. Ttkagh, a pa. of Ireland, Connaught, co. Gal- way, 7J m. N.W. Portumna. Area 12;520 ac. Pop. 5,941, of whom 348 are in the vill. Here are the remains of 4 castles, and of a church, Tynan, a pa. of Ireland, Ulster, co. and 6.% m. 'W';S W. Armagh, on the road to Monagnan. Arpa 17,046 ac. Pop., 11,392,— 177 in the 'vill. "' Tyne, jHl'important river of Engl., co. Nor- thumberland, the W. and S. parts of which it| drains, is formed by the junction of the N. and; S. Tyne, near Hexham, from which town it has mostly an 'E. course, past Coi'bridge, Prudtoe, Newcastle, and Gateshead, to the N. Sea, at its mouth, Separating the bors. of N. and S. Shields. Total course from Hexham 35 m., for the last 18 m. of which it forms the boundary between the dos. Northumberland aiid' Durham, butfrbni the bead of the N. Tyne the length of its coilrse is at Igasi 80 m. Principal affl., the DerWqntfrom tiie S. Santts steep, andit is navigaWe from the sea po Newcastle for vessels of 300 or 400 tons hur- deW, ' arid for' sevei-aV miles fiirther by keels. Spi-ihg ti|]es rise at its mouth 18 feel^ and at NeVcastle' 11^ feet.' 'It is of gfreat commercial irii'^ortahce. Its salmon fisheries, formerly of ednsecjneneejhave been mbstly destroyed by the erectioj^, of flocks 'at Bywell.— The Wortft Tyne rise's 'on the'bofder of Scotland, and runs S.E. d!ndS;,piist-Bellingham and Chellerford. Affl. the .Beed, from the N.— The South Tyne rises'in Ctimberland, floWW. and E. past Aldstone "and Haltwhistle, arid with the Tyne is accompanied in its wjiple course by the Newcastle & Carlisle I'ailway.— II, a small river of Scotland, tis0s in, ja. of BOrthwiek, flows mostly N.E. through Had- aingtonshire, and enters N. Sea at Tynninghame, 2J in. N.W, Dunbar, after a course of 28 m. ' ' TvNEHAM-fWEST), a^p*. of Engl., CO. Dorset, 6 hi. W,S.W. Corfe Ca.stle. Ac. 2,840. P. 250. TrW^'djtJTH, with North Shielos, a pari. t)'6r., pa. itnd two contiguous towns of England, cb. Northumberland, on thfi I. b. of the Tyne, at 'its njiftith in the N. Sear, opposite South Shields, and on'railway 8'm E.N.E. Newcastle. AreaBf pa. 6,670ac. Pop. 27,249; do. of part, bor., cijiri- p'rising 5 tpwnsrilps, 25,163 ; do. of township Tyne- ' inouth, 11^899; do. pf township North Shields, 1',S69: Tynemoutb, at E. angle of the bor., facing the sea, is well built, haS many inns and lodging hiuSeS TOt visitors, who resott to it foi' bathing, arid a castle of the llfh century, on a lofty rock, riow riscd for barracks and military magazines, & a iightho^sf in lat, 55° 1' 3" N., Ion. 1° 25' W. Noj^tlTshie'ias, Ifhibh has risen up chiefly Vfiihinr the'prpserit cenlijry, is a flourishing and well, briilt seaport, 'havmg a spacious market-place, Bas and water worlcs, a stone church, numerous cliapels, ii iria,rket-hou9e, jail, theatre, mechanics' intept'PP, mastej mariners' asylum, public li- bj^aries, Jj liant'O-steriari endowed school, & other schools arid charities. It is extending itself rapidly into Chirton township, on the W. , Its, haibour, bordered with quays, is capable of Con- taining 2,000 vessels of 50b tpns burden. It' be- longs to the port of Newcastle and North Shield^, and has a large share in the coal trade; ehip- briildiagj'tnanufs. of rope, and of naval stores and chemical products, hats, gloves, and tobacco. Tyhemouth, and included tPwnShips, sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 738. ^ TvNisn, an islet off the W. coast of Irelahd, Connaught, co. Galway, 2 m. W. Lettermore. Pop. 150, mostly employed in fishing. -'■'-' i Ttnbon, a'pa. of Scotland, co Dumfries, 3 m. W.S.W. Penpont. Area 11,390 ac. Pop. 474. ■ Typissan, the most E. & largest of the Majiji- eosiina tola., in the China Sea. Lat. 24" 43' W., Ion. 126'' 28' E. Length 20'>n. ; greatest bre^dtli 10 m. at its W. end. A dangeroiisreef is on N. side, on which the Providence was lost in 1797: Tyre, a niarit. city of antiquity. [Sokr.] Ttbe, a tnshp., V. S:; N. Amer., New York, on the Clyde, 170 m. W. Albany.- 'Pop. 1,506l * TiBEii/s Bay, an inlet at the S. extremity of the island St Vincent, British W. Indies. On it is the vill. Calliaquii, 2^ m. S.E. Kingstown.' ■ Tykia, or TiKEH, a town of Aeia-INQnpi-, iiqatolia, near the Little Mendere river (adc. Cayster%- a m. S.E. Smyrna, at the foot of Moujjt Tmblns. It has numerous mosquesi - Tyrie; a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, 4J m. S.W.Fraserburgh. AreaabontlSsq m. P. 2,639. TyRi-FioBD, a lake of Norway, stift andilB rii. W. Christiania; Length 16 m. ; breadth 7 rii. On the N. it receives the Beina-elv, and on' the S. it gives efflux tP the Drammen river. Tybna0>, or Tebnava, a town of W. Hungary, CO.' and 27' m. N.E. 'Presb»rgi"with which it'is connected by railway. P. 5,830. It has nupoer- ons fine churches,' a Roman Catholic 'cc^fege, ihilitary ahd other schools; a public library,! ^hd manufs.' of woollen and linen -ikbrios, aoonsider- able general trade, and 8 important annual fairs. —^11. it vill. of Moravia, oirc. and N.W. Olmiiti. Tyhoi, (Germ. Tirol), and Voeableero (anc. RJuetia, and a part of Norieum), a prov. of the Austrian empire, with the title of countv, between lat. 45° 39' 30' and 47' 45' 15' N., and 'ion. 9"8»' and 13° E., having E. and Si Carinthia and'tlie prov. Venice, N. Austrian Italy, W. Bavaria; the principality of Liechtenstein, and Switzerland, of which last it forms an E. prolongation. Area 10,981 sq.m. Pop. (1842) 842,768, mosHy-of Germaii; but in the' S. of Italian, descent. It-is traversed' from W. to ;E. by the Bhsetian Alps, -which separate the valley of the Inn iwihe/N. from those of the Drave and Adige in the S. ; Mount Ortler, on the W., rises to 12;883 fee^'fc the Gross Gldckner, oh the E., to l'2,4ZS'feet in height. Besides iJie Inn,' Drave, aniAlSSge, with their afHs., the N.W. part, Vorarlberg, is Watered by' the 111 arid Bregenz, flowing into the Lake; of Constanfce, which forms the N.W. boundary. Stoalt likes are numerous, apd the N. part of the Lake of Garda is in the Tyrol. Climate severe in the uplands ; mean temp, of year at Innsbriiek 48°.8, and at Botzen 55°.4, Fahr. ; the narrow T^l^ys of the S., however, have a warm climate, siriiilat to that of the adjacent part of Lombardy. SPme maize, wheat, and pulse, are grown in the lower valleys, and, buck-wheat, rye, and oats, on the mntn, sides ; but the corn raised is not siifS- dient for hpihe consumption, ^nd the chief wealth 6f thb'rural pop., as in Switzerland,- i^ in thar cattle and otjher live-stock. Wine and silk' are thi ' products of the S. proVsi The i-earing of 'cariary birds is pursued on a ■ large de^e in the' valley of the Inri, and most partS'Sf Europeare Supplied Ti^ithsinging birds fram'.4Be Tyrol. ,' Wolves, bears, ^wild boars, maiinSiots, chamois, &c., inhabit the moimtain dists; MirtiiSg TYR 1317 TZT industry is somevhat important— coal, iron, and ^t, are the principal minerals obtained ; copper, gold, Sliver, lead, i cobalt, are met with, but few metallic mines, except iron, are wronght ; there are nnmerous mineral springs. SillS are ma- nufactured in the S. ; iron goods, cottons, linens, leather, and wooden articles, are executed with ranch ingenuity at Innsbruck, Sic. ; in the Inn valley, glass [and paper are the otlier principal manufactured products. Principal exports are cattle, cheese, sUk, iron and iron »?ares, salt, wine, J^nli^r, tobacco, and silk goods ; corn and various -mpa&ctored goods. The transit trade be- tween Germany and Italy is amongst the most important, occupying many of tlie pop.; the prino^l passes for traffic are the Brenner and S^vio, across the main chain of the Alps, and the routes by Trient and the Pusterthal hi the S. Many of the inhabitants emigrate annually as labourersinto the neighbonriog countries. NeaMy all are RomaaCatbolics, under 10 bishops, suf- fragans of the archbishop of Salzburg. The Ilyrol has its own national diet, composed of the nobility, clergy, deputies of the towns and of the mral d^ts., who meet in one chamber. It is £vided into the 7 circs, of Boveredo, Trient, Elsch, ! Pusterthal and Eisach, Lower Inn and W^iperdiai, Upper Inn and Vintschgau, and Vorarlbei^, also named from their chief towns ; cap. Innsbriick. The Tyrol passed into the pos- session of the house of Hapsbnrg in the .13th century, and its inhabitants are amongsti the most^itached to the imperial rule in the Aus- ^ianen^nre. TxBOSE, an inland co. of Ireland, in the centre (^ Ulster, having N*. the co. Londonderry, £. Armagh, S. Monaghan, and W Donegal. Area i,36<}£q. ai., or 806,^0 ac., of which 4a0,286 are uablc^ 311,867 nncultivated, and 11,981 in plan- tations. Pop. 312,9S6. Snr&ce hilly &, ill wood- ed, rising iato mntns. in the N. and S- Principal rivers l£e backwater & Foyle, witb their tribn- taries. Loi^h Neagh forms part of the £. boun- dary^ Soil in the lower districts fertile^ but agiv euitore /generally very backward. Principal cx-ops potatoes and oats, with a little barley, flax, aa4 clover. Cattle and sheep very inferior. I £^ates .mostly very ku^e. Farms in the moun- itainons districts large, but in the lowlands very small Average rent of land lis. 6d. per ac. Armoal value of land (1848) 277,552/. Consider- iAIe quantities of good coals are raised. Prin- cipal mannfs. are thpse of linens, coarse wooUens, blaakets, whisky, beer, flour, meaL. and coarse earthenwares. The EnnishiUen and Londonderry railway intersects the co. ; and the navigation of the Tyrone canal is wholly within its. E. dist. The CO. is subdivided into i baronies & 35 pas., jn dioceses of Clogher, Armagh, and Berry. Principal towns, Strabane, Doiwannon, Copka- tow^and Omagfa. Tyrone sen£2 mems. to B. of C. Beg. elects. (1849) MfiO. The O'TSeHls were kings in Ireland antecedent to Christianity, and were chiefs of Tyrone when the memorable rebeUioQ of 1597 broliie out under their atispices. TtBOKE, several tashps., U. S., N. Amer.— I. Hew York, co. Steuben, in W. of state. Pop. 2,122. — II. Pennsylvania, co. Fayette, Pop. 1,189.— IIL CO. Perjy. Pop. 2,39l.^lV. co. Huntington. Pop. 1,226., , Tibkfx'b-Pass, a pikt. town of Ireland, Lein- Bter, CO. Westmeaftb, 8J m. S.S.W. Mullingar. Pop. 023. Tyrrel's-Pa^ was the scene of some bloody contests in the time of Elizabeth. TsBOHESiAN Ska, Ti/rrhenum mare, is a name given by ihe ancients, and retained by many modern geographers, to that part of the Medi- terranean which extends between the coast of Italy and the islands of Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily. Ttrbinohau, a pa. of Engl., cc Bucks, 2^ m. N.N.W. Newport-Pagnell. Ac. 1,900. P. 206. TvsMiBNiCA, a town of Austrian Poland, GaB- oia, circ. & 6 m. E.S.E. Stanislawow, betweeh the Vorona & Bistritza. Pop. 2,900. It has Soman Catholic, Greek-united, and Armenian churches ; and a trade in wax, leather, and cattle. TvsscKsoB, an island of Norway, stift & 25 m. S. Bergeu, at the entrance, of Hardanger-fiord. . Length 11 miles, breadth 7 miles. Ttsob, a pa. of England., cp. Warifick, 45 m. S. Kington. Area 4,719 ac. Pop. 1,033. TissowicB, a town of Poland, gov. and 68 m. S.E. Lublin. Pop. 2,430. Tjthbv, a pa. of Engl., co. Nottingham, 8 m. E.S.E. Nottingham. Area 3,610 ac. Pop. 804. Ttthegston, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamor- gan, 3 m, S.W. Bridgend. Pop. 794. TiTHEBiNGTON, two pas. of Eiigl., CO. Glou- cester, 3 m,. E.S.E. Thornbury. Area 2,100 ac. Pop. ,496.-n-II. CO- Wilts, 4 m. S.E. Waiminstei-. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 119. TiTHERLr, two pas. of England, co. Hants. — I. (East), oh ra. S.W. Stockbridge. Area 1,560 ac. Pop. 335.-.:iL (West), 6.^ m. S.W. Stockbridge. Area 4,400 ac. Pop. 469. Here is the establish- ment of " Harmony," founded on t^ie social prin- ciples promulgated by Eobert Owen. TvTHEBTON-KELT.AWAVs,ahamletofEnglatid, CO. Wilts, pa. Bremhill, 2J m. N.E. Chippenham, on the, Avon, & the Great Western railway. Pop. 35.- Here is a principal establishment of Mora- vians. — Tythert(fn-Stajdey is a chapelry in same pa., 2 m. E.N.E. Chippenham. Ty->VAN-FOO, thp cap. of Formosa. [Taiwan.] TrwAKDEETH,a pa. of Engl., CO. Cornwall, 3 m. W.N.W. Fowey. . Area 2,990 ac. Pop. 3,162. Tzagi.-\ik, a, town of European Turkey, Mace- donia, sanj. and 54 in. E. Seres, on the KaraTSu, near its mouth in the .SIgean Sea. TzANA, a large lake of Abyssinia. . [Dembea.] Tzabevokorshaisk, a town of Russia, gpv. & 72 m. N.W. Kasan, cap. &st.—Tzaraiosantc}mrsh is a town in gov. Tiatka, 33 m. S.W. Yaransk. - ^z;i^Ri'^ziN, a fortified town of Russia, gov. Saratov, on the Volga, 110 m. S.S.W» Kamisbin. Pop. 4,600- It was formerly an important sta- tion on fthe line of defence between the Don and yolga, and is celebrated for its mineral waters. — I'zaritzino is a vill., gov. and 7 m. S.;Moaop5v, with a palace, bu^lt by Catherine 11., and fine gardens in the Arabian style. Tzabsko-Seio, or Sophia, a town of Russia, gov. and 16 m. S. St Petersburg, with which it is connected by railway. Pop, 1,000, It has an imperial palace anda lyceum. TzATALZE, a town of Thessaly, [Satalge.] TzEKiNOvKA, a town of Russiah Poland, gov. Podolia, on J, b. of the Dniester, 28 m. E.^.E Moghilev. TzEBiNA, a town of Cyprus. [Cebina.1 TziMOyA, a large marit. vill. of Greece, Morea, gov. Mistra, dist. Mama, on the E. shore of the Gulf of jRoron, 20 m. N.N.W. Cape Matapan. Tzivu,sk, a town of Russia, gov. and 62 m. W. Kasan. — Tzuruhhaitu, or TzuruKhuishevsh, is a totfn of E. Siberia, gov. Irkutsk, on the Argun, andontl)^ Chinese ffOntier (Maiichooria), 140 m. S.E^ li^ertphihsk. TzNA, a river pf Russia. [Zka.] TzvPA, a river of Siberia, gov. Irkutsk, joins the Vitim after ^ N.E. course of 230 in. DAN 1318 ITFF u For places not under U, refer to Oo, Ou, or W TJASApn, or Ahapd, a river of Brazil, prov. Pari, joins the Pari, S. the island Mar^jo, after a N. course of 400 m. — The Uaiuma, same prov., joins the Amazon, 60 m. E.N.E. Silves, after a S.S.E. course estimated at 350 miles. Ubahy, a lake and river of Bolivia ; the former, 110 m. E. Sta, Cmz de la Sierra, giving origin to the river, which joins the Guapore near its falls, after a N; Course of 300 miles. Ubatdba, a town of Brazil, prov. San Paulo, 100 m. N.E. Santos. Pop,, with dist., 6,000. Ubaye, a river of France, dep. B.-AIpes, after a W. course of 40 m. joins the Durance, on left. Ubbeston, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 6 m. S.W. Halesworth. Area 1,470 ae. Pop. 243. Ubeda, a town of Spain, prov. and 26 m. N.E. Jaen. Pop. (1845) 13,809. It has remains of anc. walls, a cathedra], formerly a mosque ; ma- nuft. of woollens and earthenwares, and a trade in corn, fruits, oil, wine, & horses. It was taken from the Moors in 1212. Ubeblinoen, a town of Baden, oiro. Lake, on an arm of the Lake of Constance, called the Uberlingen-See, 8 m. N. Constance. Pop. 2,700. It has manufs. of linen, hosiery, and tobacco. Ubes (St), a town of Portugal. [Setdbal.] UBiGAU,atown,Pmss. Saxony,reg. Merseburg, on the Elster, 13m. E.N.E. Torgau. Pop. I,2fi0. Ublet, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 8 m. N.N.W. Wells. Area 1,630 ae. Pop. 369. Ubbiqtie, a town of Spain, prov. & 46m. E.N.E. Cadiz. Pop. 5,439. It has manufe. of woollens. Ubsxadt, a vill. of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, 3 m. N.E. Bruohsal. Pop. 1,140. UcATAiiE, a large river of Peru, E. the Andes, and one of the principal head streams of the Amazon. It unites with the Tunguragua, after a N. course of 600 (?) m., near lat. 4° 25' S., Ion. 72° 30' E., to form the Amazon. It receives numerous and considerable affis., the chief being the Apurimac. It is navigable from the Amazon, for large vessels, to Sarayacu, lat. 7° S. TJcoLE, a village of Belgium, prov. S. Brabant, cap. cant,, 2 m. S. Brussels. UoEDA, a decayed city of Spain, prov. & 25 m. W. Soria. Pop. 760. In its castle Ximenes was once confined. Near it a small Christian pop. lived independent and undisturbed through- out the Moorish dominion. [Patones.] UcHATjD, a comm. & vUl. of France, dep. Card, on railway between Nlmes and Montpellier. Pop. 907. UcHizv, a comm. and vill. of Franoe, dep. Saone-et-Loire, arrond. Mioon. Pop, 1,610. Uch-Ket.eeseh, Armenia. [ITtch-Eii.iesa,] TJcHTE, a vill. of N. Germany, Hanover, co. Hoya, cap. a marshy district, 16 m. S.W. Men- burg. Pop. 1,200. — II. a river of Prussian Saxony, reg. Magdeburg, tributary to the Elbe. Uckeb, a small river of Prussian Pomerania, flows into the Little Half, at Uckermiinde, and gave name to the dist. Uckermark. UcREBMiJNDB, a town of Prussian Pomerania, reg. and 32 m. N.W. Stettin, cap. circ, at' the mouth of the Ucker in the Kleine-HafF. P. 2,310. UcKFiELD, a pa. of England, oo. Sussex, 8 m. N.N.E. Lewes. Area 1,800 ac. POpj 1,684. • UoLfis, Wcesa, a fortified town of Spain, prov. and 32 m. W. Cuenca, at the foot off a 'height crowned by a famous monastery, founded'in th'6 12th century on the site of a Moorish castle. Pop. 1,602. It was taken by the French, in 1809. UooEVALLA, a town of S. Sweden, Isen & 45 m. N. Goeteborg, on a deep inlet of the Kattegat. Fop. 3,920. It has manufs. of cotton and linen fabrics, saaS, sugar, and leather. Uddingston, a vill. of Scotland, co. Lanark, pa. Bothwell, on rt. b. of the Clyde, with a station on the Caledonian railway, 7 m. E.S.E. Glasgow. ITdeu, or Uedem, a walled town of Bhenish Prussia, reg. & 39 m. N.W. Dusseldorf. P. 1,700. UniMOBB, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 3 m. W.N.W. Winohelsea. Area 2,260 ac. Pop. 483. UniHE, Yedinum, a fortified town of Austrian Italy, gov. Venice, cap. deleg., in a plain, on the Roja, 60 m. N.E. Venice, and 39 m. N.W. Triest. Pop. (1846) 26,700. It forms an inner and an outer town, separated by walls and ditches, and has a castle on a hill in its centre ; and the streets are lined with arcades. In the market-square is a monument commemorative of the peace of Campo-Formio, a village in the immediate neigh- bourhood. Princip. public buildings, a cathedral, town-hall, bishop's palace, barracks, and opera- house ; it has a lyceum, 2 gymnasia, manufs. of silk fabrics, linen, leather, and paper. The deleg. of Udine has a pop, of 55,300. UDiNSK,atown of Siberia, gov. Irkutsk, on the Uda, E. Lake Baikal, 80 m. N.E. Seleoghiusk. Pop. 3,000. Udipu, or OoDAFEE, a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. Canara, near the Malabar coast, 32 m. N.N.W. Mangalore, Sc- having some remarable Hindoo temples and colleges. Unst, a pa. of Scotland, co, Aberdeen, 7 m. W. Newburgh. Area 8,880 ac. Pop. 1,450. Udskoi, a vill. of E. Siberia, prov. Yakutsk, on the Uda, near its mouth in the Sea of Okhotsk. Udvabhelt (Szekelt, Germ. Oberhellyen), a mkt. town of Transylvania, Szekler-land, cap. co., on the Great Eukel, 90 m. E.S.E. Rlausenburg. Pop. 2,999. It has Reformed and Rom. Catholis churches and colleges, and a monastery. Uebeblinoen, Germany. [Ubeblinoen.] UeIiHen, a vill. of Rhenish Prussia, reg, and 29 m. W.S.W. Coblenz, on a lake called the Uelmen-See. Pop. 78.3. Uelzen, or UizEN, a town of Hanover, 20 m. S.S.E. Liineburg, on railway to Celle. Pop. 3,081. Uebdinoen, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 11 m, N.W, Diisseldorf, ou 1. b. of the Rhine. Pop. 3,000. It has manufe. of silks and cottons. Uetieon, a vill. of Switzerl., cant. & 10 m. S.E. Zurichi Fop, 1,100. — The lIetlibeTg,Si summit of Mount Albis, W. the lake, is 2,844 feet in height. ■ Uka, a river of European Russia, gov. Oren- burg, rises in the Ural mountains, flows S.W., and after a total course of 400 m., joins the Bie- laya near Ufa. Affls., the Ai and Turezen II. a town, cap. gov. Orenburg, on the Ufa & the Bie- laya, 200 m. N. Orenburg. Pop. 6,900. It is enclosed by wa^ls, and has a mosque, & manufs. of various descriptions. Uffculme, a pa. of England, co. Devon, ii m. N.E. CoUnmpton. Area 6,920 ac. Pop. 2,011. Bradford-hall in this pa. is an antique structure. ;TJrFEKHEiM, a waJlcd town of Bavaria, circ. Middle Franconia, on the Gollach, 23 m. N.W. Anspach. Pop. 1,646. It has a castle, and ma- nufactures of woollen cloth and leather. UFF 1319 ULE Bffholtz, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. R-Bhin, cant. Cernay. Pop. 1,852 Uffho- ven is a Till, of Prussian Saxony, reg. Erfurt, 1 m. W. I^augensalza. Pop. 1,003. Uffinoton, three paa. of England. — I. co. Berls, 6J m. W.N.W. Wantage. Area 6,650 ac. Pop. 1,170. Here is the Vale of the White-horse, so called from a figure cut on the face of a chalk down. — II. CO. Lincoln, on railway, 2} m. E.N.E. Stamford. Area 3,730 ac. Pop. 530. The church has a fine tower. — III. co. Salop, 2J m. E.N.E. Shrewsbury. Area 2,110 ao. Pop. 163. Uftobd, two pas. of Engl. — I. uo. Northamp- ton, 7} m. N.W. Peterborough. Area 2,320 ac. Pop. 286.— n. CO. Suffolk, 3 m. N.E. Wood- bridge. Area 1,280 ac. Pop. 673. Ufto.v, two pas. of EngL — I. co. Berks, 6i m. S.W. Reading. Area 2,340 ac. Pop. 391.— II. co. Warwick, 2J m.W. Southam. Ac. 2,160. P. 188. TJOBOBODGH, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 2J m. N.N.E. Modbury. Area 8,690 ac. Pop. 1,623. In the church is a Norman font. UoKHTO, Vxentum, a small town of Naples, prov. OtTanto, 14 m. S.E. GaUipoli. Pop. 1,500. IIeeESHAi.L, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 12 m. Ii.N.£. Sazmundham. Area 1,360 ac. Pop. 296. TIoiE, a river of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, rises at tbeviB. Aberdour, 2} m. from the N. coast, flcnra. S.E., and enters the North Sea, 2 m. N.W. Peterhead, after a course of 21 m. Princip. al9., the Deer. It is navigable for about 1} mUes. UoLiAXO, an island of Dalmatia, Adriatic, circ. and opposite the city of Zara, separated by a channel 3m. across. Length 14 m. ; breadth 2 m. IJ61,ET, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, SJ m. N.N.E. Bishop-Stortford. Area 2,720 ac. Pop. 381. ll6i.iTcn, a town of Russia, gov. and 60 m. W.S.W. Jaroslavl, on rt. b. of the Volga, cap. circ. P. 8,000. It is enclosed by earthen ramparts, & has a nuned citadel, a monastery, 30 churches, and several schools. It is mentioned in Russian history as early as 1218. Ui, a river of W. Siberia, between the govs. OreiU>nrg and Tobolsk, rises in the Ural moun- tains, and after an E. coarse of 200 m., joins the Tobol at Ust-Uiskaia. UiG, a dist. comprising the W. part of Lewis Island, Hebrides, Scotland, and with the islands Bemera, Vniavore, and Pabbay, forming a pa. of the CO. Boss. Area 275 sq. mj Fop. 3,316. UisT, two islands and pas. of the Outer He- brides, Scotland, co, Inverness. — I. (North), 2 J m. N. the island Benbecnla, and separated on the N.E. from Harris by the Sound of Harris, 8 m. across. Shape very irregular. Length 17 m. ; breadth 3 to 12 m. Pop. 8,788. Its E. part is a dreary, marshy moorland, indented by the ra- mifications of Lochs Maddy and Evort, and con- taimngseveral inland lakes. Its W. part is hilly or monntainouF, comprising some tracts of very fertile land, on which oats, barley, and potatoes are raised; Bcn-Croghan, a mountain 1,500 feet above the sea, and several bold headlands, with some remarkable caves. With Balishare, Gramesay, Illery, Ronay, & other adjacent isls., it forms a pa., having an area of about 55,240 ac. Scots. Pop. 4,428. — II. (South), the largest island of the Outer Hebrides, S. of Harris, sepa- rated from Benbecnla on the N. by a rocky strait, I m. across. Length 22 m. ; greatest breadth 8 m. Estim. area 1 10 sq. m. P. 6,093. Like N. Uist^its E. coast is indented by lochs, & it oontainsseveral lakes, & a band of fertile coun- try borders its W. coast ; elsewhere it is an allu- vial plain of peat, interspersed with mountains, amongst which Mount Heola rises to 2,600 or 3,000 feet above the sea. With the islands Benbecula, Eriskay, and Rona, it forms a parish. Pop. (1841) 7,333, of whom about 5-7ths are Ro- man Catholics. The pop. of both islands are in general miserably poor, and chiefly engaged in fishing and rural labour. Many go annually to Skye and other parts of W. Scotmnd, and they have emigrated largely to America & Australia. UiTENHAOif, a division of the Cape Colony, S. Africa, between lat. 33° and 34° S., and Ion. 23° 30' and 26° 30' E., having S. the Ocean, and landward, from W. round to E., the divs. George Beaufort, Graaf-Reynet, Somerset, and Albany. Area 8,960 sq. m. Pop. 11,000. It is well watered by the Camtoos and Sunday rivers. Soil various ; in some parts good crops of wheat, barlej', rye, and oats are raised on farms com- prising from 3,000 to 6,000 acres ; in other parts are sterile mountains, often covered with snow, or pastures on which many cattle and sheep - are reared. Coal, iron, argentiferous lead, and copper are procurable, and near the coast are valuable salt-pans. Principal towns, Uiteuhage and Port-Elizabeth. — Uiteiihage, the cap., is situ- ated on the Zwartkops river, 18 m. N.W. Port- Elizabeth, with which, and with Graham's Town (Albany), it has an active trade. It has a Re- formed church, Wesleyan and Independent chapels, and a free school. UiiGEEST & UiTHnizEN, 2 vills. of the Nether- lands.— I. N. Holland, S. of Alkmaar. Pop. 1,200. —II. prov. & 14 m. N.E. Groningen. P. 3,2.38. Ujest, a vill. of Prussian Silesia, reg. & 28 m. S.E. Oppeln, on railway to Eiosel. Pop. 433. Ujhely-Satoiiai.lia, a m'arket town of Huii- gary, co. and 9 m. W.S.W. Zemplin, on thel{a:u- gyva. Pop. 6,548. — II. Ujhely. Vagh is ainaiket town, CO. Neutra. Pop. 5,417. Ujijab,' a town of Spain, prov. and 43 m. S.E. Granada, on the Adra. Pop. 3,016. Ujvakos, a market town of Hungary, co. Sza- bolcz, 15 m. N.W. Debreczin. Pop. 5,719. Ukbaine (*' a frontier "), an old subdivision of Russia and S.E, Poland, comprising the countfy now subdivided among the govs, Kiev, Poltava;' and Kharkov (Slohodsdi Ukraine), ind traversed by the rivers Dnieper, and Donetz, with their affluents. Its cap. city was Kiev. Ulash, an Armenian vill. of Asia-Minor, paSh. and 17 m. S.E. Sivas, and near which are some extensive government salt-works. Ulcebt, two pas. of England, co. Lincoln — I. 7 m. S.E. Barton-^on-Humber, with a station on the Lincolnshire railw. Area 3,790 ac. P. 787. — II. 3i m. S.W. Alford. Area 2,220 ac. Pop. 204. A lofty hill in this pariah, called the Bull's Head, serves as a landmark to navigators. Uloombe, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 7 m. S.E. Maidstone. Area 3,460 ac. Pop. 685. The church is a Gothic structure. UmALE, a pa. of England, co. Cumberland, 7 m. S.S.W. Wigton. Area 2,510 ac. Pop. 380. Coal, lime-stone, & free-stone, abound in ftis pa, Ui-EABOBO (Finn. Uula), a seaport town of Finland, cap. ten, on a peninsula at the mouth of the Ulea in the Gulf of Bothnia, 72 m. S.S.E. Tor- nea. Pop. 5,000. Mean temp, of year 31° .8; winter 8° .4; summer 55° .4 Fahr. Since its de- struction by fire, in 1825, it has been rebuilt in a regular style, and it is, after Abo, the principal commercial town of Finland. Chief exports pitch, tar, fish, and salted provisions. It was founded in 1610, and belonged to Sweden till 1809. On an adjacent: island is the castle :of Uleaborg, built in ISOO.—Ulea^irasfiis a lake of Finland, gov. and 50 m. S.E. Uleaboig, of very ULE laao L'MB Irjregvjlar shape, SS m. in length by 10 in average breadth. It receives several rivers from th^ E., and discharges its snrplas waters into the Gulf of Bothnia by the river Ulea, 75 in. in length; TJr.Er, a pa. of England, CQ. Gloncestei', 2} ni. E N.E. Dursloy, Area 1,360 ac. 'Pop. 1,713. ' Due Islands, a group of 13 islands, in the Pa- cific Ocean, forming a portion of the Carolines. UnEtEA, Society Isls., Pacific O. [Baiatea.] Ulla, a river of Spain, GAHoia, enters the Bay of Arosa, Jifter a S. W. coarse of 80 miles. ■ ■ ' ' Vt,LAH-8UND, a mound in Scinde, 20 m: K. Ilpy 170,000 handfb? The prov. is divided into the cos. Donegal Lon- donderry, Antrim, Down, Armagh, Monagh$n, Cavan, Fermanagh, and Tyronev ■ ; a Ulster, a co. of the U. S., N. America,<4ii, S.E, of New York, Area l,096sq, m, B, 46,6B3.. Ulster, a river of CentraJ Germany, rises in the ' IlhoDgebirge, Bavaria; circ. Lower Fran- conia, fiows N. for 30 m., past Thann- & Geysa,. & joins the Werra 2 ffl: W; Vach. < It partly forms the frontiei' between Saxe- Weimar & H.-Casseb UisTEBj a 00. of the U. S., N. America, in S.E, part of New York, cap. Kingston. Area l/196sq. CO. Pop. 46,822.-11. a tnshp:, U. S., Pennsylv., CO, Bradford, on the Susquehanna, - Pop, 1^053. UiiStee (New), the N. island. New Zeai^d, Ultino, • a pa. of England, co. Essex, ' 4 'm. S.S.W. Withaffli Area lj«70 ac. "Pop. 160. Ulubab, a vill, of Asi^Minor, Anatolia,- near the W, end of Lake Ahulliante,,32m, W. Brusa, with a. large ruined Byzantine fortress. ULVA,an island of the_Iniier Hebrides, So(rt# landj CD. Aigyle, separated by narrow straits from the W. coast of Slnllj and the E. of Gometra isl^d. , Length S m. ; breadth 2 m. Pop. ^9. Surface mountainous and basaltic, rising m ter- races to 1,400 feet in heig;ht. . , Ulverstone. a markjet town and pa. of Engl., CO. and 16 m. NiW. Lancaster, on the N.W. side of Moreoambe bay. Area of pa. 29,100 ac. Pop. 8,778. I The town has various churches, dis^entr ing chapels, and minor schools, two'libraries^- as- sembly rooms, theatre, & savings' bank. Besides the pa. church, there are six other perpetual curacies. Oonishead Priory is 2 m. S, A canal, IJ m. in length, connects the town with More- oambe Bay, navigable for vessels of 200 tons. Manuft. of coarse cottons and linens, rope, hats, and woollen yarn, are carried on, with some ship- building, aad a coasting trade in, iron , ore, pig and bar iron, lime-stone, slates, and corn. Port subordinate to that of Lancastei;, ^ Ulysses, a township of. the 1D> S,, N, America, New York, 8 m- N.W. Ithaoa. Pop. 2,976. Uman, a t0T?n of Russia, gov. and 115 m, 8. Kiev, cap. circ. Pop. 3,600. It is' ehojosed (by earthen ramparts, and has several churches.. ',,? : U^BAOOG,:a lake.of the U. S„ N. Amerioa,r})e- tween New Hampshire & Maine, 18 ui. inl«!ngt)l UMB 1321 UNI by 10 m. in greatest breadth, & ti-aversed by the todroscog^nriv., which issoes from it on the W. ITmbaixui, a fovrn of Hindostan, and an im- portant station of British subsidiary troops, cap. a small chiefehip,in the Sikh territory, prov. and ISO m. N.N.W. Delhi, on the route to Lahore. YJhbeb, a town of Hindostan, Nizam's dom., its m. S.E. Aurungabad. 17HBBIA.TIC0, a market town of Naples, prov. Calab.-Ult. I., 22 m. N.N.W. Cotrone. P. 1,200. Uhei, a seaport town of N. Sweden, cap. laeu, at the month of the Umea river, in the Gulf of KiUiaia, 93m. N.E. Hemosand. Lat. e3°49'6'N., anS Ion. 20° 18' E. Pop. 1,410. It is mostly bbi!t of wood, and has been twice destroyed by fiireby the Russians. It has two safe harboors. IjHEF.RaHUR, or Ambebghur, a considerable town vS Hindostan, K^pootana, dom. and 128 m. S.E. ' Jondpoor, with several templ^ and a mamif. of chintz. Near it is a strong fort. UwxBKiPOORA, Burmah. [Amueapuba.] Ouh-eb-k'bieh, river, Marocco. [Mokbeia.] Chmebstadt, a town of -Central Germany, Saxe-Heiningen, prinoip. and 12 m. S.E. Hild- bnrghaosen. Pop. 726. -*%KB(Tsra, a eity of the Punjab. [Ambitsib.] ^^IftreTADT, a town of Germany, H. Darmstadt^ prov. Starkenburg, cap; dist., in the Odenwald, 13m. E.Darmstadt. Pop. 2,699. Umzisvati, or Boffalo BrvxB, a river of S.E. A&noa, forming tile N.E. boundary of the British territo^oFNataljTfeesinthe Drakenburgmntns., flows E.S.E., and joins the Tugela 50 m. from its month in the Indian Ocean, forming with it the 8.W. bwder of the Zooloo territory .^The Um- tmhdwcma riv. forms the S.W. frontier of Natal: *Ui»adiiAa, a tnshp., 0.' S., N. America, New York, on the Unadilla, atributarv of the Susque- hbaia, 88 m. W.S W. Albany. Pop. 2,272. ' ' ViTABE, a riv. of S.Amer., Venezuela, enters the Caribb. Sea 40 niW: Btfcelona, after a N. course of 120 m. Near its sonrceis the vill. ITnare. TSucisntiA), a town of Spsun, prov. and 43 m. N.N.W. Zaragoza. Pop. 2,113. It has an old castle, and remains of an ancient aqnediict. " -' U.ipERBABBow, a chapclry of England, co. Westmoreland, pa. and 3 m. W. Kendal. P. 515. Uin>EBCtiFF, a maritime tract of the Isle of Wightjfertending along ite S. coast from Nifion, 5m. E.wdH to Bonchurch. It averages J m. in width, aridhas been formed by a landslip from a raifge of chalk cliffs, which bound it on the land side, -where they form an abmpt wall from 90 to 120 feet in height. It is highly picturesque. TTstDEEHiLL, a tuhp., B. 8;, N. America, Ver- mont, 15 m; N.E. BnrlingtoiJ. ' Pop. 1,441. • UsnEBMiLLBEf^ a towiiship of England, co. Westmoreland, pas. Wiiidertnere and Kehdal, WiK. W.N.W. KendaU Pop. 1,033. pBjfDEEOo, c*r AwtoisBfiVj Indian OceaB, the wisHtt of the Laccadive Islands. ' TThbeb-Skidbaw, a township of England, co. Cmnberland, 6 m. N.N.W. Keswick. Pop. 649. ' TT!(rDT,-apa. of England, do. Monmouth, 8 J m. B.8.E. Newport. Area 1,160 ac. Pop. 317. iHirOABjr, 4 country of Europe. [Humgabt.] -"DKffHvAB, or UsavAB, a market town of N.E. Budgary, cap. co., on the Ungh, 80 m. N.N.E. Debreczin. Pop. 6,000. ' It has Boman Catholic iDd G^ielf-Urtited churches, & a trade in Wines. n»iE, an island in the Adriatic, 16 nf. S.B. iwia. Length 6 m., breadth 2 m. Pop. 300. Unieh, a ffli^ritime town Of Asia-Minor, pasH. Sivas, on the Black Sea, 60 m. B. Samsoun. ' "tJiHEJCrw; a town of Poland, on the WartaJ 34 n. N.E. Kalisz. Pojl. 80O. ' ' Union, numerous tnshps., U.8.,N. America.— I. Maine, 31 m. S.E. Augusta. Pop. 1,784.-11. New York, with a vilU on the Susquehanna, 10 m. N.E. Jericho. Pop. 8,165 IlL New Jersey, « m. S.W. Newark. Pop. 1,482.— IV. co. Fayette. Pop. 2,723 — V. Ohio, co. Belmont. Pop. 2,126. — VI. CO. Adams, on the Ohio. Pop. 3,316 VII. CO. Clinton. P. 3,284.— VIIL 00. La Fayette. P. 1,945 — IX. Indiana, co. Montgomery. P. 2,943. Union, a seaport town of Central Amer., state & 70 m. E.S.E. St Salvador,, on the W. coast of Oonohagua Gulf. — Union Island, Grenadines, British W. Indies, is 6 m. N. Carriacou. Union-town, several vills., U.S., N. Amer., & a bor. Pennsylvania, cap. co. Fayette, in W. part of State. Pop. 1,710 — Union Yale, New York, on Fiahkill Creek. Pop. 1,498. United States of NobthA.mebica, a Federal Republic, occupying the middle division of the N. Continent of America, between lat. 25° & 49° N., Ion. 67° & 135° W. ; boundedon the N. by Canada and the British.f>ossessioiiis, from lat. 42°, extend- ing W, tO; tile Pacific on the parallel of 4&° N. ; on the S. bounded by the Mexieaii Republicand the GulJE of Mexico. Extreme length N. to S. 1,600 m., breadth B. 'to W. 2,800 m. 'f he states, of which the republic was composed at the declaration of independence in 1776, consisted of 13. Thereare now 31, besides the district of Columbia, & 4 ter- ritories. Washington is the seat of government. g» I £rew Hampshire, ■ j Venrtpnt,- q < KaaaJchDBetta, (Rhode Island, Connecticut, JTewTork, . ~ Hat^land, . . J I- ' /* "Virginia, ( * North Carolina, ^ m* South Carolina, ui V Georfria, , §/f Florida, . \* Alabama, 3 /* Miriaiastppi, i % ^* 'Louisiana, ■ Texas, r '.• * Arhansai, ' ' Tcni^eEsee, * Kentncl^, ' Ohio,' , . Micbigas, ininois, . Indiana, I* MUSOUTJ, Iowa, Wimttiein, CaUfomia, r Columbia Bist., Uinesota, . . Mew Slezico, . Utah. . Area in square. 7,800 1,360 4,674 4S,966 : 2,068 64,000 48,000 24,000 60,000 57,750 50,S75 45,375 48,000 67,000 40,000 43,000 . . 67,000 65,000 ansing Shrill gfleld Indianapolis JeA'erson city Iowa city Madison Sao Jose Washington St Paul Santa Fe Oregon clt;^ Salt Lake, or Morm'dri C. Total free poptflOtlbn{l*W).SO;0!?l'T8Sl- ' ^'''''fi'J'I^?'^?!^ 1 lii 1790, Ihe pi^latioayf the'UTiltEdatiitoH,Wiia.3,929,872, 1820, The thltftWori^naf Btetes bf theTjAlon distinguished thas t Names of slaveholdlng States irtweded 1^ a star, tliua * The United States terfitoriee, in their northern homidai*y, commenc* oh the S. side of that ele- vated Water-shed which extends in a waving line UNI 1323 UNI from lat. fiO° to 56° N. on the western side of the contlnent'i to lat. 45° on the eastern side^ and which divides the rivers that flow N. to the Arc- tic Ocean from those that flow S. into the Atlan- tic and Pacific. The chain of the Rooliy mutus., having an elevation of from 12,000 to 15,000 feet, runs Siong the whole western parts, and the Alle- ghany and Appalachian mntns., rising in some places to 6,000 ft. elevation, extend along a con- siderable portion of the eastern, or Atlantic side. Between these two chains lie the basins of the Mississippi, and its great tributaries the Missouri, Ohio, and Arkansas ; so that the main portion of the United States may be characterized as one vast undulating valley. The region around and to the N. of the great chain of lakes, is of gran- itic formation, as also the whole eastern portion of the Alleghany range. The Rocky mountains are likewise chiefly granitic with volcanic mntns. interspersed. Silurian strata occupy a consid- erable portion of the northern and central part of the valley, while above these lie limestone and old red sandstone and coal. An extensive coal bed forms the centre of the state Michigan. Coal also lies on the W. and E. flanks of the AUe- ghanies, and a continuous field of this mineral extends through Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Ken- tucky, to Alabama, lat. 33° S., Another extensive coal-field extends from Ulinois to Kentucky. The more southern states are formed chiefly of arenaceous limestone, or secondary and tertiary strata. The soil of the great river basins is a deep vegetable loam, superimposed on alluvial clay. There are no very large lakes S. of the great chain of lakes, but the country is every- where intersected by extensive navigable rivers; and their numerous affluents. The Chesapeake, Delaware, Massachusetts, and Penobscot, are the principal bays. Principal harbours are — Ports- mouth, Portland, Boston, New York, Baltimore, Charleston, and New Orleans. The climate of the N.E. states is variable, with extremes of summer-heat and winter-cOld. [New York, fee] The southern states partake more of a tropical climate. [New Obleans.] The coasts of the Pacific are milder, and in the N. more moist, than those of the Atlantic. Mean ann. rain, New York, 36 inches. N. of lat. 44°, the birch, pines, American elm, willow, maple, and the plants of N. Europe are chief forest products ; betw. lat. 44° and 35°, especially in the uplands, the oak, beech, sycamore, acacKi, poplar, walnut, sassa- fras, and cedar) are predominant trees ; and in the lowlands of this region the cypress and other products of S. Europe. S. of lat. 35°, the mag- nolia, the tulip tree, sugar-cane, and cotton, flourish, and the vegetation has mostly a tropical character. In the N. states farms and properties are mostly small, and cultivated by the proprie- tors; in the S. & W. are many large properties ; and in the rice estates of Louisiana, a single field sometimes comprises 800 or 400 acres. Price of land extremely variable ; near Philadelphia, the best cleared land fetches from 100 to 120 dollars per acre ; in parts of New York, 25 dollars is an average price ; the prairie lands in the W. states (Michigan, Illinois, &c.), are offered by the gov. at an upset price of IJ doll, an ac. Wheat and maize are raised in every part of the Union, the largest quantity of the first being produced in the states Ohio, New York, Pennsylvania, and Vir- ginia. Oats, rye, bucktvheat, and rice, are the other principal grains ; rice is produced in by far tile greatest quantity in S. Carolina. The sugar cane is raised as far N. as lat. 33° N., though it does not succeed well N. of lat. 31° 30'. A sugar procured from the juice of the maple tree, sup- plies its place in the most N. states. Cotton, ia confined to the S. states; the average annual amount is estimated at 750 millions lbs. The tobacco annually raised in the Union is ahointitwa milUons cwts., the principal portion of which, is raised in Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mary- land, & N. Carolina. Hay, hops, potatoes, wax, silk, hemp, flax, olives, madder, and indigo, are the chief remaining crops. The domestic aninials of America have all been introducedfrom Europe. It has been estimated that there are in the Unun 25 millions of sheep, l-5th being in the state of New York, which has also the largest proportion of cattle, and most other liv^ stock ; hogs are, however, most plentiful in the middle states, apd Cincinnati (Ohio), is the greatest mart for pork. Vast herds of bisons wander over the wide prai- ries of the W. ; the American elk, antelope, cou- gar, Virginian deer, bears, foxes, racoons, opos- sums, and many large birds of prey, & serpents, are amongst the wild animals. Goldmines exist in Virginia, Carolina, and Georgia. Mercury is found in Kentucky, Ohio, and on the borders of the great lakes, & copper especially in the vicinity of Lake Superior. Coal is now extensivdy raised in many.parts W. the Alleghany mntns., particu- larly in Pennsylvania, which has accordingly be- come the great seat of railw. enterprise. Ulinois and Wisconsin, possess the richest lead min^ in the world. The salt springs in New York yield salt to upwards of 5,600,000 dollars in value; the lead raised amounts to nearly 13,950 tons an- nually, of which about half is produced iQ the Wisconsin territory, and tlie rest chiefly in Illi- nois and Missouri ; gold, amounting to the value of 529,605 dollars was mined in 1840, more than half being from North Carolina ; and in all, 49,923 hands were stated to be engaged in mining in- dustry. The cod and whale feheries are exten- sively pursued ; and in 1849, 800 vessels were em- ployed in the S. sea fisheries. The states are to a great extent suppUed with British and otiier European manufactures ; but of late years, ex- tensive home manufs, have been in operation, especially cotton, woollen, leather, metalhc wares, and other goods, chiefly in the eastern states. In 1848, produce of all luuds to the value of 132 million dollars were exported. Total imports for same year, 164 million dolls. Of late years, a considerable quantity of,grai;iandagrictutural produce has been exported to Europe. The iitr temal communication is facilitated by numerous canals and railways. In 1850, there were 4,060 miles of canals in Operation, and 9,714 miles of railway. Telegraphic communication and post- age at a cheap rate, extend throughout all, t)ie more densely peopled states. , The government of the United States is that of a confederated republic. Each state has its se- parate and independent legislative, judiciary, and executive government, consisting of an assembly, senate, governor, judges, &c.,who have unlimited powers in all local matters, and in everything ex- cept what is conceded to, & concerns, the general republic. The Federal government consists of a president, ohosen for 4 years, by special electors from each state, who is commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and who, with advice and consent of the senate, levies war or malj^s peace, appoints judges, and other governmenit officers. The senate consists qt 2 members chosen frqm each state, for a term of 6 years, the number in 1860, was 60 members ; over this body) the vice- president presides. The house of representatives consists of one member for every 70,680 inhabs.. DNI 1323 UPC omitting 3-5Uis of tlie slaves. The representa- tives are elected for 2 years, andin 1850 amounted to 231. Their powers and duties correspond to those of the members of the English House of Commons. They receive an allowance of 8 dolls, per day dming the sitting of Congress. The cabinet consists of a secretary of state, and of the treasury, of war, & of the navy, an attorney-gene- ral and postmaster-gfeneral, none of whom are mems. of the legislature. Congress holds its sit- tings in Washington, the cap. of the republic. The judicial power is vested in a chief justice, and 8 associate judges, and of 9 supreme dist. judges, and 84 common district judges, with right of ap- peal, in certain cases, to the circuit courts, and also to the supreme court. The system of law thronghout the states is the common law of Eng- land, modified by local acts of the states and of the federal government. Educational estabs. are very numerous, both of the higher and more ele- mentary Muds, and the national allowance for education for 1849, amounted to 20 million dolls. The revenue of the states is derived chiefly from customs and imposts, sale of public lands, and rarely from direct taxation. Total revenue for 1848, amounted to 58,394,201 dollars ; federal debt, 65 miflion dollars ; aggregate debts of the different states, 205 million dollars. The regular standing army amounted in 1849 to 10,320 ; but the aggregate amount of militia force in all the states is nearly 2 millions of men. The navy in same year consisted of 11 ships of the line, 12 first-class frigates, 22 sloops, 14 steamers, and 9 smaller craft. There is no state establishment for religion, and all religious sects are on a civil equality. Amongst the variety of denominations, the sects appear to rank, as to numbers, in the order of Baptists, Presbyterians, Methodists, Episcopali- ans, Boman Catholics, Quakers, TJniversalists, and Unitarians. The pop. are, in their origin, a mixture of British, Dutch, German, French, and African Negroes, the aboriginal Bed Indian be- ing now almost totally extiritated, except in the west, among the Rocky mntns., and a few of the Cherokee nation, who have formed a community and advanced considerably in civilization. The New England states, Virginia and the'CaroIinas, are almost purely of British descent. Many Dutch and Irish are incorporated with the pop. of New York and Pennsylvania, and the middle states. French & Irish are numerous in Louis- iana and Indiana. The annual emigration to the states is upwards of 200,000. The first British colony settled in Virginia in 1607. The first symptoms of the American revolu- tion commenced in 1773; the first battle was fought at Lexington in April 1776. The war terminated by the surrender of Lord Comwallis, Oct. 1783 ; and in same year, the first Congress assembled in Philadelphia. In September 1787, the consti- tution was adopted, and Washington was elected president. Uhitt, several townships, U. 8., N. Amer. — I. Pennslyvania, 7 m. E. Greensburg. Pop. 3,003. —II. Maine, 27 m. N.E. Augusta. Pop. 1,457.^ in. New Hampshire, 40 m. W.N.W. Concord. Pm. 1,2.38.— IV. Ohio, CO. Columbiana. P. 1,896. trNJA, a river of Russia, govs. Vologda and Kostroma, after a S. course of 250 m., joins the Volga at Jurievetz-Povolskoi.— II. a town, gov. Kostroma,on r. b.of the Unja, 12 m. N.E. Makariev. Unkel, a town of Khenish Prussia, 24 m. N.N.W.CobIen2:,onr.b.of theKhine. Pop. 627. UwKiAB-SKBiiEssi (" landiug-placB of the Em- peror "^j a vill. of Asia Minor, on the Bosporus, 8 m. N.N.E. Constantinople, with a large paper factory, but chiefly known for the treaty signed here 26th June 1833, between Russia* Turkey Unna, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 19 m. N.W. Arnsberg. Pop. 5,300. It has manufa. of cotton stuffs : breweries, distilleries, and extensive saltworks. It was Mrmerly one of the Hause towns. Unna, a river of Turkish Croatia, after a tor- tuous N. course of 110 m., joins the Save 65 m. S.E. Agram. Chief affls. the Unnatz and Senan, on the former of which is the village Unnatz. Unkuhstadt (Pol. Karge), a town of Prussian Poland, reg. & 50 m. S.W.Posen. Pop. 1,879. It has raanufe. of woollens, and large cattle markets. Unst, the most N. of the Shetland isls., Scotl., separated from Tell on the S.W. by Blumol Sound, 1 m. across. Length 11 m. ; average breadth 3i m. Area 36 sq. m. Pop., with Uyea, 2,831. Shores in the W. and nT steep, but elsewhere are several low sandy bays. Sur- face pretty level, with 2,000 acres of arable, & as much pasture land ; and a valley containing fresh water lakes, extending thronghout the whole length of the isl. Minerals comprise gneiss, serpentine, schists, talc, limestone, asbestos, and chromat* of iron. Some manufs. of Shetland wool are carried on ; but the pop. are chiefly employed in fishing and agriculture. Unst has a vill. on Uyea Sound, at its S. side ; it contains some country mansions, and is skirted all round by Scandinavian towers. ' Unstone, a township of England, co. Derby, pa.Dronfield,4i m. N.N.W. Chestei-fleld. P. 688. Unstbut, a river of Prussian Saxony, after an E. course of 110 m., joins the Saxon Saale near Naumburg. Princip. affls. the Wipper & Helme. Umter (ioioer). For those places 'not under- mentioned, see additional word; UNTEi^-sEEy the' W. and detached portion of the Lake of Constance, S. Germany, l)etween Baden and Switzerland. Length 10 miles. - Unteeseen, a small town of Switzerland, cant, and 26 m. S.E. Bern, in the Interlacken valley, between the lakes Thun and Brienz,'and having 1,000 inhabitants, a castle, and a town-hall. Untebwaldeh, a cant, of Switzerland, in its centre, having N. the Lake of Lucerne, and else- where the cants. Lucerne, Bern, and Uri. Area 263 sq. m. Pop. 22,571, nearly all R. Catholics. It consists of 4 valleys, in which pasturage and dairy husbandry are the chief employments. Corn is imported from Lucerne ; cheese, timber, and fuel are the principal exports. It formed, with Uri and Schwytz, early in the 13th century, the nucleus of the oonfed., in which it holds the 6th place. After Sarnen, the principal vills. are Engelberg and Stanz. Uhverbe, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Eure-et-Loire, 12 m. N.W. Chateandun. P. 2,45a Unteh, or Ednieh, a marit. vill. of Asiatic Turkey, pash. Sivas, on the Black Sea, 50 m. E.S.E. Samsun, and near which are some Greek remains, and the only iron mines in Asia-Minor. Upa, a river of Russia, gov. Tula, flows W. and S., and joins the Oka 38 m. S. Kaluga. Course 130 m. At Tula it is connected with the Don by a canal, which thus establishes a water communi- cation between the Black and Caspian seas. Upadbans, a town of Nepaul, N. Hindostan, 35 miles S.W. Khatmandoo. Upebnavik, the most northern Danish settle- ment in Greenland, lat. 72° 40' N., Ion. 66° W. Up -Avon, a pa. of Engl., oo. Wilts, 9 m. E.S.E. Devizes. Area 3,270 ac. Pop. 630. Upohdbch, a pa. of Engl.; oo. Kent, 6^ m. E UPH 1334 UKA Chatham. Area 1,950 ac. Pop. 620. The spire oMts church serves as a landmark. * Dphall, a pa. of Scotl., co. Mnlithgow.JIg m. W.Edinburgh. Ac. 8,932. P.l,4fi7;'do.ofTill,364. ' 'UprtAM, a pa. of Enfel., c6. HantSy 2^ m. N.N.W. Bishop's-Waltham. Ac. 3,870. P. 581. It is the birthipl. of Young, author of "Night Thoughts." Upiiill, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 8 m. W.N.W. Axbridge. Area 1,070 80. Pop.- 400: Up-Holland, a chplry. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa; & 4 m. W.S.W. Wigan, on the Lancashire & lorkshire railway. Area 4,180 ac. Pop. 3,113. TJpLEAnoH, a pa. Of Englattd, eo. Gloucester, 3 m. E.N.E. Newent.' Atea 1/220 ac. Pop. 2Sd. Uplbatham, a pa. of Eiigl., co. York, N. Riding, 3 m. N.N.E. 'Guisborongh; Ac. 1,100. P; 329. Uplowman, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 4| m. E.N.E. Tiverton. Area 2,370 ac. Pop. 428. ' UpltmB, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon; 1 m. N.N.W. Lyme- Regis. Area 2/990 ac. Pop. 1,057. Upminster, a pa. ■ of Engl., co. Essex, SJ m. E.S.E. Romford. Area 2,690 ac. Pop. 1,117. ■■ Upoltj, one of the Sataoan isls.. Pacific Ocean, litt; 14° 2' S:,'lon. 171'"'21-'' W. Estimated area 60 sq. mr, and pop. 25,000 (?). It is a missionary station, and 4-5ths of the pop. are Christians. It'affords a plentiful supply of fruits and vege- tSWes, and is visited annually By English and Araepicdju whklei'S: '■ ' ^'^ ' 1'Uf-OttekT, apa. of England, oo.Devon,Sm. N.N.E; Honiton. Area 7,800 ac. Pop. 991. • Uppee. For names of places not here mfen- tioned, see the additional Vford; ' Uppee, a prefixed name of the foUomn^ and other townships, U. S., N. Am'er. — I. {Allowmfs Creek), New Jersey, 7 m. S.E. Salem. Pop. 2,235. — II. {Beni), Pennsylvania;, 'to; Berks, on the Schuylkill. Pop. 2,903 — III. (Darby), 8 m. W. Philadelphia. Pop. 1,489— IV. {Freehold), New Jersey, 15 m. S.W. Freehold. Pop. 5,026. Here at'e many tanneries and distilleries. The follbniiJg^ are in Pennsylvania — V. (Hanover), Penilsyivania, 35 m. N.W. Philadelphia. Pop. 1,467.— VI. (Macungy), feo.' Lehigh. Pop. 1,769. —VII. (Makefield), 25 m. N.E. Philadelphia. Pop. 1,490.— VIII. (Mdrion), Co. Montgomery. Pop. 2,804.— IX. (Milford), CO. Lehigh. Pop. 3,081. — X. (Mount Sethel), co. Northampton. Pop. 2,643.— XI. (Paxton), 22 m. S. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,814 XII. (Providence), co. Montgomery, Op the Schuylkill. Pop. 2,244.— XIII. (Saucon), 6'm. S:E. Northampton. Pojy. 2,072.— XIV. (I^t Clair), CO.' Alleghany. Pop. 2,302 XV. (Tul- pebocken), co. Bierks, on the Union canal. P. 2,941. Uppingham, a mkrket town &'pa. of England, CO. Rutland, 12 m. W.S.W. StamfOrd. Area of pa. 1,210 ac. Pop. 2,034. The town, oil an elevated si]:e,1ias a spacious Gothic church. Uppington; a pft. of England, co. Salop,' 7 ip. E.S.E. Shrewsbury. Area 1,680 ac. ,Pop. 96.' Upsal, or Upsat.a, a Iffin or prov. of Sj^eden, having N.E. the Gulf of Bothnia, S. the'Lake MsSlaf, and on other ^ides the laens Stockholm, WeSteras, and Gefle. Area 2,067 sq. m. Pop. (1840) 85,294. It extends from Lake Mselar, &i the S., to the Gulf of Bothnia, and its centre, is traversed by the river Sala. Surface undulat- ing. Cattle rearing is the priricipar bi'anch of rural industry, l^ut thS prov. yields thore corn than is required for.'home consumption, and it contains the iron mines 'of Dannemora, & Several important smelting works. Principal towns, Up- sal and Enkijping. ' . ■ "UpsALja city of Sweden, cap. Isen, on the Sala, 45 tik. N.'W. Stockholm. Pbp.6,000. Itisbneof the finest old-fashioned' cities 'in Emdpe. 5Prin- oipal edifices, goVernor's^palace, new biii'iainfrstof the university, & a venerable cathedraliiimWWeh the 'Swedish kings used' to be crowned, and •Hi which are many of their tombS,J includingtbose of'Gustavas Vasaandof Linnajus. ■ The univer- sity, founded in 1478, has a library of lOOjOOD vols., and numerous ancient M9S., a botanic gap^ den, observatory, and good museums. In 1843, it was attended by 1,367 students. Upsal.has also an fecolesiastical school, oosmographio; and Mier learned societies, manuft. of silk and to- bacco, and a small trade by the river, on which it has steam' eommunication with Stockholnli. -> It is the seeof the arehbishop-primate of SwedMni About 2 m. N. is Old Upsal, a vilK around a church, OHcea temple of Odin, and near wMbh numerous antiquities have been found. Upshire,'^ hamlet of Engl, co. Essex/ pa. 'Waltham, 12 m, N.E. London. Pop. 853. Upton, numerous pas. of Engl.— I. co. Bucks, 2- m. N.E. 'Wiiidsor. Area 1;9S0 ac. Pop. 2,296.-11. CO. Chester, 7 m. N.N.'W. Great Nefe- ton. Area 760 ac Pop. 237.r--lII. co. and 6 nfi. N.W. Huntingdon. Area 970 ac. Pop. 178..^- IV. c6. Lincoln, 4m. E.S,E. Gainsborough. Area 3,180 ac. ' Pop. 505.— V. CO. Norfolk, 9 m. N.W. Yarmouth.' Area-2,090 ac. Pop. 628. -^'VE. co. and 2 m. W. Northampton. Area 810 ac. Pojr. 69.— VII. CO. Nottingham, 21 m. E. Southwell. Area i;860 ac. Pop. 601.— ^ VIII. cd. Somerset, 7 m. W.N.W. Wiveliseombe. Area 4,420';ke. Pop. 358.— IX. (Bishop's), CO. Hereford,' 4-' m. N.E. Koss. Area 3,730 ac. Pop. 650;'^X. (Cressett), co. Salop, 4 m. W. Bridgenorth. Area 1,820 ac. Pop. 66.— XL (GVaJj), Co. Hants, 3 m. W.S.W. Odiham. Area 2,31'0' ac. Pop. 604.— XII, (Heliom), co. Devon, 8J m. NiW; Exe- ter. ' Area' 1,240 ac. Pop. 146. — XI];i;^ (St Leonard), co. and 8J m. S.E. Glo'ster.-' Area 2,960 ac. Pop. 893. It has an ancient ehortih'in the Norman style.— XIV. (Lovel), co. Wilii; 2 m. S.E. Heytesbury. Area 1,400 ac. Pop. 233. — XV. (MagndX co. Salop, on railway,' 4 m. E. Shrewsbury.- Area 3,200 ac. Pop. 494.— XVi. (Ndble)', eo; Somerset, 3^' in. N.N.E. Bi-utoii. Area 1,060" ac. Pop. 241.— XVIL (Pyne), id. Oevon, 3 m. N. Exeter. Area 2,210 ac. Pott. 612.— XVIIL (&«damorc), CO. Wilts, IJ m. N.W. Warminster. Area 2,410 ac. Pop. 383.— XIX. (Snodsbury), CO. and 6 m. E. Worcester. Area 1,420 ac. Pop. 340.— XX. (Warm), same co;, 3| m. N.N.E. Droitwich., Area 3,690 ac. ' Einp. 441.— XXL (Waters), CO. Salop, 5i m. Nn!w. Wellington. Area 500 ac. Pop. 228.— XXII,^ tything, do. Glo'ster, pa. HawkesbuJ^y, 3J m. E.S.E. Wickwar. Pop. 758. Upton, a township of the U. S., N. A^er., Mas- sachusetts, 30 m. W.S.W. Boston. Pop. 1,466., Upton-upon-Sevekh, a market tbw4 s^dpa. of Engl., CO, "and 9 m. ,S. Worcester, On a fliff beside the Severn, here crtssed by a six-a,rohed stone bridge. Area of pa. 3,110 ac. Pop. 2,898. The town has a market house, comprisifijg; as- sembly rooms aild Court hall, ka elegant clfUirdh^ a harbour for river barges, and ah export trade in Herefprdshire cider. UPwav, kpa. of England, bo. Dorset, 4 51. S.W. DorcWster, ATea 1,220 ac. ' Pop. el9. ' , ; ' UpwEtt, a pa. of Engl., cos. Norfodlt and Cato- bi^dge;' Area 27,420 ac. Pop. 4,89i; Up^^aobi, apa. bf Engl., co. Hunts, 2| m. S.W. RaWsCy. ' Area 1,770 ic; Pop. 378. v Uraoh, a town of Wiirtemberg'; circ. Blact Forest, on ,tbe Ems and Elsadh; 22 ni. S.E. Stuttgart, 'poti.. 2,058. 'It 'if walled, 'stria has a castle & a theological seminary; it isiadep6t for URA 1335 URI linen goo>ls, and has also bleaching and, dyeing establishments, grunpowder, and paper millSi 2lear it are the ruined monastery of GUteratein, and the decayed fortress of Hoben-Uraoh. )> Dral, or Taik, Rkymmts, a river of tl>e Rus- sian empire, cgoT. Orenburg, and coosideredr to form with the Ural mountains the £. boundary of Europe, mes on the E. side of the Ural chain, near Hiask, flows successive! v S. and S.W., and enters the Caspian Sea on its ^^ shore, 200 m. E. Asttokban. Total course estimated at 1,800 m. Afils. the Sakmara & Ilek. — Orenburg is on N.b. Ubal Mocntaiss, agreat jnountain system of the Russian empire, forming' a vr>st undulating r^<»i, consisting of various round^baeked, plateaux-sliaped, masses of land, mostly of small elevation. Its central ridge separates Europe &> 4iS>a,aboBtlon. 60° £^ dividing: the govs. Vologda and Arehaag«I from Tobolsk, covering with it9 ramifications portions of the govs. Perm and Orenburg, and separating the basins of the Volga !ui4 Qb&ln the middle and S. The Urals est^nd, in a liB^ted sense, irgm the Arctic Ocean in the N. to fSrenbarg in the S., through 18° of Jat., but considered as traversing theisls. of Novaia Zemli%and terminating in the high' grounds- be- ^e^n'the Aral and Caspian seas, they cover, an extent of 30° of lat. The Objjorsk mountains leave the middle chain in lat. 62°, trend N.N.W. 500 m. to the prom, of ELamln Nos. Elevation 200 to 600 feet. Tie cliief part of this chain is called the Timan Mountains (first Imown in Europe only in 1843). Average height 1,000 ft. i'he highest points are Ko^Jakofski-Kamep, lat- 6r 45' N, loB. 59° 20' E., o,397 feet; 0|bdorsk rantn., lat^ 67° N^ 5,286 feet ; Taganai, lat. 65° XtS^ 3,692 feet; Iremel, lat. 54° 30^ N-,_5.075 ^feet. ; i . In lat. 65° N., a contrefort stretches \.ir^£^ and joins the Obdor^ mountains & the promontory wiUch separates the gulfs of Obe and Kara. Highest ponit 5,286 feet. The Ural BUMmtains are composed of crystalling and slaty rpcks, and are rich in gold and other metals. The Petchora, K^ma, Ufa, Ural, and numerous other rivers rise in the chain, but it is nowhere pressed by any stream, and the only good car- nage Toad across it is that "from Perm to Eklterinborg. N. of lat. S4° 45' the mountains are covered witli dense forests and marshes, Jlhae S. of this line vegetation i? richer, and '4ne streams flov longitudinally between the ridges. • VKUJiK, two towns of Russia, gov. Orenburg. — L on the Ural, 165 m. W-S-W. Orenburg. Pop. 13,000, mostly Cossacks of the Ural. It is tlie residence of their attaman, or chief, and has.-five churches, a war office, and various fac- tories. Horse races take place here annually. — It (Yerihnii U-), cap- circ, on the Ural, 125 ra. E.S.E. Ufa. Pop.'3,80n, mostly agricultural. Ubas, a vijl. of Sardinia, div. Cagliari, cap. raand., near centre of island. Pop. 1,847. Ubatepe, or QbaTcbe, a towp of Indepen- dent Turkestan, Bokhara, near the Khokan fron- tier, 90 m. N.E. Samarcand, and stated to be as large as that city. It stands at the foot of a ca.5tIe-crowned hill, is enclosed by walls, has brpad streets, earthen houses, and about 10 mosques. Ppp. mostly U?t)ck3, and s^d by Helmersen to be more polished than those of the .cap. ; they aj5e jeugaged in mfinufs. of line shawf^, clfiaka of goats^iair, and cotton goods, and have an active .trade with Russia and Khokan, goods coming fi-om which coimtries here pay toll. Cspw" (St), a- comm. and market town of Trance, dep. H. Mame, 13 m. S.E. y,ass.y.. Pop. 9iai7.-^iS« Urianv) a vill. of Styriji, & a, famous Cistercian abbey of the Swiss cant. Lucerne. Ubbania, a town of Central Italv, Ppnitif. Sta;, deleg. and 7 m; S.W. Urbino, on the Me- tajico. Pop. 3,7l6i It was founded under the name of Castel-Durante, in the 13th century, neajT the site of the ancient UrUnium Metaurenae. It has several ecclesiastical edifices with fine paintings. Bramante waa born near it in 1444. Uebanka, two tnahps., U. S., N.. Amer I. New York, on Crooked Lake, with a landingr place at its S. extremity, 10 m. S.S.E. Prattsburg. Pop. 1,384 II. Ohio, 40 m. W.N.W. Columbus. Pop. 1,386, of whom 1,070 are in the Till.— Vjlls, in Maryland, V3rginiaj& Illinois, have this name. • Urbtno, Mvbimim Horteme, a city of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., cap. deleg. Urbino & P^aro, formerly cap. duch.y, 20 m. S.W. Pesaro. . Pop. 7«f)00. It has an aid, ducal. palace & a.catbedral, adorned with, fine works of art, a college, dio^ cesan seminary, an euctehsive mannf. of pins, weekly markets,, 4 annual fair's, and, the. house of Raphael, who was born here in 1483. It is also ithe native place of Baroqcip, Baldi, and; Pope Clement xi. . In the 15th century it was the seat of a splendidducaVcourt. The leg. Urbino &-Pe- sarohas an^rea,of 1,689 sq. m^ P. (1843) 237,966. (, ,Urghfont, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 3^ m. S.S.E. Devizes. Area 4,800 ac. Pop. 1,711. , , / Urqiw (Si), a comm. land town of France, dep. Cantal, 24 m. S.S.W..St Flour. Pop. 1,493. , Ukcos, a town of S. America, S. Pern, dep. and 20 m. S.E. Cnzco. , Ubda, a town of, Spain, prov. and 32 m. S.E. Toledo. Pop. 2,676. It has some handsome ecclesiastical ed^es,,and manufs. of hosiery. , iJjaE, or YoRE,ariv.of Engl., rises in Westmore- land, flows S.E., mostly through the N. Riding of Yorkshire, & joins the Swale to form the Ouse, 1;4 m. N.W. York. Between Askrigg & Middleham it forms the fine cataract Aysgarth- force. Urfahb, amkt. town, of Upper Austria, circ. Miihl, on the Danube,, opposite Linz,, with which it is connected by a bridge. Pop. 2,589. \ Urqa, a, town of Mongolia. [Oukga.] ,- _ Ueoel (^eo »'), a town of i Spain, prov. and 70 m. N.E. Lerida. Pop. 2,779. It was formerly fortified, and its bishop had jurisdiction over the indep. republic of Andorra, immed. N. Urgel. UBGEN.r, Uegpendje, or ,OEC(tiKJE (Nem and Old), two vills. of Central A>sia, Khiva dom, ; the former, on a canal near the Oxus, 110 m. N.E. Khiva, with 500 houses, & formerly of commercial importance ;, the latter, 67 m. N.W. Khiva- ,_ _ . Ueohuhdaub, a river of Afghanistan, joins the, Helmund, 80 m. W. (Jandahar, after a S.W. course of about 230 m,— A vill. of same name.is on its banks, 66,n5., 'N.E. Cajidahar. , ,. , ,.,,, Uei, a, cant, of Switzerland, in its E. part, en- closed by Unterwalden,, Schwytz, Glarus, the Grisons, Ticino, Yalais, and Bern.i Area 422 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 13,519, all Roman Catholics. It consists of the valley of the Reass and its afBs., and has on its S. frontier Mount St Gothard, & W.ward the Gallenstock, Sustenhorn, and Titlis, principal ieights pf the main chain of the Alps. Cattle rearing is the chief branch of industry. Chief town, Altorf Uri united with Unter.waldeji and Schwytz, early in the 14th century, to fonn the Swiss Confederation, in which it now holfls the 4th place. It was the theatre of war between the French & the Austrians & Russians m 1799. Uei (Lake or), Switzerland, is, the S.E. ex- tremity of the Lake of Lucerne. Its shores are precipitous and pathless ; it receives the river UcUSS. , fLuCEKSE I,,AKE.] UKI 1326 UKU Ubiufinskaia, a market town of S. Russia, Don-Cossack territory, on the Choper,'24: in. S.E. Novontopersk. Mere, from 20tli Sept. to 15th Oct., is held tlie largest annual fair in the gov., at which, in 1837, 37,000 persons attended. Ubjdm, or Ubshdu, a town of Russia, gov. and 85 m. S. Viatka, cap. circ, on the TJrjumka, near its confluence with the Viatka. Pop. 1,950. Urlingfobd, a market town and pa. of Ire- land, Leinster, co. and 16 m. W.N.W. Kilkenm, on the road from Dublin to Cork. Area 3,498 ac. Pop. 2,830 ; do. of town 1,742. It is neatly built, and has 2 schools, a bridewell, & the ruins of an old castle and church. Ubioffen, a vill. of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, on railway, 7 m. N. Offenburg. P. 1,996. Ublujah, a ruined city of Asia-Minor, Ana- tolia, near its S.W. coast, 35 m. N.E. Makri,with remains of temples, an aqueduct and sarcophagi, mostly ornamented with figures of lions. Ubmsxoh, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. Flixton, 6 m. W.S.W. Manchester. Pop. 771. Ubnasohen, and Uenen, two vills. of Switzerl. — I. in cant., and 6 m. W.S.W. Appenzell. Pop. 2,500.-11. cant. & 6 m. N.W. Glarus. P. 2,000. U.BNEY, two pas. of Irel., Ulster. — I. co. Tyrone, comprising a small part of the town of Strabane. Area 14,489 ac. Pop. 7,662.^ — II. co. & comprising the town of Cavan. Area 7,935 ac. Pop. 6,454. Ubnieta, a town of Spain, prov. Gnipnzeoa, 9 m. S. San Sebastian. Pop. 1,209. (Jrpeth, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Durham, pa. Chester-le-Street, 2J m. W.S.W. Birtley. Pop. 907, partly employed in coal mines. UsounABT, thiee pas. of Scotland I. co. Elgin, extending along the Moray Firth, between the Lossie and Spey, and having a vill., 4 m. E. Elgin. Area 26 sq. m. Pop. 1,085 ; do. of vill. 186. — II. (and 6len-Mt>rriston% co. Inverness, with a vill. on the W. side of Loch Xess, 13 m. S.W. Inverness. Area 300 sq. m. Pop. 3,104. Here are extensive remains of a famous castle, and several Druidic antiquities. — III. (& Loggie- Wesier), cos. Ross and Nairn, on Cromarty Firth, 2 m. E.N.E. Dingwall. Length of pa. about 10 m., breadth 3Jm. About 4,860 ac. are in tillage, 3,960 in pasture, 855 under wood, and 1,635 waste. Pop. 2,997. Here are several mansions, and the village Conan-bridge. Urb, a lake, river, vill., and pa. of Scotland ; the lake, between cos. Dumfries and Kirkcud- bright, 4 m. S. Minihive, and 2 m. in circuit. The river, or Urr-water, issues from it, & after a S.S.E. course of 26 m., through the stewartry of lUrkcudbright, joins Solway Firth, by an estuary, 2 m. across, 10 m. £. Kirkcudbright. It is navigable for 7 m. from the firth ; and on its E. banks, 4J m. W.N.W. Castle-Douglas, is the vill. TJrr, in a pa. of about 12,000 ac. Pop. 3,096, of whom 996 are in the village. Ubbav, apa. of Scotl., cos. Ross and Inverness, 6 m_ S.W. Urquhart. Pop. 2,716. Here are the ruins of Fairburn tower, 2uid various mansions. Ubsanne, or Pbsiiz (St), a town of Switzer- land, cant. Bern, on the Doubs, 5 miles S.E. Porentruy. Pop. 1,800. Near it are an old castle, and the grotto of St Ursitz. TJrsbl (Obee), a town of Germany, Nassau, on theUrsel, 8 m. N.W. Frankfurt, on the Mam. Pop, 1,952, with tobacco factories and paper mills. .tTBSEBEW, or UasEEN (Thal), a valley of Swit- zerland, composing the S. part of the cant. Uri. UusiiuM, or Jebsovka, Russia. [Ubjdm.] Ueswiok (GBEAT),a pa. of England, co. Lan- caster, 3 m. S.S.W. Ulverstone. Area 4,100 ao. Pop. 761. Fox, the founder of the sect 6f Friends, resided at Swartmoor-halli in this pariah. Ueubamba, a town of S. Peru, dep. and 40 m. N.W. Cuzoo, on the river Urubamba. P. 4,000. Ubuguat, a large river of S.' Amer., one of the chief tributaries of the Plata, rises in Brazil, prov. Bio Grande do Sul, flows successively W. & S., separating that prov. and Uruguay on the E. from the Missiones and dep. Entre Rios (Buenos Ayres) on the W., and joins the Parana to form the Plata estuary, 40 m. N. Buenos Ayres. Total course estimated at nearly 800 m. Chief afBs., the Ybicuy & Rio Negro (Banda Oriental). On it are the towns & vills. Ta^eyca, Belem, & Puri- ficacion. Its navigation is impeded by numerous cataracts and rocky reefs. Its chief tributary, the Bio Negro from the E., is 250 m. in length, in a considerable part of which it is navigable. Uetjouat, or Banba-Obiental, a maritime republic of S. America, on the N.E. side of the Plata estuary, which separates it from Buenos- Ayres, has W. the Uruguay river, N. Brazil, & E. the Lake and neutral territory of Hirim, and the ocean. Area estimated at nearly 70,000 sq. m., and popi at 250,000. Surface along the coast level, and bare of wood ; inland mostly undulat- ing, except in the centre, where it is mntnous., full of ravines and heights, clothed with foresM, and abounding with wild animals. It is watered by numerous afBs. of the Uruguay ; the principal, the Rio Negro, traverses its centre from E. to W. Climate generally damp, but temperate and healthy ; in the winter heavy rains and cold winds are prevalent, but in the lowlands frost is said to be unknown. Natural pastures are very exten- sive and luxuriant. Cattle and horses form the principal wealth of the pop., and their products, hides, skins, hair, horns, jerked beef, and tallow, are the chief exports. Wheat, maize, beansj and melons, are produced, and the country is adapted for the culture of most fruits of temperate cli- mates, but at present no more agricultural pro- duce is raised than is required for home coh^ sumption, and agricultural processes are of the rudest kind. Granite and Umestonfe rocks pre- vail .in the mountainous region; jasper attd chalcedony are met with, but few, if any, mines are wrought. Monte Video, the eap.j is the centre of all the foreign trade, and the total value of exports thence in 1842, was estimaited at 1,300,000Z., and of imports at 1,600,000?. Other towns are Maldonado, La Colonia,' Sts Lucia, Jose, and Carlos; Camelones, Sofiana, and Cerro Largo. Uruguay has formed an in- dependent republic ever since 1825, but of late years it has had ceaselessly to contend against the intrigues and hostility of Bnenos-Ayres. Ubdmitah, Ubumea, or Oobmiah, a fortified town of N. Persia, prov. Azerbijan*, in a fine plain, 12 m. W. of Lake Urumiyah, and 64 m. S'.W. Tabriz. Estimated pop. 25,000 (?). • It is the see of an Armenian bishop, supposed to 'be the The- barma of Strabo, and the reputed birth-place of Zoroaster ; but it is said to have no remains of ab- tiquity. — The Lake ofUrumiyeh, or Shahee, 30 nl. S.W. Tabriz, is 85 m. long, and 26 m. broad. It receives several rivers, contains numerous small islands, and has waters so salt as to be unable to support atiy but the lowest kinds of animal life. Ubtjmtsi (Chinese Ti-hoa), a city of the Ghih- ese empire, Dzoungaria, in a volcanic diets iintn^-^ diately N. the Thian-shan mntns.j on the Iliriv., and on the route between Khamil and Hi, in lat. 43° 45' N., lon..88° 50' E. It is large & thriv- ing, and has several temples and pUblio colleges. It is reported to be the seat of a considersbbto URU 1327 usu trade, and a larf;c Chinese garrison. Coal beds Mist in its vicinity. It is a place of exile for state criminals from the Chinese prov. Kan-su. Dbup, or OuBUP, one of the Kurile islands, iu the N. Pacific O., claimed by Russia, and imme- diately N. of the Japanese island Iturup. Lat. 45° 39' N., Ion. 149° 34' E. Length, N.E. to S.W., 50 m., breadth 12 m. It is a mass of lofty mntns. and deep glens, clothed with long ranlc grass and large timber trees. Mineral products comprise copper, sulphur, and quartz. 0£f its N. side are 4 small islands, producing a good supply of veget- ables for shipping. Drzedow, a town of Poland, gov. and 20 m. S.W. Lnblm. Pop. 1,900. ITsAN, a fishing vill. of Scotland, co. Forfar, pa. Craig, 3 m. S.S.E. Montrose. Pop. 2il0. DscH, or Odchi, a town of Chinese Tnrkestan, near the Khokan firontler, 75 m. W. Ak-su. Pop. mostly Usbeks, and agrictiltural. UscHUTz, a town of Pi-ussian Poland^ reg. and 54 m. AV. Bromberg, on the Netze, at its eontt. with the Kiiddow. Pop. 1,290. UsBSOM, an island of Prussian Pomerania, near the S. coast of the Baltic, betw. two outlets of the Half, 9 m. S.E. the isiand Riigen. Shape very ir- regular. Length 30 m., greatest breadth 14 m. Area 148 sq. m. Surface not very fertile, and interspersed with low sandy hills, beech woods, and shallov lakes. Pop. chiefly occupied in cattle rearing, and fishing. — Usedomj a town on its S."W. shore, on the Eleine Haff, has 1,415 in- Dabs., engaged in distilleries, navigation, and a trade in com, cattle, and fish. Remains of the ane. town Tmeta, built a.b. 778, are said to have been seen beneath the water on the N. coast. TJsHAK, a considerable town of Asia^Minor, Anatolia, 64 m. S.W. Kutaiah, and where the finest Turkey carpets are made for exportation. UsHAKT (Pren. Ouetsant), the most W. of the islands off the coast of Brittany, France, dep. Finistfere, 26 m. W.N.W. Brest. Length 4J m. Lat of lighthouse, 48° 28' 5' N., Ion. d° 3' 2" W. Pop. 2,194. Coasts steep, & almosts inaccessible, except by a few creeks ; but the surface is toler- ably fertile, affording good pasturage to numer- oos sheep and horses. It has some villages, and a small port, with an active fishery of pilchards. Off its coast, in 1759, the French, under Admiral Conflans, were totally defeated by the British fleet under Sir Edward Hawkes ; and an indeci- sive action took place 27th July 1778, between the English fleet under Admiral Keppel.and the French under Count d'Orvilliers. UsHiTZA, or Usiczi, a town of Servia, on an affl. of the Morava, 87 ra. S.W. Belgrade. Pop. 4,000, mostly Turks. Piincipal ediflees, a rock- fortress, several mosques, and a Greek church.— U. a town of Russian Poland, gov. Podolia, on the Dniester, 25 m. E.S.E. Kamiuietz. Pop. 7oO. UsHHEi, a town of N. Persia, prov. Azerbyan, in a fine plain, 40 m. S. Urnmiyah, formerly im- portant, but lately comprising only 200 houses. UsHBUFF, or ASHBATF, a decayed town of Persia, prov. Mazanderan, 24 m. N.E. San, for- merly beautified by Shah Abbas the Great. UsiBOEii, a town of Nassau, caii. dist., on the Uabach, 17 m. N.N.W. Frankfiirt-on-the-Main. P. 1,953. It has manufs. of hosiery and leather. UsB, a river of South Wales, rises in the co. Brecknock, flows S.E. and S. through the centre of MoDinouthshire, aud enters the estuary of the Severn, 3i m. S. Newport. Course 60 miles. UsB-E and Uskeane, two pas. of Ireland.— I. Leinster, co. Kildare, 3J m. N.N.E. Ballytore. Area 1,763 ac. Pop. 1,035.-11. in Munster, co. Tipperary, 2 m. N.E. Borris-o'-Kane. Area 7,0.56 ac. Pop. 1,876. UsKUP, or ScopiA, a town of European Tur. key, Macedonia, cap. saiy., on the Usknp river an affl. of the Vardar, 106 m. N.W. Salonici. Estimated pop. 10,000. It has many handsome mosques, Greek churches, a citadel, with a Turk- ish garrison, and important manufs. of leather. TIsLAB, a walled town of Hanover, landr. Hilde- sheim, principality and 16 m. N.W. Gottingen, on the Able. Pop. 2,118. It has manufs. of linens. UsMAN, a town of Russia, gov. and 85 m. S.W. Tambov, cap. oirc, on the Usman. Pop. 4,000. UsMASTQN, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke 1| m. S.E. Haverford-West. Pop. 627. UsPALLATA, a table-land, with silver mines Plata Confed.; dep. and 40 m. N.W. Mendoza. TIsPANAPAN, a river of the Mexican Confed., dep. Tabasco, tributary to the Coatzacoalcos. UssAO, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Correze, 3 m. N.N.E. Brives. Pop. 2,114. — Ussana is a village of the island Sardinia, div. and 12 m. N. Cagliari, cap. dist. Pop. of comm. 1,136. UssEi., a comm. and town of France; dep.' Cor- rfeze, on the Sarsonne, 32 m. N.E. Tulle. Pop. 2,879. It is partly enclosed by ruined walls. TTssELBT, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 3' m. N.N.W. Market-Raisen. Area 1,110 ac. P. 92. UssoN, several comms. and vills. of France.— I. dep. Loire, 16 m. S.S.W. Montbrison. Pop. 3,788.-11. dep. Vienne, 22 m. S.S.E. Poitiers, with 1,840 inhabs.— III. dep. Puy-de-D6me, 6 m. W. Issoire, with 840 inhabs., and a ruined castle, the residence, during 20 years, of Margaret, the first queen of Henri iv. of France. UsTAEiTs, a comm. & market town of France, dep. B. Pyrenees, cap. cant., 7 m. S. Bayonne. Pop. 1,806, who manuf. woollen cloths & leather, UsTER, a pa, and vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 9 m. S.E. Ziirich, with an old castle. Pop. 4,600. UsTioA (anc. Euonimo and Osteodes), an isl. of the Mediterranean, belonging to Naples, off the N. coast of Sicily, 40m. N.N.W. Palermo. LenM) 3 m. ; breadth 2 m. Soil volcanic and highly fertile, producing com, olives, and other fruits. The town Santa Maria, on its S.W. side, has 1,800 inhabs., and a harbour defended by" Btrpng batteries. UsTiDG (Veliki, or " the Greai"), a town of Russia, gov. Vologda, at the confluence of the Jug and Suchona, afiiuents of the Dwina, 680 m. E.N.E. St Petersburg. Pop. 13,000. It is the see of a bishop, and has 3 cathedrals, 28 other churches, several monasteries and nunneries, a government bank & post-office, a large exchange, with manufs. of tallow, soap, candles, leather, tiles, jewellery, and silver goods, and some saw- mills. Its inhabitants carry on a trade with Asia, as far aa Kiachta, in corn, lard, linen, ship tim- ber, and sail cloth. It has an important annual fair on the 8th July. U.STroSHNA, a town of B ussia, gov. & 200 m . N . i. Novgorod, cap. eirc, on the MolO'ga. P. 2,900. tJsTBOM, a vill. of Austrian Silesia, circ. and 8 ra. E.S.E. Teschen, on the Vistula. Pop. 1,800. Usr-SvsoiSK, a town of Russia, gov. and 420 m K.E. Vologda, cap. circ, at the confl. ot Svsola and the Vitchegda. Pop. 2,400. _ •^tJsT-tJisKAJA, a fort of Asiatic Russia gov. Orenburg, at the confl. of the Tlist & the Tobol. TJsuMAsmTA, a considerable river of Central America, rises in Guatemala, dep Vera Paz, flows N.W. through Chiapas and Tabasco, and ater a course of m m. jdns the Tabasco near its month. It is also connected by a navigabli* channel with the Lake Terminos. DSU 1328 UZTJ UsusBiL, a town of Spain, prov. Guipnzcoa, 6 m. S.W. Saii^Sebastian, on the Orio, near its mouth in the Bay of.Biscay. Pop. 1,203. UawoBxn, a township of Engl., co. Durham, pa. Washington, 4i m. S.E. Gateshead. F. 1,030. Utah, a territory of the United States, North America, first called " Deseret," bounded W, by the State of California, N. by Oregon, E. by the summit of the Kooky Mountains, and S. by the parallel of 37° N. The distinguishing feature of this region is the " Great Basin," a vast plam, elevation from 4,000 to 5,000 feet above tlie level of the sea, a great portion of which is a sandy desert. Near the N. extremity of the territory, is tlie Great Salt Lake, 70 m. long, N. and E. of which, the soil is extremely fertile, and climate salubrious. Chief river, the Colorado. The ter- ritory is inhabited by a few bands of Indians, the principal tribe is that of Utah in the N.E. The whites are chiefly Mormons, who took possession of the country in 1848, and founded the Mormon City, or City of the Great Salt Lake, on the river Utah, which flows N. from L. Utah to the Gt. Lake. UxcH-KiLiasA (" the three churches "),afamous convent in Turkish Armenia, pash. & 110 m. S.E. Erzeroum, on the Murad-chai, or E. arm of the Upper Euphrates. — II. a name of Echmiadzin. Utelie, a market town of N. Italy, Sardinian dom., prov. & 15 m. N. Nice, cap. maud. Fop. of comm. 2,136, who trade in cheese, wine, & olives. Utebsen, a mkt. town of Denmark, Holstein, on the Finnan, 16 m. N.W. Hamburgh. Pop. 3,313. Utica, a city of the U. S., N. Amer., state New York, CO. Oneida, on the Mohawk, and on the Chenango canal & Great Western railway, 85 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 12,782. Public institutions comprise the state lunatic asylum, co. medical so- ciety, museum, mechanics' association, appren- tices' library, numerous academies and charitable establishments, & manufs. of machinery, forges, tanneries, breweries, paper, saw, and corn, mills. Many vills. in the Western States have this name. Utiel, a town of Spain, prov. Cuenca, 9 m. N.W. Kequena. Pop. 5,780. Utkiston, a township of England, co. Chester, pa. and IJ m. N.N.W. Tarporley. Fop. 606. Utoe, a,n island of Sweden, in the Baltic, Isen and 25 m. S.E. Stockholm, and yielding some iron. — II. an island of Finland, in the Baltic, with a light-house, in lat. 59° 46' 5" N., Ion. 21° 22' E. UxBECHT, a prov. of the Netherlands, mostly enclosed by Holland and Gelderland, but N.ward touching the Zuyder Zee. Area 536 sq. m. Pop. (1849) 151,342. The Leek or Rhine forms its S. boundary ; other rivers are the Vechte and Eem. Manufs. of woollen and cotton fabrics, brewing, distilling, and lime burning, are important. Chief towns, Utrecht, Amersfoort, Montfoort, & Wyk- by-Durstede. — Utrecht (Vltra-Trajectum), the cap., is situated on the Old Bhine, 21 m. S.E. Amsterdam. Pop. (1844)45,000. Frinoip. edifices, a cathedral, with a tower 388 feet high ; the Stad- huit, in which the union of the provs. was con- cluded in 1579, and the peace of Utr*!ht in 1713; the mint, arsenal, city hall, a large hospital, and museum of agricultural implements, formerly the palace of Louis Bonaparte. Its university had, m 1847, 340 students. It has a chamber of com- merce, large manufs. of woollen, silk, linen fabrics, muskets, and pins ; salt, sugar, bleaching, and tile works, and an extensive general trade. UiBEBA, Ilitarge, a town of Spain, prov. and 16 m. S.S.E. Sevilla. Pop. (1845) 12,712, mostly agriculturists, and who rear the most ferocious bulls in Andalucia. It stands around a fortified enclosure, has a Moorish castle, and is unportant as a military post. Its streets are wide and kept clean by running streams ; and here are some re- markable churches, one resorted to by a great concourse of devotees in September; various convents & hospitals, a town-hall, prison, cavalry barracks, some manufactures of soap, starch, & leather ; and near it are productive salt springs. Uttebby, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 4i m. N.N.W. Louth. Area 1,510 ae. Fop. 209. Uttoxeteb, a market town and pa. of Engl., on railway, co. and 12 m. N.E. Stafford, and be- side the Dove, across which it communicates with the CO. Derby by a bridge of six arches. Area of pa. 8,290 ac. Fop. 4,735. It stands on a hill, and has three well built streets meeting in a market-place, and has a church with an ancient tower and spire, 179 feet in height, Ro- man Catholic and other chapels, a free school, alms-houses, other charities to 210^ annually, numerous iron forges and hardware factories, & a large trade in agricultural produce, facilitated by a branch of the Trent and Mersey navigation. Utweil, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Thurgan, on the Lake of Constance, 9 m. S.E. Constance, UwcHLAND, a township of the U. S., N. Amen, Pennsylvania, on Brandywine Creek, 30 m. S.S.W. Philadelphia. Fop. 1,566. Uxbbidge, a market town of England, co. Mid- dlesex, pa. Hillingdon, on the W. verge of the oo., 17 m. W.N.W. St Paul's, London. Fop. (including district) 3,868. It is well built, & has a convenient market-pldce, Lancasterian and other schools, & the largest corn market in the kingdom. Here are numerous flour-mills, malt-worlQ, & a brick- field. It communicates with London by the Grand Junction canal and branch. UxBBiDQE, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Massachusetts, on Blackstoue river and canal, 38 m. S.W. Boston. Pop. 2,004. UxiJAB and Uxoe, two market towns of Spain. — I. prov. Granada, 24 'm. N.W. Ahneria II. prov. and 27 m. S.E. Pamplona. UxMAi, a ruined city of Yucatan, 45 m. S.S.W. Merida, & presenting some of the most remarkable architectural remains in America. These com- prise sevl. large edifices, the largest building oc- cupying a space 640 ft. in length by 410 ft. in width, and all being adorned with elaborate sculptures. Uvea, two of the Shetland Islands, Scotland. — I. a pa., & immediately S. Unst. Pop. 23. It is a chief rendezvous of shipping for the deep sea- fishing. — 11. 4j m. from the N. extremity of Shet- land Mainland, and about 2 m. in circumference. UzEL, a comm. and town of France, dep. Cfltes- du-Nord, cap. cant., on the Oust, 9 m. N.N.W. Loudeac. Pop. 2,096. It has two market halls for linen cloths, in which it has a large trade. U?EN (BoLCHOi and Maloi), two rivers ot European Russia, govs. Saratov and Orenburg, flow parallel to each other, S.E., for about 250 m., and from 10 to 30 m. apart, and finally lose themselves in salt lakes, 100 m. from the Caspian. UzEBCHE, a comm, and town of France, dep. Corrfeze, cap. cant., 16 m. N.W. Tulle. P. 2,385. Uz^s, a comm. and town of France, dep. Gard, cap. cant., on the Auzon, 13 m. N.N.E. Nimes. Pop. 5,898. It has a comm. college, an old epis- copal palace and a turretted castle of its former dukes, with manufe. of silk hosiery, common woollen cloths, and fine pasteboard, and a brisk trade in silk, corn, wine, and brandy. UzNACH, a petty town of Switzerland, cant. & 24 ra. S.W. St Gall. Pop. 1,472. UzuNDJA-ovA, a town of European Turkey, Rumili, near the Maritza, 56 m. W.N.W. Adri- anople, and having a large fair in October. VAA 1829 VAL For names not undermentioned, see W and F. ; Vaaobn (East & West), two of the Loffoden islands, Norway, W. of Hindoen, each about 30 m. in lengUi by 15 m. across ; the former having 1,600 and the latter 2,400 inhabitants. Vaaqqe, one of the Faroe islands. [Fakoeb.] Vaai, a river of S. Africa, after a W. course j^om the Quathlamba mntns., joins the Orange river about lat. 29° 5' S, Ion. 25° 30' E., and forms the IL boundary of a territory, partly occupied by Dutch farmers, and annexed in 1S4S to the British colony of the Cape of Good Hope. Vaas, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Sairthe, on the Cher, 18 m. E. La Fl^che. Pop. 1,872. It was formerly fortified. ■ VAAST (St), a Till, of Belgium, prov. Hainault, 9 m. E. Mons. Pop. 1,700.^11. a small marit. town of France, dep. Manche, on the English Channel, near Cape La Hogue, 10 m. N.E. Valog- nffi. Pop. 3,531. — III. (Sieppedalle), a yill. and conun., dep. Seine-lnf., arrond. Tvetot. P. 983. ■Vabke, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. farn, on the Ggon, 10 m. E. Castres. P. 1,181. TACcHELUcEjOrBASiLuzzo, onc of the smaller Lipari islands, Mediterranean, 4 m. E. Panaria. Vacha, airallea town of Germany, Saxe-Wci- mar, princip., circ, and 16 m. S.w. Efeenach, cap. dist., on the Werra. Pop. 2,239. Vache IsiAMii, in the W. Indies, is off the S. coast of Hayti, 8 m. S.E. Cayes, 10 m. in length by 3 m. across. It has some good anchorages. Vadaghebt, two towns of S. India. — 1. presid. Madras, ^t. and 35 m. N.W. Tinnevelly.— II. dist. Malabar, on the coast, 25 m. N.W. Calient. Vado, a seaport town of N. Italy, Sard, dom., on the W. side of the Gulf of Genoa, prbv. and 3 m. S.W. Savona. Pop. of comm. 1,468. Vadstesa, a. town of Sweden, fen and 28 m. W.N.W. Linkoping, on a bay of Lake Wetter. Pop. 2,1 88, ftith the anc. castle of Wettersborg, ■VAi>nTZ,atewnofGermany. [LrecaTENsTEiif.] Vaels, or 'Vi.ix.s, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Limburg, 16 m. E.S.E. Maestricht. P. 2,897. Va:BDAi,, a pa. and vill. of Norway, 45 m. N.E. Trondbjem, at the head of its fiord. Pop. 1,900. Yasa, a river of Kossia, govs. Vologda and Arcbaagel, joins the Dvina after a N. course of 250 m. Principal affls. the Dste and Koksbenga from the E.— The Vagai, a river in Siberia, gov. Tobolsk, after a N. course of 150 m., joins ihe Irtish, 34 m. S.E. Tobolsk. Vaolio, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, 7 m, E. Potenza. Pop. 3,000. VA91IET, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Tosges. Pop. 2^6i.—Vagos is a market town of Fortagal, prov. Beira, 6 m. S.S.W. Aveiro. Vaigatch, or Vaioatz, an island of N. Kussia, gov. Archangel, separated from the mainland by the Strait of Vaigatch, and from Novaia Zemlia by the Karskie Vorota Strait. Lat. of N. point 70° 25' N., Ion. 69° 10' E. Length 96 m« Isreadth 35 miles. - Vaioes, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Mayenne, 14 m. E.S.E. LavaJ. Pop. 1,592, TAiHiHanN, a town of S. Germany, Wurtem- berg, circ. Ncckar, cap. dist, on the Bnz, 15 m. N.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 3,072. Vaila, one of the smaller Shetland islands, Scotian4 pa. Walls, in Vaila Sound, on W. side of Mainlanfl, 4 m. N. W. Skeldaness. Pop. 29. Vaiuxv, two coroms. and vills. of rrance.--a. dep^ Cher, cap. cant., on the Saudro, 12 m. N.W. Sancerre. Pop. 691. — II. (««r AisTie), dep. Aiane, cap. cant., 9 m. E. Soissons. Pop. 1,694. Vaisb, a comm. and town of France, dep. Khone, forming a N.W. suburb of Lyon, on the Sadne. Pop. 7,277. [Lton.] Vaison, Vasio, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Vancluse, cap. cant., 15 m, N.E. Orange, on the Ouv6ze. Pop. 1,863. Near it are the ruins of a fine quay, circus, & aqueduct, belonging to Vasio, the cap. city of the ancient Voconiii, an im- portant JRoman colony Ymssac is a comm. ari)J vill., dep. Tarii-et-Garonne, arrond. Montaubaii. Vajda-Hdntad, a market town of Transyl- vania, cap. CO., on the Czerna, 40 m. S.W. Karls- bnrg. Pop. 2,000. It has Boman Catholic, Reformed, and Greek churches. In its environs are the largest iron mines iii. Transylvania.' Vakh, a river of Siberia, govs. Tenisei and Tobolsk, joins the Obe, 100 m. E. Surgut. Course W.ward, estimated at 350 miles. Yai,, the prefixed name of many towns ani vills. of Spam. — I, {V. de Oliva), prov; & 25 nS. N. Cnenca. Pop. 2,690.-11. (de S.- Domingo), prov. and 13 m. N.N.W. Tpledo. Pop. 1,869. Val, a prefix to the names of old divisions of Sicily, — the Y. Demone, comprising the N.E. quarter, with Mount Etna, the FaJ di Mazzara consisting of the W., and the V. di Nolo of the S. parts of the island. Val (Lb), a comm, and vill. of France, dep. Var, 3 m. N. Brignolles. Pop. 1,734. Valais (Germ. Wallis), a cant, of Switzerland, in its S.E. part, consisting of the upper valley of the Rhone, shut off N- and S. by two primary Al- pine chains from the cant. Bern, and from Savoy; having at its B. extremity the cants. Ticino and Uri, and W. Vaud. Area 1,665 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 75,790, all Roman Catholics, 2-3d$ of whom speak French. It has been described as an immense trough, '70 m. in length, IJ m. in depth, and 2 m. wide at the bottom; the mntns. on each side are among the highest in Europe, and it is exposed to furious torrents and de- structive avalanches. Cattle rearing is the chief branch of industry, the surplus produce being mostly exported across the Simplon into Italy. Transit trade pretty active, but all other oc- cupatfons are insignificant. Chief towns — Sion, Martigny, and Vispach. It holds the 20th place in the Swiss confederation. Under the French, it formed the dep. Simplon, ' Valbenoite, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Loire, arrond. and 1 m. W. St Eti«nne, of which it forms an industrious suburb. Pop. 2,949. Valbonnais, a comm. and vilL of France, dep. Is6re,.oap. cant., 20 m. S.S.E. Grenoble. P. 1,327. Val-Bbegaqiia, a valley of Switzerland, Gri- sons, on the Italian side of the Alps, immediately S. and W. Mount Septimer, and traversed byon* of the main roads from Italy into Switzerland. ' Valoaees (Etang de), a salt lagoon of South France, in the isl. Camabooe, delta of the Rhdne: Valdaono, a market town of Austrian Italy, prov, and 14 m, N.W. Vicenza, cap. dist. at the foot of Mount Castello, on the Agno. P. 3,100. Valhai, a walled town of Russia, gov. & 80 m. S.E. Novgorod, cap, circ, on the small lake Valdai, and on the road from St. Petersburg! to Moscow,, Pop. 8,000.— The Valdai Ulb, gov!. Novgorod, consist- of a series of plateaux -which extend between the S. end of Lake Peipus . ' 4 P VAL 1330 V Al- and the river Dlina, with an average height of 800 to 1,000 feet, forming a dome-shaped eleva- tion in the centre of Russia, and the watershed between rivs. flowing to the Baltic & Caspian seas. Val d'Akno, a valley of Tuscany, greatly re- nowned for rural beauty. [Aauo.] The Yal- di-Chiana, formerly a swampy tract in the E. part of Tuscany, prov. Arezzo, has been drained and converted into one of the most productive parts of Italy. Valdemobo, a town of Spain, prov. and 16 m. S.E. Madrid. Pop. 1,712. ValdepeSas, a town of Spain, prov. and 30 m. S.E. Ciudad Real, on the Jabalon. Pop. (1845) 9,870. The townhas no object of interest, butis celebrated for its excellent wines. — Yalde Peaas is a town, prov. & 15 m. S.S. W. Jaen. P. 4,209. Vai.bibbi, a vill. of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. prov. and 13 m. S.W. Cuneo, cap. mand., on the Gesso. Pop. of comm. 2,357. Valdivia, the most S. dep. of Chile, on the mainland of S. Amer., about lat. 40° S., and Ion. 73° W., enclosed every where, except on W., by Independent Araucania. Estimated area 740 sq. m., and pop. 6,800. — II. a river tra- versing this dep. from the Andes to the Pacific Ocean, which it enters after a W.ward course of 120 m. — ^III. a seaport town or vill., on the Val- divia or Calacutta river, 16 m. from its month. It was ruined by an earthquake in 1837. — Port Valdivia, at the mouth of its river, lat. 39° 49' S., Ion. 73° 19' SS' W., was formerly one of the best & most strongly fortified harbours on the Pacific. ValdobbiadSne, a vill. of Austrian Italy, prov. & 20 m. N.N.W. Treviso, cap. dist. Pop. 2,400. — Valduggia is a vill. of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. and 22 m. N.N.W. Novara. Pop. 3,100. Valeggio, a vill. of Austrian Italy, deleg. Verona, 7 m. S. Peschiera, on the Mincio, where it leaves the Lago di Garda. Pop., including 4 adjoining hamlets, 4,000. It has a fortified bridge or causeway, upwards of 600 yards long, de- fended by several lofty towers. VAtENQA, two towns of Brazil. — ^I. prov. Bahia, cap. comarca, 10 m. N. Cayru, on rt. b. of the Una, near its mouth in the Atlantic. Pop. 1,200. — II. prov. Piauhi, 66 m. N.E. Oeiras. Pop. 3,000. VAiENgA-DO-MiNHO, a fortified frontier town of Portugal, prov. Minho, cap. comarca, on 1. b. of the Minho, immediately opposite Tuy . P. 1,100. Valenqay, a comm. and town of France, dep. Indre, cap. cant., agreeably situated on the Nahon, 26 m. N. ChSteauroux, and chiefly re- markable for a fine palace, with gardens, where Napoleon retained Ferdinand vii. during his own usurpation in Spain. Pop. 1,676. Valence, Valentia, a comm. & town of France, cap. dep. Drdme, on 1. b. of the Rhone, here crossed by a suspension bridge, on railway from Lyon to Avignon, 57 m. S. Lyon. Pop. (1846) 8,839. It IS surrounded by orchards, vineyards, and woods, and enclosed by walls. Principal edifices, the cathedral, with the tomb of Pope Pius VI., barracks, citadel, court-house, prison, & theatre. It has a comm. college, with public li- brary of 10,000 vols., school of artillery, chamber of manufs., school of design, doclcs for building river craft, cotton printing and dyeing establish- ments, and mannfs. of silk goods. — II. a comm. and small town, dep. Gers, cap. cant., on the Baise, 5 m. S. Condom. Pop. 1,589.-111. {V. d'Agen), dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, cap. cant., 13 m. W. Moissac. Pop. 2,400. Valencia, an old prov. or kingdom of Spain, on the E. coast, now formingthe provs. Valencia, Alicante, and Castellon-de-la-Plana. United area 7,864 sq.m. Pop. (1833) 368,923. TheN.W, Eart of the region is covered with arid mountains, ut the centre presents a fertile and well-watered plain, and ai:ound Lake Albufera are extensive rice grounds. Soil well cultivated. Chief pro- ducts, wine, figs, almonds, olives, and excellent oranges. Tlie sugar cane, hemp, lint, and silk, yield valuable returns. The principal mineral riches are salt, marble, and potters' clay. Valencia, Yalentia Edetanorum, a city of Spain, cap. prov., on the Turia or Guadalaviar, 8 m. from its mouth in the Mediterranean, and 2 m. above its port La Grao,on the river, & here crossed by five wide bridges. Lat. 39° 28' 7' N., Ion. 0° 24' "W. Pop. (1845) 71,013. It stands in a fine plain, and the city-proper is enclosed by walls of the 14th century, about 2^ m. in circ, and pierced by 8 gates. It has quite a Moorish ap- pearance. Streets narrow, and many of the houses have flat-roofe. Principal edifices, the cathedral, with an octangular tower 162 feet in height, 14 pa. churches, several colleges, mostly clerical, an archbishop's palace, royal palace, the exchange and silk hall, custom house, citadel, several large hospitals, asylums, prisons, bar- racks, and a theatre. Outside of the walls are the bull ring and botanic gardens, and a fine planted public promenade extends to La Grao. Valencia is the see of an archbishop, the resi- dence of a captain-general, seat of a supreme court of justice. Its university had, in 1841, 1,600 students, 70 professors, and a library of 15,000 vols. It has also several academies, a seminary for nobles, academy of the fine arts, and museums. The climate, though hot, is salu- brious, and the city is resorted to by invalids. Principal manufs., silks, linen, & woollen fabrics, camlets, gauzes, and other woven fabrics, hate, leather, glass, paper, artificial flowers, & Valencia tiles, used for flooring. Its port is indifferent, and its foreign trade has greatly declined. It was talcen in 1812 by the French under Suchet, who held it till June 1813. — II. {de Alcantara), a fortified town, on a height, near the frontier of Portugal, prov. Caceres, 25 m. S.W. Alcantara. Pop. 4,700. It has a citadel, barracks, and manufs. of hats, linens, and leather, and is sup- posed to occupy the site of the ancient Contrasta^ — III. (de Z>on Juan, anc. Coiaca), prov. & 20 m. S.S.E. Leon, on 1. b. of the Elsa. Pop. 1,698. Near it are copper mines and marble quarries. — IV. {del Ventoso), prov. and 43 m. S.E. Badajoz. Pop. 2,960. It has manufs. of linens and sack- ing, and some Roman antiquities. Valencia, a city of S. Amer., Venezuela, cap. prov., dep. Caracas, with which it communicates by a good road. Estimated pop. 16,000. It is finely situated, covers a large surface, and has an active commerce with Caracas and Puerto Ca- bello.- — The Lake of Valencia (or Tacarigua), is near the Caribbean Sea, 2 m. E. of this city. Length 22 m., average breadth 6 m. Mean depth from 12 to 15 fathoms. Shores desert on the S., but on the N. well cultivated. It contains many islands, and receives the river Aragua. Valenciana, a famous silver mine and small town of the Mexican Confederation, dep. and a few m. N. Guanaxuato. From 1771 to 1804 the mine yielded an annual produce of 600,000?., but the works have been subsequently destroyed. Valenciennes, Vdlentiana, a comm. and forti- fied town of France, dep. Nord, cap. arrond., on the Scheldt, and on railway from Paris to Mens, 27 m. S.E. Lille. Pop. (1848) 18,558. It has a citadel on an island in the Scheldt ; a fine town- hall and belfry ; several churches, a general and VAL 1031 VAL two military hospitals ; asylums, barraclts, an arsenal, a public library & museum, & a theati-e. Its industry is very various, comprising manufs. ofIace,linen,andIawn, printed muslius, beet-root su^ar, gold and silver tissues, toys, earthenware, and leather, being the principal j and it has nu- merous bleaching and dye works, with a brisk trade in timber, coal and agricultural produce. It was takeu in 1793 by the English and Austri- ans after a seige of six weeks. The historian Froissart was born here in 1337. Valensolle, a comm. and market town of France, dep. B. Alpes, cap. cant., 22 m. S.W. Digne. Pop. 9,2.30. Valbntako, Verentum, a market town of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 18 m. N.W. Viterbo, W. the lake of Bolsena. Pop. 1,000. Vaientia, or Kenmobb, an island off the W. coast of Ireland, ilunster, co. Kerry, 3 m. S.W. Cahireiveen, and separated irom the mainland by a strait 1^ m. in breadth, and which forms the most W. harbour in the British islands; lat. 51° 55' 8' N., Ion. 10° 19' W. Length of island 7 m., breadth 2 m. Area 6,371 ac. Pop. 2,920. Surface hilly, but it contains some very fertile tracts of land, with several farms. On it are some important slate quarries, and a mansion of the Enight of Kerry, chief proprietor. It ex- ports slate, fish, corn, and butter. Por some lame previously to the English commonwealth, it was held by the Spaniards. It gives the title of viscount to the Annesley family. Valextia, an island in Annesley Bay, Ked Sea, off the coast of Abyssinia, 13 m. S.E. Massowah. Length, N. to S., 9 miles ; breadth 2 miles. Valestixe, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Garonne, 1 m. S.W. St Gaudens, on the G^U'onne. Pop. 1,504, who manuf. woollens. Valesza, a town of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. prov. and 7 m. N. Alessandria, cap. mand., on the Po. Pop. of comm. 7,477. It is enclosed by wallg, entered by 4 gates, and has manufs. of wooUen-cloth, soap, and leather. VAI.EXZDEI.A, a town of Spain, prov. and 28 m. E.S.E. Cordova. Pop. 2,224. Vajlebt (St), two conmis. and towns on the N. coast of France. — I. (en Caux), dep. Seine-Inf., cap. cant., 17 m. W.S.W. Dieppe. Pop. 5,343. It has soda works, a manuf. of cotton twist, and an axrtive herring and mackerel fishery. — II. {sur Somme), dep. Somme, on 1. b. of the Somme, near its mouth in the English Channel, 11 m. N.W. Ab- beville. Pop. 2,842. It has a school of navigation, a port for vessels under 200 tons, salt magazines, rope walks, and docks for building small vessels. Valetta (La), the cap. of Malta. [Valletta.] Valgobge, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Ardeche, cap. cant., 9 m. W.N.W. Largentifere, Pop. 1,436. VALauABNEBA, a towu of Sicilj, prov. and 25 m. W.N.W. Noto. Pop. 6,600. Valk, or Walk, a town of Russia, gov. Li- vonia, cap. circ, 90 m. N.E. Kiga. Pop. 1,800. Valkenbubg (Fren. Fauquemont), a town of Dutch Limburg, on the Geul, and on railway to Aachen, 7 m. E. Maestricht. Pop. 717. Valki, or Walki, a town of Kussia, gov. and 27 m. W.S.W. Kharkov, cap. circ., on an affl. of theDonetz. Pop, 8,937. It has 5 large ann. fairs. Valla (La), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Loire, on the Jarest, arrond. St Etienne. Pop. 2,199, who manuf. steel goods and hardwares. VAiiABBiouEs, a comm. and town of France, dep. Gard, on the Rhone, 13 m. E. Nlmes. P. 1,620. Valladolid, Piniia, a city of Spain, cap. prov., on I. b. of the Pisuerga, at the influx of the Esgueva, 27 m. S.S.W. Palencia. Pop. (1845) 19,191. It is enclosed by old walls, entered by 6 gates, and has many large and decayed dwell- ings, having been the residence of the court, prior to its removal to Madrid, at the end of the 16th century. Valladolid is subdivided into 16 pas. ; principal edifices, an unfinished and half ruined cathedral, and the palace of Philip iii. ; hospitals, asylums, barracks, a museum contain- ino; paintiugs, sculptures, and a library of 14,000 vols. The university, one of the best in Spain, is chiefly celebrated for jurisprudence, and was attended in 1841 by 1,300 students. It has manufe. of silk, cotton, and woollen stuffs ; jewel lery, hats, linen, and cotton yarn ; paper, per fumery, earthenwares, and leather ; and the city has a trade in white wines, madder, silk, ana olives, raised in its vicinity. It is the residence of a captain-general, a military intendant and other authorities, and is a see sufiragan to that of Toledo. Columbus died here 20th May 1606. Valladolid, several cities of America. — I. Mexican Confederation, cap. dep. Mechoacan, in a fine valley, 115 m, W.N.W. Mexico. Estimated pop. 18,000. It has a magnificent cathedral and numerous other rich churches. It is the births place of Iturbide, the short-lived emperor of Mexico. — II. the second city of Yucatan, cap. dep., 90 m. E.S.E. Merida. Pop. including sub- urbs, estimated at 15,000. It is well laid out, clean, healthy, and dull. Chief edifices, the town house, and the cathedral, one of the finest buildings in Yucatan. The suburbs consist merely of mud huts, peopled by Indians, and in 1842 it had no associations, schools, nor any places of public instruction or amusement. — III. {de Comayagua), Central America. [Comatagua.] Vallata, a town of Naples, prov. Prineipato^ Dlt., dist. and 13 m. S.E. Ariano. Pop. 4,400. Vallav, a small island of Scotl;md, Outer Hebrides, co. Inverness, pa. and on the N.W. coast of N. Uist, from which it is separated by a narrow sound. Length 2 m. Pop. 69. Valle BE Abdalajis, a town of Spain, prov* and 12 m. N.N.W. Malaga. Pop. 3,211. Vallecobsa, a town of S. Italy, Pgntif. Sta., deleg. and 14 m. S.E. Frosinone. Pop. 3,230. Valle-Ckocis, a ruined abbey of Wales, co. Denbigh, pa. Llangollen. It was founded by a prince of Powys for Cistercian monks. Valle de tjxo, a town of Spain, prov> and 15 m. S.W. Castellon-de-la-Plana, Pop. 6,847. It has potteries and distilleries. Vallblumga, a town of Sicily, intend and 18 m. N.W. Caltanisetta. Fof .3,500.— Valle-Lagarina is a town of the Tyrol, circ. Roveredo. P. 2,400. Vallemdae, a vill. of Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 3 m. N.N.E. Coblenz, on the Rhine. Pop. 2,910. It has an ancient castle. Vallengik, a small town of Switzerland, cant, and 2 m. N.W. Neuchatel, in the fertile Val de Kuz, with a castle and a Gothic church. P. 6,300. Vallekauqoe, a comm. and town of France, dep. Gard, cap. Cont,, on the H^rault, 39 m. N.W. Nlmes. Pop. 1,867. — Valle-rotomla is a market town of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, dist. Sora, 8 m. N.W. Venafro. Pop. 2,200. . Vallet, a comm. & town of Prance, dep. Loire- Inf., cap. cant., 13 m. E.S.E. Nantes. P. 6,683. Valletta, or La Valeta, the cap. city of Malta, on its N.E. coast, between a fine double harbour ; lat. of Palace 35° 63' 8" N., Ion. 14° 31 2^E. Pop., with suburb, about 60,000. It is enclosed by strong fortifications, and its S. or great harbour is further defended by forts St Elmo, Kicasoli, and St Angelo, beyond which is VaL 1332 VAN its chief suburb Vittoriosa, also strongly fortified. It stands on ground so uneven, that many of its streets are successive flights of stairs ; it is clean, handsome, and has many noble buildings, the chief being the palace, formerly that of the Grand Master, richly furnished, and with a fine armoury; the cathedral, the public museum, and library of 60,000 vols. ; naval, military, and civil hospitals ; exchange, theatre, prison, barracks, and numer- ous churches, including the English collegiate church of St Paul, founded by Sie late Queen Adelaide, at a cost of 16,000Z. It is supplied with water by the aqueduct of Vignacourt ; has a uni- versity, a noble dockyard, private docks for ship- building in its suburb Sanglea ; and is the seat of all the principal authorities, and centre of the commerce of the island. It was founded by the Grand Master, Valetta, in 1666, occupied by the French in 1798, and taken by the English in 1801. ViLtiEii (St), several comms., towns, & vills. of France.— I. a market town, dep. DrSme, on ]. b. of the Rhone, and on railway from Lyon to Avignon, cap. cant., 17 m. N. Valence. Pop. 2,456. It has an old Gothic castle, manufs. of crape, silks, and twist, and chemical products, with a trade in the wines of its vicinity. — II. a vil!., dep. Var, cap. cant., 4 m. N.W. Grasse. P. 676. — III. a vill., dep. Sa6ne-et-Loire, 18 m. S.W. Chalons. P. 2,201. Vallievo, a town of Servia, 65 m. S.W. Bel- grade. Pop. 4,500. It is reported to have numerous mosques and well frequented markets. VALLi. Pop. l,200.-r The Zake pf Vico, Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 8 m., S. Viterbo, immediately W. Bonciglione, is 2J m, j in length, and discharges its surplus waters into the Tiber. It is surrounded by woods, and i^' apparently the crater of an extiiict volcano. VicpvARO, Kana, a small town of the Pontif."; sta., comarca and 6 m, 'S.'E. Tivoli, with 1,010' inhabitants, and a fine old castle. ViCQ, several comms. and vills. of France, the chief in dep, H. Vienne, arr. St Trieix, P, 2,243,, ViCTOE (St), numerous comms. arid vills, of France. — I. dep. Ardeche, 8 m. W.N.W. Tonrnon. Pop. 1,777. — U. dep. Loire, arrond. Roanne. Pop. 1,245.— in. dep. Puy-de-D6'me, 5m. N.N.E. Thiers. Pop. 1,463.— IV. (de Reno), dep. Orne, 7 m. E.S.E. Mortagne. P. 1,175 V. {sur Loire), , dep. Loire, 7 p. W. St Etitenne. Pop. 1,159. ; VlCTOE, a township of the U. S., N- Amer,,," New York, 12 m. N.W. Canandaigua. P. 2,393. — Victory is a tewnship of New York, 20 m. N,' Auburn. Pop. 2,371. , VroTORiA (fornierly called AtiS'rtiAiTA-t'Elix and Pout Phillip), a British colonial tejritoryi comprising all the part of Australia S. the river's Murrumbigee arid Murray, between lat. 34° and 39° S., and Ion. 141° and 160° E.; having N.E. . New South Wales, W. the colony of S. Australia, and S. the' Ocean and Bass's Strait, separating it from 'Ta.slnania. Estimated at'ea 80,000 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 32,895; (1850) 60;000(?). the ter- ritory derived its fermer name from the fine bay'" of Port "Phillip, near the centre of its coast line';' besides which, here are the inlets Western Port, Corner inlet. Lake King, Port Fairy, and Port- land Bay, most of which affotd good anchorage,! and are the seats ofi incipient towns. Surfafce mostly undulating or level; separated into.dif-' ferent river basins by hill chains.. In "the E. the Warragong mountains or Australian Alps, shut ofF the fertile and densely-wooded marit. region Gipps-lind from the rest of the country^, and Mount Kosduszko there rises tti 6,500 feet'^. in elevation. In the W. lare the Australian Py- renees & Grampians, with many isolated heights. Principal rivers are the Murray, Hume, Hovell^i Ni the mountains; the streams flowing diiiecti to' the sea.are all slnadl, and nearly innavd^ble, but the country there is well watered, and- it bs» VIC 1345 VIE many considerable salt lakes— Lake Coranga- mite, in the W., being 90 m. in circuit. Climate more similar to that of Great Britain than in any other part of Anstralia, being moist, less hot than New South Wales in the summer, and not BO cold as Van Diemen's Land in winter. Temp. St Port Philip ranges from 32° to 90° in the year, and may average about 61° Fahr. Soil more fertile generally than in New S. Wales, though around the borders are extensive tracts of bar- ren land. For about 50 m. from the coast the country is almost everywhere of high fertility ; there is also much good land on the banks of the Hume and Hovell; and although hitherto the com raised has been inadequate for home con- sumption, and a supply has been imported from Tasmania, this colony bids fair to become a thriv- ing agricultural region. Sheep and cattle rear- ing are, however, as in New South Wales, the principal occupations of the pop., and in 1847, the number of sheep was estimated at 4,397,600, of homed cattle 344^300, and horses 14,160. In the same year, 100 acres were planted with vines, and 1,300 gallons of wine were made, chiefly near Geelong. Wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, salt from the lakes, pumice-stone, lava, and other volcanic products, abundant in the W. plains, are other chief articles of produce. Some veins of coal, and ores of copper, lead, and manganese, have been met with, and gold has been recently found and exported in great abundance. The other exports are chiefly pastoral produce — wool, sheep, cattle, hides, skuis, tallow, beef, pork, timber, mimosa, bark, and a few other articles. In 1846, the export of wool amounted to 6,406,950 lbs.; until recently, however, the general exports & imports have not been separated from those of Hew South Wales, of which Victoria has hitherto formed a dependency. Principal towns — Mel- faoome, Geelong, and Portland. The colony re- cently comprised only the 3 cos. Bourke, Grant, and Normanby ; but the rest of the country S. the mntns., has been subdivided into 20 other cos., proclaimed in 1848. At present (1860) it sends 6 mems. to the legislative council of New South Wales. Public rev. (1847) 68,143Z., or including government sales of land in same year, 138,2942. It was first settled by the British about 1834. VicTOKiA, a CO. of W. Anstralia, mostly betw. lat. 31° and 31° 30' S., and Ion. 116° and 117° E., havmg N. the co- Glenelg, E. Durham, S. York, andW. Twiss. Principal settlements are Be- joordoDg and Toodyoy, on the Toodyoy river.— Hnmerous heights and other localities m the Australian colonies have this name. — II. a newly erected district of the Cape Colony, S. Africa, composed of what was, before the late Kafir war, deemed neutral territory, on the E. frontier of the colony, between the Great Fish and Keis- kama rivei-s, by which latter it is separated from British Kafraria. In it are Alice town, & Forts Peddle, Fitzroy, and Albert. VicTOKiA, a town of the British colony Hong Kong, stretching for 4 m. along its N. coast, and having Roman Catholic and other chapels, Chi- nese schools, and numerous storehouses and European dwellings.— II. a town of Texas, cap. diet., on the Guadaloupe river, 110 m. S.S.E. Austin, and which some years ago had a pop. of 600 or 700 inhabs., and an active traffic with Mexico.— III. (La), a town, Colombia, Venezuela, prov. and 35 m. S.W. Caracas.— IV. a maritime town of Brazil, cap. prov. Espiritu-Santo, m the bay of Espmtu-Santo, 270 m. N.E. Bio Janeiro. Pop. 6,000. It stands on the W. side of an isl. about 15 m. in circ, is neatly built m the old Portuguese style, and has a governor's resi- dence, and a harbour defended by several forts. Its vicinity produces rice, manioc, sugar, and bananas, in which goods it has an active coasting trade. Frigates can sail up to the town V. North Australia. [Pokt Essington.] — Victoria is the name of a fort, Brit. India, presid. & 70 m. S.S.E. Bombay ; of a Dutch fort on the island Amboyna ; and the modern appellation of Mah^, the cap. town of the Seychelles isls., Indian O. Victoria (or Alexandkina) Lake, in S. Au- stralia, is on the S.E. side of the settled part of that colony, between lat. 35° 6' and 35° 35' S., and Ion. 139° & 139° 45' E., enclosed by the cos. Hindmarsh, Sturt, and Russell, and opening S.W. ward by a short passage into Encounter bay. Length and breadth about 30 m. each. On its N.W. side it receives the Murray river, of which it is an expansion ; it also receives the Bremer, Angus, and Finnis rivers, is connected S.E. ward with Lake Albert, by a strait 5 m. in length, and contams Hindmarsh and some other islands. Its N. and W. banks are low, and skirted with plains like those around Adelaide ; E. and S. shores mostly undulating, interspersed with bold head- lands. Its navigation is safe, but access from the sea is impeded by a sand-bar at the mouth of the strait. — II. a lake of Central Asia, in th6 table-land of Pamir, 15,600 feet above the sea. VioTOBiA Land, the name given to the sup- posed Antarctic continent discovered by Sir Jas. Ross in 1841. Its shores were seen and partly explored from lat. 70° to 79° S. Near its N. ex- tremity, in Ion. 168° 12' E., is Mount Erebus, an active volcano, elevation 12,400 feet ; and Mount Terror, 10,900 feet. The position of the S. mag- netic pole was also ascertained by Ross to be in lat. 75° 5' S., Ion. 154° 8' E. Viotoeia-Land, British N. America, is a name givert by its discoverer, Mr Simpson, to the region between Ion. 103° & 108° W., and between lat. 68° N., and a strait of the Arctic Ocean. Victobia-Rivbe, N. Anstralia, joins the Indian Ocean by the wide estuary Queen's Channel, E. Cambridge Gulf, lat. 14° 46' S., Ion. 129° 21' E.; the estuary between Turtle and Pearee points being 26 m. in width. It has been traced inland to lat. 16° 9' S., Ion. 130° 52' E., where it was found still flowing from S.E. to N.W. Opposite its mouth are- several islands ; its banks are bold and often steep ; & 60 m. inland it rushes rapidly between rocky ranges from 600 to 600 feet in height ; but it is said to be navigable for vessels of large burden for at least 60 m. from its month. Eighty m. from its mouth it traverses a valley 16 m . wide, and of alluvial soil. The country along its banks is alternately fertile and barren.- II. a river of N.E. Australia, discovered in 1846 by Sir T. Mitchell, and found flowing W.ward m lat. 24° 14' S., Ion. 144° 34' E. ViD (Atus), a river of European Turkey, Bul- garia, rises in the Balkan near the sources of the Isker, Maritza, Kara-su, and Struma, flows N.N.E. and joins the Danube opposite Islatz, 8 m. W. Nicopolis. Total course 130 m. Vidauban, a coram, and vill. of France, dep. Var, 7 m. S.S.W. Draguignan. Pop. 2,203. ViDiGUEiBA, a inarket town of Portugal, prov. Alemteio, 13 m. N.E. Beja. Pop. 2,500. ViDOVELE, a riv. of France, deps. Gard and Herault, enters the lagoon de Maugio, 11 m. E. Montpellier, after a S. & W. course of 40 miles. Vinzv, or Widzt, a town of Russian Poland, gov. & 72 m. N.E. Vilna, cap. circ. Pop. 4,000. Vie, two rivers of France.— I. dep. Vendue, rises S. Belleville, and flows N. into the Atlantic, 4q VIE 1346 VIE which it enters at St Gilles, after a course of 80 m. — II. deps. Orne and Calvados, flows for about 30 m. N.W., and joins the Dives near Corbon. ViEOHTiOH, a market town of Lowpr Bavaria, cap. dist., 44 m. N.W. Passau. Pop. 1,469. viEiLLB-ViQNE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Loire-Inf., 18 m. S.S.E. Nantes, on 1. b. of the Ognon. Pop. 5,37d. It has 3 annual fairs. ViELLA, a town of Spain, prov. Lerida, cap. the valley of Aran, in the Pyrenees, on the Garonne, near its source. Pop. 738. ViELLA, a comm. & vill. of Prance, dep. Gers, 26 m- N.W. Mirande. Pop. 1,811. ViELMUB, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Tarn, cap. cant,, on the Agout, 1 m. W. Castres. Pop. 1,035. — Viel Halm is a mkt. town of Belgian Luxembourg, 13 m. N.N.E. Houffalize. Vienna (Germ. Wien, anc. Vindobona)^ a city of central Europe, cap. of the empire of Austria, of the archduchy of Austria, and of the gov. of Lower Austria, in a fertile plain, near right or S. bank of the Danube, which here receives the small rivers Wien and Alster, Lat. (of observa- tory, 548 feet above the sea) 48° 12' 36' N., Ion. 16° 23' E. Pop. (1846) of the city proper, 60,000, With suburbs, 410,945, including 14,000 military, and 6,000 strangers. Mean temp, of year 38°.7 ; winter 32°.9; summer 69°.4 Fahr. fhe situation is unhealthy ; climate very variable ; fogs are ire- quent, and the islands and lower parts of the city are exposed to inundations. It is an archbishop's see, and the residence of the protestant snperin- intendent for the W. provs. of the empire. It is divided into an old and a new city ; the former, 3 m. in circumference, & nearly circular. In 1827 it contained only 1,229 houses, while its S4 suburbs contained 7,415. The city is surrounded by a broad fosse and a wall 40 to 50 feet high, foriping the Baetei, a fashionable promenade; it is en- tered by 12 gates ; beyond the fosse is the glacis, a public walk, extending nearly all round the city, and separating it from its suburbs. The gate called the Burgthor, is one of the finest in Europe. The city has 18 squares or places. The Hojplatz has a colossal statue of the Vir- gin and 2 fine fountains; the Burgplatz con- tains the imperial palace. Jos^pbplatz has a statue of Joseph ii. ; and the Qraben, a long shaped square or street near the centre of the city, is ornamented by fountains and statues. In this and the street leading from it, called the Kohl- markt, are the most fashionable shops. Among the many noble public edifices, the chief are the Burg or imperial palaee, residence of the em- peror, with a magnificent library and an imperial chapel & theatre; the mint, university, academy of the fine arts, observatory, imperial & city arsenal, & the custom-house. There are numerous private palaces containing valuablelibraries, paintiqgs, & other objects of art, most of which are open to the public. The cathedral of St Stephen is a noble gothic edifice, with a tower 463 feet in elevation. The church of St Peter is built on the model of the basilica of St Peter at Rome. The church of the Augustines contains the celebrated monument of the Archduchess Christina by Canova, & a chapel in which are preserved the hearts of theprinces of the imperial family, while the vaults of the church of the Capuchins contain their bodies. Tlie edu- cational, uterary, & scientific establishments com- prise the university, one of the finest in Europe, which is celebrated for its school of medicine, with a library of 120,000 vols., and a theatre of anatomy, and had, ip 1842, 85 professors & 5,396 students ; the school of Orientalists for training interpreters ; theTheresianum, founded by Maria Theresa ; the Josephine academy of medicine and surgery for the army ; an academy of the fiye arts, with 18 professors ; a noble polytechnic institute, normal school, academy of engineers, with 18 pro- fessors ; a veterinary institute ; a conservatory oj music 6 gymnasia or colleges ; an ojjseryatory, with a school of astronomy. The imperial lib- rary contains 300,000 vols., many thousand MSB., an immense collection of engravings, and the fa- mous Tabula PeuHngerana, a map of the Roman empire in the 4th century. The other collections are that of paintings in the Belvedere, the lower part of which contains the Ambras collection of ancient armour & jewels, the most interesting in Europe ; & the imperial cabinets of antiquities, me- dals, & natural history. The imperial arsenal con- tains 16,000 stand of arms. The principal theatres are the hof or palace theatre, the Kamtherthor, and the comic theatre. It has a deaf and dumb asylum, and numerous well-conducted charitable establishments. Vienna is the chief manuf. city of the empire ; its chief manufs. comprise silk velvets, shawls, woollens, ribbons, carpets, cottons, paper, gold and silver lace, porcelain, and musi- cal instruments. Coach-building, book and map printing, form important branches of industry. It has an imperisil cannon foundry, and ma- nufactures of small arms ; its commerce is ex- tensive, and was greatly increased by the estab- lishment of the national bank in 1818, the navi- gation of the Danube by steam-boats, and the opening, of railways to the E., S., and W. In the suburbs are the cavalrv barracks, the Belve- dere palace, the church of St Charles, the poly- technic institution, the theatre on the Wiei, the great public hospital containing 2,000 beds, & re- ceiving annually 16,000 to 17,000 patients, the vast building fot the imperial manuf. of porcelain, is nu- merous private palaces with magnificent gardens. The cap. of A ustria is ornamented by many superb promenades, the chief of which is the Prater, a natural forest in an island of the Danube, laid out in long alleys, and containing deer parks, numerous coffee-houses, a panorama, and circus ; on fete days it is crowded with pedestrians and the most splendid equipages. The othei-s are the Augarten, a public park on the same island, and the Yolhsijarten, a beautiful public garden. The environs are very picturesque, surrounded by vineyards, and having the Eafalenberg mntns. on the W., the islands of the Danube on the N., and on the S. the Schneeberg mountain, part of the Noric Alps ; they are adorned by many vUlas and summer palaces, among which are the im- perial palace of Schonbrunn, with a magnificent botanic garden and menagerie ; the pretty vill. of Maria Hiizing, with a theatre and a bath- establishment ; Laxenburg, with an imperial sum- mer palace and a spacious park. Few cities are surrounded by so many fine gardens, many of which contain the richest and rarest plants. Vindabona was a station of the Roman legions in Upper Pannonia ; it was afterwards cap. of the E. provs. of the empire of Charlemagne. The King of Hungary established his court here in 1484, and it soon became the fixed residence of the house of Austria. Vienna was besieged by the Turks, in 1629, and again in 1683; on the latter occasion it was relieved by the Poles under John Sobiesld. The French took it in 1806 and in 1809. The congress of Vienna, which fixed the present limits of the countries of Eiu-ope, was held here from November 1814 to June 1815. The city was held by the revolutionary party for a short time in 1848 ; the barricades were raised on 6th Octobnr, but it surrendered to the impe- VIE 1347 VIG rial troops on 30th of same month, having suffered severely, from a bombardment. Vienna, several townships, U. S., N. America, the principal in New York, on lake Oneida, 8 m. N.W. Utica. Pop. 2,530.-11. a vUl., New York, on the Auburn & Rochester railway. Pop. 1,100. —III. a vill., Maryland, on the Nanticoke, 55 m. S.E. Annapolis. Keg. shipping (1840) lo,.''34 tons. ViENBE (Hautb, or Upper), a dep. of France, in the N.W., formed of parts of the old prov. Limousin, and surrounded by the deps. Creuse, Correze, Dordogne, Charente, Vienne, and Indre. Area 2,187 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 314,739. Cap. Limoges. Surface traversed by mntns., the prin- cipal chain of which separates the basins of the Loire & Garonne ; highest point le Puy de Vieux, 3,200 feet in elev. Climate cold from its elevation, and soil infertile in grain ; but horses, cattle, and sheep are extensively reared. Minerals comprise tin, lead, copper, iron, coal, and porcelain clay. Chief manufs. porcelain, cutlery, and paper. The dep. is divided into the arronds. Limoges, Bellac, Rochechouart, and St Yrieix. Vienne { Vigenna)^ a river of France, rises in the N. of the dep. Correze, passes St Leonard, Limoges, Confolens, Ch^tellerault (where it be- comes navigable), Cbinon, and joins the Loire on left at Candes, after a N. & N.W. com-se of 190 m. Vienne, a dep. of France, in the N. W., formed of part of the old prov. Poiton, surrounded by the deps. Indre, H. Vienne, Charente, Deux- Sevres, Main-et-Loire, and Loire. Area 2,669 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 308,391. Cap. Poitiei-s. Surface generally flat; it is watered by the Vienne and its atfl. the Clain, the Charente in the S., the Gartempe and Creuse in the N.E., and the Dive in the N.W. Soil very unequal in fer- tility ; chief crops all kinds of cereals, chesnuts, lint, hemp, and maize of inferior quality. Fine horses, mules, and sheep are reared. The chief mineral products are iron and lithographic stones, and the principal manuf. is that of arms and cutlery at Cbatellerault. The dep. is divided into the arronds. Chatellerault, Civray, Loudun, Montmorillon, and Poitiers. Vienne (Vienna), a comm. & town of France, dep. IsSre, cap arrond., 45 m. W.N.W. Grenoble, on 1. b. of the Rhone, and on railway from Lyon to Avignon. Pop. (1846) 18,610. The town is Htnated between the Rhone and the mountains, and is traversed by the river Gere. It has a Gothic cathedral and numerous ancient remains, a comm. college, a tribunal of commerce, and mannfs. of woollen cloths, linens, silk, and paper. In its vicinity are lead and silver mines ; and near it, at Ampuls, the celebrated wine, called C6te-Eotie, is made.— Vienna was the cap. of the Allobroges; the Romans afterwards made it the metropolis of the Viennoise. A council was held here in 1311, which abolished the order of the Templars. VjEQUE, or Cbab IsLAm), a British W. India island, 9 m. E. Porto-Rico, and S. Culebra ; lat. of E. point 18° r N., Ion. 65° 34' W. Length W. to. E. 18 m., breadth 4 m. On its S. side are several small harbours. ViEBLANDE, a Small territory of N. Germany, between the Elbe and Bille, S.E. of Hamburgh, ifhieh city shares its sovereignty with Liibeck. It comprises the 4 vills. Altengam, Curslack, Eirchwarder, & Neuengam. United pop. 6,446. ViEBBADEN, a towu of Prussia, prov. Branden- biu'g, reg. Potsdam, on the Welse, 25 m. S.S.W. Stettin. Pop. 1,646. ViEBSEN, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 18 m W. Diisseldorf, on the Niers. Pop. 3,700. ViEBZON, a comm. & town of France, dep. Cher, cap. cant, on the Yevre, near its junction with the Cher, on railway, 19 m. N.W. Bourges. Fop. 6,685. It has blast-furnaces and forges, steel- refineries, manufs. of porcelain and earthenware. ViESTi (Apenesta), a town of Naples, prov. Capitanata, cap. cant., on the Adriatic, at the E. foot of Mount Gargano, 23 m. N.E. Manfredonia. Pop. 6,900. It is enclosed by walls, and has a castle, a cathedral, convents, and bishop's palace. ViETEi, two market towns of Naples I. Principato-Cit., dist. and IJ m. W. Salerno, with 2,400 inhabitants. — II. prov. Basilicata, cap, cant., prov. & 15 m. W.S.W. Potenza. P. 2,800. ViF, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Isire, cap. cant., 8 m. S. Grenoble. Pop. 2,426. VioAN (Le), a comm. and town of France, dep. Gard, cap. arrond., on the Arre, an affl. of the Herault, 40 m. W.N.W. Nimes. Pop. 6,128. It has a comm. college, and manufs. of silk and cotton hosiery, cotton-yarn, leather, paper, and glass. — II. a comm., dep. Lot, on the Bloue, 3 m. E. Gourdon. Pop. 1,712. ViGEAN (Le), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Vienne, 18 m. S.W. MontmorUlon. Pop. 1,324. ViGEANS (St), a pa. and vill. of Scotland, co. Forfar, comprising a part of the town of Ar- broath. Area 9,386 ac. Scots. Pop. 8,793, of whom 55 are in the village. ViGEOis, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Corrfeze, cap. cant., near the V&ere, 14 m. N.W. Tulle. Pop. 2,388. ViGEVANo, a town of N. Italy, Sard, dom., div. Novara, prov. LomelUna, cap. mand., on the Mora, near the Ticino, 16 m. S.S.E. Novara. Pop. (1838) 15,221. It has a cathedral, a bishop's palace, and manufs. of sillt-stulfe, hats, soap, and macaroni. ViGGiANO, a market town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, 9 m. S.E. Marsico-Nuovo. Pop. 6,800. It has manufs. of woollens, soap, & wax-candles. ViGGiANELLO, a market town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, 20 m. S. E. Lagonero. Pop. 4,800. ViGiA, a town of Brazil, prov. and 60 m. N. Par^ on the estuary of the Parii river. Pop. of dist. 10,000. It has an export trade m fine coffee, grown in its vicinity. ViGNEMALE, mntn. of S. France. [Pvbenees.] ViGNALE, a market town of N. Italy, Pied- mont, div. Alessandria, prov. and 10 m. S. Casale, cap. mand. Pop. of comm. 2,189.— Vtjrnami/o is a petty town of the Pontif. Sta., deleg. and 9 m. F S E Viterbo ViQNOx,A, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata, 5 m. S.W. Potenza. Pop. 4,200.-11. a vill. of the duchy Modena, on the Panaro, 11 m. S.S.E. Modena. Pop. 2,200.— Vigmne is a vill. of Tus- cany, prov. Siena, 5 m. S.W. Pienza, with chaly- beate and sulphureous baths. _ Vioo, Vico Spacorum, a seaport town of Spain, prov. and 13 m. S.S.W. Pontevedra. Pop- 4,167. It is enclosed by walls and a trench, and has an excellent harbour, with deep water, close in shore. It has a lazaretto, a fortress, and export trade in wine, bacon, and maize ; and an active pilchard fishery. It was much injured Jy the Sttacks of the English under Drake in 1586*nd 1589, & in 1719 under Lord Cohba,m.— The Bay of Viqo, S. of that of Pontevedra, is about 20 m. in length by 6 m. across at its mouth, and con- tains the islands Bayoua and Estelas. Vigo (Lake), Russia, gov. Olonetz, 46 m. N. Lake Onega. Length, S. to N., 45 m. ; greatest breadth 35 m. It is traversed throughout by the river Vig, which carries its surplus waters north- ward into the White Sea. VIG I34S VIL ViooHE, a market town of N. Italy, PiedmOiil, fliv. Turin, proT. and 9 m. E.S.E. Pinerolo^ cap. mand. Pop. of comni. 6,203, ViGuzzdLO, a coram, and viU. of IJ. 'Italy, Piedmont, div. Alessandria, prov. and 3 m. '1^;e. Tortona, eaj. mand. Pop. 2,105. ' ' ViHiEKS, a cpmm. and market town of Fraiice, dep. Mairie-et-Loire, cap. cant., 23 Bi. "W.S.W. Saumur. Pop. 1,292. ViJAYAPOOB, a towii of Nepaul, 132 m. S.E. Khatmahdoo. TiKKuS, a town of Scinde, on a branch of the Indus, 'i}i its delta, 45 m. S.W. Tattah. Pop., ■with adjacent villages, 1,200. Vix-afameS, a town of Spain, prov. and 7 m. N.N.E. Ca^tellon de la Plana. — Vilagdsis a town of S.E, Himg^ary, eo. and 15 m. N.E. Arad. "VltAiHE^ Herius, Vicinovia, a river of France, rises in the dep. MayeBne, flows 'W., past Vitrif t6 Kfenhea, where it receives the llle from thfeN., ■ at;d thence has a S.S.W. course, past Redon and la' Roche Bernard, to thfe Atlantic at Penerf, dep. Morbihan. Total course 125 m., for the last 80 qf which it is navigable. The tide rises in it as' high as Redon, where it receives the j Oust. Principal affluents, the Hie and Oust froiri N*.' and AV. ; the Cher,' Bon, and Isac from the' E.' ' With the He, it gives name to the dep. in which its upper coilf s'e chiefly lies. ■yttASBOA, a town of Spain, prov. & 7 m. S.W. Tarragtihaj near the, Mediterranean. Pop. 3,364. ViLBEL, a town of Germany, H.-Darmstkdt, pW. Upper H.e'sse'ii, cap. dist., on the Niddai, 5 m. N.E. Kankfiirt-ohUhe-Main. Pop. 2,042. ' Yii.cABAMBA, TncAT, 61 QniLAflAkBA, a river of tipper Peru, joins the Apurimac to foi'ib the TJcayale. Course N.E., On one 'of its affluents U the town Vilcabainiba,, 60 miles N.W. Cnzco. ' VitcANOTA, a, river' of Peru, tributary tcj the UcayalB.— 11. a ^eat mntn. knot of the Andes, near lat. 14° 30' S., on which perpetual Snow Ues at the elevation of 15,800 feet. VtLcttSS,' a town of Spain, proy. and 31 m. N.N.E. Jaen. Pop. 1,837. It haS an ancient castle. ■ Mines and' quarries in its Vibiriity. "ViLEiKA, or ViLBiKi, a town of Russia, gov. and 50 m. N.N.W. Minsk, cap. oirc, on the Vil- r'a. Pop. 1,800, mostly Jews. 'In, 1831, the Poles were defeated here by the Russians. ■yiUAja, river of Russian Polindi govs. Minsk andViln?, flows W.- pait'ViMkai and 'Tllna, and joSns the Niemen at 'KovnoV' Total course 250 m. ehi^ affliiehts, l!h^Svit2a& Jimin'o.— The Viliui, a' riTer of ' Jl. Siberia, prov.' Yakutsk, after an E. ^donrse bf 700 m., joinS the Lena at tlst-ViUUiSk, 150 m. W-KW. Yakutsk. ' \ .'.;•! ■VilAoMie, or "WiLKOMiECB, a town of RtisSiali Poland, gov. and SO iri; N.N.W. Vilria, cap. circ, on the Svizta, An affluent of the Niemen. Pbp. 6,000. It has several churches and schools. Tu.lA, the prefixed name of the foll6wing towns of Spain and Portugal.— I. ( V. AlpMdm, 31 ni;'N.E.Zamora. Pop. 2,460.-11. (V.Escusa), sanie prov. Pop. 2,430. — III. (Banez), pro*: and 8 m. E.N.E.' ValladoUd.— IV. (Cpinoi), prov. and 43 m. S.E. TMedo. Pop. 3,745.^T. (Carillo), prbv.'and 42 m. N.E. Jaeil, betweeii the rivers Giiad'alquivir and GnadalimaV. ' Pop. 4,'660J— VI. (Castin), pro*, and 21 m. W.S.W. Segovia. Pbp. 892 VII. (dei Rio), prov. ' and 28 ta. E.N.E. Cordova. Pbp. 3j368.— VIII. (Diego), prov. and 16 ^o. N.W.!Burgds. Pop. 896.— IX. (FcKiSRfe), prov. Zarag02;a, 16 id. S.E. caiatayud. "It 'has; mannfS. of gunpbwder'and porbelain.-^X."(.&j-- moso), jiro-v.'and 48 m. E.S.E; Cibdad'' Real. Pop. 2,600. • " ' Viti.A, a prefixed name bf the fbtfowin^ towns Tills., «ib., of Italy, Sicily, &p.— I. (AlforisiUif), Naples, prbv. Abruzzo Citra, 8 m. N.W. Il-Va.sto. —ll, (BaHolomea), Atistrian Italy, gov. Venic'e, dfeleg. Verona, on rt. b. of the Adige, 8^ m. S.E. Bdgnagb'.' ' Pop. 2,300, chiefly engaged in the cultiireofrice.— III. (V.'Sianca), Sicily, ihtenfl. and 13 m. "W.S.W. Palermo. Pop. 2,500.— IV. (Cidro), Sardinia, div. and 26 m. N.W. Cagliari, dap. mand. Pop. of domm. 'SfiH. — V. {Cupdld), Naples, prov. ' AbrnzzO Citra, 2 m, S.W. Il-Vasto. Pop. 1,600.— VI. '(di Villa), Aiisirian' Italy, gov. Venice, deleg. Padua, *' in. S.E. Este. Pbp. 2,200:— VII. (Dose), deleg. 'and 5.m. E. Rdviffo, on the Adigetto. Pop. 2,000, who trade in cattle and silk.— VIII. (Faletto), Sardinian dbm., Pi'ed- mont, prov. and 10 m. N. Coni, 'drfb'.'mand.,'bn theMaria. Pop. of comm. 3,790,— IX. (V. Frtfti), Sicily, intend, and 16 m. S.S.E. Pildrmo. Pbp. 2,000.-7-X. (Magna), Naples, prov. Aln-nzzo Cit., on a steep height, 3 m. S.E. ChietiJ' Pop.' 2,000. — XI. (Mossargia), island Sardinia;' div. Cagij- ari, 6 m. S.E. Iglesias. Pop. of cqmm. 1,496. | Villa-Bella, a town of Brazil'." [Matto Gkosso.] — IL (da PHnceza)i a iSbWn, prov. San Paulo, on W. coast of the isl. S. Sebastiao." Pop. 3,000. It exports sugar atid tobacco to Kto de Janeiro. ' ' ' ' ViLLA-BoA; a town of E;'azil; ' [GpTAz:] ViLLAbH (Illyrian Belah), a tbwn of Illyria, Carinthia, co. and 52 m. N.W. Laybaeh, cap. circ, on the Drave; near the itifluSd bf the (Jail. Pop. 2,487. It is defended by a Strong castle, and is the principal entrep6t for the products bt Carinthian roiniiig districts, and has numerous forges, marble quarries, copper and lead mirie^, and a, Ijrisk transits trade betw. Germahy & Italy. ' "ViLLADA, a' market towh'bf Spain, prov. knd 27 m. N.W. Palencia, on the Sequilla. '•' io\> 2,950. ' It has large weeMy' cattle markets. Villa del Fuerte, a town of the Mexican Confederation, state and 75' ni. N, Sinaloa,bn the Rio de Fuerte. Pop. (1835) 5,000.; though badly situated, it is a commereiaJ depot fbr goods passing tO' and from Gtiaymas, and it is the Seat of most of the chief aiithorities of the state. ' ViLtA (or Sakta MabiA) del Pkincipe, a con- siderable town of Cuba, 140 m. N.W. Santiago de Cuba. Pop. 30,000 (?). VicBa 1)6 Conde;' a maritime town of Portu- gal', prov. Minho, at the mouth of the Rio dTESte, 16 m. N. Oporto. Pop. 3,100. Many dbaStM'g and larger vessels are "built here, and it ' hlis a fishing and coasting trade. '' ' ' '' Villa do Pkincipe, now called S^ttrfo, a t,t?wn bf Brazil, pro*. Minas'J<5'*aes, cap. comatca, ISOmJN.N.E; Oui-oPretO.' P.'4,00O.i-IIiatb*n of BtaSiil, prov. San Paulo, 60 m. S.Wl Curyti- ba.— Fj'Ha do Ma Pardo is a town, prbv. Rio Grande doSnl,on the Jacuji' at the influx' of the Pardc, Sprh.W: Porto- Alegre. P. with dist. 5,000. Villa-Flor, a market town of Portugal, prbv. Tras-os-Montes, 11 m. N.W; Torre-de-Monpor- vb. It is ehdlosed by walls, entered by four gates, and bncit'cled by almond gtoves.— IL'a'town of Braziil, prbvi Rio Grande do Norte, 30 m; S.E. Natal; Pop. 2,600. -, ^ f " ViLiJA'jti'AKoA, Jsevd^al to»ife of' Spain and Portngal:"-P.' ' Navd^rk, ' prov. and ' SB m. ' S. W. Pamplona, on the Aragon.' Pop; 2,762: i;^ II. prov; Terubl, b* the Jiloca, 32 m. S. 'Darbca. — III. a mai-ketiiown, prov. & 29 m;W. Avila.^IV. prov.' Guipnsdba, 20 m; S.W. SaH Sebastiarf.' It i9"(failed,'Bnte*edby foui-'gates^ and haS'alarKe annual' fair. ;--'V: (d^ la itfarfeiKii), prov.'ahd 15 tn. S. Se'tillli; Pbp.' 3,627.— V-I.'(*Za«yl6«jas> VI L 1349 VIL prov. and 12 m.E.N.E. Cordova, on the Guadal- quivu-. Pop. 3,596— Vn. (de lot Barros), prov. Badmoz, 20 m. S.W. Merida. Pop. 6,887.— VIII. (de lot Caballeros), prov. Toledo, 8 m. N.W. Alca- lar de San Juan.— IX. (del Yierzo), prov. Leon, 9 m. 'W.N.W. Ponferrada, on the Burbia. Pop. 2,996. It has a Franciscan convent, superior school, and a trade in wine X. (de Mantes de dea), prov. and 20 m. E. Burgos, at the N.E. foot of the Sierra-Oca. — XI. (de Panades), prov. and 27 m. N.E. Tarragona, and Vf. Barcelona. Pop. 5,516. It is enclosed by walls, and has mannfs. of cottons, leather, and brandy. — XII. (de Xira), a town of Portugal, prov. Estremadura, on rt. b. of the Tagns, 20 m. N.E. Lisbon. Pop. 4,900. It is the resideuce of a military governor, and has salt works, and an active general trade. It was founded and named CornuaJIa (or Corn- wall) by English settlers in 1160. YnjiATiUNCA, towns, &c., of Italy and Sicily. — L Austrian Italy, deleg. and 9 m. S.W. Ver- ona, cap. dist, OD 1. b. of the Tartaro. It has a fine eastle of the 14th century. — II. a seaport towny Sard, dom., div. prov. and 2 m. £. Nice, cap. mand., with a good harbour on the Meditei;- ranean. Pop. of conun. 2,974. Its ports and dockyards are in a good condition ; and it has an active tunny-fishery, and a trade in oranges, lemons, silk, wine, com, and hemp. — III. Sicily, intend, and 25 m. :s.W. Girgenti. , Pop. 2,500.— — iV. (dt Piemonte), Sard, dom., div. and 20 m. S.S. W. Turin, cap. mand. Pop. of comm. 8,572. Villa Fbanca, a town on the S. coast of the island St Michael, Azores, 14 m. £. Ponte Del- gado. Fop. 3,000.-^11. a town of Brazil, prov. Para, near the Amazon, 20 m. S.^V. Santarem. P^. 4^000. YiLLAGABCu, Several market towns of Spain. — L prov. Badajoz, 3 m. N. Llerena. Pop. 2,000. — n. prov. Pontevedra, 20 m. N. Vigo, on the S. coast of the bay of Arosa, on which it has a small harbour. Pop. 1,443. — III. prov. Cnenca, 7 m. E.N.E. Tarazona. — IV. prov. and 30 m. W Jf.W. ValladoUd. Pop. 1,859. ., ViLLAOOBDA, two towDS of Spain — I. (de Gabriel), prov. and 50 m. S.E. Cuenca.— II. (de Jtiatr), prov. Albacete, on the Jncar, 5 m. S.W. Tarazona. Pop. 1,422.— Fiitoyroia, prov. Lerida, is 7 m. W. Cervera. ViLLAHEBMOSA, a towu of the Mexican Con- federation, dep. Tabasco, on the Grijalva, 50 m. S. Chiapas. Vn.LAi!iE-LA-jDHEi., a comm. & market town of France, dep. Mayenne, cap. cant., 29 m. N.E. Lavajl Fop.2,o<^. ViLLAJOTOsA, a maritime town of Spain, prov. and 20 m. N.E. Alicante, on the Mediterranean, on which it. has a harbour and some docks for .building vessels. Pop. (1845) 8,087, chiefly em- jioyed in fishing and a coasting trade. ■. ViLLALBA, numerons mkt. towns of Spain, the chief, prov, and 25 m. S.E-Badajos. Ppp. 1,^30. YiL^^itpB, a town of Spain, prov. and 32 m. H.W.,Vdladolid, having 3 pa. churches. Pop. •t(l,674, partIy>employed as muleteers, or engaged in tB^T\g cheeses, highly esteemed at Madrid. ViLLALPAMBOs, a towu of Spain, prov. & 30 m. N.E. Zamora. Pop. 2,4i60. It was formerly, an important city. — IL a rich mine of Mexico, adjacent to Guanaxuato. .; ViLLAMANEKjuE, Several towns of Spam. — I. prov. and 18 m. S.W, Sevilla. Fop. 2,280.-11. prov. Ciudad-Keal, 13 m. S. Villanueva-derlos- Infantes. Fop. 1,100.^111. (de Tajp), prov. Madrid, on the T^gus, 20 m. N.E. Ocana. Villa Mabfa, a small town of Brazil, prnv. Mato-Grosso, on the Paraguay, 100 m. W.S.W. Cuyaba. Pop. 1,000. Villa-Martin, a town of Spain, prov. and 43 m. S.E. Sevilla, at the confluence of the Guadal- ete and Serrecin. Pop. 2,740. ViLLAHAvoB DE Santiaoo, a towu of Spain, prov. and 46 m. W. Cuenca. Pop. 2,512. ViLLANovA, several towns of Portugal, &c. — I. {da Cerveira), prov. Minho, 5 m. S.W. Valeiica. Pop. 1,100. It is a frontier fortress opposite GaJicia (da ReinJut), prov. Estremadura, near the Tagus, 5 m. E. Alemquer. — III. (de Mil- fontes), prov. Alemtejo, on the Barra de Ode- mira, near its mouth in the Atlantic, 32 m. W. Ourique. — IV. (de Portimao), prov. Algarves, with a harbour at the mouth of the Silves,. 10 m. E.N.E. Lagos. Pop. 3,500..^V. (do Pqrto), prov. Minho, on the Douro, opposite Oporto, of which it is a suburb. It has active ship-building ; and Oporto wines, destined for England, are ware- housed here. ViLLAHOVA, a comm. and vill. of Sardinia, di^. and 15 m.. S.S.E. Sassari, cap. mand. Fop. of comm. 3,676. ViLLANOVA, numerous towns of Brazil, — I. (do Sainha), prov. Para, at the confluence of the Ma.nh^ and Canoma with the AmazoiiSj in a rich dist. — II. (de S. Antonio), prov. Sergipe, on rt. b, of the San FranciscO) 30 m. N.,iTom flie Atlantic. Ppp. 4,000 IlL (de Sauza), prov. and 280 m., W. Parahiba. Fop. 5,000. — IV., (do Principe), prov. Bahia,'50 m. W.S.W. B.io-de-Contas. P. 2,000. yiLLAsTEKio,a market, town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 10 m. E.N.E. Pavia. Fop. 2,000. ViLLAJirEVA, numerous towns and vills. of Spain I. (de la Sierla), prov. and 68 m. N.E. Caceres. Pop. 1,500. — II. (de Cordova, or de la Jara), prov. and 40 m. N.N.E. Cordova, on the S. slope of the Sierra Morena. Fop. 6,572, who trade in cattle and hogs. — III. (y la Geltru), a town and seaport, prov. and 25 m. S.W. Bar- celona, on the Mediterranean. Fop., with Geltru, (1845) 10,309, It has manufs, of hats, laqe, paper, & soap, & brandy distilleries. — IV. (de la Fji^te), prov. and 56 m. E.S.E. Ciudad-Real. Pop. 2,070. — V. (del Arzatispo), prov. and 60 m. N.E. Jaen, on the Guadalquivir. Fop. 3,624.— VI. (de.Ia Se- rena), near the Guadiana, proy^ and 58 m. E. Badajos. P.(1845)8>980.-.TVIL(de;a Cera), prov. Caceres, 42 m. E. Plasencia. Fop. 1,7.50.— VIII. (de la Jara), prov. and 42 m. S.S.E. Cueupa. Fop. 2,502. — IX. (del Campo), a market town, prov. and 8 m. W. Leon, with a large annual fair.— X. (del Cardete), prov. and 56 m. E.S.E. Toledo. Fop. 2,166. -^ XL (del Fresno), near the frontier of Portugal, prov. and 30 m. S.S.W. Badajos. Pop. 2,122.— XII. (de las Casiillyos), prov. and 20 m. N.W. Huelva. Pop. 2,996, en- faged in a trade with Portugal.— XIII. (de los n/anles),,VToy. & 51 m. E.S.E. Ciudad-Beal near the Jabalon. P. 4,975. It is agreeably situated. It has several fountains, and an hospital ; iii tup neighbourhopd are several springs .,an(i copper- mines.— XIV. (de la Reina), pro^' & 13 m. N.W. Jaen. Pop 1,7 4?. It has a trade in fruit and gram. —XV. (de Gallego), prov. and 6 m. N. Zaragoza, on the Gallego. Servetus was born here ,iu 1509. ViLLANnovA, several towu^ of Italy.— I.Naples, prov. Otrauto, on the Adriatic, 4 m. N. Ostuni. —II. (d'AsU), Pieijmoflt, div. Alessandria, prov. and 13 m. W.N.W. Asti.cap. mand. Pop. of comm. 3,121.-111. (de Mondavi), Aiv, Coni,proy. and 5 m. S.W. Mondovi, cap. mand., Pop. 3,023. — Villa Puizu is a market town of : the island Sardinia, div. & 30 m. N.E. Cagliari, cap. inand. Pop. of comm. 2,151. VIL 1350 VIL ViLiiiB, several market towns of Spain. — I. [de Bmtadnf), prov. and 30 m. N.W. Valencia. Pop. 2,170.-11. (del Bey), prov. and 21 m. N. Badajbs. Pop. 2,000. ViLLAK, several vills. and comms. of N. Italy, Piedmont.— I. (Sobbio), div. Turin; prov. and 11 m. S.W. Pinerolo. Pop. 2,393.-11. (Focchi- tirdo), prov. & 9 m. E. Susa, on the Dora-Riparia. Pop. 2,120.-111. (Perosa), prov. and 5 m. N.W. Pinerolo. Pop. 1,152.— IV. (San Costanzo), div. prov. and 11 m. N.W. Coni. Pop. 2,067. ViiLABiMiEL, a market town of Spain, prov. Palencia, near the Se(Juillo, 27 m. N. Valladolid. Villabd-de-Lans, a comm. and market town of France, de{). Isfere, cap. cant., near the Bourne, 11 m. S.W. Grenoble. Pop. 2,50O. ViLLA-BEAi, 4 town of Spain, prov. and 6 m. S.S.W. Castellon-de-la-PlaHa, on the Mijares, 4 m. from the Mediterranean. Pop. (1845) 8,207. It is fenclosed by ruined walls, entered by 4 gates, and has manufs. of woollen fabrics and tape, and brandy distilleries. ViLLAREAL, a towu of PoTtugal, prov. Tras-os- Montes, cap. comarca, on the Corgo, 14 m. N. Lamego. Pop. 4,500. — H. (de S. Antmiio), prov. Algarves, 11 m. N.E. Tavira, at the mouth of the Guadiana. It is fortified seaward, and has 1,750 inhabitants. VrtiA-REAL DE CoNCEPCioif, a town of S. America, republic, and on the Paraguay, 130 m. N.N.E. Asuncion. Pop.4,000. Itisthedep6t to which the yerba ftiat^, or Paraguay tea is brought from the forests E.ward in transit to Asuncion. Villa-Eeai,, a town of Brazil. [Odeo PketO.] ViliabMO, two towfis of Spaifi. — \.(de Fuehies), prov. and 37 m. S.W. Cuenca. Pop. 2,600.^11. (de Salvdnis), prov. and 26 m. S.E. Madrid, be- tween the Tagus and Tajuna. Pop. 2,700, who manuf. rush wares, and trade in wines, VitiAftGOBDO, several villages or small towns of Spain. — I. prov. and 12 nl. N.E. Jaen, on the Guadalquivir. — II. (de Juear), prov. Cuenca, on rt. b. of the Jucar, 6 m. W.S.W. Tarazona. Tulabino, a vill. of Spain, proV. and 40 m. W.N.W. Salamanca, at the confluence of the Tonnes & Douro.-i- Villar Luengo is a mitt, town, prov. and 35 m. N.E. Teruel. ViiLA-RosA, a town of Sicily, intend, and 12 m. N.E. Caltanisetta. Pop. 2,800. ViLLABOVA, two towns of Spain. — I. (de la Sierra), prov. and 63 m. W. Zaragoza. Pop. 1,130, who manuf. woollens. — II. (delos Pinaresjf prov. and 20 m. N.E. Teruel. Pop. 1,251. ViLLAKBOBLEDA, a towu of Spain, prov. and 66 m. E.N.E. Ciudad-Real. Pop. 2,070. It has mailnfs. of coarse woollens and earthenwares. ViLiiABEOBiA-BE-OcANA, a town of Spain, prov. and 35 m. E.N.E. Toledo. Pop. 2,000.-11. (de los Ojos de Guadicma),ytTo\. and 20 m. E.N.E. Ciudad-Beal. Pop. 4,710. It has a palace of the dukes of Ixar, & a trade in wines ot fine quality. ViiLASAVARY, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Aude, on the M&nran, 8 m. S.S.E. Castelnaudat'y. Pop. 1,788. TiLLASOB, a vill. of the island Sardinia, div. and 14 m. N.W. Cagliari, cap. mand. Pop, 1,893. ViLLATOBAS, a town of Spain, prov. and 35 m. E.S.E. Toledo. Pop. 2,443. VuLA Velha, town, TiiafM. [Espiritu-Santo.] ViLLAVEBDE, a toWii of Brazil, prov. Bakhia, on the Burahnen, 20 m. W. Porto Seguro. It exports timber and cotton. — IT. a market town oT Ferro, Canary Islands, on its N.E. coast. — III. (de Le- gtmes), a town of Spain, prov. and 16 m. S. Bada- Jo». Pop. 2,040. ViLLAViciosA, several townS of Spain I. prov. and 18 m. W.N.W. Coi-dova. Pop. Ij800.— II. (de Oden), prov. Guadaiaxara, 63 m. N.E. Madrid; Pop. 856. Here was fohght in 1710 the battle which terminated the " War of the Succession," alid seated Philip v. on the Spanish throne. Villa- vicosA, a town of Portugal, prov. Alem- tejo, cap. comarca, 15 m. S.W. Elvas. Pop. 3,600. It is enclosed by a ditch, and defended by an old castle. It has a brisk trade in oil and wine. In the neighbourhood are a royal hunt- ing palace and large park. — II. a town of Brazil, prov. and 150 m. W. Ceara, amongst groves of cocoa palms. Pop. 6,000. ViLLAViEJA, a town of Central America, state Costa-Rica, 7 m. W. San Jose. — Several small towns of Spain — I. prov. and 7 m. S.S.W. Cas- tellon-de-la-Plana. Pop. 1,800. It has mineral springs. ViLLfi, or Weiler, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. B.-Rhin, cap. cant., 26 m. S.W. Strasbourg. Pop. 1,104. ViLLEBEUMiEK, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Tam-et-Garonne, cap. cant., on the Tarn, 18 m. S.E. Montauban. Pop. 789. — ViUecamtal is a comm. and town, dep. Aveyron, on the Dour- don, 9 m. W. Espalion. Pop. 1,768. ViLLRDiEU, numerous comms. of France. — I. (les PoSles), a market town, dep. Mauche, cap. cant., on the Sienne, 12 m. N.E. Avrauches. Pop. 3,849. It has iron, copper, & bell foundries, maniife. of hardwares, buttons, buckles, parch- ment, laoe, and clocks. ViLLEFAQNAN and ViLLBFOET, two comms. and small towns of France. — I. dep. Charente, cap. cant., 5 m. W. Euffec, with 1,6U4 inhabsi, and 12 ann. fairs. — II. dep. Lozere, 23 m. E.S.E. Mende. Pop. 1,626. Near it are argentiferous lead mines. ViLLEFBANCHE, numerous comma., towns, ini vills. of France. — I. (de Zauragais), dep. H. Ga- ronne, cap. arrond., near the Can al-du- Midi, 20 m. S.E. Toulouse. Pop. 2,760, chiefly employed in manufs. of sailcloth & coarse earthenwares. — II. (deSelvis), dep. Dordogne, cap. cant., 20m. S.S.W. Sarlat. Pop. 1,712. — III. (da Qjicyron), dep. Lot- et-GaVonne, 14 m. N.N.W. N^rac. Pop. 875.— IV. (de Rauergue), dep. Aveyroft, 26 m. W. Eho- dez, on r.b. of the Aveyron. Pop. (1846) 9,705. It has a comm. college, public library, town-hall, mu- seum, and club-rooms, with numerous copper, iron, and brass works, and tanneries. — V. (sut Sadne), dep. Rhdne, on r. b. of the Saone, and on railway to Paris, cap. arrond., 17 m. N.W. Lyon. Pop. (1846) 7,083. It has a chamber of commerce, comm. college, normal school, and manufs. cotton and linen fabrics. — VI. (de Confleni), a fortified town, dep. E. Pyrenees, cap. cant., on r. b. of the Tet, 4 m. S.W. Prades. Pop. 914. ViLLEJuiE, a comm. and vill. of Franeej dep. Seine, cap. cant., 4 m. S. Paris. Pop. 1,603. ViLLEMDR, a comm. and town of France, dep. H. Garonne, cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Tarn, 19 m. N. Toulouse. Pop. (1846) 5,428. ViLLENA, Turbula, a town of Spain, prov. and 32 m. N.W. Alicante. Pop. (1846) 8,224. It stands near the foot of Mt. St Christovaly which is crowned with a castle now in ruins. It has an extensive modei'n suburb, town-hall, palace, hos- pital, barracks, soap factory, & brandy distilleries. TiLLENATjxE, a comm. and town of France, dep. Aube, cap. cant., 7 m. N.N.E. Nogent-sur- Seme. Pop. 2,563. It has manui^. of vinegar, leather, and cordage. — Villename is a comm. and vill., dep. Gironde, 6 m. S.E. Bordeaux. P. 1,636. ViLLENEDVE, numerous comms. and towns of France. — I. dep. Aveyron, cap. cant., 6 m. N. Villefranche. Pop. 3,723.-11. dep. Landes,-cap. VIL 1351 VIN cant., 10 m. E. Mont-de-Marsan, on the JUdon. P. 1,604.— HI. (tTAgen), cap. arrond., dep. Lot-et- Garonne, 15 m. N. Agen. P. (1846) 13,088. It has a ta-ibunal of commerce, comm. college, manafe. of woollen cloths, and trade in prunes IV. (de Berg), cap. cant., dep. Ard^che, 14 m. S.S W. Privas. Pop. 2,607. — V. (rArchevique), dep. Yonne, cap. cant., 12 m. E. Sens, on the Vanues. Pop. l,9-'5.— VI. le Roi), dep. Tonne, cap. cant., 7 m. N.N.W. Joigny, on rt. b. of the Tonne. Pop. 5,357. — VII. (les Avignon), dep. Gard, on rt b. of the Rhone, opposite .-Vvignon, with ma- nufs. of woollens and silks. Pop. 3,723. ViLLESECvE {Germ. A'eiwtadt), a small walled town of Switzerland, cant. Vaud, at the E. ex- tremity of the Lake of Geneva, 17 m. E.S.E. Lau- sanne. Pop. 1,096. ViLiKKS, several comms., towns, and vills. of France. — I. (Bretonneur), dep. Somme, 10 m. £. Amiens, with mannfs. of woollens and flannels. Pop.3i425. — II. {CoUerets), cap. cant., dep. Aisue, 14 m. S.W. Soissons. Pop. 3,465. It has a castle built by Francis i., now a depot of mendicity for dep. Seine, and manois. of wooden utensils. — HI. {Gidslain), dep. Nord, 11 m. S.S.W. Cambrai. Pop. 2,073. V11.1.ETTE (La), a comm. and Till, of France, dep. Seine, arrond. St Denis, included within the fortifications of Paris on the N.E. Pop. (1846) 13^485. It contains the great terminal basins of the canals de I'Oorcq, St Denis, and St IMartin. It has potteries, Tinegar-works, soap-boiling houses, sngar-refineries, and numerous ware- houses. — TUleurbatme is a comm. and Till., dep. Isere, 15 m. N. Vienne. Pop. 4,252. ViLXEv^nE, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, 9 m. N.E. Angers. Pop. 1,743. VuLiBBs, a CO. in the British colony of Victo- ria, Australia. It contains several small lakes, and the maritime inlet Port-Fairy. VuiiERS, numerous comms., &c., of France ; the principal, V.-le-Bel, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 1 m. S.E. Econen. Pop. 1,883. ViLLiEEsTOTVN, a chapclry and Till, of Ireland, CO. Waterford, 9^ m. N. Toughal. Pop. 328. ViLLiNGEN, a town of Baden, circ. Lake, cap. dist., in the Black Forest, 42 m.N.W. Constance. Pop. 3,870. It was formerly strongly fortified. ViiLMiB, a market town of Germany, Nassau, near the L^in, 8 m. S.W. Weilbnrg. Pop. 1,646. ViLLOSLADA, 3 market town of Spain, proT. and 29 m. 8. Logrono. Pop. 1,612, who manufacture woollens. VnMANSTBAND (Fiul. Lopperondd), a town of Finland, ten and 30 m. N.W. Wiborg, cap. dist., on S. shore of Lake S^ma. Pop. 308. The Rus- sians defeated the Swedes near it in 1741. ViMTA, orWiLNA, a goT. of Russ. Poland,mo3tly between lat. 53° 40' & 56° 20' N., and Ion. 21° 10' and 27° N., having S. the gov. Grodno, E. Mmsk, N. Conrland, W. East Prussia, & S.W. the king- dom of Poland, from which it is separated by the river Niemen. Area 1,768 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 863,700. Surface a wide plain, interspersed with a few sand hills, and numerous marshes & lakes. Principal rivs., the Vilia, Dubisa, Neviya, Sventa, and other aflls. of the Niemen in the S., Wmdau and Alass in the N. Climate not so cold as in some contiguous govs. ; mean temp, of year 45 Fahr. Bather more com is raised than required for home consumption, chiefly rye. Large quan- tities of hemp and flax are produced ; hops and pulse to a less extent. Forests are very exten- sive, and tar, potash, deals, &c., are important products, also honey, and skins of elks, bears, wolves, foxes, martens, and squirrels. The urus. or wild bull is here met with. Manufs. have in- creased of late, but they are not yet of much con- sequence. The raw produce is exported down the Dnna to Riga, or oTerland to the Baltic by way of Prussia. Trade mostly in the hands of Jews. This gov. retains many of its old privi- leges. It is divided into 11 circs. Principal towns, Vilna, the cap., Kovno, Troki, Bossienna, and Kieydani.— (iW, the cap. city, and formerly cap. of Lithuania, is situated at the oonfl. of the Vileika and Vilia, 90 m. N.E. Grodno. Pop. (1834) 36,697, of whom 20,000 were Jews. It stands on hilly ground, enclosed by a wall, and is built chiefly of timber. It has a cathedral of the 14th century, containing good paintings, and the marble chapel and tomb of St Casimir ; numer- ous other Roman Catholic, and Greek, Lutheran, and Calvinist churches,, 2 synagogues, a mosque, a fine town-hall, an arsenal, exchange, theatre, several hospitals, barracks, magazines, a gover- nor's palace, and some noble residences, whicli are handsome buildings, and remains of the royal castle of the Jagellons, kings of Poland. Vilna is the residence of civil and military gove^-norSj the see of a Greco-Russian archbishop, and ^ Roman Catholic bishop, and the seat of a medico^ chirurgical school, with a botanic garden, an ecclesiastical seminary, several gymnasia, and other high schools, and an academy, replacing its university, which was suppressed in 1832, and the library and museums of which were chiefly re- moved to Eier. It has a few manufs; and a considerable trade. It repeatedly suffered from fire in the last century; ViLS,tworiTS.of Bavaria.i — 1. circs. TJpp. & Lr. Bavaria, joins the Danube at Vilshofen, after an E.N.E. course of 70 m II. circ. Lower Fran- conia, after a S. course of 60 m., joiijs the Nab, 21 m. S. Amberg. — III. a town of the Tyrol, on the BaTariau frontier, and on the Vils, a small affl. of the Lech, 4 m. S.W". Fussen. Pop. 588. ViLSBiBDBG, a walled town of Lower BaTaria, cap. dist., on the Vils, 11m. S.E. Landshut. Pop. 1,246. It has nitre factories and breweries. — Vilseck is a small town, circ. Upper Palatine, on the Vils, 11 m. N.N.W. Amberg. Pop. 1,218. , ViLSHOPEN, a walled town of Lower Bavaria^ cap. dist.j on the Danube, here joined by the Vils, 13 m. W.N.W. Passau. Pop. 2,150. ViLVEBTBE, several market towns of Spain; the principal in prov. and 46 m. W.N.W. Salar- manca, near the Portuguese frontier. Pop. 1,400. ViLTOOKBEN (Fren. Vilvordp), a town of Bel- gium, prov. S. Brabant, 6 m. N.N.E. Brussels, on railway to Antwerp. Pop. 5,200. Its large old castle now serves for a penitentiary. Here Tlnr dal, who first translated the Bible into English, suffered martyrdom as a heretic in 1536. ViMEKOATE, Yicus Martius, a, town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 14 m. N.E. Milan. Pop. 2,300. ViMiEiBA, a petty town of Portugal, prov. EstreiT madura, near the coast, 7 m. N. Torres-Vedras, famous for the defeat of the French by the Dnke of Wellington, 21st August 1808.— Yimiero is a village, prov. Alemtejo, 20 m. N. Evora. ViMioso, a fortified town of Portugal, prov. Tras-os-Montes, near the Spanish frontier, 14m. S.E. Braganza. Pop. 1,000. ViMouTiEES, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Orne, cap. cant., on the Vire, 17 m. N.E, Ar- gentan. Pop. 4,117. Linen fabrics are exten- sively made here and in the vicinity. ViNADio, a town of N. Italy, Piedmont, div., prov., and 21 m. W.S.W. Coni, on the Stura. Pop. of comm. 3,114. ViNALHAVEN, a township, U. S., N. America, VI N 1352 yiR Maine, oooiprising ^^x-Isls., at. the mouth, of Penobsopt bay, 12 ml S.E. Camden, Pop. 1,950. ViNAKOZ, a town of Spain, prov. anS 46 m. N.E. Csistellon de la Plana, hear the mouths of the Ebro, & close to the Mediterranean. Pop. (1S4S) 10,600. It is partly enclosed by ruined walls, pl built, but has a fine parish church, hospital, ship- building yard, a coasting trade, & active fisheries. VifiAT, a comm. & town of France, dep. Isfere, dap. cant,, 15 m. W. Grenobl^. Pop. '3,386. ViNQA, a comm. and town of France, dep, E. Pyrenees, cap, cant., near the Tet, 19 m. W.S,W. Perpignan. Top. 2,021. It is enclosed by, w^ls. In its vicinity are medicinal springs. ViNCENNES, a comm., town, & castle of France, dep. Seine, 4 m. p. the Barriere du Trone, Paris. Pop. 3,773. The castle, erected 'm 1339, in the midst of a forest, was ased as a ,rayal residence till the time of Louis xv. It W3S afberwards nmde a staie prison, and has a square tniretted keep, is enclosed by dry ditcher, and entered by two draw-bridges., The great Cond^, I)ider6t,Mjra- beau, and many other dlstinguished.personshave been confined in this fortress, outside of which the Duke D'Enghien was shot by the ord^i of Kapoleon, 21st March 18b4.. It contains a fine armoury, dep6t of artillery, and the tomb of the Duke D'Enghien. The wood, qf Vincennes is a favourite holiday resort of tjae Parisians. Vincennes, a vill., U. S., N. America, Indiana, on the Wabash, here 230 yards acrpss, 28 m. N.E. Palmyra. P. 2,000. Itistheoldesttow:a.inthestate. Vincent, a township, U. S., N. America, Penn- sylvania, 30 m. N.W. Philadelphia. Pop. 2,426. Vincent (Si), a Brilj. W. India island, 'Wind- ward group, lat. 16° 23' H., Jon. 61° 13' W., 22 m. S. St Lucia, and 90 m. w. Barbadoes. Area 130 sq.m. Pop. (1844) 27,24^. The centre of the island is mntnous., and the Souffriere, an ^- tinct volcano, rises to 3,000 feet abpve the sea. It has many fertile valleys ; all around the coast is a rich beltj of low land, and about 2-5tl)s of the surface are under culture for sugar. In 1816, 129,870 cwts. of sugar ; 3.9,815 do. of molasses, with rum, arrow-root, cocoa, and dye-wppds were exported to Great Britain. Total Value! of ex- port? (l8l5), 189,24^;. ; ^o. of injports, 136,997/. lo .1844, 379 ships, aggregate burden ^3,67,7'tons, entered, and 392 do., burden ?3,g90 tons, ^I^ed ff om itf ports. Reg. shipping, 27 vessels, aggre- gate burden, 1,164 tonsl Public revenue (1841) 18,186?. The island is dividefl into 7 pfis. Prin- cipal tOTCS, Kingstown, the Jjap., Calliareadth, 9 m. Surface mntnous. .The Porto Grande ig one of th'e'Iargesran^'^af^t bays in the^eiMjai:,^ Pro- ducts comprise cotton, orchill, and livf . sto'ck of indifferent quality ; corn and fruits are mostly supplied from San Antonio to its pcanty pop — Cope St Vincent is the S.W. extremity'of Portu- gal prov. Algarves, lat, 37° 2' 9' N., lon.;9°0'0' W. Off it, on 14th Feb. I79ir, Admiral Jarvis, with IS sail of the line, defeated a far superior Spanish naval force, and the^qe derived his title of Ealri St Vincent. — St Vincent Gulf, S. Austra- lia, IS between lat. 34° & 35° 40' S., and about Ion. 138° E., bounded E. by Sturtrland, and W. by Yorke peninsula, separatipg.it fropa. Spencer's Gulf. Length 90 m., breadth of entrance,, and for some distance inland, ,35, m, Shores, BJPjt'y lo,W„but backed byiranges of hills, It,j;eoej^es tbe Torrens, Gawler, and other rivers, and com- limnicates' ' by Inves|tigator Strai,' with Spencer Gulf, arid by Back?taU's Passage with.EflPPuijter Bay. Cape Jervis form^ its S. limit, ajid Pprts Gawler and Adelaide are' on its E. side, where it is bordered by the cos., Gawler, Adelaide^apd Bindmarsh. Vincent (St), several pomms. and viljs. of France, the pi^iupipal, des-Prh, dep. Sarthcj aixl and 6 m.' S.S.E. Mamers, Pop. 1,238. ViHOHiAf PEG, a town of Naples, prov. Molise, dist. and 6 m. S.S.tV. Campobasso. Pop. 3,000. Vinci, a town of Italy, Tuscany, prov. j; 17, m. W. Florence. Pop. of comm. 5,300. , ^ ViNpAU, or WiNnAn, a seaport town of Kus^ii^, gov. Courland, at the piouth of the Vindaj!, in the Baltic, 100, m. N.W. Mitau. Pop. 2,04)a It has a considerable export , trade in corn, timber^ linseed, flax, and salted proyisiphs.— The Viriddn rvier rises near Shavli, gov! ^ilna, flows N.N.W. past Goldingen an^ Shrunden, &, enters the Baltic aSjer a, course of X6jO miles. / , ViNDHiAN MoDNTAiNS, a range in IiicG^, ex- tending between, lat. 22° and 24° N., lofll 74';and 80° E., in, the Indore, Gwalior, & Bhopaul dojns., and the S.W. part of the Bengal, presid., separ- ating the ba^in? of the Ganges and Nerbuddah rivers. Elevation, 2,000 to 2,600 feet. ,, ViNMOABi, NauMasmue, a small to?ra and port of ^icily,,intend. and 7 m. S.S.E. Noto. VusEQAB'Hu,!., Ireland, Leinster, co. Wex- ford,, immediately E. Enniscortby, was in 1798 the head quarters and spene of inauyof the atro- cities of the Irish insurgent forces, ViNGOKLA, a town pf British India, presicj. Bp^nbay, dist. S. Concan, on the, W.coast, 30 m. N,.N,W. Qda, It has a fort, aiid about25 m, disr taut are the Vingorla Islan^, m the lni^n O. ViNHAES, a town of .Portugal, prq^nTras-os- Montes, 14 m. W. Braganza.,,, It js,(?alled, let- tered by two gates, and has an pld fort. , , , ViNiczA, or y iN,i7:zi, atownof Austrian Croa- tia, cOfc and 6 n^. ,N,W. "Warasdin, yiffh a castle.j yiNKOVEZE, or ViNKO^viT?;, a roaiket tpwn ,pf liilitary Slavonia, cap, co. Broos, in a pictnj^- .psqup. situation on the Bos;zut, 20 m. S.E.Esseg^ Pop. 2,200, Xi:. has Greelv and RoDian Catholic churches,, a. Roman Catholic college, a high school,, and a German normal schpol.p-F»nioi»(i is a ifjarket town of Russian Poland, gov. Podolia, 28 m. N.'tlslfitza,, Ppp,, 1,500. ",, ViNNiTZA (Pol. Winniea), a, town of Russian Poland, gov. Ppdplia, cap. circ., on the Bug, 80 m. N.E. Samenetz. Pop. 7,600. If is enclosed by adeep ditpQ, and has a,citEtdel, Bpii^ap Catholic churches, a college, an(i|a synagogup. , i^ , ViNovo, a comm. and,v,ill. of N., ^jijy, pied- mont, div., prov., and 9,m. S. Turin. Pon. '^j^j^tf ViNsoBKES, aoomm. and mkt. town of irance, dep. Drome, 6 mV S.E. V;a]reas. Pop. i,67§, i ; VlNTIJJIQLIA, or VENTIMI,GLIA,,4?''"'''r-''»*i5% K«m, ft fortified town qf the Sardinian dpm,,,^!!^ and 18 m.E.N.E. Nice,i'onthe Mediterranean, ,^t the mouth of the Roya. Pop., 6,000,,,^ It, has a cathedral, a bishop's palace,2 converts, a clerical seminary, hospital, and castle,,. The surroflpding di^.. is productive m wine, oil, mi fruit. ,■ \, ViNDESA, Viscontium, a tpwi} of Spain, prov.,i^ 16 m. N.W. Soi;ia, on the Vipuesa and Lacrar, at the foot of the Siprra Ameros. Ppp. '7?2, ^ Ber;? are traces of a iftowan. highway Vinzagtii) I's a marlfPt townof.N, ItaJy. Piedmont, div. Npvara, prov.,and 4 m E. Veroelli. , Pop. ,of co^m. l,),2'a. VioiET, a township of the,,tr,, S., Nl Amer., Ohio,, (SO. Fairfield. Pop. 2,878^ , , i ViBANciiipirBA and .ViKAPELLr, two'tovcns ,of British, India, presid. Madras.— I. (on,BrinjciiM r am), ,dfs|ti, N. Arcot, near Vellore, and formerly important.— II. territory & 9 oi,N,.E.' Cochin, VIR 1353 VIS ViKAN-sHEHK, a ruined city of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 58 m. E. Kaisariyeh, its remains con- sisting of a sqnare-walled inclosure, with 4 gates. ViRE (Viria), a river of France, deps. Manche and Calvados, after a N. course of 60 m., enters the English Channel, IS m. N. St L6. It is navi- gable for its last 20 miles. Vibe (Ftria), a comm. & town of France, dep. Cdrados, cap. arrond., onrt b. of the Vire, 31 m. S.W. Caen. Pop. (1846) 7,658. It has a hand- some church, comm. college, public library, cham- ber of mannf^., tribunal of commerce, and manufs. of woollen cloths and paper, needles, and other steel goods, horn work and leather ; and in its 'Htinity are iron mines and forges. — Virey is a comm. and Till., dep. Manche, 9 m. S.W. Mortaiu. Pop. 1,485. Virgil, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Kew York, on E. Owego Creek. Pop. 4,502. Virginia, a small market town of Ireland, Ulster, CO. and 15 m. S.E. Cavan. ViKGisiA, one of the S. States of N. Amer., mostly between lat. 36° 30' and 40° N., and Ion. 7y 40" & 83" 30' W., having E. Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, and oh other sides the states Maryland, FennsylTania, Ohio, Tennessee, and N. Carolina. Area 64,000 sq. m. Pop. (1840) 1,239,797, of whom 449,187 were slaves. The Appa^hian mountains, in several parallel ranges, cover the centre of ihe state, and rise in some peaks to 6,000 feet above the ocean, they separate the James and Roanoake rivers, flowing into the Chesapeake Bay on the W., from affls of the Ohio and Tennessee, ifhich water the W. part of the state. The Ohio forms all the N. W., and the Potomac the N.E. frontier. For about 100 m. from the coast, the surface is level, and in many parts swampy, or covered with pine b^- rens ; further inland the valleys are of high fer- tility; the W. part of the state abounds with forests. Large quantities of wheat (though of inferior quality), with maize, oats, and rye, afe raised, and about l-3d of the tobacco produced in the Union is grown in tliis state ; the crop in 18*0 amounted to 672,563 cwts. Live stock of all kinds pretty numerous. Nearly 380,000 tons of coal were raised in 1840. Some lead, gold, & other metals, are pf odnced ; and the salt springs are important. Cotton, woollen, and metallic goods are made, but manufacturing industry is much less extended than in the states to the N. and E. In 1840, 250 m. of railway were open fbrtraffic. Totalvalue of exports (1844) 2,942;279 dollars, do. of imports 2,694^394 do., the foreign frade liad then for some years been declining. Public rev. (184^ 596,931 dollars, debt 6,900,000 dollars. Virg^ia is divided into 119 "os., and sends 16 representatives to Congress. Chief towns, Richniond th& cap., Norfolk, Petersburg, and Fredericksburg. TtsiB was the seat of the first colony planted by the English in tlik States' territory. It was named in honour of Queen Elizabeth. It strenuously supported the cause of the Stuarts in the civil war. It was the native country of ',both Washington and Jefferson. VlBGiS isLAKBs, in the British "W. Indies, are a group, E. of Porto Rico, between lat. 18° & 19° N., and Ion. 64° and 65° 30" E-, and compris- ing the British islands Virgin-Goi-da, Tortola, Anegada, Vieqne, Culebra, &c., and the Danish islands St John and St Thomas.— Kirain Gorda, jn W. part of the group, lat. 18° 30' N., Ion. 64° l4' W., IS of very irregular shape. Length, N.E. to S.W., dm., breadth varies to 4 m. It has matty inlets affdf(i^ng anchorage. It auifered'frbm an earthquake in'1830. ViRGiNsTow, a pa. Of Engl,, co. Devon, 6 ia. N.N.E. Launceston. Area 1,690 ao. Pop. 167. ViKiEH, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Isfere, cap. cant., 23m. N.N.W.Grenoble. P. 1,285. — Virieux le Grand is a comm. & mkt. town, dep. Ain, 6 m. N.N. W. Belley. Pop. 794.— aAd ViHville is a comm. and vill., dep. Isfere, 13 m. N.N.W. St Marcellln. Pop. 2,092. VmoFi,AT, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arrond. Versailles. Pop. 1,057. ViaioK, the most S. town of Belgian Lux- embourg 15 m. S.W. Arlon. Pop. 2,000. VibtZerv (Lake), Russia, gov. Ljvonia, betw. Dorpat and Fellin, is 26 m. in length, hreadth 8 ni. It is an expansion of the Embach, which leaves its N.E. extremity to enter Lake Peipus. VisAN, a comm. and town of France, dgp. Vau- cluse, 16 m. N.E. Orange. Pop. 2,280. ViscARDo (Cape), the N. extrem. of the Ionian isl. Cephalonia. Lat. 38° 28' 5' N., Ion. 20° 33' E. VlscARi, a town of Sicily. [Biscaki.] Visfi (Germ. Weset), a town Of Belgium, prov. & 8 m. N.E. Liege, on rt. b. of the MSuse^ P. 2,076. Vised, a city of Portugal, prov. Beira, cap. comarca, 46 m. N.N.E. Coimbra. Pop. 9,160. It is ill built and dirty, but its cathedral contains some good works of art, and it has a college, preparatory to the university of Coimbra, a large hospital, many Moorish and Gothic edifices, Roman antiquities, and a large annual fair. VisnEEi, a river of Russia, gov. Perm, rises in the Ural mountains, flows W. and S., and after receiving some large affls., joins the Kama, 24 m. N.W^ Solfljamsk. Course 260 miles. It is na- vigable, and traverses a densely-wooded country. VisH.Nii-VoioTCHOK, a town of Russia, gov. and 70 m. N.'W. Tver, cap. circ, on the Zna, at the commencement of the canal which unites it with the Tvertza, and on the great route be- tween Moscow and St Petersburg. Pop. 9,115. It has a cathedra], bazaar, and 3 annual fairs. The canal between the Zna and Tvertza, con- structed under Peter the Gi^eat, connects the navigation of the Baltic and Caspian seas, and is frequented byupwards of 2,000 vesselsannuallj-, rendering the town a large entrepot for corn^ malt, chicory, seteds, butter, tallow, and soap. Vishnu Pr ayaga, a place of Hindoo pilgrimage, in N. Hindostan, at the junction of two heads of the Ganges. Lat. 30° 34' N., Ion. 79° 4' E. Viso, several towns of Spain I. (del Alcor), prov. and 14 in. E.N.E. Sevilla. Pop. 2,99,1. — II. (del Marques\ prov. and 28 m. S.E. Ciudad Real, at tlie 'root bf the Sierra Morena. Pop. 2,010. — III. (de Ips^Pedroches), prov. and 35 m. N.N.W.Cordova, atthe foot of the SierraMorena, Pop,' i,698.— Monte Viso is a principal sumlhit of the Alps, at the junction of their Maritime and Cotfian divisibns, 40 m. SiW. Turin, and 13,399 feet in elevation. VWoKA, a tov*p of European Turkey,, Bo.=riia, on the Bosna, 17 m. N.W. Bosna Serai. Pop. 2,000. Near it areii-on mines & medicinal spring,?'. Visp, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Valais, 911 the Visp, 6 m. W.S.W. Bvi'eg. VissEGKAn (Germ. Flintcnburg),3. mkt. town of Hhngary, co. and 21 m. N.N.W. Pesth, on rt. b. of th? Danube, and having a ruined easily, for- merly the residence of MathiasCorvinus.— Vische- gf'dd'ia a vill. of Bosnia, on the Driu,40m. E.S.E. Bosna Serai. VisTttE, a river of France, dep. Gard, after a S.W. course 6f 30 W. jbinS the canal of Radella, near Aigues-Mortes.— The VUtritz, anc. Erigon, a river of European Turkey, Macedonia, after a N.E. and S.E. course of 80 m.', past Cailari, Os- VIS 1354 VIT trovo, and Vodena, joins the Vardar near its month in the Gulf of Salonica. - Vistula (Germ. Weichsel), a river of Europe, rises in the Carpathian mntns., flows in Austrian Silesia, partly separates Galicia from Poland, tt'averses Poland & E. Prussia, forming the main channel of trade in these countries, past Cracow, Warsaw, Plock, Thorn, Culm, Graudenz and Danzicy and enters the Baltic by several mouths, of *hioh the most E., called the Nogat, enters the Frische-Haff, N.W. EJbing. The W. branch again divides into 2 arras, one of which enters the Baltic near Danzic, and the other by a new channel which it forced for itself in 1840. Total course, including windings, 530 m. Principal affls., on rt., the Dmiajec, Wisloka, San, WieprZj and Bug ; and on left, the Filica and Bzura. ViTCHEGDA, a river of Russia, traverses the centre of the gov. Vologda, chiefly in a W. direc- tion, and joins the Drina, 12 m. W. Solvitohe- godsk. Total cont-se 380 m.j mostly navigable. Aifls., the Tolva, Yarenga, and Syssola. Vitebsk, or Witepsk, a gov. of Russian Po- land, mostly between lat. 64° 58' & 57° 20' N., and Ion. 25° 30' E., surrounded by the govs. Mog- hilev, Minsk, Courland, Livonia, Pskov, and Smolensk. Area 17,212 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 789,500, mostly Roman Catholics. Surface gene- rally level ; soil, though interspersed with sandy and marshy tracts, is pretty fertile, and more corn is raised than is required for home con- sumption, as well as large quantities of hemp & flax, pease, beans, hops, and fruits. Principal river, the Diina, which traverses its S. part, and by which and the canals uniting it with the Bere- zina and liovat, its trade is greatly facilitated. Forests and pasture lands are extensive, and in the latter many cattle and coarse-wooUed sheep are reared. Manufs. comprise those of woollen cloth, leather, glass, and earthenwares. Exports are mostly confined to agricultural produce, timber and masts, hides, wOol, tallow, honey, and wax. The gov. is divided into 12 eircs. Prin- cipal towns, Vitebsk, the cap;, Velij, Diinaburg, and Polotzk. — Vitebsk, the cap., is situated on both sides of the Diina, here joined by the Viteba, 96 m. N. Moghilev. Pop. 17,000. It is enclosed by old walls, and built mdstly of wood ; but has numerous Greek-united and Roman Catholic churches, convents, and synagogues, an old castle, a bazaar, college of nobles, a medical direction, and several hospitals, with manufs. of woollen cloth and leather. It is the residence of a civil governor, and a military governor, with authority over the govs. Vitebsk, Smolensk, and Moghilev. Here the Grand Duke Coustantine of Russia died, 27th June 1832. ViTEBBO (Fanum VoltumruB), a city of Central Italy, Pontif. Sta., cap. deleg., at the foot of Monte Cimino, in the Campagna di Roma, 42 m. N.N."W. Roine. Pop. 13,860. It is enclosed by turretted walls, chiefly constructed by Desiderius, the last Lombard king of Italy, is generally well built of volcanic tufa, and has many handsome residences and public fountains. In its cathedral, which contains the tombs of four popes, Prince Henry of England, nephew of Henry iii., was assassinated by Guy ot Montfort ; and it was in its public square that the emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, humiliated himself before the Eng- lish pope, Adrian iv. Several of the churches are rich in works of art, and in one is a master- piece of Sebastian-deliPiombo. The bishop's palace and city-hall are fine buildings, and the latter, as well as the museum of the academy, contains various Etruscan antiquities. Manufs. unimportant ; alum, vitriol, and sulphur, abound in its vicinity, in which are also many medicinal springs. This city was one of the principal in the Etruscan league ; and it was, in the middle ages, the cap. of the Patrimony of St Peter, bestowed in the 12th century upon the papal see, ViTH (St), a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. Aix.la-Chapelle, near the Belgian frontier, 10 m. S.S.E. Malmedy. Pop. 1,015, ViTi, or FiDji Islands. [Fbbjee Islands.] ViTiGDDiNO, a town of Spain, prov. and 36 m. S.W. Salamanca. Pop. 928. ViTiM, a river of E. Siberia, rises in the Vitim- Steppe, Si'E. Lake Baikal, gov. Irkutsk, flows N.E. and N, for nearly 900 m., forming, the boundary between that gov. and the prov. Ya- kutsk, and joins the Lena, opposite Vitimsk, 1% Jias several large affluents. — Vitimsk, lat. 69° 16' N., Ion. 112° E,, is a vill. with 300 inhabitant^, and a mine yielding the largest sheets of talc. ViTO (San), several mkt. towns of Italy. — I. Austrian Italy, deleg, and 20 m. S.W. Udine. Pop. 6,000. — II. Naples, prov. Abruzzo-Citra, cap. cant., on a hill near the Adriatic, 6 m. S.S.E. Ortona.— III. prov. Calab. Ult. I., 7 m. S.W. Squillace IV. (degli Schiavi), prov. Otraato, 16 m. W. Brindisi. It was founded by a Slavo- nian colony (whence its name). — Cape Santo Vito is a headland on the N. coast of Sicily, in- tend. Trapani, 16 m. N.W. Castel-a-Mare. ViTOBiA, a town of Spain, cap. prov.,Alav3, 29 m. S. Bilbao, on the road fi:Om Madrid to Bayonne. Pop. (1845) 14,901. It consists of an old and a new town, which contrast strongly with each other ; it has a spacious mkt. square, seve- ral churches, a town-hall, custom-house^ orphan- asylum, general hospital, public library, and mu- seum of antiquities. Manufs. comprise brass & iron Wares, earthenware, ebony wares, candles, table linen, and leather ; and it is an important entrepot between the interior of Spain, Navarra, & Bilbao, especially for crude and manufactured iron, chocolate, confectionery, woollen and silk fabrics, shoes, and hats. Vitoria is celebrated in the annals of the Peninsular war, as the scene of a signal victory gained by the English over the French, 21st June 1813. VithS, a comm. and town of France, dep. lUe-et-Vilaine, cap. arrond., on the Vilaine, 21 m. E. Rennes. Pop. (1846) 8,621. It has a comm. college, manufs. of cotton hosiery and leather, trade in wax, honey, and cantharides, and 22 annual fairs. One m. S. is the Chateau des Rockers, celebrated as the resid. of Madame de Sevign^, Savary was born here in 1760. ViTKT, several comtns., towns, and vills. of France. — I. dep. Pas-de-Calais, cap. cant., with a station on the N. railway, 10 m. E.N.E. Arras. Popi 2,377.-11. {le Frangois), a fortified town, dep. Marne, cap. arrond., 19 m. S.S.E. ChS.lon9, on rt. b. of the Marne. Pop. (1846) 8,007. It has a comm. college, & manu^. of hosiery, cotton yarn, & leather, with a brisk trade in corn. — III. (sur Seine), dep. Seine, arrond. Sceanx, 6 m. S.E. Paris, on 1. b. of the Seine. Pop. 2,831. ViTTEAux, a comm. and town of France, dep. C6te-d'0r, cap. cant., on the Brenne,, 24 m. W.N.W. Dijon. Pop. 1,888. — 7i«c/eKr . is a comm. and vill., dep. Seine-Inf., 16 m. N.N.W; Yvetot, on the Dourdon. Pop. 1,266. ViTTEL, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Vosges, 23 m. W. Epinal. Pop. 1,426. ViTTOBiA, a town of, Sicily, uitend. Syracuse, dist. and 14 m-. W.N.W. Modica. Pop. 11,000, who trade in honey and silk. [Vitoria.] ViTTOBiosA, a strongly fortified town & suburb VIT 1355 VOG of La Valletta, ilalta, on the S.E. side of its great harbour. [Valletta.] ViTDLANo, a town of Naples, prov. Principato- Ult, dist. and 20 m. N.W. Avellino. Pop. 2,500. It has manvrfs. of woollen fabrics, silks, and leather, and quarries of fine coloured marbles. Tin, a vill. of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. prov. & 20 m. N.W. Turin, cap. mand., on the Chiara. Pop. of coram. (1S38) 3,745. ViTABAis, an old dist. of France, in Langnedoe, of which Viviers was the cap. It is now com- prised in the deps. Ardfeche and H. Loire. — Vivara is an islet of S. Italy, between Procida and Ischia, at the entrance of the Bay of Naples. VivERO, a town of Spain, prov. and 45 m. N. Lugo, at the mouth of the Landrova in the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 4,606. It has a seminary and hospital, a government factory of arms, & mannfe. of linens, quiltings, and earthenware. The port has a bar at its mouth. VivEROis, a eomm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Pny-de-D6me, cap. cant., 10 m. S.E. Am- bert. Pop. 1,325. It has a manuf. of lace. Vivien (St), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Gironde, 10 m. N.W. Lesparre. Pop. 955, who manuf. large quantities of salt in adjacent marshes. Viviers, a comm. and town of France, dep. Ardfeche, cap. cant,, on the Rhone, 17 m. S.S.E. Privas. Pop. 2,845. It has a cathedral. VivouKE, a comm. and town of France, dep. Tienne, cap. cant., at the confl. of the Clain and Vonne, 11 m. S.S.W. Poitiers. Pop. 2,810. Vrx, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Vendfe, 8 m. S.S.W. Fontenay-le-Comte. Pop. 3,130. ViEA, Byzia, a town of European Turkey, Rnmili, cap. sanj., 74 m. N.W. Constantinople, on the route to Ejrk-kilissia. It is enclosed by walls, and has a mined fortress. VizAGAPATAM, 3 marit. dist. of British India, presid. Madras, having E. the Bay of Bengal, & landward the dists. KEijahmnndry, Ganjam, and the Bengal S. ceded dists. Area 5,600 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 1,047,414. Surface mountainous; exported produce consists of wax, salt, coir, pepper, tmineric, tamarinds, ivory, horns, and native cloths. — Tizagapaiam, the cap., is on the Coromandel coast, 57 m. B. Golcondah. It has a court-house, barracks, and many good Euro- pean buildings ; but its nnhealthiness has driven most of the British authorities to reside in the adjacent village Waltier. VizcATA, a prov. of Spain. [Biscay.] ViZELLA, a vill. of Portugal, prov. Minho, 5 m. S.E. Guimaraens, in a jricturesque vale. It is freatly frequented for its warm sulphur baths, novm to the Romans, whose tesselated pave- ment8,& bathing sites, have been discovered here. ViziANAOBDM, a towu of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 25 m. N.E. Vizagapatam. Though large, it is meanly built. Principal edi- fice, a stone fort, with the rajah's palace. Near it are British military cantonments. ViziADROOG, a seaport town of British India, presid. & 165 m. S. Bombay, dist. S. Concan, with one of the best harbours on the Malabar coast. VizitLE, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Isfe-e, cap. cant., on the Romanche, 8 m. S. Grenoble. Pop. 3,004. It has a cautle, in which the states of Dauphin^ assembled in 1788. VizziNi, a town of Sicily, prov. and 29 m. S.W. Catania. Pop. 9,000. Vlaabdinge», a town of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, cap. dist., with a port on the Maas, 6 m. W.S.W. Rotterdam. Pop. 7,234, mostly employed in the herring fishery. Viai>i-Kavkas, a town and fort of Circassia, N. the Caucasus range, on the great route S. ward into Georgia, 47 m. S.S.E. Mozdok. Vladimir, agov. of Russia, nearly in its centre, mostly between lat. 55° and 57° N., and Ion. 37° 40' and 43° 20' E,, surrounded by the govs. Moscow, Tver, Jaroslavl, Kostroma, Nijnii-No*gorod, Tambov, and Riazan. Area 18,317 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,246,500. surface level, the Kliazma riv. intersects its centre, and the Oka its S.E. part. Soil infertile, & the corn produced is insufficient for home consumption. Principal crops, rye, barley, oats, some wheat, hemp, flax, millet, pease, apples, cherries, hops, cucumbers. Cattle rearing is of inferior ikportance. Forests are very extensive ; in that of Murom are valuable iron mines, and some of the most extensive iron works in Russia are at Vixa, on the Oka. The sterility of the soil has caused the inhabitants to direct attention greatly to manufs., which from 1830 to 1840 had doubled in extent, and in the latter year employed nearly 84,000 hands. Cotton goods are made at Shuya and Ivanova, woollens and linens are next in importance ; and several years ago 4,000 persons were employed in iron foundries, and 1,300 in glass and crystal works, besides others in manufs. of leather, earthen- wares, &c. Exports of these products are mostly sent down the Volga, or W. overland to Mos- cow. Principal imports are corn, cotton-twist, and flax, from the N. and N.E. The gov; is divided into 13 dists. Principal towns, Vladimir, the cap., Murom, Shuya, Pereslavl, Suzdal, and Viaznikov. Vladimir, two towns of Russia — I. cdp. above gov., on the Kliazma, 120m. E.N.E. Moscow, the road to which city is through a succession of populous villages. Pop. 7,400, comprising many Jews. It has a cathedral with 5 domes, an arch- bishop's palace, court house, governor's resi- dence, college, and other schools, manufe. of linens and leather, and a trade in friiit. It was cap. of the grand duchy of Russia from 1157 to 1328. — IL (Pol. Wlodzimierz), gov. Volhyniai, cap. dist., On the Lui, 27 m. S.S.W. Kovel. Pop. 5,500, mostly Jews, who trade in silks and salt, and have 4 annual fairs. Vlieland, an island of the Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, ofl^the entrance to the Zuyder-Zee, between the Texel and Schelling. Length 10 m., greatest breadth IJ in. Pop. 800. Vlissingeb, a town, Netherlands. [Fl0shin6.] Vlotho, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 9 m. S.S.W. Minden, on the Weser. Pop. 2,200. It is enfclosed by walls, and has itihufs. of chicory, colours, soap, tobaccd, and paper. VocKLABRiJcK, a to*n of Upper Austrisi, circ. Hausruck, at the confl. of the Agger & Vockla, 20 m. S.W. Wels. Pop. 1,600.— FocWamarH is a market town, 8 m. W. Vocklabriick. VoDiNA, or VoDENA, Edessa, a town of Eurpj. pean Turkey, Rumili, sanj. and 46 m. N.W. Salonlca, on the Vistritza. Pop. estimated at 12,000, who weave cotton and woollen fabrics. VoDLA, a lake and riv. of Russia, gov. Olbnetz ; the lake, 25 ffl. N.E. Pudoj, 30 m. in length by 12 m. in breadth, discharges its surplus waters by the river which enters Lake Orlega, on its E. Side, after a course of 120 m. VoEL (Loch), a lake of Scdtland, co. Perth, pa. Balquhidder, and the source of the Balvaig, principal afil. of the Teith. Length 3 miles, breadth 1 mile. VoGELSEEKG, a mountaln range ot Germany, H Cassel and H. Darmstadt, between the basins of the Main & Weser. Highest point, the Oher- wald, 2,430 feet in height. VoGHEBA, a toi*n of N. Italy, Piedmont, div. VOG 1356 VOL and 19 m. E.N.E. JVlps3?,tidria, cap. prov. and mand., on the Staffora. , .Pop. (1838) 10,706. It is enclosed by walls, and has manure, of woollen and silk fabrics. VogkJbna, a comm. and market town of N. Italy, Piedmont, diy, Novara, prov. Palanzaj on the Tosa, 8 m. S. Domo d'Ossola. Pop. 1,6S6. ' VoHBDKO, a walled town of Upper Bavaria, dist. and 9 m. E. Ipgolstadt, on the Danube. Pop. 1,195. On a rock in lie vicinity is the rained castle of Vohburg. VoHL, a market town of Germany, H.-Darm- stadt, proy. Upper Hessen, cap. a detached dist., near the Eder, 29. m. N.N.E. Marburg, with, a castle, and 614 inhabitants, mostly weavers.— VSkreiibach is a town of Baden, circ. Lake, on the Bregach, 8 m. W. Villingen. Pop. 910. VoHKiNGEN, a town of S. Germany, princi- pality Hohenzollern-Sigraaringen, on the Lau- chart, at the foot of a mountain, surmounted by the ruins of ah ancient castle, 7 m.. N. Sigmar- ingen. Pop. 700. — II. a vill. of Wurtemberg, clro. Black Forest, dist. & 2 m'. S.E. Sulz. Pop. 1,567. Void, a market town of France, dep. Meuse, cap. cahtJ, arrond. Commercy. Pop. 1,561, VoiaTLAND, an old subdivision of the kingdom of Saxony, now comprised in the circ. Zivickau. VoXkon, a comm. and town of France, dep. ISere, cap. cant., 6n . the Mbrge, 14 nu N.W. Gtenoble. Pop. (1846) 8,255. , It ha? extensive manufs. of hempen cloth (called toiler de Voiron), & of iron and steel goods, chip-liats, and paper,,— Voisei/ is a comm. and vill., dep. H. Marne, 21 m. E. Langres. Pop. 1,873. VoiTSBEEO, a town of Styria, circ. and iS.m. W. Gratz, on an affl. of, the IJur. Ppp. 1,000, Near it are coal mines and metallic works. VoJE, a lake of Russia, at, the ^.TS^. extremity of the gov. Novgorod, 40 iij,,,lir.E, Lake Bielo! Length 26 m., breadth 10 m^. It repeiyes the river Vojda, and discharges its surplus waters N.ward by the Svid into Lake Latcha. VoKHAN, or Wai^han, a toyfn of Central Asia, in the Bolor-Tagh, on, an affl. pf the Budukshap river. Lat. 38° 20'N., Ion. 70'' 34',E. Volano, a market town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., 8 m. N.N.E. Commachio, on the Po-di- Volano, at its mouth in the Adriatic. VoLCAN BE Agda, V. DE FuEGo, and V. DE Pacava, three remarkable vojoanos of Central America, state and 25 to 30 m. S.'W- Guatemala. VoLCANO,,isIand, Mediterranean. [Vdlcano.] VoLCONDA, a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 36 m. N.E. Trichinopoly. Volga, Sha, a river oi the Kussian empire, and the Ia,rgest,in Europe, rises in Lake Selin- gner, on the plateau of Valdai, gov. Tver, in lat. 67° N., Ion. 33° 10' E., at an elevation of 656 jfe,^t above the seS,, flows' E.U.E., E.S.E., S.S.'W., anS S.E., past Kiev, Tver, Jaroslav, Kostroma, ifynii- Novgorod, Kasau, Simbirsk, Saratov, and A^trar khan, near which it pnters the Caspian Sea by iBO oy 70 mouths, 83 ft. below the ocean. The extent of its basin is estimated at 400,pOO sq. m.,.and. in- cluding windings, its course is 2,000 m,, during which its entire fall is only, 633 feet. Principal affls. on right, the Olta and the Suya; on leflt file Tvertza, Mologa, Sheksna, and Rama. Its affls., which are connected by several canals with the Neva, establisli .^ comjnunication between the Caspian and 'the Baltic White and Black seas. It contains an abundance of .fish ; f n^ salmon, sturgeon, .4c., ate extensively exported,, j Jjhe Volga forms the principal channel of ,c6mm?ifCS in Russia. It is, navigable ty ,barge^ .of ,1,200 tons, Jjut its navigation, is frequently interm^pted by,sand banks and the changes of its channel, and it is frozen over for 170 days in the year. In its (lower, course small steam-boats for goods attempted the navigatipn in 1§20. In 1816, a spleniudiron steamer, 400 feet Jong, 31 ft. broad, carrying 1,250 tons, and drawing 5 feet water, was launched on its stream, & the "Volga" per- formed, inlBJ days, the voyage from Kybinsfc to Samara, which formerly irequired 3 to 4 months VoiGSK, atown-of Knssiaj cap.,dist., gov. and 70 m. N.E. Saratov, on rt. b. of the Volga. Pop. 13,280. . It has an active trade in agi-icultural produce,, tanneries, and brick-,kilns. Vo^htnia, a gov. of Russian Poland, between lat. 49° 25' »pd 52° 10' N„ & Ion. 23° SC and 29? 12' E., having S.E.Galicia, W. the kingdom^ Poland, and pn pther sides the govs. Grodno, Minsk, Kiev, and Podplia. Area 27,540 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,445,600, mostly of the Greek united church. Surface undulating or flat, in the, N. marshy. The Bug forms the W„ boundary. Other principal rivers, are tbeiStyr and Gorjin. Soil fertile, and this is one of th^. mostvalpal^le agricultural provs. of EfOSsi^ : a considerable sun- plus of corn oyer home consumption is usually produced, besides, large quantities of hemp ,ajn4 llax. Pastnji;es are good, live stoc^(numeroas, ,& forests extensive. Fishing iSiP^^ some importance. Mineral products comprise bog iron, mill stone^ PQtters' clay, nitre, and flint. Leather, glass, earfji^wares, paper, potash, tar, and charcoal, are made in many places. P^ncipa,l exports,are corn, .cattle, and hides. , .Trade ch^sflj, in. the hands of J^yrs, of whpnj, there are ahout 40,(l00. Thp.gpy,,is5ubdividedinto 12 dists. Chiefjtpwns, tfifpiflir, the cap., Kremenetz, , .Royno, Stai"P- Konstantinpy,, Dnh"^) RadziviIov,.& Bermchev, which last is ih^i^^^t cf , ^ iarg« annual fair. . , , VoLKACH,, , a tflwn of Bavaria, , circ. Lower Franconia, cap, dist., on t^e,.Main, ,15, m. N.E, Wurzburg. Ppp. 1,984. , .m., 'ji VoLKEi^LAK^T, a towjn.; of Dlyria, Catinthisi^ gov., Laybach, circ^nd lo m..E.N.E. KJageiifurt, on the Drave. It has large cattle mkts. — Volkfirs, haufen is a vill. of Central Germany, Saxe Vf ei-' mar,prihcip. Eisenach, .6, mi S^.Vacha. F> 553. VoLKHOV) a river of Ilussia, govs. Novgorod and St Petersburg, issues froni lake iUmen, on its N. side, near Novgorod, which town it intersects, flows in a very direct course N,N.E. for 130 m,, and enters Lake Ladoga atNovaia-LadogaonritS S. side. It is deep and navigable, but its na^ig^T tipn is impeded by its rapidity , and, by falls.., , , VoL^MABSEN, a ^allpd town of H. ,C^sseI, prov. Lowep Hessen, ca.p, dist,, 18 m. N.N.'W, Cassel. Pop. 2,818. It has manufs. of woollen cloths and leather, and 4 annual fairs. VoiKOVisK, or ■Woi.KOwisK, a town of Rus- sian Poland, goy, and 42 m. S.S.iE, Grodno, cap. circ, oh a small affl. of the Niemei;. Pop. 3,000. ToLLENHOvE, a town of,, tbp I.Netherlands, prov. Overyssel, cap. dist., on tha ZuyderiZee, IS m. N.N.W,„ZwpHe. Ppp. 1,318. , , ■ V0LJ.0BE, a cpmm. and town of France, dep. Puy-de-Dome, 5 m. S.S.E. Thiers. : Pop. 3,832. It had formerly a fortress of imporjt^nP^ ci , ' VoLMAK, or WpLMAB, a town 6i Rus^, gov. Livonia, on the Aa, 616 qi, N.E. Riga,,> Pop; 1,700, mpatly of German desqent, It has a, church Vfjilich.was formerly fortified. In 1622 it was taken by Qustavus Adolphus, wh<^ conferred it on his,celehrfited:Chanceirpr. Oxenstiern, ', I, ) Vols Ay, a sopim. and market tpjyp of'4iaiBC,'?B dpp. C6te-d'-0.r, 4 ni.,§,W. Beanhe-j,. Ppp„6"^5. Some.pf the finest Chanjpagne-Jfin^Sva'rp pro- duc.ed.J^liits, vicinity, ,(, ,. t,.-,, a .irj: fi-. VOL 1367 TO It Voi.NET, a township, tJ. S., N. Amevica, New York, CO. Oswego. Pop. 3,105. VoLO, a town of European Turkey, Thessaly, on the N. side of its gulf. Pop. 2,000, compris- ing many Jews.— The Gvlf of Volo {Sinus Pt- bugieia), is an inlet of the iEgrean Sea, forming a part of the boundary between Turicey and Greece, bounded E. by the peninsula Zagdra, and opening S.ward into the channel of Trikeri. Length and breadth about 18 m. each. In it is the island Trikeri. VotOGDA, a vast gov. of European HussiiL-and its largest next to Archangel, !mmedlatel/S. Of which it Ues, mostly between lat. 58° & 64° SO' N., and Ion. 38° and 60° E., having W. the goVs. Olonetz and Novgorod, S. Jaroslav], Kostroma, Tiatka, and Perm, and E. the Ural mountains separating it irOm Siberia. Estimated aiTa l«,048sq. m. Pop. (1846) 822,500. Except in the E., where it is covered by ramifications of the Ura], the snrface is an undulating plain, watered by the Bvina and its afHs. the Sufchonsi, &e-., by which it is almost wholly drsuned, and the upper Petchora. Lakes numerous; the princip. is that of Kubinsk in the W. In the S. and S.W., some of the soil is fertile ; elsewhere it is mostly sandy, marshy, or covered with pine, oak, and beech woods. Climate very severe; rye and barley are the only grains raised, and scarcely in sufficient quantity for home consumpUon. Other crops are hemp, fiax, hops, and pulses. Horses and cattle are numerous ; bears, wolves, and great quantities of game, afford an abundance of otjects of chase. Copper, iron, marble, salt, granite, and ffint, are chief minei-at products. The gov. has from 150 to 200 factories of woollen and Gnen fabrics, soap, leather, candles, gl^s, paper, rope, &c.,with iron foundries, "brick-kiltts, d^iBeries, and salt-works; and it sends furs, taHow, pitch, wooden wares, tunber, masts, tur- pentine, and other raw products into the govs, of Archangel and Tobolsk. Pop. mostly Riissians, with some Pimis, and in the N. wandering Sanio- yede tribes. Vologda is divided into 10 dists. Chief towns Vologda the cap., Totma, Kadnikov, Solvitchegodsk, and Hsfiug- Veliki. Vologda, a city of N. Bussia, cap. gov., near its W. extremity, on the Vologda, an affl. of the Sukhoua, 110 m. N. Jaroslavl. Pop. 14,000. It was formerly enclosed by walls, and is chiefly built of stone ; it has 2 cathedrals, and is the residence of the archbishop aihd governor. It has raannfs. of caUdlra, wooUe'ns, soap, potash, cordiage, bells, ropes, leather',- and spirits. Its trade is large, and facilitated by the Dvina, which connects it with the White Sejf; it has also art active trade overland with Siberia, and a large amtial fair in January and FebruSify. N6ar it ifta famous convent founded in the 14th century. ' Volokolamsk, a town of Russia, gov. and 64 m. W.N.W. Moscow, cap. circ, on the Lama, at the influx of the Gorodenka. Pop. 3,000. It has sustained many misfortuiles ; having been burned itf 1177, rnhied by the Tartars in 1237 and 1293, and" taken by the Poles in 1613. VoLOTCHO^, Bussia. [ViShmti-Volotohok.J VoLSK, cfT WoLBsK, a town of Russia, gov. and 70 m. N.E; Saratov, cap. circ, on the Volga, be- tween two <*f its affluents. Pop. 3,000. Pre- vibns to 1780, it was a mere vill. ; it has now an J^changei'l chiirches, tanneries, and brick-kilns. VoLTA, i townof AtBtrian Italy, deleg. and 12 m. N.N.W: JtMltaa; near the Minbio: P. 4,000. VOLIA, Aswaba; or AtnBBi, a river of Guinea, rises in the- Kong' thtltns, flows S.E. and S. throuo-h the E. part of the Ashantee territory, and enters the ocean at Addah, in lat. 5" 45' N., Ion. 0°40' E., after a course estimated at SCO m. — Cape Voltas, S. Africa, in the British territory, S. the mouth of the Orange river, is a headland On the Atlantic, lat. 28° 44' S., Ion. 16° 32' E, VoLtAiJiB (CaI-e), a headland of N.W. Auej- tralia, bounding Admiralty Gtilf on the W. Lat. 14° 16' S., Ion. 126° 40' E. VoLTCHANSK, atowu of Russia, gov. arid 42 m. N.E. Kharkov, cap. circ, on the Voltcha. Ppp. 7,090. It has 2 annual fairs. VoLTEKRA ( Felitrcs), a town of Central Italy, Tuscany, prov. alid 32 m. S.E. Pisa. Pop. 4,500. It stands on a lofty rock of tertiary sandstone, is enclosed by walls of curious Etruscan archi- tecture, & has 2 andient gat;es. Principal build- ings, a citadel divided into ari old & new portion, the former of ^hich is now converted into a criminal house of industry ; a cathedral afld several churches with fine paintings; a Piarist college, classical seminary, hospital, orphan asy- lum, and some handsome private palaces. The chief interest of the town, however, is in its Etfuscaii antiquities, its curious necropolis, warm baths, amphitheatre, and Etruscan museum in the town hall. Some alabaster maniifactQries are supplied from the quarries at Uligriano and St Anastasip ; there are copper-mines at Monte Catini in the vicinity ; on the banks of the Cecraa are sal^-works and brine-springs. VoLTEi, a town of N. Italy, Sard, dom., div. prov. and 9 m. W. Genoa, on the Gulf of Genoa. Pop. SiOOO, employed in manufacturing paper, vermicelli, and confectionery. VoLTUBNO (Vjilturnus), ariver of Naples, rises in the prov. Molise, flows mostly S.E., separat- ing that prov. from T. di. Lavorp, to its junction with the Calbre, and afterwards %. past Capua, and entei'S the Mediterranean 20 m. S.E. Gaeta,. Course 90 m. By its chief aiS. the Galore, it drains alrliost all the prov. Principato-tlltra. VoLTDBAKA, two towus of Naples. — I. prov. Principato-Ult., dist. and 14 m, "W.S.W. St Angelo dei Lombardi. Pop. 1,900. — II. prov. Capitanata, dist. and 25 m. W. Foggia, in the Apennines. Pop. 2,600. VoLVic, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Puy-de-Dome, 4 m. W.S.W. Riom. Pop. 3,403. It has extensive quarries of lava, of which the town is biiilt, and which is sent in large quantities to Paris for flagging. VoMAHO, a river 'of Central Italy, Naples, prov. Ahruzzo tilt. I., after an E. course of 60"m. enters the Adriatic Sea, 17 m. N.N'. W. Pescara. VoNiTZA, or VoNizzA, a town of Greece, gov. Acamania, pn an iiilet of the .Gulf of Arta, 8 m. S.E. Prevesa. P. 2,600.— The Say of Vordtzahas gbod anchorage in from 12 ^o 14 fathoms water. VooBBUBR and VooBSOBOTEN, two vills. of the Netherlands, pi-ov. S. Holland.— I. 2 m. E.S.E. the Hague, with 2,307 mhabs.— II. on the railway between Leyden and the Hague, 3 m. S.S.W. Leyden. Pop. ' 1,432.— Voom is au isl. of S. Hol- land, between the Maas and Haring-vliet, at their mouth in the N. Sea. Length 13 m., breadth 6 m.. On it are the towns Helliv.oetsluis and Brielle. VOEABLBEEO, a circ. of the Austrian empire, at the W. extremity of the Tyrol, in which it js officially included. [Ttbol.] VokAd, a market town of Styria, 32 m. N.E. Griitz, wi);h iron mirteS. Pop. 630, VoECHiiEiM, a town, Bavaria. [FoPCHheim.] VoBOATE, the N.most island of the Timor- Laut group, in the Asiatic Archipelago. , VoEDEN, a vill. of the Netheriands, prov. Gel- deriand, cap. cant., 6 m. E.S.E. Zutphen, on the VOR 1358 VOII Vorden, an affl. of the TsBel. — II. a market town of Hanover, cap. dist., in a njarshy tract, landr. and 14 m. N.E. Osnabruok. Pop. 762.— III. Prussian Westptialia, reg. Minden, 8 m. N.W. Hoxter. Pop. 750. — Yordernberg is a mkt. town of Styria, 14 m. W.N.W. Briick, with iron mines. VoRpiNOBpBSj a maritime town of Denmark, on the S. coast of the Island Seeland, opposite Falster. It has a ruined castle, and 1,000 inhabs. VOKEPPE, * comm. and town of France, dep. Is6re,ontheRoise,9m. N.W.Grenoble. P. 3,021. VoEEv, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. H.- Loire, arrond. and 10 m. N. Le Pay. Pop. 2,139. VoRMS, an island in the Baltic, belonging to Russia, gov. Revel, between the island Dago and the mainland. Length IQ m., breadth 5 m. Pop. of Swedish descept. VoEONA, a river of Russia, govs. Penza, Tam- bov, & Voronej, flows S.W., and after a coarse of 220 m., joins the Choper 6 m. S.S.E. Novo- Chopersk. Voronej, Voroniej, or Woeonetz, a gov. of S. Russia, mostly between lat. 48° 40' & 53° S., and Ion. 37° 40' and 43° E., surrounded by the govs. Tambov, Orel, Koursk, Kharkov, and Ekaterinoslav, Saratov, and the Don-Cos- sack country. Area 25,691 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,657,900. Surface level or undulating-. Principal, rivers, the Don and its affls., which drain nearly the whole ; the Oskol in the W., and Donetz, which forms the S. boundary. Soil fertile. Cli- mate comparatively mild, and most of the pro- ducts of temperate countries are raised, including large quantities of melons, which are sent to the markets of Moscow and St Petersburg ; tobacco, poppies, hemp, flax, cucumbers, onions, pulses, &c. Wine is raised ip some parts, and the sur- plus produce pf corn in good years, is estimated' at 2,200,000 qrs. Honey, iron, limestone, & nitre, are important products. Forests not very exten- sive, but the dep. copt^ins some fine oak woods. Cattle are estimated at 560,000, sheep upwards of 1 million ; and horses are numerous, and of good breeds, hunting being a favourite pursuit. Ma- nnfs. of coarse woollens, soap, &c., had more than doubled between 1821 and 1835; in the same period the distilleries had decreased by 2-3ds. Principal exports, com, cattle, skins, honey, wax, fruits, and iron wares. The gov. is suhdiv. into 12 circs. Principal towns, Voronej, the cap., Ostrogojsk, Pavlovsk, Bogutohar, Eorotojak, & Novo-Chopersk. The crown rev. from this gov. amounts to ^bout 15 millions roubles annually.— YoTonej, or Yoromej, the cap., is situated on the Vorona, near its confl. with the Don, 130 m. E. Koursk. Pop. 18,600. It stands on a steep height, and is naturally strong. It consists of an upper and lower town, and suburbs. The latter are black and gloomy ; but the town has many spacious thoroughfares, and its principal street is lined by noble edifices, including the governor's and Tice-governor's residences, the tribunals, post-ofSce, comnaissariat, academy, &c. In Mos- cow street are the cp.thedral and bishop's pajace, and there are about 20 churches, several con- vents, a bazaar, and many good shops, numerous superior schools, an hospital, military orphan ^ylum, manufs. of soap, tallow, leather, & vitriol. Peter the Great here founded a palace and large dockyards and arsenals, and here was built the first vessel of his fleet for the sea of Azov ; but most of the naval establishments have been re- moved to Tavrov and Rostov. Since his time, however, Voronej has become one of the chief commercial towns in S. Russia. It exports iron, corn, flour, oil, wine, rope, sail-cloth, woollens, lime, &c., and carries on a considerable trade with the Black Sea, the Crimea, and Turkey and some of its merchants travel annually to To- bolsk for furs, which they afterwards sell at the German fairs. VoRSELiEB, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. Antwerp, 2 m. W.S.W. Turnhout. Pop. 1,600. — Yonjildf is a market town of Germany, duchy and 19 m. N.E. Brunswick, cap. circ, on the Aller,with 1,300 inhabs., distilleries, tanneries, and an active trade in tobacco, flax, and hops. VpRSK-LA, a river of Russia, gov. Kharkov and Poltava, flows S.W. past Poltava and Kobiliaki, and after a course of 150 m., joins the Dnieper, 40 m. N.W. Ekaterinoslav. ' VoRST, a vill. of Rhenish Prussia, reg. Diissel- dorf, 6 m. S.S.E. Kempen. Pop. 1,070. VosGEs, Vosgesu^ Mons, a chain of mntns. in the N.E. of France, theS.E. of Belgium, and the W. of Germany. It commences in France, on the limits of the deps. H. Saone, H. Rhin, and Doubs, and terminates in Germany on 1. b. of the Rhine, near Mayence ; it is connected by several ramifications on the S.W. with the mntns. of the C8te-d'Or, which are prolonged to the Cevennes ; on the S. with the Jura mntns., and in the N.W. with the Ardennes. The mntns. often assume a rounded form, and are hence called ballom ; the culminating points are the Ballon d' Alsace, 4,688 feet, and the Ballon de Guebwiller, 4,300 feet in elevation. Their summits are covered with vast forests, and they contain silver, copper, lead, and coal ; but the most valuable mineral product is rock-saJt. The Vosges give rise to the rivers Saone, Moselle, Meuse, Marne, and Aube. VosoEs, a dep. of France in the N.E., formed of the S. part of the old prov. Lorraine ; cap. Epi- nal. It is surrounded by the provs. H. and B. Rhin, H. Saone, H. Marne, Meuse, and Meurthe. Area 2,304 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 427,894. Surface generally mntnous., having the Vosges in the E. and the Faucille mntns. in the S. Chief rivers, the Meurthe, Mortagne, Moselle, Madon, and Meuse. One-third of the surface is covered with forests. The plain in the W. and N.W. is fertile in wheat, maize, hemp, and excellent flax ; cher- ries are extensively grown for the manufacture of hirschenwasser. Many cattle are reared, and butter and cheese are important products. The dep. is rich in mines of iron, copper, silver, and mar)}le. It has numerous mineral springs, the chief of which are those of Plombieres & Bains It is divided into the arronds. of Epinail,Mirecourt, Neufch9.teau, Remiremont, and St Die. VosKBESENSK, a town of Russia, gov. and 34 m. W.N.W. Moscow. Pop. 1,600. Here is a famous monastery termed the New Jerusalem. — Yosnesensh is a large market town, and the chief of the military colonies of S. Russia, gov. Kherson, on the Bug, and 85 m. N.W. Kherson. VosTizzA, Mgium, a maritime town of Greece, Morea, gov. Achaia, on the Corinthian gulf, 18 m. E.S.E. Patras. Pop. 2,600. It is ill built and unhealthy, but has a good harbour, and an active commerce in currants and pine timber. VoTKA, a town and important manuf. dist. of Russia, gov. Viatka,dist. Sarapul, on the Ij, 12 m. from its Influx into the Kama.. Pop. 9,000. Here are extensive imperial iron-works, anchor forges, & musket factories, wrought by the aid of water- power, an arsenal, hospital, and prisons. Votr-CHANS, a city of China, prov. Hou-pe, cap. dep., on the Yang-tse-kiang, at the influx of this H^n-Yang Yon-eking and Yon-ting are cities in the provs. Kiang-si and Yun-nan. VonoA, a river, of Portugal, prov. Beira, enters VOD 1359 WAC an inlet of the Atlantic, 5 m. N. Aveiro, after a W.S. W . course of 60 m. yoTHLLf, a comm. and market town of France dep. Vienna, cap. cant., 10 m. W.N.W. Poitiers' on the Auzauce. Pop. 1,435. ' VooNEDii. Sub Viknne, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Vienne, cap. cant., 8 m. S. Chatel- lerault. Pop. 1,326. VonLXE (La), Volta, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Ardeche, 10 m. E.N.E. Privas, on rt. b. of the Rhone. Pop. 3,155. VouTEZAc, a comm. and mkt. town of France dep. CorrJze, 11 m. N.N.W. Brives-en-JuUiac! Pop. 2,637. VonvRAT, a comm. and village of France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Loire, and on railway to Orleans, 7 m. E. Tours Pop. 2,3tl. VocziERs, a comm. and town of France, dep. Ardennes, cap. arrond., on 1. b. of the Aisne, 25 m. S. M^igres. Pop. 2,771 — Vouxon is a comm. and market town, dep. Loir-et-Cher, 27 m. N.E. Romorantin. Pop. 1,213. Totes, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Eme-et-Loir, cap. cant., 12 m. S.S.E. Char- tres. Pop. 1,256. TowcHCKCH, a pa. of England, co. and 10 m ■ff-S-W. Hereford. Area 2,980 ac. Pop. 355. Vol (St), a comm. and Till, of France, dep. H. Lmre, 7 m. E. Tssengeaux. Pop. 2,647. VoYATAi, or BoiATAD, a town of Asia-Minor, Anatolia, sanj. Kastamnni, on the Kara^su, 35 m. E. Tash-Eiupri, at the foot of a height crowned igy an ancient fortress. VoTussA {Aous), a river of European Turkey, Albania, rises near MezzoTo, and after a W. course of 130 m., enters the Adriatic Sea, 14 m. N. Avlona. Affls. the Deropuli and Desvitza. Tbacene, a comm. & vill, of Belgium, proT. E. Flanders, 25 m. N.E. Ghent. Pop. 5,300. VKACHOBija town of Greece, cap. gov. .^tolia, 25 m. N.W. Lepanto. Five miles S.E. is the Lake Vrachori, ancient Triehonis, 6 miles in length, E. to W., by 4 miles in breadth. Vrajia, a town of Turkey, formerly a depend, of SerTia,43m.E. Pristina. Pop. 3,000 (?). Near it are some iron-mines IL a Till, and ruined fortress of Dalmatia, circ. and 20 m. S.E. Zara, on the lake of Vrana, which is 8 m. in length by 8 m. in aTerage breadth. Here was formerly a residence of the Grand Master of the Templars. — ^IIL a vilL and convent of Greece, gov. Attica, on ti>e plain of Marathon, 20 m. N.E. Athens. — Vrmduh is a town of Bosnia, on the Bosna, 28 m. N.E. Travnik. VKEconKT, a comm. and vill. of France, den. Vosges, 13 m. S. Neufchateau. Pop. 931. Vbeden, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. ^^.i""-^-^-^- Miinster, on the Berkel. Pop. AbO0.--Vreeswyk is a vill. of the Netherlands prov. & 6 m. S.W. titrecht, on the Leek. P. 1,078. Vries & Vrieseteen, two vills. of the Nether- r?°^— J- P™^- Drenthe, 5 m. N. Assen, with l,b97 mhabitants — II. prov. Overvssel, 23 m E.S.E. Zwolle. Pop. 2,893. VBiGNE-Anx-Bois, a comm. & vill. of France dep. Ardennes, on the Vrigne, 4 m. N.W. Sedan.' Pop. 1,155, engaged in iron-works. VuKovAR, a town of the Austrian empire, Sla- voma, cap. co. Syrmia, on rt. b. of the Danube, at the mflux of the Vuka, which divides it mto an old and a new town, 24 m. S.E. Essegg. Pop. 5,670. It is the see of a Greek protopapas, and has several Greek churches, a Franciscan monastery, and a Roman Catholic high school. VnioAKO, or VoLOANO, Tulcaida, the most S. of the Lipari islands, in the Mediterranean Sea, and 12 m. N. the coast of Sicily ; lat. 38° 22' N., Ion. 14° 55' 15' E. It is about 7 m. in length by 3 m. in breadth, mountainous, and has near its centre a crater about J m. in circumference and \ m. deep, which constantly emits vapour charged with sulphur, alum, vitriol, and ammonia. The island has two ports ; its interior is almost wholly sterile, but the S. shore yields grapes, flax, fruit, and excellent corn.— Off its N. coast is the islet Vulcanella, joined to it by a low rock formed of its own lava, and in which are two small craters, one frequently emitting smoke. VnsA, one of the Feejee islands. Pacific Ocean. VnoxEN, a river of Finland, flows S.S.W. through numerous lakes, including Lake Saima, on emerging from which it forms the grand cat- aract of Imatra ; after a N.ward turn it entera Lake Ladoga at Kexholm on itsW. side. Total course estunated at from 300 to 350 m. VosiTEiM.a town of European Turkey, in the S. part of Servia, dist. and 12 m. N.W. Pristina, on an affl. of the Ibar. Pop. 3,000. VvTficEA, a town of Russia, gov. Olonetz, cap. circ, on the Vyt^gra, 12 m. from Lake Onega, & 73 m. S.E. Petrozavodsk. Pop. 2,500. It has manufs. of linen and candles, with ship-building docks; and is connected by its river with the lakes Onega and Ladoga. It carries on a large trade with St Petersburg and Archangel. w For places not found here, refer to V. Waao, a river of W. Hungary, rises in the Carpathian mntns., and after a course of 200 m. joins the Danube at Komom, in conjunction with the Neutra. Course S.W. & S. Chf. affl., the Arva. Waai., or WAHt, river. [NEiHEBiAHns.] Waalwtk, a town, Netherlands, prov. N. Bra^ bant, cap. cant., 10 m. W. Bois-le-Duc. P. 2,760. Wabash, a river, U. S., N. Amer., rises in the N.W. part of Ohio state, flows W. & S. through Indiana, dividing that state from Illinois, & about 12 m. N.N.E. Shawnee town, joins the Ohio, of which it is the principal tributary from the N. Total course 400 m,, and for the latter 2-3ds it is navigable for steamers to La Fayette ; near which the canal commences, connecting it with Lake Erie. Principal affl.. White River. — It gives name to a co. of Illinois ; cap. Mount Car- mel. Area 180 sq. m. Pop. 4,240. — II. a co., Indiana ; cap. Wabash. Area 415 sq. m. P. 2,756. Wabeethwait, a pa. of Engl., co. Cumberland, IJ m. S.E. Ravenglass. Ac. 2,220. Pop. 146. Waccamaw, a river, U. S., N. Amer., N. & S. Carolina, after a S. course of 100 m., joins the estuary of the Great Pedee, opposite George- town, 10 m. from the Atlantic Ocean. Waohan, a town of Central Asia. [Vokhan.] Wachenheim, a market town of Rhenish Ba- varia, 14 m. N.W. Spires. Pop. 2,920. It has Rom. Catholic, Lutheran, & Calvinist churches. —Wachhach is a vill. of Wiirtemberg, circ. Jaxt, 3 m. S. Mergentheim. Pop. 1,201. Wachoko, a town of Poland, gov. and 24 m. WAC 1360 WAK S.S.W. Radem, on the Ka,mienna, an afl9. of the Vistula — Wachstedt is a vill. of Prussian Saxony, reg. Erfurt, 10 m. N.W. Miihlhausen. P. 1,155. Wachtendonk, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 25 m. N.W. Diisseldorf, on the Neers. P. 2,000, employed in mauufs. of velvet ribbons. Waokeit, a vill. of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 20 m. S.S.E. Bruges. Pop. 2,800. Wacton, several pas of England. — I. co. Here- ford, 8J m. N.W. Bromyard. Area 1,100 ae. Pop. 109. — II. (Magna and Parva), oo. Norfolk, 12 m. S.S.W. Norwich. Area 1,060 ac. Pop. 267. Wadbobough, a hamlet of England,co. Wor- cester, with a station on the Birmingham and Bristol railway, 5 m. S.E. Worcester. Waddesdon, a pa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 6J m. N.W. Aylesbury. Area 6,010 ac. Pop. 1,750. Waddingham, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 7 m. S. Glanford-Bridge. Area 3,850 ac. Pop. 678. Waddington, a pa. of England, oo. and 4i m. S. Lincoln. Area included in the city liberty. Pop. 814.~II. a chapelry, oo. Tork, W. Riding, pa. Mitton, 3 m. N.W. Tickliill. Pop. 644. Waddingwokth, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 6 m. W.N.W. Horncastle. Ac. 860. Pop. 64. Wadebridoe, a market town of England, co. Cornwall, pas. St Breoek and Egloshayle, on the navigable Alan, here crossed by a bridge of 17 arches, 5 m. E.S.E. Padstow. Pop. 777. Wadenhoe, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 4J m. S.W. Oundle. Area 1,150 ae. Pop. 287. Wadenschwyl, a pa. and vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 12 m. S.S.E. Ziirich, on the S. side of its lake. It has a castle, and 5,100 inhabitants. Wadhuest, a pa. and market town of Engl., CO. Sussex, 6 m. S^E. Tunbridge- Wells. Area 10,170 ac. Pop. 2,491. Wador, a town of Afghanistan, 17 m. W. Dera-Ghazee-Khan, on the route to Candahar. Wadowice (formerly Myslenice), a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, cap. circ, on the Skawa, 23 m. W.S.W. Cracow. Pop. 3,090. Wadswobth, a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding, pa. and 8 m. W.N.W. Halifax. P. 5,583. Wadwobth, a pa. of England, co. Tork, W. Riding, 3 m. N.W. Tickhill. Ac. 2,930. P. 681. Wabv (Arab, a valley), the prefixed name of numerous localities in the East, and in Airica. — The Wady-Mousa is a valley of Arabia-Petrsea, opening on the W. into El- Ghor, the great de- pression betw. the Dead Sea & the Gulf of Akaba. At its S.E. extremity are the ruins of Petra. Waereqhem, and Waersohoot, two vills. of Belgium. — I. prov. W. Flanders, on the Brussels and Tournay railway, 9 m. N.E. Courtrai. Pop. of comm. 5,000 II. prov. E. Flanders, cap. cant., 9 m. N.N.W. Ghent. Pop. 1,200.— ■pTae- toue is a comm. and market town of W. Flanders, 12 m. S. Furnes. Pop. 2,735. Wageninoen, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, on the Rhine, cap. cant., 11 m. W. Arnhem. P. 2,000, who trade in corn & cattle. Waqek River, a large estuary or inlet of British N. Amer., W. of Southampton is!., its centre near lat. 66° N., Ion. 90° W. Wagheh, or Wawn, a pa. of Engl., eo. Tork, E. Riding, with a vill., 4 m. E.S.E. Beverley. Area 5,560 ac. Pop. 362. Here are remains of Melsa abbey, founded in the 12th century. Wagbam, a vill. of Lower Austria, on the left bank of the Rossbach, 11 m. N.E. Vienna. It is femous for the victory of Napoleon over the Austrians, 6th July 1809, which was followed by the treaty of Schonbrunn. Wagstadt (Moravian Bilowes), a town of Austrian Silesia, circ. and 14 m. S.E. Troppau, on the Waag. Fop. 433. It has a castle, and manufs. of Imens and woollens. Wahlstatt, a vill. and monastery of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 4 m. S.E. Liegnitz. Here, in 1241, Henry of Liegnitz was defeated by the Mongols ; & here, 26th August 1813, the French were, defeated by the Prussians under Bliicher who thence derived his title of Prince of Wahl- stadt Wahrenbrilch is a small town of Prussian Saxony, reg. Merseburg, on the Black Elster, 15 m. E. Torgau. Pop. 574. Wahring, or Warikg, a vill. of Austria, ad- joining Vienna on the W. Pop. 1,300. It has manufe. of woollen yarn and Morocco leather. It gives name to a eiro. of Lower Austria. Wahungen, or Wasungek, a town of Ger- many, duchy Saxe-Meiningen, 7 m. N.N.W. Meiningen, on the Werra. Pop. 3,400. It has manufe. of linen fabrics and cutlery, and a trade in corn and cattle. Waiblingen, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Neckar, cap. dist., on the Rems, 7 m. N.E. Stuttgart. Pop. 3,100. The emperors of the Hohenstauffen family received their name of Ghibellines from this town, formerly called Wibelingen. Waibstadt, a town of Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, 24 m. S.E. Mannheim. Pop. 1,854. Waidhofen, two towns of Lower Austria. — I. on the Ips, 48 m. W.S.W. St Polten. Pop. 3,000. It is the centre of the iron manuf. in Lower Austria.— II (Bohmisch, or Bohemian), on the Thaya, 32 m. N.W. Krems. Pop. 1,400. Waigiod Island, Pacific Ocean, N. of New Guinea, forms part of the region called Papua- land. Lat. of the Bay of Ofiak 0° 1' 8' S., Ion. 130° 43' E. Mntnous. in the centre, and covered with vast marshes on the shores. Wai-ho, and Waikahourounga, a river and estuary of New Zealand, N. Isl. [Thames.] Waikato, the principal river of New Zealand, N. island, rises in Lake Taupo, flows N, and enters the ocean at Waikato harbour, on the W. coast, 35 m. S. Auckland. Total course esti- mated at 140 m. Principal affl., the Waipa. Wainfleet (probably anc. Yainona\ a mkt. town of Engl., co. Lincoln, in a marshy dist., on a creek, about 4 m. from its entrance into the Wash, 4 m. E. the Boston and Louth railway, & 15 m. N.E. Boston. United area of its two pas. 8,270 ac. Pop. 2,117. It was formerly larger. Wairad, and Wairoa, two rivers of New Zealand ; the former, Middle isl., enters Cloudj Bay, and is navigable to some distance above its mouth ; the latter, N. isl., enters Raipara har- bour, 66 "m. N.W. Auckland. A massacre of English settlers took place on tlie banlis of the former, in April 1843. Waithe, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 6 m. S. Great Grimsby. Area 780 ac. Pop, 49, Waitzen, or Waatzen (Hung. Vacz), a town of Central Hungary, co, and 20 m. N. Pesth, on 1. bi of the Danube. Pop. 11,271. It is the see of a bishop, and has a fine cathedral, an episco- pal palace, a town-hall, Piarist college, a military school, seminary, a deaf and dumb asylum, paper mills, large cattle fairs, and a trade in wine. Wajo, a kingdom of Celebes, on its W. limb, N. of the state of Boni, on the Gulf of Boni ; cap. Tesora, a large straggling town with extensive ruins. Pop. now reduced to abont 6,000. Wake, a co,, U. S., N. Amer., in centre of N. Carolina, cap. Raleigh. Area 1,140 sq. m. Pop. 21,118. Wakefield, a pari, bor., town, pa., and tnshp. of England, co. Yorkj W. Riding, on the Lan- WAK 1361 yVAL cashire and Yorkshire railway, 9 m. S. Leeds. Area of pa. 9,390 ac. Pop. 29,992, but of pari, hor., comprising only the township of Waliefield, i with parts of some others, 18,486. The town is on the sloping N. bank of the Calder, here crossed by a stone bridge of 8 arches. It is well built, i and has several handsome churches, an elegant | chapel, projecting over the E. side of the bridge, j supposed to date from 1340, but to have been re- I decorated by Edward rv., tlie grammar and pro- prietary schools, library, and news rooms, com ! exchange & saloon, court-house, prison, dissent- ing chapels, and a Doric marliet-cross. The grammar school founded by Queen Elizabeth, has a large revenue, and 6 e^diibitions to the uni- versities, and in it Archbishop Potter, a native of Wakefield, Dr Badcliffe, and Dr Beutley, were educated. The green coat school has an annual revenue of 4262., and here are many charitable endowments, the W. Kiding lunatic asylum, a fever hospital, masonic lodge for theW. Riding, literary and philosophical, horticultural, and phrenological societies, a mechanics' institution, and theatre. The town was formerly celebrated for its maiiD&. of woollen cloth and yarn, but these have cteclined. The chief trade at present ifiin com, wool, and cattle. It }ias also coal mines,. and an active export of coal... The town is governed by an officer popularly elected. It sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Keg. eleote. (1848) 829. ^nTAREBiKG, two pas. of Engl., co. Essex. — I. illrtdty, 5 m. S.E. Koehford. Area 1,800 ac. Fop. 860. It has a small harbour at the mouth of tiie Thame3.^II. (LitOe), 4 m. E.S.E. Prit- tlewell. Area 2,320 ac. Pop. 301. Wakeblet, a pa. of England, co. Northamp- ton, 7i m. N.E. Kockingiiam. Area 2,130 ac. Pop. 216. WxLACHii, or Wailachia (French YalacUe), one of the principalities of the Danube, between lat. 43° 40' and 45° 4^ X, and Ion. 22° 25' and 28° 5' E., bounded S.E.,S., and S.W. by the Da^ nnbe, which separates it from Bulgaria & Servia, N. by Moldavia and the Austrian empire ; cap. Bucharest. Estimated area 27,500 sq. m. Esti- mated pop. 1,976,800. Surface mountainous in the N., low and marshy in the S. It is well wa- tered by the Danube, and its affls. the Aluta, Schyl, Jalomnitza, and Dumbrovitza, and ge- nerally very fertile, but only one-thir^ is culti- vated. Climate extreme, hot and moist in sum- mer, & very cold in winter. Chief crops, wheat, b^ey, rye, hemp, and tobacco. Maize is the chieflbod of the inhabitants. The vine thrives weU. Forests are extensive, and pasturage ex- cellent. Cattle and sheep extensively reared, audfine wool is exported. The inhabitants are chiefly Walachians, with a mixture of gypsies, Jews, Armenian.s, & Greeks, mostly of the Greek church, speaking a Qorrapt dialect of the Latm J^guage. This country formed part of Baaa xa Sie Soman empire. It was afterwards under the dominion of the Goths and Huns ; it formed a separate kingdom in 1290 ; in 1479 it was con- quered by Mohammed it. ; it regained its inde- pendence for a short time, and afleiTrards formed a prov. of the Ottoman empire till 1829. By the treaty of Adrianople in J830, it was placed under the protection of Russia, and its vassalage to Turkey is merely nominal. Its government^ is independent, but it pays tribute to the Porte. The hospodar, or governor, is elected for life. Waladia (EL),a marit, town of Marocco, with a harbour at the mouth of a river in the Atlantic, 100 m. N.W. Morocco. » „ . . u Walajanagde, a considerable totrn of British India, presid. and 65 m. W.S.W. Madras, dist. N. Arcot, on the Palaur. Walbekswiok, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, \\ m. S.W. Southwold. Area 2,640 ac. Pop. 339. Walbebton, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 3 m. W.S.W. Arundel. Area 1,520 ac. Pop. 661. Walchen-see, a lake of Upper Bavaria, S. the Koohel-see, near the Tyrol. Length 4 m., breadth 3 m. It has a productive fishery. Waloheken, the mostW. of the islands of the Netherlands, prov. Zealand, between the E. and W. Sclieldt, and having W. the North Sea. Length 11 m., breadth 10 m. Pop. 46,000. It is fertile, but below the level of the sea, against which it is protected by extensive dunes & dykes. Chief town Middleburg. The English, under the Earl of Chatham, occupied it in lg09. Walcot, several pas. of Engl I. co. Lincoln, 14 m. N.W. Folkingham. Area 1,160 ac. Pop. 173 II. CO. Somerset, partly included in the city of Bath. Area 170 ac. Pop. 26,210.-111. CO. Norfolk, 5 m. E.N.E. North Walsham. Area 800 ac. Pop. 172. — IV. a hamlet, co. Lincoln, pa. and 2 m. N. Billingham. Pop. 633. Wai,codkt, a town of Belgium, prov. and 27 m, S.W. Namur, on. the Sambre and Mouse railway. Pop. 800. It has a church, with an ilhage of the Virgin, which attracts numerous devotees. Wald, avill. and pa. of Switzerland, cant, and 19 m. E.g.E. Zurich. ' Pop. 4,000, partly em- ployed in cotton spinning, and in iron works. WALnsocKELHEiMj a market town of Rhenish Pmssia, reg. Coblenz, 6 ni. W. Kreutznach. Pop. 1,270. Waldeck, a town of Gei'many, principality Waldeck, on theEder, 10 m. S.E. Corbaeh. Pop. 1,000. — ^11. a miu'ket town of Bavaria, circ. tip- per Franqonia, 18 iri.' E.S.E; Baireuth.^ — lU. Lower Austria, 25 m. S.S.W. Vienna. WAi-T>ECK-PtRMO']^, a princip. of Germanv ; Waldeck lying betw. lat. 51° and 51° 30' N., Idn. 8° 30' and 9° 11' E.; enclosed by Prussian West- phalia and Hessen Cassel ; Pyrmont, detached 30 m. N.ward, surrounded by the territories of Hanover, Lippe-Detmold, & Brunswick. United area 461 sq. m. Pop. (1843) 58,753, all Lutherans, except about 1,000 Roman Catholics and Jews, and 52,000 of whom were in Waldeck. Surface hilly. Both portions of territory are situated in me basin of the Weser, and are watered bylits tributaries the Eder, Diemel, and Emmer. Suf- ficient corn is raised for home consumption, with potatoes, fruits, and flax. Cattle rearing,' and the; production of timber, are highly important ; nearly one-third of the surface is in forests. Mineral products comprise iron, salt, alabaster, marble, and slates, and a considerable portion of the prince's revenue is derived from the export of the waters of Pyrmont, one of the chief spas of Germany. Manufactures of linen and woollen stufis, paper, iron, leather, and cotton hosiery, are carried on, but the principal articles of com- merce are com, cattle, fine wool, honey, iron, mineral waters, &c. Government a limited monarchy, with a diet of representatives of the nobility, the towns, and the raral districts. The territory is subdivided into 6 circs. Chief towns, Arolsen, tlte cap., in Waldeck ;— and Pyrmont. Public revenue estimated at 230,000 rix dollars a year; public debt 680,000 dollars. WAiBEeRAVE Island, S. Australia, on the S. sid^ of Anxious Bay, Eyre land, and N.E. Flm- ders Island. Lat. 33° 35' S., Ion. 134° 37' E. Walden, a township of Engl., co. York, N. Riding, pa. AysgSrth, 10 m. W.S.W. Middleham. 4 b ■WAL 1362 W Ali Pop. 623. — II. (St Paul's), a pa., co. Herts, 4J m. N.W. Welwin. Area 3,420 ac. Pop. 1,113.-111. (Saffron). [Saffbon Walden.] WAiDENBAOH, a towD of WuTtemberg, circ. Neckar, 10 m. S.S.W. Stuttgart. Pop. 1,952. WALDENBUEa, three towns of Germany. — I. Prussian Silesia, reg, and 43 m. S.W. Breslau, cap. eirc., on the Polsnitz. Pop. 2,700. It has manufs. of linens and porcelain. Near it are ex- tensive coslI mines. — II. Saxony, circ. Zwickau, on the Mulde, 14 m. W. Chemnitz. Pop. 2,253. It is enclosed by walls, and has a line castle III. Wilrtemberg, circ. Jaxt, cap. lordship, 28 m. N.W. Kllwangen. Pop. 1,060.— IV. a town of Switzerland, cap. circ. Waldenburg, caut. Basle, 6i m. S. Leisthal. Pop. 600. Waldeeshake, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 5 m. N.N.W. Dover. Area 960 ac. Pop. 92. Waldheim, a town of Saxony, circ. and 33 m. S.E. Leipzig, on the Zschoppau. Pop. 3,872. It has manufs. of linen and woollen stuffs. — II. a vill. of Bohemia, circ. and 41 m. W. Pilsen. Pop. partly employed in glass factories. Walbingfield, two pas. of England, co. Suf- folk.— I. (Great), 3 m. N.E. Sudbury. Area 2,170 ac. Pop. 676 II. (Little), same co., 4J m. N.E. Sudbury. Area 1,660 ac. Pop. 420. Waldkappel, a town of Germany, Hessen- Cassel, 20 m. S.E. Cassel. Pop. 1,304. Waldkiroh, a walled town of Baden, circ. Upper Rhine, on the Elz, 8 m. N.E. Freiburg. P'op. 2,676. Wai,dkikcheb, two villages of Germany I. Saxony, circ. Zwickau, 7 m. S.E. Chemnitz. Pop. 1,182. — II. Lower Bavaria, 13 m. N. Passau. WALnuoHB, a vill. of Kheuish Bavaria, on the Glan, 11 m. N. Deux-Ponts. Pop. 1,191. WALDMiJNCHEN, 3, towu of Bavarfa, circ. Up- per Palatinate, cap. dist., on the Schwarzach, 38 m. N.E. Katisbon. Pop. 2,132. It has ma- nufactures of linens and glass, with a trade in flax and yarn. ■Waldobobodoh, a port and township, U. S., N. Amer., Maine, on Miscongns bay, 28 m. S.E. Augusta. Pop. 3,661. WAiiDBiNaFiELD, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 3J m. S.S.B. Woodbridge. Area 850 ac. Pop. 174. VTaldbon, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 5 m. E.S.E. Uckfield. Area 7,150 ac. Pop. 1,065. WAtDSASSEN, a market town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Palatinate, cap. dist., on the Eger, 32 m. E.N.E. Baireuth. Pop. 1,622. It has manufs. of cotton, linen, and woollen stuffs and paper. Waldsee, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Da- nube, cap. dist, 32 m. S.S.W. Blm. Pop. 1,570. It has a church resorted to in pilgrimage, and a castle of the princes of Waldburg. — Waldshutis a walled town of Baden, circ. Upper Rhine, on the Rhine, 20 m. W.S.W. Schaffhausen. Pop. 1,364. Waldstattee-see. [Luceene (Lake of)]. ■Waldthubn, a market town of Bavaria, circ. Tipper Palatinate, 27 m. N.E. Amberg. Pop. 874. — Waldwimmersbach is a vill. of Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, 8 m. S.E. Heidelberg. Pop. 621. WALDiJES, a town of Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, cap. dist., 30 m. "W.S.W. "Wiirzburg. Pop. 3,136. It has a church, resorted to in pilgrimage, a castle, convent, and three annual fairs. Waleni, or Valehi, a small town of Walachia, 50 m. N. Bucharest. Near it are beds of salt. Wales (Pbincipamti of), a peninsular por- tion of S. Britain, on its W. side, between lat. 51° 23' and 53° 26' N., and Ion. 2° 41' & 6° 17' W., having E. the English cos. Chester, SaJop, Here- for<|, and Monmouth, and on other sides the Bris- tol and St George's channels, and the Irish Sea. Area, pop., and subdivisions as follow : — Counties, Area in Sq, m. Area in Acres. a. Chief Towns. Brecknockshire, Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire, Carnarvonshire, nnhighshire, Flintshire, Glamorganshire, Montgomeryshire, Pembrokeshire, 271 754 675 974 614 633 244 792 663 639 610 426 173,440 482660 432,000 623,360 848,160 406,120 166,160 606,880 424,320 536,960 390,400 272,640 60,891 55,603 68,766 106,326 81,093 86,866 66,919 171,188 39,332 69,219 88,044 26,396 Brecon. Cardigan. Oa^arthen . Carnarvon. Denbigh. St Asaph, Llandaff. ■Beta. Montgomery. Pembroke. HewBadnor, Total, 7,425 4,762,000 911,603 " Of the above cos., Anglesey, Carnarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Merioneth, and Montgomery, compose N. Wales ; while S. Wales consists of the shires of Brecknock, Cardigan, Carmarthen, Glamorgan, Radnor, and Pembroke. Except the island An- glesey, which has a level or undulating surface, nearly all Wales, especially its N. half, is moun- tainous. Snowdon, in Carnarvonshire, is 3,557 ft. in height ; Cader-Idris, Merionethshire, 3,550 feet; the Brecknock Beacon (S. Wales), 2,862 feet, and many summits rise to between 1,500 and 2,300 feet in elevation. Chief rivers, the Dee, Severn, Wye, Usk, Towy, Teify, Dovy, Conway, and Clwyd, the vales of some of which are very fertile. Lakes are insignificant, that of Bala, the largest, is only 8 m. in length. Principal inlets are, on the W. coast, Carnarvon and Cardigan bays, St Bride's bay, and Milford haven; on the S. Carmarthen and Swansea, separated by the peninsula of Gower, and on the N. the estuary of the Dee, and the harbours of Beaumaris and Holyhead. Principal headlands, Brach-y-Pwll and St David's head. Agriculture is extremely backward. Barley and oats are the chief grains raised ; the culture of potatoes and turnips is ex- tending. Farms mostly small, averaging in S. Wales only from 50 to 60 acres, where, however, the tenantry are far better lodged than in the N. Average rent 6s. Sd. per acre. Annual value of real property in 1843, 3,465,718?. Large numbers of cattle are reared for the English markets. The number of sheep is estimated at 1,250,000, and the annual produce of wool at 10,000 packs. A hardy small breed of ponies is reared, especially in the cos. Montgomery and Merioneth. Mining industry is highly important. Iron, copper, lead, silver, slate, limestone, and in the S. large quan- tities of coal are raised, which last product is ex- tensively exported, and used in large quantities on the spot for smelting both British and foreign ores. In 1840, South Wales had 132 furnaces in operation, consuming annually about 1,436,000 tons of coal, and producing 606,000 tons of iron ; and N. Wales 12 furnaces, consuming 110,000 tons of coal, and producing 26,600 tons of iron. The principal iron works are at and around Mer- thyr-Tydvil, Tredegar, Aberdare, and Rhuabon ; at Swansea, large quantities of American & other copper ores are reduced. Manufs. of woollen fabrics, especially of flannel and hosiery, are very generally pursued in the cottages of the pea- santry, particularly in N. Wales, where Welsh- pool is the chief mart for these products. The cotton manuf. has extended into some of the N. COS. ; and in 1847, 1,860 hands were employed in woollen, cotton, flax, & silk factories. A manuf. of slate articles exists at Bangor. Trade princi- WAL 1363 WAL pally in the export of mineral produce, cattle, and woollen goods. Principal ports, Swansea, New- port, CardifiF, Carnarvon, and Beaumaris, besides which, Holjhead is a chief packet-station for communication with Ireland, and Milfoid is a naval port, and the seat of a government dock- yard. Roads through the principality are now generally good ; and in tne S. are several short railwaj^s, and a part of the Ellesmere canal. Wales is in the ecclesiastical prov. of Canterbury, and divided into the 4 bishopricks of Llandaff, St David's, Bangor, and St Asaph. It contains 13 boroughs, besides contributory bors., each of which sends 1 mem. to H. of C, as does each of its cos. The aboriginal Celtic race still retains the Celtic language, and inhabits S. Wales ; a mixture of Teutonic & Celtic, N. Wales. Wales was entitled Britannia Secunda by the Romans, who constructed many roads and stations in the country. It maintained a successfiil struggle against the Saxons, and was not wholly subdued by the Normans until 1282, since which era, the heir apparent of the English throne has always held the title of Prince of Wales. [Britain.] Wales, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. & W. Rid- ings, 6i m. S.S.E. Rotherham. Area 1,950 ac. P. 351. — U. a township, U. S., N. Amer., New York, on Seneca creek, 18 m. S.E. Buffelo. Pop. 1,987. Wales (New Sodth), Australia. [New South Wales.] Walbsbt, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Lincoln, 3 m. N.E. aikt.-Raisen. Area 2,580 ac. Pop. 326. It has an ancient church. — II. co. Notting- ham, 3 m. N.E. Ollerton. Area 1,260 ac. P. 416. Walet, a to?m of Central A&ica, cap. state Beroo, 260 m. W.S.W. Timbuctoo. Walfobd, a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 2| m. S.S.W. Ross. Area 3,720 ac. Pop. 1,227. Walgeate, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 7 m. N.W. WelUngborough. Ac. 2,040. P. 593. Waxham-Gbeen, or Sx John's, a chapelry of BngL, CO. Middlesex, pa. Fulham, a suburb of the metropolis, 5 m. W.S.W. St Paul's, London. WALDiconKT, a comm. & Till, of France, dep. Nord, 9 m. S.E. Cambray. Pop. 2,602. Walkesbied, a market town of Brunswick, dist. and 20 m. S.W. Blankenberg, cap. circ, on the Wieda, with 570 inhabs., & an anc. abbey. Walkeb, two COS., U. S., N. America. — I. in N.W. part of Georgia, cap. La Fayette. Area 700 sq. m. Pop. 6,572 II. in N.W. of Alabama. Area 1,500 sq. m. Pop. 4,032. Walkebinoham, a pa., Engl., co. Nottingham, SJ m, N.W. Gainsborough. Ac. 3,000. P. 536. Walkebn, a pa. of England, co. Hertford, 4 m. E.N.E. Stevenage. Area 2,670 ac. Pop. 718. Walkhamptos, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 4 m. S.E. Tavistock, Area 5,890 ac. Pop. 717. Walkington, a pa. of England, co. York, E. Riding,2^m. S.W. Beverley. Ac. 3,460. P. 633. Wallace, a co, of New S. Wales, E. Australia, bordering Victoria colony, and surrounded by the cos. WeUesley, Beresford, Cowley, & Buccleugh. Surface mountainous, covered by the Australian Alps, & watered by head streams of the Murray. Wallachia, principality. [Walachia.] Wallace-town, a modem and populous sub- urb of Ayr, Scotland, immediately W. Newton, & separated from the royal burgh by the riv. Ayr. Wallajabad, a town of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 14 m. N.W. Chingleput, with some extensive miUtary cantonments. Wallamette, or Willamette, a river of the Oregon territory, U. S., N. America, after a N. course of 200 m., joins the Columbia river oppo- site Fort Vancouver, and 70 m. from the Pacific I O. It flows through a fertile country interspersed with woods, and 40 m. from its mouth is 350 feet wide, has an abrupt fall of 20 feet, and a valuable salmon fishery. At its junction with the Colum- bia, the Wallamette is i m. in width. It is sub- ject to sudden risings, sometimes to 30 ft. above its ordinary leveL Wallaeobba, a vill. of New South Wales, E. AustraUa, co. Durham, 12 m, N.W, Clarence, in a fine grazing district, between Paterson and William rivers. Wallazet, a pa. of Engl., co, and 20 m. N.E. Chester. Area 3,240 ac. Pop. 6,261, Wall-Bottle, a township of Engl., co. North- umberland, pa. Newburn, Sf m, W.N.W. New- castle-on-Tyne. Pop. 683. Wallditch, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 2 m. E. Bridport. Area 410 ac. Pop. 191. Walldokf, a vill. of Germany, Saxe-Mein- ingen, principality and 4 m. N. Meiningen, on the Werra. Pop. 1,500. — Walldum is a town of Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, in a wild country, 13 m, S,W. Wertheim. Pop. 3,136. Wallenboef (Hung. Olaszi),a,tomi of N. Hun- gary, CO. Zips, on the Hermad, 12 m. S.E. Leut- schau. Pop. 3,000 Wallenfelsis a market town of Bavaria, circ. Tipper Franconia, on the Ro- dach, 7 m. E.N.E. Kronach. Pop. 1,121. Wallenstadt, a lake and small town of Swit- zerland, cant. St Gall ; the lake 11 m. in length, by 2 m. across, 9 m. S.E. the Lake of Zurich, with which it is connected by the Linth canal. Height above the sea, 1,385 feet ; average depth, 600 feet. Shores mntnous. and grand, the pre- cipices along its N. side varying from 2,000 to 3,000 feet in height. It receives the rivers Linth and Seez. The town Wallenstadt, at its E. ex- tremity, pop. 1,800, is a depot for the transit trade between Germany and Italy. Wallebn, a town of Bohemia, circ. Prachin, 30 m. S.S.W. Pisek. Pop. 2,069. Wallers, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, arrond. Valenciennes. Pop. 3,122. Walleestein, a town of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, 30 m. S.S.W. Anspach. Pop. 1,960. It has a castle, the residence of the princes Oettingen- Wallerstein. — Wallhausen is a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. Merseburg, on the Helme, 4 m. W. Sangershausen. Pop. 1,055. Wallingford, a pari, and munic. bor., town, and pa. of England, chiefly in co. Berks, on rt. b. of the Thames, here crossed by a stone bridge of 19. arches, with 4 draw-bridges, 12^ m. N.W. Reading. Area of old borough, comprising four lias., 370 ac. ; pop. 2,780 ; do. of pari, borough, comprising also some parishes in the co. Oxford, 7,780 ac. The town has 3 churches, a town-hall, market-house, small jail, various dissenting cha- pels, several schools, almshouses, and on its N. side are the traces of a castle demolished in 1653. It has some trade in malt, corn, and flour, and communicates by canals with Bath, Bristol, and the central parts of England. Corp. rev, (1848) 364;, The bor, sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 398. It confers the title of Vis- count on the Earl of Banbury. The Wallingford- Boad station of the Great Western railway, 3 m. from the town, is 47i m. N.W. London. Wallinqfobd, two townships, U. S., N. Amer. —I. Connecticut, on the New Haven railw., 23 m. S.W. Hartford. Pop. 2,204.-11, Vermont, on Otter creek, 71 m. S.S.W, Montpelier, P. 1,608. Wallington, several pas. of England.— I. co. Herts, 3 m. E. Baldook. Area 2,150 ac. Pop. 274. The church is an ancient building.— II. co. Norfolk, 3 m. N.N.E. Downham. Area 1,460 ac. WAL 1364 WAL Pop. 77.— Til. a hamlet, CO. Surrey, 3 m. W.N.W. Croydon. Pop. 934. Wallts, a canton of Switzerland. [Valais.] — {Creek), New South Wales, E. Australia, co. Northumberland, flows N., dividing the bors. E. and W. Maitland, and joins the river Hunter. — (Island), same co., in Port-Hunter, opposite Fullarton Cove, lat. 10° 51' S., Ion. 142° 4' E.— IV. Pacific Ocean, Friendly Isls, — {Lake), New South Wales, co. Gloucester, bordering the coast near Cape Hawke. Length 10 m., breadth 5 m. Wallis Island {Uea), the principal of a group in S. Pacific. Lat 13° 24' S., Ion. 176° 10' W. Wallkill, a tnshp., U. S., N. America, New Torlt, on Wallkill river, 18 m. W. Newbnrgh. Pop. 4,268. Wallop, two pas. of England, co. Hants. — I. (Nether), 3.J m. W.N.W. Stockbridge. Area 6,920 ac. Pop. 949.— II. (Over), 6 m. W.N.W. Stockbridge. Area 6,920 ac. Pop. 481. Walls and Flota, a united pa. of Scotland, CO. Orkney, comprising the S. half of the island Hoy, with the islands Flota, Fara, Cava, and Gransay. Pop. 1,153. Walls and Sandness, a united pa. of Scotland, CO. Shetland, comprising the most W. part of the Shetland mainland, and the islands Foula, Linga, Papa-Stour, and Vaila. Pop. 2,449. Wallsend, a pa. of England, co. Northumber- land, 4 m. E.N.E. Newcastle, and intersected by the Newcastle and Shields railway. Area 2,660 ac. Pop. 4,768, chiefly engaged in collieries, hut partly in lime-kilns, manufs. of copperas and earthenwares, and in ship-building. The vill. is large and well built. The Wallsend coal is of very superior quality, and upwards of 2,000,000 tons are annually imported into London. Wallstadt (Gross and Klein), two contigu- ous market towns of Bavaria, circ. Lower Fran- conia, on the Main, 34 m. W.N.W. Wiiraburg. Pop. of fonner 1,317, and of latter 1,806. Wall-Town, a tnshp. of England, co. North- umberland, pa. Haltwhistle, and supposed to occupy the site of the Koman station Vindolana. Walmeb, a pa. of England, co. Kent, on the E. coast, 1 m. S.S.W. Deal, in the bor. of which it is comprised. Area 730 ac. Pop. 2,170. The vill. Upper Walmer adjoins Deal; and separated from it on the S.E., is Lower Walmer, on rising ground near the shore, containing the church, partly of Norman architectm'e, some good resi- dences, and marine vills., and resorted to for sea- bathing. Facing the sea, opposite the Downs, is Walmer castle, built by Henry viii., now fitted up for the use of the Lord- Warden of the Cinque- ports, and the frequent residence of the Duke of Wellington in that official capacity. Walmerslet, a tnshp. of England, Co. Lanca- shire, pa. and IJ m. N. Bury. Pop. 4,880. Walmesqate, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 8 m. N.N.W. Spilsby. Area 920 ac. Pop. 84. Walnbt Island, a chapelry of England, form- ing the most W. land of the co. Lancaster, be- tween Morecambe bay and the estuary of the Duddon, and insulated at high water, pa. Dalton- in-Fnrness, 4 m. S.W.Dalton. Pop. 335. Length of island N. to S. 9 m., average breadth 1 m. At its S. extremity. Is a lighthouse, rising to 70 feet above the sea, in lat. 64° 2' 9' N., Ion. 3° 10' 6' W. ; and near this the " Pile of Fowdrey," a castle formerly of great strength, erected in 1327 for the protection of the harbour. Walnut, several tnshps., U. S., N. America, Ohio.-^I. CO. Fairfield, on the Ohio canal. Pop. 2,096.-11. CO. Holmes. Pop. 1,099.-111. co. Pickaway, on the Scioto. Pop. 1,798, Walpole, two tnshps., U. S., N. America.— I. New Hampshire, 43 m. W.S.W. Concord. Pop. 2,016. In this township, the Connecticut river suddenly contracts from a width of 350 feet to 16 feet, forming Bellows Falls. — WalpoU Island, Pacific Ocean, is E. of New Caledonia. Lat. 22° 40' S., Ion. 169° 2' E. Walpole, several pas. of England. — I. co. Suf- folk, 3 m. S.W. Halesworth. Area 1,760 ac. Pop. 616— n. (St Andrew), CO. Norfolk, 71 m. W.S.W. Lynn-Regis. Area 3,150 ac. Pop. 665. — III. (iS* Peter), same Co., 7^ m. W.S.W. Lynn-Regis. Area 6,120 ac. Pop. 1,335. It has a handsome church, built' in the reign of Henry vi. Walsall, a pari, and munic. bor., town, and pa. of England, co. Stafford, on an eminence be- side the Tame, and on a branch of the London and N.W. railway, 8 m. N.N.W. Birmingham. Area of pa. 7,920 ac. Pop. 20,852. Pop. of pari. bor. 19,654 ; do. of munic. bor. and town, 7,396. The town has a handsome new church in a commanding situation ; St Paul's chapel ; two Roman Catholic and various other chapels ; an old town-hall and jail ; a grammar school, annual rev. 800{. ; almshouses, national blue-coat and other schools ; subscription and news-rooms. Saddlers' and coachmakers' ironmongery and domestic iron utensils are the staple articles of trade ; and it has several brass and iron foundries, extensive coal and lime works, and a consider- able trade in malt. Corp. rev. (1848) 2,812?. The town was fortified by Ethelfleda, daughter of Alfred, and was a royal demesne at the Conquest. It is a polling place for co., and sends one mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 3&S.—WabaU Foreign is a tnshp., comprising that part of the pa. beyond the munic. boundary. Pop. 13,467. WALSCHEro, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Meurthe, arrond. & 7 m. S.E. Sarrebourg. Pop. 1,783. — Walseheidt is a vill. of Rhenish Prussia, reg. Treves, circ. and 6 m. N. Sarrebriick. Walsden, a tnshp. of England, co. Lancaster, pa. Rochdale, 10 m. E. Haslingden, on the Lan- cashire and Yorkshire Railway. Pop. 3,383. Walsham (Nobth), a market town and pa, of England, co. Norfolk, near the river Ant, which is navigable from Yarmouth to Walsham, 6 m. from the E. coast, and J4 m. N.N.E. Norwich. Area of pa. 4,010 ac. Pop. 2,656. The town consists chiefly of 3 streets diverging from a centre. It has a gTammer school, in which Lord Nelson re- ceived a part of his education, several minor charities, a theatre, &c. In the pa. are extensive water mills ; and 1 m. S. the town is a stone cross erected to commemorate a victory of Bishop Spencer and others over a band of rebels in 1381. —II. (South), a vill. and dist., 11 m. W.N.W. Yarmouth ; the dist. comprising two pas. with an area of 3,300 ac. Pop. 613 III. (in the Willows), a pa., CO. Suffolk, 5 m. E. Ixworth. Area 2,760 ac. Pop. 1,265. Walsinoham (Little or New), a market town and pa. of England, co. Norfolk, on the Stiffkev. 5 m, S.E. Wells. Area of pa. 860 ac. Pop. 1,1,56 — IL (Great or Old), a pa. 1 m. N.E. New Wal- singham. Area 2,170 ac. Pop. 426. Walsoken, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 1 m. N.E. Wisbeach, with a station on a branch of the East Anglian railway. Area 8,800 ac. P. 2,562. Walseode, a town of Hanover, landr. and 46 m. S. W. Liineburg, on the Bohme. Pop. 2,061, who manuf. woollen cloth, straw hats, paper, & chicory. Walston, a pa. of Scotland, co,- Lanark, 6 m. N. Biggar. Area 3,000 ac. Scots. Pop. 493, of whom 101 are in the vill. Walston, besides which it contains the vill. Elsridgehill. WAL 1365 WAL Waltenbero (Hung. ZiVoA), a mai-ket town of Transylvania, eo. Szolnok, 39 m. N.W. Klausen- biirg. Pop. 8,450, mostly agricultui'al. Waltbrsdokf, several vSls. of Germany.— I. Saxony, circ. Bautzen, on the Bohemian frontier, 7 m. W. Zittau. Pop. 1,470.-11. oiro. Zwickau, S. Freiburg.- III. Prussian Silesia, reg. and 40 m. S.W. Breslau. Pop. 1,380.— IV. prov. Bran- denburg, reg. Potsdam, 38 m. S. Berlin V. E. Prussia, reg. Konigsberg. — VI. gi-and-duchy Saxe- Weimar, 7 m. E.S.E. Weyda. Waltershausen, a town of Central Germany, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, princip. and 7 m. W.S.W. Gotha, on the Bodewasser. Pop. 3,148. Walterstone, a pa. of England, oo. and 15 m. S.W. Hereford. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 150. Waltham, numerous pas. of England I. co. Lincoln, 4 m. S.S.W. Great Grimsby, with a station on the East Lincolnshire railway. Area 2.350 ac. Pop. 656.— II. (Bright), co. Berks, .5 m. W.S.W. East Ilsley. Area 2,210 ac. Pop. 441.— m.(Cold). [Cold W.tLTHAM.]— IV. {Great),co. Essex, H m. N.N.W. Chelmsford. Area 4,420 ac. Pop. 2,154. — V. (Little), same co., 4 m. N. Chelms- ford. Area 3,330 ac. Pop. 690.— VI. (A^ortA), co. Hants, 6 m. S.W. Basingstoke. Area 1,970 ae. Pop. 494— Vn. (Ob the Wolds), co. Leicester, wilji a vill. formerly a market town, 6 m. N.E. Melton-Mowbray. Area 2,870 ac. Pop. 768 VUL (5/ taurencc), CO. Berks, 5 m. S.W. Maiden- head. Area 3,510 ac. Pop. 724. The Romans had a station on Castleacre in the neighbour- hood. — IX. (Temple),eo. Kent, hundred of Bridge and Petham, adjoining Petham. Area 2,710 ac. Pop. 644. — X. (Vppe^, co. Sussex, 5^ m. S.S.W. Petworth. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 99.— XL (TFJife or Abbas), co. Berks, 3^ m. S.W. Maidenhead. Area 3,200 ac. Pop. 1,021.— XIL (West), a hamlet, co. Essex. [Wajltham-Cross.] Waitham-Abbey, or HoLV Cross, a market town and pa. of England, co. Essex, on the Lea, amidst fine pastures, 13 m. N.N.E. London. Area of pa. 11370 ac. Pop. 4,177. The town is large. The church, partly a portion of a famous abbey, founded in the time of Canute, and restored by Harold 11., is one of the earliest specimens of Norman architecture in England. The Lea is here diverted into several channels, turning 4 powder-mills belonginj^ to the government. Wal- tham has also corn and silk mills, a pin factory, and malt kilns. At Enfleld-lock, 2 m. S., the government has a factory supplying annually about 10,000 percussion muskets. Waltham (Bishop's), a market town and pa. of England, CO. and 10 m. E.N.E. Southampton, on the road between Portsmouth and Win- chester. Area of pa. 6,020 ac. Pop. 2,193. It is neatly built, and on its S. side are the remains of a palace of the bishops of Winchester. Waitham-Cboss, a hamlet of England, co. Herts, pa. Cheshunt, on the W. side of the river Lea, 1 J m.W.S.W.Walthara Abbey, & deriving its name from a cross erected here at one of the halting-places of the funeral-procession of Elea- nor, queen of Edward 1., on its way to London. Walthamstow, a pa. of Engl., co. Essex, on the Lea, which is here navigable, 7 m. N.N.E. London. Area 3,690 ac. Pop. 4,873. The vill. is chiefly inhabited by wealthy merchants of the metropolis, and is pleasantly situated on the borders of Epping-Forest. Waxtibb, a marit. vill. of British India, presid. Madras, dist. and 3J m. from Vizagapatam, & the actual resid. of the British authorities of that sta. Walton, numerous pas. of England.— I. co. Cumberland, ward Eskdale, 3 m. N. Bramjjton, and coutammg the tnshps. High and Low Wal- ton. Area 4,160 ac. Pop. 440. The pa. con- tains Castlesteads, or Cambeck-fort, a ruin sur- rounded by a grove of oaks.— II. co. Sufifolk, on tlie co^t, 10 m. S.E. Ipswich. Area 2,690 ac. rop. 782. Here was formerly a castle of Roman origni.— III. CO. Bucks, 2 m. N.E. Fenny-Strat- ford Area 690 ae. Pop. 103— IV. co. & ainstv York, 2J m, E.S.E. Wetherby. Area 1,670 ac. I'op. 2o4. It has a handsome church V (Car- diff), CO. Gloucester, 1 m. E.S.E. Tewkesbury Area 660 ac. Pop. 69.— VI. (East), co. Norfolk! 6J m. N.W. Swaffham. Area 2,800 ac. Pop i??;~X"- (■^'"')' S- Wales, CO. Pembroke, 6 m. N.E. Haverford-West. Pop. 274.— VIII. (in. Gordano), co. Somerset, 10 m. W. Bristol. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 217 — IX. (on-the-Hill), co. Lan- caster, 3 m. N.E. Liverpool. Area 22,250 ac. Pop. 79,212, partly engaged m cotton manuft. It has several endowed schools and mansions, belonging to Liverpool merchants. — X. co. Surrey, 4J m. S.S.E. Epsom, near the sum- mit of Box-hill. Area 2,670 ac. Pop. 362.— XI. (OH-Sohen), co. Essex, on the coast, 12 m. S.E.' Manningtree. Area 2,200 ac. Pop. 721. The vill. is resorted to as a watering-place, and has a handsome terrace, hotel, & jetty. On the Naze is a brick tower, 80 feet in height, forming a sea- mark. The ancient church was submerged in the sea — XII. (on- Trent), co. Derby, 4 m. S.W. Bur- ton-on-Trent. Area 2,400 ac. Pop. 472. XIII. (West), CO. Norfolk, 3 m. N.N.E. Wisbeach. Area 4,190 ac. Pop. 954.— XIV. (West), S. Wales, CO. Pembroke, on St Bride's Bay, 7 m. W.S.W. Haverford-West. P. 544.— XV. (on-the- Wolds), CO. Leicester, 4 m. E. Loughborough. Area 1,720 ac. Pop. 285.— XVI. (Wood), 00. & 6 m. W.N. W. Huntingdon. Area 3,830 ac. Pop. 273 — XVII. a chapelry, co. Derby, pa. and 2 m. S.W. Chesterfield. Pop. 940 XVIII. a ham- let, CO. Leicester, pa. Knaptoft, 4 m. N.E. Lutter- worth. Area 1,240 ac. Pop. 647.— XIX. (Le Dale), a chapelry, co. Lancaster, pa. Blackburn, on a height beside the Derwent, near the Wyre and Preston railway, 2 m. S.S.E. Preston. Area 4,590 ac. Pop. 6,659, chiefly engaged in cotton manufs. — XX. (Inferior and Superior), tnshps., CO. Chester, pa. Runcorn, on the Mersey and Irwell canal, 2 m. S.S.W. Warrington. Pop. 578. Waxton-upon- Thames, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, on the Thames, here crossed by a bridge, with a station on the London and S.TF. railway, 17 m. W.S.W. London. Area 6,280 ac. Pop. 2,537. The church has some fine monuments ; and in the pa. are many elegant villas and seats, including Apps-Court, on the site of a mansion of Cardinal Wolsey ; Pain's Hill, with fine grounds ; Oatlands, the seat of the late Duke of York. At the vill. Hersham, Lilly the astro- loger died in 1681. On St George's Hill are traces of an ancient camp. Walton, two cos., D. S., N. Amer.— I. Georgia, cap. Monroe. Area 320 sq.m. P. 10,209. — II. in W. part of Florida. Area 1,684 sq. m. Pop. 1,401. Walvisch, or Walfisch BAi,a harbour of S. Africa, extending along its W. coast for 20 m., terminated S.ward by Pelican point, in lat. 22° 62' 6' S., Ion. 14° 27' E., & frequented by whaling vessels (whence its name). Walworth, a chapelry of Engl., co. Surrey, pa. Newington-Butts, a suburb of the metropolis, 2i m. S. St Paul's, London. Pop. 23,299. Walworth, a co., V. S., N. Amer., in S. part of Wisconsin. Area675sq. m. Pop. 2,611.— HI. a tnshp., U. S., New York, 18 m. N.W. Lyons. Pop. 1734. WAL 1366 WAR Walwyn's-Casti-e, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Peru- I broke, 6 m. S.W. Haverford-West. Pop. 338. Vambbeohies, a comm. and market town of France, dep. Nord, arrond. and 4 m. N. Lille. Pop. 3,642. ■Wambbook, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 2 m. S.W. Chard. Area 2,060 ao. Pop. 223. Wamphbay, a pa. of Scotland, co. Dumfries, on theWamphray, an affl. of the Annan, with a station on the Caledonian railway, 6 m. 1S.E. Beattock. Area about 12,000 ac. Pop. 609. Wanas, a town Of Sweden, Isen Linkoping, with an important fortress at the month of the canal of Gotha, in Lake Wettern. Wanbobodgh, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 3J m. E.S.E. Swindon. Area 4,440 ac. Pop. 992. Wandeksleben, a market town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 10 m. S.W. Erfurt, cap. a small dist. surrounded by Saxe-Gotha. Pop. 1,025. Wandipoob, a town of Bootan, 18 m. E. Tas- sisudon, on an isolated rock, and having many ecclesiastical establishments. Wahdiwash, a town of British India, presid. and 58 m. S.W. Madras, dist. S. Arcot. Here, in 1760, the French were defeated by the British. WANDBf, a vill. of Belgium, prov. and 4 m. E.N.E. Liege. Pop. 2,000. Wandsbek, a mkt. town of Denmark, duchy Holstein, 3 m. N.E. Hamburg, on the Wands. Pop. 4,200. It has a royal castle and park, and 4 well frequented annual fairs. It is a favourite summer resort of the merchants of Hamburg. Wandsworth, a pa. and large vill. of England, CO. Surrey, on the Wandle, near its mouth in the Thames, on the S.W. railway, 5 m. S.W. London. Area of pa. 1,820 ac. Pop. 7,614. The vill., on and between two low hills, has numerous manu- factories for bolting cloths, vinegar, white lead, and other chemical products, distilleries, calico- printing, and iron works, linseed oil, flour and other mills, wrought by water-power. A tram- road, formed between it and Croydon at the com- mencement of this century, at a coast of 6O,00OZ., has long proved totally useless. Around the vill. are many handsome detached mansions. Wanfbied, a walled town of Germany, Hessen- Cassel, prov. Lower Hessen, cap. dist., on the Werra, 5 m. E. Eschwege. Pop. 2,045. Wanoanot, a river of New Zealand, N. island, enters the ocean on its W. coast, 60 m. S.E. New Plymouth. On it is the village Petre. Wawoabi, Wangabubu, and Wahgaeoa, three bays of New Zealand, on the E. coast of North island, and respectively 65, 110, and 140 m. N.N.W. Auckland. — Wangaroa is also a harbour and river, 63 m. S. Auckland. Wahgen, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Danube, cap. dist., on the Ober-Argen, 60 m. S.W. TJlm. Pop. 1,456. — II. a town of Switzerland, cap. Bern, on the Aar, 6 m. W. Aarwangen. Pop. 1,710. Wanqbbin, a town of Prussian Pomerania, reg. Stettin, 24 m. N.E. Stargard. Pop. 1,450. Wangeboog, or Wangeroge, an island of N. Germany, grand duchy Oldenburg, in the N. Sea, off the estuary of the Jahde and Weser. Lat. of lihgt-house 63° 47' 6" N., Ion. 7° 51' 5' £. Pop. 260. It has extensive oyster beds. Wangfobd, two pas. of Engl., co. Suffolk. — I. 3 m. N.W. Southwold. Area 2,310 ac. Pop. 818.— II. 3* m. S.W. Brandon- Ferry. Area 3,160 ac. Pop. 46. Wankaneee, a town of India, Baroda dom., peninsula Gujerat, 70 m. N.N.E. Joonaghur. Waklip, a pa. of England, co. Leicester, 3 m. 5 S.E. Mount Sorrel. Area 1,860 ac. Pop. 122. Want.ook-Head, a mining viil. of Scotland, co. Dumfries, at the head of the Wanlock rivulet, 5 J m. E.N.E. Sanquhar, and 1,380 feet above the sea. Pop. 770, employed in mines belonging to the Duke of Bucoleuoh, which yields chiefly lead ore, but also small quantities of copper, manga- nese, and gold. The neat vill., on a hill-side amidst fine mntn. scenery, has a new church, and a miners' library of a superior character. Wansen, a to?m of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 23 m. E.S.E. Breslau, on the Ohlau. Pop. 1,670. Wansfokd, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, with a station on the Peterborough branch of the London & N.W. railway, 7 m. W. Peterborough. Area 600 ac. Pop. 205. Wanstead, a pa. of England, co. Essex, on the Boding, 6 m. N.E. London. Area 1,920 ao. Pop. 1,608. It has an orphan asylum, founded in 1841. Wanstbow, a pa. of 'England, co. Somerset, 6 m. N.E. Bruton. Area 2,060 ac. Pop. 438. Wantage, a pa. and market town of England, CO. Berks, in the vale of the White-horse, on a branch of the Ock, and of the Wilts and Berks canal, 3 m. S. the Great Western railway, 21 m. W.N.W. Beading. Area of pa. 7,530 ac. Pop. 3,660. The town has a handsome cruci- form church, almshouses, and other charities, some mauufs. of sacking, twine, & coarse cloths, and an active trade in malt and corn. Here, in 849, Alfred the Great was born, and a festival commemorating the 1000th year since his birth, was held 2oth October 1849. Wantage, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New Jer- sey, bordering on New York state. Pop. 3,908. Wantisden, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 3 m. W.N.W. Oxford. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 110. Wantcng (Nobth and South), two islets in the Canton river, China, between the islands Anunghoy and Ty-cock-tow, the former strongly fortified by the Chinese, & the latter temporarily by the British in the late war. Wantzenau (La), a comm. and vill. of France, dep. B. Rhin, near the Rhine, 6 m. N.N.E. Stras- bourg. Pop. 2,343. WANZLEBEN,a walled town of Prussian Saxony, reg. & 10 m. S.W. Magdeburg, cap. circ. P. 3,010. Wapenbuey, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 5 m. N.N.W. Southam. Area 1,560 ac. Pop. 260. Waplet, a pa. of Engl., co. Gloucester, 2 m. S.S.W. Chipping-Sodbury. Ac. 1,630. Pop. 366. Wappenham, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 4m.W.S.W. Towcester. Area2,980ac. P. 641. Wapping, a pa. of Engl., co. ^liddlesex, 2 m. E.S.E. St Paul's, London, and forming a suburb of the metropolis, bordering the Thames, on which are many large warehouses, and the en- trances from the Thames to the London docks. Area 38 ac. Pop. 4,108. It is comprised in the metropolitan bor. Tower-Hamlets. Wara, a town of Central Africa, state Bergoo, 250 m. W.S.W. Kobbe. Wakangol, or Warakgdi., a city of India, Deccan, Nizam's dom., 87 m. N.E. Hyderabad. Warasdin (Hung. Varasd), a fortified town of Austrian Croatia, cap. co., on the Drave, 28 m. N.N.E. Agram. Pop. 9,151. It has a Roman Catholic college, a high school, manufs. of stone- wares, silks, tobacco, & vinegar. In the vicinity are sulphur baths, and extensive vineyards. Wakeerg, a seaport town of S. Sweden, laen and 36 m. N'W. Halmstad, on the Kattegat. Pop. 1,691. its harbour is safe and convenient. It is much frequented in summer for sea-bathing. Waebleton, a pa. of Engl., co. Sussex, 5^ ra. N.N.E. Hailsham. Area, with pa. of Heathfield, 14,390 ac. Pop. 1,300. Wabblington, a pa. of England, co. Hants, WAR 1367 WAR near the border of Sussex, 1 m. S.E. Havant Area 2,390 ac. Pop. 2,259. It has an ancient church, and picturesque ruins of a castle. Wakbobodgh, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 3 m. N. Wallingford. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 737. Wabbots, a pa. of Engl., co. Huntingdon, 4 m. S.S.E. Ramsay. Area 8,510 ac. Pop. 1,800. Warbstow, a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 7J m. N.E. Camelford. Area 4,180 ac. Pop. 503. Wabbubo, a walled town of Prussian West- phalia, reg. and 57 m. S.S.E. Minden, cap. circ, on the Diemel. Pop. 3,500. It has manufs. of linens and tobacco. Vabbubton, a pa. of Engl., co. Chester, 6 m. E. Warrington. Area 3,150 ac. Pop. 509. Wabcop, a pa. of England, co. Westmoreland, Sm.W.N.W.Brough. Area 10,020 ac. Pop. 705. Wabdkih (Gboss), a foi-tified town of S.E. Hungary. [Gbosswabdein.T— (Sein Wardein, Bung, iis, or little, Varaa), is a Till, of N. Hungary, co. Szabolcs, 15 m. N.E. Batka. Wabdeh, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Kent, 6} m. E. Queenborongh. Area 220 ac. P. 52 II. CO. Northumberland, 2J m. N.W. Hexham. Area 16,520 ac.. Pop. 532.— lU. (Old), co. Bed- ford, 3i m. W. Biggleswade. Area 3,330 ac. Pop. 6Sb. [Chipping- Warden.] Wabdingtos, a chapelry of EngL, co. Ox- ford, 4j m. N.E. Banbury. Pop. 884. Wardieworth, a township of Engl., co. Lan- cashire, pa. and IJ m. N. Rochdale. Pop. 11,400. Wabdlet, a pa. of Engl., co. Rutland, 2^ m. W. Uppingham. Area 1,550 ac. Pop 69. Wabdob, an island off the E. extremity of Finmark, Norway, with the vill. Wardoehnus. The Tin. is an outport of Hammerfest. Ware, a market town and pa. of Engl., co. & 2i m. E.N.E. Hertford, on the Enfield branch of the E. cos. railway. Area 4,430 sq. m. Pop. 4,653. The town, on I. b. of the Lea, which here flows with great rapidity, is well built, has a large cruciform church, and an actiTC trade in grain, sent to Loudon down the Lea in barges, which return with coals. In the town is pre- served the " great bed of Ware," 12 feet square, and of uncertain origin and use. The town was founded by Edward the Elder, at the place of a wear or dock, preTiously formed by the iuTading Danes, and here are some remains of an ancient priory, and the head springs of the New RiTcr, by which water is conTeyed for the supply of the H. part of the metropolis. — II. (Ware-, or Wear- Gifford), a pa., co. DcTon, 2i m. N.W. Great Torrington. Area 1,670 ac. Pop. 576. Ware, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer., in S. part of Georgia, cap. Waresborough. Area 3,440 sq. m. Pop. 2,323. In it is Okefinoke swamp, 280 m. in circ IL a township of Massachusetts, on the Ware, 22 m. S.E. Northampton. Pop. 1,890, of whom 1,500 are in the village. Waeeham, a pari, and munic. bor. and town of Engl., CO. Dorset, between the Frome and Piddle, each here crossed by a bridge, about 1 m. from their mouths in Poole harbour, and with a station on the S.W. railway, 15i m. E.S.E. Dor- chester. Area of munic. bor. 4,880 ac. Pop. 2,746. Area of pari, bor., comprising Corfe- Caatle, Bere-Regis, &c., 22,890 ac. Pop. 6,646. The town is laid out with great regularity, and surrounded by an earth rampart, between which and the streets are many gardens for market produce, and traces of ancient buildings. It has a church, a Tery old structure, an Independent free school, other endowed schools, almshouses, and Tarious minor charities, and a union work- house Some manufs. of stockings, shirt-buttons. and straw plait, are carried on. About 10,000 tons of pipe-clay are annually exported, and large quantities of garden produce are sent to Poole ; but its trade has declined with the shal- lowing of its harbour, and it is now only acces- sible by small craft. Its salmon fishery, formerly important, is at present all but abandoned. With Corfe-Castle it sends 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 424. Wi^HAM, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Massachusetts, on Buyyard Bay, 45 m. S.S.E. Boston. Pop. 2,002. It has a wharf accessible for Tessels of 200 tons. Waeehorne, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 7 m. S.S.W. Ashford Area 2,720 ac. Pop. 428. Wabem, or Waeemme, a small town of Bel- gium, cap. cant., prov. and 13 m. W. Liege, on railway between Brussels and Cologne. P. 1,600. Waren, a town of N. Germany, Mecklenb.- Schwerin, duchy and 54 m. E.S.E. Schwerin, cap. dist., on Lake Miiritz. Pop. 4,861, who manuf. woollen & linen stuffs, leather & tobacco pipes. Waeendobf, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. & 16 m. E. Mtinster, cap. circ, on the Ems. Pop. 4,250. It was formerly fortified, and has manufs. of bombazines, cotton, and linen stuffs. Wareslet, a pa. of England, co. Huntingdon, 51 m. S.E. St Neot's. Area 2,150 ac. Pop. 226. Wabfield, a pa. of England, co. Berks, 5 m. E.N.E. Wokingham. Area 3,450 ac. Pop. 1,317. Wargravb, a pa. of England, co. Berks, 5^ m. N.E. Reading. Area 4,260 ac. Pop. 1,739. Wabham, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 3 m. N. Walsingham. Area 2,900 ac. Pop. 337. Warhem, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, 7 m. S.E. Dunkerque. P. 2,571 Warinis a town of N. Germany, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on a small lake, 12 m. S.E. Wismar. Pop. 1,383. Wabingstown, a market town of Irel., Ulster, CO. Down, 6J m. E. Portadowru Pop. 825, em- ployed in extensive cambric and linen manufs. Wark, a pa. of England, co. Northumberland, lOi m. N.N. W. Hexham. Area 26,090 ac. P. 940. Waekley, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 5 m. W.S.W. South-Molton. Area 3,690 ae. P. 291. Warkton, a pa. of England, co. Northampton, 2 m. E.N.E. Kettering. Area 1,810 ac. P. 313. Warkworth, a pa. and vill. of England, co. Northumberland, on the Coquet, which nearly surrounds it, 1 m. from the N. Sea, and here crossed by an ancient stone bridge, with a station on the Newcastle and Berwick railway, 6J m. S.E. Alnwick. Area of pa. 15,110 ac. Pop. 3,512. Warkworth castle, on the S. b. of the Coquet, is much dilapidated, but commands a magnificent view. About 1 m. distant is Warkworth hermit- age, on the richly wooded bank of the Coquet. — II. a pa., CO. Northampton, IJ m. E.N.E Ban- bury. Area 2,370 ac. Pop. 42. WABi.EGGAN,apa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 5^ m. E.N.E. Bodmin. Area 1,930 ac. Pop. 277. Warlet, two pas. of England, co. Essex.— I. (Great), 3* m. S. Brentwood. Area 1,990 ac. Pop. 696.— II. (.Little), 3J m. S.S.E. Brentwood. Area 2,140 ac. Pop. 216.— III. (Wigom), a town- ship, CO. Worcester, pa. and 3 m. E.N.E. Hales- Owen. Pop. 964. Warlinoham, a pa. of Engl., co. Surrey, 5 m. S.S.E. Croydon. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 512. Wabloi-Baillon, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Somme, 13 m. N.E. Amiens. Pop. 2,092. Waembrunn, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 31 ra. S.W. Liegnitz, on the Zacken. Pop. 2 506. It has sulphur baths, and manufs. of huens. ' WsBMFiELD, a pa. of Engl., co. York, W. Rid- ing, 3 m. E. Wakefield. Area 3,000 ac. P. 1,060. ■WAR 1368 WAR Wabminsham, a pa. of Engl., co, Chester, 3J m. W. Sandbach. Area 4,210 ao. Pop. 1,896. Wabminqhcbst, a pa. of England, oo. Sussex, 5^' m. N.W. Steyning. Area 870 ao. Pop. 117. "Warminotow, two pas. of Engl I. co. North- ampton, 3^ m. N.E. Oundle. Area 3,150 ao. Pop. 640. — II. (and Arlescote), co. Wai'wick, 5J m. S.E. Kineton. Area 1,720 ao. Pop. 496. Warminsteb, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. Wilts, at the W. extremity of Sa1isbur]%>1ain, on the Willey, 21 m. W.N.W. Salisbury. Area of pa. 5,450 ac. Pop. 6,211. The town consists principally of one street. Its woollen manuf., formerly important, has declined; hair-cloth weaving and malting are principal branches of industry, and it has an active trade in corn at weekly markets on Saturday. Near it many Ro- man antiquities have been discovered ; and ates- selated pavement, found at Pitmead, 2 m. E., is now deposited at Longleat, the magnificent seat of the Marquis of Bath, lord of the manor, 4J m. distant, on the border of Somersetshire. Wakmsworth, a pa. of England, co. York, W. Riding, 2^ m.S.W.Doncaster. Ac. 1,010. P. 368. Wabmwell, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 6^ m. S.E. Dorchester. Area 1,840 ao. Pop. 94. Warnborough (South), a pa. of England, co. Hants, 3 m. S.S.W. Odiham. Area 2,670 ac. Pop. 371.— II. (North). [Odiham.] Wabndon, a pa. of Engl., co. and 3 m. E.N.E. Worcester. Area 1,120 ao. Pop. 187. WAENEMiJNDE, a seapoTt town of N. Germany, Mecklenburg-Sohwerin, at the mouth of the War- now, in the Baltic, 7 m. N.N.W. Rostock, of which it is the outport. Pop. 1,150. Warner, a township, D. S., N. America, New Hampshire, 17 m. W.N.W. Concord. Pop. 2,139. Wabnetoh, or Waerten, a frontier town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, on the Lys, 8 m. S.E. Tpres. Pop. (1842) 5,983, engaged in manufs. of chocolate and starch ; breweries, & salt refineries. Warnford, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 6 m. N.E. Bishop's- Waltham. Area 2,690 ac. P. 381. Warnham, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 2^ m. N.N.W. Horsham. Area 4,670 ao. Pop. 1,007. Wabhins (Mocht), New South Wales, E. Aus- tralia, CO. Rous, on the Tweed, is in lat. 28° 24' S,, Ion. 153° 15' E., and 3,300 feet in elevation. Warnsfield, or Warnsveld, a village of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, cap. dist., 22 m. S.W. Arnhem. Pop. 1,900. Warpsgeove, a pa. of Engl., co. Oxford, 3^ m. E. Stadhampton. Area 460 ac. Pop 23. Warbee, a town of Guinea, in the delta of the Niger, 58 m. S. Benin. Lat. 5° 32' N., Ion. 5° 28' E. Wabben, a pa. of S. Wales, co. & 6 m. S.S.W. Pembroke. Pop. 117. Wabben, numerous cos., IT. S., N. America. — I. New Tork, in its N.E. part, W. Lake George. Area 912 sq. m., mostly a mntnous. wilderness. Pop. 13,422. — II. New Jersey, bounded W. by Delaware river. Area 350 sq. m. Pop. 20,366. — ^III. in N.W. part of Pennsylvania, cap. War- ren. Area 832 sq. m. Pop. 9,278.— IV. in N. part of Virginia, on the Shenandoah. Area 200 sq. m. Pop. 6,627.— V. in N. part of N. Caro- lina. Area 391 sq. m. Pop. 12,919.— VI. in E. part of Georgia, cap. Warrenton. Area 560 sq. m. Pop. 9,789. — VU. state & on the Mississippi, watered by the Yazoo, Area 600 sq. m. Pop. 15,820, of whom 10,493 are slaves VIII. near the centre of Tennessee. Area 960 sq. m. Pop. 10,803.— IX. in S.W. part of Kentucky. Area 612 sq. m. Pop. 16,446.— X. Oliio, in its S. part, on the Miami river, cap, Lebanon. Area 400 sq. m. Pop. 23,141. Here are some remarkable ancient mounds. — XI. Indiana, in its W. part, watered by the Wabash. Area 360 sq.m. Pop. 5,656.— XII. in W. part of Illinois. Area 900 sq. m. Pop, 6,739. — XIII. state and bounded by the Missouri. Area 360 sq. m. Pop. 4,253. — Also, numerous townships. — I. Maine, cap. co. Lincoln, on St George river, 27 m. S.E. Augusta. Pop. 2,228.-11. Massachusetts, 66 m. W.S.W. Boston, and on the Worcester and Springfield railroad. Pop. 1,290.-111. Rhode Island, 14 m. S.E. Pro- vidence, on Narragansett Bay, on which it has a good harbour. Pop. 2,437, partly engaged in ship-building.— IV. New York, 64 m. N.W. Al- bany. Pop. 2,003 V. New Jersey, 6 m. N.E. Somerville. Pop. 1,601. — VI. Pennsylvania, cap. CO. Warren, on the Alleghany, 206 m. N.W. Har- risburg. Pop. 737. The bor. is regularly laid out, and has a court-house, jail, academy, and co. of- fices. — VII. Pennsylvania, 17 m. N.E. Towanda. Pop. 1,308.— VIII. Ohio, cap. co. Trumbull, on the Mahoning river and Pennsylvania and Ohio canal. Pop. 1,996. — IX. co. Belmont, containing Barnsville. Pop. 2,408. — X. eo. Jefferson. Pop. 1,946.— XI. CO. Tuscarawas. Pop. 1,173 XU. Indiana, co. Marion. Pop. 1,374 XIII. co. Putnam. Pop. 2,201. — There are many others in the N. states. — Warrensburg is a township. New York, at the confl. of the Schroon with the Hud- son, 69 m. N. Albany. Pop. 1,468. Warrenpoint, a market town and pa. of Irel, Ulster, CO. Down, at the mouth of the Newry in Lough CarUngford, 6 m. S.E. Newry. Area of pa. 1,178 ac. Pop. 2,045; do. of town, 1,540. It is well built, clean, & resorted to for sea-bathing. Warrington, a pari, and munic. bor., town, pa., and township of Engl., co. Lancaster, 6 m. S. Newton, on the Mersey, here crossed by a bridge, and equi-distant between Liverpool & Stockport, with which towns, and with Manchester and Pres- ton, it is connected by the N.W. railway and branches. Area of pa. 12,260 ac. Pop. 21,901. The pari. bor. comprises only the townships of Warrington & Latchford, with portions of Thel- wall township. Pop. 21,116. Principal edifices, a massive church of Saxon origin, numerous dis- senting chapels, the town-hall, sessions-house, market-honse, with assembly rooms, several cloth halls, the theatre, infirmary, school for orphan daughters of the clergy, several conspicuous anc. buildings around the market place, besides the cotton and other mills and factories which employ most of the pop. Its grammar school has an annual rev. of between 700Z. andSOOZ., and is free to natives of Lancashire or Cheshire ; the Bine- coat school has an annual rev. of 450Z. ; and here in 1757 was founded the academy out of which grew the central Unitarian college, afterwards transferred to York, and now seated at Manches- ter, A subscription library was established in 1758 ; and here the first newspaper in Lancashire, and first stage coach in England, were started. Principal manufs. are of fustians, twills, cordu- roys, and other cotton goods, sail-cloth, sacking, glasswares, hardwares, files, and other tools of the finest quality, pens, soap, and leather ; and Warrington is famous for its ale. The Mersey is navigable np to the bridge for vessels of 100 tons burden. Warrington has been erected into a munic. bor., and sends 1 member to H. of C. Reg. elects. (1848) 736. Corp. rev. (1846) l,796i. The town is of high antiquity. In the civil wars it was the place of many actions between the royal and parliamentary forces. Warrington, a vill., U. S., N. America, Vir- ginia, 50 m. W. Washington. Pop. 1,300. WAR 1369 WAR Wakrior Mark, a township, TJ. S., N. Amer., Pennsylvania, on Bald Eagle creek, 108 m. W. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,689. Wabsaw (Pol. WarszaipOf Germ. WarscJiau, Fren. Far«ovie), cap. of the kingdom Poland, and on 1. b. of the Vistula, across which it communi- cates by a bridge of boats with its fortified suburb Praga. Lat. of observatory, 52° 13' 5' N., Ion. 21* 2' 9' E. Pop. (1844) 154,078, of whom 35,000 were Jews. Mean temp, of year, 44° .1 ; winter, 24° .9 ; summer, 63° .2 Fahr. The city, surrounded by ramparts & trenches, and several suburbs, has a fine appearance from the N. &. £., but internally it presents striking contrasts of magnificence and misery, its streets being ill-paved & lighted, and its stone buildings interspersed with hovels of timber. Principal edifices, the Zamehj a vast palace of the former kings of Poland, now an im- ?erial residence, and containing the hall of the olish diet, and archives of the kingdom; the Saxon palace, having attached to it fine gardens open to the public ; the government palace, con- taining the national theatre, custom-house, high tribunals, and gov. offices, and also having at- tached to it gardens, which are a fashionable place of resort ; the Casimir palace, with a statue of Copernicus ; modem palace of the minister of finance, new exchange, Briihl and Radzivil pa- laces; many colossal churches, including the Roman Catholic cathedral of St John, church of the Holy Cross, Augustine, and Alexander churches', the church of St Borromeo, a Lutheran church, and the citadel. The Marieville bazaar is a large square, surrounded by arcades. Warsaw has a Greek-united cathedral, Armenian and English chapels, many synagogues, 6 hospitals, 5 dieatres, barracks, a mint, school of artillery, two colleges replacing its university (suppressed in 1834, and its library of 150,000 vols., removed to St Petersburg), a theological seminary, rab- binical college, observatory, botanic garden, musi- cal conservatory, 2 gymnasia, school of arts, nu- merous Kxissian schools, libraries, and learned associations. Its public places abound with sta- tues ; the principal of these are the bronze statue of Sigismund in., and the equestrian group of Poniatowski. It is furnished with some of the finest promenades of any European city, and m the immediate vicinity is a villa, formerly the re- sidence of Stanislaus Augustus, contammg fine paintings, and surrounded by public grounds, in which is an equestrian statue of John Sobieski. Warsaw has mamife. of woollen and linen fabrics, hosiery, hats, gold and silver wares, saddlery, paper, and tobacco, chemical and cotton-prmtmg works, numerous breweries, &c. It is the centre of industry, commerce, and literary activity ot the kingdom, and the great entrepot of com- merce in Poland; it is the seat of the national bank, and has large fairs in May and September, frequented by merchants of both Europe and Asia. It communicates by railway S. w. past Czenstochau with Cracow and the Austrian lines of railway. Warsaw succeeded Cracow as the cap. of Poland in 1566. In 1807, it was made cap. of the grand duchy of Warsaw. Since 181.J, it has been cap. of the kingdom of Poland, a de- pendency of Russia. In 1»?0, the Russians were driven from it by the Poles, but they retook it m 1831. [Poland.] . »t i^ i Warsaw, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, cap. CO. Wyoming, near Lake Erie. Pop. 2,841. —Also Numerous vills. in the U. S., N. America. Warsop, a pa. of Engl., co. Nottingham, 5 m. N N.E. Mansfield. Area 6,710 ac. Pop. 1,384. Wabstf.is, a town of Prussian Westphalia rcg. and 13 m. E. Arnsberg, on the Weester. Pop. 2,100. Warta, or Wartha, a river of Poland and Gei-many, its basin lying between those of the Oder and Vistula, rises 36 m. N.W. Cracow, flows N. and W. through a level, and in many parts mai'shy, country, in Russian and Prussian Poland, and joins the Oder at Kustrin, prov. Brandenburg, after a course of 450 m. Chief affl., the Netze, from the E., by a canal from which, it is connected with the Vistula ; other tri- butaries are the Widawka and Ner from the E., Obra and Prosna from the S., which last forms the boundary betw. Poland and Prussian Silesia. Wakta, a town of Poland, prov. and 24 m. E. Ealice, cap. co., on the Warta. Pop. 2,000.-11. a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 43 in. S.S.W. Breslau, on the Neisse. Pop. 1,110. It has a church greatly resorted to in pilgrimage. WABTBORa, a castle, Germany. [Eisesach.] Wartenbdro, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 60 m. S. Kiinigsberg, on the Piseha and Kermes. Pop. 3,100. It has a castle, 3 Roman Catholic churches, and an hospital. — Alt-Wartenburg is a vill. adjacent, on the W.— II. a village, Prussian Saxony, reg. Merseburg, 8 m. E.S.E. Wittenberg, near the Elbe. Here in 1813, Bliicher defeated the French. — Wartenfels is a market town of Ba- varia, circ. Upp. Franconia, 20 m. N. Bayreuth. Warter, a pa. of England, co. York, E. Rid- ing, 5 m. E.N.E. Pocklington. Area 6,960 ac. Pop. 439. Warthili., a pa. of Engl., co. & 5i m. E.N.E. York, N. & E. Ridings. Area 860 ac. Pop. 159. Wartling, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 4^ m. E.S.E. Hailsham. Area 4,880 ac. Pop. 962. Wabton, apa. of England, co. and 6 m. N.N.E. Lancaster. Area 10,470 ac. Pop. 2,209. It has an endowed grammar school. i — II. a tnshp,, same CO., pa. and 3 m. S.S.W. Kirkham. Pop. 522. Warwick, a pari, and munio. bor., and town of Engl., cap. CO., near its centre, on rt. b. of the Avon, here crossed by a single-arclied stone bridge, and on canals connecting it with Birming- ham and Napton, 2J m. W. Leamington, & 20 m. S.E. Birmingham. Area of bor. 5,360 ac. Pop. 9,776. It is regularly laid out, and well built. At either end. of the town is a gateway, the western surmounted by a beautiful ancient chapel ; and Warwick has 2 pa. churches, one with a tower 130 feet in height, and several remarkable monu- ments ; a court-house, co. hall, jail & bridewell, market-house, with the museum of the Warwick- shire natural history and archffiological society ; public library, chapels of Independents, Friends, Wesleyans, Unitarians, and Baptists ; a grammar school, with 2 exhibitions at Oxford university, and occasionally others at Cambridge; Leices- ter's hospital for aged brethren, annual revenue 2 000?. ; alms-houses and numerous other cha- rities, aggregate revenue nearly 4,500L annually. Between the town and river, on a steep acclivity beside the Avon, is Warwick castle, seat of the Earl of Warwick, and perhaps the most pertect and magnificent feudal fortress in England, still used as a residence. It is supposed to have been founded by Ethelfleda, daughter of King Alfred, has some conspicuous portions named Guy s and Caisar's towers, contains a fine collection ot pictures, and is surrounded on both sides of the river by grounds, in a part of which is kept the noble Warwick vase, found in a lake near Tivoli. Around Warwick are many remains of monastic establishments. The town has several banks, a manuf. of hats, a worsted and silk mill, jind iron foundry. Corp. rev. (1848) 2,355i. Markets, "WAR 1370 WAS Tuesday and Saturday. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 787. Warwick, a pa. of Engl., co. Cumberland, on the Eden, 4 m, E.N.E. Carlisle. Ac. 2,070. P. 645. Wabwiok, several tnshps., U. S., N. America. — I. Rhode island, on Narragansett Bay, 10 m. S.W. Providence. Pop. 6,726. It has good harbours, and valuable fisheries. — II. New York, 26 m. S.W. Newburg. Pop. 6,113 III. Penn- sylvania, 9 m. N. Lancaster. Pop. 3,726. — IV. 21 m. N. Philadelphia. Pop. 1,259.— V. Massa- chusetts, 79 m. W.N.W. Boston. Pop. 1,071. Wakwiokshibb, a co. in the centre of England, enclosed by the cos. of Stafford, Leicester, North- ampton, Oxford, Glo'ster, and Worcester. Area 897 sq. m., or 674,080 ac, of which above 600,000 are arable, or in meadows and pastures. In- habited houses, 81,321. Pop. 401,716. Surface elevated ; its N. part was formerly the extensive forest of Arden, and is still interspersed with woods, heaths, and moors ; in the S. part is much fertile soil, and the co. generally is well culti- vated. Principal rivers the Avon and affls. in the S. and E. ; the Tame in the N. The usual grain crops are raised. About 235,000 ao. are computed to be in grass, and the co. is noted for its grazing and dairy husbandry. Stock of sheep estimated at 350,000, and produce of wool between 8,000 and 9,000 packs annually. Farms vary from 80 to 600 ae. Average rent (1810) 11. 2s. 6d. an acre. Annual value of land (1843) 905,868?. ; of houses 1,122,126?. ; of all real pro- perty 2,364,489/. Coal, stone, lime, and marl, are procured. Manufs. are important ; Birmingham, is the seat of hardware manufs., & famous for those of arms, & others in great variety; Coventry for ribbons and other silk goods, watches, and jewel- lery ; fish-hooks and needles are made at Alces- ter; hats at Atherstone; horn goods at Kenil- worth. In 1847, 1,300 hands were employed in silk, and 100 do. in cotton mills. The co. is in- tersected by numerous canals, and by the North Western railway and branches of the Midland and Great Western railways, also by the Roman Foss-way and Watling and loknield streets. Corp. rev. (1848) 36,424?. It is divided into 4 hundreds and 206 pas., in the dioceses of Wor- cester and Coventry, and Midland circuit. Prin- cipal towns, Warwick, Birmingham, Coventry, Alcester, Nuneaton, Rugby, Leamington, and Stratford-upon-Avon. Excluding its bors., it sends 4 mems. to H. of C. Beg. electors (1848), for N. division 6,126; for S. division. 3,926. Wasgau, German name of VosGiss mountains. Wash, an estuary on the E. coast of England, between the cos. Norfollc and Lincoln, 20 m. in length by 15 m. in breadth, and receiving the rivers Witham, Welland, Ouse, Nen, and Nar. Its shores are everywhere low and marshy, and it contains many shoals which are left dry at low- water; measures for embanking and draining have lately been put in force. Its two princip^ channels are called the " deeps " of Boston and Lynn. — It. (or Gwash)^ a river chiefly in co. Rut- land, joins the Welland near Stamford, after an E. course of 23 miles. Washbourne (Great), a pa. of England, co. Gloucester, 4J m. N.N.W. Winchoomb. Area 470 ac. Pop. 100. — Little Washbourne is a hamlet, pa. Overbury, 6J m. N.E. Tewkesbury. Washerook, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 4 m. W. Ipswich. Area 940 ao. Pop. 606. Washfield, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 2i m. N.N.W. Tiverton. Area 2,320 ac. Pop. 603. Washford-Pywe, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 7i m. N.N.W. Crediton. Area 1,600 ao. P. 197. WASHiNSBOEOtfGH, a pa. of Engl., co. and 3 m. E.S.E. Lincoln, with a station on the Lincoln- shire railway. Area 6,190 ac. Pop. 1,099. Washinglet, a pa. of Engl., co. Huntingdon, H m. W. Stilton. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 133. Washington, two pas. of Engl.— I. co. Durham, with a station on the York and Berwick railway, 6| m. S.S.E. Gateshead. Area 6,130 ac. Pop. 2,396, chiefly employed in collieries.— 11. co. Sus- sex, 4 m. W\N.W. Steyning. Ac. 3,080. P. 880. Washington, numerous cos. of the U. S., N. Amer I. in S.E. part of Maine, bordering New Brunswick and the Atlantic. Area 3,600 sq. m. Pop. 28,327. — II. Rhode Island, between Narra- gansett Bay and the Atlantic. Area 367 sq. m. Pop. 14,324. — III. Vermont, near its centre. Area 426 sq. m. Pop. 23,506.— IV. New York, bordering Hudson river and lakes George and Champlain. Area 807 sq. m. Pop. 41,080.— V. Pennsylvania, in its S.W. part, bounded E. by the Monongahela. Area 1,000 sq. m. Pop. 41,279 VI. Maryland, S. the Potomac. Area 440 sq. m. Pop. 28,850.— VII. Virginia, in its S.W. part, cap. Abingdon. Area 764 sq. m. Pop. 13,001.— VIII. N. Carolina, bordering the Roanoke and Albemarle Sound. Area 360 sq. m. Pop. 4,625. — IX. Georgia, drained by the Ogee- ohee & Oconee. Area 760 sq. m. Pop. 10,565. — X. Florida, bordering the Gulf of Mexico. Area 1,600 sq. m. Pop. 859. — XL Alabama, in its S.W. part, bounded E. by the Tombigbee. Area 840 sq. m. Pop. 6,300.— XII. state and bordering the Mississippi, cap. Princeton. Area 2,420 sq. m. Pop. 7,287.— XIII. Tennessee, in its E. part. Area 690 sq.m. Pop. 11,751.— XIV. Kentucky, near its centre. Area 476 sq. m. Pop. 10,596 XV. state and bordering the Ohio. Area 713 sq. m. Pop. 20,823 XVI. Indiana, in its S. part. Area 540 sq. m. Pop. 15,269. — XVIL Illinois, S.E. Kaskaskia river. Area 656 sq. m. Pop. 4,810. — XVIII. Wisconsin, bor- dered on the W. by Lake Michigan, cap. Wash- ington. Area 676 sq. m. Pop. 343.— XIX. Iowa, cap. Washington. Area 648 sq. m. Pop. 1,694. — XX. Missouri, in its S.E. part, cap. Potosi. Area 820 sq. m. Pop. 7,231. Here is a mountain of magnetic iron ore. — XXI. Arkan- sas, S. the Ozark mountains. Area 900 sq. m. Pop. 7,148 XXII. a pa. in E. part of Louisiana. Area 792 sq. in. Pop. 2,649, including 791 slaves. Washington, the cap. city of the U. S., N. Amer., in the federal dist. of Columbia, on the Potomac, at the influx of the Anacootia, each here crossed by a bridge, 35 m. S. W. Baltimore. Lat. of Capitol 38° 63' 34' N., Ion. 77° 1' 30'' W. P. (1840) 23,364. It is laid out with perfect regularity, & on an extensive plan, but only some of its streets and avenues are completed. Public edifices are amongst the most splendid in the Union. The capitol, or seat of the U. States' legislature, on a hill 76 feet above the Potomac, is of freestone, with a front 362 feet in length, a noble portico with 22 Corinthian columns, and several domes ; it contains the chambers of the Senate and the House of Representatives, the Congress library, and supreme court of the U. S. ; is surrounded by grounds covering 22 ae., and was erected at a cost of nearly 2,600;000 doUai's. It is decorated internally with works of art. About IJ m. to the N.W. is the house of the president, an elegant edifice also on a height, and near which are four large structures for the chief departments of the central government. The general post-o£5ce, new treasury building, and patent offices, the navy yard, arsenal, city hall, hospital, peniten- tiary, theatre, and upwards of 20 churches, and WAS 1371 WAT the Congress burjing ground, are the other prin- cipal objects of interest. The " National Insti- tution for the Promotion of Science," organized in 1840, has incorporated with it the Columbian Institute and Historical Society, and is governed by 12 directors, 6 appointed by the government. Other institutions are the Columbian and medical colleges, the Union literary society, and the city library. Washington has manufe.of metallic goods and glass, and a retail business ; but George- town, ou Rock creek, adjacent, and Alexandria lower down the Potomac, absorb most of the foreign trade. It communicates with Annapolis and Baltimore by railways, and with the Chesapeake and Ohio canal by a branch terminating in the city, by ample basins. It became the seat of the federal government in 1800. Mount Vernon, the seat of General Washington, after whom tlie city was named, and where the general lies buried, is about 15 m. distant — Mount Washington, the principal peak of the White mountains in New Hampshire, is 0,620 feet in elevation. Washington, nums. tnshps. & vills. of the U. S., N. Ainer., the principal being — I. Maine, 31 m. E. Augusta. Pop. 1,600.-11. New Hamp- shire, 28 m. W. Concord. Pop. 1,103. — III. Vermont, 15 m. S.E. Montpelier. Pop. 1,359.— IV. Connecticut, 47 m. W.S. W. Hartford. Pop. 1,622.— V. New York, 10 m. N.E. Poughkeepsie. Pop. 2,833 ^VI. New Jersey, co. Bergen, on the Hackensack. Pop. 1,833.— VII. New Jersey, 22 m. S. Woodbnry. Pop. 1,630.— VIII. New Jer- sey, 12 m. Woodbury. Pop. 1,545 IX. New Jersey, 18 m. W. Morristown. Pop. 2,451. It has mineral springs, resorted to by visitors. — X. Pennsylvania, cap. co., on the National Road, 26 m. S.W. Pittsburg. Pop. 2,062. It is the seat of Washington college, founded in 1787 XI. Pennsylvania, 11 m. S.W. Chambersburg. Pop. 2,404. — Xn. Pennsylvania, co. Erie. Pop. 1,551. ^Xm. Pennsylvania, 16 m. N. Greensburg. Pop. 2,004. — XrV. Pennsylvania, co. Indiana. Pop. 1,89.3. — XV. N. Carolina, cap. co. Beaufort, on the Tar, near its mouth in Pamlico Sound, 30 m. N. Newberne. Pop. 1,200. It has an active shipping and export trade. Burden of vessels 6,401 tons. — XVI. Mississippi, 6 m. E. Nat- chez. It is the seat of Jefferson college, founded in 1802. — XVII. Ohio, co. Clermont, on the Ohio. Pop. 2,100. In it are the vills. Neville and Mos- cow. — XVIII. Oliio, CO. Holmes, with the vill. Nashville. Pop. 1,461— XIX. Ohio, co. Mont- gomery. Pop. 2310. — XX. Ohio, CO. Shelby. Pop. 1,688. — XXI. Ohio, co. Richland, imme- diately S. Mansfield. Pop. 1,914— XXII. In- diana, CO. Marion. Pop. 1,859.— XXIII. Indiana, CO. Patnam. Pop. 1,872. — XXIV. Indiana, cap. CO. Pop. 1,992.— XXV. Michigan, 20 m. N.E. Detroit. Pop. 1,314.— XXVI. Missouri, co. Mon- roe. Pop. 1,-367. — Washingtmmlle is the name of townships in states New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Washita, a river of the U. S., N. Amer., Ar- kansas and Louisiana, rises by tmmerous heads, flows S. and joins Red River, a tributary of the Mississippi, 35 m. E. Alexandria. Total course 400 m. ft traverses a marshy region, and after the influx of the Tensas is called Black River. Wasignt, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Ardennes, 8 m. N. Rethel. Pop. 952. Wasiho, a pa. of England, co. Berks, 7 m. E.S.E. Newbury. Area 610 ac. Pop. 87. Wasldi, or Vaslui, a town of Moldavia, cap. dist., on the Birlat, 40 m. S.S.E, Jassy. Waspbbton, a pa. of Engl., co. & 4 m. S.S.W. ■Warwick. Area 1,570 ac. Pop. 283. Waspik, a vill. and pa. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 10 m. N.E. Breda. Pop. 2,418. Wasselonne, a comm. and town of France, dep. Bas Rhin, cap. cant., on the Mussig, 14 m. W.N.W. Strasbourg. Pop. 4,427, who manuf. woollen and cotton yarn and hosiery. Wasselt, town of Austria. [Wesseli.] Wasserburo, a town of Upper Bavaria, cap. dist., ou the Inn, 31 m. E.S.E. Munich. P. 2,238. Wassekteijdingen, a walled town of Bavaria, circ. Middle Franconia, cap. dist., on the Wer- nitz, and on railway, 19 m. S. Anspach. P. 2,017 Wassignv, a comm. and vill., dep. Aisne, cap. cant., 31 m. N. Laon. Pop. 1,155. Wassotah, a strong hill-fort of S. India, 20 m. W. Sattarah, and taken by the British in 1818. Wastwatbb, a lake of Engl., co. Cumberland, pa. St Bees. It is the deepest of the Cumber- land lakes, being 45 fathoms in depth off the S. shore. Its banks are precipitous on that side, but elsewhere they present little variety. Watchet, a marit. town of Engl., 00. Somer- set, pa. St Decuman, with a pier on a creek of the Bristol Channel, 5 m. E. Dunster. Pop. 916. WATEEO,one of the Harvey isls., Pacific Ocean. Lat. 19° 68' S., Ion. 168° 6' W. Length 8 m., breadth 5 m. Surface hilly and fertile, and the inhabitants were partially converted to Chris- tianity by the missionary Williams in 1823. Waterbeach, a pa. of England, co. and 5 m. N.N.E. Cambi-idge, ivitha station on the E. cos. railway. Area 5,556 ac. Pop. 1,270. Watekbokough, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Maine, on the Little-Ossipee, 25 m. N. York. Pop. 1,944. Wateebuet, several townships of the U. S., N. Amer.— I. Connecticut, 62 m. S.S.W. Hart- ford. Pop. 3,668.-11. New Haven co,, 46 m. S.E. Hartford. Pop. 2,329.-111. New Jersey, 12 m. W. Woodbury. Pop. 3,467. Watebden, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 5 m. S.E. Burnham. Area 730 ac. Pop. 29. Waterfall, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, 7 m. E.S.E. Leek. Area 4,010 ac. Pop. 517. It is nearly surrounded by the river Hamps, which here flows for 3 m. underground. Wateegrass-hill, a market town of Ireland, Munster, co. and 10 m. N.E. Cork. Pop. 801. Wateefoed, a marit. co. of Ireland, Munster, on its S. coast, having E. Waterford harbour, separating it from the co. Wexford, on W. co.Cork, and N. cos. Tipperary and Kilkenny, from both which it is separated by the Suir. Area 721 sq. m., or 461,663 ac, of which 325,345 are arable, 23,048 do. in plantations, and 105,496 do. uncul- tivated. Inhabited houses 26,367. Pop. 172,971. The Knockmeledon and Cummeragh mountains intersect the co. from W. to E., rising in some places to 2,600 feet above the sea; and most part of the surface is mountainous, though there is much undulating and fine level land along the Suir in the N. and E., the Blackwater and Bride in the W., and skirting the coast, which is in- dented by Tramore, Dungarvon, and Youghal harbours. This is the principal dairy co. of Ireland. Tillage is increasing, and agriculture improving on the larger properties. Estates are mostly large ; farms nearly all small, and uni- formly comprise both tillage and pasture lands. Average rent of land 12s, 6d. per acre. Bacon and butter are the principal exports. Lead, iron, and copper, are met with, but few if any mines are now wrought. Limestone and marble are chief mineral products. The fisheries are ini- portant. Some glass wares are manufactured, and in 1847, 1,223 persons were employed m •WAT 1372 WAT cotton, and 135 tn silk factories. The co. is sub- divided into 7 baronies and 82 pas., in tlie dio- ceses of Waterford and Llsmore, wliich, witli Dungarvon, Portlaw, Tallow, and Cappoquin, are the principal towns. The co. sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1849) 306. Waterfokd, a city and co., pari, bor., and seaport of Ireland, cap. co., on rt. bank of the Suir, which forms its harbour, and is lined by a fine quay about 1 m. in length, and crossed by a wooden bridge of 39 arches, connecting it with its suburb Ferrybauk, 9 m. from the sea, 29 m. S.S.E. Kilkenny, and 85 m. S.S.W. Dublin. Area of CO., of city, and of pari bor., 10,059 ac. Pop. 29,288, of whom 23,216 are in the city. It has some handsome but many miserable streets ; its quay and harbour are the finest in Ireland. Principal edifices, the cathedral, bishop's palace, deajuery house, several pa. churches, the Roman Catholic cathedral, 5 other churches, and college of St John ; many dissenting chapels, the town- hall, chamber of commerce, co. and city prisons, and court-houses ; artillery barracks, custom- house, St Reginald's tower on the quay, an ano. fortress, now a police barrack; the blue-coat schools, several hospitals, the district lunatic asy- lum, Glynn's poor-honse, aud the savings' bank. Here are several remains of ancient fortifications and monasteries ; also various endowed schools, one with an income of 1,300Z. a-year ; and amongst public establishments, are a house of industry, mendicity institution, several orphan societies ; the Waterford institution, with a library and museum ; literary, scientific, agricultural, and horticultural societies. Vessels of 800 tons can load and unload at the quay, and Waterford is the entrepot for a large extent of country, the exports of which are valued at 2 millions sterling annu- ally, chiefly consisting of dairy produce, bacon, live-stock, agricultural produce, salmon, and cotton goods. Customs rev. (1846) 167,833?. Reg. shipping (1847) 204 vessels; aggregate burden 27,386 tons. Port revenue (1843) 6,948/. Steamers aff'ord the city continual communication with Dublin, Liverpool, and Bristol. Waterford has a yard for ship-building, and some manufs. of glass, starch, & blue, with distilleries & breweries. Slarkets 4 times weekly. Waterford sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1849) 1,273. It gives the title of marquis to the head of the Beresford family, whose magnif. seat, Curragh- more, is in the vicinity, the demesne comprising 4,600 ac, traversedby the Clyde, & finely wooded. Waterford, several tnshps., TJ. S., N. Amer. — I. New York, 10 m. N. Albany, on the Hudson, at the head of sloop-navigation, and junction of the Mohawk, and on the Champlain canal, and Troy and Saratoga railroad. Pop. 1,824. The vill., with 1,400 inhabs., has several churches, factories, academies, and canal shipping. — II. Maine, 47 m. W. Augusta. Pop. 1,381.-111. Vermont, 49 m. E.N.E. Montpelier. Pop. 1,388. — IV. Connecticut, on the Thames and Long Island Sound, 36 m. S.E. Hartford. Pop. 2,329. — V. New Jersey, 12 m. W. Woodbury. Pop. 3,467. — VI. Pennsylvania, co. and 13 m. S.E. Erie. Pop. 1,144. Watebingburt, a pa. and formerly a market town of England, co. Kent, with a station on the S.E. railway, 5 m. W.S.W. Maidstone. Area 1,270 ac. Pop. 1,273. It is surrounded by hop and fruit plantations, and its vicinity has been styled " the garden of Kent." Waterlanb, a dist. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, between Amsterdam aud Alkmaar, which suffered a destructive inundation in 1825 II. a group of i Jets, Pacific Ocean, between the Solomon archip slago and Australia. Waterloo, i vill. of Belgium, prov. S. Bra- bant, 9 m. S.S.E. Brussels, famous for the great battle fought near it, 18th June 1815. Waterloo, a tnshp., U. S., N. America, New York, on Seneca river, the Seneca and Cayuga canal, and Auburn and Rochester railroad, 9 m. E.N.E. Geneva. Pop. 3,036, of whom 2,600 are in the village. Watebloo, a town or tnshp. of W. Australia, CO. Wellington, on Collier river, S.E. Australind. Wateb-Millock, a chapelry of England, co. Cumberland, pa. Greystock, 7 m. S.W. Penrith. Pop. 624. The scenery is very picturesque, and here is the cataract of Airy-Force. — Water-Over- ton (or Orton), is a chapelry, co. Warwick, on W. Midland railway, 7 m. N.E. Birmingham. Waterpebrt, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 6 m. W. Thame. Area 2,620 ac. Pop. 270. Watebsat, island, Hebrides. [Vateesa.] Watebside, a small town of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Londonderry, on the Foyle,opp. Londonderry, with which it is connected by a bridge. Pop. 666. Watebstock, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 5 m. W. Thame. Area 660 ac. Pop. 127. Watebtown, several tnshps., U.S., N. America. — I. Massachusetts, on Charles river, hence navi- gable 7 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,810. Here is a United States arsenal occupying 40 acres. — II. New York, cap. co. Jefferson, on Black river, across which covered bridges connect it with Williamstown and Juhelville, 16 m. E. Sackett's Harbour, Lake Ontario. Pop. 5,027. The vill. has 4,000 inhabitants, a court-house, jail, state arsenal, 7 churches. Black River institute with 180 students, a literary association and library, various factories, &c. The river has here several falls.— III. Ohio, 14 m. N.W. Marietta. P. 1,127. Wateuville, a township, U. S., N. America, Maine, on the Kennebec, here crossed by a bridge, 16 m. N. Augusta. Pop. 2,971. It has a baptist college, and many mills and factories. — IL a vill.. New York, 90 m. W.N.W Albany. Pop. 1,000 III. a tnshp., New York, on the Hud- son and Mohawk rivers, 5 m. N. Albany. Pop. 10,141. It has a United States arsenal ; and here the Erie and Champlain canals separate. Watford, a market town and pa. of England, CO. Herts, on the ancient Watling street, close to a ford over the Colne (whence its name), and with a station on the N.W. railway, 15 m. N.W. London. Area of pa. 10,980 ac. Pop. 5,989. The town has a spacious church, several chapels, free schools, almshouses, and other charities. The manufacture of straw-plait and malting are important; and the town is a large mart for corn and live stock. Market, Tuesday. The Grand Junction Canal runs on its W. side, and the railway here passes through a tunnel upwards of 1 m. in length. — II. a pa., co. Northampton, 5 m. N.N.E. Daventry. Area 3,080 ac. Pop. 415. In the vicinity are strong chalybeate springs. The Watling Street forms the W. boundary of the pa., which is intersected by the London & N.W. railw. Wath, two pas. of England, co. York. — I. N. Riding, 4 m. N.N.W. Ripon. Area 3,260 ac. P. 709. — II. {On Deame), W. Riding, on railway, 6i m. N. Rotherham. Area 11,120 ac. Pop. 3,911, employed in the potteries and collieries. Watham, a tnshp., U. S., N. America, Mas- sachusetts, 10 m. W.N.W. Boston. Pop. 2,504. Watlinq-Street, a famous Roman highway extending across S. Britain, in a direction from S.E. to N.W. Commencing at Dover, it extends past Canterbury, Rochester, and Dartford, to the WAT 1373 WEA city of Luudon, a street in which retains the name ; thence it proceeds througli cos. Middle- sex, Herts, Baclcs, Northampton, Warwick, Staf- ford, to Chester, and W. through N. Wales to Caer-Seiont (anc. Segontium), in Carnarvonshire. From Wroxeter, a branch proceeds N. to Man- chester, Lancaster, Kendal, and Cockermouth, and thence into Scotland. It is supposed to have been named, in honour of Vitellius, the Via (or Strata) VUellina, of which the modern name is a Saxon corruption. It is in parts still an impor- tant highway. Watiing's Island, one of the Bahamas, British W. Indies, 50 m. E.S.E. San Salvador, lat. 23° 56' T N., Ion. 74° 28' W. Length 18 m. Soil fertile ; a lake occupies its centre. It contests with San Salvador the distinction of having been the first land in the New World seen by Columbus. Watlinoton, a market town and pa. of Eng- land, CO. Oxford, between two roads from Oxford to London, and near the Roman Ikenild street, 5 m. S. Tetsworth. Area of pa. 3,440 ac. Pop. 1,855. The town, large but indifferently built, has in its centre a curious market cross. — II. a pa., CO. Norfolk, 5J m. N. Market-Downham. Area 1,660 ac. Pop". 502. Watson, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, on tributaries of Black river, 10 m. N.E. Mar- tinsburgh. Pop. 1,707. Wattks, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, on the Aa, and on railway, 6 m. N.N.W. St Omer. Pop. 1,106. Wattes, a pa. of Scotland, co. Caithness, 9 m. N.W. Wick. Area about 60 sq. m. Pop. 1,266. In it are Toftingall and Watten Lochs, and many Scandinavian antiquities. Watiebscheid, a town of Prussian West- phalia, reg. & 41 m.W.N.W. Arensberg. P. 1,150. Wattesfield, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 2 J m. W.S.W. Botesdale. Area 1,790 ac. Pop. 601. Wattisham, a pa. of England, eo. Suffolk, 2 m. N.E. BUdeston. Area 1,030 ac. Pop. 240. Wattignies, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, arrond. & 3 m. S.W. Lille. P. 2,183. The French vanquished the Austrians here in 1793. Wattos, a market town and pa. of England, CO. Norfolk, on the border of the open tract Filand, 21 m. W.S.W. Norwich. Area of pa. 2,000 ac. Pop. 1,188. Near it is Wayland (or Wailing) forest, the reputed scene of the tragic ballad the " Babes in the Wood."— II. a pa., co. York, E. Riding, 5 m. S.S.W. Great Dnftteld. Area 3,720 ac. Pop. 329. It has spacious and imposing remains of an abbey and adjoining nun- nery, founded in 1148, rebuilt in the Tudor era,& still in part habitable.— III. {At-Stone), a pa., co. & 4} m. N.N.W. Hertford. Area 3,810 ae. Pop. 92. Wattbelos, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, 9 m.N.E. Lille. Pop. (1848) 8,736. It has extensive manufactures of cotton, and oil mills. Wattwilleb, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. H. Khin, 24 m. N.E. Belfort. Pop. 1,854. Wattwyl, a vill. and pa. of Switzerland, cant, and 17 m. S.W. St Gall, on the Thur. Pop. of pa. 4,641, employed in mannfs. of muslins & calico. Waubekaubi, the largest of the Chatham Islands, Pacific Ocean, E. New Zealand. Wavendon, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, 3 m. N.E. Fenny-Stratford. Area 2,880 ac. P. 846. Wateket, a river of England, rises near the source of the Little Ouse, with which it forms nearly the whole boundary between Norfolk and Suffolk, flows E. and N.E., past Diss, Harleston, Burnrav, and Beccles, and joins the expansion of the Yare, 4 m. S.W. Yarmouth, after a course of 60 m. It is navigable in the latter half ot its course to Bungay, and by a short cut it is joined to the Lotlung, 2 m. W. Lowestoft. Wavebley, a chapelry of Engl., co. Surrey, pa. Farnham, with the remains of afamous Cistercian abbey, founded in 1128. Waveeton, a pa. of England, co. and 4 m. by railway E.S.E. Chester. Area 3,890 ac. Pop. 776. —II. a tnshp., CO. Cumberland, pa. and 3 m. W.S.W. Wigton. Pop. 643. — WaveHree is a tnshp., CO. Lancaster, pa. Childwall, 3 m. E.S.E. Liverpool. Pop. 2,669. Wavhe, a town of Belgium, prov. S. Brabant, cap. cant, on the Dyle, 16 m. S.E. Brussels. Pop. (1842) 5,241, who manuf. hats, leather, beer, & cotton yarn. Here the French, under Grouchy, engaged the Prussians, 18th June 1816. Wavein, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, arrond. and 9 m. S.E. Lille. Pop. 2,780. Wawaesing, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New York, 22 m. S.W. Kingston. Pop. 4,044. Wawbemcztce, amai'kettown of Poland, prov. Kielce, 18 m. E.N.E. Cracow. Pop. 2,000. Waxham, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 2 m. E.S.E. North Walsham. Area 1,740 ao. P. 90. Waxholm, a town of Sweden. [Vaxholm.] Waxway, an isl. of the Asiatic Archip., off E. coast of Celebes. Lat. 3° 33' S., Ion. 123° 17' E. Way (Pulo -), an island. Gulf of Siam, lat. 9° 58' N., Ion. 102° 48' E. Waybodene, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 4 m. N.E. Holt. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 311. Wayfobd, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 2J m. S.W. Crewkerne. Area 1,690 ac. Pop. 223. Waygioc, or Wageeoo, an isl. of the Eastern Archipelago, off the N.W. extremity of Papua, immediately S. of the equator, in lat. 131° E. Length E. to W. about 80 m., breadth varies to 26 m. It is reported to be highly fertile and populous, and has several good harbours ; but it has been hitherto little explored by Europeans. Wayne, several cos., U. S., N. America. — I. in N. part of New York. Area 672 sq. m. Pop. 42,057.-11. in N.E. of Pennsylvania. Area 648 sq. m. Pop. 11,848.-111. in S.E. of New Caro- lina. Area 720 sq. m. Pop. 10,891.— IV. in S.E. of Georgia. Area 900 sq. m. Pop. 1,258.— V. in E. of Mississippi. Area 790 sq. m. Pop. 2,120. —VI. in S. of Tennessee. Area 304 sq. m. Pop. 7,706.— VII. in S.E. of Kentucky. Area 570 sq. m. Pop. 7,399.— VIII. in N.E. of Ohio. Area 660 sq. m. Pop. 35,808.— IX. in S.E. of Michigan. Area 600 sq. m. Pop. 24,173.— X. in E. of In- diana. Area 420 sq. m. Pop. 23,292.— XI. in S.E. of Illinois. Area 720 sq. m. Pop. 6,133.— XII. in S.E. of Missouri. Area 1,200 sq. m. Pop. 3,403.— Also several townships.— I. Maine, 16 m. W. Augusta. Pop. 1,201.-11. New York, 198 m. S.W. Albany. Pop. 1,377.-111. Wiffin CO., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1,350.— IV. Ohio, Bel- mont CO. Pop. 1,873.— V. do., Butler co. Pop. 1 426 — VI. do., Jefferson co. Pop. 1,746.— VII. do., Warren co. Pop. 3,392.— VIII. do., Tuscarawas co. Pop. 2,142.— IX. Indiana, Allan 00. Pop. 2,080.— X. do., Henry CO. Pop. 1,768. —XI. do., Wayne co. Pop. 2,412. Wazemmes, a comm. and town of France, dep. Nord, arrond., cant., and an important suburb ot Pop. 886.-1II.' {South), n m. W. Brentwood, which town it includes. Area 5,930 ac. Pop. 3,812.— The Weald of Kent, Sussex, and Surrey, comprises the area formerly occupied by theSaxon Andredswald (or Anderida Sylvaunder ot the Ro- mans), long- a dense forest, between the N. and b. WEA 1374 WEG Downs, from near Farnham & Petersfield (Hants), E.ward to the sea at Hythe, Bye, and Eastbourne. It is still in a great part ricWy wooded with oak and beech, and is a highly fertile agricultural re- gion, interspersed only with a few small towns, the principal of which are Horsham, East Grin- stead, Cuckfleld, Cranbrook, & Tunbridge-Wells. — In Kent, the Weald gives name to a chapelry, pa. and 2i m. S. Sevenoaks. Fop. 1,036. Weab, a river of England, co. Durham, the centre of which it traverses, rises at the W. ex- tremity of the CO. ; flows E.S.E., past Stanhope and "Wolsingham to Bishop-Auckland, & thence mostly N.E., past Durham and Chester-le-Street to Sunderland, where it is crossed by a magnifi- cent one-arched iron bridge ; and enters the N. Sea at 'Wearmouth, after a course of 67 miles. Weabdale-St- John, a mkt. town and chapelry of England, co. Durham, pa, and 6J m. W. Stan- hope. Pop. chiefly employed in lead mines, and included in parish. Weabb, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, IJ m. S.W. Axbridge. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 784. Wbaee, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., New Hamp- shire, 14 m. S.W. Concord. Pop. 2,375. Wbab-Giffoed, England. [Warb-Gifpord.] Wearmouth, 2 pas. of Engl., co. Durham, com- prised in the bor. of Sunderland I. (BisTiop-), on rt. side of the Wear, adjoining the pa. Suuder- iand on the W. Area 8,880 ac. Pop. 27,092, of which Bishop-Wearmouth tnshp. comprises 3,280 ac, with 24,206 inhabs., and Bishop- Wearmouth- Pans tnshp. 298 inhabs. — II. (Monk-), on N. b. of the Wear, opposite Sunderland and Bishop- Wearmouth. Area 5,120 ac. Pop. 12,493, of whom 7,742 are in the tnshp. Monk-Wearmouth shore. The monastery formerly here, and whence the pa. derives its name, was long the residence of the Venerable Bede. Weasenham, two pas. of England, co. Norfolk. — I. (All-Saints), 7^ m. S.W. Fakenham. Area 1,230 ac. Pop. 363 II. {St Peter), 7 m. S.W. Fakenham. Area 2,200 ac. Pop. 310. Weathersfield, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 6i m. N.N. W. Braintree. Ac. 4,250. Pop. 1,686. Weathersfield, two townships, U. S., N. Amer. — I. Vermont, on Black Kiver, 60 m. S. Montpelier. Pop. 2,081.-11. Ohio, 7 m. S.E. Warren. Pop. 1,447. Weaver, or Weevee, a river of England, co. Chester, the centre of which it traverses, rises near the S. extremity of the co., flows N. past Nantwich, where it is joined by the Dane, and thence N.W. to the estuary of the Mersey, which it joins at Winton, 2 m. N.W. Frodsham, after a course of 45 m., for 20 of which it has been made navigable. Principal affls., the Dane & Peover. Weavbbham, a pa. of Engl., co. Chester, 3 m. W.N.W. Northwich. Area 7,340 ac. Pop. 2,596. WEAVERTnoEPE, a pa. of England, co. York, E. Biding, 9 m. N.N.W. Great Driffield. Area 5,100 ac. Pop. 952. Websteb, several tnshps., U. S., N. Amer. — I. New York, on Lake Ontario, 214 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,235.-11. Massachusetts, 56 m. W.S.W. Boston. Pop. 1,403 III. Maine, 31 m. S. Augusta. Pop. 1,134. Weohselbbbs, a town of Saxony, at the confl. of the Zwickau with the Mulde, 13 m. N.N.W. Chemnitz. Pop. 1,192. Weddingen, three contiguous vills. of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 10 m. S.S W. Magdeburg. United pop. 3,080, mostly employed in glass- works, charcoal-burning, and stone-quarries, Weddington, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 1^ m. N. Nuneaton. Ar»a 910 ac. Pop. 77. Wedel, a vill. of Denmark, duchy Holstein, on the Elbe, 12 m. W.N.W. Hamburg. P. 1,800. Wedge Isiand, S. Australia, Spencer's Gulf. [Gambieb Islands.] Wbdmore, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 4J m. S. Axbridge. Area of pa. 9,540 ac. Pop. 3,995 Wedkesbubv, or Wodeksburv (vulgar Wedge- bury), a market town and pa. of Engl., co. Staf- ford, near the source of the Tame, on the Bu'- raingham and Walsall canal, and on the N.W. railway, 7^ m. N.W. Birmingham. Area of pa. 2,190 ac. Pop. 11,625, employed in coal and iron mines, iron rolling mills, and manufs. of muskets, coach and saddlers' ironmongery, nails, tools, and grates. The church has curious monuments. Wbdnesfield, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, 2 m.E.N.E. Wolverhampton. Area 3,700 ac. Pop. 3,168, employed in the hardware manuf. Edward the Elder here obtained a decisive victory over the Danes in 910. Wbbdon-Beok (or W, on-the- Street, so called from its position on the ancient Watling Street), a pa. of England, co. Northampton, on the Grand Junction canal, & with a principal station on the N.W. railway, 6^ m. N.W. Blisworth. Area 1,710 ac. Pop. 2,195. ' Here is the central depot in England fbr military arms and stores, with spacious barracks. Weedon was the royal resi- dence of Wulfhere, king of Mercia.— JTeedoTt. Lays, or Pinhney, is a pa., same co., 5 m. W.S.W. Towcester. Area 1,050 ac. Pop. 501. Weefobd, a pa. of England, co. Stafford, 4 m, S.S.E. Lichfield. Area 4,740 ac. Pop. 426. Week, three pas. of England. — I. co. Hants, 1 m. N.W. Winchester. Area 1,190 ac. Pop. 341. — II. (St Lawrence), co. Somerset, 8J m. N.N.W. Axbridge. Area 1,530 ac. Pop. 347 —III. (St Mary), co. Cornwall, 6 m. S. Stratton. Area 5,830 ac. Pop. 788. A mayor is an- nually elected. Weeklev, a pa. of England, co. Northampton, 2 m. N.E. Kettering. Area 1,800 ac. Pop. 271. Weelev, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 8 m. S.S.E. Manningtree. Area 2,170 ac. Pop. 580. Weem, a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth, consisting of several detached dists. between Lochs Tummel and Earn. Pop. 890. Near the church, in Strath- Tay, is Castle-Menzies. Weendam, a vill., Netherlands. [Veendam.'J Weeneb, a vill. of Hanover, landr. and 21 m. S.S.W, Aurich, cap. dist., on the Ems. Pop. 2,600. It has a small harbour, and a trade in horses and cattle. Webedt, or Weebt, a town of Dutch Lim- bourg, cap. cant., on the Bree and the canal of Weerdt, 13 m. W.N.W. Boermond. P. 6,286. It is the birth-place of the Austrian general John Von Weerdt.— 2Vcdcr Weerdt is a vill. 3 m. N.E. Weebe and Weerselo, two towns of the Netherlands. — I. prov. Zeeland, on the N.E. coast of the island Walcheren, Pop. 1,500.-11, prov. Overyssel, 7 m. E. Almelo. Pop. S,136.-r- Weesp is a town of N. Holland, cap. cant., 8 m, S.E. Amsterdam. Pop. 2,946. Weethlet, a pa. of England, co. Warwick, 3 m. W.S.W. Alcester. Area 590 ac. Pop. 57. Weeting, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 1| ra. N. Brandonferry. Area 6,580 ac. Pop. 303.— Weeton is a tnshp,, eo. Lancaster, pa. and 8 m, W.N,W. Kirkham. Pop. 645. Weeze, a market town of Bhenish Prussia, reg. Diisseldorf, on the Neers, 10 m. N.N.W. Gelders. Pop. 860. Weferlingen, a vill. of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 28 m. W.N.W. Magdeburg. Pop. 1,935. Wegeleben, a walled town of Prussian WEG 1375 WEI Saxony, reg. and 27 m. S.W. Magdeburg, on the Bode. Pop. 2,470. It has manufe. of woollens. Weqgis, a viU. of Switzerland, cant, and on the Lake of Lucerne, at the foot of the Riglii mntn., which is generally ascended from hence. Wbgbow, a town of Poland, prov. and 19 m. N.W. Siedlec. Pop. 3,380. It has two monas- teries, and an ecclesiastical seminary. "Wegscheid, a market town of Lower Bavaria, on the Austrian firontier, 15 m. E.N.E. Passau. Pop. 980. Wegstabt, or Wegstabtel, a town of Bo- hemia, circ. Bnnzlau, on rt. b. of the Elbe, 27 m. N. Prague. Pop. 1,042. WsaLkv, or Welau, a walled town of E. Prus- sia, reg. and 28 m. £. Konigsberg, cap. circ, at the confluence of the Alle and Pregel. Pop. 3,580. It has numerous tanneries, steam-engine fectories, and a copper foundry. The treaty by which Prussia was recognised as a kingdom, was concluded here in 1657. — fVehlen is a town of Sat5ny, circ. and 15 m. S.E. Dresden, on rt. b. of the Elbe. Pop. 932. "Wehb, a market town of Baden, circ. Upper Rhine, on the Wehr, an a£B of the Rhine, 26 m. S. Freiburg. Pop. 1,517. AVbhrau, a vill. of Prussian Silesia, reg. Lieg- nitz, on the Qneiss, 11 m. N.W. Bnnzlau. Pop. 690. It has a castle, iron-forges, and paper- mills. The mineralogist Werner was bom here. Wehbheim, a market town of Germany, Nas- sau, 3 m. S.S.E. TJsingen. Pop. 1,429. Weichsel, or WiSLA, a vill. of Austrian Silesia, circ. & 11 m. S.E. Teschen, on the Vistula. Pop. 2,600. — Weichsel is ariv. of Germany. [Vistula.] Weichselburg, or Weixelberg, a town of Blyria, Camiola, circ. and 25 m. W.N.W. Neu- stadtl. Pop. 4^000. It has iron-forges, and manu^. of woollen stufis. The ruined castle Weichselburg is on an adjacent height. — Weich- selmimde is a fortress of W. Prussia, at the mouth of the W. arm of the Vistula, in the Baltic. Welda, or Wedya, a town of Central Germany, Saxe- Weimar, circ. and 14 m. E. Neustadt, on the Anma and Weyda. Pop. 3,765. Weiben, a town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Pala- lanate, 32 m. S.E. Bayreuth. Pop. 2,280. It has a castle, and a trade in com and cattle. — II. (Hung. Tedeny), a mkt. town of W. Hungary, co. Wieselburg, on the N.E. bank of Lake Neusiedl. Weidesac, a walled town of Austrian Silesia, circ. and 45 m. N.W. Troppau. Pop. 1,802. WEroESBEBG, a market town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Frauconia, cap. dist., 7 m. E. Bayreuth, on the Steinach, with 2 castles, and 1,384 inhabs. Weiqhtor (MabketJ, a market town and pa. of England, co., & 19 m. on railway, E.S.E. York, E. Riding, at the W. foot of the Wolds, and con- nected by a canal with the Humber. Area of pa. 7,670 ac. Pop. 2,269. The town is small ; it has in its centre a handsome church. Weikeesbeim, a town of Wurtemberg, circ. Jaxt, on the Tauber, 38 m. N.N.W. Ellwangen. Pop. 2,000. It has a residence of the pnnces Hohenlohe-Oehringen. Wbii, (die Stadt), a town of Wiirtemberg, circ, Neckar, on the Wurm, 13 m. W.8.W. Stutt- gart. Pop. 1,776. It has manufs. of woollens and tobacco, and is the birth-place of Kepler.— II. (m Schdnbuch), a vill., circ. Neckar, S.W. Stutt- gart. Pop. 2,234.— Weilar is a vill. of Cent, (xer- many, Saxe- Weimar, S.E. Lengsfeld. Pop. 1,126. Weilbcbg, a town of Germany, Nassau, cap. dist., on the Lahn, here crossed by an iron sus- pension bridge, 28 m. N.N.E. Wiesbaden. Pop. 2,081. It has a castle, and manufs. of paper. Weild, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 6 m. W. Alton. Area 2,100 ac. Pop. 278. Weile, or Veile, a seaport town of Denmark, on the E. coast of Jutland, .it the head of Weile- fiord, at the influx of the Weile, 13 m. N.W. Fri- dericia. Pop. 2,700. It has a salmon fishery and some export trade The Weile-Jtord is an'inlct N.W. the island Fuhnen, 16 m. in length E., breadth from 1 to 4 m. at entrance. Weilheim, a walled town of Upper Bavaria, cap. dist., on the Amper, 29 m. S.W. Munich. P. 1,910. It has a castle, and manufs. of leather. Weilheim (an-der-Teck), a town of S. Ger- many, Wurtemberg, circ. Danube, on the Lin- dach, 26 m. N.W. Ulm. Pop. 3,450.— JTctV- miinsier is a vill. of Nassau, on the Weilbach, an affl. of the Lahn, 6 m. S.E. Weilburg. P. 1,124. Weimar, the cap. city of the grand-duchy Saxe- Weimar, Central Gevnanj', on 1. b. of the Um, and on railway from Gotlia to Halle, 13 m. E. Erfurt. Pop. (1846) 11,144. Mean temp, of year 51°.l ; winter 37°.6 ; summer 66° .3 Fahr. It is surrounded by hills, and is hand- somely though irregularly built, and no city in Germany of its size has so many good public -buildings and excellent public establishments, or is a more agreeable place of residence. The grand-ducal palace is in a simple but elegant style, and has an extensive park which forms the favourite public promenade. The princip. church, with tombs of the grand dukes, has a large organ, and an altar-piece by L. Cranach. The grand- ducal library comprises 140,000 vols., MSS., medals, and coins, and is open to the public, who have the privilege of borrowing the books. The opera-house is famous ; the theatre was once under the superintendence of Goethe and Schil- ler, who are buried in the new cemetery, and be- sides whom. Herder and Wieland made Weimar their residence. The Landes-Industrie-eompioir, is an important book-publishing establishment, known chiefly for its geographical and statistical works. The Geographical Institute publishes excellent maps, and the Weimar Almanac has a great circulation. Weimar has manufs. of metal- lic goods, cards, gloves, and woven fabrics, and a trade in corn and wool ; but the chief resources of the inhabitants are derived from the presence of the court & visitors. Kotzebue was bom here in 1761.— About 2 m. S.E. is the Belvedere, a summer residence of the grand-duke ; and on the road thither, is the vill. Ober-Weimar with 650 inhabitants The circ. Weimar, comprising more than 2-3ds. of the grand-duchy, has an area of 973 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 176,596. Weinfelden, a vill. of Switzer., cant. Thurgau, on the Thur, 7 m. S.S.W. Constance. Pop. 2,140. Weingakten, a village of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, 7 m. E.N.E, Carlsruhe. Pop. 3,097. Wbinheim, a town of Baden, circ. Lr. Rhine, cap. dist., on the Weschnitz, and on the Baden railway, 10 m, N,E, Mannheim, Pop. 6,846. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufs. of woollens. Weinsbebg, a town of Wiirtemberg, cn-c. Neckar, cap. dist., on the Sulm, 3 m. B.N.E- Heilbronn. Pop. 1,876. - n, . Weipebt, or Wevpebt, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 24 m. N.E. EInhogeii, near the frontier of Saxony. Pop. 2,600, employed in manufs. of lace and fire-arms. — Weischenfeld is a -vill. ot Bavaria, circ. Upper Franconia, 12 m. S.W. Bayreuth. Pop. 700. ^ ,, .. Weissenbeeg (Wendish, Wospork), atown ot Saxony, circ. and 10 m. E. Bautzen, Pop, 990, Weissenbueg, a fortified town of Bavaria, circ. Middle Franconia, cap. dist., on the Bezat,27 m. WEI 1376 WEL S.E. Anspach. Pop. 4,194. It is enclosed by walls, flanked with towers, and was formerly a free city of the empire. It has manufs. of woollens. Weissenbceg, a township, U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, on Jordan Creek, 72 m. S.E. Har- risburg. Pop. 1,427. Weissenfels, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, reg. & 11 m. S. Merseburg, cap. oirc, on rt. b. of the Saale, and on railway from Halle to Gotha. Pop. (1846) 8,290. It is well built, and has 4 suburbs, 2 churches, one containing the remains of Gustavus- Adolphus ; 2 hospitals, alms- houses, a normal school, with manufs. of porce- lain, merinoes, and other woollen fabrics, leather, and gold and silver articles. In the vicinity are the castle Augustnsburg & numerous vineyards. — II. a market town of Carniola, circ. and 52 m. W.N. W. Laybach. — Weissenham is a town of Ba- varia, circ. Swabia, ifn the Roth, an afB. of the Danube, 10 m. S.E. Blm. Pop. 1,605. "Weissensee, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 16 m. N. Erfurt, cap. circ. Pop. 2,634. Weissenstadt, a walled town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Franconia, on the Eger, 17 m. N.E. Bay- reuth. Pop. 1,468. It has nail factories. Wetssenstein, a town of Kussia, gov. Esthonia, cap. circ, 60 m. S.E. Revel. Pop. 3,000. It has a ruined castle and a dist. school. — II. a town of Wurtemberg, circ. Danube, 23 m. N.N.W. Ulm. Weisskikchen, several towns of the Austrian dom. — I. (Hung. Fejertemplom), Hungarian Ba- nat, CO. Temes, on the Nera, 66 m. S.S.E. Temes- var. Pop. 6,685. It has Roman Catholic and Greek churches, manufs. of silk and leather, and extensive vineyards in its vicinity. — II. (Boh. Hranitze), Moravia, cap. circ. Prerau, on railway to Kosel, 22 m. E.S.E. Olmiitz. Pop. 5,380. It has a fine castle, and manufs. of woollen cloth. — Weissmain is a walled town of Bavaria, circ. tTpp. Pranconia, 18 m. N.W. Bayreuth, with a castle. P. 1,014, who manuf. leather and woollen cloths. "Weisswasser, two market towns of the Aus- trian dom I. (or Neu-Pozig, Boh. Biela), Bo- hemia, circ. Bunzlau, on the Bila, 8 m. N.N.W. Jung-Bunzlau. Pop. 1,624. It has manufs. of woollen cloth and paper. — 11. Austrian Silesia, circ. and 57 m. N.W. Troppau. Pop. 494. Wei-tchod, or HoEi-TcHon, a city of China, prov. Ngan-hoei, cap. dep,, 140 m. S. Nan-king. It has manufs. of Indian ink and varnish. Weitra, a town of Lower Austria, near the border of Bohemia, 7 m. S.W. Krems. Pop. 1,800. — Weiz is a vill. of Styria, circ. and 13 m. N.E. Gratz, with 826 inhabs., who manuf. arms. Welbokne, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 6J m. N.N.W. Wymondham. Area 860 ae. Pop. 234. Welboukne, a pa. of Engl, co. Lincoln, 8J m. N.W. Sleaford. Area 3,270 ac. Pop. 612. Welbdbt, a pa. of Engl., co. York, N. Riding, 6^ m. N.N.E. Northallerton. Ac. 2,020. P. 266. Welbv, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 4J m. E.N.E. Grantham. Area 2,740 ae. Pop. 475. Weloombe, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 16 m. W.S.W. Bideford. Area 6,620 ac. Pop. 293. Weldon (Great), a pa. of England, co. North- ampton, 4J m. E.S.E. Rockingham. Area 2,360 ac. Pop. 812. — Little Weldon is a hamlet in the same pa. Area 1,330 ac. Pop. 473. Wblfobd, three pas. of England. — I. co. Berks, 6 m. N.W. Speenhamland. Area 6,130 ac. Pop. 1,099. — 11. COS. Gloucester and Warwick, 9 m. N. Chipping-Campden. Area 3,370 ac. Pop. 738. — III. CO. Northampton, 8 m S.W. Market- Harborough. Area 8,650 ac Pop. 1,074. '■■ Welham, a pa. of Engl., co. Leicester, 4 m. N.N.E. Market-Harborongh. Ac. 860. Pop. 66. Well, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Lincoln, 2 m. S.S.W. Alford. Area 2,110 ac. Pop. 88. There are three Celtic barrows in this pa., and in the vicinity 600 Roman coins were found (1725) II. CO. Tork, N. Riding, 4 m. S. Bedale. Area 6,880 ac. Pop. 1,090. Charities, 270?. per annum. Wellamd, a river of England, rises near the heads of the Nen and Avon, flows N.E., separat- ing Northamptonshire from the cos. Leicester, Rutland, and Lincoln, to near Croyland, where it turns N., and divides into two arms, one of which branches E. to Wisbeach, and the other enters the Wash at Fossdyke, after receiving the Glen. Total course 70 m., for the latter half of which it has been made navigable by means of locks. — II. a pa., co. Worcester, 3 m. W.S.W. Upton-on-Severn. Area 2,100 ac. Pop. 489. Welland (or Chippewat), a river of Upper Canada, dist. Niagara, flows E. and joins the Nia- gara shortly above its Falls, after a course of 60 m., in progress of which it forms a part of the Welland canal. It is deep, 300 feet wide St its mouth, and fringed by fine woods. — The Welland canal, 35 m. long, connects the lakes Erie and Ontario, avoiding the Falls of the Niagara river. Welle, an island of the Pacific Ocean, S.E. Papua. Lat. 9° 41' S., Ion. 160° 58' E. Wellen, a comm. and vlU. of Belgian-Lim- bourg, 6 m. S. Hasselt. Pop. 2,044. Wellesboobne-Hastings, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 6 m. N.W. Kington. Area 4,740 ac. Pop. 1,236 W. Montford is a hamlet, same pa., 6 m. N.W. Kington. Pop. 740. Welleslev, a co. of New S.Wales, having S.W. the British colony Victoria, and on other sides the COS. Auckland, Beresford, and Wallace. Surface mountainous, covered by ramifications of the Australian Alps. Principal station Bom- ballo. — Wellesley Islands are a group in the Gulf of Carpentaria, N. Australia. Moruington Isl., the most N. and largest, is 40 m. in length by 15 m. in breadth. Lat. of N. point 16° 24' S., Ion. 139° 37' E. Other islands are Bentinck, Sweers, Bountiful, and Pisonea. Welleslev Pkovinoe, British territory of the Malay Peninsula. [Province Welleslet.] Wellfleet, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Massachusetts, on Cape Cod, 65 m. S.E. Boston. Pop. 2,377. It has a good harbour. Wellingborough, a market town and pa. of England, co. and IO5 m. E.N.E. Northampton, on a branch of the North Western railway. Area 4,490 ac. Pop. 6,061. The town has a central market-place, a handsome church, and an en- dowed iree school. Rev. of school and town lands 3501. ISs. ; of charities 8il. 7s, annually. Many inhabitants are employed in manufs. of boots, shoes, and of bobbin lace. Wellinqham, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 6 m. S.W. Fakenham. Area 1,040 ac. Pop. 193. Welling ORE, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 9 m. N.N.W. Sleaford. Area 2,400 ac. Pop. 860. Wellington, a market town and pa. of Engl., CO. Salop, on the Shrewsbury and Shropshire canal, and with a station on the Shrewsbury and Stafford railway, 10 m. E. Shrewsbury. Area of pa. 7,960 ac. Pop. 11,099. The town, near the ancient Watling street, is well built, and has an elegant church, Roman CathoUc, and other chapels, free and national schools, a prison, alms- houses, and a union workhouse. Most of the inhabitants are engaged in coal and iron mines, limestone quarries, smelting furnaces, nail and glass works. Some malting and a timber trade are carried on. Near the town are chalybeate and sulphureous springs, resorted to by visitors. WEL 33(7 WEL Weixisgt e^I;I'"''.1 '"*'■''«' '""" an J pa. of Engl., . Som«"rset wth a station on the Bristol and Exeter (Great Western) railway, 7 m. W.S.W. Taunton. Area 4,830 ac. Pop. 6,695. The town, bmit in modern style, has a market-house m Its centre, a handsome church, with the magni- ficent tomb of Sir J. Popham, the founder of almshouses here ; an elegant chapel of ease, many dissenting chapels, an union wuikhousp, nooileii mills, ami a nianuf. of earthen wares. This town successively gave the titles of viscount, earl, marquis, and duke, to Arthur Wellesley ; and on a lofl;y hill, 3 m. S., is an obelisk 120 feet in height, commemorating his victory at Waterloo. Wellington, a pa. of England, co. and 5.^ m. N.N. W. Hereford. Area 2,800 ac. Pop. 670.— II. a township, co. Northuml>erland, pa. Walls-End, with a quay on the Tyne, 3 m. W.S.W. North Shields. Pop. 1,857, extensively employed in collieries. — ^III. a township of the U. S., N. Amer., Arkansas, 133 m. S.E. Little Kock. Pop. 1,071. WEU.INGTOS, a CO. of New S. Wales, E. Aus- tralia, chiefly enclosed by the cos. Philip, Rox- burgh, Bathurst, and Bligh, and bounded every- where by affls. of the Macquarie river, which traverses its centre in a N.W. direction. Area 1,656 sq.m. Pop. (1846)970, (1850) 2,000 (?). Two mountain ranges diversify the CO., which has a iine dale called Wellington Valley, and soil well adapted for grazing. Principal vills. Mudgee, the cap., Wellington, Carwell, Snmmerhill, and Molong, where are valuable copper mines and smelting works. With the co. Roxburgh it re- turns one member to the Legislative Assembly. — H. a CO. of W. Australia, liaving E. the co. Wicklow, S. Nelson, N. Murray, and W. the ocean. The Darling mountains traverse it from N. to S. Principal rivers, the Brimswick, Collier, Preston, and Capel. A line of lagoons borders the coast, on which are Leschenault inlet, and Koombanah Bay. Principal townships, Water- loo, Picton, Bunbury, and Australind. — 111, a pa. of Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land), co. Backing- ham, on the Derwent. — {Iglajid), S. Amer., off the W. coast of Patagonia, between lat. 47° 48' and 50° S., and about Ion. 75° W., separated from the mainland by Mesier Channel. Length 170 m., breadth 35 m. — (Lake), Victoria, S.E. Aus- tralia, CO. Bruce, in Gipps Land. Length 20 m., breadth 6 m. It receives La Trobe, Maconochie, Barney, Dunlop, and Perry rivers. — (Mount), Tasmania, co. Buckingham, 4 m. W. Hobartown, and 4,000 feet in height.— (Amotion), S. Australia, near the head of Lake Victoria, 46 m. S.E. Adelaide. Wellow, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Not- tingham, IJ m. S.E. Ollerton. Area 1,240 ac. Pop. 649.— II. CO. Somerset, 4 m. S.S.W. Bath. Area 6,660 ac. Pop. 1,018.-111. (East), co. Hants, 4 m. W. Eomsey. Area 2,810 ac, P. 292. Wells, a city & pari, & munic, bor, of Engl., CO, Somerset, S, the Mendip Hills, and 19 m, S.W. Bath, Pop. of city liberty 7,050, of bor. 4,607, The town is small but handsome, from its numerous ecclesiastical buildings. On its E. side is a spacious mkt,-p!ace, with the town-hall, city and county jail, and a conduit that supplies the eity with water, communicating through an ancient gateway, with the close, in which are the fine cathedral and bishop's palace. The cathed- ral, dating from the time of Henry m„ has a central tower 178 feet in height; its interior is richly decorated, and has the tomb of Ina, king of Wessex, Other principal edifices are the episcopal palace, chapter house, deanery, M Cothbert's pa. chnrch, dissenters' chapels, and almshouses, the principal charities having an aggi'egate annual revenue of 1,370/. Here are a collegiate, & many other schools. Trade is chiefly retail, the former silk and other manufs. have ceased, and the corn market has greatly de- clined, but the market for cheese is extensive. It has quarter sessions, and a court of record, and is the scat of co. assizes, alternately with Taunton. Corp. rev. (1847-8) 1,035/. Wells sends 2 mcnis to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 372. Its bishop's see, erected in 905, and annexed to that of Bath at the end of the next century, has been filled by Cardinal Wolsey and Archbishop Laud. Wells, a seaport town and pa. of England, co. Norfolk, on a creek, 1 m. from the N. Sea, and 4 J m. N.N. W. Walsingham. Area of pa. 2,250 ac. Pop. 3,504. The town has a spacious church, built of flint, with a lofty tower, a theatre, and subscription library. Total rev. of charities 186/, annually. Vessels of 150 tons reach the town. Principal trade is in the shipment of corn, malt, and oysters, and the import of coal and timber. Customs rev. (1847-8) 23/. About 3 m. distant is Holkham, the seat of the E. of Leicester, Wells, several tnshps, of the V. S., N. Amer. —I. Maine, with a harbour on the Atlantic, 30 m. S.S.W. Portland. Pop. 2,978.-11. Vermont, 83 m. S.W. Montpelier, Pop. 740 III. state and on the Ohio, co. Jefferson, Pop. 1,492. WELLSBnuo, a vill. of the U. S., N. Amer., Virginia, on the Ohio, 15 m. N.E. Wheeling. Pop. 2,000, Bituminous coal is found here in vast quantities, — Wellsville is a vill., state Ohio, on the Ohio, at the influx of Little Yellow Creek, with 759 inhabitants, and steam-packet communica- tion with Pittsburg and Wheeling. Welnbtham, two pas. of England, co. Sufi'olk, —I, (Great), Sh m, S,S.E. Bury-St-Edmunds. Area 1,270 ac. Pop. 614 11. (Little), 3J m. S.E. Bury-St-Edmunds. Area 570 ac. Pop 206. — Welney is a chapelry, cos. Norfolk and Cam- bridge, pa. Upwell, 7 m. E.S.E. March. P, 996. Wels, a town of Upper Austria, cap. circ. Hausriick, on the Trann, and the Budweis and Gmunden railway, 16 m. S.W. Linz. Pop. 4,300. It has Roman Catliolic churches, a Lutheran chapel, a vast hospital, a military, high, and other schools, manufs. of cotton stuffs, tanneries, and copper foundries, and an active transit trade. The Emperor Maximilian i. and Charles v., Duke of Lorraine, died here. Welshpool, or Welchpool (vulg. Pool), a pari, and munic. bor., town, pa., and township of N. Wales, of which it is regarded as the cap., CO. Montgomery, immediately W. the Ellesmere canal & the Severn, 18.J m. W.S.W. Shrewsbury. Pop. of pa. 4,626 ; do. of township 2,499 ; do, of pari, bor. 6,185. The town leads up, on the S., to Powys castle and park (seat of Earl Powys and included in the borough), and consists of a long main street, having in its centre the CO. -hall. It is built with great regularity, neat, and cheerful; it has a spacious modern Gothic church, chapels of Independents, Wesley- ans, Calvinists, Baptists, &c, ; national and free schools, and alms-houses. Its flannel trade, formerly important, has declined ; it has some woollen mills, tanneries, and malt-houses. Fairs, six times annually. Corp. revenue (1847-8) 238/., 8». ; ejtpenditure 223/. It unites with Montgomery, Llanfyllln, Llanidloes, Machynlleth and Newtown, in sending 1 member to H. of C, Reg. electors for Welshpool (1847) 302, WELTEN,a vill. of Dutch Limhurg.ll m. E.S.E, Maestricht. Pop. 3,304.- - ITc/icam is a town of WEL :378 WEN Bohemia, circ. RaUonitz, on an affluent of the Elbe, 17 m. N.W. Prague. Pop. 1,449. WEtTON, several pas. of England. — I. co. and 6 m. N.N.E. Lincoln. Area 3,690 ac. Pop. 566. — II. CO. Northampton, 3 ra. N.N.E. Daventry. Area 1,690 ac. Pop. 635.— III. co. York, E. Riding, 4 m. S.E. South Cave. Area 1,480 ac. Pop. 987. The village is neat, and has a church of great beauty. — IV. (in-the-Marsh), co. Lin- coln, 5 m. E.N.E. Spilsby. Area 2,600 ac. Pop. 396.— V. {le-Wold), same Co., 4 m. W. Louth. Area 2,620 ac. Pop. 366. Welwick, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Riding, 2 m. S.E. Patrington. Area 3,310 ac. Pop. 403. Welwyn, a pa. of Engl., co. and 7 m. W.N.W. Hertford. Area 3,100 ac. Pop. 1,395. The en- dowed school, rev. 68?., was founded by Dr Young, author of " Night Thoughts," who was long rec- tor of the parish, and is burled In the church. Welzheim, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Jaxt, on the Leine, 22 m. E.N.E. Stuttgart. Pop. 1,674. Wem, a market town and pa. of England, co. Salop, 11 m. N.N.E. Shrewsbury. Area of pa. 13,330 ac. Pop. 4,119. The town, near the Soden, has a handsome church, grammar school, manuf . of leather, & a malting trade. It gave the title of baron to the notorious Judge Jefferies. Wembdon, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 1 m. N. W. Bridgewater. Area 2,720 ac. P. 370. Wemburt, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 5 m. S.S.W. Earl's Plympton. Area 3,070 ac. P. 616. Wembworthy, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 3} m. S.S.W. Chumleigh. Area 990 ac. P. 418. Wemding, a town of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, 31 m. S.S.E. Anspach. Pop. 2,171. It has an ancient castle and manufs. of fire-arms. Wemtss, a maritime pa. of Scotland, co. Fife, on the Firth of Forth, N.E. Dysart. Pop. 6,403, of whom 947 are in W. Wemyss, 869 in E.Wemyss, and the remainder in 5 other villages. On the rocky shore is Wemyss castle, the proprietor of ivliichis the 29th in lineal descent from Macduff, the great Maormor of Fife. Wendel (St), a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 30 m. S.E. Treves, cap. circ, with 2,600 in- liabitants & a lyceum. It was cap, of the princip. Lichtenberg, with an area of 220 sq. m., which Saxe-Coburg disposed of to Prussia in 1834. Wendelburt, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 2J m. S.W. Bicester. Area 1,050 ao. Pop. 214. Wendung, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, on the E, Anglian railwaj', 4 m. W. East Dereham. Area 1,820 ac. Pop. 330. WENDON-LocrjHTs, a pa. of England, co. Es- sex, 5 m. W. Saffron- Walden. Ac. 1,520. P. 72. Wendons-Ambo, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 10 m. N.N.E. Stortford. Area 1,220 ac. Pop. 347. It has an ancient church. Wendoveb, a mkt. town, pa., & disfranchised bor. of Engl., co. Bucks, at the foot of the Chil- tern Hills, 21 m. S.E. Buckingham. Area of pa. 5,250 ac. Pop. 1,877. The town is small, and near a reservoir of the Grand Junction canal ; lace making occupies part of its female pop. Hampden, in five successive parliaments, repre- sented the bor., which was disfranchised by the Reform Act. Wendron (St), a pa. of England, co. Corn- wall, comprising the bor. Helstone. Area 13,600 ac. Pop. 9,160, partly employed in tin mines. [Helstone.] Wendy, a pa. of Engl., co. Cambridge, 61 m. N.N.W Royston. Area 947 ao. Pop. 151. Weneb (Lake), a lake of Sweden, and the largest in Europe after those of Ladoga and Onega, between lat. 58° 22' and 69° 25' N,, and Ion. 12° 20' and 14° 12' E., enclosed by the Isens Wenersborg, Mariestadt, and Carlstadt. Length 91 m.; breadth 15 to 60 m. near its centre, where two peninsulas extend into it from N. and S., and with a group of islands, nearly separate it into Wener Lake N.E. and Dalbo Lake S.W. Estimated area 2,120 sq. ra. ; average height above the sea 147 feet, but its level varies at dif- ferent times as much as 10 feet. Shores greatly indented ; it receives about 30 rivers, the prin- cipal of which is the Klar from the N. ; and it discharges its surplus waters by the Goeta S.W. into the Kattegat. Though deep in some parts, it is in others too shallow for navigation ; it is con- nected by a canal with Lake Wetter on the E., by which, and the Gotha canal. Lake Roxen, &c., a continuous line of inland communication ex- tends between the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea. — The laen Wenersborg or Elfahorg, has an area of 5,025 sq.m. Pop. (1840) 218,618. Principal towns, Wenersborg, Alingsas, Boras, Ulrice- hamn, and Amal. — Wenersborg, the cap., at the S.W. extremity of Lake Wener, at the efflux of the Gceta-elf, has been regularly laid out since its destruction by fire in 1834, and is the seat of the principal government establishments for the prov. Pop. 2,950. Near it are brick-kilns and large military magazines. Wenfoe, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, 5 m. S.W. Cardiff. Pop. 485. Wenham, two pas. of England, co. Suffolk I. (Great), 4J m. S.E. Hadleigh. Area 860 ac. Pop. 198.— II. {Little), 4i m. S.E. Hadleigh, Area 970 ac. Pop. 87. Wenham Lake, a small lake of the U. S., N. America, Massachusetts, in a lofty position, near Boston, embosomed by hills, about 200 feet deep, and fed solely by subterraneous springs. It is celeb, for the great purity of its ice, about 200,000 tons of which are obtained annually. In 1848, 16 companies in Boston traded in Wenham Lake ice, and during the month of February 1845, the export of it thence amounted to 26,668 tons. Wenhaston, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 3 m. S.E. Halesworth. Area 2,380 ac. P. 1,094. WenIiOck, a pari, and munic. bor., town, and two pas. of England, co. Salop, the bor. crossed by the Severn, and the town, 12 m. S.E. Shrews- bury. Area of pari, bor., which comprises 11 pa.-:., 30,640 ac. Pop. 19,774, chiefly engaged in coal mining and manufs. Area of the pa. Much- Wenlock 8,240 ac. Pop. 2,487. Area of Little- Wenloek 2,460 ae. Pop. 1,091. The modern munic. bor. comprises only the pas. Broseley, Madeley, and Dawley, — Wenlock itself being wholly excladed. The town, Much-Wenlook, has a spacious church, a free school, and minor charities, and on its S. side are the remains of a famous abbey founded in the 7th century. Corp. revenue (1847-8) 1,461Z., 17s. ; expenditure 1,441?., 19s. Assessed taxes of bor. 2,805?., 10s. Wenlock, which received its franchise from Ed- ward IV., was the first bor. that acquired the right of representation by charter from the sovereign. It returns two members to H. of C. Reg. elec- tors (1848) 898. Wenne (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Cornwall, 4 m. E.N.E. St Columb-Major. Area 5,600 ac. P. 725. Weknington, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 2 m. N.W. Purfleet. AJrea 2,010 ac, a great portion of which is marsh. Pop. 281. Wbnslev, a pa. and township of England, co. York, N. Riding, 2J m. W.N.W. Middleham, the pa. comprising the town Leyburn. Area 13,960 ac. Pop. 1,969. In Wensley-Dale, an extensive tract on the lire, are Bolton-hall, and the remains WEN 1379 WES of Bolton castle", which for a time was the prisun of Mary Queen of Scots.— II. (and SniUerton), a township, CO. Derby, pa. Dariey, 3J m. W.N.W. Matlock. Area 2,200 ac. Pop. 604. Wbssum, a river of England, co. Norfolk, rises near Fakenham, and after a S.E. course of 45 m. joins the Tare, 2 miles below Norwich. WEN-TCHon, a marit. city of China, prov. Che- kiang, cap. dep., 145 m. S. Ninpf-po. — Wen-chang is the N.E. dist. of the island Hainan. Wentnor, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 4J m. N.E. Bishop's-castle. Area 4,190 ac. Pop. 715. Wentworth, a pa. of Engl.,, co. Cambrido'e, 4jm.W.S. W.Ely. Area 1,520 ac. Pop. 155.— II. a township & chapelry of Engl., pa. Wath-upon- Deame, CO. York, W. Kiding. Pop. 1,497. The church contains monuments of the Fitzwilliam fiunily, whose seat, Wentworth-hall, is In vicinity. Weoblet, or \VEOBLT,a market town and pa. of England, co. and 11 m. N.W. Hereford. Area of pa. 3,160 ac. Pop. 907. It has a free gram- mar school, and remains of a castle famous in the wars of Stephen and the empress Matilda. The bor. was disfranchised by the Reform Act. Weonard's (St), a pa. of Engl., co. Hereford, 7 m. W. Ross. Area 4,820 ac. Pop. 644. Wepbit, or Tepritt, a town of Russia, gov. Poltava, 10 m. E. Gadiatch. Pop. 1,800. Wekben, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 54 m. N.N.E. Magdeburg, at the confl. of the Havel with the Elbe. Pop. 1,190.— Werbach is a Till, of Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, on the Tauher, 3 m. N. Bischoftheim. Pop. 1,157. Webbubgh (St), a pa. of Ireland, Leinster, co. and comprised within the city of Dublin. Area 17 ac. Pop. 2,969. Webdau, a town of Saxony, circ. and 5 m. W.N.W. Zwickau, on the Pleisse, & on the Saxon Bavarian railway. Pop. 6,218. It has manufs. of woollen and cotton fabrics, cotton-printing works, and dyeing establishments. Webden, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 16 m. N.E. Diisseldorf, on the Ruhr. Pop. 4,300. It has mannfe. of woollen & linen cloths, cotton jam, cutlery, soap, machinery, and leather, with iron foundries and coal mines in its vicinity Werdenberg is a town of E. Switzerland, cant. St Gall, near the Rhine, 7 m. N.E. Wallenstadt, with a castle and 850 inhabitants. Webeham. a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 2 m. N.W. Stoke-JFerry. Area 2,700 ac. Pop. 625. Webl, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. Amsberg, 9 m. W.S.W. Soest. Pop. 3,600. It has a Capuchin con vent, with a greatly venerated image of the Virgin, which attracts numerous pilgrims. Near it are important salt-works. Webhsdoef, a vill. of Saxony, circ. and 23 m. E.S.E. Leipzig. Pop. 1,609. Weese, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 20 m. S. Munster, on rt. b. of the Lippe. Pop. 1,850, mostly employed in linen weaving. Webneth, a town.ship of Engl., co. Chester, pa. and 4 m. E.N.E. Stockport. Pop. 3,904, em- ployed in manufs. of cotton goods, calico-print- ing, &c., coal mines, and free-stone quarries. Webnioebode, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 43 m. S.W. Magdeburg, cap. circ. and co, on the Holzemme. Pop. 5,600. It consists of an old nnd a new town, and the suburb Noschenrode. It has a castle, the residence of the counts Stolberg-Wemigerode, with a library of 40,000 vols. ; a gymnasium, and manufs. of woollen stuffs, chicory, leather, and paper. WEBNiTz,ariver of Bavaria, circa. Midd. Fran- conia and Swabia, after a S. course of 60 m. joins the Danube at Donauworth. Affls,, the Sofz and | Egor — ^^'ems^adtel is a town of Bohemia circ and 14 m. N.E. Leitmeritz. Pop. 1,453. Werowitz, a town of Slavonia. [Vrbocze.I Werba, a river of Central Germany, rises in the Thuringian forest, 16 m. N. Coburg, flows N.W. through the territories of Hildburghausen, Meiningen, Weimar (Eisenach), Hessen-Cassel, and Hanover, and at Munden joins the Fulda to form the Weser. Total course, 160 m., for 120 of which it is navigable. AfHs., the Schleuse, Schwarze, and Horsel from the E., FeMe, Ulster, and Sontra from the S.— The Werre, Lippe-Det- mold, and Prussian Westphalia, after a N. & E. course of 35 m., joins the Weser, 6 m. S.W. Min- den. Affls., the Bega and Else. Wekeibee, a river of the British colony ViC' toria, Australia, flows S.E. for 50 m., between the cos. Grant and Bourke, and enters Port-Phillip, 16 m. S.W. Melbourne. Webeington, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon, 2 m. N. Launeeston. Area 6,070 ac. Pop. 685.— II. a chapelry, co. Northampton, pa. Paston, 31 m. N.N.W. Peterborough. Pop. 629. Weeschitz, a town of Hungary. [Vebsetz] Wertach, a river of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, rises on the frontier of the Tyrol, flows N.E. past Kaufheuren and Turkheim, and after a course of 70 m., joins the Lech, immediately beyond Augs- burg. Affls., the Gennach and Singold from the S,E. — II. a village on this river, near its source. Pop. 650. Webtheim, a walled town of Baden, circ. Lr. Rhine, cap. dist., at the confl. of the Tauber with the Main, 20 m. W. Wurtzbnrg. Pop. 3,4.34. It has 3 castles, two of which are residences of the princes Lowenstein-Wertheim ; a church, which serves for both Roman Catholics and Lutherans ; a synagogue, gymnasium, and manufs. of linen and cotton fabrics. Webtheb, a toivn of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 26 m. S.W. Minden. Pop. 1,915. Webtingen, a town of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, on the Zusam, 16 m. N.N.W. Augsburg. Pop. 1,69a Werwicq, a town of Belgium. [Veevick.] Wesel, a frontier and strongly fortified town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 32 m. N.N.W. Diis- seldorf, circ. Rees, on r. b. of the Rhine, here joined by the Lippe. Pop. (1846) 11,860, besides the garrison, mostly employed in manufs. of cot- ton and woollen stuffs, leather, and tobacco, in distilleries, breweries, and an active trade on the rivers. Its port is convenient, and packets ply between it and Amsterdam. The Romans had a fortified post here, and the town formerly be- longed to the Hanseatic league. Since 1815, its defences have been strengthened by the erection of Fort-Blucher, on the W. bank of the Rhine. Wesen, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 24 m. S.W. St Gall, at the W. extremity of the Lake of Wallenstadt. Pop. 698. Weseneebg, a town of Mecklenburg- Strelitz, on lake Woblitz, 8 m. S.W. Neu-Strelitz. Pop. 1,370. It has manufs. of woollen & linen fabrics. — IX. a town of Russia, gov. Esthonia, cap. circ, 60 m. E.S.E. Revel. Pop. 1,600. Weseb (Visurgis), a river of Germany, its basin lying between that of the Elbe on the E. and those of the Ems, Rhine, and Main, W. & S., it is formed by the union of the Fulda and Werra at Munden (Hanover), whence it has a N. course through Hanover, H.^Cassel, Brunswick, Bre- men, and Oldenburg, and joins the N. Sea in con- junction with the Jahde, by an estuary 24 m. across at its entrance. It drains nearly all of the doms. above named, with the W. part of the Saxon duchies, its affls: comprising the Leine, WES 1380 WES with the Aller and Wurame from the E., the Aae and Hnnte from the W. Total course 250 m. It is navigable for boats nearly to its source, for vessels drawing 7 feet water to Bremen, and for those drawing from 13 to 14 feet from the sea to Vegesack, but ships of large size ascend it no further than Bremershafen near its mouth. Wesprim, a town of Hungary, [Veszprim.] Wbssbl Ist^ands, a group off N. Australia, N.W. of the Gulf of Carpentaria, extending for 60 m. from S.W. to N.E. ; the principal and N.- most island being 30 m. in length, by 6 or 7 m. across. Lat. of Cape Wessel at ite N. extremity, 10° 59' S., Ion. 136° 45' E. Wesseli, a town of Moravia, circ. and 8 m. S.W. Hradisoh, on an isl. formed by the March. P. 2,.543. It has a castle, and sturgeon fisheries. AVessem, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Limburg, on the Maese, 5^ m. S.W. Kuremond. Pop. 1,050. Wessinotow, a tnshp. of England, co. Derby, pa. Crick, 3 m. N.W. Alfreton. Ac. 1,260. P. 530. West, for names with this prefix not here, see the additional word. West, two tnshps., U. S., N. Araer. — I. Ohio, on the Sandy and Beaver canal. Pop. 1,915. — II. Pennsylvania, 8 m. N. Huntingdon. Pop. 1,629. — It is also a prefixed name of the follow- ing places. — I. (Bethlehem), a tnshp., Pennsyl- vania, 12 m. S.E. Washington-borough. Pop. 1,743, partly employed in coal mines. — II. (Bloomjield), New York, co. Ontario, 198 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,094. — III. a vill.. New Jersey, 56 m. N.E. Trenton. Pop. 1,800, with a leather trade and shoemaking. — IV. a tnshp., Michigan, 32 m. N.W. Detroit. Pop. 938.— V. (Bradford), Pennsylvania, on Brandywine river, 11 m. S.W. Chester. Pop. 1,662. — VI. (Bridgewater), Massa- chusetts, 25 m. S. Boston. Pop. 1,201.— VII. (Brook), Maine, on the Penobscot river, 52 m. S.S.W. Augusta. Pop. 4,116. The Cumberland and Oxford canal passes through this town- ship, which contains the villages Sacarappa and Stroudwater. — VIII. (Buffalo), Pennsylvania, 8 m. N.W. New Berlin. Pop. 1,460.— IX. (Cam- bridge), Massachusetts, 6 ra. N.W. Boston. Pop. 1,363.— X. (Chester), 26 m. W. Philadelphia.— XI. (Cocalico), Pennsylvania, co. Lancaster. Pop. 1,229.— XII. (Beer), co. Alleghany, 16 m. N.E. Pittsburg. Pop. 1,414. — XIII. (Donegal), co. and 17 m. N.W. Lancaster. Pop. 2,610.— XIV. (Earl), CO. and 13 m. N.W. Lancaster. Pop. 1,723. — XV. (Pallowfield), co. Chester, on Octara creek, 37m. W.Philadelphia. P. 1,717.— XVI. (Farms), a vill., state and 11 m. N.E. New York. P. 1,200. — XVIL (Findlay), a tnshp., Pennsylvania, co. Washington. Pop. 1,187.— XVIII. (Greentuich), Rhode filand, 18 m. S.W. Providence. P. 1,415. — XIX. (Hempfield), Pennsylvania, on the Sus- quehanna, 8 m. W. Lancaster. P. 1,913. — XX. (Manchester), co. York, and containing a part of York borough. P. 1,262 XXI, (Marlborough), 33 m. S.W. Philadelphia. Pop. 1,043.— XXII. (Milford), New Jersey, 100 m. N.N.E. Trenton, Pop, 2,108 XXIII, (Nanimeal), Pennsylvania, CO, Chester, on an afil, of the Brandywine, 34 m. N,W, Philadelphia. Pop. 1,731.— XXIV. (New- bury), Massachusetts, on the Merrimao, 34 m. N.E. Boston. P. 1,560.— XXV. (Penn), Pennsyl- vania, 79 m. N.E. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,362 — XX VL (Pmnsborough), on the Conedogwinit, 8 m. W. Carlisle. Pop. 1,867.— XXVII. (RochhiU), co. Bucks, 33 m. N.N.W. Philadelphia. Pop. 1,631. —XXVIII. (Salem), eo. and 17 m. N.W.Mercer. Pop. 2,628,— XXIX. (Stoehbridge), a vill,, Massa- chusetts, on the Williams, 138 m, W. Boston, P, 1,000, The Boston and Albany railway arc joined here by the Housatonic and the Hudson St Berkshire railroads,— XXX, (?Vn«), a tnshp.. New York, on Black riv., at its high falls, 126 m. N.W. Albany. Pop. 2,042.— XXXI. (Vincent), Pennsylvania, 30 m. N.W. Philadelphia. Pop. 1,232.— XXXII. (Whiteland), co. Chester, 72 m. from Harrisburg. P, 1,085.— XXXIII. (Wind- sor), New Jersey, co. Mercer. Pop. 1,636. Wbst-Acbb, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 5 m. N.N.W. Swaffham. Area 3,400 ac. Pop, 490, It has some remains of a priory, foonded in the reign of William Bufus. Westall (Point), S. Australia, Eyre-land. Lat. 32° 52' S., Ion. 133° 69' E. A mntn. named Westall, E. Australia, near Shoal Bay, is an im- portant landmark, Westuebe, a pa, of England, co, Kent, 3J m. N.E. Canterbury. Area 810 ac. Pop. 234. Westborohoh, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 7 m. N.W. Grantham. Area 890 ac. Pop. 250. — II. a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Massachusetts, on alBs. of the Concord, 30 m. W.S.W. Boston. Pop. 1,658. West-Burowan, British India. [Bancoorah. j Westbhri, a pari, and mnnic. bor., hundred, town, pa., and tnshp. of England, co. Wilts, on the N.W. side of Salisbury plain, with a station on a branch of the Great Western railway, 4J m. S.S.E. Trowbridge. Area of bor., hundred, & pa., 11,430 ac. Pop. 7,588, partly employed in woollen mills, and in malting. Pop, of tnshp. 3,631. The town is irregularly built ; chief edifice, a hand- some town-hall. The church is an old cruciform structure. In the pa. are two chapels of ease, dissenting chapels, a national school endowed with 1,000Z. Assessed taxes of borough (1846) 765Z. 11*. Westbury returns 1 member to House of Commons. Reg. electors (1847-8) 344. Westbury, several pas. of Engl. — I. co. Bucks, union Brackley. Area 2,570 ac. Pop. 471. — II. co. Salop, 8f m. W.S.W. Shrewsbury. Area 17,920 ac. Pop. 2,412. Fair, 5th August. It is the seat of petty sessions. — III. co. Somerset, 4 m. N.W. Wells. Area 3,560 ac. Pop. 647.— IV. (on-Sevem), co. Gloucester, 3 m. N.E. Newnham. Area 7,930 ac. Pop. 2,226. It has a union work- ho. — V. (on- Trim), same co., 3 m. N.N.W. Bristol. Area 4,610 ac. Pop. 6,029. — Westbury is a town and pa. of Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land), co. Westmoreland, 18 m. S.W. Launccston. Westby-with-Pldmptons, a tnshp. of Engl., CO. Lancashire, pa. Kirkham. Ac. 3,310. P. 643. Westchester, a co. of the U. S., N. Amer., in S.E. part of state New York; between the Hudson river and Long Island Sound ; cap.White-plains. Area 470 sq, m., in many parts fertile and highly cultivated. Pop. 48,686. Marble and copper are procured here. — II. a tnshp. in this co., on Westchester creek, near New York. Pop. 4,154. In it are the vills. Morrisiana and Fordham.— III. a borough, Pennsylvania, 73 m. E.S.E. Harrisburg. Pop. 2,152, West-Cliffe, a pa, of Engl., co. Kent, 3 m. N.E. Dover. Area 1,090 ac. Pop. 116. Westcote, a pa. of Engl., co. Gloucester, 4 m. S.S.E. Stow- on-the- Wold. Ac. 1,200. P. 240. Westenhangeb, a former pa. of England, co. Kent, now included in the pa. Stouting, and having a station on the S.E. railway, 3i m. N.W. Hythe. Westrras, a town of Sweden, cap. ten, at the influx of the Svart-Elf into Lake Maelar, 60 m, W,N,W. Stockholm. Pop. 3,.345. It is the see of a bishop, and has a fine cathedral, an ancient castle, and a town-hall. Its college, the most WES 1381 WES ancient in Sweden, has a library of 11,000 vols., and a botanic garden. It has also extensive ship-building docks, and is an entrep6t for iron, copper, brass, vitriol, &c., sent to Stoclcholm. It has an important annual fair on 16th September. — The laen, or prov. of Wesieras has an area of 2,635 sq. m. Pop. (1840) 92,494. Westerburo, a vUl. of Germany, Nassau, cap. lordship of the counts Leiningen-Westerburg, 9 m. N.N.W. Hadamar. Pop. 1,367. It has a castle, several tanneries, and large coal mines. Westerdale, a pa. of Englaud, co. York, N. Kiding, 7 m. S.S.E. Guisborough. Ac. 8,750. P. 265. Westerfield, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 2 J m. N.N.E. Ipswich. Area 1,071 ac. Pop. 324. Westerham, a mkt. town and pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 19^ m. W. Maidstone, on the Darent. Area 5,740 ae. Pop. 2,162. The town has a handsome church, in which is a monument to General Wolfe, who was born here, & whose vic- tory at Quebec is commemorated by a pillar in this pa. Bishop Hoadley was born here in 1676. Westerhausen, and Westeuheim, two vills. of Germany. — I. Prussian Saxony, reg. Magde- burg, 4 m. N.N.W. Quedlinburg. Pop. 1,630.— II. Wurtemberg, circ. Danube, on the Sauhe- Alp ilountaiiis, near Geislingen. Pop. 879. Westerkirk, a pa. of Scotland, co. Dumfries, in Eskdale, X.W. Langholm. Area 27,307 ac, Scots, mostly mountainous. Pop. 638. Here are several Roman and Druidic remains. Westerleigh, a pa. of England, co. Glou- cester, 2i m. S.W. Chipping-Sodbury. Area 8,840 ac. Pop. 1,776. It has a handsome church. A railway 9 m. in length connects Coalpit heath in this pa. with Bristol. Westebloo, avill. of Belgium, prov. and 25 m. S.E. Antwerp, on the Great Nethe. Pop. 2,300. Westebloo, a tnshp., V. S., N. America, New York, 22 m. S.W. Albany. Pop. .3,096. Westerly, a marit. tnshp. of the U. S., N. America, Rhode Island, on the Atlantic and Paw- catuck river, and on the Providence and Stoning- ton railroad, 42 m. S.S.W. Providence. Pop. ■■ 912.— Western is a tonwship, New York, 18 m. N.W. Utica. Pop. 3,488. Westers Acstbalia (formerly Swan River Ctk^ny), a British colony, occupying the S.W. angle of Australia, between lat. 30° and 33° S., and Ion. 115° and 119° E. Length of settled dist. about 300 m., breadth 150 m. Pop. (1849) 4,622, nearly 2-3ds of whom are males ; native pop. about 1,500. Three parallel mountain ranges traverse the co. from S. to N., rising in height from the coast inland. Elevation of Tulbanop, the culminating point, 5,000 feet. Granitic rocks, with claystone and limestone, prevail. Columnar ba«alt is met with around G^ographe Bay, and other localities. From this point to Shark Bay a band of coal runs for about 600 m. Soil light and dry, both in the coast and interior. In the middle of the colony are bands of more fertile land, suited for the culture of the vine, olive, and fig, and where sandal-wood and other trees grow abundantly. Principal river. Swan river, with its tributaries, which see. In the interior are several salt lakes & pools, but the colony is in general not well watered. Climate arid, but comparatively healthy. Winter temp. 68°; summer 76° Fahr. In 1849, 6,700 acres of land were under cultiva- tion. Sheep rearing has not been successful, but horses and cattle thrive well. Iron is abun- dant, and some good lead ore, and ores of mer- cury and zinc. Trade chiefly with India & China, to which horses, cattle, and sandal-wood are ex- ported, and wool to Britain. Value of exports (1847)24,665;.; do. of importa, 26,463/. The colony is ruled by a governor and council. There are 32 COS., or districts. Principal towns, Perth, Freeniantle, and Albany. Chief ports, Guildford, Australind, Rockingham, York, and Augusta. Westekn-Pobt, an inlet of the S. coast of Aus- tralia, Victoria, co. Morningtoii, 12 m. S.E. the inlet of Port-Phillip, and separated from it by the peninsula of Arthur's Seat. Length and breadth about 20 m. each, but it is nearly filled up by French and Grant islands, and onlv the en- trance on their W. side is adapted for large vessels. It forms a secure harbour. Westervik, a town of S. Sweden, ten and 75 m. N. Kalmar, on a deep inlet of the Baltic, here crossed by a bridge of boats. Pop. 3,025. It has a fine church, safe and convenient harbour, ship- building docks, maiiufs. of linen fabrics, and a trade in iron, wooden wares, tar, and pitch. Westerwald, a hill-chain of W. Germany, forming the boundary between Prussian West- phalia and the duchy Nassau, stretches N.E. from Coblenz for about 70 m. Its principal summit, the Salzburgerkopf, is 2,847 feet in elevation. The mountains are well wooded. Westfield, two pas. of England I. co. Nor- folk, 2 m. S. Dereham. Ac. 400. P. 138.— II. co. Sussex, 4^ m. E.S.E. Battle. Ac. 4,600. Pop. 866. Westfield, several tiishps., U. S., N. Amer. — I. Massachusetts, on Westfield riv., & the Hamp- shire and Hampden canal, 100 m.\\'.S.W. Boston. Pop. 3,526.-11. New York, on Staten Island, between New York bay and Staten Island sound. Pop. 2,326.-111. (or Portland), New York, co. Chautanque, on Lake Erie, 53 m. S.W. Bufialo. — IV. New Jersey, 45 m. N.E. Trenton. Pop. 3,150.— V. Ohio, 28 m. N. Columbus. Pop. 1,019.— VI. CO. Medina. Pop. 1,030. Westford, several tnshps., U. S., N. America., — I. Vermont, 13 m. N.E. Burlington.. Pop. 1,352.-11. Massachusetts, 8 m. W.S.W. Lowell. Pop. 1,436. It has extensive quarries of " Chelms- ford granite." — III. New York, 57 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,478. — West-Fork is a tnshp., Arkansas, CO. Washington. Pop. 418. Westgate, a tnshp. of England, co. Northum- berland, pa. and forming the N.W. suburb of the town of Newcastle. Pop. 10,489. Westhall, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 2 J m. N.E. Halesworth. Area 2,960 ac. Pop. 412. Westham, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, with a station on the S. coast railw., 4i m. S.E. Hailsham. Area 3,870 ac. Pop. 770. [Ham (West.)] West Hampnett, a pa. of England, co. Sus- sex, IJ m. N.E. Chichester, on the Lavant. Area 1,850 ac. Pop. 520. Westhofen, two market towns of W. Ger- many.— I. H.-Darmstadt, prov. Rhenish Hessen on the Seebach, 20 m. S. Mayence. Pop. 1,838. II. Prussian Westphalia, reg. Arensberg, 7 m. S.S.E. Dortmund, on the Ruhr. Pop. 1,025. Westhofen, a comm. and vill. of France, dep, B. Rhin, 14 m. W. Strasbourg. Pop. 2,104, en- gaged in woollen-weaving. Westhorpk, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 7 m. N. Stow-Market. Area 1,790 ac. Pop. 264. West Indies, Antillia or Antilles, an archi- pelago of islands which extend from the Gulf of Florida to the Gulf of Paria, between lat. 10° and 28° N., and Ion. 59° and 86° W., bounded on N. and E. by the Atlantic, and on the S. by the Caribbean Sea, which separates them from the N. coast of S. America. The S.E. group con- tains the largest islands, or Greater Antilles, as Cuba, St Domingo, Jamaica, and Porto-Kico. The other group, or Lesser Antilles, stretching WES 1382 WES from N. to S., consists of Guadaloupe, Marti- nique, Barbadoes, Trinidad, &c. Tlie Baliamas form a tliird group. Tlie Lesser Antilles, from Porto-Rico to the Gulf of Paria, are by some writers called the windward islands, and. the smaller proup along the coast of Venezuela, the leeward islands ; but in British charts the windward islands comprise those between lat. 10° and 16° N., the leeward those between lat. 15° and 19° N, Leeward Isla. Windward Isle. Virgin Isles Montaerrat Martinique Curacao AnguUla Antigua 6t Lucia Buen Ayre Bl; Martin Barbuda Barbados Loa Roquea St Bartholomew Guadaloupe St Vincent Orchilla Saba The Saintea Bequia Blanca St BuBtatius Deaeada The Grenadines Tortuga | St Christopher Marle-Galante Grenada Salada Jfevia Womiuica Tobago Miirgarita Redonda Trinidad Cubagua Oruba Ooche Total area of the Archipelago, according to Schomburgh (1848), 86,5i8 sq. m. Pop. 3,399,683. Other statements make the area greater. [Ame- BicA.] The Lesser Antilles are of volcanic origin. CUmate of the whole tropical, but modified by the surrounding ocean and the elevated land of many of the islands. Sugar, coffee, cotton, dye- woods, and spices, are the chief products and exports. Of these islands, France possesses Guadaloupe, Martinique, Deseada, Marie-Ga- lante, and part of St Martin ; to Spain belongs Cuba and Porto-Rico ; to Denmark, Santa Cruz, St Thomas, and St John ; to Holland, St Eusta- tius, Saba, Curasao, and part of St Martin ; to Sweden, St Bartholomew ; Hayti is independent ; Margarita and adjacent isles belong to the re- public of Venezuela; and Anguilla, Antigua, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Mont- serrat, Nevis, St Christopher, St Lucia, St Vincent, Tobago, Tortola, Trinidad, Bahamas, and Bermudas, belong to Great Britain. Colum- bus landed on St Salvador, Bahama group, in October 1492 ; and the archipelago, under the erroneous impression, at the time of discovery, that it formed part of Asia, was called the West Indies. [Particular descriptions are given under the heads of the various islands.] WBST-KAPELr,EN, a market town of Belgium, prov. West Flanders, 8 m. N.E. Bruges. Pop. 1,600. — II. a maritime town of the Netherlands, prov. Zeeland, at the W. extremity of the island Walcheren, 7 m. W. Middelburg. Pop. 1,892. Westletow, a pa. of England, oo. Suffolk, 2J m. E. Yoxford. Area 2,690 ac. Pop. 897. Westlt, two pas. of England. — I. co. Suffolk, 2 m. W.N.W. Bury St Edmunds. Area 680 ac. Pop. 144. — II. (Waterless), co. Cambridge, 6 m. S.W. Newmarket. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 194. West-Linton, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Cumber- land, pa. Kirk-Linton, 4 m. S.E. Longtown. P. 667. Westmanna, a group of islands off the S. coast of Iceland, a few of which are inhabited. Lat. of S. point, 63° 20' N., Ion. 20° 23' W. Westmeath, an inland co. of Ireland, Lein- ster, surrounded by cos. Longford, Meath, King's po., and Roscommon. Area 708 sq. m., or 463,468 ac, of which 366,218 are arable, 8,803 in plantations, and 66,392 uncultivated. Inhabited houses 24,002. Pop. 141,300. Surface undulat- ing, diversified with woods, lakes, and bogs, com- prising, however, much fertile soil and agreeable scenery. On the W. it is bounded by Lough Bee and the Shannon; the Inny flows through its N. part and the Brosna through its centre, and connected with these rivers here are lakes Dereveragh, Ennel, Owhel, Lane, Iron, Sheelin, &c. Grazing and dairy-farming are the chief occupations, and cattle and sheep are of superior breeds ; but agriculture is increasing. Principal crops, oats and potatoes, with some wheat ; flour and meal are made in large quantities. Estates of moderate size; farms comparatively large. Average rent of land 13s. 7d. an acre. Annual value of land (1848) 290,606?. The Royal Canal intersects the co., and a branch of the Grand Canal proceeds to Kilbeggan. Westmeath is subdivided into 12 baronies and 63 pas., chiefly in the diocese of Meath, Principal towns, Mul- lingar the cap., Moate, and a part of Athlone. Excluding its bors., it sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1849) 646. It gives the title of marquis to the Nugent family. Westmeston, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 6i m. N.W. Lewes. Area 2,090 ac. Pop. 833. Westmill, a pa. of England, co. Hertford, 1 J m. S.S.E. Buntingford. Area 2,130 ac. Pop. 426. Westminister (Cut amd Liberty of), Eng- land, CO. Middlesex, is the W. part of the British metropolis, having S. and W. the pas. Chelsea and Kensington ; N. the bor. Maryfebone, from which it is separated by Oxford street ; E. the Thames separating it from the bor. Lambeth (with which it communicates by Vauxhall, West- minster, Hungerford, and Waterloo bridges) ; E. also the Strand. Area 2,600 ac. Pop. 219,930. Its different parts present a great contrast. In the vicinity of its Abbey is one of the worst parts of the metropolis, but in the other parts of West- minster are the finest quarters of the capital ; the principal government offices and by far the larger number of the town resids. of the nobiUty. Principal structures, Westminster abbey and hall, the new and magnificent houses of parlia- ment, privy council office, treasury, and board of trade, in Whitehall ; St James's, Buckingham, and Kensington palaces ; Somerset house, with King's college; Westminster, St George's and Charing-cross hospitals. Westminster is govern- ed by a high steward, chosen by the dean and chapter, a high bailiff, and 16 burgesses. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Beg. electors (1848) 14,801. [London.] Westminster, two tnsbps., TJ. S., N. America. — I. Vermont, on 1. b. of the Connecticut, 82 ra. S. Montpelier. Pop. 1,666. The vill. is con- nected by a bridge with Walpole, New Hamp- shire. — II. Massachusetts, 43 m. W.N.W. Bos- ton. Pop. 1,646. Westmoeelaitd, a co. of England, in its N. part ; having N. Cumberland, E. and S.E. York- shire, W, and S. Lancashire, but touching the CO. Durham at its N.E. extremity, and on the S.W. separating two portions of the co. Lancas- ter, by stretching to the head of Morecambe bay. Area 763 sq. m., or 488,320 ac, of which only 40,000 are estimated to be in tillage, and 140,000 do. in pasturage. Inhabited houses 10,849. Pop. 66,464. It is, as its name implies, a country of mountains and moors, interspersed with lakes and highly picturesque. Helvellyn, on the border of Cumberland, rises to 3,065 feet above the sea; other mountains are Rydal Mount, Bow- fell, Crossfell, and a mountain-range mostly se- parates it from Yorkshire. Principal lakes are Windermere on its W. and IJlleswater on its N, W. border ; its rivers are the Ken in the S., and Eden in the N., aJong which are the chief fertile lands. Farms mostly small ; but agriculture has of late made considerable progress. Principal WES 1383 WES crops, turnips, clover, and wheat. Cattle are of larfte size. The wool produced is used in the manufe. of Kendal and Broadford (in Yorkshire), or in hosiery manufs. at Kirkby-Stephen, and Orton. Geese are reared in large numbers on the mountainB for exportation. The lake fish are extensively exported. Average rent of land (1810) 9s. Id. per acre, being the lowest of any in England. Annoal value of land (1842-3) 269,417^. ; of all real property 334,501i. Slate is quarried in large quantities ; gi-anite, marble, copper, lead, and coal, are procurable, and near Duf- ton are copper-mines. In 1847, 987 hands were employed in woollen and flax mills. The Lan- caster and Kendal canal, & Kendal and Winder- mere railway intersect the S. pai't, and the Lan- caster and Carlisle railway the co. throughout from S. to N. Co. rev. (1848) 4,546i. Westmore- land is divided into 4 wards & 32 pas., in dioceses of Carlisle and Chester, & N. circuit. Principal towns Appleby the cap., Ambleside, Kendal, Kirkby, Shap, and Orton. It sends 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 4,078. Under the heptarchy it formed a part of the kingdom North- umbria. It contains Roman & other anc. remains. Westmoreland, a co. of New South Wales, E. Anstralia, enclosed by the cos. Cook, Camden, Argyle, Georgiana, Bathurst, and Koxburgh. Area 1^592 sq. m. Pop. 1,675. The Blue mntns. here rise to nearly 4,000 feet in height. The Wollondilly bounds the co. on the S. and Cox's river on the E. Principal town O'Connell. With tlie COS. Georgiana & King, it sends 1 mem. to the legislative council. — II. a co. of Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land), comprising the S. pai-t of what were formerly Norfolk plains, and having E. the COS. Cornwall and Somerset. The Mersey and W. rivers, S. Esk and Lake rivers. Shannon and Great Lake, form respectively its N.E. and S. boundaries. Quambay's bluff rises to 3,500 feet. Lakes are numerous in the S. and E. Principal towns Deloraine, Chndleigh, Carrick, Longford, and Westbury. Westmoreland, two cos., TJ. S., N. America. — L Pennsylvania in its S.W. part, bordering the Alleghany. Area 1,050 sq. m. Pop. 42,699.— IL Virginia, between the Potomac and Kappa- liannoek rivers. Area316sq. m. Pop. 8,019. — Also two tnshps. — I. New Hampshire, 47 m. S.W. Concord. Pop. 1^6. — II. New York, co. Oneida, 103 m. W.N.W. Albany. Pop. 3,106. Westoe, a township and chapelry of England, CO. Durham, pa. Jarrow, foi-ming a large suburb of S. Shields. Pop. 13,990. Weston, several pas., &c., of England. — I. co. Hertford, 4 m. N.N.E. Stevenage. Area 4,630 ac. Pop. 1,123.-11. CO. Lincoln, 3i m. N.E. Spalding. Area 2,550 ac. Pop. 681.— III. co. Somerset, on the Avon, If m. W.N.W. Bath. Area 2,230 ac. Pop. 2,899.— IV. CO. Norfolk, 6 m. S. Reepham. Area 2,670 ac. Pop. 411.— V. co. Suffolk, 3 m. S. Beccles. Area 720 ac. Pop. 211.- VI. co. York, W.Riding, 2 m.W.N.W.Otley. Area 4,460 ac. Pop. 526. The church contains the vault and monuments of the Vavasour family, whose seat, Weston-hall, is an ancient stone fabric. — VII. (with-Alconbui-y), co, and 5^ m. N.W. Hunt- ingdon. Area 1,540 ac. Pop. 491.— VIII. (on- Avon), cos. Warwick and Gloucester, 9 m. E.S.E. Chipping-Camden. Area 1,540 ac. Pop. 104. —IX. (Beggard), co. and 5 m. E.N.E. Hereford. Area 110 ac. Pop. 300.— X. (Bampfylde), co. Somerset, 6 m.S.S.W.Castle-Cary. Area620ao. Pop. 133.— XI. (Birt), co. Gloucester, 3 m. S.W. Tetbury. Area 2,120 ac. Pop. 166 — XII. {on- the-Clay), co. Nottingham, 3 m. S.E. Tux&rd. Area 1,690 ae. Pop. 402.— XIII. (Cold), co. Salop, 6 m. N.N.E. Ludlow. Area 670 ac. Pop. 31.— XIV. (Colville), co. Cambridge, 6 m. N N E Linton. Area 2,943 ac. Pop. 530 XV onding warehouses, dry docks, and slips for building and repairing vessels ; manufs. of sail cloth, cordage, soap, copperas, and tobacco pipes. Exports consist chiefly of coal and iron ore ; im- ports West Indian, American, and Baltic produce ; flax & linen from Ireland, & pig-iron from Wales. The port-jurisdiction extends from Maryport on the N. to the river Duddon on the S., including Millearn, Harrington, Kavenglass, & Working- ton. Steamers maintain continual communication between Whitehaven and Dublin, Dumfries, and the Isle of Man. Customs rev. (1846) 68,7271. 9«. Reg. shipping (1847-8) 39,462 tons. It returns 1 mem. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 534.— II. a harbour of Nova Scotia, British N. America, 12 m. W.S.W. Cape Canso. Whitehouse Abbev, avill. of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Antrim, on Belfast Lough, 3J m. N.E. Belfast. Pop. 650, mostly employed in a large cotton-mill. White HILLS, a fishing vill. of Sootl., co. Banff, pa. Boyndie, 4^ m. E. Portsoy. Pop. 626. White Island, off New Zealand, N. island, in theBay of Plenty, is in lat. 37° 33' S., Ion. 177° 14' E. It consists of an active volcano, rising to between 1,000 and 1,500 feet in height. Whitekirk & TvNNiNGHAME, a United mai'it. pa. of Scotl., CO. Berwick, 9 m. S.S.E. North- Ber- wick. Area about 6,000 ac. Pop. 1,170 ; of whom 47 are in the vill., near which are Whitekjrk-house and Tynninghame-house, White-Lady-Aston, a pa. of Engl., co. and 4 m. E.S.E. Worcester. Area 760 ao. Pop. 367. Whitelev, a township, U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, co. Greene, on an afii. of the Mon- ongahela. Pop. 2,043. Whitelets, a vill. of Scotland, co. and IJ m. N.E. Ayr, on the road to Galston. Pop. 764, mostly employed in raising coal, conveyed by a railway to Newton-upon-Ayr. White Mabsh, a township, U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, 11 ra. N.W. Philadelphia. Pop. 2,079. — White Plains, a township, state and near New York, semi-cap. oo. Westchester. P. 1,087. WniTE Mountains, a range of the U. S., N. America, in the N.E. part of New Hampshire, about 20 m. in length, by from 8 to 10 m. in breadth. Mount Washington, the loftiest peak, 30 m. N. Laliie member to the New South Wales legisla- ive assembly. Windsor, several townships, U. S., N. Amer. — [. Vermont, cap. co., on W. b. of the Connecticut •iver, 18 m. S.S.W. Norwich. Pop. 2,744.— IL Connecticut, co. and 7 m. N. Hartford. Pop. !,283.— III. New York, 12 m. S.E. Binghamton, rith a vill. on W. side of the Susquehanna. Pop. 1,368. — IV. Pennsylvania, co. Berks, on Schuyl- cill river and canal. Pop. 2,882. — V. Maine, 10 n. E. Augusta. Pop. 1,789. — Also a co. in S.E. )art of Vermont; cap. Woodstock. Area 900 q. m. Pop. 40,356. Windward Islands. [West Indies.] WiHKSTEAD, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Riding, Jm. W.N.W.Patrmgton. Area2,570ac. P. 139. WiNFABTHiNG, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, : m. N. Diss. Area 2,600 ac. Pop. 696. WiNFiELD, a township, U. S., N. Amer., New fork, 76 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,652 Winhall i a township, Vermont, 80 m. S.W. Montpelier. WiNFORD, two pas. of Engl. — I. co. Somerset, ^ m. S.W. Bristol. Area 3,940 ac. Pop. 852. -II. (Bogle), CO. Dorset, 8 m. W.N.W. Dor- hester. Area 1,370 ac. Pop. 133. WiNFOBTON, a pa. of England, co. Hereford, m. N.E. Hay. Area 1,240 ac. Pop. 178. Winfbith-Nbwbubgh, apa. of Engl., co. Dor- Bt, 8 m. W.S.W. Wareham. Ac. 3,690. P. 963. WiNo, two pas. of England.^1. co. Bucks, 3 m. .W. Leighton-Buzzard. Area 5,310 ac. Pop. ,274. — II. CO. Rutland, 3 m. N.E. Uppingham. Lrea 1,056 ac. Pop. 302. WiNGATF,, a ehapelry of England, co. and 7 J m. I.S.E. Durham, pa. Castle-Eden, on the Hartle- ool branch of the York and Berwick railway, op. 2,626. WiNGERwoBTH, a pa. of Engl., co. Derby, 2} m. .S.W. Chesterlield. Area 2,650 ac. Pop. 484. i^ingerworth-Hal) is a handsome building. WiNGFiELD, several pas. of England. — I. co. uflFolk, 6J m. E.N.E. Eye. Area 2,630 ac. Pop. 38.— 11. CO. Wilts, 2 m. W.S.W. Trowbridge. rea 2,210 ac. Pop. 305 III. (North), co. 'erby, 4J m. S.S.E. Chesterfield. Area 6,680 ao. op. 3,144.— IV. (South), same co., 2 m. W. Al. eton, on N. Midland railw. Ac. 2,990. P. 1,188. WiNGiiAM, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 6 m. Canterbury. Area 2,400 ac. Pop. 1,129. WiNGRAVE, a pa. of England, co. Bucks, 5 m. .E. Aylesbury. Area 2,600 ac. Pop. 814. WiNiKi, a vill. of Austrian Poland, Galicia, cire. and 16 m. N.N.E. Lemberg. Pop. 2,270. It has an imperial manuf. of tobacco. WiNKBOuBNE, a pa. of Engl., co. Nottingham, 3 m. N.N.E. Southwell. Area 2,240 ac. P. 144. WiNKEL, a market town of Nassau, on the Rhine, 10 m. W. Mayenoe, with a castle. P. 1,600. WiNKFiELD, a pa. of England, co. Berks, 5^ m. W.S.W. New Windsor. Ac. 10,040. Pop. 2,178. WiNLATON, a pa. of Engl., co. Durham, 5 m. W. Gateshead. Area 4,540 ac. Pop. 5,326. WiNNALL, a pa. of Engl., co. Hants, 1 m. N.N.E. Winchester. Area 470 ac. Pop. 113. S\ iNNEBAGO, a lake, U. S., N. Amer., Wis- consin territory, W. Lake Michigan. Length N. to S. 28 m., breadth 10 m. It receives Wolf riv. from the W., discharges its surplus waters by Fox river N.ward into Green Bay (Lake Michi- gan), and gives name to a co. — Another co. of same name is in the state Illinois. WiNNEBAH, a town of Africa, Gold Coast. Lat. 5° 12' N., Ion. 0° 36' W. The English fort was abandoned in 1812, but the town has been rebuilt. WiKNENDEN, a towu of Wiirtcmberg, circ. Neckar, 12 ra. N.E. Stuttgart. Pop. 3,000, who carry on a trade in corn, wool, leather, & timber. WiNNEBSH, a liberty of England, co. Berks, pa. Hurst, 3i m. N. Wokingham. Pop. 647. WiNNiNQBM, a market town of Rhenish Prussia, with mineral springs, reg. and 4 m. S.W. Cob- lenz, on the Moselle. Pop. 1,550. Winnipeg (Lake), British N. Amer., is be- tween lat. 50° and 64° N., and Ion. 96° and 99° W. Length 240 m., breadth 66 m. ; shape very ir- regular. Shores low, and its waters are muddy. On its S. side it receives the Winnipeg, the As- siniboine, and Red river ; and from the W. it is joined by the Saskatchewan, besides which it re- ceives the surplus waters of Winnipegoos and Manitoba lakes fi:om the W. It discharges its own surplus N.ward by the Nelson riv., through several small lakes, into Hudson Sea. On its shores are several stations of the Hudson Bay Company The river Winnipeg, a noble but dangerous stream, has a N.W. course of 250 m. through the Lake of the Woods, &c. — Lahe Winnipegoos, about 60 m. W. Lake Winnipeg, is 126 m. in length N. to S., average breadth 26 m. WiNNipisEOGEE, Or WiNNEPiscioGEE, a beau- tiful lake of the U. S., N. Amer., state New Hampshire. Lat. 43° 40' N., Ion. 71° 21' W. Shape irregrular ; length 22 m., greatest breadth 10 m. ; height above the sea 472 feet. It is very deep ; its shores are highly picturesque. It dis- charges its surplus waters by the river of same name, W. into the river Merrimao. WiNNowE (St), a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, on the Fowey, here crossed by a bridge, 2 m. S.S.E. Lostwithiel. Area 6,840 ac. Pop. 1,056. WiNNSBOBOUGH, a vill., U. S., N. America, S. Carolina, cap. dist., 27 m. N.N.W. Columbia, with a Baptist theological seminai'y. WiNNWEiLEB, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, 10 m. N.E. Kaiserslautern. Pop. 1,284. WiNscHOTEN, a town of the Netherlands, prov. and 20 m. E.S.E. Groningen, cap. cant., on the Winschoten canal. P. 3,678. It has a Latin school. WiNscoMBE, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 2 m. N.W. Axbridge. Area 3,900 ac. Pop. 1,436. WiNSEN, a town and a village of Hanover. — I, landr. and 12 m. N.W. Luneburg, cap. dist., on the Luhe. Pop. 1,988 II. landr. & 44 m. S.S.W. Luneburg, cap. dist., on the Aller. Pop. 1,000. WiNSFORD, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset, 6 m. N.W. Dulverton. Area 9,240 ac. Pop. 581. WiNSHAM, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 4 m. E.S.E. Chard. Area 3,170 ao. Pop. 999 ■WIN 1399 ■\VIR ^^ iNSLADE, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 3 m. S.E. Basingstoke. Area 1,210 ao. Pop. 169. WiNSLKT, a hamlet of Engl., co. Derby, pa. Darley, 3 m. W.N.W. Matlock. Pop. 604.— II. a chapelry, co. 'Wilts, pa. and 3 m. W. Bradford. Pop. 2,646. WiNSLOw, a market town and pa. of England, CO. and 6^ m. S.E. Buckingham. Area of pa. 1,920 ac. Pop. 1,434, partly employed in the lace uianuf. The town Las an ancient Gothic church. WiKstow, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Maine, on the Kennebec, 20 m. N.E. Augusta. Pop. 1,722. — Winston is a CO., Mississippi, on the Pearl and Tombigbee riTers. Area 720 sq. m. P. 4,650. ■WmsTANLET, a township of England, co. Lan- caster, pa. and 4 m. W.S.W. Wigan. Pop. 681. WiNSTEB, a market town and chapelry of England, CO. Derby, pa. Toulgrave, 4^ m. W. Matlock. Pop. 1,006. — II. a chapelry, co. West- moreland, ward, pa., and 6 m. W. Kendal. Winston, several pas., &c., of Engl. — I. co. Dur- ham, 6 m. £. Baruai'd-Castle. Area 3,150 ac. Pop. 293. — II. CO. Gloucester, 6 m. N.W. Cirencester. Area 1,510 ac. Pop. 262.— III. CO. Suffolk, 7 m. W.S.W. Framlington. Area 1,270 ac. Pop. 399.— IV. S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 6 m. E.X-E. Haverford-West Pop. 775. WiHTEBBERO, a town of Bohemia, circ. Pra- chin, on the Wolnika, 27 m. S.W. Pisek. Pop. 1,600, employed in glass and paper factories. — IL a town of Prussian Westphaha, reg. and 25 m. S.E. Arensberg, on the Orke. Pop. 1,300. WixTEHBouRN, numerous pas. of the W. cos. of England. — I. co. Gloucester, 6^ m. N.N.E. Bristol Area 4,850 ac. Pop. 3,151.— II. (.46ias), CO. Dorset, 5 m. W. Dorchester. Area 2,470 ac. Pop. 206.— III. (Basset), CO. Wilts, 7 m N.W. Marlborough. Area 1,410 ac. Pop. 275 IV. {Came), CO. Dorset, 3 m. S.E. Dorchester. Area 1,270 ac. Pop. 157. — V. (ClenstOTie), same co. 4 m. S.W. Blandford-Forum. Area 1,450 ao. Pop. 96.— VI. (DarUsey), co. Wilts, 4 m. N.N.E. Salisbury. Area 1,280 ac. Pop. 166.— VII. (Earls), same co., 3.J m. N.N.E. Salisbury. Area 1,430 ac. Pop. 221. — VIII. (Gunner), same co., 4^ m. N.N.E. Salisbnry. Area 1,760 ac. Pop. 144.— IX. (Kingston), co. Dorset, 12 m. N.E. Dorchester. Area 1,770 a«. Pop. 667.— X. (St Martin), same CO., 3 m. W.S.W. Dorchester. Area 2,760 ac. Pop. 422. Marden castle, once an important Roman post, is in this pa. — XI. (MonUon), same co., 2J m. S.S.W. Dorchester. Area 910 ac. Pop. 91.— XII. (Steepleton), same CO., 4^ m. W.S.W. Dorchester. Area 1,880 ac. Pop. 189.— XIU. (Stolu), CO. Wilts, 5 m. W.S.W. Amesbnry. Area 3,540 ac. Pop. 328.— XIV. (Strickland), co. Dorset, 4 m. W.S.W. Blandford- Forum. Area 1,340 ac. Pop. 383.— XV. ( TTAi^- church), same co.,6i m. S.W. Blandford-Forum. Area 3,860 ac. P. 541.— XVI. (ZeUtone), sameco., 6 m. 8.S.E. Blandford-Forum. Ac. 840. P. 222. Wihteb-Habboub, British N. America, is on the S.E. coast of Melville island, Arctic Ocean. Lat. 74° 47' 2' N„ Ion. 110° 48' 2' W. Here Su' E. Parry wintered in 1819-20. . Wintebingham, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 6* m. W. Barton-on-Humber. Ac. 3,971. P. 694. WisTEBSLOW, a pa. of England, co. "^ute, 6 m. E.N.E. Salisbury. Area 4,460 ac. Pop. 838. WiKTEBSWTK, a vill. of thc Netherlands, prov. Geldcrland, 35 m. E. Arnhem, on the Prussian frontier. Pop., with yicinity, 5,600, partly Imen WC A V61*S WiNTEBTHDE,atown of Switzerland, cant, and 12 m. N.E. Zurich. Pop. 4,600. It has manuis. of cotton-yam and fabrics, a college, pubhe library, and museums.— OJer- Wwderthur (ancient yUodiirum), is a vill., 1 m. N.E.ward, with 2,000 inhabitants and some Roman antiquities. WiNTEBTON, two pas. of England.— I. co. Lin- coln, 7 m. W.S.W. Barton-on-Humber. Area 4,480 ac. Pop. 1,373.-11. co. Norfolk, on the coast, 5Jm. N.N.W. Caistor. Area 1,630 ac. Pop. 588. The church steeple serves as a land-mark. On Winterton-Ness is a light-house, 52 ft. in ht., with a fixed Ught, lat. 62° 43' N., Ion. 1° 41' E. WiNTHOBPE, two pas. of England.— I. co. Lincoln, on the coast, 11 m. E. Spilsby. Area 1,260 ao. Pop. 273.-11. co. Notts, 2 m. N.E. Newark. Area 680 ac. Pop. 226. WiNTHKOp,a tnshp., U. S.,N. America, Maine, 10 m. W. Augusta, containing a lake 10 m. in length, with a vill. at its S. extremity. P. 1,915. WiNTON, a contracted name of Winchester. WiNTEiNGHAM, a pa., Engl., CO. Tork, E. Rid- ing, 7m. E.N.E. New-Malton. Ac. 8,480. P. 603. WiNTZENHEiM, a comm. and market town of France, dep. H. Rhin, cap. cant., 3 m. W. Col- mar. Pop. 3,896, employed in manufs. of printed cotton goods and coarse woollen cloths. WiNwiCK, several pas. of England. — I. cos. Northampton and Huntingdon, 6 m. S.E. Oundle. Area 1,710 ac. Pop. 373. — II. co. Lancaster, 3J m. N. Warrington. Area 1,410 ac. Pop. 18,148. — III. CO. Northampton, 8 m. N.N.E. Daventry. Area 1,880 ac. Pop. 165. WiNTAW Bat, U. S., N. America, S. Carolina, is the estuary formed by the junction^of Great Pedee and Black rivers, 14 m. in length, 6 m. in breadth, and navig. from the sea to Georgetown. WiNziQ, a walled town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 30 m. N.W. Breslau. Pop. 2,000. WiPFELD, a market town of Bavaria, circ. Lower Franconia, on 1. b. of the Main, 15 m. N.E. Wurtzburg. Pop. 742. — Wippach is a market town of Illyria, Camiola, with a castle, gov. and 30 m. S.W. Laybach. Pop. 1,040. WippBB, or WiJppEB, three rivers of Ger- many — I. Prussian Saxony and Schwarzenburg, after a S.E. course of 50 m., joins the Unstrut, 7 m. S.W. Artern. — II. Prussian Saxony and An - halt-Bernburg, after a N.E. course of 40 m., joins the Saale near Bernburg. — III. Prussian Westphalia, after a course of 50 m. joins the Rhine on E. bank, 8 m. N. Cologne. WipPEEFiJBTH, a walled town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 23 m. N.E. Cologne, cap. circ, on the last named Wipper. P. l,S15.—Wippra is a vill. of Prussian Saxony, on the Wipper, reg. Merseburg, 23 m. S.S.E. Halberstadt. P. 1,000. WiBB ALLEN, a town of Poland, gov. Augustowo, 37 m. N. Suwalki. Pop. 1,650. WiRiNGTON, a hamlet of England, co. North- ampton, pa. Fasten, 3J m. N.N.W. Peter- borough. Pop. 629. WiEKswoKTH, a market town and pa. ot Jing- land, CO. and 12 m. N.N.W. Derby, on the High Peak railway and Cromford canal. Area of pa. 14,640 ac. Pop. 7,891. The town consists prm- cipally of 2 streets at right angles. The church is a spacious edifice, and here are places of wor- ship for Wesleyans, Independents, and Baptists ; a- grammar school, annual rev. 260Z., having 2 scholarships and 2 fellowships in St John s col- lege, Cambridge. The lead-mines in the vicmity furnish employment to many of the inhabitants. Manufs. of cotton goods, bat^^f' ^'yv-^^^^""': combing are carried on. Wirksworth forms a part of the duchy of Lancaster. The manor for- meriv belonged to Sir B. Arkwright. WieswalT., a township of England, co Ches- te.;pa. and 2 m, N. Whitchurch. Pop. 6,220. WIR 1400 WIS WiBTEMBERS, Germany. [WuBTEMnERG ] WisBEAOH, or Wisbech, a munio. bor., river port, and town of Engl., oo, Cambridge, on the border of Norfolk, in the isle of Ely, on the Nen, here crossed by a one-arched bridge, 72 feet in span, 11 m. from its mouth in the Wash, and at a junction of the E. com. and E. Anglian railway, 9 m. N.N.E. March. Area of its two pas. 16,250 ac. Pop. 10,461. Area of bor. about 1,200 ac, within which most of the pop. is comprised. The town is well built. Principal ediiiees, St Peter's church, with two naves and two aisles, and a fine tower ; a chapel of ease, and many dissenting chapels, the town-hall, custom-house, corn ex- change, assembly rooms, theatre, and spacious baths. The grammar-school has 4 by-fellow- ships in Peterhouse college, and 6 scholarships in Magdalen college, Cambridge. The boys' school has a rev. of 2501., and the girls' school 220^ a-year. Aggregate rev. of charities about 1,130Z. annually. It has rope walks, iron works, large malt houses, an extensive brewery, and several yards for building and repairing small vessels. Chief exports, corn, timber, wool, and seeds. Imports, wine, deals, and coals. Cus- toms rev. (1846) 1 4,751 ?. Registered shipping (1847) 39,462 tons. Corp. rev. (1847-8) 3,190?. 19s. Mkt. day, Saturday. Fairs 5 times annually. Wisborough-Gkeen, a pa. of Engl., co. Sus- sex, 6 m. N.E Petworth. Ac. 6,710. P. 1,807. WISBT^ a seaport town of Sweden, cap. island Gottland, in the Baltic, which forms its laen or prov., on its W. coast, 116 m. S.S.E. Stockholm. It, is enclosed by walls, is the see of a bishop, and has a new cathedral, a gymnasium, harbour, tanneries, tobacco factories, & a thriving trade. WiscASSET, a river port and township of the U. S., N. Amer., Maine, on Sheepscot river, 22 m. S.S.E. Augusta. Pop. 2,314. Its harbour ad- mits vessels of the largest class. — Wisconisco is a tnshp. of Pennsylvania, oo. Dauphin. Pop. 489. WisCHAD,orWisKow,atown of Moravia, circ. & 19 m. E.N.E. Brunn, on the Hanna. P. 3,264. WisoHNiTZA, or WisNiTz, a market town of Austrian Poland, Bukowina, circ. and 38 m. W.S.W. Tchernovitz, on the Czeremosz, op- posite Kuty. Pop. 2,660. Wisconsin, one of the U. S., N. America, in the N.W. part of the Union, between lat. 42° 30' and 47° N., and Ion. 87° and 92° 20' W., hav- ing S, Illinois, W. the Mississippi and the ter- ritory of Minesota, N. Lake Superior, and Mi- chigan State, and E. Lake Michigan. Area estimated at 53,984 sq. m. Pop. in 1840, 30,946, but emigration to it was subsequently so rapid, that in 1860 it was 304,226. Surface very varied, well watered, abounding with small lakes. It is rich in minerals. Ii-on is abundant, and copper is said to exist in large quantities on the shores of Lake Superior. Principal vill. Mil- waukie, on Lake Michigan. Madison is the cap. town.— -The Wisconsin river rises in lat. 45° 5' N., Ion. 88° 60' W., flows S. and W., and joins the Mississippi on 1., in lat. 43° N. Length 270 m. By a canal in connection with the Fox river, completed in 1860, stcam-boat navigation has been obtained from Lake Michigan to the Mis- sissippi, running through the centre of the State. WiSHAw, a pa. of England, co. Warwiclf, 4 m. E.S.E. Sutton-Coldfield. Area 1,230 ae. Pop. 266.— II. a vill. of Scot!,, co. Lanark, 6 m. N.W. Carluke, at the junction of a branch of the Cale- donian with the Wishaw and Coltness railway, which is in one of the most extensive coalfields, WisiiFORD (Great), a pa. of Engl., co. Wilts, 2J m. N.N. W. Wilton. Area 1,590 ac. P. 358. WisiNGSOE, an isl. in the S. part of Lake Wet. ter, Sweden, opp. Grenna. Length 10 m., breadth 1 m. On it are the vill. and harbour Wisingen. WiSLET, a pa. of Engl., oo. Surrey, 2J m. N.E. Ripley. Area 1,170 ac. Pop. 165. WisLicA, a WEdled town of Poland, prov. and 34 m. S. Kielce, on the Nida. Pop. 2,000. WisLOK and Wisloka, two rivers of Galicia, Austrian Poland. — I. rises in the Carpathian mountains, flows N. to Rzeszow, and thence E. and joins the San near Sienawa. Length 112 m. — II. mostly parallel to the foregoing on the W., flows N. & joins the Vistula 10 m. S.W. Baranov, after a course of more than 100 miles. Wismar, a fortified seaport town of N. Ger- many, Mecklenburg-Sohwerin, cap. lordship, at the head of a deep bay of the Baltic, and of a branch railway to Hamburg and Rostok, 18 m. N.E. Schwerin. Lat. 63° 63' 6' N., and Ion. 11° 27' T E. Pop. (1845) 11,389. It has 6 churches, 3 hospitals, several schools, an orphan asylum, and manuis. of tobacco, playing^ cards, sail-cloth, and important breweries and distilleries. Its harbour is commodious, and nearly land-locked by the islands of Poel and Wallfisch. It has large ship-building docks. In 1849, 338 vessels, aggregate burden 16,473 tons, entered, and 343 do., burden 17,031 tons, cleared irom its port. It was founded in 1229, and for some time belonged to the Hanseatic League. WisowiTZ, a town of Moravia, circ. and 20 m. N.E. Hradisch, on the Drewniza. Pop. 2,713, who maiiuf, coarse woollen cloths and paper. WispiNGTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 4 m. N.W. Horncastle. Area 1,670 ac. Pop. 84. WissANT, a coram. & marit. vill. of France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, lOm.W.S.W. Calais, & conjectur- ed to be the Partus Itius of the Romans. P. 1,012. WissEHRAD, a vill. of Bohemia. [Prague.] WissEMBOCEG, a comm. and fortified town of France, dep. Bas Rhin, cap. arrond., on rt. b. of the Lanter, and on the Bavarian frontier, 34 m. N.N.E. Strasbourg. Pop. (1846) 6,273. It has a collegiate church of the 13th cent., a Protestant clmrch containing a bust of Luther, a synagogue, town-hall, barracks, a large old tower, now forming a prison, manufe. of tiles, bricks, soap, felt hats, paper hangings, and vinegar, and a trade in wax, cattle, cloths, iron, and agricultural produce. In addition to its strong fortifications, works, termed the " lines of Wissembourg," ex- tend from it along the Lanter to Lauterburg, 9 m. S.E. It was taken by the Austrians in 1793. WissET, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 2i m. N.W. Halesworth. Area 2,660 ac. Pop. 470. WiSTERNiTZ, a market town of Moravia, circ. and 4 m. E, Olmntz, with a castle. Pop. 1,408. WiSTANSTow, a pa. of Engl., co. Salop, 9 m. N.N.W. Ludlow. Area 6,630 ac. Pop. 1,061. WisTASTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Chester, 2J m. E.N.E. Nantwich. Area 1,690 ac. Pop. 355. WisTON, a borough, village, and parish of Wales, CO. Pembroke, 6 m. E.N.E. Haverford- west. Pop. of bor. and pa. 776. Chief edifices, the church, and a ruined castle. It unites with Pembroke, Milford, and Tenby, in sending one member to H. of C. Reg. electors for Wiston (1846) 112.— II. a pa., co. Suffolk, 1 m. W.S.W. Nayland. Area 1,170 ac. Pop. 262 IIL apa., CO. Sussex, IJ m. N.W. Steyning. Area 2,760 ac. Pop. 341 — IV. {and Robertmi), a pa. of Scotland, co. Lanark, on the Clyde, 1 m. N.W. Lamington. Area about 24 sq. m. Pop. 929, of whom 141 are in the vill. Wiston, besifc wliich here are the vills. Roberton and Newton. WisTow, three pas. of Engl.— I. oo. Huntings T\IT 1401 ■WIT don, 3 J m. S.S. W. Ramsey. Aiea 2,070 ac. Pop. 430.-11. CO. and 7 m. S.S.E. Leicester. Area 2,100 ao. Pop. 296.— III. co. York, E. and W. Riding, 3 m. N.N.W. Selby. Area 3,870 ao. Pop. 756. — ^''isicall, or IMswell is a township, co. Lancaster, pa. Whalley, 3 m. S. Clitheroe. P. 775. WiTCHAM, a pa. of England, co. Cambridge, 6 m. W. Ely. Area 2,800 ac. Pop. 502. WiTCHFORD, a pa. of England, co. Cambridge, 8 m. W.S.W. Ely. Area 2,580 ac. Pop. 561. WiTCHiNGHAM, two pas. of Engl., CO. Norfolk. — I. ( Great), 2 m. S. Reepliam. Area 2,010 ac. Pop. CL'i.— II. (Little), 2 m. S.S.E. Reepham. Area 1,120 ac. Pop. 42. WiTCHLiNG, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 10 m. E. Maidstone. Area 1,310 ac. Pop. 124. WiTCOMBK, or Whitcombe (Great), a pa. of En;;land, co. Gloucester, 4 m. N.E. Painswick. Area 1,000 ac. Pop. 179. WiTEPSK, gov. & town, Prussia. [Vitebsk.] WiTHAM, a river of England, co. Lincoln, rises in Rutlandshire, flows N. past Grantham and Long-Bennington to Lincoln, and then S.W. past Tattershall and Boston to the Wash, which it enters N. the mouth of the Wellaud. Total length 80 m., for the last 40 of which, to Lincoln, it is navigable for small steam and sailing vessels, and for 33 m. to Tattershall, for vessels of much larger burden, it having been deepened and em- banked ^p the lower part of its course. Its principal affls., the Bain and Slea, have been made navigable to Homcastle and Sleaford. WiTHAM, a market town and pa. of England, CO. Essex, on the iialdon branch of the Eastern co's. railway, 9 m. N.E. Chelmsford. Area of pa. 3,280 ac. Pop. 3,158. The town near the confluence of the Braine with the Blackwater, has an endowed school, alms-houses, aud other charities, rev. 2452. per annum. It is the sup- posed site of the Roman station Canonium, and a Danish camp is traceable in th& vicinity. WiTHAM, several pas. of England — I. {On-the- HUl), CO. Lincoln, 4 m. S.W. Bom-ne. Area 4,210 ac. Pop. 573.— II (JV^orfA), same CO., 1 J m. S. Colsterworth. Area 1,740 ac. Pop. 300.— IIL (Soidh), same co., 3} m. S.S.W. Colsterworth. Area 3,230 ac. Pop. 505.— IV. (Friary), co. So- merset, S m. S.S.W. Frome. Ac. 4,970. P. 581. WiTHCALL, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, SJ m. S.W. Louth. Area 2,660 ac. Pop, 90. WiTHCOTE, a pa. of England, co. Leicester, 9 m. S.S.E. Melton-Mowbray. Areal,230ac. P. 30. WiTHEBiDQB, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 8 m. E. Chumleigh. Area 6,490 ac. Pop. 1,399. WiTHEBtET, a pa. of England, co. Leicester, on the ancient Watling street, IJ m. E. Ather- stone. Area 1,570 ac. Pop. 609. Witheb.ve-with-Staib, a pa. of England, co. Lincohi, 4m. N.N.W. Alford. Ac. 2,510. P. 435. WiTUEBNWiCK., a pa. of England, co. York, E. Biding, 8 m. N.N.E. Hedon. Ac. 2,000. P. 456, WiTHEBSDALE, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 3 m. S.E. Harleston. Area 2,480 ac. Pop. 184. WiTHEBSFiELD, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 8 ra. W.N.W. Clare. Area 2,480 ac. Pop. 640.— Witherstme is a tything, co. Dorset, pa. Pours- tock, 6i m. N.E. Bridport. Pop. 41. WiTHiEL, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 5 m. W.S.W. Bodmin. Area 2,740 ac. Pop. 408. WiTHiELL-FiOREv, a pa. of Engl., CO. Somer- set, ejm.N.E.Dulverton. Area 2,8.50 ac. P. 113. WiTHiNGTON, several pas., &c., of Engl — I. co. Gloucester, 6i m. W. Northleach. Area 5,830 ac. Pop 818. — II. CO. and 4J m. N.E, Hereford. Area 3,120 ac. Pop. 817.— III. co. Siilup, C m. E.Shrewsbury. Areal,180ac, P»ii, 219,— IV. a township, co. Lancaster, pa. and 4 m. S. Man- chester. Pop. 1,277.— V. (Lower), a township, CO. Chester, pa. Prestbury, 7 m, N.N.W. Congle- ton. P. 782 — Withnell is a tnshp., co, Lancas- ter, pa. Leyland, 5 m. N.E. Chorley. Pop. 1,705. WiTHVBBOOK, a pa. of England, co. Warwick, 8 m. E.N.E. Coventry. Area 2,400 ac. P. 307. WiTHVcoMBE, two pas. of England. — I. co. Somerset, 2^ m. S.E. Dunster. Area 1,010 ac. Pop. 318.— II. (Rawleigh), co. Devon, 2J m. N.E. Exmouth. Area 2,590 ac. Pop. 1,192. WixHTHAM, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 6i m. E.S.E, East-Grinstead. Ac. 9,080. P. 1,607. WiTHTPooLE, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 7 m. N.W. Dulverton. Area 4,010 ac. P. 251. WiTKowo, a town, Prussian Poland, reg. Brombeig, 10 m. S.E. Gnesen. Pop, 2,200. It has mauufs. of woollen-cloth, linens, and leather. WiTLET, two pas. of England. — I. co. Surrey, 3^ m. S.W. Godalming. Area 5,990 ao. Pop. 1,488.-11. (Great), co. Worcester, 6 m. S.S.W. Stourport. Area 2,450 ac. Pop. 381. WiTLiNGtHAM, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3 m. E.S.E. Norwich. Area 1,010 ac. Pop. 28. WiTMABSUM, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Friesland, dist. and 15 m. S.W. Leeuwarden. Pop. 800. It is the birth-place of Menno-Simon, founder of the sect of Mennonites. WiTHESHAM, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 4J m. N.N.E. Ipswich. Area 1,530 ac. Pop, 543. WiTNET, a market town and pa. of England, CO. and 10 m. W.N.W. Oxford, on the Windrush, an affluent of the Thames. Area of pa. 7,450 ac. Pop. 5,707. The town has a town-hall, with an area serving for a market-place, a market- cross, and a handsome blanket-hall. The church is a spacious cruciform structure. Here are places of worship for Independents, Wesleyans, Primitive-Methodists, and Friends; a grammar school, a free school for the sons of journey- men weavers of Witney and Hailey, aud en- dowed alms-houses. Inhabitants chiefly em- ployed in the manufacture of gloves, malt, and blankets, and various woollen goods, the celebrity of Witney for which is m part due to the detersive quality of the waters of the Windrush. The average annual number of blanket-pieces, including pilot-cloths, manufac- tured, is about 10,000 ; average value 90,0002. WiiTEN, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. & 32 m. W.N.W. Areiisberg, on the Ruhr, & on the Elberfeld & Dortmund railway. Pop. 2,.335. WiTTENBERO, a fortified town of Prussian Saxony, cap. circ, reg. and 46 m. N.N.E. Merse- burg, on the rt. b. of the Elbe, and on railway from Beriin to Leipzig. Pop. (1846) 8,760, be- sides the garrison. Its university was united to that of Halle in 1817 ; it has a gymnasium, brewer- ies, di>tilleries, and manufs. of woollens. Here the reformation commenced in 1517, and the garrison church contains the graves of Luther and Melancthon, and then- portraits by L. Cran- ach. Luther's cell in the Augustine convent, and Melancthon's house are still preserved. It was taken by assault by the Prussians under Tauent- ziem in 18li.—Wittenberge is a town, prov. Bran- denburg, reg. Potsdam, on the Elbe, at the in- flux of the Stepnitz, and on the Hamburg aud Berlin railway, 7 m. S.W. Perlcberg. Pop. 2,680. WiTTENBUBO, a town of N. Germany, grand- duchy Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circ. Mecklen- burg; cap. dist,, 17 m, S.W. Sc-hwerm. P. 2,705. WiTTENHAM, two pas. of England, co. Berks. -I. (Little), 4 m. N.W. Wallingford Area 820 ac. Pop, 126.-1I. (Long), 5 m. N.W. Wal- lingford. Ai-fu 2,280 ac. Pop. 580. WIT 1102 WOK Wittering, three pas. of England.— I. co. orthamptOD, 2^ m. N.N.W. Wansford. Area 690 ao. Pop. 261.— II. (Bast), co. Sussex, 6 m. .W. Chichester. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 261.— HI. West), on Chichester harbour, opposite Hayling land, 7 m. S.W. Chichester. Area 2,500 ac. op. 575. WiTTERSHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Kent, 4J m. .S.E. Tenterdcn. Area 3,540 ac. Pop. 998. Wittgenstein Island, Low Archipelago, Pa- fic Ocean, is in lat. 16° 11' S., Ion. 146° 22' W. Wittichekau, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. id 83 m. W.N.W. Liegnitz, on the Black-Elster. op. 2,100. It has manufs. of linen and hosiery. Witttngau, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 14 1. E.N.E. Budweis. Pop. 3,319. WiTTiNGEN, a town of Hanover, landr. Liine- urg, 19 m. S.S.E. Uelzen. Pop. 1,226. WiTTLicH, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and ) m. N.N.E. Treves, cap. circ, on the Leiser, 1 affluent of the Moselle. Pop. 2,900. WiTTMDNi), a vill. of Hanover, landr. and 14 1. N.E. Aurich, cap. dist. Pop. 1,800. WiTTON, several pas., &c., of Engl. — I. co. Hunt- igdon, 2J m. N.W. St Ives. Area 1,690 ac. op. 257.— II. CO. Norfolk, 3J m. E. Norwich, rea 760 ac Pop. 162.— Ill (East), co. York, N. liding, 2 m, S.S.E. Middleham. Area 7,730 ac. op. 624. Here are the ruins of Jerveaux-abbey. -IV. (Gilbert), co. and 3J m. N.W. Durham, .rea 3,160 ao. Pop. 1,243.— V. (Le-Wear), same a., 5 m. W.N.W. Bishop-Auckland, on the fear- valley railway. Area 3,170 ac. Pop. 666. loal abounds in this parish. — VI. (Nether), co. forthumberland, 6\ m. W.N.W. Morpeth. Area ,850 ac. Pop. 464.— VU. ( West), co. York, N. Jding, 4i m. W. Middleham. Area 5,140 ac. . 494. — VIII. a parochial chapelry, co. Chester, 1. Great Budworth, J ra. E. Northwich, of which is a suburb. Pop. 3,338. Annual rev. of en- owed grammar school 270/. — IX. a tnshp., co. ancaster, pa. and 2 m. N.W. Blackburn. Pop. 073, chiefly employed in cotton manufactures. WiTTSTOCK, a walled town of Prussia, prov. randenburg, reg. Potsdam, circ. Ost-Priegnitz, 1 the Dosse, 60 m. N.W. Berlin. Pop. (1846) 400. It has a large hospital for military in- ilids, and manufs. of linen and woollen fabrics. WiTZENHAusEN, a town of H.-Cassel, prov. ower Bessen, cap. dist., on the Werra, 16 m. E. assel. Pop. 3,236 It is enclosed by walls, & 13 manufs. of linen fabrics, vinegar, & leather. WivELiscoMBE, a market town and pa. of ngl., CO. Somerset, 26J m. W. Somerton. Area ■ pa. 6,310 ac. Pop. 2,984, partly engaged in ooUen manufs. The town has a handsome mrch, and an infirmary for sick poor. WivELsriELD, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, t m. S.E. Cuckfield. Area 3,680 ao. Pop. 732. WivENHOE, a marit. town and pa. of England, 1. Essex, on the Colne, 4j m. S.E. Colchester, rea of pa. 1,840 ac. Pop. 1,599. Here is a istom-ho., subordinate to Colchester, of which 'ivenhoe is regarded as the port. Large quan- ^ies of oysters are here shipped for the London id other markets. WivETON, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, \ m. W. lay. Area 1,610 ac. Pop. 240. Wix, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 4} m. E.S.E. anningtree Area 2,850 ac. Pop. 808. WixvoKD, a pa of England, co. Warwick, 2 m. Alcester. Area 530 ao. Pop. 121. WizNA, a town of Poland, gov. & 60 m. S.S.W. ugustow, on the Narew. Pop. 2,015. Wkba, a river of Poland, rises in E. Prussia, !ar Niedenburg, flows S.W. and then generally S.E., through, the gov. Flock, and jouis the Bug, 16 m. N.N.W. Warsaw. Total course 120 miles. Wladislawow, two, towns of Poland. — I. (formerly Nme-Miasto, Germ. Rostersehiitz), gov. Augustow, 25 m. N.W. Mariampol, on the Sze- zuppe. Pop. 4,606. — II. prov. and 28 m. N.E. Kalice, with Boman Catholic and Lutheran churches, and manufe. of linen fabrics. Wlaschim (pron. Vlashim), a town of Bohemia, circ. and 22 m. S.S.W. Kaurzim. Pop. 2,236. It has a castle and manufs. of woollen stufis. WtoCLAWEK, a town of Poland, gov. Warsaw, on the Vistula, 30 m. N.W. Plock. Pop. 4,000. It has manufs. of chicory, and a trade in com. Wlodawa, atown of Poland, gov. Lublin, prov. and 72 m. S.E. Siedlec, at the confluence of the Wlodawka with the Bug. Pop. 3,660. WoAHOo, or Oaho, one of the Sandwich Isls., Pacific Ocean, 140 m. N.W. Hawaii. Lat. of town Honoruru 21° 18' 2" N., Ion. 157° 65' W. Length 40 m., greatest breadth 18 m. Area 530 sq. m. Pop. (1836) 27,800. Surface mntnous., and here are many extinct volcanic craters. Pro- ducts comprise indigo, cotton, sugar, sandal- wood, and hogs; and the vine has been intro- duced from California. [Honolulu.] WoBORN, or Old-Wobubn, a market town & pa. of England, co. and 13 m. S.W. Bedfonl, near the branch between that town and the Lon- don and N.W. railway. Area of pa. 3,200 ac. Fo^. 1,914. The church is a spacious edifice, having a tower detached from its main body; and here are a handsome market-house, a fi'ee school, endowed alms-hos., & other minor chari- ties. Pop. partly employed in agriculture, and partly in the manufs. of straw-plait and thread- lace. — Wobum-Abbey, E. of the town, is the prin- cipal seat of the Duke of Bedford, and derives its name from its being erected on the site of a Cistercian abbey, founded here in 1145 — II. (West), a pa., co. Bucks, 3 m. W.S.W. Beacons- field. Area 2,860 ac. Pop. 1,830. WoBUBN, a tnshp., U. S., N. Amer., Massa- chusetts, on Boston and Lowell railway & Middle- sex canal, 10 m. W.N.W. Boston. Pop. 2,993. WoDNiAN, a fortified town of Bohemia, circ. Prachin, on the Blanitz, 12 m. S. Pisek. P. 2,241. WoDzisLAW, a town of Poland, prov. and 31 m. S.W. Kielce, on the Wodzislawa. Pop. 2,000. WoENSDRECHT, and WoENSEL, two pas. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant. — I. 6 m. S. Ber- gen-op-Zoom. Pop. 1^00.— II. 2 m. N. Eynd- hoven. Pop. 3,100. WoERDEN, a walled town of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, cap. cant., on the Old Rhine, 18 m. E.S.E. Leyden. Pop. with dist. 4,117. Woebth-sub-Sauer, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. B. Rhin, cap. cant., 12 m. S.W. Wissembourg. Pop. 1,240. WoHLAu, a walled town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 23 m. N.W. Breslau, cap. circ, sur- rounded by small lakes. Pop. 3,000. It has manufs. of woollen and linen cloths, and hosiery. WoKEFiELD, a tything of England, co. Berks, pa. Stratfield-Mortimer. Pop. 835. Woking, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, on the Basingstoke canal, and with a station on the S.W. railway, 6 m. N.N.E. GuUdford. Area of pa. 8,190 ac, much of it heath. Pop. 2,482. Wokingham, or Oakingham, a market town and pa. of England, cos. Berks and Wilts, on the border of Windsor-forest, and on the Reading & Riegate railway, 7 m. S.E. Reading. Area 8,450 ac. Pop. 3,342, who manuf. shoes, gauze, silks, malt, and flour. The town has a market- house and town- hall. The church is a fine old WOL 1103 WOL edifioe. Annual rev. of endoweil schools, alms- houses, and other charities, about 5001. WoLBECK, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. and 6 m. S.E. Miinster. Pop. 921. WoLcoTT, several tonnships, U. S., N. Amer. — L New York, bordering Lake Ontario. Pop. 2,481.-11. Vermont, 26 m. N. MontpeUer.— 111. Connecticat, 54 m. S. Hartford. WoLDBGK, a walled town of N. Germany, Meckleaberg-Strelitz, on the Prussian frontier, 22 m. N E. Strelitz. Pop. 2,186. WoLDENBfiRO, a walled town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, on railway from Stettin to Posen, reg. and 66 m. N.E. Frankfiirt. Pop. 3,000. WoLDixGHAM a pa. of Engl., co. Sm'rey, 3 m. N.N.E. Godstone. Area 1,570 ac. Pop. 47. 'Wold-Ne%tton, a pa. of Engl., co. York, E. Biding, 8 m. N.W. Bridlington. Ac. 3,420. P. 245. WoLFACH, a town of Baden, circ. Middle £hine, cap. dist., on the Rinzig, here joined by the Wolfach, 33 m. S.S.W. Baden. Pop. 1,653. Wolf-Ckeek, a township, V. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, on "Wolf creek, 10 m. S.E. Mercer. Pop. 1,732. — WolJsboTough is a to?rnsbip. New Hainpshire,onLaKeWinnipiseogee,39 m. N.N.W. Concorde Fop. 1,918. "WouENBtJTTEii, a town of Germany, duchy and 8 m. S. Brunswick, on railway to Hanover, & on the Ocker. Pop. (1846) 9,003. It consists of a citadel, town-proper, and two suburbs, and has several fine churches, two old castles, an ar- senal, a large workhouse, an hospital, orphan asylum, college, and various other schools, and a library containing nearly 100,000 vols., with re- lics and MSS. of Luther. The town is the seat of the superior Jaw court for the states of Bruns- wick, Wideck, and Lippe, and has manufs. of lacquered and japanned wares, paper-hangings, leatjier and tobacco, a trade in com and linen yam, and 5 annual fairs. ■WoLFEBLOw, a pa. of England, co. flereford, 4i m. N.S.E. Bromyard. Area 1,560 ac. P. 116. WoLFHAGKN, a town of Germany, Hessen- Cassel, prov. Lower Hessen, cap. dist., 14 m. W. CasseL Pop. 3,187. It is enclosed by walls, and has tnannfa of woollen cloths and linens. WoLFisGHAM, a pa. of New S. Wales, E. Aus- traUa, co. Durham, X. the river Hunter. — The Wolfltlamds are a group of British N. America, New Brunswick, in Passamaquoddy Bay, N. Grand Maiian island. The most northern in lat. 44° 59' N., Ion. 66° 41' W. WoLFBATSHAUSEN, a market town of Upper Bavaria, on Oie Loisach, 17 m. S.S.W Munich. Pop. 1,200. Wolf Kiveb, two rivers, TI. S., N. America.— L Tennessee, joins the Mississippi.— II. Wiscon- sin, enters Lake Winnebago, after a S.E. course of 150 miles. WoLFSBEBG, a town of Illyria, Cannthia, circ. and 30 m. N.E. Klagenfiirt, on the Lavant, with a castle. P. 1,466, partly employed in iron works. Wolf's N ewton, a pa. of Engl., co. Monmouth, 51 m. E.S.E. Usk. Area 2,.330 ac. Pop. 224. Wolfsteis, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, cap. cant., on the Lauter, 11 m. N.N.W. Kaiserslau- tem. Pop. 918 ; with mines of coal and mercury. WoLGA, ariver of Kuisia. [Volga.] WoLOAST, a seaport town of Prussian Pome- rania, reg. and 33 m. S.E. Stralsund, near the mouth of the Peeue in the Baltic. Pop. 6,J00. It has manufactures of soap and tobacco. WoLiioPE, a pa. of England, co. & 8 m. b.&.Ji. Hereford. Area 3,970 ac. Pop. 813. WoLiN, a mkt. town of Bohemia, circ. Prachin, 18 m. S.W. Pisek, on the Wolinka. Pop. 1,5iIp. WoLKENSTEiN, a town of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, cap. dist., on the Zschoppan, with a castle, 14 m. S.S.E Chemnitz. Pop. l,9ol. WoLLAND, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 7J m. W.N.W. Blandford-Forum. Area780ac. P. 124. WoLLASTON, a pa. of Engl., co. Northampton, 3^^ m. S.S.E. Wellingborough. Ac. 3,640. P. 1,120. Woi.i.iSTO-N-LiNn, British N. America, Arctic Ocean, u'. Victoria Land, E. point, is in lat. 68° 45' N., Ion. 113° 53' W., separated ftom the mainland by Dolphin and Union Strait. WoLLAToN, a pa. of England, co. and 2 m. W. Nottingham. Area 2,340 ac. Pop. 574. WoLLET, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 2 m. N. Bath. Area 370 ac. Pop. 89. WoLLiN, a small seaport town of Prussian Po- inerania, reg. and 29 m. N. Stettin, on the Dive- now, and on an island formed by the latter, at its mouth in the Baltic, connected by bridges with the mainland. Pop. 3,406. It has manuis. of woollen cloth, and ship-building docks. WoLLMiBsTABT, a town of Prusslau Saxony, reg. and 8 m. N. Magdeburg, cap. circ, on the Ohre. Pop. 3,500. It has a castle, manufs. of linens and leather, and a trade in corn and cattle. WoLLOMBA and WoLLOuniLLT, two rivers of New South Wales. — I. co. Gloucester, flows S.E. and enters Wallis lake. — II. flows N. through the centre of the co. Argyle, and between cos. Cam- den and Westmoreland, and joins the Warra- gamba, after a course of 130 miles. WoLLONGOHG, a maritime town of New South Wales, CO. Camden, 7 m. N. Lake Elawara. Pop. 515. It stands in a fine district, and is resorted to for sea-bathing. WoLLSTEiN, a tovfn of Prussian Poland, reg. and 37 m. S.W. Posen, between two lakes. Pop. 2,650. It has manufs. of linen & woollen fabrics. — II. a town, grand duchy H.-Darmstadt, prov. Bhenish Hessen, cap. co., on the Appelbach, 6 m. S.E. Kreuznach. Pop. 1,470. WoLMAB, a town of Russia. [Volmab.] WoLOMBi, a vill. & pa.. New South Wales, E. Australia, co. Northumberland, cap. dist., on Wolombi, an affl. of Hunter, 26 m. S. W .Maitland. WoLPHAMCOTE, a pa. of Engl., co. Warwick, 5 m. S.S.E. Dunchurch. Area 3,470 ac. P. 432. WoLSiNGHAM, Or Walsingham, a market town and pa. of England, co. and 13J m. W.S.W. Dnr- ham, on the Wear Valley railway. Area 24,780 ac. Pop. 2,086, employed in manufs. of woollens, linens, and hardwares, and in coal, lime, & lead- works. The town, on the Wear, is irregularly built. Market, Tuesday. WOLSTAN, a pa. of England, co. Warwick, 6 m. W. Rugby. Area 2,770 ac. Pop. 1,137. WoLSTANTON, a pa. of England, co. Stafford, 11 m. N E. Newcastle-under-Lyne. Area 10,220 ac. Pop. 16,576, partly employed in cotton ma- nufs. It has a new gothic chmoh, and a union workhouse. The Grand Trunk canal here passes through a tunnel IJ miles in length. WoLTEETOK, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 4 m. N.N.W. Aylsham. Area 640 ac. Pop. 43. WoLVKECOTE, a pa. of England, co. and 3 m. N N.W. Oxford. Area 1,600 ac. Pop. 470. WoLVEBHAMPTON, a pari, and munic. bor., manufacturing town, and pa. of England, co. Stafford, with a station on the London & North Western railway, 12^ m. N.W. Birmingham. Area of pa., comprising Bilston, Willenhall, &c., 1^630 ac Pop 70,370. The town is blackened from the presence of numerous iron forges & furnaces. Principal edifices, the old collegiate church ot ht Peter, churches of St George and St John, new church of St Paul, various dissenting chapels, the WOL 1404 W OO town-hall, hospital and dispensary, union mill, news-room & library, assembly & concert rooms, and theatre. The grammar school, revenue about 1,-'00Z per annum, and in which Sir W. Congreve and Abernethy were educated, the blue coat school, revenue about 2601., are the principal of numerous establishments for education. Locks, brass, tinned, and japanned wares, tools, nails, papier-maoh^, and other goods made at Birming- ham, are here manufactured. The trade is facilitated by several canals, and the whole dist. to the S. and E. is covered with forges, rolling mills, foundries, coal mines, and iron-stone pits. Markets, Wednesday and Saturday. The bor. returns 2 members to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 2,692. ■WoivERLBr, a pa. of England, co. Worcester, 2 m. N. Kidderminster. Area5,410 ac. P. 2,091. WoivERTON, several pas. of England. — I. (or Woherston), co. Bucks, 1 m. E.N.E. Stony-Strat- ford, on the London and North Western railway. Area 2,260 ac. Pop. 1,261. Here is the central station, depot, & factory of the railway company, attached to which are a church, school, library, reading room, market-place, and numerous small streets of dwellings for servants. — IL (or Wolfer- ton), CO. Norfolk, on the Wash, 3 m. N. Castle- Rising. Area 2,680 ac. Pop. 165.— IIL (or Woolverton), co. Somerset, 4 m. N.N.E. Frome. Area630ac. Pop. 158. — IV. (or Wooherdington), CO. & 6i m. W.S.W. Warwick. Ac. 1,320. P. 162. WoLVEY, a pa. of England, co. Warwick, 5 m. S.E. Nuneaton. Area 3,790 ac. Pop. 923.— Wolviston is a chapelry, co. Durham, pa. Billing- ham, 4 m. N.N.E. Stockton-on-Tees. Pop. 588. WoMBOUBNE, a pa. of Engl., co. Stafford, 4 m. S.W. Wolverhampton. Area 4,680 ac. P. 1,808. WoMBRiDctE, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 2 m. E. Wellington. Area 790 ac. Pop. 2,057.— Wombwell is a chapelry, co. York, W. Riding, pa. Darfield, 4i m. S.E. Barnesley. Pop. 1,169. WoMENswoLn, a pa. of Engl , co. Kent, 4J m. S.S.W. Wingham. Area 1,580 ac. Pop. 276. WoMEBSLET, a pa. of England, co. York, W. Riding, 6J m. S.E. Pontefract,on railway between Wakefield and Goole. Area 7,780 ac. Pop. 921. WoNASTow, a pa. of England, co. and 2 m. S.W. Monmouth. Area 1,660 ac. Pop. 165. WoNEBSu, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, 3J m. S.S.E. Guildford. Area 4,320 ac. Pop. 1,213. Ironstone abounds, & there is much fine scenery. Wonersh-park is a seat of Earl Grantley. WoNsiiowiTZ (Polish, Wongrowiec), a town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 32 m. N.E. Posen, cap. circ, on the Welna, with a Cistercian monastery. WoNSTON, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 6 m. S. Whitchurch. Area 4,160 ac. Pop. 786. Wood, two cos., U. S., N. America I. Vir- ginia, in its N.W. part, bounded by the Ohio river. Area 1,223 sq. m. Pop. 7,923 sq. m.— II. ki N.W. of Ohio. Area 690 sq. m. Pop. 5,367. — Wood-creek, state New York, is the name of tributaries to lakes Oneida and Champlain. Wood-Bastwiok, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 6 m. N.W. Acle. Area 2,050 ac. Pop. 283. WooDBOKOUGH, two pas. of England I. co. and 6^ m. N.N.E. Nottingham. Area 1,940 ac. Pop. 801 II. CO. Wilts, 3J m. W. Pewsey. Area 1,400 ac. Pop. 426. WooDBRiDOE, a market town, river port, and pa. of England, co. Suflfollc, on the Debeu, 7^ m. E.N.E. Ipswich. Area 1,650 ac. Pop. 4,954. The town has a spacious church of black flint and free-stone. Here are various dissenting chapels, many schools, almshouses, sessions and market houses, a custom-house, bonding warehouses, a theatre.and ahouse of coiTeotiou. Ship-buildmg is actively carried on. The mouth of the river forms an excellent haven, and is navigable 8 m. up to the town, for vessels of 120 tons burden. Exports of corn, flour, and malt ; imports of coal, timber, and articles for domestic purposes. Cus- toms rev. (1847) 3,233?. Reg. shipping 4,172 tons. WooDBKiDGE, two townships, U. S., N. Amer. — L New Jersey, 32 m. N.E. Trenton. Pop. 4,821. —II. Connecticut, 6 m. N. W. New Haven. P. 958. WooDBDRY, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 3 m. S.E. Topsham. Area 7,700 ac. Pop. 1,933. WooDBUKY, several townships, V. S., N. Amer. — I. Pennsylvania, 78 m. W. Harrisburg. Pop. 3,944 II. CO. Huntingdon. Pop. 2,102 III. Connecticut, 50 m. W. Hartford. Pop. 1,948.— IV. a vill.. New Jersey, 32 m. S.S.W. Trenton, on Woodbury creek, an affl. of the Delaware, at the head of its navigation. Pop. 800. — V. (North), Pennsylvania, co. Bedford. Pop. 1,994 — Vl. (South), same state and co. Pop. 1,950. WooDCHESTEB, a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 2| m. S.W. Stroud. Area 1,180 ac. Pop. 908. WoouCHUROH, two pas. of England. — I. co. Chester, 6i m. N. Great Neston. Area 6,030 ac. Pop. 1,409.-11. CO. Kent, 4} m. E. Tenter- den. Area 6,840 ac. Pop. 1,278. Woodcock, a township, TJ. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, on Woodcock Creek, 213 m. N.W. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,921. WooDcOTE, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 6 m. N.N. W. Whitchurch. Area 1,350 ac. Pop. 100. Wood-Dallinq, apa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3 m. N.N.W. Reepham. Area 2,540 ac. Pop. 560. Wood-Eatok, a pa. of England, co. and 4 m. N.N.E. Oxford. Area 920 ac. Pop. 63. Woodford, several pas., &c., of England. — I. CO. Northampton, 7 m. S.S.W. Daventry. Area 3,440 ac. Pop. 846.— II. same co., 25 m. S.W. Thrapstou, Area 1,750 ac. Pop. 680. Here are several tumuli and Roman remains.— III. co. Wilts, 5 m. N.N.W. Salisbury. Area 2,280 ac. Pop. 489. Charles 11. was concealed here after the battle of Worcester. — IV. {St Mary's), co. Essex, 8^ m. N.E. St Paul's, London. Area 4,090 ac. Pop. 2,777. The vill. has some handsome residences. — V. a tnshp., co. Chester, pa. Prest- bury, 5 m. S.S.W. Stockport. Pop. 564. WoODHALL, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 3 m. W.S.W. Horncastle. Area 2,240 ac. P. 307. WooDHAM, several pas. of England, eo. Essex. — I. (Ferrers), 4J m. S.S.E. Danbury. Area 4,160 ac. Pop. 895.— II. (Mortimer), 2| m. W.S.W. Maldon. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 308.— IIL ( ITafter), 2^ m. E.N.E. Danbury. Area 3,260 ac. Pop. 537. WooDHAY, two contiguous pas. of England I. (i:asi), CO. Hants, 10 m. N.N.W. Whitchurch. Area 6,110 ac. Pop. 1,408.-11. (West), a pa., CO. Berks, 6 m. W.S.W. Newbury. Area 1,390 ac. Pop. 131. — Woodhead is a chapelry, co. Chester, pa. Mottram, 16 m. E. Manchester, on railway, WooDBORN, a pa. of England, co. Northum- berland, 6J m. E.N.E. Morpeth. Area 7,600 ac. Pop. 1,618 Woodhouse is a township, co. Lei- cester, pa. Barrow-on-Soar, SJ m. W. Mount- sorrel. Pop. 1,309. WoODHUBST, a pa. of England, co. Hunting- don, 4 m. N. St Ives. Area 2,130 ac. Pop. 449. Woodlands, a tything of England, co. Wilts, pa. and adjacent to Mere. Pop. 816 II. a locality in co. Dorset, pa. Horton, near which the Duke of Monmouth was seized in 1685. Woodle Island, Gilbert Archipelago, Pacific Ocean, is in lat. 0° 17' N., Ion. 173° 27' E. WooDLEiGU, a pa. of England, co. Devon, 3 m. N. Kingsbridge. Area 2,430 ac. Pop. 269. woo 1405 WOO WooDMAScoTE, two pas. of Eunlaiid.— I. oo. Hants, 8 m. S.W. Basingstoke. Area 1,260 ac. Pop. 93 — II. CO. Susse.\, 5 m. N.E. Steyning. Area 3,370 ae. Pop. 394.— IFoodmaiiseM is a township, CO. York, E. Hiding, pa. and 2 m. S.E. Beverley, and comprising Beverley park. Area 2,820 ac. Pop. 439. WooDMANSTONK, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, S m. S.W. Croydon. Area 1,300 ac. Pop, 269. WooDNESBORODQH, a pa. of Engl., CO. Kent, 2 m. S.W. Sandwich. Area 2,790 ac. Pop. 792. WooD-liisiNG, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 2 m. N.W. Hiugham. Area 1,680 ac. Pop. 129. WooDSFOHD, a pa. of England, oo. Dorset, on the Frome, 5 m. E. Dorchester. Ac. 1,830. P. 158. WooosiDE, a township of England, co. Salop, pa. and 3 m. S.S.E. Shiffuall. Pop. 902.— Others are in cos. Cumberland and Northumberland. Woodstock, a pari, and munic. bor., town, and chapelry of England, co. and 8 m. N.N.W. Oxford, on the Glynn, and on a branch of the Great Western railway. Area of bor,, including 10 pas., 21,640 ac. Pop. 7,404. It has a hand- some church, Wesleyau, Independent, and other chapels, a good town-hall and market-place, two endowed schools, alms-houses, charities, and a manuf. of doe-skin gloves. It sends 1 member to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 392. Adjoining the town, on the S., is Blenheim, the seat of the Duke of Marlborough. [Blenheim.] — Old Woodstock is a locality a little N. the town. Under the Saxon and Norman dynasties, Wood- stock was a royal residence, and here King Alfred resided while translating Boetius. Woodstock, several townships of the U. S., N. America. — I. Vermont, cap. co. Windsor, 45 m. S. Montpelier. Pop. 3,315. Its chief vill. is built around a spacious public ground. — II. Connecticut, 43 m. E.N.E. Hartford. Pop. 3,053. —III. New fork, 69 m. S. Albany. Pop. 1,691. — IV. a vill., Virginia, cap. CO., and on the river Shenandoah, 110 m. N.N.W. Richmond. Pop. 1,000. WooDSTOKE, a pa. of Engl., co. Huntingdon, 1 m. S.S.W. Peterborough. Area 1,050 ac. P. 262. WooDTON, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, i m. N.W. Bungay. Area 2,140 ac. Pop. 667. WooKEi, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 2 m. W. Wells. Area 2,680 ac. Pop. 1,187. Wool, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, on S.W. rail- way, 5 m. W.S.W. Wareham. Ac. 3,400. P. 605. WoOLASTOs, a pa. of England, co. Glouces- ter, on the Severn, 6 m. N.E. Chepstow. Area 3,150 ac. Pop. 1,022. [Wollaston.] WooLAvisGTOs, two pas. of England.— I. co. Somerset, i m. N.E. Bridgewater. Area 1,910 ac. Pop. 448.— II. (East and West), co. Sussex, 4J m. S.S.W. Petworth. Area 2,370 ae. P. 418. WooLEEDDrao, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, 1} m. N.W. Midhurst. Area 2,740 ac. P. 311. WooLBOEOoGH, a pa. of England, co. Devon, t m. S. Newton- Abbots. Area 970 ac. P. ^609. WooLDALE, a township of England, co. York, W. Riding, pa. Kirkburton, 5i m. S. Hudders- fleld. Pop. 4,806, employed in woollen manuts. WooLEB, a market town and pa. of England, CO. Northumberland, on a small afBuent of the Till, 46 m. N.W. Newca.5tle-upon-Tyne. Area of pa. 4,020 ao. Pop. 1,874. The town is situ- ated on the deelivity of the Cheviot hills. Mar- ket, Thursday. In the vicinity are remains ot ancient fortifications, and a stone pillar com- memorative of the victory of the Pereies over the Scots in the reign of Henry iv. WooLFARDiswoKTHv, two pas. of England, co. Devon.— I. 9J m. S.W. Bideford. Area 5,960 ac. Pop. 988. -II. 6 m. N. Crediton. Area 1,.)70 ac. Pop. 220. WooLFOED (Great), a pa. of England, co Warwick, 4 m. S.S.W. Shipston-on-Stour. Area 2,620 ac. Pop. 585 — Mule Woolford is a town- sliip in this pa. Pop. 274. Woolhampton, a pa. of England, co. Berks, on the Great Western railway, 7 m. E. New- bury. Area 1,200 ac. Pop. 491. WooLEV, a pa. of England, co. Huntingdon, 5 ra. N.E. Kimbolton. Area 1,420 ao. Pop. 79. WooLPiT, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 5| m. N.W. Stow-Market. Area 2,010 ac. Pop. 942. Woolstaston, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 9i m. S.S.W. Shrewsbury. Area 800 ac. Pop. 84. WooLSTHOKP, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 5 m. W.S.W. Grantham. Area 2,600 ac. P. 674. WooLSTON, several pas. of England.— I. co. Gloucester, 4^ m. W.N.W. Winchcombe. Area 860 ac. Pop. 78.— II. (Great), co. Bucks, 3 J m. N.W. Fenny-Stratford. Area 700 ac. Pop. 94.— III. {Little), same CO., 3 m. N.N.W. Fenny-Strat- ford. Area 620 ac. Pop. 115. — IV. a township, CO. Lanca-ster, pa. and 2^ m. N.E. Warrington. Pop. 648 V. (Woolton-Little), a township, co. Lancaster, pa. Childwall, 4 m. S.W. Prescot. Pop. 1,018 — Muck Woolton is a chapelry, same co. and pa., 6 m. S.S.W. Prescot. Pop. 2,251. WooLvEKSTONE, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 4i m. S.S.E. Ipswich. Area 940 ac. Pop. 246. WooLVBRTON, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 7^ m. N.W. Basingstoke. Area 1,400 ac. Pop. 208. [WOLVEKTON.] Woolwich, a town, pa., and naval port of Engl., CO. Kent, 9 m. E.S.E. London, with which it is connected by railway. Area of pa. 840 ac- Pop. 26,786, chiefly dependent on the govern- ment establishments. The town, about 1 m. in length, is on an elevated site, separated from the Thames by the dock-yard ; it has a conspicuous old church, a new church, and several chapels ; a Scotch church, dissenters' meeting-houses, numerous schools, and a small theatre. The dock-yard, ths most ancient in the kingdom, has been enlarged of late years, and has some very fine new docks. Here were built the ' Royal George which was lost at Spithead, the Nelson, Trafalgar, and other first rate ships ; but from the comparative shallowness of water in the river, such ships are mostly built at the other naval ports, and this yard is chiefly employed for constructing steamers. Woolwich has the largest arsenal in Britain, covering more than 100 acres, and containing nearly 24,000 pieces of ordnance, besides other warlike materials for the army and navy, aroyal laboratory, &o. It is the head-quarters of the royal horse and foot artil- lery, and royal sappers and miners, for whom, & other corps, here are extensive barracks ; and on a fine parade ground, S. the town, are a reposi- tory for military models, & an observatory. It is the seat of a royal military academy for engineer- ing and artillery. Woolwich joins with Dept- ford and Greenwich in returning 2 members to H. of C. Monthly petty sessions are held by the CO. magistrates. Markets, Wednesday, Fri- day, and Saturday. Woolwich, two townships of the IT. S., N. America.— I. New Jersey, 11 m. S.W.Woodbury. P. 3,676.-11. Maine, 35 m. S. Augusta. P. l,4ia WooNsocKET Falls, a vill. of the U. S., N. America, Rhode Island, on Blackstone river, at its falls, 15 m. N.N.W. Providence. Pop. 2,500, engaged inmanufs. of cottons, flannels, & satinets. WoosTER, a township of the IJ. S., N. Amer,, Ohio, 43 m. S.W. Cleveland. Pop. 1,207. ■w oo 1406 WOR WoosuNG, a small maritime town of China, prov. Kiang-si, 80 m. N.W. Chusan, and strongly fortified by the Chinese during the late war, but taken by the British in 1843. WooTTON, numerous pas., &c., of England. — I. CO. and 4J m. S.W. Bedford. Area 3,468 ac. Pop. 1,122.-11. CO. Berks, i m. N.N.W. Abing- don. Pop. 344.-111. CO. Kent, 9 m. S.S.E. Canterbury. Area 1,170 ao. Pop. 157. — IV. CO. Lincoln, fif m. S.E. Barton-on-Humber. Area 2,980 ac. Pop. 629.— V. co. & 2^ m. S.S.E. Northampton. Area 1,420 ac. Pop. 793 — VI. eo. Oxford, 2} m. N.N.W. Woodstock. Area 3,350 ae. P. 1,129, partly employed in the glove manuf. —VII. CO. Surrey, 3 m. W.S.W. Dorking. Area 3,530 ac. Pop. 763. The church stands in a picturesque valley, and here is the demesne of the Evelyn family.— VIII. Isle of Wight, i m. N.E. Newport. Area 530 ac. Pop. 51 — IX. (Glarwille), CO. Dorset, 6J m S.S.E. Sherborne. Area 1,150 ac Pop. 342. — X. (St Lawrejice), CO. Hants, 3 m W.N.W. Basingstoke. Area 4,170 ao. Pop. 845.— XI. (North), CO. Dorset, 2 m. S.E. Sherborne. Area 530 ae. Pop. 84.— XII. (NoHh), CO. Norfolk, 2 m. W.S.W. Castle-Rising. Area 2,210 ao. Pop. 210.— XIII. (NoHh), co. Somerset, 4 ra. W.S.W. Shepton-Mallet. Area 1,980 ac. Pop. 376.— XIV. (Rivers), co. Wilts, 3 m. N.E. Pewsey. Area 1,090 ac. Pop. 470.— XV. (South), CO. Norfolk, 2i m. S.W. Castle- Rising. Area 1,030 ae. Pop. 151. —XVI. (H'ai«cm),co.Warwick, 2J m. S. Henley-in-Arden. Area 8,770 ac. Pop. 2,303. It has a handsome church. Petty-sessions are held here. — XVII. a hamlet, co. and adjacent to the city of Gloucester, pa. St Mary-de-Lode. Pop. 1,001. [Wotton.] Wootton-Basset, a disfranchised bor., mar- ket town, and pa. of England, co. Wilts, on the Great Western railway, 6 m. W. Swindon. Area of pa. 4,830 ac. Pop. 2,990. The town has a market house in its centre. The church is an ancient structure. Here are also a chapel for Independents, and an endowed grammar school. Wore, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 5 m. E.S.E. Bern. Pop. of pa. 2,900. • WoKBis, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 43 m. N.W. Erfurt, cap. oirc, on the Wipper. Pop. 2,000, who manuf. leather, woollen cloth, and cotton yarn II. (Breiten-Worhis), a vill. 4 m. E.S.E. the foregoing, on the Wipper. Worcester, a city, pari, and munic. bor., and CO. of England, cap. co. Worcester, on 1. b. of the Severn, here crossed by a 5-arched bridge, 3J m. N.W. the Spetchley station of the Birmingham & Bristol railway, 23 m. N. Gloucester, and 25 m. S.W. Birmingham. Area of city and bor., com- prising 11 entire pas., and other subdivisions, 355 ac. Pop. 26,306. Standing chiefly between the Severn and the Worcester or Birmingham canal, just above their junction, and sheltered on the E. by a finely wooded hill, it is one of the best built and handsomest cities in the kingdom. Streets regular, wide, and well paved. In the tything of Whinstones, on its N., are many de- tached villa-residences. On the S. the cathed- ral and college precincts occupy an extensive area. The city was formerly enclosed by a wall, some vestiges of which remain ; and the college precincts were, in early Saxon times, surrounded by separate fortifications, of which the Edgar tower is the chief relic. The cathedral was founded in 680, but the present edifice, with its appendages, dating fi'om the 14th century, is an elegant plain Gothic building, with a fine central tower 200 feet in height. Its interior is very tastefully decorated, and it contalils the tomb and effigy of King John, monumental chapel of Arthur, son of Henry vii., monuments to Judge Littleton, Bishop Stillingfleet, &c. Adjoming it are the cloisters, with residences of the cathed- ral dignitaries, the chapter house, with a valu- able library, a large ancient hall, now occupied by the King's school, & the bishop's palace, on a commanding site facing the Severn. The see of Worcester, lately extended, now comprises the cos. Worcester and Warwick, with portions of adjacent cos., in all embracing 362 pas. The tower and octagonal spire of St Andrew's church, 245.J feet in height, form one of the most con- spicuous objects in the city. The churches of St Clement and St Nicholas are handsome build- ings, and there are chapels for Roman Catholic, Independents, Calvinists, Baptists, Wesleyans, Huntingdon, & Friends' meeting-bouses. Other principal public buildings are, the Guildhall, new CO. courts, co. and city jails, market-house, house of industry, co. infirmary, buildings of various schools and charity institutions, public subscription library, and theatre ; and here are several remains of monastic establishments, in- cluding a commandery of the hospital of St John. The royal grammar school, or " King's school," founded for 40 scholars by Henry viii., affords the privilege of competition for 2 exhibi- tions at Baliol college, Oxford. The Free gram- mar school, founded by Queen Elizabeth, has 14 exhibitions of 302. to the universities and scholar- ships at Worcester college, and Magdalen hall, Oxford, and at this school Butler, the author of " Hudibras," and the great Lord Somers, were educated. Here are national, Lancasterian, and several other endowed schools ; St Oswald's hos- pital for 28 old persons ; Hash's charity for aged citizens ; Berkeley's hospital ; Worfield's charity; Shewring's hospital ; Jarvis's charity. Total rev. of charities (1830) about 4,600i. annually. There are also a female penitentiary, lying-in, ophthalmic, and other medical institutions, a dispensary, humane and other societies; and Worcester is the head-quarters of the Provincial Medical Association of Great Britain, and with Glo'ster and Hereford, the place of a triennial musical festival, the proceeds of which are ap- plied to the relief of widows and orphans of the clergy. Principal manufs. are china wares of the first quality, and gloves, of which latter there were in 1842, 28 manuf. liouses, producing about 260,000 pairs of gloves annually, though the lat- ter branch of manuf is reported to be declining. Lace, spirits, leather, nails, and turned wares, are made ; there are extensive iron works on the canal and river banks ; and the city is the centre of a large trade in corn and hops. Good ware- houses and quays border the Severn, which is here navigable for large barges, and Worcester is the entrepot for a large and populous district. It has several banks, and 4 weekly newspapers. Markets, Wednesday, Friday, & Saturday. Races in July and November. The bor. is di'nded into 6 wards, and governed by a mayor, 11 aldermen, and 86 councillors. Corporation revenue (1848) 6,287t It sends two mems. to H. of C. Reg. electors (1848) 2,387. It is the place of election of members for the co. Under the name of Caer Guorangon it was one of the principal cities of the ancient Britons, and in the early Saxon period became the second bishopric in Mereia. The troops of Cromwell here obtained a decisive victory over those of Charles ii., Sept. 3, 1651. Lord Somers was born at Worcester in 1652. WoRCESXEE, two COS. of the U. S., N. Amer, — I. in centre of Massachusetts. Area 1,500 sq. WOR 1407 WOR m;, traversed by seversil railroads and canals. Pop. 95,313 II. in S.E. part of Maryland. Area 700 sq. m. Pop. 18,377. WoBCESTER, a town of the U. S., N. Amer., Massachusetts, cap. co., 38 m. S.W. Boston. Pop. (1845) 11,514. It is in a fertile and well- cnltivated dist., and is one of the finest towns in the N. part of the Union. It has a handsome conrt-hoose, state lunatic asylum, hall of the American Antiquarian Society, with a valuable library ; also, woollen, cotton, paper, and ma- chine fectories, printing offices, and an active trade. It commnnieates by railway with Albany and with Norwich, Connecticut ; by the Black- stone canal, with Pi-ovidence ; and by steamers daily with New York. — II. a township of New York, 57 m. S.W. Albany. Pop. 2,390 III. a township of Pennsylvania, 89 m. £. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,200. WoRCESTKHSHiRE, an inland co. of Engl., with a very irregular outline, and many detached por- tions, but mostly bounded by the cos. Warwick on the E., Gloucester on the S., Hereford on the W., Salop and Stafford on the N. Area 763 sq. m., or 462,720 ac, of which about 400,000 are esti- mated to be arable, or in meadows and pas- tures. Inhabited houses 46,919. Pop. 233,336. It is fertile, well-watered, and richly wooded. Principal rivers, the Severn, and its affls. the Avon and Teme, all having a S. course. The Malvern hills in the S.W. separate it from Here- fordshire. The Bredon hills in the S.E. rise to 900 feet in height. Wheat is extensively raised ; hops are an important crop in some parts ; or- chards are numerous, and a great deal of cider and perry is made. Cattle and sheep are fat- tened here. Farms of all sizes, but mostly small. Average rent of land (1810) 22«. id. an acre. Ann. value of land (1842-3) 716,497/., of houses, 514,7342. Total value of all real property 1^,5371. Coal is found at Dudley ; in a N. de- tached dist. at Droitwich are brine springs ; building stone and clay are other chief minerals. Carpets are made at Kidderminster, glass and iron wares at Dudley and Stourbridge, gloves and porcelain at Worcester, needles and fish- hooks at Redditch and Feckenhaim ; and in!1847, 673 persons were employed in woollen, and 600 do. in silk mills. Co. rev. (1848) 25,388?. Nu- merous canals, and the Birmingham and Glo'ster railway, intersect the co. Worcestershire is di- vided into 10 divisions, in the diocese of Wor- cester, and Oxford circuit. After Worcester, the c^., the principal towns are the bors. Eve- sham, Droitwich, Kidderminster, Bewdley, and Dudley. The eo. with bors. sends 8 members to H. of C. Reg. CO. electors (1848) for E. division 6,724, for W. division 4,659. WoEDissBOBG, OHkungri, atown of Denmark, on the S. coast of the island Seeland. Pop. 1,500. It has a castle, built by Waldemar i. Word WELL, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 6 m. N.N.W. Bury-St-Edmund's. Area 2,120 ac. P. 66. WoRFiELB, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 3i m. N.E. Bridgenorth. Area 11,140 ac. Pop. 1,643. WoKKiKGTOK, 2. seaport town, pa., and town- ship of England, co. Cumberland, at the mouth of the Derwent, onrailw., 7 m. N.N.E. Whitehaven. Area of pa. 7,730 ac. Pop. 6,994. Pop.oftowii- ship 6,045. The lower part of the town is old, with narrow streets, but in the upper part are many good residences, and a square, in which the com market is held; and it has a handsome church and chapel, several dissenting chapels, assembly and news rooms, a small theatre, a harbour, with good quays and a breakwater, some ship building, manufs. of sail cloth and cordage, a valuable salmon fishery, and coal mines in the vicinity, which employ many of the pop., large quantities of coal being shipped to Ireland and the Isle of Man. It is a creek of the port of Whitehaven. Reg. shipping (1848) 14,002 tons. At Workington. hall, the fine castellated man- sion of the Curwen family, on a wooded height above the town, was a refuge of Mary Queen of Scots after her flight from Langside. Worksop, a market town and pa. of England, CO. and 25 m. N. Nottingham, on the Ryton, at the N. extremity of Sherwood Forest, and with a station on the Sheffield and Lincolnshire railwav. Area of pa. 18,220 ac Pop. 6,197. The chuich formed part of an ancient priory, and is one of the most perfect specimens of the Anglo-Nor- man style in England. Worksop is celebrated for its malt. Market day, Wednesday. The town may be regarded as the cap. of the dist., popu- larly called the " dukery," from comprising Work- sop-Manor, Clumber Park, and Welbeck- Abbey, respectively the seats of the Dukes of Norfolk, Newcastle, and Portland. WoBKUM, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Friesland, near the Zuyder-Zee, 21 m. S.W. Leeuwarden. Pop. 3,193. [Woddeichem.] WoRLABY, a pa. of Engl., co. Lincoln, 4J m. N N.E. Glandford-bridge. Area 3,220 ac. P. 426. WoRLDHAM, two coutlguous pas. of Engl., CO. Hants.— I. (East), 2.J m. S.E. Alton. Area 1,480 ac. Pop. 254. — II. (West), 2^ m. S.E. Alton. Area 760 ac. Pop. 94. WoRLE, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 8 m. N.W. Axbridge. Area 1,620 ac. Pop. 885. WoRLiNQHAM, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 2 m. E.S.E. Beccles. Area 2,350 ac. Pop. 208. WoRLiNGTON, three pas. of Engl. — I. co. Suf- folk, 1 m. W.S.W. Milden-hall. Area 2,080 ac. Pop. 350.— II. (East), co. Devon, 6 m. E. Chum- leigh. Area 2,220 ac. Pop. 287. Here are re- mains of an ancient cross HI. (West), same co., 5^ m. E. Chumleigh. Area 2,370 ac. Pop. 218. WoRLiNGwoRTB, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 5 m. N.W. Framlington. Area 1,810 ac. Pop. 786. WORLITZ, a town of Germany, duchy Anhalt- Dessau, cap. dist., near the Elbe, and on a small lake 9 m. E. Dessau. Pop. 1,867. It has a ducal summer palace, with fine parks and gardens. WoRMBEiDQE, a pa., England, co. and 8 m. S.W. Hereford. Area 770 ac. Pop. 93. WoEMBiTT, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 43 m. S.S.W. Konigsberg, on the Drewenz. Pop. 3 470 It has manufs. of woollen cloth & leather. ' WoBMENHALL, a pa. of Engl., CO. Bucks, 12 m. W S W. Aylesbury. Area 2,090 ac. Pop. 314. WoRMGAV, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 6J m. N.N.E. Downham-Market. Ac. 3,160. Pop. 330. WoEMHOuDT, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, cap. cant., 11 m. S.S.E. Dunkerque, on the Peune. Pop. 3,991. WoRMiNGFOED, a pa. of England, co. tssex, 6 m. N.W. Colchester. Area 2,410 ac. Pop. 624. WoRMiNGTON (Little), a pa. of England, co. Glo'ster, 5 m. N.N E.Winchcombe. Ac.5b0. P.7d. WoRMLEiGUTON, a pa. of England, co. War- wick, 8 m. E.N.E. Kington. Ac. 2,320. Pop- 188. WOEMLET, a pa. of England, co. and 5 m. S.S.E. Hertford. Area 1,120 ac. Pop. 600. Worms, Borbetty ot W. Germany,'H. Darmstadt, prov. Rhen^hSessen 26 m. S.E. Mayence, on 1. b. of *e ^'fu'l^™ crossed by a flying bridge. Pop. (1846) 9.«»- It was formerly an imperial city, a"* 'yfjy ancient having existed before the arrival of the RomSi It had a palace in which Charlemagne WOH 1408 WRA often resided. In the 13th century its pop. is said to have amounted to 60,000. In 1689 it was talien and burned by the French, the cathedral and a few houses only having escaped the flames. It has a gymnasium, manufactures of tobacco, and trade in agricultural produce, and in the fine wines of its vicinity. Among many diets held at Worms, the most celebrated is that of 1495, convoked by Maximilian i. ; and that of 1521, before which Luther appeared- WoRMSuiLL, a pa. of England, oo. Kent, 5 m. S.S.W. Sittingbourne. Area 1,250 ao. P. 218. WoBMSLEi, a pa. of England, co. Hereford, 3J m. S.E. Weobly. Area 2,060 ac. Pop. 109. WoEONETZ, a gov. & town, Russia. [Vokonej.] WoKPLESDON, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, 3^ m. N.N.W. Guildford. Ao. 7,140. Pop. 1,424. WoRRiNQEN, Bunmcum, a market town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. and 9 m. N.N.W. Cologne, on 1. b. of the Rhine, formerly fortified. P. 1,905. WoKKSTAOT, a market town of Germany, Hessen-Darmstadt, prov. Rhenish Hessen, cap. CO., 13 m. S.S.W. Mayence. Pop. 1,630. WoBSBOROUOH, a chapelry of England, oo. York,W. Riding, 25 m. S.S.E. Barnesley. P. 3,800. WoRSLEV, a township of England, co. Lancas- ter, pa. Eccles, 6 m. S.S.E. Great Bolton. Area 6,840 ac. Pop. 8,337. It is intersected by the Wigan and Leigh canal, and has extensive coal- mines, with subterranean canals and tunnels, the total extent of which is estimated at 18 miles. WoBSTBAD, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 3 J m. S.S.E. NorthwaJsham. Area 2,410 ac. Pop. 834. WoBSTHOBN, a township of England, co. Lan- caster, pa. Whalley, 3 m. E. Burnley. Pop. 817. WoBTEGHEM and WoBTEL, two vills. of Bel- gium. — I. prov. E. Flanders, 15 m. S.W. Ghent. — II. prov. and 21 m. N.E. Antwerp. WoBTH, two market towns of Bavaria. — I. circ. Lower Franconia, on the Main, 34 m. W. Wiirzburg, with a castle.— II. circ. Upper Pala- tinate, 14 m. E. Regensburg. Pop. 1,116. — III. a vill., circ. Lower Bavaria, on the Isar, 11 m. N.E. Landshut. WoBTH, two pas. of England. — I. co. Kent, IJ m. S. Sandwich. Area 2,708 ac. Pop. 452. — II. {Matravers), co. Dorset, on the English Channel, 3^ m. S.S.E. Corfe castle. Area 1,590 ac. Pop. 376. St Albans-head is in this pa. — III. a township, co. Chester, pa. Prestbury, 6 m. S.S.E. Stockport. Pop. 655. WoRTHAM, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 6^ m. N.W. Eye. Area 3,260 ac. Pop. 1,116. WoBTHEN, a pa. of England, cos. Salop and Montgomery, 8 m. N.E. Montgomery. Area 12,410 ac. Pop. 3,195. A line of stones here is supposed to have marked the old bonndary be- tween England and Wales ; and lead-mines were wrought here during the Roman dominion. WoETHENBUET, a pa. of N. Wales, oo. Flint, 8 m. N. Ellesmere. Pop. 620. Worthing, a maritime town and chapelry of England, co Sussex, pa. Broadwater, on the Eng- lish Channel, with a station on the S. Coast rail- way, 10 m. W. Brighton. Pop. 4,702. Its rise from an insignificant vill. into a favourite water- ing-place, was due to the visits of George iii. Its climate is mild and salubrious, and fine sands here extend along the sea for several miles on either side. — II. a pa., co. Norfolk, 4 m. N.N.E. East-Dereham. Area 690 ac. Pop. 158. — Worthington is a chapelry of England, co. Leices- ter, 4i m. N.E. Ashby-de-la-Zouch, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. 1,143. WoKTHT, two contiguous pas. of England, co. Hants.— I. {^King's), 21 m. N.N.E. Winchester. Area 2,190 ac. Pop. 349.— II. {Martyr), a pa., same oo., 3m. N.E. Winchester. Ac. 1,970. P. 2-57 WoRTiNs, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 2i m. W. Basingstoke. Area 1,070 ac. Pop. 148. WoBTLEV, a township of England, co. York, W. Riding, pa. St Peter, with a station on the Manchester and Sheffield railway, 8 m. N.N.W. Sheffield. Pop. 7,090, extensively employed in the manufacture of woollens, — II. a chapelry, same co. and Riding, pa. Tankersley, 6J m. S S.W.Burnesley. Pop. 990. Here are Wortley- Hall and Whamcliffe Lodge (Lord Wharncliffe). WoRTON, two contiguous pas. of England, co. Oxford.— I. {Nether), 3 m. W.S.W. Deddington. Area 790 ae. Pop. 69.— II. {Over), 3 m. S. W. Ded- dington. Area 980 ac. Pop. 45. — Wortwell is a hamlet, co. Norfolk, pa. Reddenhall, 5 m. S.W. Bungay. Pop. 660. WosoHiTz (Jung), a town of Bohemia, circ. & 11 m. N.E. Tabor. Pop. 1,820. S.ward is the village of Alt-Woschitz. WossiNQEN, a market town of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, 9 m. E. Carlsruhe. Pop. 1,697. WosTiTz and Wotitz, two towns of^ the Aus- trian Empire. — I. Moravia, 19 m. S.S.W. Briinn. Pop. 1,100 II. Bohemia, circ. Beraun, 33 m. S.E. Prague, with a castle and 1,400 inhabitants. — The Wotawa riv., Bohemia, after a N.E. course of 60 m., joins the Moldau, 11m. N.E. Pisek. WoiTow, several pas. of England. — I. {Court- ney), CO. Somerset, 4 m. W. Dunster. Area 4,030 ac. Pop. 418. Limestone abounds in this pa. — II. {Fitz-Paine), co. Dorset, 3 m. N.N.E. Lyme-Regis. Area 2,210 ac. Pop. 432 III. ( tXiiderwood), a pa., co. Bucks, hund. Ashendon. Area 3,220 ac. Pop. 265. [Wootton.] Woiton-cndee-Edge, a market town and pa. of England, co. and 17? m. S.S.W. Gloucester. Area 4,390 ac. Pop. 4,702, chiefly employed in woollen mills and hand-loom weaving. WoDDRioHEM,orWoRKUM, a strongly fortified town of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, at the junction of the Maas and Waal, 16 m. N.W. Bois le Due. Pop. 1,220. Wotjghton-on-the-Geeen, a pa. of England, CO. Bucks, 2J m. N.N.W. Fenny-Stratford. Area 890 ac. Pop. 364. WouLDHAM, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 3 m. S.W. Rochester. Area 2,100 ac. Pop. 284. Woow, a pa. & vill. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 3 m. S.W. Rozendaal. Pop. 2,600. WoYSLAwiOB, a town of Poland, gov. and 60 m E.S.E. Lublin. Pop. 2,000. Wrabness, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 4| m. E. Manningtree. Area 890 ac. Pop. 262. Wkagby, a market town and pa. of England, CO. and 12 m. E.N.E. Lincoln. Area 1,710 ac. Pop. 610, chiefly agricultural. The vill. is neat, and in a fertile district. — II. a pa., oo. York, W. Riding, 4^ m. S.W. Pontefract. Area 3,390 ac. Pop. 865. Nostal priory is in this parish. Weamplingham, a pa. of England, co. Nor- folk, 3m. N.E. Wymondham. Ac. 820. Pop, 236. Wrangel, an isl. of Russia, gov. Esthonia, in the Gulf of Finland, 16 m. N.E. Revel. P. 1,100. Weanole, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 8 m. N.E. Boston. Area 6,890 ao. Pop. 1,132. Wrath (Cape), the most N. point of Suther- landsliire, Scotl., in lat. 58° 38' N., Ion, 4° 68' &' W. It has a pyramidal granitic rook, on which is a lighthouse, which shows a revolving light 400 feet above the sea. Wbattmng, several pas. of Engl.— I. {Great), CO. Sufl'olk, 6i m. W.N.W. Clare. Area 1,320 ao. Pop. 355.— II. {Little), same co., 6} m. W.N.W. Clare. Area 770 ac. Pop. 239 III WRA 1409 WUN {West), CO. Cambridge, 5 m. N.E. Linton. Area 3,441 ac. Pop. 912. Wbawbt, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 8 m. N.W. Caistor. Area 5,070 ac. Pop. 2,708. WRAXALt, several pas. of England. —I. co. Dorset, 6 m. E. Beaminster. Area 1,100 ac. Pop. 65. — IL CO. Somerset, 6J m. W.S.W. Bris- tol. Area 3,830 ac. Pop. 986.— IIL (A^ortA), co. Wilts, 7 m. W.N.W. Chippenham. Area 2 010 ac. Pop. 481. WRAr-wiTH-BoTTON, a township of England, CO. & 9 m. E.N.E. Lancaster, pa. Melling. P. 718. Wraysburt, a pa. of Engl. [Wthabdisburt.] Wreak, or Wreke, a river «( England, co. Leicester, rises in the N.E. part of the co., flows S. W. past Melton-Mowbraj, Kotherby, &c., and joins the Soar near Rothley, near which junction it is united with Leicester canal, and joined by its principal tributary streams from tlie S.E. Total com^e, 25 miles. Wreck-Lesham, a tything of Engl., co. Surrey, pa, and IJ m. S.S.W. Famham. Pop. 991. Wredenhagex, a vill. of N. Germany, Meck- lenborg-Schwerin, & 38 m. S.S.E. Gustrow, cap. district. Pop. 538. WRENBrBT, a pa. of Engl., co. Chester, 4j ra. S.S.W. Nantwich. Area 4,610 ac. Pop. 1,100. Wkesinoham (Great), a pa. of Engl., co. Nor- folk, 4 m. S.E. Wymoudham. Ac. 1,640. P. 487. Wbentham, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 5} m. N.W. Southwold. Area 1,330 ac. Pop. 1,020. WsEifTHAM, a township, TJ. S., N. America, Massachusetts, 23 m. S.S.W. Boston. Pop. 2,915. Wbesches (Pol. Wresznio), a town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 30 m. E.S.E. Posen, cap. oirc. Pop, 3,040. It has manuis. of woollen cloth. Wbessbi, a pa. of England, co. York, E. Rid- ing, on the Derwent, across which the Hull and Selby railway is here carried by an iron bridge, 3i m. N. Howden. Pop. 373. Here are the ruins of Wressel castle, a baronial resid. of the Earls of Northumberland, built iu reign of Richard n. Weestlingworth, a pa. 'of Engl., co. Bedford, 6 m. E.N.E. Biggleswade. Ac. 1,620. Pop. 487. Wrexham (Great and West), two contiguous pas. of England, co. Norfolk, 6 m. N.N.E. Thet- ford. United area 6,960 ac. Pop. 194. Wbettos, a pa. of Engl., co. Norfolk, 1 m.W. Stoke-ferry. Area 1,420 ac. Pop. 533. Wrexham, a pari, bor., town, pa., and two townships of N. Wales, chiefly in co. Denbigh, bnt the pa. partly in co. Flint, with a station on the Shrewsbury and Chester railway, 12 m. S.W. Chester. Pop. of pa. 12,921. Area of bor., com- prising the townships Wrexham-.ibbot, and W.- Hegis, and part of township Esclusham, 1,145 ac. Pop. 6,118. The town, consisting of several spa- cious streets crossing at right angles, has some substantial houses. The church, formerly colle- giate, is a fine edifice of the time of Henry vii., 178 feet in length, 72 feet in width, with a highly decorated tower, 136 feet in height, a fine altar- piece, and several good monuments, including two by Koubilliac. Here are iron-works, paper- mills, and an active trade in flannel, coal, & lead from adjacent mines. The bor., with Denbigh, Holt, and Ruthin, sends 1 member to H. of C. Keg. electors for Wrexham (1848) 262. It is a polling-place for the county. Weibtzek, or Bbietzen, a walled town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg, Potsdam, cap. circ. Ober-Bamim, on an arm of the Oder, 33 m. E.N.E. Berlin. Pop. 6,930. It has manufs. of woollen stuffs, hosiery, tobacco, and leather. Wright, a co., U. S., N. America, in S.W. part of Missouri. Area 1,730 sq. m. — WrighUtown is a township, Pennsylvania, 00. Bucks; & WrighU- ville, a bor. of same state, on the Susquehanna, opposite Columbia, with which it communicates by a bridge 5,690 feet in length. Wbiqhtington, a township of England, co. Lancaster, pa. Eccleston, 4 m. N.W. Wiean. Pop. 1,771. ® Wrington, a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 6 m. N.N.E. Axbridge. Area 5,150 ac. Pop. 1,589. The philosopher Locke was bom here in 1632. Wbithi,ington, a pa. of Engl., co. Somerset. 7 m. N.W. Frome. Area 750 ac. Pop. 301. Wkittle, a pa. of England, co. Essex, 2J p-,. W.S.W. Chelmsford. Area 8,060 ac. Pop. 2,620. Wroclawek, a town of Poland, gov. Warsaw, on 1. b. of the Vistula, 8 m. N.E. Brzese. P. 1,400. Wrockwabdine, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 2 m. W.N.W. Wellington. Ac. 5,100. P. 2,731. Wronke, or Wronk.1, a town of Prussian Po- land, reg. and 30 ra. N.W. Posen, on the Wartha, and on the Stettin and Posen railway. Pop. 2,300. It has woollen cloth factories. Wboot, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 8 m. N.N.E. Bawtrey. Area 3,610 ac. Pop. 335. Wrotham, a pa. of England, co. Kent, 24 m. E.S.E. London. Area 8,680 ac. Pop. 2,949. Wroughton, a pa. of England, co. Wilts, 2J m. S.S.W. Swindon. Area 6,390 ac. Pop. 1,963. Weoxetek, a pa. of England, co. Salop, 5f m. S.E. Shrewsbury. Area 4,400 ac. Pop. 636. Here was the Roman station Uriconium, many relics and traces of which remain. Wboxhall, a pa. of England, co. and 6\ m. N.N.W. Warwick. Area 2,010 ac. Pop. 176. Wroxhall Abbey Is the seat of the descendants of Sir Christopher Wren. Wroxham, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 6J m. N.E. Norwich. Area 1,420 ac. Pop. 363. Wboxton, a pa. of England, co. Oxford, 3 m. W.N. W. Banbury. Area 2,350 ac. Pop. 819. WszETiN, or Wsetin, a town of Moravia, circ. and 33 m. N.E. Hradlsch. Pop. 2,850. WoDD, a small town of Beloochistan, prov. Jhalawan, in the plain of Wudd, 110 m. S. Kelat. — Wudiieet or Budnee, is a fort of N.W. India, 16 m. from Bussean, with several temples, and a village of 2,000 inhabitants. Wudwan, a town & fort of Brit. India, presid. Bombay, dist. and 54 m. W.S.W. Ahmedabad. WuEKBALE, a township of Engl., co. Lancaster, pa. and 2 m. N.E. Rochdale. Pop. 6,875. WuLiERSDOBF, a mkt. town of Lr. Austria, on the Schmieda, 22 m. N.W. Komeuburg. P. 1,700. WiiMME,ariver of N. Germany, Hanover, after a W.ward course of upwards of 75 m. past Both- enburg and Ottersberg, joins the Weser 10 m. N.W. Bremen, the territory of which it bounds on the N. Chief aflfls., the Humme and Worpe from the N., and Lesum from the E. WuNGA, a small town of Scinde, on the E. branch of the Indus, 76 m. S.E. Hyderabad. Wdnnenberg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. Minden, 14 m. S. Paderborn. Pop. 1,300. WoNNEWiL, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. & 7 m. N.E. Fribourg. Pop. 2,000. WnNscHELBUBG, or Hkadek, a walled town of Prussian Silesia, reg. Breslau, circ. & 10 m. N.W. GJatz, Pop. 1,446, engaged in weaving, &c. WcNSDOEF, a town of Hanover, landr. & 13 m. W.N.W. Hanover, principality Kalenberg, on railway between Hanover and Minden. P. 1,964. WuNsiEDEL, a walled town of Bavaria, circ. Lower Franconia, cap. dist., on the Rossla, 20 m. E.N.E. Bayreuth. Pop. 3,900. It has manufs. of woollen yarn and woven fabrics, and a monu- ment to Jean Paul Riohter, who was born here. 4 U ■WUR 1410 ■WHS WiJBBENTHAL, Or Ukbenthai., a town of Aus- trian Silesia, eiro, and 37 m. 'W'.N.'W. Troppau, on the Oppa. Pop. 1,359, partly employed in manufactures of iron wire and linen yarn. WnKDAH, a river of India, flows tortuously S.E. through the centre of the Deccan, and joins the Godavery, 12 m. E. Chinnoor. Total course, 300 m., throughout nearly all which it separates the dominions of Berar and Hyderabad, receiving from the former Its affl. the Wyne-gunga, and from the latter on the W. the Payn-gunga, on which rivers are several towns. Sirpoor is the only town of consequence on the Wurdah. Wtjrm-see, a lake of Upper Bavaria, 16 m. S.S.W. Munich. Length, S. to N., 12 m., breadth varies to 4 m. It discharges its surplus waters N. into the Ammer, by the Wiirm, 20 m. in length. "WiJRTEMBEIlG (KINGDOM of), a State of S.W. Germany, between lat. 47° 35' and 49° 35' 30* N., and Ion. 8° 15' and 10° 30' E. ; bounded E. by Bavaria, S. by the lake of Constance, S.W., "W., and N. by Baden ; cap. Stuttgart. Length 140 m., breadth 20 to 100 m. It is divided into the circles Neckar, Black Forest, Danube, and Jaxt. Area 7,658 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 1,743,827, The territory belongs to the basins of the Khine and Danube. Its entire surface is mountainous except in the S. The principal chain is that of the Alps of Swabia, which unites on the S.W. with the Schwarzwald and separates the basins of the Neckar and Danube ; the highest points are not more than 3,800 feet. The principal rivers are the Danube and Neckar, the latter of which drains the greater part of the kingdom. The territory is in many places highly picturesque. A portion of the lake of Constance belongs to Wiirtemberg, and there are many small lakes in the S., the chief of which is the Peder-see. Climate in general temperate and healthy, but variable. Temperature ranges from 77° to 86° in summer, and 5° to 10° Fahr. in winter. The soil is extremely fertile in the valleys of the Tauber, the Neckar and its afBs., and on the lake of Constance ; the usual grains are raised more than necessary for home consumption. Agriculture has made rapid progress, and there is an excellent agricultural institute at Holsen- beim. The potato, introduced in 1710, is now the principal sustenance of Jth of the pop. The cultivation of the vine is limited to the valley of the Neckar and the Tauber, and to the shores of the lake of Constance. The Neckar wines are the best ; some of the others resemble Rhenish ffines. No country in Germany produces fruit in such abundance as Wiirtemberg. The prin- cipal products are apples, pears, prunes, and cherries. Fruit-trees are cultivated over all the territory, but especially in the valley of the Neckar ; beetroot is grown for the manufacture af sugar; hemp, Hut, tobacco, and hops are raised in small quantities. The Alp and the Schwarzwald are covered with vast forests which (field valuable timber. The rearing of horses, cattle, and sheep, is an important branch of in- Justry; these are in general of good breeds. The principal mineral products are iron and coal, which are abundant, and the working of which, in 1840, employed 330 miners. Silver, copper, Bobalt, and lead are found in small quantities ; find there are quarries of excellent building stones and marble. Wiirtemberg has a great many mineral springs ; the best frequented baths ire those of Wildbad, the only thermal springs in the territory. Salt is an important product, and turf is very abundant. Manufactures are unimportant; they comprise linens, woollens, silks, carpets, hosiery, leather, porcelain, iron & steel goods, and tobacco ; breweries and distil- leries are numerous. The transit trade is con- siderable, chiefly by the navigation of the Neckar. A line of railway has been opened from Stuttgart N. to Heilbronn, and another S.E. to Geislingen ; and thence S. by Ulm, Biberach, and Ravens- burg, to Friedrichshafen on the lake of Con- stance, the latter portion of wliich is only in pro- gress. Wiirtemberg has long been favourably dis- tinguished for the number and excellence of its educational establishments. Each commune and even hamlet has its primary school, attendance at which is obligatory on children between the ages of 6 and 14, and the number at school is in the proportion of 1 in 6 of the pop. The univer- sity of Tiibingen is one of the most celebrated in Germany ; there are infant schools in the cap. and several of the larger towns, and an institu- tion for young ladies founded by Queen Cath- erine ; normal schools, polytechnic and military schools. Wiirtemberg is a constitutional repre- sentative kingdom, governed according to the constitution of 1819, with a diet of 2 chambers. The pop. is almost exclusively German, except a few Jews and some colonies of French Protes- tants i the majority belong to the evangelical church formed by the union of the Lutherans and reformers in 1823, and only about l-3d are Roman Catholics — all sects are tolerated. The army consists of 19,170 men in time of war, and 8,020 in time of peace; every male subject is liable to serve from the age of 25 to 31. The citadel of Hohen-zoUern is the only fortress. Revenue (1848), 10,869,808 Rhenish florins ; ex- penditure 10,711,210 florins. Debt 31,603,095 florins. In the 15th century the county of Wiir- temberg in Swabia, was erected into a duchy by the Emp. Maximilian ; this was greatly extended by Napoleon, who created it an electorate in 1803, & gave to its sovereign the title of Idng in 1806. WtTBzAOH, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ Danube, 35 m. S. Ulm. Pop. 1,052.— Wure- bach is a vill. of Reuss-Schleiz, circ. Ebersdorf, 4 m. W. Lobenstein. Pop. 1,460. WiJEZBDBe, a fortified town of Bavaria, cap. circ. Lower Frauconia, 140 m. N.W. Munich, on rt. b. of the Main, across which it communicates by a fine bridge with its citadel on the other side. Pop. (1846) 26,814, including 4,663 military. Among its many ancient edifices are a cathedral of the 8th century, the Marienhirche, and the royal palace, formerly residence of the bishops, built on the plan of the palace of Versailles, with fine gardens. Its university, founded 1403, has a library of 100,000 vols, and had in 1847, 621 students. It has also a synagogue, gymnasium, polytechnic school, school of music, and several hospitals. It has manuJfe. of woollen cloths, to- bacco, leather, paper, surgical and mathematical instruments, boat-building, and an active river trade. Wiirzburg, one of the most ancient cities of Germany, was formerly cap. of Franconia. Its prince-bishopric was secularised, and the town with its territory ceded to the Archduke Ferdinand of Tuscany in 1803. In 1815 it was united to Bavaria. Wduzen, a walled town of Saxony, circ. and 15 m. E. Leipzig, cap. dist., on the Mulde, and on the Leipzig and Dresden railway. Pop. 4,145. It has manufs. of linen and hosiery, breweries, and bleaching establishments Wustensachsm is a market town of Bavaria, near the N. extremity of the circ. Lower Franconia. Pop. 1,160. WnsTEBHATTSEN, a Walled town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. Potsdam, on an isl. in the WTIS 1411 WYR Dosse, 14 m. W.S.W. New Kuppin. Pop. 2,800. —II. a mkt. town on the Notte, 18 m. S.E. Ber- lin, with a hunting seat built by Frederick Wil- liam I. The ai-ticles of peace between Prussia and Austria were concluded here in 1726. Wdstrow, a town of N. Germany, Hanover, landr. Luneburg, on the Jetze, 21 m. S.W. Luchow. Pop. 763. — II. a pa, ot Mecklen- burg-Schwerin, 22 ra. N.E. Rostock. Pop. 154. WcsTWEZEL, a Till, of Belgium, prov. and 14 m. N.E. Antwerp. Pop. 1,700. WrALCSiNG, a township, U. S., N. America, Pennsylvania, on ^Yyalusing Creek, an affl. of the Susquehanna, 105 m. N. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,400. Wyahdot, a CO. of the U. S., N. Amer., in N. part of the peninsula Michigan. Area 476 sq. m. Wtbkkton, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 2 j m. S. Boston. Area 2,950 ac. Pop. 684. WiBcxBCRT, a pa. of England, co. Chester, 3} m. E.S.E. Nantwich. Ac. 20,.360. Pop. 4,674. Wtcliffe, a pa. of England, co. York, N. Kiding, 51 m. E.S.E. Barnard-Castle. Area 2,300 ac. Pop. 165. In the rectory-house is a &ie portrait of Wycliffe the reformer, who is be- Beved to have been bom here in 1326. Wtoombk (Chippixg, or High), a pari, and mnnic. bor., market town, and pa. of England, CO. Buckingham, 30 m. W.N.W. London. Area of pa. and mnnic. bor., 6,380 ac. Pop. 6,480. The town consists principally of one street ex- tending Ij m. along an affluent of the Thames. The church is a lai^e, venerable, and handsome structure. The principal manul^. are of chairs and paper ; that of lace has declined. Market day, Friday. Wycombe returns 2 mems. to H. of C. Keg. electors (1848) 346. Wycombe gives the titles of earl and baron to the Marquis of Lansdowne; and immediately S.W. of the town is Wycombe Abbey, the seat of the Lord Carington. — IL (TTerf), apa. of Engl., co. Bucks, 2i m. N.W. High Wycombe. Area 6,340 ac. Pop. 2,002. Here are a handsome church in the Grecian style, and ruins of Desborough Castle. WroniALL, a pa. of England, co. Hertford, 2 m. N.E. Buntingford. Area 1,140 ac. Pop. 248. WvE, a river of England and Wales, rises on the S. side of Plinlimmon, co. Montgomery, near the source of the Severn, flows mostly S.E. through a part of Radnorshire, and between the cos. Radnor and Brecon, intersects the co. Here- ford near its centre, below Hereford turns S., & after separating the cos. Gloucester and Mon- month, enters the estuary of the Severn 2 m. S. Chepstow, which town, with Hereford, Mon- mouth, Ross, Hay, Builth, and Rhayader, are on its banks. Principal affls., the Luff and Ithon from the N., Caerwen and Irfon from the W. Total course 130 m., for 70 of which, to Hereford, it is frequently navigable for vessels of 40 tons bur- den, and to Hay, 100 m. from the Severn, for small craft ; but its navigation is often interrupted by its shallowness or rapidity. In the upper and lower parts of its course, its banks are precipi- tous ; in Herefordshire it has a very tortuous course through a fertile country, and it is re- nowned for picturesque beauty beyond evenf other river in S. Britain. It is connected with the Severn by a canal from Hereford to Glou- cester, and has a valuable salmon fishery. — II. a small river, co. Derby, after a S.E. course joms the Derwent, 4 m. S.E. Bakewell.— III. a river of Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land), tributary to the great Swan-Port river, co. Glamorgan. WvE, a pa. and vill., formeriy a market town, of England, co. Kent, on the Canterbury branch of the S.K railway, 4 m. N.E Ashford. Area of pa. 5,280 ao. Pop. 1,648. The village has a bridge of fave arches over the Stour. Wyeesdale, two townships of England, co and pa. Lancaster.— 1. (Nether), pa. and 4 m. SS-S- g^'stane- Pop. 762.— II. (Over), 6i m. N.N.E. Garstang. Pop. 679. Wtfordbt, a pa. of England, co. Leicester, 3 m. E. Melton-Mowbray. Area 1,360 ao. P. 129. WvHAM, a pa. of England, co. Lincoln, 61 m. N.N.W. Louth. Area 1,880 ac. Pop. 116. Wtk, a seaport vill. of Denmark, duchy Schleswig, on the S.E. coast of the island Fohr, 16 m. N.W. Bredsted. Pop. 800. Wyk, numerous pas. and vills. of the Nether- lands.— I. prov. Drenthe, 6 m. E.S.E. Meppel. Pop. 1,803.-11. ( W. bei Buurstede), prov. and 13 ra. S.E. Utrecht, a town, cap. dist., on the Rhine, where it gives off the Leek. Pop. 2,413. Wykefam, two pas. of England, co. York, N. Ridmg, 6 m. S.W. Scarborough. Area 6,480 ac. Pop. 697.— II. (East), co. Lincoln, 7 m. W.N.W: Louth. Areaseoac. P. 32. [Wiokham.] Wyke-Reqis, a pa. of England, co. Dorset, 1 m. W.S.W. Weymouth. Ac. 1,070. P. 1,911. Wtkeh, a pa. of England, co. Wai-wick, 3 m. E.N.E. Coventry. Area 670 ac. Pop. 117. Wyl, a town of Switzerland, cant, and 15 m. W. St GaJl, on the Thur, with 2,126 inhabitants, mostly linen and cotton weavers. Wylam, a township of England, co. Northum- berland, pa. Avingham, on the Newcastle and CarUsle railway, 8^ m. W. Newcastle-on-Tyne. Pop. 984, chiefly employed in collieries. Wtmebing, a pa. of England, co. Hants, on the N. shore of Portsmouth Harbour, 2 m. E.N.E. Porchester. Area 2,610 ac. Pop. 748. Wymingtoh, a pa. of England, co. Bedford, 6 m. N.N.E. Harrold. Area 1,710 ao. P. 270. Wymondham, or Wyndham, a market town and pa. of England, co. Norfolk, on the Eastern Counties railway, at the divergence of the Faken- ham branch, 10 m. W.S.W. Norwich. Area of pa. 11,240 ac. Pop. 5,179, partly employed in manufs. of bombazines and crapes for Norwich houses. The church formed part of an ancient abbey. The grammar school has a considerable endowment and two exhibitions to Cambridge University. North the town is Kimberlcy Hall (Lord Wodhonse). — II. a pa., co. Leicester, 6 m. E. Melton-Mowbray. Area 2,800 ac. Pop. 766. Wymohdiey, two contiguous pas. of England, eo. Hertford.— I. '(Great), 2 m. E.S.E. Hitchin. Area 1,120 ac. Pop. 263.— II. (Little), 2i m. E.S.E. Hitchin. Area 790 ac. Pop. 288. Wyhaa» (Hind. Brjnadu), a small dist. of Bri- tish India, presid. Bombay, in lat. 11° 30' N., Ion. 76° 20' E., comprised in the eollectorate of Malabar, and having on other sides the Mysore dom., Koorg, and the Neilgherry hills. Surface densely wooded, and producing the best carda- moms in India. The village Wynaad is 60 m. S. W. Mysore. Wyne-gonoa, a river of India, Deccan, in the S.E. dist. of Bengal presid. and the Berar dom., rises near Chawparah, flows S., and joins the Wurdah 20 m. S. Chamoory. Total course 230 m. Principal affluent, the Khahaun from the N.W. It is in many places half a mile aeross, but generally fordable during the dry season. ■VS^OMING, two cos. of the U. S., N. America. I. in W. part of New York state, cap. Warsaw. Area 600 sq. m.— II. Pennsylvania, in its N.E. part. Area 480 sq. m.— III. a village. New York, on Allen's Creek, co. Wyoming. Pop. 600. Wtbaghdb, a town of India, Deccan, dom. & 80 m. S.E. Nagpoor, on an affl. of the Wynegunga. Wtrardisbcrt, or 'WnATSBCBT, a pa. of ;ugland, 00. and at the S. extremity of Bucks, n the Windsor branch of the S.W. railway, 2i m. .E. Datchet. Area 1,610 ao. Pop. 672. Wyre, a river of England, co. Lancaster, )rmed by many small moorland streams, flows V. and N., expanding into a navigable estuary hich joins the Irish Sea at Fleetwood-upon- Tyre, a new port connected with Preston S.E.- ard by a railway 20 m. in length. [Fleetwood J ■WiBLEY (Great), a tushp. of Engl., co. StaN >rd, pa. Cannock, 5 m. N.N.W. ■Walsall. P. 799. WvSALL, a pa. of England, co. and 9 m. S.S.B. tottingham. Area 1,360 ao. Pop. 379. 'Wtsox, a township of the U. S., N. America, ennsylvania, on Wysox Creek, 136 m., N. Har. isburg. Pop. 1,871. ■Wysttten, a town of Poland, gov, Augustow, n the Prussian frontier, 27 m. N.N.W. Suwalki. op. 1,600. ^vszKow and Wtszgobod, two small towns of Poland, gov. Plock; the former on the Biify, S. Pultusk; the latter 26 m. E.S.E. Plock. Pop. 2,000 Wysztynie, or Wyzany, is a town, gov. Augustow, CO. and 30 m. N.W. Seyny, on the frontier of Prussia. Pop. 1,600, mostly Jews, Wttham, a pa. of England, co. Berks, 8 m. N.W. Oxford. Area 1,670 ac. Ppp. 189. Wtthe, a CO. of the P. S., N. America, in S.W. part of Virginia. Area 700 sq. m. Pop. 9,375 Cap. Wytheville. Pop. 460. Wttikon, a vill. of Switzerland, cant, and 3 m. S.E. Zurich. The French and Austrians fpught here in June 1799. WiTOONEE, one of the Disappointment Isis, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. of S.E. point 14° 12' S., Ion, 141° 12' W. I-ength 6 miles. Wtvell, a pa. of Engkuid, co. Lincoln, i m. N.W. Colsterworth. Area 1,670 ao. Pop. 137. Wtvebstone, a pa. of England, co. Suffolk, 6J m. N. Stowmarket. Area 1,660 ao. P. 34S. WrzAYKY, a town of Poland. [Wiszttnie.] X For names not inserted under this letter, see J, 6, and S. Xagua, or Jaoca, a river of Central Amer., iate Honduras, enters the Caribbean Sea 40 m. f.S.W. Truxillo, after a N. course of 120 m. Xalafa, a city, Mexican Confed. [Jalapa.] Xalisco, Jalisco, or Guadalaxaea, a marit. tate of the Mexican Confederation, between lat. 9° and 24° N., and Ion. 101° and 106° E., having V. the Pacific Ocean, and on other sides Sinalpa, turango, Zacatecas, Gnanaxuato, & Yalladolid, Eip. Guadalaxara. Estim. area 70,000sq.m. Pop. 70,000. Surface mostly mntnous., and densely ooded. Principal rivers, the Tolotatlan, and 8 affls. ; on the S. frontier is the Lake Chilapa. roducts comprise wheat, rice, sugar, honey, and mber for ship-building; and here are many live plantations, good pasture lands, and in the . and E. some gold and silver mines. Principal >wjis besides Guadalaxara, San Bias, and Co- ma. — The vill. Xalisco is on the Pacific, 130 m. f. Guadalaxara. Xalon, a river of Spain, Aragon, flows E. and lins the Xiloco at Calatayud; the united ream enters the Ebro 12 m. N.W. Zaragoza. Xamiltbpec, a market town of the Mexican onfederation, dep. and 75 m. S.W. Oaxaca, near le Pacific Ocean. Pop. 4,000. Xaitdke (St), a comm. and vill. of France, sp. Charente-lnf., arr. La Roohelle. Pop. 1,126. Xanten, a town of Bhenish Prussia, reg. Diis- ildorf, 15 m. S.E, Cleves, near the Khine. op. 3,080. It!ha£ mannfs.. of woollen cloth, cassi- eres, velvets, & cotton ; distilleries, bre^veries, id vinegar faetories.j It gccu_gjes,.tlie sifg,o/ le 'R'omsin Colontu 7^qf(ma., ; '*' ' , i, ' Xamthi, a mountain of Eui;o,pean Turkey, umili, N.W. of the Gulf of Lagos, .Slgean Sea, id rising to 3,800 feet in elevation. Xanthus, an anc. city, Asia-Minor, the remains which.jon E. bank of the riv. Etchenchay,(anc. anthus), 20 m. S.E. Makri, lat. 36° 21' N.,; loii. 1° 23' E., consist of temples and tombs, having aborate bas-reliefs, many of which have been leently deposited in the British museum. Xapeoo, a river of Brazil, prov. San Paulo, ins the Pelotas to form the Urugyiay. XABAitA, or Jabama, 3, river of ..Spain, pvov. nadalaxara, joins the Henares 10 m. E.S.E. adrid, after a S. course of 60 miles Xativa, or Jativa, Spain. [Sah Felipe, p. 1136.] Xacxa, a river and town of Peru. [Jaoja.] Xaveroy, a mkt. town, Russ. Poland, gov. Vol- hynia, on Kamenka, 32 m. S.S.E.Ovrutch. P. 1,500. Xavier (St), an island off the W. coast of Patagonia, in the Gulf of Penas. Lat. 47° 4' S,, loo., 74° i27' W. — II. a river of Upper California, tributary to the Colorado III. a hamlet, Plata Confederation, dep. and 90 m. N.N.E. Santa F^. —IV. Bolivia, prov. & 130 m. N.N,E. Santa Cruz, on an affl. of the Mamore V. (del Bac), a vilL of the Mexican Confederation, dep. Sonora, 150 m. N.N.W. Arispe. Xendat, a marit. town of Japan, on Xenday Bay, E. coast of Niphon. Lat. 38° 30^ N. Xenia, a township of the U. S.,N. Amer., Ohio, 48 m. W.S.W. Columbus. Pop. 4,913, of whom 1,200 are in a vill. with a well cultivated vicinity. Xehil, or Genil, a river of Spain. [(Jenil.J. Xebes, or Jerez (de la Fbonteba), a city of Spain, prov. and 13 m. N.N.E. Cadiz, on the road to Sevilla, near rt. b. of the Guadalete. Pop. (1846) 33,104. The old part of the town ha? nai'row & crooked streets, but the more moderfi portion is well built. It has an alcazar, or fort, remains of an old wall, and many Roman and Moorish antiquities, 8 churches, one of which is collegiate, 6 convents, and 4 hospitals. Xercs has manufs. of woollen cloths and leather, an^ one of its chief peculiarities is its numerous bodegas, or wine stores ; its commerce consists explnsiyje^ if^ j;he)export pf. its exceU/9nt sheriy wiuesj of which 600,000 arrobas (30 of which make a butt) are produced annually, & exported mostly tp England from the small port of Puntal. Xeres, or Jerez, a town of Spain, prov. and 43 m. E, Granada. Pop. 1,700.-11. a town of Central Amer., state Honduras, S. Comayagua,. XERES-DE-L09rOAB4^EROs, Esuris, a town of Spain, prov. and 36 in. S. Badajoz. Pop. (1846) 5,628. It has manufs. of coarse linens, hats, leather, earthenwares, and soap. Birth-place of the celebrated navigator Vasquez dp Balbap. Xebos, or Sabos (Gulf or), European Tur- key, Rumili, is an inlet of the .Sgean Sea, stretching inland north of the peninsula of Galli- poli. Length 40 m.; breadth at entrance 20 m. XER 1413 YAL Xerta, a town of Spain, prov. Tarragona, on tlie Ebro (which has here a fall of 16 feet), 9 m. N. Tortosa. Pop. 2,000. Xertigny, a comm. and mkt. town of France, dep. Vosfces, cap. cant., 9 m. S. Epinal. Pop. 3,871, partly employed in forges & blast-furnaces. Xexdi, or Jejut, a riv. of Paraguay, S. Amer., near the centre of the state, flows W. and joins the river Paraguay, 30 in. N. Asuncion, after a W. coui-se of 120 miles. Xiio-Castbon, Mmra, a marit. vill. of Greece, gov. and 21 m. W.N.W. Corinth, at the mouth of the Xilo-castron in the Gulf of Corinth. It has an active trade in currants. XiLoco & XiLON,rivs., Spain. [Jrcoco, Jilon.] XiuANi, a suburb of the city of Cartagena, New Grenada. [Cartagenjl.] XiMENA, two market towns of Spain. — I. prov. and 15 m. E. Jaen. — n. (acious bay, 26 m. S. Simferopol. Yaihtokovsk, a town of Siberia, gov. & 120m. S.W. Tobolsk, at the junction of the Iset and obol rivers. Pop. 2,000. Yamina, a town of Central Airiea, state ambarra, on the Joliba river. Lat. 12° 40' N., n. 6° 60' W. — Yammie, or Yammy, is a town of le Ashantee dom., 70 m. N.W. Coomassie. Yampabaes, a town of Bolivia, dep. and 20 m. .E. Sucrd (Chuquisaca), cap. prov., on an affl. ' the Pilcomayo. Yamsk, or Jamsk, a marit. town of E. Siberia, 1 the Gulf of Yamsk, an inlet of the Gulf of Higinsk, 380 m. E. Okhotsk. Yana, a considerable river of E. Siberia, prov. akutsk, between the Lena and Indighirka rivers, iters the Arctic Ocean by numerous mouths, rtweeu lat. 71° and 72° N., Ion. 135° E., after a . course of 700 miles. Yanaon, a vill., and one of the French colonial jssessioDS in India, on its E. or Coromandel last, at the delta of the G odavery river, and ac- issible from the sea by vessels of 200 tons bur- m, 22 m. N.N.E. Pondicherry. Its dist., ex- inding for 6 m. along the Goijavery, has an area ' 8,147 ac, about half being under cultivation, op. 6,829. Yanbo, two towns of Arabia. [Yembo.] Yandabo, a town of Bnrmah, on 1. b. of the ■rawadi, 60 m. W.S.'W. Ava, & where the treaty ' peace between the British and Burmese was itified, Feb. 26th 1826 Yangain-chain-ya is a >wn of Pegu, on the Irrawadi, in its delta, 45 m. .W. Rangoon. Yanoebo, a town of N.E. Africa. [Janjebo.] Yano-ho, a river of China, prov. Chi-li, passes f the city Siuen-hoa, and unites with the Sang- m-ho, 25 m. S.E., to form the Hoen-ho river, hich traverses the prov. S.W. of Peking. Yakq-tchod, a city of China, prov. Kiang-su, ip. dep., on the Imperial canal, near the Yang- :e-kiang river, and 50 m. N.E. Nanking. It is ated to be 5 m. in circ, and to have a large ade in salt. Near it is an imperial residence. Yako-tze-kiano (" son of the ocean "), a large ver of China, its course lying S. of that of an- :her great river, the Hoang-ho. It is formed f the junction of the Ya-long-kiang, and Kin- la-kiang rivers, which have their sources in E. ibet, near those of the Menam-kong and Irra- adi, and which unite on the boundary between leprovs. Se-chuen & Yun-nan, near lat. 26° 30' ., Ion. 102° E. Thenceforth, the Yang-tze-kiang is a very tortuous E.N.E. course, through the rovs. Sze-chuen, Hou-pe, Ngan-hoei, & Kiang- 1 ; and it joins the sea by an estuary 30 miles iross, in lat. 32° N., Ion. 121° E. Total course itimated at 2,500 in. It receives numerous large Hs., drains all the central provs. of China, id brings down a great quantity of mud, which IS formed several low islands at its mouth. It crossed by the imperial canal, by which it com- municates with the Hoang-ho river, and with most parts of China-proper. The tide ascends it to the lake Po-yang, 450 m. from the sea, be- yond which it is navigable for 250 m., and it may be navigated to 200 m. from its mouth, by ships of the largest class. Coal is said to be plentiful in many places along its banks. Yani, or Ntasi, asta. of W. Africa, Senegam- bia, on the N. bank of the Gambia river, between lat. 13° and 14° N., and Ion. 14° and 15° W. Principal towns, Pisania, Yannemaru, Kartabar, and Kontata. Yanik, a fertile dist. of Asia-Minor, pash. Tre- bizond, immediately around Samsoun. Leeches are exported from it in large quantities to the markets of Europe. Yanina (improperly Joannina, probably the anc. Eureea), a city of European Turkey, cap. prov. Epirns, on the W. side of the Lake of Ya- nina, 44 m. N. Arta. Pop. estimated at 36,000, of whom 20,000 are Greeks, and from 6,000 to 7,000 Jews. It was much more populous before 1820, when it was burnt down by order of All Pasha. The town, on a peninsula stretching into the lake, is meanly built. Its principal ediiice is the fortress containing the palace of the pasha. Ya- nina is the residence of the head collector of customs for Epirns, and of British and other con- suls. It had formerly a large trade with Albania, Rumili, &c., and an important annual fair, to which Italian produce, with French and German manufs., were brought, but its commerce hjis greatly declined. — The Zake of Yanina is 5 m. in length, by 3 m. in greatest breadth. In it, oppo- site the city, is a small island with a church and monastery, to which island Ali Pasha retired from the sultan's troops, before being put to death, in February 1822. Yannemaeu, a town of Senegambia, W. Africa, state Yani, near the river Gambia, lat. 13° 45' N., and Ion. 15° W. Yah-phiho, or Yen-Ping, a city of China, prov. Fo-kien, cap. dep., on the Min river, 90 m. N.W. Foo-chow, and stated to be one of the handsomest cities in the empire. Yan-tchou, two cities, China. — I. prov. Shan- tung, cap. dep., 75 m. S. Tsi-nan. — II. prov. Che- kiang, cap. dep., on the Tsien-tang-kiang river, 116 m. S.W. Ning-po. Yantio, a river of the U. S., N. America, Con- necticut, joins the Thames at Norwich, after a S.W. course of 16 m., during the latter part of which it affords good water power. Yao-an, a city of China, prov. Yun-nan, cap. dep., 95 m. W.N.W. Yun-nan. It is stated to have a large trade in mnsk, and in salt produced from a lake in its vicinty. — Yao-tchou is a city, prov. Eiang-si, cap. dep., on a river near its mouth, in the lake Po-yang. Yaoobi, Yaoubi, or Yauki, a large town of Central Africa, cap. a state, on 1. bank of the Quorra, 65 m. N. Boussa. It is enclosed by a high and strong clay wall, and entered by 8 gates. Its inhabs. manuf. coarse gunpowder, saddlery, and clothing, raise indigo and tobacco, and rear large herds of live stock. The state of Yaoori is reported to be extensive, flourishing, & enclosed by the doms. Houssa, Borgoo, Cubbie, & Nuffie. Yap, or Gouap, one of the Caroline islands. Pacific Ocean, its S. extremity in lat. 9° 25' N., Ion. 138° 1' E. Length 9 miles. Yappae, a river of N. Australia, flowing into the S.E. angle of the Gulf of Carpentaria, in Ion. 140° 45' E. W. of it is a tract of undulating and hilly forest-land. Yapton, a pa. of England, co. Sussex, on the YAP 1415 YAR Arundel & Chichester cnnal, and ou South coast railway, 3J m. S.W. Arundel. Area 1,830 ac. Pop. 541. Yapdra, JiVpura, or Caqheta, a river of S. America, rises in the Andes of New (franada, S.E. of Neyva, flows E. and joins the Amazon, in lat. 3° 20' S., Ion. 65° W., after a course of 900 m., in a part of which it forms the boundary be- tween Brazil and Ecuador. Ya■ Northampton, 9 m. N.N.E. Daventry. Area 2,089 ac. Pop. 618. o Jelverton, a pa. of England, co. Norfolk, 6 m. b.S.E. Norwich. Area 410 ac. Pop. 82. Yembo, or Yanbo, a maritime town of Arabia, Hedjaz, on a low, sandy, and bare tract, near the Red Sea, 130 in. S.W. Medina, of which city it is the port. It consists of about 1,500 houses, en- closed by a wall. It has a sheltered harbour, & IS garrisoned by Egyptian troops ; but it is m de- cay. It is a place of transit for pilgruus from Egypt to the holy cities of Arabia. Yemen, a country of Arabia, in the S.W., form- ing the chief part of the ancient Arabia Felix. The portion next the Red Sea is called Tehama. It consists mostly of an arid plain, but the in- terior is mountainous. Chief products, myrrh and coffee. Principal towns, Sana, Mocha, and Aden, the last now occupied by the English. Yengi-Hissab, or Yencishab, a town of Chin- ese Turkestan, 85 m. W.N.W. Yarkand, on the route to Kashgar, and famous for its dancing- girls and musicians. Yeni-bazae, a mkt. town of European Turkey, Bulgaria, 14 m. N.E. Shumla II. a town of Bosnia. [Novi-bazae.] Yenidje, numerous small towns of European Turkey.— I. (Y. Kara-su), Rumili,sanj. and98 m. W.N.W. Gallipoli, near the Gulf of Lagos. Pop. 2,500, mostly Turks.— II. (KiziUAghadj), Kumili, sanj. & 25 m. N.N.E. Tchirmen, on the Tondja. — III. ( Vardar), Macedonia, sanj. & 27 m. W.N.W. Salonica. It has numerous mosques, various ruin- ed Greek edifices, & a considerable trade in to- bacco. About 3 m. S. is the lake Yenidje_ (anc. Pdlus Bistonis), on the N. side of which are the ruins of the ancient Pella, birth-place of Alex- ander the Great. Yenijah, several vills. of W. Asia. — I. Pei'sia, prov. Azerbijan, 18 ra. E. Takhti Soleiman. — II. Asia-Minor, pash. Sivas, 15 m. S.E. Derendah. — III. pash. and 26 in. N.E. Sivas. Yenikale, or Janikul, a fortified town of S. Russia, gov. Taurida, Crimea, on the N.W. point of the peninsula of Kertsch, 66 m. E.N.E. Kafia. Pop. 1,700. It is defended by a strong citadel, and has remains of the ancient Orthmion. Yemkal^, Enikale, or Jenikale (Stbait of), anc. Cimmerian Bosporus), the strait connecting the Sea of Azov with the Black Sea. Length 20 m., breadth 8 to 10 m. Where shallowest, it is stated to be only 13 feet in depth. The town Yenikal^ is on its W. side. [Black Sea — Azov.] Yenisei, one of the great rivers of N. Asia, Siberia, — its basin lying between those of the Obe and Lena, and estimated to comprise an area of 1,000,000 sq. m. It rises in Mongolia (Chinese Empire), about lat. 61° N., Ion. 98° E. ; flows at first W. to the Russian frontiter, and afterwards holds a N.ward course to its wide estuary in the Arctic Ocean, lat. 72° 30' N., Ion. 85° E., 200 m. E. the mouth of the Obe. Total course estimated at 2,300 m. It traverses the centre of the gov. Yeniseisk, nearly the whole of which is drained by it, as is the S. half of the gov. Irkutsk by its principal tributary the An- gara, or Verkhnii-Tunguska, which brings into it the surplus waters of Lake Baikal. On its banks are the towns Saiansk, Abakansk, Krasnoyarsk, TEN 1418 YET liseisk, Turukbansk, Kantaisk. It is of great adth, and from Turukbansk to the ocean its th has been found to vary from 2 to 8 fa- ms ; but as it flows mostly through a frozen ert, its navigation is of little service. — The / of Yenisei is the estuary formed by this river its junction with the Arctic Ocean, and ex- ds between lat. 69° 30' and 73° N., and Ion. and 89° E. Breadth at entrance 30 m. It unds with islands, and on its E. shore is the . Kantaisk. Teniseisk, a vast gov. of Asiatic Russia, oom- ied in E. Siberia, between Ion. 80° and 107° and extending from lat. 51° N.ward ; having the govs. Tomsk and Tobolsk, E. Irkutsk and prov. Yakutsk, and S. the Khalkas country linese dom.), irom which last it is separated by ifty mountain-chain connected with the Altai, extent is nearly commensurate with the basin the Yenisei which traverses its centre; but ides which it comprises the courses of several lor rivers. Pop. has been estimated at 1,000 (?). Surface mountainous in the S., where most of its towns and settled tracts with ae extensive forests ; it progressively declines tard into a desert region, peopled only by ttered Tungooses, Ostiaks, Yakuts, and Sa- yedes. According to Sir 6. Simpson, it has the lutation of being the worst governed dist. in Siberia; its principal wealth is in the preci- i metals, the country between the Yenisei and i Angara being the richest gold-washing tract ;he E. part of Russian Asia. Principal towns asnoyarsk the cap., Abakansk, Atchinsk, and □iseisk. — Yeniseisk is the cap. of a dist., on the ttisei, in lat. 68° 27' 17" N., Ion. 92° 16' 48" E. p. 6,000. It is stated to be 3 m. in circnmfer- !e, and has several churches and convents, a itom-house, and arsenal, with an active ex- •t trade in furs, and in Chinese produce. Teni-shehb, several vills. of Asia-Minor, two lupying the site of the ano. Antiochia & Mag- ia ad Meandrum, Also a name of Labissa." rBNiTOHEE,a town, Europ. Turkey. [Labissa.] Tenne {Ejanna\ a market town of Savoy, cap. nd., on the Rhone, 12 m. N.W. Chambery. p. (1838), with comm., 3,227. rEOMANDONG (Or AnOO-PIETOO-MOO) MOUN- Ns, a chain in Further India, separating the tish prov. Aracan E.ward from the Burmese n. Height usually from 2,000 to 8,000 feet, ble mountain, lat. 21° N., Ion. 93° E., is 8,340 t above the sea. The mountains are covered h dense teak and other forests, and crossed by eral narrow passes, the principal being those Veireingair, Aeng, Tongo, Talak, and Ghoa. Teod-liu and Yeou-lun, two islands of the Pacific Ocean, between Eiu-sin, & Loo-Choo nd, respectively belong to China and Japan. rEovit., a market and manufacturing town I pa. of England, co. Somerset, on the Yeo, an . of the Parret, here crossed by a bridge near borders of Dorsetshire, 6 m. W. Sherborne. 3a of pa. 3,890 ac. Pop. 7,043. It has some id houses, a church with an ancient crypt, and aion workhouse. Before thread gloves came > extensive use, it was estimated that 20,000 sons in Yeovil and its vicinity were employed the manufacture of leather gloves, of which ,000 dozens were made annually. Leather- ssing and some small woollen manufactures also carried on. Market, Friday. 'eovilton, a pa. of England, eo. Somerset, IJ E. Uchester. Area 1,770 ac. Pop. 294. rEPBS {Ispirmm), a town of Spain, prov. and 22 E. Toledo. Pop. 3,065. Yekabolus, a site inN. Syria, pash. and 60 m. N.E. Aleppo, on the W. bank of the Euphrates, where various ruins are scattered over a mound supposed to indicate the ancient Hierapolis. Yebba-Buena, or San Fbancisco, a town of California. [San Fbancisco, p. 1132.] Yeebeston, a pa. of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, 4 m. S.W. Narberth. Pop. 148. Yeees, two rivers of France.— I. deps. Seine- et-Marne and Seine-et-Oise, joins the Seine at Villeneuve, 10 m. S.S.E. Paris, after aW. course of 50 m n. dep. Seine- Inf., enters the English Channel near Dieppe, after a N. course of 20 m. — III. a comm. & vill., on the former river, dep. Seine-et Oise, arrond. Corbeil. Pop. 978. Yeeim, a small town of Arabia, district Yemen, 75 m. S.E. Sana. It has a strong hill-fort. Yebma, Germa, a market town of Asia- Minor, Anatolia, on an affl. of the Sakaria(anc. Sangar- ius), 66 m. S.W. Angora. It was anciently a Roman colony, and it has numerous remains of antiquity, with some mineral baths. Yebvihe, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Seine-Inf., cap. cant., arrond. Yvet6t. Pop. 1,495. Yeshil-Ibmak, or Jekil-Ibmak. (ano. Iris), a river of Asia-Minor, pash. Sivas, after a tortuous N. course of 200 m., enters the Black Sea, 12 m. E. Samsoun. On its banks are the towns Tokat, Amasia, and Charshambeh. Chief affl. the Kelki (auc. Lyeus), from the E., which has a longer course than the river to which it is tributary. Yeshil-kdl (the "green-lake"), a lake of Chinese Turkestan, N. Kiria, lat. 36° 10' N., Ion. 83° 50' E. Length, E. to W., 30 m. It receives several rivers, and disposes of its surplus waters by evaporation. Yesso, Jesso, or Matsmai, one of the largest of the Japanese isls., lat. 41° 24' N., Ion. 140° 9' E. ; separated on the S. from Niphon by the strait oi Sangar, & N. from the isl. Saghalien by La Per- ouse channel. Estim. area 62,500 sq. m. A rugged mountain-chain traverses it from N. to S., and it contains active and extinct volcanoes, is well watered, and has coasts indented by numerous bays and harbours, the best of which are Volcano Bay and Edermo. Its N. part is very fertile. Products comprise wheat, rice, hemp, tobacco, fruits, oak, elm, and birch timber, and large quantities of dried salmon and other fish which are mostly exchanged with the Japanese for summer clothing. Here are said to be some valu- able mines of gold and silver. Yesso is not con- sidered an integral part of Japan, but a de- pendency of which the Japanese took possession in consequence of the extension of the Russian dominion into the Knrile archipelago. Its in- habitants preserve their own religion, laws, customs, and public ofSces, though the election of the last has to be confirmed in Japan. Princi- pal city Matsmai, near the 8. coast.— The Strait of Yesso, between this island and Kunashir, is 12 miles across. Yeste, a town of Spain, prov. and 60 m. S.W. Albacete. Pop. (1845) 5,900. It has remains of a castle and fortifications, and manufs. of wool- lens. Near it are medicinal baths. Yester, or GiFFOBD, a pa. of Scotland, co. & 4 m. S.S.E. Haddington. Area about 14 sq. m., copiously wooded, and comprising much fertile and well-farmed land. Pop. 1,069. In it are the vills. Gifi^ord, Long- Yester, and Long-Newton ; also Yester-house (Marquis of Tweeddale). Yethan, a river of Scotland. [Ythan.] YethoiiM, a pa. of Scotland, in the N.E. part of CO. Roxburgh, with two contiguous vills., Kirk and Town-Yethohn, connected by a bridge YET 1419 TOR aci'oss tbe Beaumont, near the border of Eng- land, dist. and 8 m. S.E. Kelso. Area of pa. nearly 6,000 ao. Pop. 1,293, of whom 944 are in the vills., many in Ku-k-Yetholm being gypsies. Yetliolm is governed by a barou-baiiie, and has a good school-house, several benevolent societies, and 2 annual fairs for live-stock. — II. a pa. of New South Wales, E. Australia, co. Roxburgh, E. Melrose. Yetminsteb, a pa. of Engl., co. Dorset, 6 J m. S.W. Sherborne. Area 4,630 ac. Pop. 1,246. Teo, or Yeoh, a considerable river of Central Africa, supposed to flow into Lake Tchad, on W. Yeo, an island, W. of France. [Ile d'Yed.] TEWNDonN, a town, Burmese dom., on the Irrawadi, 16 m. N.N.W. Prome. — Yewngbenxa is a town on rt. b. of tlie Irrawadi, 20 m. S.S.E. Henzadab. Yezd, a city of Persia, cap. prov., near the E. foot of a mountain-range, in the Persian desert, lat. 32° 10' N., Ion. 56° E. Its walls are, exclu- sive of a citadel, separately fortified, and sur- rounded by adeep trench. Its bazaars are spaci- ous, and it has flourishing manui^. of velvets and other silk fabrics, cotton and woollen goods, arms, and loaf-sugar. Provisions are dear, owing to the sterility of the country everywhere around it, and the com consumed has mostly to be brought from Ispahan. Among the pop. are many Parsees or Ghebers (fire-worshippers), this being nearly the only place in Persia which they inhabit. — Yezdabcul is a small town, prov. Fars; YezdUU is a fort and Till, in Persian Kohistan. Tbzdikhast, a town of Persia, prov. Pars, on the border of Irak-Ajeml, 75 m. S.S.E. Ispahan. Pop. 2,000. It stands on a rocky height, enclosed by a brick wall. A good deal of cotton and rice is raised in its neighbourhood. YFranAc, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Cotes-du-Nord, 4 m. E.S.E. St Brieuc. P. 2,213. Ygbaitde, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Allier, 18 m. W. Moulins. Pop. 1,663. Yic, a river of S. America, Uruguay, flows W. and joins the Bio Negro after a course of 120 m. Yielden, a pa. of England, co. Bedford, 3J m. E.S.E. Higham-Ferrers. Area 1,380 ac. P. 320. YiH-LiN-KAK, a large bay on the S. side of the island Hainan, China Sea, and aflbrdingthe best anchorage on the coast of that island. Yi-TCHOc, a town, China, prov. Shan-tung, cap-dep., on the T-ho, 140 m. S.E. Tsi-nan. Yki, an island of Japan, in the straifof Corea, 15 m. N.W. Kiusiu. Length 15 m., breadth 8 m. Tkima is one of the Madjicosima islands, China Sea, 22 m. S. Typmsan. Ylo, a maritime town of S. Peru, dep. Arequi- pa, prov. and 35 m. W.S.W. Moquehna, at the moatb of the Ylo in the Pacific Ocean. Ti^E, one of the Calamianes islands, Philip- pines, Asiatic Archipelago, N.E. Palawan. Area 65 sq. m.—Yloylo is a town on the S.E. coast ot the Philippine island Panay, opposite the island Gnimaris, lat. 10° 41' N., Ion. 122° 36' E. YrsT, a town of the Netheriands, prov. Fnes- land, li m. W.S.W. Sneek. Pop. 1,250. Ysgabes, a lake of Sweden, Ian Nykiopmg, 20 m. long by 6 m. broad. It discharges its surplus waters into the Baltic. Tniesta, a town of Spain. [Hiniesta.J Ynvs-Cvniiaiabk, a pa. of N. Wales, co. Car- narvon, 7 m. E. Tremadoc. Pop. 1,888. YoDO, a town of Japan, island Niphon, 6 m. S. W. Miako, on the Yedogava. YoMBEB Island, one of the Bissagos islands, off the W. coast of Africa, 30 m. S. Bularaa, and separated from the mainland by a dangerous channel, 15 m. across. YoNi, a vill. of W. Africa, on Sherborough island, 85 m. S.E. Sierra Leone, and where a treaty between the British and some native chiefs was concluded in 1825. Yoskees, a towuship of the U. S., N. Amer., on the E. bank of the Hudson river, a few miles above New York, with which it has daily steam communication. Pop. 2,968. Yonne, Icanna, a riv. of France, rises in the E. of the dep. Nievre, flows N. past Clamecy, dep. Auxerre (where it becomes navigable), Joigny, Villeneuve le Roi, Sens, Pont-sur-Tonne, & joins the Seine at Montereau. Length 150 m. Chief affluent, the Armangon on right. It is connected with the Seine by the canal of Bourgogne (Bur- gundy), and the Loire by that of Nivernais. Yonne, a dep. of France, in the N.E., formed of part of the old prov. Burgundy, between the deps. Seine-et-Marne, Loiret, Nifevre, C6te-d'Or, andAube. Area 2,824 sq. m. Pop. (1846) 374,856. Surface undulating, with rich pasture lands. Chief rivers, the Yonne, with its afSuents the Cure, Armangon, & Vannes. Soil rich in grain, and produces excellent wine. Chief mineral products, iron, lithographic stones, and ochre. The dep. is traversed by the railway (in progress) from Paris to Lyon. Manufe. comprise woollen and cotton cloths, and beetroot sugar. Prin- cipal exports, timber, corn, and wine. The dep. is divided into the arronds. Auxerre, Avallou, Joigny, Sens, and Tonnere. YooT-siMA, a small island of Japan, N.W. Cape Noto, Niphon, lat. 37° 61' N., Ion. 136° 40' E. Tobgan-Ladik, Laodicea C&inbusia, a large town of Asia-Minor, pash. & 27 m. N.W. Konieh, and famous for manufs. of carpets. It has many antiquities, consisting of altars, columns, friezes, &c.;and near it, on the route to Konieh, are many other relics of a similar description. ToEK, Eboracum, the second city of England in pointof rank, though not in size or commercial importance, a pari, and munic. bor. and co. ol itself, cap. eo. Yorkshire, near the centre of which it stands, at the junction of the three ridings and ainsty, on the Ouse, at the influx of the Foss, and at the meeting of railways from Berwick, London, and the central Cos., 22 m. N.E. Leeds Lat, 53° 57' 46' N., Ion. 1° 4' 34" W. Area of citj 2,720 ac. Pop. 28,842. The pari. bor. com- prises in whole or part 36 pas. and some extra- parochial dists., and is nearly co-incident witli the munic. bor. Pop. of bor. 30,152. The citj is enclosed by ancient walls, flanked with towers and forming a fine promenade; and is entered by five principal, and five minor gateways, soms of which former are remarkable structures. Th« Ouse & Foss traverse the interior of the city : the Foss is crossed by four bridges, & the Ous« by an elegant bridge of three arches. York is well built, & generally handsome ; has sevl. broao thoroughfares, as Bootham, Petergate, Collier- gate, and Walmgate, running ii-om N. to S.,anc crossed by Micldegate, Ousegate, Pavement, b( Saviour's-gate, with other streets less regularly laid out. In its centre, a wide open space callec Parliament street, terminates at one end ir Sampson square ; besides which, there are severa other squares, and Peaseholme green, a larg< area where wool and leather fairs are held, i-x- cept the castle, occupying nearly 4 acres, be- tween the Ouse and Foss, and containing the hn< co.-hall and jail, most of the public edifices o interest are in the N. of the city. At the head o these is York minster or cathed., the finest struc- YOK 1420 YOR ■e of its kind in Engl., mostly built in the i3th 14th centuries, 524? ft. in length, & 222 feet in ^adth internally, with a great tower 234 feet in ;ght, magnif. w. front flanked by 2 towers 196 t in height, and very richly adorned within, was set on fire by the lunatic Martin in 1829, 1 suffered from an accidental fire in 1840, but ! injuries to it have been fully repaired. The : of York comprises the E. and W. Ridings of I CO. and the archdeaconry of Cleveland ; the ihority of the archbishop extends over the )v. of York, consisting, with the archbishopric, the bishoprics Durham, Carlisle, Chester, Dou, and Sodor and Man. Gross revenue of ! (1843) 20,141?. Many of the churches are idsome ; St Michael-le-Belfry and St Martin's I built in the late perpendicular style; AU- nts, St Mary's, Castlegate, St Denis, St Law- ice, St Margaret, and St Mary Bishop-hill the ler, are all fine structures ; and All-Saints, vement, is in part built of the ruins of the !ient Eboraeum. The chapter-house; the nsion-house, with an Ionic colonnade and a B state-room; the guild-hall, a noble Gothic ucture of the 15th century ; the aasembly- )ms, concert-hall, theatre, buildings of the rkshire philosophical society, museum, sub- iption library with 17,000 vols.^ city jail, Ro- n Catholic & several other dissenting chapels, 1 the chief railway station, deserve especial tiee amongst the numerous public buildings, itside of the city are the co. hospital ; a lunatic rlum, independent of the Retreat, another and aous institution for the insane, about 1 m. dis- it, managed by the Society of Friends; the ralry barracks, and Bishopsthorpe palace, the idence of the archbishop. A fine planted Ik extends along the Ouse, and near it are lellent baths. York has several Roman anti- ties, the remains of an abbey founded by lliam Rufus, and of a college founded by nry vi. Charities are very numerous, and in !5 had an aggregate revenue of upwards of Ml. The city was until lately the seat of the ncipal Unitarian college, now removed to nehester. It is governed by a lord mayor, 1 had, until the munic. Reform Act, a corpora- Q, who sat, as in London, in two separate imbers. It is now divided into 6 wards, & has aldermen & 36 councillors. Corp. rev. (1847-8) 34?. Courts of assize for the city & co. are held it twice annually, & it has quarter sessions, a irt of pleas, and petty sessions, twice weekly, ■era) commercial corporations exist in the city ; 3S aud iron wares, carpet^ white & red lead, ins, woollens, paper hangings, & many articles uxury are manufactured. York has an active ie in the import of coal, but its chief pros- ity is due to its being resorted to by the itry of N. England, as a kind of northern me- jolis. It has two important banking com- ics, and it communicates by the Great North England railway with Darlington, - Durham, Newcastle ; by the York and North Midland way with Sheffield & Derby ; & by other rail- 's with Whitby, Hull, Scarborough, &c. Mar- 5, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. Large IS of cattle and horses take place at fortnightly s ; other fairs are held during the year. !es are held three times annually, about 1 m. ard. It sends 2 members to H. of C. Reg. itors (1848) 3,671. York was the residence Hadrian, Severus, Constantius Chlorus, Con- itine, and other Roman emperors, and the Bral obsequies of Severus, who died there 212, are supposed to have been performed on Sivers hill W. the city. Under the Saxons it was successively the cap. of the kingdoms Northumberland & Deira. It suffered greatly for opposing William the Conqueror. In the civil wars it sided actively with the king, but it was equally noted for its opposition to the arbitrary decrees of James ii. — Ainsty of. [Yobkshiee.] YoBK, several cos. of the U. S., N. America. — I. Maine in its S.W. part ; cap. Alfred. Area 818 sq. m. Pop. 64,034 II. Pennsylvania, bor- dered N.E. by the Susquehanna. Area 864 sq. m. Pop. 47,010.-111. Virginia, along Chesa- peake Bay. Area 150 sq. m. Pop. 4,720. — IV. a dist., S. Carolina, in its N. part, cap. YorkviUe. Area 800 sq. m. Pop. 18,383. — It is the name of rivers in Maine and Virginia ; the latter joins Chesapeake Bay near Yorktown, by an estuary from 2 to 3 m. in width, and forming the best harbour in Virginia. YoKK, several townships of the D. S., Ni America. — I. Maine, on York river, close to its mouth in the Atlantic, 42 m. S.S.W. Portland. Pop. 8,111. It is regularly laid out, and has a good' harbour for vessels of 250 tons burden, a light house, & shipping employed in the fisheries. — II. New York, on Genesee river. Pop. 3,049. ^III. Ohio, CO. Morgan. Pop. 1,032.— IV. Ohio, CO. Athens. Pop. 1,601. — V. Indiana; cO. Swit- zerland. Pop. 1,331.— = VI. Pennsylvania!, co. York. Pop. 1,294. — ^VH. a bor., Pennsylvania, cap. CO. York, 22 m. S. Harrisburg. Pop. 4,779. It is well built, and is connected by railroads with Philadelphia and Baltimore, and communi- cates with the Susquehanna by a navigable canal. — Yorkshire is a township, New Yoi'k, on Cattar- augus Creek. Pop. 1,292. York, the former name of Tobonto, Upper Canada; — II; a fort, British N. America, on the W. coast of Hudson Bay, at the mouth ot Hayes river, lat. 67° N., Ion. 92° 26' W.— III. a village, W. Africa, on the coast of the penin- sula Sierra Leone, 15 m. S. Freetown IV. a co. of W. Australia, having N. the co. Victoria, E. Howick, S. Grantham, and W. Perth. The river Avon traverses it fiom S. to N., and on its banks are the townships Beverley, York, and Northam. The township 'York is about 60 m. E. Perth.— V. a town of Tasmania, co. Devon, on a creek of the Tamar, 8 m. S. Port-Dalrymple. — ^VI. a pa., CO. Monmouth, W. the river Jordan VII. (Cape), the most N. Point of Australia, termi- nating the land which bounds the ,Gulf of Car.- pentaria on the E. Lat. 10° 41' 6" S., Ion. 142° 34° E. Off it N.E.ward is a gi'oup termed York islands — VIII. (Mount), Australia, New South Wales, CO. Cook, 60 m. N.W. Sydney. Estimated height 3,300 feet .IX. (Sotmd), an inlet on the N;W. coast of Australia, between Montague Soiind and Prince Regent river. Lat. 15° S., ion. 125° E.— X. British N. America, in Frobisher Strait. Lat. 63° N., Ion. 70° W. YoBK (New), U. S., N. Amer. [New Tobk.] YoKKE Peninsula, a tongue of land, S. Aus- tralia, between St Vincent and Spencer Gulfs, N.W. Adelaide. Length 100 m. ; greatest breadth 30 m. Cape Spencer is its S. extremity.. Yobrshire, the largest co. of England, in its N. part, between lat. 53° 18' and 64° 40' N., and Ion. 0° 10' E., & 2° 37' W., having E. the Nortli Sea, and landward the cos. Durham, Westmore- land, Lancashire, Cheshire, Derby, Notts, and Lincoln, irom which last it is mostly separated by the estuary of the Humber. Area 5,836 sq. m., or 3,786,000 ac, of which about 2,500,000 are estimated to be productive. Inhabited houses 316,082, and pop, 1,593,480^ > Surface very muoh YOE 1421 YOU diversified ; in the N.W. are some of the highest mountains in England ; elsewhere barren moors are alternated with some of the richest tracts in the kingdom. In the W. are limestone and coal strata, succeeded towards the E. by lias, oolite, and chalk. Rivers, including the Don, Wharfe] Aire, Ure, Swale, Derwent, and Hull, are all tri- butaries of the Ouse and Humber, except the Tees, forming the N. boiindary, and the Kibble in the extreme W. Principal capes, Flambo- roagh-head and Spurn-head. Yorkshire is both an agricultural and grazing, and a manuiicturing CO. of the first rank. Large numbers of horses are bred ; and the co. supplies many of the cows used in the London dairies. Sheep have been estimated at 1,200,000, and the annual produce of wool at 2,800 packs. Hogs are numerous, and York is famous for its hams. Properties more subdivided in the N. and W. than in the E. Farms generally small. Average rent in 1810, Ifo. 7|eL an acre. Annual value of real property (1843) 7,495,028/. The W. division of the co. is the chief seat of mining and manufacturing in- dustry, and in 1847, 117,085 persons (mostly in the W. Riding) were reported to be employed in woollen, cotton, flax, and silk mills. The co. is divided into N., E., and W. Ridings (a name said to be derived from a Saxon word signifying thirds), each of which sends 2 members to H. of C. ; and into the ainsty of the city of York. It is subdivided into 17 wapentakes and 2 liberties, and into 613 parishes. It contains one archi- episcopal city, in the see of wliich, and that of Ripon, it is mostly comprised; and it has 17 parL bors. andd9 market towns. It sends with its bors. 39 mems. to H. of C. Reg; elects, of its 3 Ridings (1848) S5,.558. — The Aikstt, immediately SlW. the city of York, comprises an area of 86 sq. m., or 65,040 ac. Pop. 38,321. Except so mr as the city is concerned, it is included in the W. Riding. — The E. RroisQ ; area 1,119 sq. m., or 716,160 ac. ; pop. 194,936; comprising the hilly district termed the wolds, and much moorland ; but greater agricultural improvement has been lately made there than in any other part of the CO. It is watered by the Derwent and Hull rivers, and is traversed along its S. extremity by the Hull and Selbv railway. It contains the towns Hull, Beverley, Great Driffield, Market- Weighton, Pocklington, and Bridlingtains of feudal and ecclesiastical edifices. rouLGBAVE, a pa. of England, co. Derby, 3 m. Jakewell. Area 12,200 ac. Pop. 3,727. roDNG, two townships of the U. S., N. Amer., msylvania. — I. co. Indiana. Pop. 1,116. — II. Jefferson. Pop. 1,321. — Youngstovm is a nship and port of New York, co. and on the side of the river Niagara, at its entrance into ce Ontario, & having a ferry to Fort- George i^anada. Others are in Pennsylv. and Ohio. rOUNGBENZA, Or YEVfNGBENZA, a tOWH Of the :mese dom., Pegu, on the main arm of the iwadi, in its delta, 20 m. S.S.E. Henzada. roxFORD, a pa. of Engl., co. Suffolk, 23 m. 5. Ipswich. Area 2,270 ac. Pop. 1,251. ["oxHALL, a pa. of England, co. Stafford, %\ m. J.E. Lichfield. Area 5,440 ac. Pop. 1,535. rpANB-GcAzn, a river of Paraguay, S. Amer., IS the Paraguay at Villa Real after a W.ward rse of more than 100 m. rpERLEB, a river of Belgium, prov. W. Flan- s, rises at Zillebeke, flows N. past Ypres ere it becomes navigable), and enters the [■th Sea at Nieuport. Length 35 miles. Tpres, a fortified town of Belgium, prov. W. uders, cap. arrond., 30 m. S.S.W. Bruges, on Yperlee. P. (1838) 16,516. It has a college, demy.of painting, & a public library. Manufs. iprise'lace, linens and cottons, ribbons, soap, & tobacco. It was fortified by the French, to )m it was ceded by the treaty of Nimeguen. rpsiLANii, a township of the U. S., N. Amer., ihigan, 30 m. W.S.W. Detroit, with which it lounected by railway. Pop. 2,419, of whom )0 are in the village. 'psiLi, an island of Greece, gov. Argos, in the If of Nauplia, 12 m. S.E. Nauplia. Length, to E., 2 m., breadth 1 mile. BiEix (St), a comm. and town of France, . H. Vienne, cap. arrond., on the Loue, near lource, 27 m. S. Limoges. Pop. (1846) 7,715. las manufs. of porcelain, leather, and iron es. — II. {La Montagne), a comm. & vill., dep. luse, arrond. Aubusson. Pop. 1,322. 'romde, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. r-de-D6me, arr. Clermont-Ferrand. P. 1,301. sCEiFioa, a pa, of N. Wales, co. Flint, 3 m. r. Holywell. Pop. 1,740. 'seb, a river of France and Belgium, rises in dep. Nord, E. St Omer, and joins the Yperlee 'ort-Knocke, 45 m. S.W. Dixmude, W. Flan- 3, after a N.E. course of 32 miles. SPTTTV, three pas. of Wales I. (Evan), cos. ibigh and Carnarvon, 9 m. S.S.E. Llanrwst. ). 839. It has 7 annual fairs. — II. (Cynfyn), Vales, CO. Cardigan, 1 m. S.E. Aberystwith. ). 800. — III {Rhiw-Ystwyth), same CO., 13 m. 1. Aberystwith. Pop. 602. ssoHE, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. S. ,baut, 10 m. S.E. Brussels. Pop, 3,800. ssEL, or Ovek-Yssel, a river of the Nether- 3s, formed at Doesburg by the union of the Yssel, which rises in Rhenish Prussia, and New Yssel, a branch of the Rhine, which se- ates from it near Arnheim. It flows N. past phen, Deventer, and Kampen, and enters the ?der-Zee after a course of 80 m, — Neder Yssel branch of the Leek which passes Ysselstein, Jewater, and Gouda, and joins the Maas op- ite Ysselmonde, Length 30 m, — Ysselmonde is an island of S, Holland, formed by two branches of the Maas, opposite Rotterdam, Length 15 m,, breadth 5 m. On its N. side is a vill. of same name, 3 m, S,E, Rotterdam, Ysselstein, a town of the Netherlands, prov. and 6 m, S,S,W. Utrecht, cap, cant., with a river- port on the Lower Yssel, Pop, 3,271. YssEKOEADX, Or YssTKGEAUx, a comm. and town of France, dep, H. Loire, cap. arrond, on a rocky height, 13 m, N,E, Le Puy, Pop, (1846) 7,707, It has manufs, of lace and ribands, and a trade in cattle and timber. YsTAD, Isiadium, a seaport town of S. Sweden, Isen and 36 m, E.S,E, Malmo, on the Baltic, Pop. 4,118. It has manufs. of tobacco and snuff, chicory, soap, woollen cloths, and leather, and some ship building. Its new harbour is safe and spacious, and it has a regular steam communi- cation with Stralsund. Ystbad-Dyfodwg, a pa. of S. Wales, co, Gla- morgan, 8.J m, N,W, Llantrisaint, Pop, 1,363. YsTBAOFELiTE, a pa, of S, Wales, co. and 15 m. S.E, Brecon, Pop, 682, YsTBAD, several pas, of S, Wales. — I, {Gynlais), CO. Brecon, 10 m. N.N.E. Neath, P, 2,885.-11. (Meric), CO. Cardigan, 12 m. S.E. Aberystwith. Pop. 246 III. (Owain), co. Glamorgan, 3 m. N.E. Cowbridge. Pop. 196. YsTwiTH, a river of Wales, co. Cardigan, after a W. course of 23 m. past Yspytty-Ystwith and Llanafan, enters Cardigan Bay at Aberystwith. Ytapua, a town of Paraguay. [Itapda.] Ythaw, or Ithan, a river of Scotl., co. Aber- deen, flows tortuously E. past Fyvie, Meth- lick, Tarves, Ellon, and enters the North Sea at Newburgh, after a course of 20 m. It has some salmon fisheries, and is navigable for river craft from the sea to Ellon, and for vessels of 100 tons burden to 1 mile from its mouth. Ytu, or Httu, a town of Brazil. [Itu.] Ydcatan, a peninsular state. Central America, until 1846, a part of the Mexican Confed., mostlv between lat. 17° 30' & 21° 30' N., and Ion. 87° and 91° W., having N. and W. the Gulf of Mexico, E. the Caribbean Sea, and landward Brit. Honduras, Guatemala, Chiapas, and Tabasco. Area vari- ously estimated from 50,000 to 80,000 sq. m. Pop. (1841) 472,876, Surface mostly level, fertile in the S,, but deficient in regular supplies of water, though so inundated in summer as greatly to impede agriculture, in which, as well as manufs., it appears to be behind even Mexico, Cattle are numerous. Other chief sources of wealth are maize, cotton, rice, tobacco, pepper, sugar cane, dyewoods, hides, and soap, mostly exported from Campeachy and Sisal, It is divided into 6 deps. and 18 districts. Principal cities and towns, Me- rida, the cap,, Valladolid, Isamal, Campeachy, and Tekax, It also comprises the remarkable ruins of Uxmal, Chi-chen, Kabah, and Zayi. The legislative assembly declared itself independent of Mexico, January 1st 1846, — The Say of Yuca- tan is a name sometimes given to the sea imme- diately N. the bay of Honduras, — The Channel of Yucatan, between that country and Cuba, is 120 miles across, Yden-kiano, a river of China, prov, Hou-nan, enters the lake Tong-ting on its W. side, after a N,E, course estimated at 400 miles, Yoen-tohotj, two towns of China. — I. prov. Hou-nan, cap. dep,, on the above river, lat, 27° 24' N., Ion, 109° 40' E,— II. prov. Kiang-si, cap. dep., lat. 27° 45' N., Ion. 114° 10' E. Yugtaoabta, or Jocjocakta, a large & popu- lous town of Java, near its centre, 60 m. S. Sama- rang, and the cap, of a native sultan. YDH 1123 ZAB Yu-Ho, the Grand Canal of China, [Chisa.] Yuma, one of the Bahama isls. [Lono Island.] Yung-, a prefix of the names of numerous Chinese cities, the principal being— I. {Y.-Ning), prov. and 230 m. N.N.W. Yun-nan.— II. (Pe), cap. dep., 160 m. N.W. Yun-nan. — IH. (Ping), prov. Chi-li, cap. dep., on the Lan-ho, 130 m. E. Peking. — IV. (Tchou), prov. Hou-uan, cap. dep., in lat. 26° 10' N., Ion. 111° 30' E.— V. (Tchang), prov. and 210 m. W. Yun-nan, cap. dep., 130 m. NJE. Bhamo in the Burmese territory. — Yungee- kish-lak is a town of N. Tibet, of uncertain po- sition, but stated to comprise 1,000 houses. Yi'xQiJEBA, a town of Spain, prov. and 33 m. W.N.W. Malaga. Pop. 2,726. It has manufe. of woollen cloths, and brandy distilleries. Ydn-n AX, the most S.W. prov. of China, mostly between lat. 22° and 2s' N., and Ion. 93° and 106° E., having N. and E. the provs. Se-chuen, Kwi- choo, and Quang-si, and on other sides Tibet, and the Burmese, Laos, and Anamese doms. Area 107,969 sq.m. Pop. 5,561,320 {?). Surface mountainous, and it is traversed by the upper courses of nearly all the great rivers of S.E. Asia. It is one of the richest provs. of China in mineral products, yielding gol^ copper, tin, rubies, sap- phires and other gems, besides a variety of gums, varnishes, ivory, musk, flax, & horses. It is divided into 20 deps Yun-nan, the cap., is on the N. side of a lake, lat. 25° 10' N., and Ion. 102° IC E. It is intersected by canals, and is reported to have a flourishing trade in metals, with manufe. of silk fobrics, and of the finest car- pets woven in China. Yn-NHiN&, a city of China, prov. Ho-nan, cap. dep., lat. 33° N., Ion. 114° E.—Yun-yang is a city, prov. Hou-pe, cap. dep., on a tributary of the Hoang-ho. Lat. 32° 50' N., Ion. 110° 40' E. YnBuue-KASH, or Khoten Kiteb, Chinese Turkestan, after a N.ward course joins the Yar- kand and Aksu rivers, to form the Tarim, near lat. 40° N., Ion. 80° 30' E. Khoten is the princi- pal town on its banks, and on arriving there is said to separate into three arms, each named after the colour of the jasper (yu) found in its bed. Total length estunated at 260 miles.— 11. a town of Chinese Turkestan, E. of Khoten, and stated to comprise 1,000 houses. YcsTE, a convent of Spain, prov. Caceres, near Flacencia, and celebrated as the place of retire- ment chosen by the Emperor Charles v., who died here 21st September 1658. YcTHiA, the old cap. of Siara, Further India, on the Me-nam, 40 m. N. Bang-kok. It is large, wholly enclosed by the river,intersected by canals, and has a vast royal palace with several temples. but it was mostly ruined by the Burmese in 17C7 when it ceased to be of importance. YuTTA (the Juttah of Scripture), a town of Pa- lestine, 4 m. S. Hebron. " It has the appearance of a large Mohammedan town, on alow eminence, with trees around it." Keland supposes it to be the Juda alluded to in Luke i. 39, as the birth- place of John the Baptist. YuzGAT, YuzKAT, Or OosoAT, a town of Asia- Minor, pash. Sivas, in a narrow valley, 65 m. S. Tchorum. It is neat, clean, and enclosed by walls. Under the patronage of the Chapan- Oghlu family it rose into importance during the last century, previously to which it had been only an insignificant village. Principal edifices, the citadel, and a mosque built in imitation of St Sophia's at Constantinople. YvEKDUN (Germ. Yferten, anc. Ebroduman), a town of Switzerland, cant. Vaud, 18 m. N. Lau- sanne, neai- the mouth of the Orbe (here called the Thiele), in the lake of Neuchatel. Pop. 3,461. It has an old castle, built by Conrad, duke of Zahringen, in 1135, in which Pestalozzi estab- lished his celebrated educational institute in 1805. YvETOT, a comm. and town of France, dep. Seine-Inf., cap. arrond. and cant., 20 m. N.W. Rouen, on railway to Havre. Pop. (1846) 9,183. It has a tribunal of commerce, and manufs. of linen, cotton, and mixed goods, printed cottons, velvets, hosiery, and hats. YviAS, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Cotes- du-Nord, 22 m. N."W. St Brieuc. Pop. 2,400. YviGNAO, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Cotes-du-Nord, 11 m. S.W. Dinan. Pop. 1,784. Yvom, a comm. and vill. of Belgium, prov. & 9 m. S. Namur, on rt. b. of the Maese.. Pop. 700. — Yvoire is a vill. of Savoy, on S. bank of the Lake of Geneva, 7 m. W. Thonon. YvoNAND, and Yvobhb, two vills. of Switzer- land, cant. Vaud.— I. 6 m. N.E. Yverdun— II. 1 m. N. Aigle, with vineyards which yield a wme in high repute. YvBJB-L'fivEQUE, a comm. and vill. ot France, dep. Sarthe, 3 m. E. Le Mans, on rt. b. of the Huisne. Pop. 2,192.-11. (fe Polin), a comm., dep. Sarthe, 13 m. E.N.E. La FlSche. P. 1,602. YzABAi, a vill. of Central America. [Izabai..] YzENDTKE, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Zeeland, on the island Cadsand, 10 m. E.N.E. Sluis. Pop. 2,341. , ^ , YzEBNAT, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, arrond. Beaupreau. Pop. 1,601. YzEUBEs, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, on the r. h. of the Creuse,24m. S.S.W. Loches. Pop. 1,690. For names not here introduced, see C or S. Zaab, a dist. of Algeria, S. of the Great Atlas mountams, and watered by the Adjedi Mid Abiad rivers, which flow to Lake Melgigg. [Zab.J Zaandam (improperly Saardam), a town of the Nethds., prov. N. Holland, on the Zaan, an affl. of the Y which divides it into E. &,^. Zaandam, 5* m. N.W. Amsterdam. Pop. (1840) 11,139, chiefly engaged in shipbuilding and sea-faring occupations In its vicinity are numerous wind- mills. The house in which Peter the Great re- sided, while he wrought as an artisan m the dock- vardTis stUl vve%eTyei.--Zaandyh is a vill. on the Zami, 8 m. N.W. Amsterdam. Pop. 2,144. Zaaken, two vills. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Holland.— I. {.Cost, or East), 5 m. N. Amster- dam.-II. {West), dist. and 7 m. N.E. Haarlem, cap. cant., near the Y. „ ,. ^ » -i, 2ab, two rivers of Turkish Kurdistan, tribu- taries to the Tigris.-I. (the " G«atf /f ■„!"- oient Zabatus and Lyeus), rises W of Lake Uru- miyeh, near lat. 38° N., Ion. 44° 30' E., flows very tortuously S.S.W. through a °>o™tain<.us region, and after'having enterea the plain of ^e p^h Bagdad, joins the Tigris about 26 m S. Mosul Total course may be estimated at 200 m. Chief a«ls., the Rowandiz and Khazir rivers. It passes ZAB 1424 ZAI rough many precipitous ravines; it is rapid, eper than the Tigris, and when lowest is nearly broad. Julamerlc is the principal town on its nks. — II. (the " Lesser Zab," or Asfal, ancient iprius), has its course S.B. of the foregoing, & ins the Tigris, 78 m. S.E. Mosul. The country tvFeen these rivers is undulating ; and near its ntre is the town Arbil, ancient Arbela. Zab banago, a town of Burmah, on the W. bank the Irrawadi, 65 m. N. Amarapura. Near it e some ruby mines. Zabid, a town and river of Arabia. [ZebidJ Zablatov, a market town of Austrian Poland, ilicia, circ. & 13 m. E.S.B. Kolomea. P. 1,800. Zabliak, or ZsABLiAK, a town of European irkey, Albania. [Tohabliak.] Zabiddov, a market town of Russian Poland, ov. and 10 m. S.E. Bialystok. Pop. 1,700. Zabobowo, a town of Prussian Poland, reg. & m. S.S.W. Posen. Pop. 830. Zacafa, a town of Central America, state and m. N.E. Guatemala, near the river Motagua. itimated pop. 5,000. It is regularly built; incipal edifices, a handsome church and a urt-house. — Zacata is a vill. of S. Peru, dep. jzoo, prov. and 30 m. S.W. Chucuito. Zaoatboas, a dep. of the Mexican Confed., ostly between lat. 21° 30' & 24° 50' N., and Ion. 0° 10' & 103° 40' W., surrounded by the deps. alisco, Durango, Coahuila, Nuevo-Leon, & San lis Potosi. Area 19,950 sq. m. Pop. 273,675, 10 live mostly by mining and agriculture. It longs to the central table-land of the confed., d is one of the richest mining provs. in Amer., ving 3 extensive veins of silver, upon all which arly 3,000 shafts have been opened, and it has en estimated that its mines have produced ver to the value of 200 millions sterling. Chief iies and towns, Zacatecas, Sombrerete, Fres- llo, Jerez, and Pinos. N. and E. of Zacatecas, e country is divided into large breeding estates, d is very thinly peopled. — II. ZacateeaSj the incipal mining city, & cap. of the dep., is in narrow valley, 150 m. N.N.W. Guanaxuato. ip., with its snburb Veta-Grande, has been bimated at 28,000. It is built over a vein of ver, has externally a noble appearance, and it ntains some good residences, with various re- ious edifices, a gnnpowder mill, and a mint, which, in 1840, 4,066,310 dollars were coined. Zacatlan, or Xicotlan, is a vill,, Mexican Con- leration, dep. and 40 m. N.N.E. La Pnebla. Zacatiila, a market town, confed. and dep. ixico, on the Bolsas (or Zacatula) river, near mth., in the Pacific, 180 m.W.N.W. Acapulco. Zachan, a town of Prussian Fomerania, 11 m. S.E. Stargard. Pop. 1,060. Zachabie (St), a comm. and vill. of France, p. Var, arr. & 18 m. W. BrignoUes. Pop. 1,622. Zachkevitohi, a market town of Kussian iland, gov. and 38 m. S.E. Vilna. Pop. 1,600. Zaokkzewo, a town of Poland, gov. Warsaw, m. N.W. Brzese, with 1,600 inhabitants, and ancient Carmelite convent. , Zacualpan, a vill. with Ame silver mines, nfed, dep. and 65 m. B.S.W. MexKSp.— tcuattipan is a town of the same dep., lOO m. E. Mexico, on the route to Tampioo. Zadonsk, a town of Russia, gov. and 63 m. N.W. Voronej, cap. circ, on 1. b. of the Don. p. 2,000. It is mostly built of wood. Zafaban-Boli, a town of Asia-MinOr, Ana- ia, at the jupction of two small affls. of the lati-su, ancient Partheniust about 60 m. E.N.E. ili, and 90 m. N. Angora. P. 15,000 (?), mostly jhammedans. It has a tolerable market, 4 handsome mosques, 2 large khans, several publif baths, a large trade in saffron (whence its name), and some Byzantine antiquities, from which it is supposed to have been the- Thecdoropolis adorned by the Empress Theodora, the wife of Justinian. Zafabine, or Zaphban Islands, a group in the Mediterranean, off the coast of Marocco, near the frontier of Algeria, and opposite the mouth of the river Mahala, W. extremity, lat. 35° 11' N., Ion. 2° 26' T W. Zaffaeano, a market town of Sicily, intend, and 12 m. N. Catania, on the E. declivity of Mount Etna. — Cape Zaffarana is a headland on the N. coast of Sicily, 11 m. E. Palermo, on the E. side of its bay, E. point, in lat. 38° 6' 5" N., Ion. 13° 34' E. Zaffebabad, a considerable town of British India, presid. Bengal, upper provs., dist. and 14 m. N. Juanpoor. Zaffban (or Zaffeban), a marit. town of N. Africa, dom. and 240 m. E.S.E. Tripoli, on the shore of the Gulf of Sidra. Lat. 31° 12' 10' N., Ion. 17° E. Zafba, Segeda and Jleslituta, a town of Spain, prov. and 37 m. S.E. Badajoz. Pop. 4,894. It has numerous remains of former gi'andeur ; its manufs., once important, are now confined to hats, earthenware, and leather. It has 3 an- nual fairs. ZAaABOLO, a small town of Italy, Pontif. Sta., comarca and 19 m. E.S.E. Rome. Pop. 490. It is supposed to occupy the site of an anc. imperial villa ; and it has a palace of Prince RospigUosi. Zaooba, a market town of Albania, on the boundary of Epirns, 15 m. S.E. Piramiti II. a vill. of European Turkey, Tliessaly, near the coast, 9 m. N.E. Volo. — Cape Zagora is a head- land, 2 m. N.E. this vill. ; and Mount Zagora is the modern name of Mount Pelion (immediately W.), also of the anc. Mount Helicon. [Helicon.] Zaobos (Mobnt), a mountain range of Asia, forming a part of the boundary between Persia and the Turkish pasli. Bagdad, Ion. 46" E., and between lat. 33° and 35° N. Zagtva, a river of Central Hungary, flows S. ■past Paszta, Hatvan, and Jasz-Bereny, and joins the Theiss at Szolnok, after a course of 90 miles. Zahna, a town of Prussian S.axony, reg. Merse- burg, on the Berlin and Leipzig railway, 7 m. E.N.E. Wittenberg. Pop. 2,140. Ithasmanufg. of linen fabrics. Zahbinqen, a vill. of Baden, circ. Upper Rhine, 2 m. N. Freiburg, with the ruined castle of its former dukes. Pop. 797. Z AHH, a town of Asiatic Turkey, 64 m. N.N.W. Mosul, on the Khabur, an affl. of the Tigiis. Zaikany, a vill. of Transylvania, co. Hunyad, 28 m. S.S.W. Deva. Here Trajan gained his third victory over Decebalns, a part of whose treasure is believed to have been discovered here in 1543. Zainah, a town of Algeria, prov. and 70 m. S.S.W. Consta%tine, supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Zama. Zainbk, a rakt. town of Russia, gov. Orenburg, on the Zai, 45 m. S.W. Menzelinsk. Pop. 1,700. Zaibe, or Congo, a river of W. Africa, Lower Guinea, after a W. course of uncertain length, enters the Atlantic by several wide mouths in lat. 6° S., Ion. 13° 30' E. At 90 leagues inland it has been found 4 m. across. It was discovered by the Portuguese in 1484. Zaisan (Lakb), (Chinese Kmg-ho-to), a lake of Chinese Turkestan, Dzonngaria, lat. 47°30'N and Bfetween Ion. 83° 15' and 84° 40' E,, near the frontier of the Russian gov. Tomsk. Length Z A K IJ E. to W. 80 m., breadth 20 m. It receives numerous rivers; the principal of which, the Irtish, enters it at its E. extremity, and emerges trom it on its N. side. Zaklikov, a town of Poland, gov. and 39 m. S.W. Lublin, on the Sanna. Pop. 1,600. Zakotnaja, a market town of Russia, gov. Voronej, 15 m. N.N.E. Starobielsk. Pop. 1,600. Zalamga, Hipa, a town of Spain, prov. and 71 m. E.S.E. Badivjoz. Pop. 3,980. Near it are argentiferous lead mines. — II. (Za Real), a town, proT. & 35 m. N JE. Huelva. Pop. 4,180, who ma- nuf. woollens, leather, and cordage. Near it are the famous copper mines of Rio Tinto. ZAI.ATHNA (Germ. Kleimchlatien), a market town of Transylvania, on an affl. of the Maros, 18 m. W. Karlsburg. It has a mining tribunal, and rich mines of gold, silver, lead, and mercury. — II. {Szasz, Germ. Sschlatt), co. Upper Weis- senburg, 10 m. S.E. Medwisch. Zaleszcztry, a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, circ. and 26 m. S. Czortkow, on the Dniester. Pop. 5,000. Zaios af, a group of islets. Strait of Macassar, W. of Celebes. Lat. 5° 30' S., Ion. 118° 30' E. Zalosze, or ZAI4OSCE, a mkt town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, circ. Zloczow, on the Sered, 23 m. S.S.E. Brody. It has an ancient castle, a con- vent, and manufs. of fine woollen cloths. Zaubeze, or Cdama, a river of E. Africa, enters the Indian Ocean by numerous mouths, between Luabo and Quilimane, lat. 18° to 19° S., Ion. 36° to 37° E., after an E. course of uncertain length. Only its principal branch, the Quilimane, has been ascertained to be fit for navigation. Zamocha, a market town of Russia, gov. Minsk, 47 m. W. Disna. Pop. 1,550. Zauoba, Ocellodurum, a city of Spain, cap. prov. Zamora, on the Donro, 31 m. N.N. W. Sala- manca. P. (1845) 9,926. It is enclosed by decay- ed walls, & has a cathedra], hospitals, barracks, a court-house, pnbUc granary, bishop's palace, the remains of an ancient castle in suburbs, and ma- nufactures of serges, hats, leather, liqueurs, and gunpowder. , , Zamoba, a town of S. Amer., Ecuador, dep. Assuay, prov. and 26 m. E. Loxa, on the Zamora river, an affl. of the Amazon.— 11. a market town, Mexican Confederation, dep. Mechoacan, 75 m. W N.W.Valladolid.— III. (or Cafca), a town of S. Pern, dep. and 20 m. N. Cuzco.— IV. (or Comora), a. market town, Portugal, Estremadura, 20 m. N.E. Lisbon.— V. a small town of Algeria, 105 m. S.E. Algiers. „ .. , ^ Zamosc, or Zamosz, a strongly fortified town of Poland, gov. and 45 m. S.E. Lubhn, on the Wieprz. Pop. (excluding garrison) 5,000. It has an extensive arsenal, which has been forti- fied since 1807, as a bulwark on the line ot toe yiatuisL—Stari-Zamosc is a town, 13 m. N .N . w . Zamosc, with a lyceum, and 1,000 inhabitants. ZatoVwet, a fortified town of Belgium, prov. and 10 m. N.N.W. Antwerp, near rt. b. ot the Scheldt. Pop. 1,200. . , Zanen (Oost and West), two vills. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Holland.--I. S m. N. Am- sterdam, cap.cant.-II. 9 m. N.E. Haarlem Zaijesvim, atnshp., U. S., N. America Oh,o cap. CO. Muskingum. The vill. on E. bank of Miskingum river, here crossed by two bridges 52 m E; Columbus, has 4,766 inhabitants, or with contiguous vills., 7,000. It has an elegant court- house, CO. offices, a jail, market-house, athenaeum, free school, public library, 9 churches, and nu- merous mills and factories; a canal and locks around the Falls of Muskingum supplying water- i5 Z A R power, and also a navigable channel. A branch connects it with the Ohio canal. Zasgeia, a town of Central Afirica, Houssa, 60 m. S.E. Kano, and formerly of much greater extent and importance than at present. Zang, a country of Tibet. [Jikadaze.] Zanonomang, a prosperous town of the Bur- mese dom., prov. and on the river Pegu, immedi- ately opposite the city of Pegu. [Pegu.] Zanguebab, a vast country of E. Africa, on the Indian Ocean, with a coast-line extending from lat. 4° N., to 12° S. The interior is entirely un- known. It is partly subject to the Imaum of Muscat, and partly governed by native princes. Chief towns, Magadoxo, Mombas, Quiloa, Patta, &Lamoo. Heat on the coast excessive; climate very unfavourable for Europeans. Principal ex- ports rice, sugar, gums, fish, and ivory. Imports, dates and Indian manufactured goods. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Portuguese had many settlements on the coast. [Zahzibae.] Zannone, the most N. of the Ponza Islands. Zanow, a town of Prussian Pomerania, reg. and 7 m. E.N.E. Koslin. Pop. 1,540. It has breweries and distilleries. — ZansJumsen is a vill., prov. Brandenburg, reg. Frankfurt, 9 m. N.E. Landsberg, with iron works. Zante, one of the Ionian islands, Mediter- ranean, 8 m. S. Cephalonia. Lat. of N. point, 37° 66' 5' N , Ion. 20° 41' 5' E. Length 23J m., breadth 6 to 11 ra. Pop. (1844) 38,929. Sur- face mountainous in the W., flat and well cul- tivated in the E. Clunate mild, and the island still deserves to be called the flower of the Levant, but it is subject to destructive earthquakes. It has numerous olive gardens & vineyards, & pro- duces pomegranates, melons, peaches, & citrons ; but its principal export is currants. A small quantity of wine is made, half of which is exported. Olive oil is inferior in quality. Bitumen is procured from pits in the S., and salt is manu- factm-ed chiefly for home use — Zante, the cap. and only town, on the E. coast, is the largest in the republic. Pop. 20,000. It is well built, and its square has a monument to Sir T. Maitland ; its port is protected by a wall, and has a light- house. It is the see of a Greek protopapas and a Roman Catholic bishop. It was nearly de- stroyed by an earthquake on 30th October 1841. Zamzibab, or ZANGDEBAB,an island off the E. coast of Africa, lat. of town 6° 27' T S., Ion. 39° 33' E. Length of island about 40 m., breadth 16 m. Pop. upwards of 200,000, consisting of Arabs, Sowily Africans, and Negro slaves. The island is the metropoUs of the Imaum of Muscat's possessions on E. coast of Africa. The town called Shanganny is situated on a low pomt of sand, has a wooden fort, and is uregularly bmlt. Pop. 4,000 (?). The situation is very unhealthy for Europeans. A considerable trade is earned on with Arabia, and the ports in the Red Sea. Between the W. shore of the island and mam- land are dangerous shoals, and several islets, the largest of which is Tumbal. Zapaea, an island and castle, S. America, Venezuela, 18 m. N.E. Maracaybo, opposite the mouth of Lake Maracaybo. Length of isl. 12 m. Zapatosa (Lake), S. America, New Granada, 35 m. S.E. Mompox, is an enlargement ot the river Sesar before it joins the Magdalena. Length about 25 m., breadth 22 m. Zaba, Jadara, the cap. city of Dalmatia, cap. circ, occupies an oval peninsula about Ij m. in circ. joined by a narrow neck to the raainland, opposfte the k Ugliano, Adriatic 73 m, N.W Spalato, & 170 m. S.E, Venice. Lat. (St Simeon s ZAR 1426 ZEB urch 44° 6' 8' N., Ion. 15° 14' E. Pop. 6,850, )3tly of Italian descent ; and the villa, of its im- ;diate vicinity have from 20,000 to 30,000 inhabs. is surrounded with walls of Venetian oonstrac- n, which form its chief public promenade, and strongly fortified. The city is ill drained, and ficient in water. It has a cathedral and 6 ler churches, the chief of which is that of St neon ; many convents and monasteries ; a na- l and military arsenal ; a theatre ; barracks oupying alloman edifice; a lyceum ; a gymna- im, and an episcopal seminary ; a museum, and pcral handsome arches, columns, and other Ko- in remains. Its harbour is small, but the in- bitants own upwards of 240 vessels, employed fisheries and coasting trade. Principal manu- ;turesare of maraschino and leather, and a few silk and linen fabrics. Zara is the see of an jhbishop. Near it are remains of a fine aque- ct, buat by Trajan Zara Yecchia, or Biograd, avill., 17 m. S.E., with 1,300 inhabitants, a rbour on the Adriatic, and formerly of import- ce as a residence of the kings of Croatia and ihnatia, but it was razed by the Venetians in e 18th century. Z.u:a, a vill. of Asia-Minor, pash. and 40 m. E. Sivas. Pop. about 300 families. It has a 'ge mosque and a neat Armenian church. — ira (or Zerah), Zakalia, is the most S. of the irkenna isls., off E. coast of Tunis, N. Africa. Zabaqoza, or Sabagossa, Cmsarea Augusta, a y of Spain, cap. prov. Zaragozaandofthe old Jgdom of Aragon, on the Ebro, which separ- js it into two portions, connected by a fine stone idge, 176 m. N.E. Madrid. Pop. (1845) 40,482. evious to its memorable disasters in 1808-9, its urches were the most magnificent in the penins. is neatly built of brick. Chief edifice the cathed. urdh of Nuestra-senora-del-Pilar, celebrated over Spain for its sanctuary which attracts uu- irous pilgrims. The university of Zaragoza, mded 1474, ranks as the third in the kingdom, d it had in 1841, 1,100 students. Among its ler educational establishments are an episco- l seminary, academy of the fine arts, an eco- mical society, and a public library. Its manufs. silks, woollens, and leather have greately de- ned, but it has still a considerable trade in ricultural produce by the Ebro. Zaragoza is ry ancient, & numerous vestiges of Roman re- lins attest its former importance. It was taken the French in January 1809, after a siege of ;ht months, memorable for a defence reckoned long the most heroic of modern times. Zabaisk, a town of Russia. [Sakaisk.] Zarevokorshaisk, a town of Russia, gov. & m. N.W. Kasan, Pop. 6,000, mostly agricul- •ti.—Zareaosanischursli is a town, gov. and 145 S.W. Viatka. Pop. 2,000. Zabooun, a small town of Persia, prov. Ears, m. N.E. Shiraz. ZARKr, a town of Poland, gov. Kielce, 26 m. N.W. OIkusz. Pop. 1,980. Zabnah, a ruined city of Persian Kurdistan, in )nnt Zagros, 65 m. S.W. Kermanshah, and con- tured by Major Rawliuson to have been the 3. of Elymais, and the Hara of the captivity. Sabno, a market town of Austrian Poland, .licia, ciro. & 11 m. N.N.W. Tarnow. P. 1,600. Zarnow, a town of Poland, prov. Sandomir, m. W.N.W. Eonskie. — Zamowice is a town, V. and 44 m. S.W. Kieloe, with a ruined castle, ir the Pilica. Pop. 1,638. Zabskob-Sblo, a town of Russia, gov. and 17 S. St Petersburg, with which it communicates a railway, cap. circ. Pop. 10,233. It has a college with 14 professors, a military school, and manufs. of carpets, but is chiefly noted for a summer residence of the emperor, founded by Peter the Great in 1710, and the favourite abode of Catherine ii. Since its destruction by fire in 1822, it has been rebuilt and furnished in a style of great magnificence ; it is surrounded by a large park, in vfhich is another imperial summer resi- dence. Near it is the imperial palace of Paulovsk. Zabuma, a town of S. America, Ecuador, dep. Assuay, 26 m. N.W. Loja, on the Tumbez, W. declivity of the Andes. Pop. 6,000. Rich gold mines were formerly worked in its vicinity. Zabza, 2 towns of Spain — I. {de Alange), prov. Badajoz, on the Guadiana, 11 ra. S.E. Merida. Pop. 3,127.-11. (fa Mayor), 13 m. N.E. Alacan- tara. Pop. 2,313. Zabziss, a maritime town and castle of N. Africa, Tunis, on the frontier of Tripoli, 16 m. S.E. the island Jerba. Zashjvebsk, a town or vill. of E. Siberia, prov. Yakutsk, on rt. b. of the Indighirka, lat. 66° 30' N., Ion. 142° E. Zaslav, or IziASLAV, a town of Russian Poland, gov. Volhynia, cap. dist., on the Gorin, 20 m. S.E. Ostrog. Pop. 8,200, comprising many Jews. It has 6 large annual fairs. Zasmuel, a town of Bohemia, circ. and 4 m. S.E. Kaurzim, with two castles, a Franciscan con- vent, & some breweries & distilleries. P. 1,687. Zatas, or SoEATA, a river of Portugal, formed by the junction of the rivers Sora and Erva, joins the Tagus 26 m. N.E. Lisbon, after having formed the boundary between the provs. Alem- tejo and Portuguese Estremadura. ^ATOE, a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, circ. and 9 m. N.N.W. Wadowice, on the Vistula, at its confluence with the Skawa. Pop. 1,466. ZAnniTZ, a market town of Prussian Silesia, reg. Oppeln, circ. and 7 m. S.W. Ratibor. Pop. 1,236. — Zavelsttdn is a town of Wiirtemberg, ciro. Black Forest, 2J m. S.W. Calw. Pop. 367. Zawjsohost, a town of Poland, prov. and 8 m. N.N.E. Sandomir, on 1. b. of theVistula. P. 3,070. It has an anc. castle, and a Franciscan convent. Zati, a ruined city of Yucatan, 70 m. S. Merida, finely situated amongst a range of hills, its remains comprising a vast building. Zbakasz, a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, circ. and 12 m. N.E. Tarnopol, on the Ikva. Pop. 6,642. It has an anc. castle, Roman Catholic and Greek churches, and Bernardine monastery. Zbobo, a town and two castles of N. Hungary, CO. Saros, 27 m. N.N.E. Eperies. Zdunt, a town of Prussian Poland, reg. and 57 m. S.S.E. Posen. Pop. 3,200. Zea, Ceos, an island of the Grecian Archi- pelago, gov. Syra, 13 m. E. Cape Colonna (At- tica). Pop. 6,000. Surface rises progressively to Mount St Elias, near its centre, in lat. 37° 37' 3'N., Ion. 24°21'7''E. Climate healthy. Pro- ducts, wine, fruits, barley, cotton, and sUk. — Zea (anc. Carteia), the cap. town, is built in succes- sive terraces on the N. declivity of the mountain. Zealand. [New Zealand, Seeland, Zeeland.] Zeal-Monachobdm, a pa. of Engl., co. Devon. 7^ m. W.N.W. Crediton. Area 2,220 ac. P. 649. Zeals, a tything of England, co. Wilts, pa. Mere. Pop. 588. Zebateb, a group of small volcanic islands in the Red Sea, largest 3 m. long, in lat. 15° 3' N., Ion. 42° 13' E. Saddle Island was in eruption on 14th August 1846. Zebeny, a town of Hungary. [Seben.] Zebid, a fortified town of Arabia, dist Yemen,' on the river Zebid, 16 m. from its mouth in the ZEB 1427 ZEL Red Sea, & 110 in. S. W. Sana. Pop. 7,000, exclud- ing an Egyptian garrison of about 700 men. It is enclosed by high walls, flanked with numerous towers, and is of great antiquity. It has a hand- some mosque, and was formerly a place of much commercial importance ; but it has declined into comparative insignificance, owing to accumula- tions of sand at the mouth of its river. The river, stated to be almost the only stream in Arabia which continues to the coast, flows N. throngh a fertile valley for about 80 miles. Zebbik, or Bettlebn, a toira of Bohemia, circ. and 10 m. S.W. Bei-ann. Pop. 1,278. Zebo, an island of the £. Archipelago, Philip- pines, W. of Negros Island, in lat. 9° 26' N., Ion. 123° T E. Length, N. to S., about 100 m., breadth varies to 30 m. The cap. town Zebu is on its E. side, and on the island Mactan, opposite the town, Magelhaens was killed in a skirmish in \521. It has a cathedral & a fort. Pop. 8,805. ZedelgcHem, a \"ill. of Belgium, prov. W. Flan- ders, 6 m. S.W. Bruges. Pop. 2,050. Zedenick, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. Potsdam, on the Havel, 11 m. S.S.W. Templin. Pop. 2,870. Zedik, a town of Persia, prov. Ghilan, 20 m. W. Beshd. It consists of about SOO houses, built on a steep mountain side. Zedlitz (Alt), or Alt-Czetlioze, a market town of Bohemia, cu-c. Pilsen, 3 m. N-W. Hayd, with a castle, and a trade in cotton stuffe. Zeeland, the most S. prov. of the Netherlands, betw. lat. 51° 14' & 51° 45' N., & Ion. 3° 30' & 4° 7' E., having E. the prov. N. Brabant, S. & S.W. the Belgian provs. Antwerp and W. Flanders, W. the N. Sea, & N. the prov. N. Holland. Area 673 sq.m. Pop. (1849) 155,271. Zeeland-proper, compris- ing the islands Walcheren, Beveland, Tholen, Dniveland, and Schowen, between the mouths of the Scheldt and Maas. Surface little above the level of the sea, and protected against its irrup- tion by dams and dykes; besides the islands, the prov. comprises a portion of continent S. of the Scheldt. Climate very damp, and most un- healthy to strangers. Soil fertile, and more com is raised than is required for home consumption. Other principal products are cattle, reared in large numbers in the polders, butter, madder, seeds, potatoes, hemp, & turnips, which compose principal exports. Linen weaving, distilling, brewing, salt-refining, tile-making, and ship- building, are the chief branches of manufacturing industry. Principal towns, Jliddelburg.the cap., Flushing, Zierikzee, & St Goes. Under the French it formed the dep. Benches d'Escaut. It suffered severely from an inundation of the sea in 1825. Zeelasd, a prov. of Denmark. [Sbelakd.! — IL a vilL of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 17 m. E. Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1,650. Zeggees Cappel, a comm. and vill. of France, dep. Nord, 10 m. S. Dunkerque. Pop. 1,775. Zeghen, a town of Cent. Africa, Fezzan, 100 m. N N E. Mourzouk, enclosed by palm groves. Zetla, a town of E. Africa. [Hdkbcb.] Zegozhee, an island in the Niger (Quorra) river, Gtunea, opposite the town Rabba. Zehbbn, a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- burg, reg. and 40 m. N. Frankfurt. Pop. 1,600.— Zehdeiak is a town in same prov. [Zedenick.] Zehbeb, a town of Beloochistan, cap, prov. Jhalawan, 35 m. S.E. Kelat,in a fertile tract, and reported to be of some importance. ZEinEN, a mkt. town of Transylvania, Saxon- land, at the foot of a mountain, co. & 8 m. N.W. Kronstadt. Pop. 3,546, many of whom are oc- cupied in cotton stuff weaving. Zeil, a town of Bavaria, circ. Lower Fran- conia, near the Main, 4 m. S.S.E. Hassfurt. Pop. 1 ,310. In its market place is a monument to the Emperor Maximilian. — II. a vill. of Wiirtein- berg, circ. Danube, S.E. Wiirzach. Zeila, a marit. town of E, Africa. [Zetla.] Zeist, a pa. & vill. of the Netherlands, prov. & 5 m. E. Utrecht. Pop. 3,047, with a colony of Moravian Christians,who manuf. lacquered wares, jewellery, gloves, and soap. Zeitdn, or Zeitotjn, a to\vn of Greece. [Lamia.] — II. a place of Asia-Minor, on the route from Arabgir to Aleppo, with mines from which excellent iron ore is obtained. — III. a dist. of Persia, prov. Fars, E. Bebahan, and highly fertile and populous. Its vill. Zeitun, or Cham, is in ruins. Zeiiohn, or Lamia (Gulf of), an inlet on the E. coast of Greece, communicating S.E. with the Channel of Talanta, and N.E. by the Channel of Trikeri, with the ^gean Sea. It receives the river EUada (anc. SpercMus), and on its S. shore are the plain and pass of Thermopylae. Zeitz, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, reg. Merseburg, cap. circ, on the White Elster, 23 m. S.W. Leipzig. Pop. (1846) 11,100. It has a cathedral, a Protestant gymnasium, two castles, one of which, formerly the residence of its princes, now serves as a house of correction, and manufe. of cotton goods, earthenware, leather, & shoes, with breweries, distilleries, and several cotton- printing establishments. Zekakovetz, a market town of Russian Po- land, prov. and 42 m. S.W. Bialystok. Pop. 1,500. — Zekinovka is a town, gov. Podolia, ou the Dniester, 68 m. W. Olgopol. Pop. about 1,500. Zelandia, afort of Dutch Guiana, and the re- sidence of its governor, immediately N. the town Parimaribo, in lat. 6° 47' N., Ion. 68° 32' W. Zelata, or Celata, a town of the Mexican Confederation, dep. and 35 m. S.E. Guanaxuato, on the route to Queretaro and Mexico. Esti- mated pop. from 10,000 to 11,000. It has a fine square, several convents rich in works of art, and two of which possess magnificent churches, and it is the seat of some cotton manufactures. Zelb, a comm. and market town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, cap. cant., 4 m. N.W. Ter- monde, on the Scheldt & Dmme. Pop. 10,484. It has manufs. of cotton cloths. Zelechow, a town of Poland, prov. and 30 m. S.W. Siedlec. Pop. 2,300. Zelhem, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderiand, 20 m. E. Amhem. Pop. of pa. 2,600. Zell, a town of Hanover. [Celle.] Zell, several towns, market towns, and vllls. of Germany.— I. Rhenish Prussia, reg. & 29 m. S.W. Coblenz, cap. circ, on the Moselle. Pop. 2,200,— II. grand duchy Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, 2J m. E Ofl'enburg, Pop. 880 — III circ. Upper Rhine, on the Wiesen, 20 m. S. Freiburg. Pop. 1,207. Zell, two vills. of Switzerland.— I. cant, and 15 m E.N.E. Zm-ich, on the Toss. Pop. of pa. 1300- II. (Grosse-Z.), cant. Lucerne, 3 m. W.N.W. WUlisau. Pop, 1,400, [Makiazell.J —The Lake of Zell, between the Swiss cant. Thurgau, and the S. part of the grand duchy Baden, is 12 m. in length, breadth 4 m. It is traversed by the Rhine, which enters it from the Lake of Constance 2 m. E.ward. Shores undu- lating and fertile. In it is the island Reichenau, with a monastery where the Emperor Charles the Fat died in 888 ; and on the shores of the lal;e are the towns Radolfzell and Steckborn. Zella-St-Blasii, or Blasien-Zella, a town of Germany, duchy Saxe-Coburg, cap. a dist,, in ZEL 1428 ZIE Thuringian Forest, and on the Gemeinbaeh, ncipality & 20 m. S.S.W. Gotha. Pop. 1,830. SETiiiEBTELD, Or Cellebfels, a town of Han- ir, dist. and opposite Klausthal, from which m it Is separated by the Zellerbach. Fop. 16. It has a gymnasium, and a mint. Sellinobn, a village of Bavaria, circ. Lower moonia, on the Main, 9 m. N.N.W. Wiirtz- •g. Pop. 1,986. — ZelHngen is a vill. of Rhenish issia, reg. and 22 m. N.E. Treves, on the Mo- e. Pop. 1,450. Iembin, a market town of Russia, gov. Minsk, m. N.W. Borisov. Pop. about 1,500. Jempelbuko, or ZENfFtEs, a town of W. issia, reg. and 61 m. W.S.W. Marienwerder. [> 8,450. It has Roman Catholic & Lutheran irches, and manufs. of woollen cloth & linens. Jemplin, a market town of N.E. Hungary, on Bodrog, 8 m. E.N.E. Ujhely-Satoralia, the I. of a CO., to which Zemplin gives name. Sendabud, or Zbndabood (Zmdah-rud, " liv- stream "), a large river of Persia, prov. Irak- imi, rises in the Zardah-kuh mountains, near sources of the Karun, flows E. past Ispahan, 1 is lost in the sands of the Persian desert, int 150 miles E. of that city. Sengs (Ital. Segno), a fortified seaport town of itary Croatia, circ. & 48 'm. S.W. Carlstadt, the Adriatic, at the termination of the Jose- ne road, and opposite the island Veglia. Pop. 30. It is the see of a Roman Catholic bishop, & a Franciscan convent. Harbour unsafe, but it ; a considerable export of corn from Hungary. 'ehghias, or Zensan, Persia. [Zenjan.] Iengue, a river of Georgia, Russian Trans- icasia, prov. Erivan, conveys the surplus wa- 3 of Lake Sevan into the Aras, after aS. course )0 miles. /ENiTZA, or SiEKiTZA, a town of European rkey, Bosnia, sanj. and 30 m. N.W. Novi- Bar. Pop. 2,000. Ienjan, a town of Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, on river of Zenjan, and the route from Tabriz Hamadan, about 133 m. N. Hamadan. Fop. 300 (?). It is enclosed by walls, has a handsome ace, and is the seat of an active trade In car- s, woollen cloths, arms, lead, and gunpowder. The river of Zeryan joins the Kizil-Ouzan (Se- Rood), after a N.W. course of 90 miles. Ienkov, a town of Russia, gov. and 42 m. N. tava, cap. circ, on the Grunia, with 3,000 in- litants, and 4 important annual fairs. Iennob, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 4^ m. S.W. St Ives. Area 4,610 ac. Pop. 1,025, tly engaged in tin mines. ^ENONE (San), a market town of N. Italy, Lora- dy, deleg. and 12 m. E.S.E. Pavia, on the ma, here crossed by a stone bridge. Ienta, or SzENTA, a market town of Hungary, Bacs, on rt. b. of the Theiss, 24 m. S. Szegedin. J. 13,653. It was the scene of a great battle L696 II. (or Zetta), a river of Albania, Mon- egrin Confed., flows through the Berda dists., I joins the Moratsha at Spuss. Iepita, a town of Bolivia, dep. and 74 m. N.W. Paz, on a headland in the Lake of Yinamarca, ranch of the Lake Titicaca. 'eb-afobah, a river of independent Turkes- , Bokhara, rises in the highlands E. of Samar- id, flows W.ward past that city and Bokhara, 1 enters Lake Denghiz, after a total course [mated at 400 m. It supplies many canals, & he great fertiliser of the country it traverses. 5EBBA, or Gebba, an isl., Tunis dom. [ Jebba.] Sebbst, a town of N. Germany, principality halt Dessau, on an aiH. of the Elbe, 22 m. S.E. Magdeburg. Pop. (1846) 8,449. It is en- closed by walls, & has an ancient castle ; the fine church of St Nicholas, a high school, a public library, an orphan asylum, a house of correc- tion, manufactures of jewellery and earthen- wares, and breweries. Catherine ii. of Russia, born in 1729 at Stettin, of which her father was governor, was a princess of Zerbst. Zebkowo, a town of Prussian Poland, reg. & 38 m. S.E. Posen. Fop. 1,435, who manufacture woollen cloths and leather. Zeematt, a hamlet of Switzerland, cant. Va- lais, in a remote situation at the head of the Visp valley, 9 m. N.E. Mount Cervin (Matterhorn), of which it commands a magnificent view. Zeenagoba (Turk. Kara-ta^h, " black moun- tains "), a mountain region ot N. Albania, &c., between lat. 42° and 43° N., & Ion. 19° & 19° 30' E., and nearly commensurate with the independ- ent territory of Montenegro. Zeenetz, a vill. of Switzerland. [Cebnetz.] Zetland Islands, Scotland. [Shetland.] Zeula, or Mabkt-Zexila, a market town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Franconia, on the Main, 4 m. E.N.E. Lichteufels. Pop. 1,000. ZEnLENBODA, Or Zeullnbode, a town of Ger- many, principaUty Beuss-Greitz, lordship & 9 m. S.W. Greitz, cap. bailiwick. Fop. 4,881. It is enclosed by walls, and has a cathedral, manufs. of woollen stuffs, hosiery, and watches. — Zeutem is a village of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, 6 m. N.E. Bruehsal. Pop. 1,499. Zeten, a town of Hanover, landr. and 24 m. S.W. Stade, on an afil. of the Oste. Fop. 2,098. Zevbnaae and Zevenbeegen, two small towns of the Netherlands. — I. prov. Gelderland, cap. cant., 8 m. S.E. Arnhem. — II. prov. N. Brabant, cap. cant., 9 m. W.N.W. Breda. Pop. 2,300. Zevio, a market town of Austrian Italy, deleg. and 7 m. S.E. Verona, on the Adige. Pop. 2,400. Zetla, or Zetlah, a seaport town of Adel, N.E. Africa, on the sea of Bab-el-Mandeb, near the frontier of Abyssinia. Lat. 11° 17' N., Ion. 43° E. Pop. 500. It stands on a low sandy cape, boundingE. a harbour which has 18 ft. of water at low tide. It is enclosed by ruined walls mounting a few guns, and is garrisoned and governed by a chief, subject to the pasha of Egypt. Zezebe, a river of Portugal, provs. Beira and Alemtejo, joins the Tagus at Punhcte, after a S.W. course of 100 miles. Affls., the Meimoa, Nabao, and Pera, from the E. Zibkov (Novo), a town of Russia, gov. & 77 m. N.N.E. Tchemigov. Pop. 1,600. Zicavo, a comm. and market town of Corsica, cap. cant., 19 m. E. Ajaccio. Fop. 1,249. Ziegelhaosen, a vill. of Baden, circ. Lower Rhine, on the Neckar, 2 m. E.N.E. Heidelberg. Fop. 1,471. ZiESENHALZ, a towB of Frussiaii Silesia, reg. and 34 m. S.W. Oppeln, on the Biela. P. 3,500. Ziegenhain, a fortified town of Germany, H.- Cassel, prov. Upper Hessen, cap. circ. and dist., on the Schwalm, 23 m. E.N.E. Marburg. Pop. 1,727. It has an ancient castle. Zieoenobt (Gboss and Klein), two contigu- ous vills. of Prussian Pomerania, reg. and 16 m. N. Stettin, at the mouth of the Oder, in the Great Haff. Fop. 1,140. — Ziegenrilch is a town of Prus- sian Saxony, reg. Erfurt, cap. a detached circ, on the Saale, enclosed by the Saxon duchies, 7 m. W.N.W. Sohleiz. Pop. 960. Zielenzio, a walled town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. and 26 ra. E.N.E. Frankfiirt, on the Foste. Pop. 4,400. It has manufs. of linens, hosiery, leather, hats, and gloves. There ZIE 1129 ZOF are coal mines in its vicinity. — Ziemetshausen is a market town of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, 18 m. W.S.W. Angsbnrg. Pop. 849. ZiERBNBERo, a Walled town of Germany, H.- Cassel, prov. Lower Hessen, on the Warme, affluent of the Diemel, 10 m. W.N.W. Cassel. Pop. 1,601. ZiERiKZEE, a fortified town of the Nether- lands, 'prov. Zeeland, cap. cant, on the island Schouwen, near the E. Scheldt. Lat. 51° 38' 2' N., Ion. 3° 36' E. Pop. 6,890. It has salt re- fineries, and a large oyster fishery. It is the oldest town in Zeeland, and formerly belonged to the Hanseatic league. Its fine old cathedral was burnt down in October 1832. ZiESAR, a town of Prussian Saxony, reg. and 29 m. E.N.E. Magdeburg. Pop. 2,750. It has manuis. of woollen cloth, linens, and hosiery. ZiEZA, a town of Spain. [Cieza.] ZiONAQO, a vill. of N. Italy, Sard, dom., div. Genoa, prov. & 10 m. N.E. Levante. Pop. 1,287. Zn.TtEN, or Zlitouh, a maritime town of N. Africa, on the Gulf of Sidra, 86 m. E.S.E. Tripoli. ZiLLEH, Zela, a town of Asia-Minor, pash. Sivas,36m.W.S."W.Tokat. Pop. 2,000 families (?), who mannf. coarse cotton cloths, &c. It has a fortress on the site of an ancient temple, large khans, good shops, and an annual fair. This fair lasts for 15 or 20 days from the middle of No- vember, and is often frequented by from 40,000 to 50,000 persons from all the commercial towns of Asiatic Turkey. ZiuAPAN and* Zimatlan, two vills. of the Mexican Confederation. — I. in dep. and 95 m, N. Mexico. — 11. dep. and 25 m. S. Oaxaca. Zihit£, a town of S. America, New Granada, dep. Magdalena, 90 m. S.S.E. Mompox. Zdutebn (Gboss), a market town of Germany, H.-Darmstadt, prov. Starkenburg, on the Ger- sprienz, 9 m. E. Darmstadt. Pop. 2,930, mostly employed in linen-weaving. ZiBTQST, an island of Prussian Pomerania, reg. and 10 m. N.W. Stralsund, in the Baltic, imme- diately off the German coast. Length 14 m. ; brrauUh 2 m. On it is the village Zingst. ZmJi, a large vill. of Turkish Kurdistan, pash. and 40 m. E.N.E. Mosul. ZiHNA, a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, reg. & 27 m. S. Potsdam, on railway from Berlin to Wittenberg. Pop. 1,760. It has manufs. of woollen cloth, cotton stuffe, and leather. ZiNTEN, a town of E. Prussia, reg. and 20 m. S.S.W. Konigsberg, on the Straddig. Pop. 2,500. ZiPAe the ancient Tolbiacum, near wliich Clovis defeated the Germans in the year 496. Ziii.z, or BiALA, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. and 23 m. S.S.W. Oppein, on the Biala. P. 2,739. Zdmakraoa, a town of Spain, prov. Guipuzcoa, 7 m. W.N.W. ViBafranca. Pop. 969. ZuMPANQO, a market town of the Mexican Confederatiou, dep. and SO m. N. Mexico, on the '>order of the small lake of Zampango. P. 1,500. Zdnooli, a town of Naples, prov. Prinoip. Ultra, 6 m. S.E. Ariano. Pop. 1,800. ZuRGENA, a town of Spain, prov. and 38 m. N.E. Almeria, on rt. b. of the Almanzor. Pop. 2,930, who manuf. linens, woollens, and nitre. ZuRi, an island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, 12 m. S.W. Sebenico. Length 7 m. On it is a village of same name, and off its coast a coral fishery is carried on. ZcRiCH, a canton of Smtzerland, in the N., bounded E. by the cants. Thurgau and St Gall, S. by Sehwyz & Zug, "W. Aargau, N. Schaffhau- sen and the grand dnchy of Baden. Area 687 sq. m. Pop. (1837) 231,576, nearly all Protestants, and using the German language. Surface undu- lating, mntns. in the S.E., where the Schnebelhorn is 4,298 ft., & in the S."W. the Albis mntn. 4,623 ft. in elev. It is watered by the Rhine, the Thur, Toss, Glatt, Limmat, Sihl, & Kenss. It possesses a great portion of the Lake of Ziirich, besides which it has the Griefensee & the Pfiffikersee, & several smaller lakes. Climate mild, though sub- ject to sndden changes. Soil infertile, but well cul- tivated. The corn raised is insufficient for home consumption ; potatoes and fruits are important crops ; the best wine is grown on the E. shore of the Lake of Zurich. It has numerous mineral springs. Zurich is one of the most industrious cantons in Switzerland ; the chief manufs. are cotton, silk, and ribbons ; most of the rural pop. are employed in silk & cotton spinning. Schools are nnmerons, and attendance is compulsory on children from 6 to 12 years of age. Ziirich holds the first rank among the cantons of the Swiss confederation. Contingent to the federal army is 6,726 men, 451 horses, and 92,640 francs. It is a democratic representative republic, governed by the constitution of 1837, and several subse- quent decrees. Chief towns, Zvirich, Eglisau, Wadenschwyl, and Winterthur.— ^aricfi (anc. Turicum), the cap., is situated on the Limmat, at its exit from the N.W. extremity of the Lake of Zurich, 60 m. N.E. Bern. Pop. (1844) 14,500, nearly all Protestonts. The Limmat divides it mto 2 parts, which communicate by 3 fine bridges. It is surrounded by old walls, and has an arsenal with a fine collection of armoury. Chief pubhc buildings, the cathedral, the church of St Peter, of which Lavater was minister for 23 years ; town- house, post-ofBce, orphan asylum, and the tower of Waltenberg. It has a university, established in 1832, and which in 1834 had 209 students, and a library of 3,000 vols. ; a cantonal school, and many other polytechnic schools ; a publiclibrary of 45,000 vols., cabinet of medals and natural history, botanic garden, and many learned socie- ties It has important maniifs. of silks, cotton fabrics, and ribbons, dye-works, and tanneries. Zurich is the birth-place of Gessner, Zimmer- man, Lavater, and Pestalozzi. Near it the Swiss defeated the Austrians, 22d July 1443, and the French defeated the Russians and Austrians, 2Cth August 1799.— The Lake of Zurich, cele- brated for its picturesque beauty, is enclosed at its E end by the cantons Sehwyz and St Gall. Length 23 m., breadth J m. to 2} m., height of surface above the sea 1,342 feet. Its chief afB. is the Linth, which it receives on the S.E. from Lake Wallenstadt. It is divided into the upper lake, extending from Schmerikau to Kap- perschwyl, and the lower lake, about 3 times its extent, from Rapperschwyl to Ziirich. At its narrowest point it is crossed by a wooden bridge neaily J a mile long. The upper lake is frozen over almost every winter, but this is seldom the case with the lower lake. In summer its water is sometimes raised by the melting of the snow to 18 feet above its ordinary level. The lake is traversed by steam-boats. ZuBMiB, a town of Central Africa, Houssa, on an affluent of the Niger, between Saccatoo and Kashna. Lat. 12° 60' N., Ion. 7° 38' E. ZuRRAH, a lake, Afghanistan. [Hamoon.] ZuBUMA, a river of Brazilian Guiana, Macusi territory, after a S.E.ward course of 80 m., joins the Takntu, in lat. 3° 22' N., Ion. near 60° "W. At their junction, it has been found 290 yards across. — II. a town of Ecuador, dep. Assuay, iu a mining district, on W. declivity of the Andes, 28 m. N.W. Loxa. Pop. 6,000. Its gold and silver mines rendered it formerly very populous, but its importance has greatly declined. — Zuru- millo is a village of Peru, prov. and N. W. Pataz, on right bank of the Amazon. ZoRZACH, a small town of Switzerland, cant. Aargau, on 1. b. of the Rhine, 16 m. N.N.E. Aarau. Pop. 904. It is the seat of a large fair. ZnsoHEN, a town of Germany, princip. Wal- deck, 15 m. S.W. Cassel, on the Elbe. Pop. 759. — Zusmarshausen is a market town of Bavaria, cu:c. Swabia, on the Zusam an affluent of the Danube, 14 m. W.N.W. Augsburg. Pop. 851. ZoTKUBRQUE, s, comm. & vill. of France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, 10 m. N.W. St Omer. Pop. 1,862. ZniPHEN, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, on the Yssel, and on its affluent the Beukel, which traverses its centre, 17 m. N.N.E. Arnhem. Pop. (1810) 11,113. It has an ancient cathedral, a town-house, and manufs. of cotton, paper, and glue; and tanneries. It formerly belonged to the Hanseatic league. It was taken by Don Frederick of Toledo in 1572, by Prince Maurice in 1691, and by the French in 1672, when its fortifications were dismantled. Zdvia, a town of Spain, prov. and 4 m. S.E. Granada, on 1. b. of the Genii. Pop. 3,095. Zutder-Zee, Netherlands. [Zoidekzee.] Zuz, Tutium, a market town of Switzerland, cant. Grisons, in the Upper Engadine, 29 m. S.E. Chnr. Pop. 393. ZvENiGOROi),atown of Russia. [SvENiooRon.J ZvERiNGOLOVSK, a townof Siberia, gov. Oren- burg, on the Ui, an affluent of the Tobol, 130 m. V Troitsk ZvoRNiK, a fortified town of European Tur- key, Bosnia, cap. sanj., on the Drin, 30 m. from its mouth in the Save. Pop. 15,0«0(?). It has two casHes, several mosques, and Greek and Roman Catholic churches. ZwAKT-BERa (the " black mountain ), two mountain ranges of S. Africa, Cape Colony, dists. Zwellendam and George, bounding the Little Karroo plain and the upper valley of Olitants riv The more N., or Great Zwart-Berg range, is rugged, & in some places 4,000 feet m height. —The Zwart-Doorn, a river, diet. Clanwilham, enters the Atlantic in lat. 31° S., Ion. 17° 40 E. ZwARTKOPS, a riv. of S. Africa, Cape Colony, tributary to the Little Doom river, which it joins after a W.S.W. course of 100 m.— The Zwart- land is a fertile tract of the same colony, dists. Cape and Stellcnbosch. ZWA 1432 zy\v ZwAETSLBis, a town of the Netherlands, prov. iverTssel, on the Zwarte Water, an affl. of the echt, near its mouth in the Zuyder-Zee, 9 m. . Zwolle. Pop. 3,650. ZwBiBBJjoKEK (French Deax Ponts), a town F Bhenish Bavaria, formerly cap. duehy, now ip. dist., on the Erbach, here crossed by two ridges, whence its name, 23 m. S.W. Kaisers- utem, and 50 m. W. Spire. Pop. 6,920. Chief lifices, the cathedral and Lutheran church. It ss a gymnasium, Latin, agricultural, commer- al, and other schools ; manufactures of leather, ibacco, woollen and cotton stuffs, and cotton- irn, spun by machinery. ZwELLENDAM, the most S. division of the Cape olony, S. Africa, terminating in Cape Agulhas, junded S. by the ocean, E. by the diat. George, ■. Worcester, and W. Stellenbosoh. Area 7,616 1. m. Pop. (1845) 19,847. It is traversed on le N. by the Zwartzberg mountains, & watered fthe Breederiver. Chief products, com,soap, utter, tallow, brandy, & wine of inferior quality ; 3od horses are reared. Principal towns, Zwel- ndam, Caledon, and Fort-Beaufort. — Zuoellen- %m, the cap., 110 m. E. Cape Town, has a church, il, and public reading-room. ZwBNKAu, a town of Saxony, cire. and 9 m. S.W. Leipzig, on the Elster. Pop. 2,612. ZwETTEL, or ZwETi., a town of Lower Austria, 1 the Kamp, at the mouth of the Zwettel, 24 m. .W. Erems. Pop. 2,150. It has manufs. of oollen cloths, linens, and ribbons. Near it is Cistertian abbey with a rich library. ZwioKAn, a town of Saxony, cap. circ, on 1. b. ' the Mulde, and on the Saxon and Bavarian lilway, 60 m. S. W. Dresden. Pop. (1846) 8,837. has a church, with a lofty tower, a gymnasium, ith a library of 30,000 vols., & manufs. of wool- n cloths, cotton goods, and chemical products. 1 its vicinity are extensive coal mines. — II. a wn of Bohemia, ciro. Bunzlau, 19 m. W. Reich- iberg. Pop. 3,835, mostly employed in manufs. 'woollen and Ihien fabrics. — Zwiesel is amarket town of Lower Bavaria, on the Regen, 32 m. N.N.W. Passan. Pop. 1,245. ZwiHGENBBECt, a towu of Germany, Hessen- Darmstadt, prov. Starkenburg, at the foot of the Melibocus mountain,, and on the Frankfiirt and Mannheim railway, 10 m. S. Darmstadt. Pop. 1,445. ZwiTTAC, or ZwiTTAWA, a river of Moravia, after a S. course of 55 m. joins the Schwarza at Briinn II. a walled town of Moravia, circ. Ol- mutz, near the Bohemian frontier, on railway to Prague, 40 m. N. Briinn. Pop. 3,699. It has manufs. of woollen and linen fabrics, and an ac- tive trade in wool and flax. — Zwittawha is a mar- ket town, on the Zwittawa, 22 m. N. Briinn. Pop. 672. Zwolle, a fortified town of the Netherlands, cap. prov. Over-Tssel, 52 m. E,N.E. Amsterdam, on the Zwarte- Water. Pop. (1840) 16,950 (in- cluding 388 military). It was formerly a free im- perial city, & belonged to the Hanseatic league. It has a cathedral, town-haJl, a tribunal of com- merce, and manufs. of woollen and linen cloths, sugar and salt refineries, andafc active trade with Germany. Near Zwolle there formerly stood tin Augustine priory, the residence of Thomas-^- Eempis in the 16th century. ZwoLiEN, a town of Poland, gov. Sandomir, 19 m. E.S.E. Badom. Pop. 2,026. ZwoMiTZ, a town of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, 15 m. S.S.W. Chemnitz, on the Zwomitz. Pop. 2,012. It has manufs. of linens, cottons, & lace. ZwTHDSEOHT, a comm. and market town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 17 m. N.E. Termonde, on the Scheldt, on which it has a steam-boat station. Pop. 2,200. Zydaczow, a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, circ. and 16 m. N.E. Stry, near the mouth of the Stry, in the Dniester. Pop. 2,141. ZvDOWO, a town of Prussia, prov. Posen, circ. and 6 m. S. Gnesen. Pop. 630. ZvTOMiEBz, a town of Bussia. [Jitomib.] Zyv? IBO, a town of Galicia. [Setbttsch.] FINIS. UDRRAV AND OIBB, PBINTEJlS, K»INBUB(.)I.